Datasets:

aakanksha19

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[ { "id": "20808", "type": "title", "text": [ "Acute hepatitis attack after exposure to telithromycin." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 55 ] ] }, { "id": "20809", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic-associated hepatotoxicity is rare. With widespread use of antimicrobial agents, however, hepatic injury occurs frequently, and among adverse drug reactions, idiosyncratic reactions are the most serious. CASE SUMMARY: A 25-year-old male patient, with a height of 175 cm and weight of 72 kg presented to Marmara University Hospital Emergency Department, Istanbul, Turkey, with 5 days' history of jaundice, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. He had been prescribed telithromycin 400 mg/d PO to treat an upper respiratory tract infection 7 days prior. Admission laboratory tests were as follows: alanine aminotransferase, 67 U/L (reference range, 10-37 U/L); aspartate aminotransferase, 98 U/L (10-40 U/L); alkaline phosphatase, 513 U/L (0-270 U/L); gamma-glutamyltransferase, 32 U/L (7-49 U/L); amylase, 46 U/L (0-220 U/L); total bilirubin, 20.1 mg/dL (0.2-1.0 mg/dL); direct bilirubin, 14.8 mg/dL (0-0.3 mg/dL); and albumin, 4.7 mg/dL (3.5-5.4 mg/dL). No toxin, alcohol, or other drugs were reported. The patient had suffered a previous episode of \"acute hepatitis of unknown origin,\" that occurred after telithromycin usage. Both incidents occurred within a year. DISCUSSION: Telithromycin is the first of the ketolide antibacterials to receive US Food and Drug Administration approval for clinical use. It has been associated with infrequent and usually reversible severe hepatic dysfunction. Based on a score of 8 on the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale, telithromycin was the probable cause of acute hepatitis in this patient, and pathological findings suggested drug-induced toxic hepatitis. Recurrence of hepatitis attack might have been avoided if the initial incident had been communicated to the attending physician who prescribed telithromycin the second time. CONCLUSION: Here we report a case of acute hepatitis probably associated with the administration of telithromycin." ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 1975 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "20810", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 6, 15 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20811", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "telithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 54 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C106791" } ] }, { "id": "20812", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 106 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20813", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatic injury" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 184 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20814", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "adverse drug reactions" ], "offsets": [ [ 214, 236 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "20815", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "jaundice" ], "offsets": [ [ 475, 483 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007565" } ] }, { "id": "20816", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 494, 500 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009325" } ] }, { "id": "20817", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 506, 514 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014839" } ] }, { "id": "20818", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "telithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 539, 552 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C106791" } ] }, { "id": "20819", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "upper respiratory tract infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 577, 610 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012141" } ] }, { "id": "20820", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "alanine" ], "offsets": [ [ 669, 676 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000409" } ] }, { "id": "20821", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "aspartate" ], "offsets": [ [ 732, 741 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001224" } ] }, { "id": "20822", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bilirubin" ], "offsets": [ [ 904, 913 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001663" } ] }, { "id": "20823", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bilirubin" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 959 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001663" } ] }, { "id": "20824", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "alcohol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1037, 1044 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000431" } ] }, { "id": "20825", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1130, 1139 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20826", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "telithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1193 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C106791" } ] }, { "id": "20827", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Telithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1252, 1265 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C106791" } ] }, { "id": "20828", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatic dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1449, 1468 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008107" } ] }, { "id": "20829", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "adverse drug reaction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1507, 1528 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "20830", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "telithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1548, 1561 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C106791" } ] }, { "id": "20831", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1594, 1603 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20832", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxic hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1670, 1685 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20833", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1701, 1710 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20834", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "telithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1830, 1843 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C106791" } ] }, { "id": "20835", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1904, 1913 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "20836", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "telithromycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1961, 1974 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C106791" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "20837", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20810", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20838", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20812", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20839", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20840", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20841", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20831", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20842", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20843", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20844", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20811", "arg2_id": "20835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20845", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20810", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20846", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20812", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20847", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20848", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20849", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20831", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20850", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20851", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20852", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20818", "arg2_id": "20835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20853", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20810", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20854", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20812", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20855", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20856", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20857", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20831", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20858", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20859", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20860", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20826", "arg2_id": "20835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20861", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20810", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20862", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20812", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20863", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20864", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20865", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20831", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20866", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20867", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20868", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20827", "arg2_id": "20835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20869", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20810", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20870", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20812", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20871", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20872", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20873", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20831", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20874", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20875", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20876", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20830", "arg2_id": "20835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20877", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20810", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20878", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20812", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20879", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20880", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20881", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20831", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20882", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20883", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20884", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20834", "arg2_id": "20835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20885", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20810", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20886", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20812", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20887", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20888", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20889", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20831", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20890", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20891", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20892", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20836", "arg2_id": "20835", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "20894", "type": "title", "text": [ "Spironolactone-induced renal insufficiency and hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 91 ] ] }, { "id": "20895", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "BACKGROUND: A previous randomized controlled trial evaluating the use of spironolactone in heart failure patients reported a low risk of hyperkalemia (2%) and renal insufficiency (0%). Because treatments for heart failure have changed since the benefits of spironolactone were reported, the prevalence of these complications may differ in current clinical practice. We therefore sought to determine the prevalence and clinical associations of hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency in heart failure patients treated with spironolactone. METHODS: We performed a case control study of heart failure patients treated with spironolactone in our clinical practice. Cases were patients who developed hyperkalemia (K(+) >5.0 mEq/L) or renal insufficiency (Cr >or=2.5 mg/dL), and they were compared to 2 randomly selected controls per case. Clinical characteristics, medications, and serum chemistries at baseline and follow-up time periods were compared. RESULTS: Sixty-seven of 926 patients (7.2%) required discontinuation of spironolactone due to hyperkalemia (n = 33) or renal failure (n = 34). Patients who developed hyperkalemia were older and more likely to have diabetes, had higher baseline serum potassium levels and lower baseline potassium supplement doses, and were more likely to be treated with beta-blockers than controls (n = 134). Patients who developed renal insufficiency had lower baseline body weight and higher baseline serum creatinine, required higher doses of loop diuretics, and were more likely to be treated with thiazide diuretics than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Spironolactone-induced hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency are more common in our clinical experience than reported previously. This difference is explained by patient comorbidities and more frequent use of beta-blockers." ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 1893 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "20896", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Spironolactone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 14 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013148" } ] }, { "id": "20897", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 42 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "20898", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 59 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "20899", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 90 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "20900", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "spironolactone" ], "offsets": [ [ 165, 179 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013148" } ] }, { "id": "20901", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 183, 196 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "20902", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 229, 241 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "20903", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 251, 270 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "20904", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 300, 313 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "20905", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "spironolactone" ], "offsets": [ [ 349, 363 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013148" } ] }, { "id": "20906", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 535, 547 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "20907", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 552, 571 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "20908", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 588 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "20909", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "spironolactone" ], "offsets": [ [ 611, 625 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013148" } ] }, { "id": "20910", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 673, 686 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "20911", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "spironolactone" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 723 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013148" } ] }, { "id": "20912", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 796 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "20913", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "K" ], "offsets": [ [ 798, 799 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011188" } ] }, { "id": "20914", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 818, 837 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "20915", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Cr" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 841 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002857" } ] }, { "id": "20916", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "spironolactone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1110, 1124 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013148" } ] }, { "id": "20917", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1132, 1144 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "20918", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1157, 1170 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "20919", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1204, 1216 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "20920", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1252, 1260 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003920" } ] }, { "id": "20921", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1288, 1297 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011188" } ] }, { "id": "20922", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1333 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011188" } ] }, { "id": "20923", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 1454, 1473 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "20924", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1531, 1541 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "20925", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "thiazide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1624, 1632 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D049971" } ] }, { "id": "20926", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Spironolactone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1671, 1685 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013148" } ] }, { "id": "20927", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1694, 1706 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "20928", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 1711, 1730 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] } ]

[]

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[ { "id": "20929", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20898", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20930", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20902", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20931", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20932", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20912", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20933", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20934", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20935", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20927", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20936", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20898", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20937", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20902", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20938", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20939", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20912", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20940", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20941", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20942", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20927", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20943", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20898", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20944", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20902", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20945", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20946", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20912", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20947", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20948", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20949", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20927", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20950", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20898", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20951", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20902", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20952", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20953", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20912", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20954", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20955", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20956", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20927", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20957", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20898", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20958", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20902", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20959", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20960", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20912", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20961", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20962", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20963", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20927", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20964", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20898", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20965", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20902", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20966", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20967", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20912", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20968", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20969", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20970", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20927", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20971", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20898", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20972", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20902", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20973", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20974", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20912", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20975", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20976", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20977", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20927", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20978", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20897", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20979", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20903", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20980", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20907", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20981", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20982", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20918", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20983", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20923", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20984", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20896", "arg2_id": "20928", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20985", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20897", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20986", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20903", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20987", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20907", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20988", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20989", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20918", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20990", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20923", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20991", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20900", "arg2_id": "20928", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20992", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20897", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20993", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20903", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20994", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20907", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20995", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20996", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20918", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20997", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20923", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20998", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20905", "arg2_id": "20928", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "20999", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20897", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21000", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20903", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21001", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20907", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21002", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21003", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20918", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21004", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20923", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21005", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20909", "arg2_id": "20928", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21006", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20897", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21007", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20903", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21008", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20907", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21009", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21010", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20918", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21011", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20923", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21012", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20911", "arg2_id": "20928", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21013", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20897", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21014", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20903", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21015", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20907", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21016", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21017", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20918", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21018", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20923", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21019", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20916", "arg2_id": "20928", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21020", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20897", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21021", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20903", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21022", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20907", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21023", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21024", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20918", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21025", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20923", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21026", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "20926", "arg2_id": "20928", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21028", "type": "title", "text": [ "End-stage renal disease (ESRD) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) using calcineurin-based immunotherapy: risk of development and treatment." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 150 ] ] }, { "id": "21029", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "BACKGROUND: The calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus are both known to be nephrotoxic. Their use in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) has dramatically improved success rates. Recently, however, we have had an increase of patients who are presenting after OLTX with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This retrospective study examines the incidence and treatment of ESRD and chronic renal failure (CRF) in OLTX patients. METHODS: Patients receiving an OLTX only from June 1985 through December of 1994 who survived 6 months postoperatively were studied (n=834). Our prospectively collected database was the source of information. Patients were divided into three groups: Controls, no CRF or ESRD, n=748; CRF, sustained serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dl, n=41; and ESRD, n=45. Groups were compared for preoperative laboratory variables, diagnosis, postoperative variables, survival, type of ESRD therapy, and survival from onset of ESRD. RESULTS: At 13 years after OLTX, the incidence of severe renal dysfunction was 18.1% (CRF 8.6% and ESRD 9.5%). Compared with control patients, CRF and ESRD patients had higher preoperative serum creatinine levels, a greater percentage of patients with hepatorenal syndrome, higher percentage requirement for dialysis in the first 3 months postoperatively, and a higher 1-year serum creatinine. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis using preoperative and postoperative variables identified that an increase of serum creatinine compared with average at 1 year, 3 months, and 4 weeks postoperatively were independent risk factors for the development of CRF or ESRD with odds ratios of 2.6, 2.2, and 1.6, respectively. Overall survival from the time of OLTX was not significantly different among groups, but by year 13, the survival of the patients who had ESRD was only 28.2% compared with 54.6% in the control group. Patients developing ESRD had a 6-year survival after onset of ESRD of 27% for the patients receiving hemodialysis versus 71.4% for the patients developing ESRD who subsequently received kidney transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are more than 10 years post-OLTX have CRF and ESRD at a high rate. The development of ESRD decreases survival, particularly in those patients treated with dialysis only. Patients who develop ESRD have a higher preoperative and 1-year serum creatinine and are more likely to have hepatorenal syndrome. However, an increase of serum creatinine at various times postoperatively is more predictive of the development of CRF or ESRD. New strategies for long-term immunosuppression may be needed to decrease this complication." ], "offsets": [ [ 151, 2779 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21030", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "End-stage renal disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 23 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21031", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 29 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21032", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclosporine" ], "offsets": [ [ 190, 202 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016572" } ] }, { "id": "21033", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 207, 217 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "21034", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrotoxic" ], "offsets": [ [ 239, 250 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "21035", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "end-stage renal disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 436, 459 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21036", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 461, 465 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21037", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 533, 537 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21038", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "chronic renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 542, 563 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21039", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 565, 568 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21040", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 851, 854 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21041", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 858, 862 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21042", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 871, 874 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21043", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 892, 902 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "21044", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 925, 929 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21045", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1051, 1055 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21046", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1092, 1096 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21047", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1155, 1172 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "21048", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1184, 1187 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21049", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1197, 1201 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21050", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1241, 1244 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21051", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1249, 1253 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21052", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1293, 1303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "21053", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatorenal syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1350, 1370 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006530" } ] }, { "id": "21054", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1480, 1490 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "21055", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1627, 1637 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "21056", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1762, 1765 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21057", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1769, 1773 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21058", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1965, 1969 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21059", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 2047, 2051 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21060", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 2089, 2093 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21061", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 2182, 2186 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21062", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 2297, 2300 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21063", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 2305, 2309 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21064", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 2345, 2349 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21065", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 2450, 2454 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21066", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2499, 2509 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "21067", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatorenal syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 2538, 2558 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006530" } ] }, { "id": "21068", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2590, 2600 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "21069", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CRF" ], "offsets": [ [ 2675, 2678 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21070", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ESRD" ], "offsets": [ [ 2682, 2686 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21071", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21033", "arg2_id": "21034", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21072", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21033", "arg2_id": "21047", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21073", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21032", "arg2_id": "21034", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21074", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21032", "arg2_id": "21047", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21076", "type": "title", "text": [ "Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 82 ] ] }, { "id": "21077", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Intravenous Nimodipine West European Stroke Trial (INWEST) found a correlation between nimodipine-induced reduction in blood pressure (BP) and an unfavorable outcome in acute stroke. We sought to confirm this correlation with and without adjustment for prognostic variables and to investigate outcome in subgroups with increasing levels of BP reduction. METHODS: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke (within 24 hours) were consecutively allocated to receive placebo (n=100), 1 mg/h (low-dose) nimodipine (n=101), or 2 mg/h (high-dose) nimodipine (n=94). The correlation between average BP change during the first 2 days and the outcome at day 21 was analyzed. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-five patients were included in this analysis (n=92, 93, and 80 for placebo, low dose, and high dose, respectively). Nimodipine treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) from baseline compared with placebo during the first few days. In multivariate analysis, a significant correlation between DBP reduction and worsening of the neurological score was found for the high-dose group (beta=0.49, P=0. 048). Patients with a DBP reduction of > or =20% in the high-dose group had a significantly increased adjusted OR for the compound outcome variable death or dependency (Barthel Index <60) (n/N=25/26, OR 10. 16, 95% CI 1.02 to 101.74) and death alone (n/N=9/26, OR 4.336, 95% CI 1.131 16.619) compared with all placebo patients (n/N=62/92 and 14/92, respectively). There was no correlation between SBP change and outcome. CONCLUSIONS: DBP, but not SBP, reduction was associated with neurological worsening after the intravenous administration of high-dose nimodipine after acute stroke. For low-dose nimodipine, the results were not conclusive. These results do not confirm or exclude a neuroprotective property of nimodipine." ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 1999 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21078", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 32 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21079", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 81 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020521" } ] }, { "id": "21080", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 123, 133 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21081", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 154 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020521" } ] }, { "id": "21082", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21083", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "reduction in blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 244 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "21084", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 280, 292 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020521" } ] }, { "id": "21085", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "BP reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 451, 463 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "21086", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ischemic stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 512, 527 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002544" } ] }, { "id": "21087", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 621, 631 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21088", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 673 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21089", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 931, 941 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21090", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "reduction in systolic BP" ], "offsets": [ [ 992, 1016 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "21091", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "DBP reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1169, 1182 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "21092", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "DBP reduction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1296, 1309 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "21093", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1422, 1427 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003643" } ] }, { "id": "21094", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1512, 1517 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003643" } ] }, { "id": "21095", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1829, 1839 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21096", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute stroke" ], "offsets": [ [ 1846, 1858 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020521" } ] }, { "id": "21097", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1873, 1883 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] }, { "id": "21098", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nimodipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1988, 1998 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009553" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21099", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21078", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21100", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21078", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21101", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21078", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21102", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21078", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21103", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21078", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21104", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21080", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21105", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21080", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21106", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21080", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21107", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21080", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21108", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21080", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21109", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21082", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21110", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21082", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21111", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21082", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21112", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21082", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21113", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21082", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21114", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21087", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21115", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21087", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21116", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21087", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21117", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21087", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21118", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21087", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21119", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21088", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21120", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21088", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21121", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21088", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21122", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21088", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21123", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21088", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21124", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21089", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21125", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21089", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21126", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21089", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21127", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21089", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21128", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21089", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21129", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21095", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21130", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21095", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21131", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21095", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21132", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21095", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21133", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21095", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21134", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21097", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21135", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21097", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21136", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21097", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21137", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21097", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21138", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21097", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21139", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21098", "arg2_id": "21083", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21140", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21098", "arg2_id": "21085", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21141", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21098", "arg2_id": "21090", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21142", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21098", "arg2_id": "21091", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21143", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21098", "arg2_id": "21092", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21145", "type": "title", "text": [ "Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anesthesia: a lower incidence with prilocaine and bupivacaine than with lidocaine." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 125 ] ] }, { "id": "21146", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that transient neurologic symptoms (TNSs) frequently follow lidocaine spinal anesthesia but are infrequent with bupivacaine. However, identification of a short-acting local anesthetic to substitute for lidocaine for brief surgical procedures remains an important goal. Prilocaine is an amide local anesthetic with a duration of action similar to that of lidocaine. Accordingly, the present, prospective double-blind study compares prilocaine with lidocaine and bupivacaine with respect to duration of action and relative risk of TNSs. METHODS: Ninety patients classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II who were scheduled for short gynecologic procedures under spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive 2.5 ml 2% lidocaine in 7.5% glucose, 2% prilocaine in 7.5% glucose, or 0.5% bupivacaine in 7.5% glucose. All solutions were provided in blinded vials by the hospital pharmacy. Details of spinal puncture, extension and regression of spinal block, and the times to reach discharge criteria were noted. In the evening of postoperative day 1, patients were evaluated for TNSs by a physician unaware of the drug administered and the details of the anesthetic procedure. RESULTS: Nine of 30 patients receiving lidocaine experienced TNSs, 1 of 30 patients receiving prilocaine (P = 0.03) had them, and none of 30 patients receiving bupivacaine had TNSs. Times to ambulate and to void were similar after lidocaine and prilocaine (150 vs. 165 min and 238 vs. 253 min, respectively) but prolonged after bupivacaine (200 and 299 min, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prilocaine may be preferable to lidocaine for short surgical procedures because it has a similar duration of action but a lower incidence of TNSs." ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 1917 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21147", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Transient neurologic symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 29 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "21148", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 88 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011318" } ] }, { "id": "21149", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 104 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21150", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 115, 124 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21151", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "transient neurologic symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 197 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "21152", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TNSs" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 203 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "21153", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 223, 232 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21154", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 275, 286 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21155", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 365, 374 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21156", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 432, 442 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011318" } ] }, { "id": "21157", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 517, 526 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21158", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 594, 604 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011318" } ] }, { "id": "21159", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 610, 619 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21160", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 624, 635 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21161", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TNSs" ], "offsets": [ [ 692, 696 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "21162", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 920, 929 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21163", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 938, 945 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005947" } ] }, { "id": "21164", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 950, 960 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011318" } ] }, { "id": "21165", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 976 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005947" } ] }, { "id": "21166", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 986, 997 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21167", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glucose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1013 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005947" } ] }, { "id": "21168", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TNSs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1277, 1281 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "21169", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1414, 1423 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21170", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TNSs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1436, 1440 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "21171", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1469, 1479 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011318" } ] }, { "id": "21172", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1535, 1546 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21173", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TNSs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1551, 1555 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "21174", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1606, 1615 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21175", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1620, 1630 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011318" } ] }, { "id": "21176", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1703, 1714 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21177", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Prilocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1771, 1781 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011318" } ] }, { "id": "21178", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1803, 1812 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "21179", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TNSs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1912, 1916 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21180", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21147", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21181", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21182", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21183", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21184", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21185", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21186", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21187", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21150", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21188", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21147", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21189", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21190", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21191", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21192", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21193", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21194", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21195", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21153", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21196", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21147", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21197", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21198", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21199", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21200", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21201", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21202", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21203", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21155", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21204", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21147", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21205", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21206", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21207", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21208", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21209", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21210", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21211", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21157", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21212", "type": "CID", 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"type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21164", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21278", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21164", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21279", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21164", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21280", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21164", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21281", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21164", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21282", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21164", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21283", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21164", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21284", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21147", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21285", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21286", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21287", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21288", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21289", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21290", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21291", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21171", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21292", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21147", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21293", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21294", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21295", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21296", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21297", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21298", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21299", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21175", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21300", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21147", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21301", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21151", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21302", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21152", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21303", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21161", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21304", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21168", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21305", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21170", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21306", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21173", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21307", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21177", "arg2_id": "21179", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21309", "type": "title", "text": [ "The role of nicotine in smoking-related cardiovascular disease." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 63 ] ] }, { "id": "21310", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Nicotine activates the sympathetic nervous system and in this way could contribute to cardiovascular disease. Animal studies and mechanistic studies indicate that nicotine could play a role in accelerating atherosclerosis, but evidence among humans is too inadequate to be definitive about such an effect. Almost certainly, nicotine via its hemodynamic effects contributes to acute cardiovascular events, although current evidence suggests that the effects of nicotine are much less important than are the prothrombotic effects of cigarette smoking or the effects of carbon monoxide. Nicotine does not appear to enhance thrombosis among humans. Clinical studies of pipe smokers and people using transdermal nicotine support the idea that toxins other than nicotine are the most important causes of acute cardiovascular events. Finally, the dose response for cardiovascular events of nicotine appears to be flat, suggesting that if nicotine is involved, adverse effects might be seen with relatively low-level cigarette exposures." ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 1093 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21311", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 20 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21312", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiovascular disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 40, 62 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "21313", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 64, 72 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21314", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiovascular disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 150, 172 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "21315", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 235 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21316", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "atherosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 270, 285 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D050197" } ] }, { "id": "21317", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 396 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21318", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 524, 532 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21319", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbon monoxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 631, 646 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002248" } ] }, { "id": "21320", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 656 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21321", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 684, 694 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013927" } ] }, { "id": "21322", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 771, 779 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21323", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 820, 828 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21324", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 955 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "21325", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 995, 1003 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21326", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21311", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21327", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21311", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21328", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21313", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21329", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21313", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21330", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21315", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21331", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21315", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21332", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21317", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21333", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21317", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21334", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21318", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21335", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21318", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21336", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21320", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21337", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21320", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21338", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21322", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21339", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21322", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21340", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21323", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21341", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21323", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21342", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21324", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21343", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21324", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21344", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21325", "arg2_id": "21312", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21345", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21325", "arg2_id": "21314", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21346", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21311", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21347", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21313", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21348", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21315", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21349", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21317", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21350", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21318", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21351", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21320", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21352", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21322", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21353", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21323", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21354", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21324", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21355", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21325", "arg2_id": "21316", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21357", "type": "title", "text": [ "Seizure resulting from a venlafaxine overdose." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 46 ] ] }, { "id": "21358", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "OBJECTIVE: To report a case of venlafaxine overdose. CASE SUMMARY: A 40-year-old woman with major depression took an overdose of venlafaxine in an apparent suicide attempt. After the ingestion of 26 venlafaxine 50-mg tablets, the patient experienced a witnessed generalized seizure. She was admitted to the medical intensive care unit, venlafaxine was discontinued, and no further sequelae were seen. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of venlafaxine overdose that resulted in a generalized seizure. Based on nonoverdose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of venlafaxine and the potential risks of available interventions, no emergent therapy was instituted. CONCLUSIONS: The venlafaxine overdose in our patient resulted in a single episode of generalized seizure but elicited no further sequelae." ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 874 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21359", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 7 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21360", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 25, 36 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21361", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 45 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "21362", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 89 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21363", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "21364", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "major depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 155 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003865" } ] }, { "id": "21365", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 172 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "21366", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 187 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21367", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 257 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21368", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 321, 328 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21369", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 383, 394 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21370", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 513, 524 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21371", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 525, 533 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "21372", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 565, 572 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21373", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 636, 647 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21374", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "venlafaxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 753, 764 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047426" } ] }, { "id": "21375", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 765, 773 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "21376", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 833, 840 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21377", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21378", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21379", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21380", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21381", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21382", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21383", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21384", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21385", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21386", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21387", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21388", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21389", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21390", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21391", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21392", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21393", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21394", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21395", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21396", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21397", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21398", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21399", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21400", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21401", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21402", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21403", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21404", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21405", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21406", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21368", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21407", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21372", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21408", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21376", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21409", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21410", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21411", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21412", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21413", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21360", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21414", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21415", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21416", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21417", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21418", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21362", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21419", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21420", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21421", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21422", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21423", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21366", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21424", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21425", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21426", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21427", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21428", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21367", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21429", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21430", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21431", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21432", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21433", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21369", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21434", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21435", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21436", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21437", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21438", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21370", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21439", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21440", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21441", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21442", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21443", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21373", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21444", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21445", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21363", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21446", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21365", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21447", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21371", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21448", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21374", "arg2_id": "21375", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21450", "type": "title", "text": [ "Effect of nifedipine on renal function in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 91 ] ] }, { "id": "21451", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The effect of nifedipine on renal function in liver transplant recipients who were receiving tacrolimus was evaluated between January 1992 and January 1996. Two groups of patients receiving tacrolimus were compared over a period of 1 year, one group comprising hypertensive patients who were receiving nifedipine, and the other comprising nonhypertensive patients not receiving nifedipine. The time from transplant to baseline was similar in all patients. Nifedipine significantly improved kidney function as indicated by a significant lowering of serum creatinine levels at 6 and 12 months. The observed positive impact of nifedipine on reducing the nephrotoxicity associated with tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients should be an important factor in selecting an agent to treat hypertension in this population." ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 909 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21452", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 20 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009543" } ] }, { "id": "21453", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 90 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "21454", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 116 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009543" } ] }, { "id": "21455", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 185, 195 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "21456", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 282, 292 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "21457", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 353, 365 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "21458", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 394, 404 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009543" } ] }, { "id": "21459", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 470, 480 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009543" } ] }, { "id": "21460", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 558 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009543" } ] }, { "id": "21461", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 646, 656 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "21462", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nifedipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 726 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009543" } ] }, { "id": "21463", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 743, 757 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "21464", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 774, 784 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "21465", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 877, 889 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21466", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21453", "arg2_id": "21457", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21467", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21453", "arg2_id": "21465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21468", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21455", "arg2_id": "21457", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21469", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21455", "arg2_id": "21465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21470", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21456", "arg2_id": "21457", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21471", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21456", "arg2_id": "21465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21472", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21464", "arg2_id": "21457", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21473", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21464", "arg2_id": "21465", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21475", "type": "title", "text": [ "Sinus arrest associated with continuous-infusion cimetidine." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 60 ] ] }, { "id": "21476", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The administration of intermittent intravenous infusions of cimetidine is infrequently associated with the development of bradyarrhythmias. A 40-year-old man with leukemia and no history of cardiac disease developed recurrent, brief episodes of apparent sinus arrest while receiving continuous-infusion cimetidine 50 mg/hour. The arrhythmias were temporally related to cimetidine administration, disappeared after dechallenge, and did not recur during ranitidine treatment. This is the first reported case of sinus arrest associated with continuous-infusion cimetidine." ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 630 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21477", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Sinus arrest" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D054138" } ] }, { "id": "21478", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cimetidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 59 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002927" } ] }, { "id": "21479", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cimetidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 131 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002927" } ] }, { "id": "21480", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bradyarrhythmias" ], "offsets": [ [ 183, 199 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001919" } ] }, { "id": "21481", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "leukemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 232 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007938" } ] }, { "id": "21482", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiac disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 251, 266 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006331" } ] }, { "id": "21483", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "sinus arrest" ], "offsets": [ [ 315, 327 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D054138" } ] }, { "id": "21484", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cimetidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 364, 374 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002927" } ] }, { "id": "21485", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "arrhythmias" ], "offsets": [ [ 391, 402 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001145" } ] }, { "id": "21486", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cimetidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 430, 440 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002927" } ] }, { "id": "21487", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ranitidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 513, 523 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011899" } ] }, { "id": "21488", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "sinus arrest" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 582 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D054138" } ] }, { "id": "21489", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cimetidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 619, 629 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002927" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21490", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21478", "arg2_id": "21477", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21491", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21478", "arg2_id": "21483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21492", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21478", "arg2_id": "21488", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21493", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21479", "arg2_id": "21477", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21494", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21479", "arg2_id": "21483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21495", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21479", "arg2_id": "21488", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21496", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21484", "arg2_id": "21477", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21497", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21484", "arg2_id": "21483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21498", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21484", "arg2_id": "21488", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21499", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21486", "arg2_id": "21477", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21500", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21486", "arg2_id": "21483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21501", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21486", "arg2_id": "21488", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21502", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21489", "arg2_id": "21477", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21503", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21489", "arg2_id": "21483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21504", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21489", "arg2_id": "21488", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21505", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21478", "arg2_id": "21480", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21506", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21479", "arg2_id": "21480", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21507", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21484", "arg2_id": "21480", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21508", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21486", "arg2_id": "21480", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21509", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21489", "arg2_id": "21480", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21511", "type": "title", "text": [ "Composition of gall bladder stones associated with octreotide: response to oral ursodeoxycholic acid." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 101 ] ] }, { "id": "21512", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Octreotide, an effective treatment for acromegaly, induces gall bladder stones in 13-60% of patients. Because knowledge of stone composition is essential for studies of their pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention, this was investigated by direct and indirect methods in 14 octreotide treated acromegalic patients with gall stones. Chemical analysis of gall stones retrieved at cholecystectomy from two patients, showed that they contained 71% and 87% cholesterol by weight. In the remaining 12 patients, localised computed tomography of the gall bladder showed that eight had stones with maximum attenuation scores of < 100 Hounsfield units (values of < 100 HU predict cholesterol rich, dissolvable stones). Gall bladder bile was obtained by ultrasound guided, fine needle puncture from six patients. All six patients had supersaturated bile (mean (SEM) cholesterol saturation index of 1.19 (0.08) (range 1.01-1.53)) and all had abnormally rapid cholesterol microcrystal nucleation times (< 4 days (range 1-4)), whilst in four, the bile contained cholesterol microcrystals immediately after sampling. Of the 12 patients considered for oral ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment, two had a blocked cystic duct and were not started on UDCA while one was lost to follow up. After one year of treatment, five of the remaining nine patients showed either partial (n = 3) or complete (n = 2) gall stone dissolution, suggesting that their stones were cholesterol rich. This corresponds, by actuarial (life table) analysis, to a combined gall stone dissolution rate of 58.3 (15.9%). In conclusion, octreotide induced gall stones are generally small, multiple, and cholesterol rich although, in common with spontaneous gall stone disease, at presentation some patients will have a blocked cystic duct and some gall stones containing calcium." ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 1936 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21513", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall bladder stones" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 34 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21514", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "octreotide" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 61 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015282" } ] }, { "id": "21515", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 100 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014580" } ] }, { "id": "21516", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Octreotide" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 112 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015282" } ] }, { "id": "21517", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acromegaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 141, 151 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000172" } ] }, { "id": "21518", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall bladder stones" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 180 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21519", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "octreotide" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 387 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015282" } ] }, { "id": "21520", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acromegalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 407 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000172" } ] }, { "id": "21521", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall stones" ], "offsets": [ [ 422, 433 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21522", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall stones" ], "offsets": [ [ 456, 467 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21523", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 555, 566 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "21524", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 773, 784 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "21525", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 969 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "21526", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1050, 1061 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "21527", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1151, 1162 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "21528", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ursodeoxycholic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 1244, 1264 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014580" } ] }, { "id": "21529", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "UDCA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1266, 1270 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014580" } ] }, { "id": "21530", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "UDCA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1337, 1341 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014580" } ] }, { "id": "21531", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall stone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1490, 1500 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21532", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1548, 1559 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "21533", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall stone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1634, 1644 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21534", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "octreotide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1694, 1704 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015282" } ] }, { "id": "21535", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall stones" ], "offsets": [ [ 1713, 1724 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21536", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1760, 1771 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "21537", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall stone disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 1814, 1832 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21538", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gall stones" ], "offsets": [ [ 1905, 1916 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D042882" } ] }, { "id": "21539", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "calcium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1928, 1935 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002118" } ] } ]

[]

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[ { "id": "21540", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21513", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21541", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21542", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21521", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21543", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21544", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21531", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21545", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21533", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21546", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21535", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21547", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21537", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21548", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21514", "arg2_id": "21538", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21549", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21513", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21550", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21551", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21521", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21552", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21553", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21531", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21554", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21533", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21555", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21535", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21556", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21537", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21557", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21516", "arg2_id": "21538", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21558", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21513", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21559", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21560", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21521", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21561", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21562", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21531", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21563", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21533", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21564", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21535", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21565", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21537", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21566", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21519", "arg2_id": "21538", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21567", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21513", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21568", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21569", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21521", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21570", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21571", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21531", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21572", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21533", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21573", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21535", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21574", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21537", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21575", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21534", "arg2_id": "21538", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21577", "type": "title", "text": [ "Cardiovascular complications associated with terbutaline treatment for preterm labor." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 85 ] ] }, { "id": "21578", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Severe cardiovascular complications occurred in eight of 160 patients treated with terbutaline for preterm labor. Associated corticosteroid therapy and twin gestations appear to be predisposing factors. Potential mechanisms of the pathophysiology are briefly discussed." ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 355 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21579", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Cardiovascular complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 28 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "21580", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "terbutaline" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 56 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013726" } ] }, { "id": "21581", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "preterm labor" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 84 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007752" } ] }, { "id": "21582", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiovascular complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 121 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "21583", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "terbutaline" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 180 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013726" } ] }, { "id": "21584", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "preterm labor" ], "offsets": [ [ 185, 198 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007752" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "21585", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21580", "arg2_id": "21579", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21586", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21580", "arg2_id": "21582", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21587", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21583", "arg2_id": "21579", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21588", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21583", "arg2_id": "21582", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21590", "type": "title", "text": [ "Neurologic effects of subarachnoid administration of 2-chloroprocaine-CE, bupivacaine, and low pH normal saline in dogs." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 120 ] ] }, { "id": "21591", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neurologic consequences of deliberate subarachnoid injection of large volumes of 2-chloroprocaine-CE in experimental animals. The possible role of low pH as well as total volume as potential factors in causing neurotoxicity was evaluated. The 65 dogs in the study received injections in the subarachnoid space as follows: 6 to 8 ml of bupivacaine (N = 15), 2-chloroprocaine-CE (N = 20), low pH normal saline (pH 3.0) (N = 20), or normal saline (N = 10). Of the 20 animals that received subarachnoid injection of 2-chloroprocaine-CE seven (35%) developed hind-limb paralysis. None of the animals that received bupivacaine, normal saline, or normal saline titrated to a pH 3.0 developed hind-limb paralysis. Of the 15 spinal cords of the animals that received 2-chloroprocaine-CE, 13 showed subpial necrosis; the nerve roots and subarachnoid vessels were normal. The spinal cords of the animals that received bupivacaine, low pH normal saline (pH 3.0), or normal saline did not show abnormal findings." ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 1166 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21592", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "2-chloroprocaine-CE" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 72 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C004616" } ] }, { "id": "21593", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 85 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21594", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "2-chloroprocaine-CE" ], "offsets": [ [ 248, 267 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C004616" } ] }, { "id": "21595", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 390 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] }, { "id": "21596", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 502, 513 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21597", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "2-chloroprocaine-CE" ], "offsets": [ [ 524, 543 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C004616" } ] }, { "id": "21598", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "2-chloroprocaine-CE" ], "offsets": [ [ 679, 698 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C004616" } ] }, { "id": "21599", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "paralysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 731, 740 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010243" } ] }, { "id": "21600", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 776, 787 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] }, { "id": "21601", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "paralysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 862, 871 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010243" } ] }, { "id": "21602", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "2-chloroprocaine-CE" ], "offsets": [ [ 925, 944 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C004616" } ] }, { "id": "21603", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "subpial necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 956, 972 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013118" } ] }, { "id": "21604", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupivacaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1074, 1085 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002045" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "21605", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21592", "arg2_id": "21599", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21606", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21592", "arg2_id": "21601", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21607", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21594", "arg2_id": "21599", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21608", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21594", "arg2_id": "21601", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21609", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21597", "arg2_id": "21599", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21610", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21597", "arg2_id": "21601", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21611", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21598", "arg2_id": "21599", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21612", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21598", "arg2_id": "21601", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21613", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21602", "arg2_id": "21599", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21614", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21602", "arg2_id": "21601", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21615", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21592", "arg2_id": "21603", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21616", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21594", "arg2_id": "21603", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21617", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21597", "arg2_id": "21603", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21618", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21598", "arg2_id": "21603", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21619", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21602", "arg2_id": "21603", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21621", "type": "title", "text": [ "Early adjuvant adriamycin in superficial bladder carcinoma." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 59 ] ] }, { "id": "21622", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A multicenter study was performed in 110 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Adriamycin (50 mg/50 ml) was administered intravesically within 24 h after transurethral resection of TA-T1 (O-A) bladder tumors. Instillation was repeated twice during the first week, then weekly during the first month and afterwards monthly for 1 year. The tolerance was evaluated in these 110 patients, and 29 patients presented with local side-effects. In 24 of these patients chemical cystitis was severe enough for them to drop out of the study. No systemic side-effects were observed. Recurrence was studied in 82 evaluable patients after 1 year of follow-up and in 72 patients followed for 2-3 years (mean 32 months). Of the 82 patients studied after 1 year, 23 had primary and 59 recurrent disease. Of the 82 evaluable patients, 50 did not show any recurrence after 1 year (61%), while 32 presented with one or more recurrences (39%). Of these recurrences, 27 were T1 tumors while five progressed to more highly invasive lesions. In patients that were free of recurrence during the first year, 80% remained tumor-free during the 2- to 3-year follow-up period. Of the patients developing one or more recurrences during the first year, only 50% presented with further recurrence once the instillations were stopped. The beneficial effect of Adriamycin appears obvious and might be related to the drug itself, the early and repeated instillations after TUR, or both." ], "offsets": [ [ 60, 1543 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21623", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "adriamycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 25 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "21624", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002277" } ] }, { "id": "21625", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 41, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "21626", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002277" } ] }, { "id": "21627", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "carcinoma of the bladder" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 169 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002277" } ] }, { "id": "21628", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "carcinoma of the bladder" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 169 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "21629", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 154 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002277" } ] }, { "id": "21630", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Adriamycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 171, 181 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "21631", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder tumors" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 299 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "21632", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 569 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "21633", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tumors" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1054 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "21634", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tumor" ], "offsets": [ [ 1187, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "21635", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Adriamycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1419, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "21636", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21623", "arg2_id": "21632", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21637", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21630", "arg2_id": "21632", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21638", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21635", "arg2_id": "21632", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21640", "type": "title", "text": [ "Hyperkalemia associated with sulindac therapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 46 ] ] }, { "id": "21641", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Hyperkalemia has recently been recognized as a complication of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAID) such as indomethacin. Several recent studies have stressed the renal sparing features of sulindac, owing to its lack of interference with renal prostacyclin synthesis. We describe 4 patients in whom hyperkalemia ranging from 6.1 to 6.9 mEq/l developed within 3 to 8 days of sulindac administration. In all of them normal serum potassium levels reached within 2 to 4 days of stopping sulindac. As no other medications known to effect serum potassium had been given concomitantly, this course of events is suggestive of a cause-and-effect relationship between sulindac and hyperkalemia. These observations indicate that initial hopes that sulindac may not be associated with the adverse renal effects of other NSAID are probably not justified." ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 896 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21642", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "21643", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulindac" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 37 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013467" } ] }, { "id": "21644", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 59 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "21645", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indomethacin" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 175 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007213" } ] }, { "id": "21646", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulindac" ], "offsets": [ [ 244, 252 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013467" } ] }, { "id": "21647", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prostacyclin" ], "offsets": [ [ 299, 311 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011464" } ] }, { "id": "21648", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 366 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "21649", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulindac" ], "offsets": [ [ 429, 437 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013467" } ] }, { "id": "21650", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 491 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011188" } ] }, { "id": "21651", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulindac" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 546 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013467" } ] }, { "id": "21652", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 594, 603 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011188" } ] }, { "id": "21653", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulindac" ], "offsets": [ [ 713, 721 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013467" } ] }, { "id": "21654", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperkalemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 738 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006947" } ] }, { "id": "21655", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulindac" ], "offsets": [ [ 792, 800 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013467" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "21656", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21645", "arg2_id": "21642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21657", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21645", "arg2_id": "21644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21658", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21645", "arg2_id": "21648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21659", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21645", "arg2_id": "21654", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21660", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21643", "arg2_id": "21642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21661", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21643", "arg2_id": "21644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21662", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21643", "arg2_id": "21648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21663", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21643", "arg2_id": "21654", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21664", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21646", "arg2_id": "21642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21665", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21646", "arg2_id": "21644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21666", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21646", "arg2_id": "21648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21667", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21646", "arg2_id": "21654", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21668", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21649", "arg2_id": "21642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21669", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21649", "arg2_id": "21644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21670", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21649", "arg2_id": "21648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21671", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21649", "arg2_id": "21654", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21672", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21651", "arg2_id": "21642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21673", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21651", "arg2_id": "21644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21674", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21651", "arg2_id": "21648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21675", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21651", "arg2_id": "21654", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21676", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21653", "arg2_id": "21642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21677", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21653", "arg2_id": "21644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21678", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21653", "arg2_id": "21648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21679", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21653", "arg2_id": "21654", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21680", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21655", "arg2_id": "21642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21681", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21655", "arg2_id": "21644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21682", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21655", "arg2_id": "21648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21683", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21655", "arg2_id": "21654", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21685", "type": "title", "text": [ "Ventricular tachyarrhythmias during cesarean section after ritodrine therapy: interaction with anesthetics." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 107 ] ] }, { "id": "21686", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "This case illustrates that patients receiving ritodrine for preterm labor may risk interactions between the residual betamimetic effects of ritodrine and the effects of anesthetics during cesarean section. Such interactions may result in serious cardiovascular complications even after cessation of an infusion of ritodrine. Preoperative assessment should focus on cardiovascular status and serum potassium level. Delaying induction of anesthesia should be considered whenever possible. Careful fluid administration and cautious use of titrated doses of ephedrine are advised. After delivery of the infant, there should be no contraindication to the use of an alpha-adrenergic vasopressor such as phenylephrine to treat hypotensive patients with tachycardia." ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 866 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21687", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Ventricular tachyarrhythmias" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 28 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014693" } ] }, { "id": "21688", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritodrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 68 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012312" } ] }, { "id": "21689", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritodrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 154, 163 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012312" } ] }, { "id": "21690", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "preterm labor" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 181 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007752" } ] }, { "id": "21691", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritodrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 248, 257 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012312" } ] }, { "id": "21692", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiovascular complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 354, 382 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "21693", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritodrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 422, 431 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012312" } ] }, { "id": "21694", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "potassium" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 514 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011188" } ] }, { "id": "21695", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ephedrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 662, 671 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004809" } ] }, { "id": "21696", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenylephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 805, 818 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010656" } ] }, { "id": "21697", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypotensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 839 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "21698", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 854, 865 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013610" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "21699", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21688", "arg2_id": "21687", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21700", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21689", "arg2_id": "21687", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21701", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21691", "arg2_id": "21687", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21702", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21693", "arg2_id": "21687", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21704", "type": "title", "text": [ "Immunohistochemical, electron microscopic and morphometric studies of estrogen-induced rat prolactinomas after bromocriptine treatment." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 135 ] ] }, { "id": "21705", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "To clarify the effects of bromocriptine on prolactinoma cells in vivo, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and morphometrical analyses were applied to estrogen-induced rat prolactinoma cells 1 h and 6 h after injection of bromocriptine (3 mg/kg of body weight). One h after treatment, serum prolactin levels decreased markedly. Electron microscopy disclosed many secretory granules, slightly distorted rough endoplasmic reticulum, and partially dilated Golgi cisternae in the prolactinoma cells. Morphometric analysis revealed that the volume density of secretory granules increased, while the volume density of cytoplasmic microtubules decreased. These findings suggest that lowered serum prolactin levels in the early phase of bromocriptine treatment may result from an impaired secretion of prolactin due to decreasing numbers of cytoplasmic microtubules. At 6 h after injection, serum prolactin levels were still considerably lower than in controls. The prolactinoma cells at this time were well granulated, with vesiculated rough endoplasmic reticulum and markedly dilated Golgi cisternae. Electron microscopical immunohistochemistry revealed positive reaction products noted on the secretory granules, Golgi cisternae, and endoplasmic reticulum of the untreated rat prolactinoma cells. However, only secretory granules showed the positive reaction products for prolactin 6 h after bromocriptine treatment of the adenoma cells. An increase in the volume density of secretory granules and a decrease in the volume densities of rough endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules was determined by morphometric analysis, suggesting that bromocriptine inhibits protein synthesis as well as bringing about a disturbance of the prolactin secretion." ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 1878 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21706", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 70, 78 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004967" } ] }, { "id": "21707", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 104 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "21708", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 124 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] }, { "id": "21709", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 162, 175 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] }, { "id": "21710", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 179, 191 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "21711", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 296 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004967" } ] }, { "id": "21712", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 309, 321 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "21713", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 359, 372 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] }, { "id": "21714", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 613, 625 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "21715", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 866, 879 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] }, { "id": "21716", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1095, 1107 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "21717", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1409, 1421 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "21718", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1524, 1537 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] }, { "id": "21719", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "adenoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 1555, 1562 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000236" } ] }, { "id": "21720", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1770, 1783 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "21721", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21706", "arg2_id": "21707", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21722", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21706", "arg2_id": "21710", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21723", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21706", "arg2_id": "21712", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21724", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21706", "arg2_id": "21714", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21725", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21706", "arg2_id": "21716", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21726", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21706", "arg2_id": "21717", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21727", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21711", "arg2_id": "21707", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21728", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21711", "arg2_id": "21710", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21729", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21711", "arg2_id": "21712", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21730", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21711", "arg2_id": "21714", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21731", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21711", "arg2_id": "21716", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21732", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21711", "arg2_id": "21717", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21734", "type": "title", "text": [ "On two paradoxical side-effects of prednisolone in rats, ribosomal RNA biosyntheses, and a mechanism of action." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 111 ] ] }, { "id": "21735", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Liver enlargement and muscle wastage occurred in Wistar rats following the subcutaneous administration of prednisolone. In the liver both the content of RNA and the biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA increased while both the RNA content and ribosomal RNA biosynthesis were reduced in the gastrocnemius muscle. It is suggested that the drug acted in a selective and tissue-specific manner to enhance ribosomal RNA synthesis in the liver and depress such synthesis in the muscle. This view supports the contention that the liver and muscle are independent sites of prednisolone action." ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 690 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21736", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 47 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011239" } ] }, { "id": "21737", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Liver enlargement" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 129 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006529" } ] }, { "id": "21738", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "muscle wastage" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 148 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009133" } ] }, { "id": "21739", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 230 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011239" } ] }, { "id": "21740", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prednisolone" ], "offsets": [ [ 670, 682 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011239" } ] } ]

[]

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[ { "id": "21741", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21736", "arg2_id": "21737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21742", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21739", "arg2_id": "21737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21743", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21740", "arg2_id": "21737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21744", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21736", "arg2_id": "21738", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21745", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21739", "arg2_id": "21738", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21746", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21740", "arg2_id": "21738", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21748", "type": "title", "text": [ "Possible intramuscular midazolam-associated cardiorespiratory arrest and death." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 79 ] ] }, { "id": "21749", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Midazolam hydrochloride is commonly used for dental or endoscopic procedures. Although generally consisted safe when given intramuscularly, intravenous administration is known to cause respiratory and cardiovascular depression. This report describes the first published case of cardiorespiratory arrest and death associated with intramuscular administration of midazolam. Information regarding midazolam use is reviewed to provide recommendation for safe administration." ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 550 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21750", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "midazolam" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 32 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008874" } ] }, { "id": "21751", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiorespiratory arrest" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 68 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006323" } ] }, { "id": "21752", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 78 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003643" } ] }, { "id": "21753", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Midazolam hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 103 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008874" } ] }, { "id": "21754", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory and cardiovascular depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 306 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012140" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "21755", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory", "depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 265, 276 ], [ 296, 306 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012140" } ] }, { "id": "21756", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiovascular depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 306 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "21757", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiorespiratory arrest" ], "offsets": [ [ 358, 382 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006323" } ] }, { "id": "21758", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 387, 392 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003643" } ] }, { "id": "21759", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "midazolam" ], "offsets": [ [ 441, 450 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008874" } ] }, { "id": "21760", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "midazolam" ], "offsets": [ [ 474, 483 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008874" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21761", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21750", "arg2_id": "21754", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21762", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21750", "arg2_id": "21755", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21763", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21753", "arg2_id": "21754", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21764", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21753", "arg2_id": "21755", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21765", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21759", "arg2_id": "21754", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21766", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21759", "arg2_id": "21755", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21767", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21760", "arg2_id": "21754", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21768", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21760", "arg2_id": "21755", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21769", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21750", "arg2_id": "21751", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21770", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21750", "arg2_id": "21757", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21771", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21753", "arg2_id": "21751", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21772", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21753", "arg2_id": "21757", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21773", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21759", "arg2_id": "21751", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21774", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21759", "arg2_id": "21757", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21775", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21760", "arg2_id": "21751", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21776", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21760", "arg2_id": "21757", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21778", "type": "title", "text": [ "Serial epilepsy caused by levodopa/carbidopa administration in two patients on hemodialysis." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 92 ] ] }, { "id": "21779", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Two patients with similar clinical features are presented: both patients had chronic renal failure, on hemodialysis for many years but recently begun on a high-flux dialyzer; both had been receiving a carbidopa/levodopa preparation; and both had the onset of hallucinosis and recurrent seizures, which were refractory to anticonvulsants. The first patient died without a diagnosis; the second patient had a dramatic recovery following the administration of vitamin B6. Neither patient was considered to have a renal state sufficiently severe enough to explain their presentation." ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 672 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21780", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 7, 15 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004827" } ] }, { "id": "21781", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa/carbidopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 44 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C009265" } ] }, { "id": "21782", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "chronic renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 191 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] }, { "id": "21783", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbidopa/levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 294, 312 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C009265" } ] }, { "id": "21784", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hallucinosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 352, 364 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001523" } ] }, { "id": "21785", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 379, 387 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21786", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vitamin B6" ], "offsets": [ [ 550, 560 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D025101" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21787", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21781", "arg2_id": "21780", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21788", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21783", "arg2_id": "21780", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21790", "type": "title", "text": [ "Effect of L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 78 ] ] }, { "id": "21791", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The present study was carried out to test the effects of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (L-alpha-GFC) on memory impairment induced by scopolamine in man. Thirty-two healthy young volunteers were randomly allocated to four different groups. They were given a ten day pretreatment with either L-alpha-GFC or placebo, p.o., and on the eleventh day either scopolamine or placebo, i.m. Before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after injection the subjects were given attention and mnemonic tests. The findings of this study indicate that the drug is able to antagonize impairment of attention and memory induced by scopolamine." ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 696 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21792", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 44 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005997" } ] }, { "id": "21793", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "amnesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 55 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000647" } ] }, { "id": "21794", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 77 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "21795", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 169 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005997" } ] }, { "id": "21796", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-alpha-GFC" ], "offsets": [ [ 171, 182 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005997" } ] }, { "id": "21797", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "memory impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 187, 204 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008569" } ] }, { "id": "21798", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 216, 227 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "21799", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-alpha-GFC" ], "offsets": [ [ 373, 384 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005997" } ] }, { "id": "21800", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 445 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "21801", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "impairment of attention and memory" ], "offsets": [ [ 638, 672 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008569" } ] }, { "id": "21802", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 684, 695 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21803", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21794", "arg2_id": "21797", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21804", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21794", "arg2_id": "21801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21805", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21798", "arg2_id": "21797", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21806", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21798", "arg2_id": "21801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21807", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21800", "arg2_id": "21797", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21808", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21800", "arg2_id": "21801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21809", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21802", "arg2_id": "21797", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21810", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21802", "arg2_id": "21801", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "21812", "type": "title", "text": [ "Seizures induced by the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine in rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 67 ] ] }, { "id": "21813", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The half-life (t1/2) of cocaine is relatively short, but some of the consequences of its use, such as seizures and strokes, can occur hours after exposure. This led us to hypothesize that a metabolite of cocaine may be responsible for some of those delayed sequelae. We evaluated the potential of the major metabolite of cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BE), to cause seizures. Two separate equimolar doses (0.2 and 0.4 mumol) of either cocaine or BE were injected ventricularly in unanesthetized juvenile rats. Treated rats were then evaluated for incidence, latency, and seizure pattern or for locomotor activity in animals without seizures. BE-Induced seizures occurred more frequently and had significantly longer latencies than those induced by equimolar amounts of cocaine. Whereas cocaine-induced seizures were best characterized as brief, generalized, and tonic and resulted in death, those induced by BE were prolonged, often multiple and mixed in type, and rarely resulted in death. Electrical recordings from the hippocampus showed a rhythmic progression in EEG frequency and voltage with clinical seizure expression. BE-Injected rats that did not have seizures had significantly more locomotor activity than cocaine-injected animals without seizures. The finding that cocaine- and BE-induced seizures differ in several respects suggests more than one mechanism for cocaine-induced seizures and emphasizes the importance of a cocaine metabolite, BE." ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 1521 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "21814", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 8 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21815", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 31 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21816", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "benzoylecgonine" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21817", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 99 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21818", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 178 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21819", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "strokes" ], "offsets": [ [ 183, 190 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020521" } ] }, { "id": "21820", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 272, 279 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21821", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 396 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21822", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "benzoylecgonine" ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 413 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21823", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "BE" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 417 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21824", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 429, 437 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21825", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 498, 505 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21826", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "BE" ], "offsets": [ [ 509, 511 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21827", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 634, 641 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21828", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 695, 703 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21829", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "BE" ], "offsets": [ [ 705, 707 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21830", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 724 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21831", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 832, 839 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21832", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 849, 856 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21833", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 865, 873 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21834", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 947, 952 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003643" } ] }, { "id": "21835", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "BE" ], "offsets": [ [ 971, 973 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21836", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 1047, 1052 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003643" } ] }, { "id": "21837", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1170, 1177 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21838", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "BE" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21839", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1225, 1233 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21840", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1281, 1288 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21841", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1314, 1322 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21842", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1341, 1348 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21843", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "BE" ], "offsets": [ [ 1354, 1356 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] }, { "id": "21844", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1373 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21845", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1438, 1445 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21846", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1454, 1462 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "21847", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1498, 1505 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "21848", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "BE" ], "offsets": [ [ 1518, 1520 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005618" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "21849", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21814", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21850", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21818", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21851", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21852", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21827", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21853", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21854", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21830", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21855", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21856", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21837", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21857", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21839", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21858", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21841", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21859", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21844", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21860", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21815", "arg2_id": "21846", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21861", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21814", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21862", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21818", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21863", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21864", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21827", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21865", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21866", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21830", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21867", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21868", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21837", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21869", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21839", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21870", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21841", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21871", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21844", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21872", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21817", "arg2_id": "21846", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21873", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21814", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21874", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21818", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21875", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21876", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21827", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21877", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21878", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21830", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21879", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21880", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21820", "arg2_id": "21837", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "21881", "type": "CID", 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"type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21818", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22055", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22056", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21827", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22057", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22058", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21830", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22059", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22060", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21837", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22061", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21839", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22062", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21841", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22063", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21844", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22064", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21838", "arg2_id": "21846", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22065", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21814", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22066", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21818", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22067", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22068", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21827", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22069", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22070", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21830", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22071", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22072", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21837", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22073", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21839", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22074", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21841", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22075", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21844", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22076", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21843", "arg2_id": "21846", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22077", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21814", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22078", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21818", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22079", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22080", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21827", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22081", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22082", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21830", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22083", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21833", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22084", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21837", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22085", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21839", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22086", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21841", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22087", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21844", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22088", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "21848", "arg2_id": "21846", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22090", "type": "title", "text": [ "Protection against amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity toward striatal dopamine neurons in rodents by LY274614, an excitatory amino acid antagonist." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 146 ] ] }, { "id": "22091", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "LY274614, 3SR,4aRS,6SR,8aRS-6-[phosphonomethyl]decahydr oisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid, has been described as a potent antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. Here its ability to antagonize the prolonged depletion of dopamine in the striatum by amphetamine in iprindole-treated rats is reported. A single 18.4 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of (+/-)-amphetamine hemisulfate, given to rats pretreated with iprindole, resulted in persistent depletion of dopamine in the striatum 1 week later. This prolonged depletion of dopamine in the striatum was antagonized by dizocilpine (MK-801, a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors) or by LY274614 (a competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors). The protective effect of LY274614 was dose-dependent, being maximum at 10-40 mgkg (i.p.). A 10 mg/kg dose of LY274614 was effective in antagonizing the depletion of dopamine in the striatum, when given as long as 8 hr prior to amphetamine but not when given 24 hr prior to amphetamine. Depletion of dopamine in the striatum was also antagonized when LY274614 was given after the injection of amphetamine; LY274614 protected when given up to 4 hr after but not when given 8 or 24 hr after amphetamine. The prolonged depletion of dopamine in the striatum in mice, given multiple injections of methamphetamine, was also antagonized dose-dependently and completely by LY274614. The data strengthen the evidence that the neurotoxic effect of amphetamine and related compounds toward nigrostriatal dopamine neurons involves NMDA receptors and that LY274614 is an NMDA receptor antagonist with long-lasting in vivo effects in rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 1790 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22092", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 30 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22093", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 52 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] }, { "id": "22094", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 77 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22095", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 108 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22096", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amino acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 134 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000596" } ] }, { "id": "22097", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 147, 155 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22098", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "3SR,4aRS,6SR,8aRS-6-[phosphonomethyl]decahydr oisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 157, 235 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22099", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "N-methyl-D-aspartate" ], "offsets": [ [ 286, 306 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "22100", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 308, 312 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "22101", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 325, 334 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "22102", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 403, 411 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22103", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 431, 442 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22104", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "iprindole" ], "offsets": [ [ 446, 455 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007488" } ] }, { "id": "22105", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 523, 534 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22106", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "iprindole" ], "offsets": [ [ 578, 587 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007488" } ] }, { "id": "22107", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 625, 633 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22108", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 692, 700 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22109", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dizocilpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 736, 747 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016291" } ] }, { "id": "22110", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MK-801" ], "offsets": [ [ 749, 755 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016291" } ] }, { "id": "22111", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 789, 793 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "22112", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 811, 819 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22113", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 849, 853 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "22114", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 899 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22115", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 975, 983 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22116", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1031, 1039 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22117", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1093, 1104 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22118", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1139, 1150 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22119", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1165, 1173 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22120", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 1216, 1224 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22121", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1258, 1269 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22122", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 1271, 1279 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22123", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1354, 1365 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22124", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1394, 1402 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22125", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "methamphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1457, 1472 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008694" } ] }, { "id": "22126", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 1530, 1538 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22127", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurotoxic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1582, 1592 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] }, { "id": "22128", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1603, 1614 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22129", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1658, 1666 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22130", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1684, 1688 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "22131", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "LY274614" ], "offsets": [ [ 1708, 1716 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C070935" } ] }, { "id": "22132", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1723, 1727 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22133", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22092", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22134", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22092", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22135", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22103", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22136", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22103", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22137", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22105", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22138", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22105", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22139", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22117", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22140", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22117", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22141", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22118", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22142", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22118", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22143", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22121", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22144", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22121", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22145", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22123", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22146", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22123", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22147", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22128", "arg2_id": "22093", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22148", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22128", "arg2_id": "22127", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22150", "type": "title", "text": [ "Neonatal pyridoxine responsive convulsions due to isoniazid therapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 68 ] ] }, { "id": "22151", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A 17-day-old infant on isoniazid therapy 13 mg/kg daily from birth because of maternal tuberculosis was admitted after 4 days of clonic fits. No underlying infective or biochemical cause could be found. The fits ceased within 4 hours of administering intramuscular pyridoxine, suggesting an aetiology of pyridoxine deficiency secondary to isoniazid medication." ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 429 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22152", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pyridoxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 9, 19 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011736" } ] }, { "id": "22153", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "convulsions" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 42 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22154", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 59 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007538" } ] }, { "id": "22155", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 101 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007538" } ] }, { "id": "22156", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tuberculosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 156, 168 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014376" } ] }, { "id": "22157", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "clonic fits" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 209 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22158", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "fits" ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 280 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22159", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pyridoxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 344 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011736" } ] }, { "id": "22160", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pyridoxine" ], "offsets": [ [ 373, 383 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011736" } ] }, { "id": "22161", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "isoniazid" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 417 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007538" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22162", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22154", "arg2_id": "22153", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22163", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22154", "arg2_id": "22157", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22164", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22154", "arg2_id": "22158", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22165", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22155", "arg2_id": "22153", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22166", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22155", "arg2_id": "22157", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22167", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22155", "arg2_id": "22158", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22168", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22161", "arg2_id": "22153", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22169", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22161", "arg2_id": "22157", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22170", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22161", "arg2_id": "22158", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22172", "type": "title", "text": [ "Reversal by phenylephrine of the beneficial effects of intravenous nitroglycerin in patients with acute myocardial infarction." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 126 ] ] }, { "id": "22173", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Nitroglycerin has been shown to reduce ST-segment elevation during acute myocardial infarction, an effect potentiated in the dog by agents that reverse nitroglycerin-induced hypotension. Our study was designed to determine the effects of combined nitroglycerin and phenylephrine therapy. Ten patients with acute transmural myocardial infarctions received intravenous nitroglycerin, sufficient to reduce mean arterial pressure from 107 +/- 6 to 85 +/- 6 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), for 60 minutes. Left ventricular filling pressure decreased from 19 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). SigmaST, the sum of ST-segment elevations in 16 precordial leads, decreased (P less than 0.02) with intravenous nitroglycerin. Subsequent addition of phenylephrine infusion, sufficient to re-elevate mean arterial pressure to 106 +/- 4 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) for 30 minutes, increased left ventricular filling pressure to 17 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and also significantly increased sigmaST (P less than 0.05). Our results suggest that addition of phenylephrine to nitroglycerin is not beneficial in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction." ], "offsets": [ [ 127, 1287 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22174", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenylephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 25 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010656" } ] }, { "id": "22175", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitroglycerin" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 80 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005996" } ] }, { "id": "22176", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 125 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009203" } ] }, { "id": "22177", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Nitroglycerin" ], "offsets": [ [ 127, 140 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005996" } ] }, { "id": "22178", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 221 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009203" } ] }, { "id": "22179", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitroglycerin" ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 292 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005996" } ] }, { "id": "22180", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 312 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "22181", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitroglycerin" ], "offsets": [ [ 374, 387 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005996" } ] }, { "id": "22182", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenylephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 392, 405 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010656" } ] }, { "id": "22183", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "myocardial infarctions" ], "offsets": [ [ 450, 472 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009203" } ] }, { "id": "22184", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitroglycerin" ], "offsets": [ [ 494, 507 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005996" } ] }, { "id": "22185", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitroglycerin" ], "offsets": [ [ 832, 845 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005996" } ] }, { "id": "22186", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenylephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 870, 883 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010656" } ] }, { "id": "22187", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenylephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1176, 1189 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010656" } ] }, { "id": "22188", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitroglycerin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1193, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005996" } ] }, { "id": "22189", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute myocardial infarction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1259, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009203" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22190", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22175", "arg2_id": "22180", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22191", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22177", "arg2_id": "22180", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22192", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22179", "arg2_id": "22180", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22193", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22181", "arg2_id": "22180", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22194", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22184", "arg2_id": "22180", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22195", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22185", "arg2_id": "22180", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22196", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22188", "arg2_id": "22180", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22198", "type": "title", "text": [ "Elevation of ADAM10, ADAM17, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression with media degeneration features CaCl2-induced thoracic aortic aneurysm in a rat model." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 143 ] ] }, { "id": "22199", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "PURPOSE: This study was designed to establish a rat model of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) by calcium chloride (CaCl(2))-induced arterial injury and to explore the potential role of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs) in TAA formation. METHODS: Thoracic aorta of male Sprague-Dawley rats was exposed to 0.5M CaCl(2) or normal saline (NaCl). After 12weeks, animals were euthanized, and CaCl(2)-treated, CaCl(2)-untreated (n=12) and NaCl-treated aortic segments (n=12) were collected for histological and molecular assessments. MMP-TIMP and ADAM mRNAs were semi-quantitatively analyzed and protein expressions were determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Despite similar external diameters among CaCl(2)-treated, non-CaCl(2)-treated and NaCl-treated segments, aneurymal alteration (n=6, 50%), media degeneration with regional disruption, fragmentation of elastic fiber, and increased collagen deposition (n=12, 100%) were demonstrated in CaCl(2)-treated segments. MMP-2, MMP-9, ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 mRNA levels were increased in CaCl(2)-treated segments (all p<0.01), with trends of elevation in CaCl(2)-untreated segments, as compared with NaCl-treated segments. Immunohistochemistry displayed significantly increased expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 (all p<0.01) in intima and media for CaCl(2)-treated segments. TIMP mRNA and tissue levels did not differ obviously among the three aortic segments. CONCLUSION: This study establishes a TAA model by periarterial CaCl(2) exposure in rats, and demonstrates a significant elevation of expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling." ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 1867 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22200", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl2" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 94 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22201", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thoracic aortic aneurysm" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 127 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017545" } ] }, { "id": "22202", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thoracic aortic aneurysm" ], "offsets": [ [ 205, 229 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017545" } ] }, { "id": "22203", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TAA" ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 234 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017545" } ] }, { "id": "22204", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "calcium chloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 239, 255 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22205", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 257, 264 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22206", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "arterial injury" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 289 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014652" } ] }, { "id": "22207", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TAA" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 450 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017545" } ] }, { "id": "22208", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 534, 541 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22209", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NaCl" ], "offsets": [ [ 560, 564 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012965" } ] }, { "id": "22210", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 611, 618 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22211", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 628, 635 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22212", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NaCl" ], "offsets": [ [ 657, 661 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012965" } ] }, { "id": "22213", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 925, 932 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22214", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 946, 953 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22215", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NaCl" ], "offsets": [ [ 966, 970 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012965" } ] }, { "id": "22216", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 1167, 1174 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22217", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 1257, 1264 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22218", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1331 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22219", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NaCl" ], "offsets": [ [ 1369, 1373 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012965" } ] }, { "id": "22220", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 1533, 1540 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] }, { "id": "22221", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TAA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1682, 1685 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017545" } ] }, { "id": "22222", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CaCl(2)" ], "offsets": [ [ 1708, 1715 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002122" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22223", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22200", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22224", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22200", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22225", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22200", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22226", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22200", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22227", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22200", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22228", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22204", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22229", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22204", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22230", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22204", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22231", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22204", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22232", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22204", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22233", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22205", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22234", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22205", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22235", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22205", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22236", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22205", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22237", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22205", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22238", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22208", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22239", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22208", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22240", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22208", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22241", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22208", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22242", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22208", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22243", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22210", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22244", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22210", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22245", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22210", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22246", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22210", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22247", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22210", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22248", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22211", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22249", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22211", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22250", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22211", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22251", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22211", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22252", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22211", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22253", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22213", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22254", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22213", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22255", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22213", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22256", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22213", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22257", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22213", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22258", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22214", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22259", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22214", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22260", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22214", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22261", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22214", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22262", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22214", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22263", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22216", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22264", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22216", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22265", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22216", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22266", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22216", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22267", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22216", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22268", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22217", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22269", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22217", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22270", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22217", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22271", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22217", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22272", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22217", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22273", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22218", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22274", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22218", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22275", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22218", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22276", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22218", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22277", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22218", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22278", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22220", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22279", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22220", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22280", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22220", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22281", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22220", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22282", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22220", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22283", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22222", "arg2_id": "22201", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22284", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22222", "arg2_id": "22202", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22285", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22222", "arg2_id": "22203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22286", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22222", "arg2_id": "22207", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22287", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22222", "arg2_id": "22221", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22289", "type": "title", "text": [ "When drugs disappear from the patient: elimination of intravenous medication by hemodiafiltration." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 98 ] ] }, { "id": "22290", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Twenty-three hours after heart transplantation, life-threatening acute right heart failure was diagnosed in a patient requiring continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). Increasing doses of catecholamines, sedatives, and muscle relaxants administered through a central venous catheter were ineffective. However, a bolus of epinephrine injected through an alternative catheter provoked a hypertensive crisis. Thus, interference with the central venous infusion by the dialysis catheter was suspected. The catheters were changed, and hemodynamics stabilized at lower catecholamine doses. When the effects of IV drugs are inadequate in patients receiving CVVHDF, interference with adjacent catheters resulting in elimination of the drug by CVVHDF should be suspected." ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 871 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22291", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "right heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 189 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "22292", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "catecholamines" ], "offsets": [ [ 297, 311 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002395" } ] }, { "id": "22293", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 430, 441 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004837" } ] }, { "id": "22294", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 494, 506 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "22295", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "catecholamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 685 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002395" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22296", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22293", "arg2_id": "22294", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22298", "type": "title", "text": [ "Long-term glutamate supplementation failed to protect against peripheral neurotoxicity of paclitaxel." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 101 ] ] }, { "id": "22299", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Toxic peripheral neuropathy is still a significant limiting factor for chemotherapy with paclitaxel (PAC), although glutamate and its closely related amino acid glutamine were claimed to ameliorate PAC neurotoxicity. This pilot trial aimed to evaluate the role of glutamate supplementation for preventing PAC-induced peripheral neuropathy in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical and electro-diagnostic study. Forty-three ovarian cancer patients were available for analysis following six cycles of the same PAC-containing regimen: 23 had been supplemented by glutamate all along the treatment period, at a daily dose of three times 500 mg (group G), and 20 had received a placebo (group P). Patients were evaluated by neurological examinations, questionnaires and sensory-motor nerve conduction studies. There was no significant difference in the frequency of signs or symptoms between the two groups although neurotoxicity symptoms presented mostly with lower scores of severity in group G. However, this difference reached statistical significance only with regard to reported pain sensation (P = 0.011). Also the frequency of abnormal electro-diagnostic findings showed similarity between the two groups (G: 7/23 = 30.4%; P: 6/20 = 30%). This pilot study leads to the conclusion that glutamate supplementation at the chosen regimen fails to protect against peripheral neurotoxicity of PAC." ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 1514 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22300", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 10, 19 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "22301", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "peripheral neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 86 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "22302", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 100 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] }, { "id": "22303", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "peripheral neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 129 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "22304", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 201 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] }, { "id": "22305", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 203, 206 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] }, { "id": "22306", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 218, 227 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "22307", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amino acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 252, 262 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000596" } ] }, { "id": "22308", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 272 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "22309", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 300, 303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] }, { "id": "22310", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 304, 317 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] }, { "id": "22311", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 366, 375 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "22312", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 410 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] }, { "id": "22313", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "peripheral neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 419, 440 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "22314", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ovarian cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 544, 558 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010051" } ] }, { "id": "22315", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 632 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] }, { "id": "22316", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 681, 690 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "22317", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1032, 1045 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] }, { "id": "22318", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1201, 1205 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "22319", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1409, 1418 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "22320", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "peripheral neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1482, 1506 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "22321", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 1510, 1513 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22322", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22302", "arg2_id": "22301", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22323", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22302", "arg2_id": "22303", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22324", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22302", "arg2_id": "22313", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22325", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22302", "arg2_id": "22320", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22326", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22304", "arg2_id": "22301", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22327", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22304", "arg2_id": "22303", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22328", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22304", "arg2_id": "22313", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22329", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22304", "arg2_id": "22320", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22330", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22305", "arg2_id": "22301", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22331", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22305", "arg2_id": "22303", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22332", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22305", "arg2_id": "22313", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22333", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22305", "arg2_id": "22320", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22334", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22309", "arg2_id": "22301", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22335", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22309", "arg2_id": "22303", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22336", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22309", "arg2_id": "22313", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22337", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22309", "arg2_id": "22320", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22338", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22312", "arg2_id": "22301", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22339", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22312", "arg2_id": "22303", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22340", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22312", "arg2_id": "22313", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22341", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22312", "arg2_id": "22320", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22342", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22315", "arg2_id": "22301", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22343", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22315", "arg2_id": "22303", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22344", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22315", "arg2_id": "22313", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22345", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22315", "arg2_id": "22320", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22346", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22321", "arg2_id": "22301", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22347", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22321", "arg2_id": "22303", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22348", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22321", "arg2_id": "22313", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22349", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22321", "arg2_id": "22320", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22351", "type": "title", "text": [ "Attentional modulation of perceived pain intensity in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 95 ] ] }, { "id": "22352", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Perceived pain intensity is modulated by attention. However, it is not known that how pain intensity ratings are affected by attention in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia. Here we show that perceived pain intensity in secondary hyperalgesia is decreased when attention is distracted away from the painful pinprick stimulus with a visual task. Furthermore, it was found that the magnitude of attentional modulation in secondary hyperalgesia is very similar to that of capsaicin-untreated, control condition. Our findings, showing no interaction between capsaicin treatment and attentional modulation suggest that capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia and attention might affect mechanical pain through independent mechanisms." ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 831 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22353", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 40 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "22354", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "capsaicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 63 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002211" } ] }, { "id": "22355", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 94 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "22356", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 110 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "22357", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 186 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "22358", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "capsaicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 234, 243 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002211" } ] }, { "id": "22359", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 262, 274 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "22360", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 304, 308 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "22361", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 332, 344 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "22362", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 531, 543 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "22363", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "capsaicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 580 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002211" } ] }, { "id": "22364", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "capsaicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 656, 665 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002211" } ] }, { "id": "22365", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "capsaicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 725 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002211" } ] }, { "id": "22366", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 744, 756 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "22367", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 795, 799 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22368", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22354", "arg2_id": "22355", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22369", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22354", "arg2_id": "22359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22370", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22354", "arg2_id": "22361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22371", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22354", "arg2_id": "22362", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22372", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22354", "arg2_id": "22366", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22373", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22358", "arg2_id": "22355", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22374", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22358", "arg2_id": "22359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22375", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22358", "arg2_id": "22361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22376", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22358", "arg2_id": "22362", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22377", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22358", "arg2_id": "22366", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22378", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22363", "arg2_id": "22355", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22379", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22363", "arg2_id": "22359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22380", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22363", "arg2_id": "22361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22381", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22363", "arg2_id": "22362", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22382", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22363", "arg2_id": "22366", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22383", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22364", "arg2_id": "22355", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22384", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22364", "arg2_id": "22359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22385", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22364", "arg2_id": "22361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22386", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22364", "arg2_id": "22362", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22387", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22364", "arg2_id": "22366", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22388", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22365", "arg2_id": "22355", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22389", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22365", "arg2_id": "22359", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22390", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22365", "arg2_id": "22361", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22391", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22365", "arg2_id": "22362", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22392", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22365", "arg2_id": "22366", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22394", "type": "title", "text": [ "Testosterone-dependent hypertension and upregulation of intrarenal angiotensinogen in Dahl salt-sensitive rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 111 ] ] }, { "id": "22395", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Blood pressure (BP) is more salt sensitive in men than in premenopausal women. In Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DS), high-salt (HS) diet increases BP more in males than females. In contrast to the systemic renin-angiotensin system, which is suppressed in response to HS in male DS, intrarenal angiotensinogen expression is increased, and intrarenal levels of ANG II are not suppressed. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that there is a sexual dimorphism in HS-induced upregulation of intrarenal angiotensinogen mediated by testosterone that also causes increases in BP and renal injury. On a low-salt (LS) diet, male DS had higher levels of intrarenal angiotensinogen mRNA than females. HS diet for 4 wk increased renal cortical angiotensinogen mRNA and protein only in male DS, which was prevented by castration. Ovariectomy of female DS had no effect on intrarenal angiotensinogen expression on either diet. Radiotelemetric BP was similar between males and castrated rats on LS diet. HS diet for 4 wk caused a progressive increase in BP, protein and albumin excretion, and glomerular sclerosis in male DS rats, which were attenuated by castration. Testosterone replacement in castrated DS rats increased BP, renal injury, and upregulation of renal angiotensinogen associated with HS diet. Testosterone contributes to the development of hypertension and renal injury in male DS rats on HS diet possibly through upregulation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system." ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 1583 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22396", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 12 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "22397", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 23, 35 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "22398", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "salt" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 95 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017673" } ] }, { "id": "22399", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "salt" ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 144 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017673" } ] }, { "id": "22400", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "salt" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 203 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017673" } ] }, { "id": "22401", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "salt" ], "offsets": [ [ 230, 234 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017673" } ] }, { "id": "22402", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "angiotensin" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 331 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000809" } ] }, { "id": "22403", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 638, 650 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "22404", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal injury" ], "offsets": [ [ 688, 700 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "22405", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "salt" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 715 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017673" } ] }, { "id": "22406", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glomerular sclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1210 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "22407", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1265, 1277 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "22408", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal injury" ], "offsets": [ [ 1325, 1337 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "22409", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1406, 1418 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "22410", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1453, 1465 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "22411", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal injury" ], "offsets": [ [ 1470, 1482 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "22412", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "angiotensin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1564, 1575 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000809" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22413", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22398", "arg2_id": "22404", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22414", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22398", "arg2_id": "22406", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22415", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22398", "arg2_id": "22408", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22416", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22398", "arg2_id": "22411", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22417", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22399", "arg2_id": "22404", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22418", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22399", "arg2_id": "22406", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22419", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22399", "arg2_id": "22408", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22420", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22399", "arg2_id": "22411", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22421", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22400", "arg2_id": "22404", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22422", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22400", "arg2_id": "22406", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22423", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22400", "arg2_id": "22408", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22424", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22400", "arg2_id": "22411", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22425", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22401", "arg2_id": "22404", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22426", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22401", "arg2_id": "22406", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22427", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22401", "arg2_id": "22408", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22428", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22401", "arg2_id": "22411", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22429", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22405", "arg2_id": "22404", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22430", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22405", "arg2_id": "22406", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22431", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22405", "arg2_id": "22408", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22432", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22405", "arg2_id": "22411", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22434", "type": "title", "text": [ "Prenatal protein deprivation alters dopamine-mediated behaviors and dopaminergic and glutamatergic receptor binding." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 116 ] ] }, { "id": "22435", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Epidemiological evidence indicates that prenatal nutritional deprivation may increase the risk of schizophrenia. The goal of these studies was to use an animal model to examine the effects of prenatal protein deprivation on behaviors and receptor binding with relevance to schizophrenia. We report that prenatally protein deprived (PD) female rats showed an increased stereotypic response to apomorphine and an increased locomotor response to amphetamine in adulthood. These differences were not observed during puberty. No changes in haloperidol-induced catalepsy or MK-801-induced locomotion were seen following PD. In addition, PD female rats showed increased (3)H-MK-801 binding in the striatum and hippocampus, but not in the cortex. PD female rats also showed increased (3)H-haloperidol binding and decreased dopamine transporter binding in striatum. No statistically significant changes in behavior or receptor binding were found in PD males with the exception of increased (3)H-MK-801 binding in cortex. This animal model may be useful to explore the mechanisms by which prenatal nutritional deficiency enhances risk for schizophrenia in humans and may also have implications for developmental processes leading to differential sensitivity to drugs of abuse." ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 1383 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22436", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 44 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22437", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "schizophrenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 215, 228 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012559" } ] }, { "id": "22438", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "schizophrenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 390, 403 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012559" } ] }, { "id": "22439", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 509, 520 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "22440", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 560, 571 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "22441", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 652, 663 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "22442", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "catalepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 681 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002375" } ] }, { "id": "22443", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MK-801" ], "offsets": [ [ 685, 691 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016291" } ] }, { "id": "22444", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "H" ], "offsets": [ [ 783, 784 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006859" } ] }, { "id": "22445", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MK-801" ], "offsets": [ [ 785, 791 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016291" } ] }, { "id": "22446", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "H" ], "offsets": [ [ 896, 897 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006859" } ] }, { "id": "22447", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 909 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "22448", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 932, 940 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22449", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "H" ], "offsets": [ [ 1101, 1102 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006859" } ] }, { "id": "22450", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MK-801" ], "offsets": [ [ 1103, 1109 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016291" } ] }, { "id": "22451", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nutritional deficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 1205, 1227 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D044342" } ] }, { "id": "22452", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "schizophrenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1246, 1259 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012559" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22453", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22441", "arg2_id": "22442", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22454", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22447", "arg2_id": "22442", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22456", "type": "title", "text": [ "mToR inhibitors-induced proteinuria: mechanisms, significance, and management." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 78 ] ] }, { "id": "22457", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Massive urinary protein excretion has been observed after conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to mammalian target of rapamycin (mToR) inhibitors, especially sirolimus, in renal transplant recipients with chronic allograft nephropathy. Because proteinuria is a major predictive factor of poor transplantation outcome, many studies focused on this adverse event during the past years. Whether proteinuria was due to sirolimus or only a consequence of calcineurin inhibitors withdrawal remained unsolved until high range proteinuria has been observed during sirolimus therapy in islet transplantation and in patients who received sirolimus de novo. Podocyte injury and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have been related to mToR inhibition in some patients, but the pathways underlying these lesions remain hypothetic. We discuss herein the possible mechanisms and the significance of mToR blockade-induced proteinuria." ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 999 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22458", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 35 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011507" } ] }, { "id": "22459", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rapamycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020123" } ] }, { "id": "22460", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sirolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 239, 248 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020123" } ] }, { "id": "22461", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "chronic allograft nephropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 286, 315 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051436" } ] }, { "id": "22462", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 325, 336 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011507" } ] }, { "id": "22463", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 484 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011507" } ] }, { "id": "22464", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sirolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 496, 505 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020123" } ] }, { "id": "22465", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 611 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011507" } ] }, { "id": "22466", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sirolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 637, 646 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020123" } ] }, { "id": "22467", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sirolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 709, 718 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020123" } ] }, { "id": "22468", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glomerulosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 764, 782 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005921" } ] }, { "id": "22469", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 998 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011507" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22470", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22459", "arg2_id": "22458", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22471", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22459", "arg2_id": "22462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22472", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22459", "arg2_id": "22463", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22473", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22459", "arg2_id": "22465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22474", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22459", "arg2_id": "22469", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22475", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22460", "arg2_id": "22458", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22476", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22460", "arg2_id": "22462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22477", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22460", "arg2_id": "22463", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22478", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22460", "arg2_id": "22465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22479", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22460", "arg2_id": "22469", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22480", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22464", "arg2_id": "22458", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22481", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22464", "arg2_id": "22462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22482", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22464", "arg2_id": "22463", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22483", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22464", "arg2_id": "22465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22484", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22464", "arg2_id": "22469", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22485", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22466", "arg2_id": "22458", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22486", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22466", "arg2_id": "22462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22487", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22466", "arg2_id": "22463", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22488", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22466", "arg2_id": "22465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22489", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22466", "arg2_id": "22469", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22490", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22467", "arg2_id": "22458", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22491", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22467", "arg2_id": "22462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22492", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22467", "arg2_id": "22463", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22493", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22467", "arg2_id": "22465", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22494", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22467", "arg2_id": "22469", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22496", "type": "title", "text": [ "Hypothalamic prolactin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels, prolactin signaling, and hyperprolactinemic inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion are dependent on estradiol." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 192 ] ] }, { "id": "22497", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Hyperprolactinemia can reduce fertility and libido. Although central prolactin actions are thought to contribute to this, the mechanisms are poorly understood. We first tested whether chronic hyperprolactinemia inhibited two neuroendocrine parameters necessary for female fertility: pulsatile LH secretion and the estrogen-induced LH surge. Chronic hyperprolactinemia induced by the dopamine antagonist sulpiride caused a 40% reduction LH pulse frequency in ovariectomized rats, but only in the presence of chronic low levels of estradiol. Sulpiride did not affect the magnitude of a steroid-induced LH surge or the percentage of GnRH neurons activated during the surge. Estradiol is known to influence expression of the long form of prolactin receptors (PRL-R) and components of prolactin's signaling pathway. To test the hypothesis that estrogen increases PRL-R expression and sensitivity to prolactin, we next demonstrated that estradiol greatly augments prolactin-induced STAT5 activation. Lastly, we measured PRL-R and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-1 and -3 and CIS, which reflect the level of prolactin signaling) mRNAs in response to sulpiride and estradiol. Sulpiride induced only SOCS-1 in the medial preoptic area, where GnRH neurons are regulated, but in the arcuate nucleus and choroid plexus, PRL-R, SOCS-3, and CIS mRNA levels were also induced. Estradiol enhanced these effects on SOCS-3 and CIS. Interestingly, estradiol also induced PRL-R, SOCS-3, and CIS mRNA levels independently. These data show that GnRH pulse frequency is inhibited by chronic hyperprolactinemia in a steroid-dependent manner. They also provide evidence for estradiol-dependent and brain region-specific regulation of PRL-R expression and signaling responses by prolactin." ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 1963 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22498", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ribonucleic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 42, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012313" } ] }, { "id": "22499", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperprolactinemic" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 110 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006966" } ] }, { "id": "22500", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 191 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22501", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Hyperprolactinemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 211 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006966" } ] }, { "id": "22502", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperprolactinemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 385, 403 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006966" } ] }, { "id": "22503", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 507, 515 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004967" } ] }, { "id": "22504", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperprolactinemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 542, 560 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006966" } ] }, { "id": "22505", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 576, 584 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "22506", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulpiride" ], "offsets": [ [ 596, 605 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013469" } ] }, { "id": "22507", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 722, 731 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22508", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Sulpiride" ], "offsets": [ [ 733, 742 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013469" } ] }, { "id": "22509", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "steroid" ], "offsets": [ [ 777, 784 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013256" } ] }, { "id": "22510", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 864, 873 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22511", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estrogen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1032, 1040 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004967" } ] }, { "id": "22512", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1124, 1133 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22513", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulpiride" ], "offsets": [ [ 1343, 1352 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013469" } ] }, { "id": "22514", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1357, 1366 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22515", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Sulpiride" ], "offsets": [ [ 1368, 1377 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013469" } ] }, { "id": "22516", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1562, 1571 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22517", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1629, 1638 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22518", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperprolactinemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1768, 1786 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006966" } ] }, { "id": "22519", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "steroid" ], "offsets": [ [ 1792, 1799 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013256" } ] }, { "id": "22520", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1849, 1858 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22521", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22506", "arg2_id": "22499", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22522", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22506", "arg2_id": "22501", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22523", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22506", "arg2_id": "22502", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22524", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22506", "arg2_id": "22504", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22525", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22506", "arg2_id": "22518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22526", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22508", "arg2_id": "22499", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22527", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22508", "arg2_id": "22501", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22528", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22508", "arg2_id": "22502", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22529", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22508", "arg2_id": "22504", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22530", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22508", "arg2_id": "22518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22531", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22513", "arg2_id": "22499", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22532", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22513", "arg2_id": "22501", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22533", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22513", "arg2_id": "22502", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22534", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22513", "arg2_id": "22504", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22535", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22513", "arg2_id": "22518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22536", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22515", "arg2_id": "22499", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22537", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22515", "arg2_id": "22501", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22538", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22515", "arg2_id": "22502", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22539", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22515", "arg2_id": "22504", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22540", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22515", "arg2_id": "22518", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22542", "type": "title", "text": [ "Estrogen prevents cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages induced by the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 112 ] ] }, { "id": "22543", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Individuals with HIV can now live long lives with drug therapy that often includes protease inhibitors such as ritonavir. Many patients, however, develop negative long-term side effects such as premature atherosclerosis. We have previously demonstrated that ritonavir treatment increases atherosclerotic lesion formation in male mice to a greater extent than in female mice. Furthermore, peripheral blood monocytes isolated from ritonavir-treated females had less cholesteryl ester accumulation. In the present study, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which female hormones influence cholesterol metabolism in macrophages in response to the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir. We have utilized the human monocyte cell line, THP-1 as a model to address this question. Briefly, cells were differentiated for 72 h with 100 nM PMA to obtain a macrophage-like phenotype in the presence or absence of 1 nM 17beta-estradiol (E2), 100 nM progesterone or vehicle (0.01% ethanol). Cells were then treated with 30 ng/ml ritonavir or vehicle in the presence of aggregated LDL for 24 h. Cell extracts were harvested, and lipid or total RNA was isolated. E2 decreased the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages following ritonavir treatment. Ritonavir increased the expression of the scavenger receptor, CD36 mRNA, responsible for the uptake of LDL. Additionally, ritonavir treatment selectively increased the relative levels of PPARgamma mRNA, a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of CD36 mRNA expression. Treatment with E2, however, failed to prevent these increases at the mRNA level. E2 did, however, significantly suppress CD36 protein levels as measured by fluorescent immunocytochemistry. This data suggests that E2 modifies the expression of CD36 at the level of protein expression in monocyte-derived macrophages resulting in reduced cholesteryl ester accumulation following ritonavir treatment." ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 2044 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22544", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesteryl ester" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 35 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002788" } ] }, { "id": "22545", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 111 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22546", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 233 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22547", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "premature atherosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 332 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D050197" } ] }, { "id": "22548", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 371, 380 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22549", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "atherosclerotic lesion" ], "offsets": [ [ 401, 423 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D050197" } ] }, { "id": "22550", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 542, 551 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22551", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesteryl ester" ], "offsets": [ [ 577, 594 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002788" } ] }, { "id": "22552", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesterol" ], "offsets": [ [ 712, 723 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002784" } ] }, { "id": "22553", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 792, 801 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22554", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "17beta-estradiol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1026, 1042 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22555", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1044, 1046 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22556", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "progesterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1056, 1068 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011374" } ] }, { "id": "22557", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ethanol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1087, 1094 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000431" } ] }, { "id": "22558", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 1135, 1144 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22559", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1267, 1269 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22560", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesteryl esters" ], "offsets": [ [ 1300, 1318 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002788" } ] }, { "id": "22561", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 1344, 1353 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22562", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 1365, 1374 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22563", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 1487, 1496 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] }, { "id": "22564", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1662, 1664 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22565", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1728, 1730 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22566", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "E2" ], "offsets": [ [ 1860, 1862 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004958" } ] }, { "id": "22567", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cholesteryl ester" ], "offsets": [ [ 1983, 2000 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002788" } ] }, { "id": "22568", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ritonavir" ], "offsets": [ [ 2024, 2033 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019438" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "22569", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22545", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22570", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22545", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22571", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22546", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22572", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22546", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22573", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22548", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22574", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22548", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22575", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22550", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22576", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22550", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22577", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22553", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22578", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22553", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22579", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22558", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22580", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22558", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22581", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22561", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22582", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22561", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22583", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22562", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22584", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22562", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22585", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22563", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22586", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22563", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22587", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22568", "arg2_id": "22547", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22588", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22568", "arg2_id": "22549", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22590", "type": "title", "text": [ "Upregulation of brain expression of P-glycoprotein in MRP2-deficient TR(-) rats resembles seizure-induced up-regulation of this drug efflux transporter in normal rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 167 ] ] }, { "id": "22591", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "PURPOSE: The multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) is a drug efflux transporter that is expressed predominantly at the apical domain of hepatocytes but seems also to be expressed at the apical membrane of brain capillary endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier (BBB). MRP2 is absent in the transport-deficient (TR(-)) Wistar rat mutant, so that this rat strain was very helpful in defining substrates of MRP2 by comparing tissue concentrations or functional activities of compounds in MRP2-deficient rats with those in transport-competent Wistar rats. By using this strategy to study the involvement of MRP2 in brain access of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), we recently reported that phenytoin is a substrate for MRP2 in the BBB. However, one drawback of such studies in genetically deficient rats is the fact that compensatory changes with upregulation of other transporters can occur. This prompted us to study the brain expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a major drug efflux transporter in many tissues, including the BBB, in TR(-) rats compared with nonmutant (wild-type) Wistar rats. METHODS: The expression of MRP2 and Pgp in brain and liver sections of TR(-) rats and normal Wistar rats was determined with immunohistochemistry, by using a novel, highly selective monoclonal MRP2 antibody and the monoclonal Pgp antibody C219, respectively. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence staining with the MRP2 antibody was found to label a high number of microvessels throughout the brain in normal Wistar rats, whereas such labeling was absent in TR(-) rats. TR(-) rats exhibited a significant up-regulation of Pgp in brain capillary endothelial cells compared with wild-type controls. No such obvious upregulation of Pgp was observed in liver sections. A comparable overexpression of Pgp in the BBB was obtained after pilocarpine-induced seizures in wild-type Wistar rats. Experiments with systemic administration of the Pgp substrate phenobarbital and the selective Pgp inhibitor tariquidar in TR(-) rats substantiated that Pgp is functional and compensates for the lack of MRP2 in the BBB. CONCLUSIONS: The data on TR(-) rats indicate that Pgp plays an important role in the compensation of MRP2 deficiency in the BBB. Because such a compensatory mechanism most likely occurs to reduce injury to the brain from cytotoxic compounds, the present data substantiate the concept that MRP2 performs a protective role in the BBB. Furthermore, our data suggest that TR(-) rats are an interesting tool to study consequences of overexpression of Pgp in the BBB on access of drugs in the brain, without the need of inducing seizures or other Pgp-enhancing events for this purpose." ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 2840 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22592", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 97 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22593", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 861, 870 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010672" } ] }, { "id": "22594", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pilocarpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1987, 1998 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010862" } ] }, { "id": "22595", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 2007, 2015 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22596", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 2104, 2117 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "22597", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tariquidar" ], "offsets": [ [ 2150, 2160 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C402343" } ] }, { "id": "22598", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "injury to the brain" ], "offsets": [ [ 2457, 2476 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001927" } ] }, { "id": "22599", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 2784, 2792 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "22600", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22594", "arg2_id": "22592", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22601", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22594", "arg2_id": "22595", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22602", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22594", "arg2_id": "22599", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22604", "type": "title", "text": [ "Use of chromosome substitution strains to identify seizure susceptibility loci in mice." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 87 ] ] }, { "id": "22605", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Seizure susceptibility varies among inbred mouse strains. Chromosome substitution strains (CSS), in which a single chromosome from one inbred strain (donor) has been transferred onto a second strain (host) by repeated backcrossing, may be used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that contribute to seizure susceptibility. QTLs for susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, have not been reported, and CSS have not previously been used to localize seizure susceptibility genes. We report QTLs identified using a B6 (host) x A/J (donor) CSS panel to localize genes involved in susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures. Three hundred fifty-five adult male CSS mice, 58 B6, and 39 A/J were tested for susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures. Highest stage reached and latency to each stage were recorded for all mice. B6 mice were resistant to seizures and slower to reach stages compared to A/J mice. The CSS for Chromosomes 10 and 18 progressed to the most severe stages, diverging dramatically from the B6 phenotype. Latencies to stages were also significantly shorter for CSS10 and CSS18 mice. CSS mapping suggests seizure susceptibility loci on mouse Chromosomes 10 and 18. This approach provides a framework for identifying potentially novel homologous candidate genes for human temporal lobe epilepsy." ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 1454 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22606", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 51, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22607", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 95 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22608", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 394, 401 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22609", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pilocarpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 456 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010862" } ] }, { "id": "22610", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 473 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22611", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "temporal lobe epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 486, 508 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004833" } ] }, { "id": "22612", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 584, 591 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22613", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pilocarpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 730, 741 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010862" } ] }, { "id": "22614", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 750, 758 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22615", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pilocarpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 858, 869 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010862" } ] }, { "id": "22616", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 878, 886 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22617", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 990, 998 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22618", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1265, 1272 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22619", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "temporal lobe epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1431, 1453 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004833" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "22620", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22609", "arg2_id": "22611", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22621", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22609", "arg2_id": "22619", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22622", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22613", "arg2_id": "22611", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22623", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22613", "arg2_id": "22619", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22624", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22615", "arg2_id": "22611", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22625", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22615", "arg2_id": "22619", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22627", "type": "title", "text": [ "Investigation of mitochondrial involvement in the experimental model of epilepsy induced by pilocarpine." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 104 ] ] }, { "id": "22628", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Mitochondrial abnormalities have been associated with several aspects of epileptogenesis, such as energy generation, control of cell death, neurotransmitter synthesis, and free radical (FR) production. Increased production of FRs may cause mtDNA damage leading to decreased activities of oxidative phosphorylation complexes containing mtDNA-encoded subunits. In this study, we investigated whether increased generation of FR during status epilepticus would be sufficient to provoke abnormalities in mtDNA and in the expression and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), complex IV of the respiratory chain, in the chronic phase of the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. DNA analysis revealed low amounts of a 4.8 kb mtDNA deletion but with no differences in frequency or quantity in the control and experimental groups. We did not find abnormalities in the expression and distribution of an mtDNA-encoded subunit of CCO (CCO-I) or a relative decrease in CCO-I when compared with nuclear-encoded subunits (CCO-IV and SDH-fp). No abnormality in CCO activity was observed through histochemistry. Although evidences of mitochondrial abnormalities were found in previously published studies, our results do not suggest that the FRs, generated during the acute phase, determined important abnormalities in mtDNA, in expression of CCO-I, and in CCO activity." ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 1467 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22629", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 72, 80 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004827" } ] }, { "id": "22630", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pilocarpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 103 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010862" } ] }, { "id": "22631", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Mitochondrial abnormalities" ], "offsets": [ [ 105, 132 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D028361" } ] }, { "id": "22632", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "death" ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 243 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003643" } ] }, { "id": "22633", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "status epilepticus" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 555 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013226" } ] }, { "id": "22634", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pilocarpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 741, 752 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010862" } ] }, { "id": "22635", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "temporal lobe epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 762, 784 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004833" } ] }, { "id": "22636", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "mitochondrial abnormalities" ], "offsets": [ [ 1231, 1258 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D028361" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "22637", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22630", "arg2_id": "22635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22638", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22634", "arg2_id": "22635", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22640", "type": "title", "text": [ "Causes of acute thrombotic microangiopathy in patients receiving kidney transplantation." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 88 ] ] }, { "id": "22641", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "OBJECTIVES: Thrombotic microangiopathy is a well-known problem in patients following renal transplantation. In postrenal transplantation, thrombotic microangiopathy is often a reflection of hemolytic uremic syndrome. We aimed to determine the causes of thrombotic microangiopathy in a population of renal transplantation recipients and discuss the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the causes of thrombotic microangiopathy during a 1-year period, from June 2003 to June 2004, at the King Fahad National Guard Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by reviewing the slides of all transplant biopsies (n=25) performed during this interval. Pre- and posttransplant crossmatching was done when possible. RESULTS: Five cases of thrombotic microangiopathy were found. Three of these cases were from the 25 transplantations performed at King Fahad National Guard Hospital, while the other 2 transplantations had been performed abroad and were referred to us for follow-up. Three cases were related to cyclosporine, and 1 case was secondary to both cyclosporine and tacrolimus. The fifth case had features of thrombotic microangiopathy related to an antiphospholipid syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. CONCLUSIONS: In the literature, the most-frequent cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome in patients following renal transplantation is recurrence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Other causes include drug-related (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) toxicity, procoagulant status, and antibody-mediated rejection. We found that the most-frequent cause of thrombotic microangiopathy was drug related, secondary mainly to cyclosporine. In the current study, the frequency of thrombotic microangiopathy was similar to the percentage reported in the literature (20%)." ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 1868 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22642", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 42 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22643", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 127 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22644", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 253 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22645", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolytic uremic syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 304 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006463" } ] }, { "id": "22646", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 368 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22647", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 502, 528 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22648", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 824, 850 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22649", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclosporine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1095, 1107 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016572" } ] }, { "id": "22650", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclosporine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1142, 1154 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016572" } ] }, { "id": "22651", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 1159, 1169 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22652", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1202, 1228 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22653", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "antiphospholipid syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1243, 1268 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016736" } ] }, { "id": "22654", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "systemic lupus erythematosus" ], "offsets": [ [ 1287, 1315 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008180" } ] }, { "id": "22655", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolytic uremic syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1376, 1401 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006463" } ] }, { "id": "22656", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolytic uremic syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 1467, 1492 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006463" } ] }, { "id": "22657", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclosporine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1529, 1541 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016572" } ] }, { "id": "22658", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 1543, 1553 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22659", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1555, 1563 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "22660", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1660, 1686 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "22661", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclosporine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1725, 1737 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016572" } ] }, { "id": "22662", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1778, 1804 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22663", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22664", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22643", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22665", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22666", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22667", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22647", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22668", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22669", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22652", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22670", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22660", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22671", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22649", "arg2_id": "22662", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22672", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22673", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22643", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22674", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22675", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22676", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22647", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22677", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22678", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22652", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22679", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22660", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22680", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22650", "arg2_id": "22662", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22681", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22682", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22643", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22683", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22684", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22685", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22647", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22686", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22687", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22652", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22688", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22660", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22689", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22657", "arg2_id": "22662", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22690", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22691", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22643", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22692", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22693", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22694", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22647", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22695", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22648", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22696", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22652", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22697", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22660", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22698", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22661", "arg2_id": "22662", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22700", "type": "title", "text": [ "Severe reversible left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction due to accidental iatrogenic epinephrine overdose." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 120 ] ] }, { "id": "22701", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy due to chronic excess of endogenous catecholamines has been recognized for decades as a clinical phenomenon. In contrast, reports of myocardial dysfunction due to acute iatrogenic overdose are rare. A 35-year-old woman whose cervix uteri was inadvertently injected with 8 mg of epinephrine developed myocardial stunning that was characterized by severe hemodynamic compromise, profound, albeit transient, left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and only modestly elevated biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis. Our case illustrates the serious consequences of medical errors that can be avoided through improved medication labeling and staff supervision." ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 830 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22702", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 69 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018487" } ] }, { "id": "22703", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 110 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004837" } ] }, { "id": "22704", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 119 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "22705", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Catecholamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 134 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002395" } ] }, { "id": "22706", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiomyopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 157 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009202" } ] }, { "id": "22707", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "catecholamines" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002395" } ] }, { "id": "22708", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "myocardial dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 291, 313 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009202" } ] }, { "id": "22709", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 338, 346 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "22710", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 436, 447 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004837" } ] }, { "id": "22711", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "myocardial stunning" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 477 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017682" } ] }, { "id": "22712", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 563, 614 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018487" } ] }, { "id": "22713", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "myocardial necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 666, 685 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009202" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22714", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22703", "arg2_id": "22711", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22715", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22710", "arg2_id": "22711", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22717", "type": "title", "text": [ "Urinary bladder cancer in Wegener's granulomatosis: risks and relation to cyclophosphamide." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 91 ] ] }, { "id": "22718", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "OBJECTIVE: To assess and characterise the risk of bladder cancer, and its relation to cyclophosphamide, in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. METHODS: In the population based, nationwide Swedish Inpatient Register a cohort of 1065 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, 1969-95, was identified. Through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Register, all subjects in this cohort diagnosed with bladder cancer were identified. Nested within the cohort, a matched case-control study was performed to estimate the association between cyclophosphamide and bladder cancer using odds ratios (ORs) as relative risk. In the cohort the cumulative risk of bladder cancer after Wegener's granulomatosis, and the relative prevalence of a history of bladder cancer at the time of diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis, were also estimated. RESULTS: The median cumulative doses of cyclophosphamide among cases (n = 11) and controls (n = 25) were 113 g and 25 g, respectively. The risk of bladder cancer doubled for every 10 g increment in cyclophosphamide (OR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8 to 4.9). Treatment duration longer than 1 year was associated with an eightfold increased risk (OR = 7.7, 95% CI 0.9 to 69). The absolute risk for bladder cancer in the cohort reached 10% 16 years after diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis, and a history of bladder cancer was (non-significantly) twice as common as expected at the time of diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a dose-response relationship between cyclophosphamide and the risk of bladder cancer, high cumulative risks in the entire cohort, and also the possibility of risk factors operating even before Wegener's granulomatosis." ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 1809 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22719", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Urinary bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 22 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22720", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 50 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "22721", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 74, 90 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "22722", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 142, 156 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22723", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 194 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "22724", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 213, 237 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "22725", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 366 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "22726", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 426, 432 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "22727", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 486, 500 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22728", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 623, 639 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "22729", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 644, 658 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22730", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 738, 752 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22731", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 759, 783 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "22732", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 829, 843 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22733", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 872, 896 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "22734", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 959, 975 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "22735", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1066, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22736", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1117, 1133 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "22737", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1325, 1339 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22738", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1394, 1418 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "22739", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1437, 1451 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22740", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1532, 1556 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "22741", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1628, 1644 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "22742", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bladder cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1661, 1675 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001749" } ] }, { "id": "22743", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1784, 1808 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22744", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22719", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22745", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22722", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22746", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22727", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22747", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22729", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22748", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22730", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22749", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22732", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22750", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22735", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22751", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22752", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22739", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22753", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22721", "arg2_id": "22742", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22754", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22719", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22755", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22722", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22756", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22727", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22757", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22729", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22758", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22730", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22759", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22732", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22760", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22735", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22761", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22762", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22739", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22763", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22723", "arg2_id": "22742", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22764", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22719", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22765", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22722", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22766", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22727", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22767", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22729", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22768", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22730", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22769", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22732", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22770", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22735", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22771", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22772", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22739", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22773", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22728", "arg2_id": "22742", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22774", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22719", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22775", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22722", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22776", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22727", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22777", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22729", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22778", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22730", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22779", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22732", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22780", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22735", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22781", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22782", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22739", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22783", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22734", "arg2_id": "22742", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22784", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22719", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22785", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22722", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22786", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22727", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22787", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22729", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22788", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22730", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22789", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22732", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22790", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22735", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22791", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22792", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22739", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22793", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22736", "arg2_id": "22742", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22794", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22719", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22795", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22722", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22796", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22727", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22797", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22729", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22798", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22730", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22799", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22732", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22800", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22735", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22801", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22737", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22802", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22739", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22803", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22741", "arg2_id": "22742", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22805", "type": "title", "text": [ "L-arginine transport in humans with cortisol-induced hypertension." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 66 ] ] }, { "id": "22806", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A deficient L-arginine-nitric oxide system is implicated in cortisol-induced hypertension. We investigate whether abnormalities in L-arginine uptake contribute to this deficiency. Eight healthy men were recruited. Hydrocortisone acetate (50 mg) was given orally every 6 hours for 24 hours after a 5-day fixed-salt diet (150 mmol/d). Crossover studies were performed 2 weeks apart. Thirty milliliters of blood was obtained for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after each treatment period. L-arginine uptake was assessed in mononuclear cells incubated with L-arginine (1 to 300 micromol/L), incorporating 100 nmol/L [3H]-l-arginine for a period of 5 minutes at 37 degrees C. Forearm [3H]-L-arginine extraction was calculated after infusion of [3H]-L-arginine into the brachial artery at a rate of 100 nCi/min for 80 minutes. Deep forearm venous samples were collected for determination of L-arginine extraction. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly raised during the active phase (323+/-43 to 1082+/-245 mmol/L, P<0.05). Systolic blood pressure was elevated by an average of 7 mm Hg. Neither L-arginine transport into mononuclear cells (placebo vs active, 26.3+/-3.6 vs 29.0+/-2.1 pmol/10 000 cells per 5 minutes, respectively, at an l-arginine concentration of 300 micromol/L) nor L-arginine extraction in the forearm (at 80 minutes, placebo vs active, 1 868 904+/-434 962 vs 2 013 910+/-770 619 disintegrations per minute) was affected by cortisol treatment; ie, that L-arginine uptake is not affected by short-term cortisol treatment. We conclude that cortisol-induced increases in blood pressure are not associated with abnormalities in the l-arginine transport system." ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 1766 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22807", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22808", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 44 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006854" } ] }, { "id": "22809", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 65 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "22810", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 89 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22811", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitric oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 102 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "22812", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 127, 135 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006854" } ] }, { "id": "22813", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 156 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "22814", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22815", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Hydrocortisone acetate" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C021650" } ] }, { "id": "22816", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 580 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22817", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 637, 647 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22818", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "[3H]-l-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 711 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22819", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "[3H]-L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 763, 778 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22820", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "[3H]-L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 823, 838 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22821", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 979 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22822", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 999, 1007 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006854" } ] }, { "id": "22823", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1185, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22824", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "l-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1327, 1337 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22825", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1385 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22826", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1534, 1542 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006854" } ] }, { "id": "22827", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "L-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1563, 1573 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] }, { "id": "22828", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1611, 1619 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006854" } ] }, { "id": "22829", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cortisol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1648, 1656 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006854" } ] }, { "id": "22830", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "increases in blood pressure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1665, 1692 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "22831", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "l-arginine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1738, 1748 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001120" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22832", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22815", "arg2_id": "22809", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22833", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22815", "arg2_id": "22813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22834", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22815", "arg2_id": "22830", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22836", "type": "title", "text": [ "MR imaging with quantitative diffusion mapping of tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity in organ transplant patients." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 112 ] ] }, { "id": "22837", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Our objective was to investigate brain MR imaging findings and the utility of diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging in organ transplant patients who developed neurologic symptoms during tacrolimus therapy. Brain MR studies, including DW imaging, were prospectively performed in 14 organ transplant patients receiving tacrolimus who developed neurologic complications. In each patient who had abnormalities on the initial MR study, a follow-up MR study was performed 1 month later. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values on the initial MR study were correlated with reversibility of the lesions. Of the 14 patients, 5 (35.7%) had white matter abnormalities, 1 (7.1%) had putaminal hemorrhage, and 8 (57.1%) had normal findings on initial MR images. Among the 5 patients with white matter abnormalities, 4 patients (80.0%) showed higher than normal ADC values on initial MR images, and all showed complete resolution on follow-up images. The remaining 1 patient (20.0%) showed lower than normal ADC value and showed incomplete resolution with cortical laminar necrosis. Diffusion-weighted imaging may be useful in predicting the outcomes of the lesions of tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity." ], "offsets": [ [ 113, 1299 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22838", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22839", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 69, 82 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] }, { "id": "22840", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 293, 303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22841", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 424, 434 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22842", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurologic complications" ], "offsets": [ [ 449, 473 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "22843", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "white matter abnormalities" ], "offsets": [ [ 741, 767 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056784" } ] }, { "id": "22844", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "putaminal hemorrhage" ], "offsets": [ [ 782, 802 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020146" } ] }, { "id": "22845", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "white matter abnormalities" ], "offsets": [ [ 886, 912 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056784" } ] }, { "id": "22846", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cortical laminar necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1153, 1178 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001927" } ] }, { "id": "22847", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 1266, 1276 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22848", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1285, 1298 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22849", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22838", "arg2_id": "22843", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22850", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22838", "arg2_id": "22845", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22851", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22840", "arg2_id": "22843", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22852", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22840", "arg2_id": "22845", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22853", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22841", "arg2_id": "22843", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22854", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22841", "arg2_id": "22845", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22855", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22847", "arg2_id": "22843", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22856", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22847", "arg2_id": "22845", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22858", "type": "title", "text": [ "Octreotide-induced hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension in premature neonates." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 78 ] ] }, { "id": "22859", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The authors report 2 cases of premature neonates who had enterocutaneous fistula complicating necrotizing enterocolitis. Pulmonary hypertension developed after administration of a somatostatin analogue, octreotide, to enhance resolution of the fistula. The authors discuss the mechanism of the occurrence of this complication and recommend caution of its use in high-risk premature neonates." ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 470 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22860", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Octreotide" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015282" } ] }, { "id": "22861", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypoxemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 28 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000860" } ] }, { "id": "22862", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pulmonary hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 55 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006976" } ] }, { "id": "22863", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "fistula" ], "offsets": [ [ 152, 159 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005402" } ] }, { "id": "22864", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "necrotizing enterocolitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 173, 198 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020345" } ] }, { "id": "22865", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Pulmonary hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 200, 222 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006976" } ] }, { "id": "22866", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "octreotide" ], "offsets": [ [ 282, 292 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015282" } ] }, { "id": "22867", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "fistula" ], "offsets": [ [ 323, 330 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005402" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22868", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22860", "arg2_id": "22862", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22869", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22860", "arg2_id": "22865", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22870", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22866", "arg2_id": "22862", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22871", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22866", "arg2_id": "22865", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22873", "type": "title", "text": [ "Sequential observations of exencephaly and subsequent morphological changes by mouse exo utero development system: analysis of the mechanism of transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 191 ] ] }, { "id": "22874", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Anencephaly has been suggested to develop from exencephaly; however, there is little direct experimental evidence to support this, and the mechanism of transformation remains unclear. We examined this theory using the exo utero development system that allows direct and sequential observations of mid- to late-gestation mouse embryos. We observed the exencephaly induced by 5-azacytidine at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), let the embryos develop exo utero until E18.5, and re-observed the same embryos at E18.5. We confirmed several cases of transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly. However, in many cases, the exencephalic brain tissue was preserved with more or less reduction during this period. To analyze the transformation patterns, we classified the exencephaly by size and shape of the exencephalic tissue into several types at E13.5 and E18.5. It was found that the transformation of exencephalic tissue was not simply size-dependent, and all cases of anencephaly at E18.5 resulted from embryos with a large amount of exencephalic tissue at E13.5. Microscopic observation showed the configuration of exencephaly at E13.5, frequent hemorrhaging and detachment of the neural plate from surface ectoderm in the exencephalic head at E15.5, and multiple modes of reduction in the exencephalic tissue at E18.5. From observations of the vasculature, altered distribution patterns of vessels were identified in the exencephalic head. These findings suggest that overgrowth of the exencephalic neural tissue causes the altered distribution patterns of vessels, subsequent peripheral circulatory failure and/or hemorrhaging in various parts of the exencephalic head, leading to the multiple modes of tissue reduction during transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly." ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 1966 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22875", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 38 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22876", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 164, 175 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22877", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "anencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 179, 190 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000757" } ] }, { "id": "22878", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Anencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 192, 203 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000757" } ] }, { "id": "22879", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 239, 250 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22880", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 543, 554 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22881", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "5-azacytidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 566, 579 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001374" } ] }, { "id": "22882", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 762 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22883", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "anencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 766, 777 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000757" } ] }, { "id": "22884", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 807, 819 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22885", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 953, 964 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22886", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 990, 1002 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22887", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1089, 1101 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22888", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "anencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 1157, 1168 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000757" } ] }, { "id": "22889", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1223, 1235 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22890", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 1305, 1316 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22891", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhaging" ], "offsets": [ [ 1336, 1348 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" } ] }, { "id": "22892", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1413, 1425 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22893", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1480, 1492 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22894", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1612, 1624 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22895", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1677, 1689 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22896", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "circulatory failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1779, 1798 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012769" } ] }, { "id": "22897", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhaging" ], "offsets": [ [ 1806, 1818 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" } ] }, { "id": "22898", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephalic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1843, 1855 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22899", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 1939, 1950 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009436" } ] }, { "id": "22900", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "anencephaly" ], "offsets": [ [ 1954, 1965 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000757" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22901", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22881", "arg2_id": "22877", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22902", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22881", "arg2_id": "22878", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22903", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22881", "arg2_id": "22883", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22904", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22881", "arg2_id": "22888", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22905", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22881", "arg2_id": "22900", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22907", "type": "title", "text": [ "Acute cocaine-induced seizures: differential sensitivity of six inbred mouse strains." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 85 ] ] }, { "id": "22908", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Mature male and female mice from six inbred stains were tested for susceptibility to behavioral seizures induced by a single injection of cocaine. Cocaine was injected ip over a range of doses (50-100 mg/kg) and behavior was monitored for 20 minutes. Seizure end points included latency to forelimb or hindlimb clonus, latency to clonic running seizure and latency to jumping bouncing seizure. A range of strain specific sensitivities was documented with A/J and SJL mice being most sensitive and C57BL/6J most resistant. DBA/2J, BALB/cByJ and NZW/LacJ strains exhibited intermediate sensitivity. EEG recordings were made in SJL, A/J and C57BL/6J mice revealing a close correspondence between electrical activity and behavior. Additionally, levels of cocaine determined in hippocampus and cortex were not different between sensitive and resistant strains. Additional studies of these murine strains may be useful for investigating genetic influences on cocaine-induced seizures." ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 1064 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22909", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 6, 13 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "22910", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 30 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22911", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 190 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22912", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 231 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "22913", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 233, 240 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "22914", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 337, 344 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22915", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 431, 438 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22916", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizure" ], "offsets": [ [ 471, 478 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "22917", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 837, 844 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "22918", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1039, 1046 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "22919", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1055, 1063 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22920", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22909", "arg2_id": "22910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22921", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22909", "arg2_id": "22911", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22922", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22909", "arg2_id": "22914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22923", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22909", "arg2_id": "22915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22924", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22909", "arg2_id": "22916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22925", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22909", "arg2_id": "22919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22926", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22912", "arg2_id": "22910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22927", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22912", "arg2_id": "22911", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22928", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22912", "arg2_id": "22914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22929", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22912", "arg2_id": "22915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22930", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22912", "arg2_id": "22916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22931", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22912", "arg2_id": "22919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22932", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22913", "arg2_id": "22910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22933", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22913", "arg2_id": "22911", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22934", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22913", "arg2_id": "22914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22935", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22913", "arg2_id": "22915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22936", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22913", "arg2_id": "22916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22937", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22913", "arg2_id": "22919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22938", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22917", "arg2_id": "22910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22939", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22917", "arg2_id": "22911", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22940", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22917", "arg2_id": "22914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22941", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22917", "arg2_id": "22915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22942", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22917", "arg2_id": "22916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22943", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22917", "arg2_id": "22919", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22944", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22918", "arg2_id": "22910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22945", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22918", "arg2_id": "22911", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22946", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22918", "arg2_id": "22914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22947", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22918", "arg2_id": "22915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22948", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22918", "arg2_id": "22916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22949", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22918", "arg2_id": "22919", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "22951", "type": "title", "text": [ "Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia complicating FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 74 ] ] }, { "id": "22952", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "We describe 3 episodes of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) in 2 solid organ recipients under FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy. In both cases, discontinuation of FK506 and treatment with plasma exchange, fresh frozen plasma replacement, corticosteroids, aspirin, and dipyridamole led to resolution of MAHA. In one patient, reintroduction of FK506 led to rapid recurrence of MAHA. FK506-associated MAHA is probably rare but physicians must be aware of this severe complication. In our experience and according to the literature, FK506 does not seem to cross-react with cyclosporin A (CyA), an immuno-suppressive drug already known to induce MAHA." ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 721 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "22953", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 33 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "22954", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK506" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 52 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22955", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 64 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22956", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "microangiopathic hemolytic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 134 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "22957", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "MAHA" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 140 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "22958", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK506" ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 181 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22959", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 183, 193 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22960", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK506" ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 243 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22961", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "corticosteroids" ], "offsets": [ [ 313, 328 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000305" } ] }, { "id": "22962", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "aspirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 330, 337 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001241" } ] }, { "id": "22963", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dipyridamole" ], "offsets": [ [ 343, 355 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004176" } ] }, { "id": "22964", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "MAHA" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 381 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "22965", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK506" ], "offsets": [ [ 417, 422 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22966", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "MAHA" ], "offsets": [ [ 450, 454 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "22967", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK506" ], "offsets": [ [ 456, 461 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22968", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "MAHA" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 477 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "22969", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK506" ], "offsets": [ [ 604, 609 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "22970", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclosporin A" ], "offsets": [ [ 644, 657 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016572" } ] }, { "id": "22971", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CyA" ], "offsets": [ [ 659, 662 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016572" } ] }, { "id": "22972", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "MAHA" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 720 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "22973", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22954", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22974", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22954", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22975", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22954", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22976", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22954", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22977", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22954", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22978", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22954", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22979", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22954", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22980", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22955", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22981", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22955", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22982", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22955", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22983", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22955", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22984", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22955", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22985", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22955", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22986", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22955", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22987", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22958", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22988", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22958", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22989", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22958", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22990", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22958", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22991", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22958", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22992", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22958", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22993", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22958", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22994", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22959", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22995", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22959", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22996", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22959", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22997", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22959", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22998", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22959", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "22999", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22959", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23000", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22959", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23001", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22960", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23002", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22960", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23003", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22960", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23004", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22960", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23005", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22960", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23006", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22960", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23007", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22960", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23008", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22965", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23009", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22965", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23010", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22965", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23011", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22965", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23012", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22965", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23013", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22965", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23014", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22965", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23015", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22967", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23016", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22967", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23017", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22967", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23018", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22967", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23019", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22967", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23020", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22967", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23021", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22967", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23022", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22969", "arg2_id": "22953", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23023", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22969", "arg2_id": "22956", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23024", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22969", "arg2_id": "22957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23025", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22969", "arg2_id": "22964", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23026", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22969", "arg2_id": "22966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23027", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22969", "arg2_id": "22968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23028", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "22969", "arg2_id": "22972", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23030", "type": "title", "text": [ "Variant ventricular tachycardia in desipramine toxicity." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 56 ] ] }, { "id": "23031", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "We report a case of variant ventricular tachycardia induced by desipramine toxicity. Unusual features of the arrhythmia are repetitive group beating, progressive shortening of the R-R interval, progressive widening of the QRS complex with eventual failure of intraventricular conduction, and changes in direction of the QRS axis. Recognition of variant ventricular tachycardia is important because therapy differs from that of classic ventricular tachycardia." ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 516 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23032", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 8, 31 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017180" } ] }, { "id": "23033", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "desipramine" ], "offsets": [ [ 35, 46 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003891" } ] }, { "id": "23034", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 55 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "23035", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 108 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017180" } ] }, { "id": "23036", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "desipramine" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 131 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003891" } ] }, { "id": "23037", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 140 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "23038", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "arrhythmia" ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 176 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001145" } ] }, { "id": "23039", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 410, 433 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017180" } ] }, { "id": "23040", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 492, 515 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017180" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "23041", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23033", "arg2_id": "23032", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23042", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23033", "arg2_id": "23035", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23043", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23033", "arg2_id": "23039", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23044", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23033", "arg2_id": "23040", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23045", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23036", "arg2_id": "23032", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23046", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23036", "arg2_id": "23035", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23047", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23036", "arg2_id": "23039", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23048", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23036", "arg2_id": "23040", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23050", "type": "title", "text": [ "Desipramine-induced delirium at \"subtherapeutic\" concentrations: a case report." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 79 ] ] }, { "id": "23051", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "An elderly patient treated with low dose Desipramine developed a delirium while her plasma level was in the \"subtherapeutic\" range. Delirium, which may be induced by tricyclic drug therapy in the elderly, can be caused by tricyclics with low anticholinergic potency. Therapeutic ranges for antidepressants that have been derived from general adult population studies may not be appropriate for the elderly. Further studies of specifically elderly patients are now required to establish safer and more appropriate guidelines for drug therapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 621 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23052", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Desipramine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 11 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003891" } ] }, { "id": "23053", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "delirium" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 28 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003693" } ] }, { "id": "23054", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Desipramine" ], "offsets": [ [ 121, 132 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003891" } ] }, { "id": "23055", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "delirium" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 153 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003693" } ] }, { "id": "23056", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Delirium" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 220 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003693" } ] }, { "id": "23057", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "antidepressants" ], "offsets": [ [ 370, 385 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000928" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "23058", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23052", "arg2_id": "23053", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23059", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23052", "arg2_id": "23055", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23060", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23052", "arg2_id": "23056", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23061", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23054", "arg2_id": "23053", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23062", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23054", "arg2_id": "23055", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23063", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23054", "arg2_id": "23056", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23065", "type": "title", "text": [ "Mouse strain-dependent effect of amantadine on motility and brain biogenic amines." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 82 ] ] }, { "id": "23066", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The effect of amantadine hydrochloride, injected i.p. in 6 increments of 100 mg/kg each over 30 hr, on mouse motility and whole brain content of selected biogenic amines and major metabolites was studied in 4 strains of mice. These were the albino Sprague-Dawley ICR and BALB/C, the black C57BL/6 and the brown CDF-I mouse strains. Amantadine treatment produced a biphasic effect on mouse motility. The initial dose of amantadine depressed locomotor activity in all mouse strains studied with the BALB/C mice being the most sensitive. Subsequent amantadine treatments produced enhancement of motility from corresponding control in all mouse strains with the BALB/C mice being the least sensitive. The locomotor activity was decreased from corresponding controls in all strains studied, except for the ICR mice, during an overnight drug-free period following the fourth amantadine treatment. Readministration of amantadine, after a drug-free overnight period, increased motility from respective saline control in all strains with exception of the BALB/C mice where suppression of motility occurred. Treatment with amantadine did not alter whole brain dopamine levels but decreased the amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the BALB/C mice compared to saline control. Conversely, brain normetanephrine concentration was increased from saline control by amantadine in the BALB/C mice. The results suggest a strain-dependent effect of amantadine on motility and indicate a differential response to the acute and multiple dose regimens used. The BALB/C mouse was the most sensitive strain and could serve as the strain of choice for evaluating the side effects of amantadine. The biochemical results of brain biogenic amines of BALB/C mouse strain suggest a probable decrease of catecholamine turnover rate and/or metabolism by monoamine oxidase and a resulting increase in O-methylation of norepinephrine which may account for a behavioral depression caused by amantadine in the BALB/C mice." ], "offsets": [ [ 83, 2077 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23067", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 43 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23068", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amines" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 81 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000588" } ] }, { "id": "23069", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 121 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23070", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amines" ], "offsets": [ [ 246, 252 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000588" } ] }, { "id": "23071", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 425 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23072", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 502, 512 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23073", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "depressed" ], "offsets": [ [ 513, 522 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003866" } ] }, { "id": "23074", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 629, 639 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23075", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 952, 962 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23076", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 994, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23077", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "suppression of motility" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1170 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011596" } ] }, { "id": "23078", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1196, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23079", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1233, 1241 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "23080", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 1278, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015102" } ] }, { "id": "23081", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "normetanephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1374, 1389 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009647" } ] }, { "id": "23082", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1441, 1451 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23083", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1521, 1531 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23084", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1749, 1759 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] }, { "id": "23085", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amines" ], "offsets": [ [ 1803, 1809 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000588" } ] }, { "id": "23086", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "catecholamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1864, 1877 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002395" } ] }, { "id": "23087", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "norepinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1976, 1990 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009638" } ] }, { "id": "23088", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "behavioral depression" ], "offsets": [ [ 2015, 2036 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011596" } ] }, { "id": "23089", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amantadine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2047, 2057 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000547" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "23090", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23067", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23091", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23067", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23092", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23069", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23093", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23069", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23094", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23071", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23095", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23071", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23096", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23072", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23097", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23072", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23098", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23074", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23099", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23074", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23100", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23075", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23101", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23075", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23102", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23076", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23103", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23076", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23104", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23078", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23105", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23078", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23106", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23082", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23107", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23082", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23108", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23083", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23109", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23083", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23110", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23084", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23111", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23084", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23112", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23089", "arg2_id": "23077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23113", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23089", "arg2_id": "23088", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23115", "type": "title", "text": [ "No enhancement by phenobarbital of the hepatocarcinogenicity of a choline-devoid diet in the rat." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 97 ] ] }, { "id": "23116", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "An experiment was performed to test whether inclusion of phenobarbital in a choline-devoid diet would increase the hepatocarcinogenicity of the diet. Groups of 5-week old male Fischer-344 rats were fed for 7-25 months semipurified choline-devoid or choline-supplemented diets, containing or not 0.06% phenobarbital. No hepatic preneoplastic nodules or hepatocellular carcinomas developed in rats fed the plain choline-supplemented diet, while one preneoplastic nodule and one hepatocellular carcinoma developed in two rats fed the same diet containing phenobarbital. The incidence of preneoplastic nodules and of hepatocellular carcinomas was 10% and 37%, respectively, in rats fed the plain choline-devoid diet, and 17% and 30%, in rats fed the phenobarbital-containing choline-devoid diet. The results evinced no enhancement of the hepatocarcinogenicity of the choline-devoid diet by phenobarbital. Sporadic neoplastic lesions were observed in organs other than the liver of some of the animals, irrespective of the diet fed." ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 1125 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23117", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 31 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "23118", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 66, 73 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23119", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 155, 168 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "23120", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 174, 181 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23121", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 329, 336 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23122", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 347, 354 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23123", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 399, 412 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "23124", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatocellular carcinomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 450, 475 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006528" } ] }, { "id": "23125", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 508, 515 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23126", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatocellular carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 574, 598 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006528" } ] }, { "id": "23127", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 650, 663 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "23128", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatocellular carcinomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 736 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006528" } ] }, { "id": "23129", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 790, 797 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23130", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 844, 857 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "23131", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 869, 876 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23132", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "choline" ], "offsets": [ [ 961, 968 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002794" } ] }, { "id": "23133", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbital" ], "offsets": [ [ 984, 997 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "23134", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23118", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23135", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23118", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23136", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23118", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23137", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23120", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23138", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23120", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23139", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23120", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23140", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23121", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23141", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23121", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23142", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23121", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23143", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23122", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23144", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23122", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23145", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23122", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23146", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23125", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23147", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23125", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23148", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23125", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23149", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23129", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23150", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23129", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23151", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23129", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23152", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23131", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23153", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23131", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23154", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23131", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23155", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23132", "arg2_id": "23124", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23156", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23132", "arg2_id": "23126", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23157", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23132", "arg2_id": "23128", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23159", "type": "title", "text": [ "Effect of direct intracoronary administration of methylergonovine in patients with and without variant angina." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 110 ] ] }, { "id": "23160", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The effects of intracoronary administration of methylergonovine were studied in 21 patients with variant angina and 22 patients with atypical chest pain and in others without angina pectoris (control group). Methylergonovine was administered continuously at a rate of 10 micrograms/min up to 50 micrograms. In all patients with variant angina, coronary spasm was provoked at a mean dose of 28 +/- 13 micrograms (mean +/- SD). In the control group neither ischemic ST change nor localized spasm occurred. The basal tone of the right coronary artery was significantly lower than that of the left coronary artery. The percentage of vasoconstriction of the right coronary artery was significantly higher than that of the left coronary artery. These results suggest that spasm provocation tests, which use an intracoronary injection of a relatively low dose of methylergonovine, have a high sensitivity in variant angina and the vasoreactivity of the right coronary artery may be greater than that of the other coronary arteries." ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 1135 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23161", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "methylergonovine" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 65 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008755" } ] }, { "id": "23162", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "variant angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 95, 109 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000788" } ] }, { "id": "23163", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "methylergonovine" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 174 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008755" } ] }, { "id": "23164", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "variant angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 208, 222 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000788" } ] }, { "id": "23165", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "chest pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 253, 263 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002637" } ] }, { "id": "23166", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "angina pectoris" ], "offsets": [ [ 286, 301 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000787" } ] }, { "id": "23167", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Methylergonovine" ], "offsets": [ [ 319, 335 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008755" } ] }, { "id": "23168", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "variant angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 439, 453 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000788" } ] }, { "id": "23169", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "coronary spasm" ], "offsets": [ [ 455, 469 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003329" } ] }, { "id": "23170", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "spasm" ], "offsets": [ [ 599, 604 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013035" } ] }, { "id": "23171", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "spasm" ], "offsets": [ [ 877, 882 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013035" } ] }, { "id": "23172", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "methylergonovine" ], "offsets": [ [ 967, 983 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008755" } ] }, { "id": "23173", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "variant angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1026 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000788" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23174", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23161", "arg2_id": "23169", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23175", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23163", "arg2_id": "23169", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23176", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23167", "arg2_id": "23169", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23177", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23172", "arg2_id": "23169", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23179", "type": "title", "text": [ "Dobutamine stress echocardiography: a sensitive indicator of diminished myocardial function in asymptomatic doxorubicin-treated long-term survivors of childhood cancer." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 168 ] ] }, { "id": "23180", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Doxorubicin is an effective anticancer chemotherapeutic agent known to cause acute and chronic cardiomyopathy. To develop a more sensitive echocardiographic screening test for cardiac damage due to doxorubicin, a cohort study was performed using dobutamine infusion to differentiate asymptomatic long-term survivors of childhood cancer treated with doxorubicin from healthy control subjects. Echocardiographic data from the experimental group of 21 patients (mean age 16 +/- 5 years) treated from 1.6 to 14.3 years (median 5.3) before this study with 27 to 532 mg/m2 of doxorubicin (mean 196) were compared with echocardiographic data from 12 normal age-matched control subjects. Graded dobutamine infusions of 0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 micrograms/kg per min were administered. Echocardiographic Doppler studies were performed before infusion and after 15 min of infusion at each rate. Dobutamine infusion at 10 micrograms/kg per min was discontinued after six studies secondary to a 50% incidence rate of adverse symptoms. The most important findings were that compared with values in control subjects, end-systolic left ventricular posterior wall dimension and percent of left ventricular posterior wall thickening in doxorubicin-treated patients were decreased at baseline study and these findings were more clearly delineated with dobutamine stimulation. End-systolic left ventricular posterior wall dimension at baseline for the doxorubicin-treated group was 11 +/- 1.9 mm versus 13.1 +/- 1.5 mm for control subjects (p less than 0.01). End-systolic left ventricular posterior wall dimension at the 5-micrograms/kg per min dobutamine infusion for the doxorubicin-treated group was 14.1 +/- 2.4 mm versus 19.3 +/- 2.6 mm for control subjects (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 1960 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23181", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Dobutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004280" } ] }, { "id": "23182", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 119 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "23183", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 161, 167 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "23184", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 180 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "23185", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiomyopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 264, 278 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009202" } ] }, { "id": "23186", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiac damage" ], "offsets": [ [ 345, 359 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006331" } ] }, { "id": "23187", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 367, 378 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "23188", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dobutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 415, 425 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004280" } ] }, { "id": "23189", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 498, 504 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "23190", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 518, 529 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "23191", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 739, 750 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "23192", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dobutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 856, 866 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004280" } ] }, { "id": "23193", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Dobutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1058 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004280" } ] }, { "id": "23194", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1382, 1393 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "23195", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dobutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1497, 1507 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004280" } ] }, { "id": "23196", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1596, 1607 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] }, { "id": "23197", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dobutamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1790, 1800 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004280" } ] }, { "id": "23198", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "doxorubicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1818, 1829 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004317" } ] } ]

[]

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[ { "id": "23199", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23182", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23200", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23184", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23201", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23187", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23202", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23190", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23203", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23191", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23204", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23194", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23205", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23196", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23206", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23198", "arg2_id": "23185", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23208", "type": "title", "text": [ "Effects of aminophylline on the threshold for initiating ventricular fibrillation during respiratory failure." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 109 ] ] }, { "id": "23209", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Cardiac arrhythmias have frequently been reported in association with respiratory failure. The possible additive role of pharmacologic agents in precipitating cardiac disturbances in patients with respiratory failure has only recently been emphasized. The effects of aminophylline on the ventricular fibrillation threshold during normal acid-base conditions and during respiratory failure were studied in anesthetized open chest dogs. The ventricular fibrillation threshold was measured by passing a gated train of 12 constant current pulses through the ventricular myocardium during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. During the infusion of aminophylline, the ventricular fibrillation threshold was reduced by 30 to 40 percent of the control when pH and partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were kept within normal limits. When respiratory failure was produced by hypoventilation (pH 7.05 to 7.25; PC02 70 to 100 mm Hg: P02 20 to 40 mm Hg), infusion of aminophylline resulted in an even greater decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold to 60 percent of the control level. These experiments suggest that although many factors may contribute to the increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in respiratory failure, pharmacologic agents, particularly aminophylline, may play a significant role." ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 1444 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23210", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "aminophylline" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 24 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000628" } ] }, { "id": "23211", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 81 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014693" } ] }, { "id": "23212", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 108 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012131" } ] }, { "id": "23213", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Cardiac arrhythmias" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 129 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001145" } ] }, { "id": "23214", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 180, 199 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012131" } ] }, { "id": "23215", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiac disturbances" ], "offsets": [ [ 269, 289 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006331" } ] }, { "id": "23216", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 326 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012131" } ] }, { "id": "23217", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "aminophylline" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 390 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000628" } ] }, { "id": "23218", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 422 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014693" } ] }, { "id": "23219", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 479, 498 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012131" } ] }, { "id": "23220", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 573 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014693" } ] }, { "id": "23221", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "aminophylline" ], "offsets": [ [ 761, 774 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000628" } ] }, { "id": "23222", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 780, 804 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014693" } ] }, { "id": "23223", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "oxygen" ], "offsets": [ [ 895, 901 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010100" } ] }, { "id": "23224", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 903, 906 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093415" } ] }, { "id": "23225", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbon dioxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 912, 926 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002245" } ] }, { "id": "23226", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CO2" ], "offsets": [ [ 928, 931 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002245" } ] }, { "id": "23227", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 970, 989 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012131" } ] }, { "id": "23228", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypoventilation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1006, 1021 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007040" } ] }, { "id": "23229", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "aminophylline" ], "offsets": [ [ 1095, 1108 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000628" } ] }, { "id": "23230", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular fibrillation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1149, 1173 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014693" } ] }, { "id": "23231", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "ventricular arrhythmias" ], "offsets": [ [ 1318, 1341 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001145" } ] }, { "id": "23232", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "respiratory failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1345, 1364 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012131" } ] }, { "id": "23233", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "aminophylline" ], "offsets": [ [ 1401, 1414 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000628" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "23234", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23210", "arg2_id": "23211", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23235", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23210", "arg2_id": "23218", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23236", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23210", "arg2_id": "23220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23237", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23210", "arg2_id": "23222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23238", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23210", "arg2_id": "23230", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23239", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23217", "arg2_id": "23211", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23240", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23217", "arg2_id": "23218", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23241", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23217", "arg2_id": "23220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23242", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23217", "arg2_id": "23222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23243", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23217", "arg2_id": "23230", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23244", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23221", "arg2_id": "23211", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23245", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23221", "arg2_id": "23218", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23246", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23221", "arg2_id": "23220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23247", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23221", "arg2_id": "23222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23248", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23221", "arg2_id": "23230", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23249", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23229", "arg2_id": "23211", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23250", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23229", "arg2_id": "23218", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23251", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23229", "arg2_id": "23220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23252", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23229", "arg2_id": "23222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23253", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23229", "arg2_id": "23230", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23254", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23233", "arg2_id": "23211", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23255", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23233", "arg2_id": "23218", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23256", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23233", "arg2_id": "23220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23257", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23233", "arg2_id": "23222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23258", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23233", "arg2_id": "23230", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23260", "type": "title", "text": [ "Case report: acute unintentional carbachol intoxication." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 56 ] ] }, { "id": "23261", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "INTRODUCTION: Intoxications with carbachol, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist are rare. We report an interesting case investigating a (near) fatal poisoning. METHODS: The son of an 84-year-old male discovered a newspaper report stating clinical success with plant extracts in Alzheimer's disease. The mode of action was said to be comparable to that of the synthetic compound 'carbamylcholin'; that is, carbachol. He bought 25 g of carbachol as pure substance in a pharmacy, and the father was administered 400 to 500 mg. Carbachol concentrations in serum and urine on day 1 and 2 of hospital admission were analysed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Minutes after oral administration, the patient developed nausea, sweating and hypotension, and finally collapsed. Bradycardia, cholinergic symptoms and asystole occurred. Initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation and immediate treatment with adrenaline (epinephrine), atropine and furosemide was successful. On hospital admission, blood pressure of the intubated, bradyarrhythmic patient was 100/65 mmHg. Further signs were hyperhidrosis, hypersalivation, bronchorrhoea, and severe miosis; the electrocardiographic finding was atrio-ventricular dissociation. High doses of atropine (up to 50 mg per 24 hours), adrenaline and dopamine were necessary. The patient was extubated 1 week later. However, increased dyspnoea and bronchospasm necessitated reintubation. Respiratory insufficiency was further worsened by Proteus mirabilis infection and severe bronchoconstriction. One week later, the patient was again extubated and 3 days later was transferred to a peripheral ward. On the next day he died, probably as a result of heart failure. Serum samples from the first and second days contained 3.6 and 1.9 mg/l carbachol, respectively. The corresponding urine concentrations amounted to 374 and 554 mg/l. CONCLUSION: This case started with a media report in a popular newspaper, initiated by published, peer-reviewed research on herbals, and involved human failure in a case history, medical examination and clinical treatment. For the first time, an analytical method for the determination of carbachol in plasma and urine has been developed. The analysed carbachol concentration exceeded the supposed serum level resulting from a therapeutic dose by a factor of 130 to 260. Especially in old patients, intensivists should consider intoxications (with cholinergics) as a cause of acute cardiovascular failure." ], "offsets": [ [ 57, 2524 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23262", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 42 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23263", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 99 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23264", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "poisoning" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 221 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011041" } ] }, { "id": "23265", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Alzheimer's disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 360 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000544" } ] }, { "id": "23266", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamylcholin" ], "offsets": [ [ 442, 456 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23267", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 477 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23268", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 497, 506 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23269", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 587, 596 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23270", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 775, 781 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009325" } ] }, { "id": "23271", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 796, 807 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "23272", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Bradycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 832, 843 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001919" } ] }, { "id": "23273", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "asystole" ], "offsets": [ [ 870, 878 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006323" } ] }, { "id": "23274", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "adrenaline" ], "offsets": [ [ 956, 966 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004837" } ] }, { "id": "23275", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "epinephrine" ], "offsets": [ [ 968, 979 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004837" } ] }, { "id": "23276", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "atropine" ], "offsets": [ [ 982, 990 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001285" } ] }, { "id": "23277", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "furosemide" ], "offsets": [ [ 995, 1005 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005665" } ] }, { "id": "23278", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperhidrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1138, 1151 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006945" } ] }, { "id": "23279", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypersalivation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1153, 1168 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012798" } ] }, { "id": "23280", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bronchorrhoea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1170, 1183 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23281", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "miosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1196, 1202 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015877" } ] }, { "id": "23282", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "atrio-ventricular dissociation" ], "offsets": [ [ 1241, 1271 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006327" } ] }, { "id": "23283", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "atropine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1287, 1295 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001285" } ] }, { "id": "23284", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "adrenaline" ], "offsets": [ [ 1324, 1334 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004837" } ] }, { "id": "23285", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1339, 1347 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "23286", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dyspnoea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1423, 1431 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004417" } ] }, { "id": "23287", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bronchospasm" ], "offsets": [ [ 1436, 1448 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001986" } ] }, { "id": "23288", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Respiratory insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 1476, 1501 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012131" } ] }, { "id": "23289", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Proteus mirabilis infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 1526, 1553 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011512" } ] }, { "id": "23290", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1738, 1751 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "23291", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1825, 1834 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23292", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 2208, 2217 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23293", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbachol" ], "offsets": [ [ 2271, 2280 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002217" } ] }, { "id": "23294", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute cardiovascular failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 2495, 2523 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23295", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23296", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23297", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23298", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23299", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23300", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23301", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23302", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23303", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23270", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23304", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23305", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23306", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23307", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23308", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23309", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23310", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23311", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23312", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23313", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23314", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23315", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23316", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23317", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23318", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23319", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23320", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23321", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23322", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23323", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23324", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23325", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23326", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23327", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23328", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23329", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23330", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23331", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23332", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23333", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23334", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23335", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23336", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23337", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23338", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23339", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23271", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23340", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23341", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23342", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23343", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23344", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23345", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23346", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23347", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23348", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23281", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23349", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23350", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23351", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23352", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23353", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23354", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23355", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23356", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23357", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23278", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23358", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23262", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23359", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23263", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23360", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23266", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23361", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23267", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23362", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23268", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23363", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23269", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23364", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23291", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23365", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23292", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23366", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23293", "arg2_id": "23279", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23368", "type": "title", "text": [ "Crossover comparison of efficacy and preference for rizatriptan 10 mg versus ergotamine/caffeine in migraine." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 109 ] ] }, { "id": "23369", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Rizatriptan is a selective 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist with rapid oral absorption and early onset of action in the acute treatment of migraine. This randomized double- blind crossover outpatient study assessed the preference for 1 rizatriptan 10 mg tablet to 2 ergotamine 1 mg/caffeine 100 mg tablets in 439 patients treating a single migraine attack with each therapy. Of patients expressing a preference (89.1%), more than twice as many preferred rizatriptan to ergotamine/caffeine (69.9 vs. 30.1%, p < or = 0.001). Faster relief of headache was the most important reason for preference, cited by 67.3% of patients preferring rizatriptan and 54.2% of patients who preferred ergotamine/caffeine. The co-primary endpoint of being pain free at 2 h was also in favor of rizatriptan. Forty-nine percent of patients were pain free 2 h after rizatriptan, compared with 24.3% treated with ergotamine/caffeine (p < or = 0.001), rizatriptan being superior within 1 h of treatment. Headache relief at 2 h was 75.9% for rizatriptan and 47.3% for ergotamine/caffeine (p < or = 0.001), with rizatriptan being superior to ergotamine/caffeine within 30 min of dosing. Almost 36% of patients taking rizatriptan were pain free at 2 h and had no recurrence or need for additional medication within 24 h, compared to 20% of patients on ergotamine/caffeine (p < or = 0.001). Rizatriptan was also superior to ergotamine/caffeine in the proportions of patients with no nausea, vomiting, phonophobia or photophobia and for patients with normal function 2 h after drug intake (p < or = 0.001). More patients were (completely, very or somewhat) satisfied 2 h after treatment with rizatriptan (69.8%) than at 2 h after treatment with ergotamine/caffeine (38.6%, p < or = 0.001). Recurrence rates were 31.4% with rizatriptan and 15.3% with ergotamine/caffeine. Both active treatments were well tolerated. The most common adverse events (incidence > or = 5% in one group) after rizatriptan and ergotamine/caffeine, respectively, were dizziness (6.7 and 5.3%), nausea (4.2 and 8.5%) and somnolence (5.5 and 2.3%)." ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 2196 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23370", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 63 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23371", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 87 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23372", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 96 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23373", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "migraine" ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 108 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008881" } ] }, { "id": "23374", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 121 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23375", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "5-HT" ], "offsets": [ [ 137, 141 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012701" } ] }, { "id": "23376", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "migraine" ], "offsets": [ [ 245, 253 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008881" } ] }, { "id": "23377", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 342, 353 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23378", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 382 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23379", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 396 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23380", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "migraine" ], "offsets": [ [ 446, 454 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008881" } ] }, { "id": "23381", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 560, 571 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23382", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 575, 585 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23383", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 586, 594 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23384", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "headache" ], "offsets": [ [ 646, 654 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006261" } ] }, { "id": "23385", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 739, 750 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23386", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 787, 797 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23387", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 798, 806 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23388", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 841, 845 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "23389", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 879, 890 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23390", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 928, 932 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "23391", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 948, 959 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23392", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 994, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23393", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1005, 1013 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23394", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 1032, 1043 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23395", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Headache" ], "offsets": [ [ 1084, 1092 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006261" } ] }, { "id": "23396", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 1121, 1132 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23397", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1157 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23398", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1158, 1166 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23399", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1201 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23400", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1220, 1230 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23401", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1231, 1239 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23402", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 1295, 1306 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23403", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1312, 1316 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "23404", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1429, 1439 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23405", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1440, 1448 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23406", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 1467, 1478 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23407", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1500, 1510 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23408", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1511, 1519 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23409", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1559, 1565 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009325" } ] }, { "id": "23410", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 1567, 1575 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014839" } ] }, { "id": "23411", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "phonophobia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1577, 1588 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012001" } ] }, { "id": "23412", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "photophobia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1592, 1603 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020795" } ] }, { "id": "23413", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 1767, 1778 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23414", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1820, 1830 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23415", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1831, 1839 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23416", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 1898, 1909 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23417", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1925, 1935 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23418", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1936, 1944 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23419", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "rizatriptan" ], "offsets": [ [ 2062, 2073 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C093622" } ] }, { "id": "23420", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ergotamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2078, 2088 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004878" } ] }, { "id": "23421", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2089, 2097 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "23422", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dizziness" ], "offsets": [ [ 2118, 2127 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004244" } ] }, { "id": "23423", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 2144, 2150 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009325" } ] }, { "id": "23424", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "somnolence" ], "offsets": [ [ 2170, 2180 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006970" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23425", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23370", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23426", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23370", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23427", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23374", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23428", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23374", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23429", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23377", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23430", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23377", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23431", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23381", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23432", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23381", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23433", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23385", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23434", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23385", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23435", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23389", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23436", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23389", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23437", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23391", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23438", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23391", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23439", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23394", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23440", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23394", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23441", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23396", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23442", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23396", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23443", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23399", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23444", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23399", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23445", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23402", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23446", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23402", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23447", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23406", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23448", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23406", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23449", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23413", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23450", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23413", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23451", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23416", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23452", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23416", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23453", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23419", "arg2_id": "23409", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23454", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23419", "arg2_id": "23423", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23455", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23370", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23456", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23374", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23457", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23377", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23458", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23381", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23459", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23385", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23460", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23389", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23461", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23391", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23462", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23394", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23463", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23396", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23464", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23399", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23465", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23402", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23466", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23406", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23467", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23413", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23468", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23416", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23469", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23419", "arg2_id": "23422", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23471", "type": "title", "text": [ "Thrombotic microangiopathy and renal failure associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 89 ] ] }, { "id": "23472", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Five patients with carcinoma developed thrombotic microangiopathy (characterized by renal insufficiency, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and usually thrombocytopenia) after treatment with cisplatin, bleomycin, and a vinca alkaloid. One patient had thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, three the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and one an apparent forme fruste of one of these disorders. Histologic examination of the renal tissue showed evidence of intravascular coagulation, primarily affecting the small arteries, arterioles, and glomeruli. Because each patient was tumor-free or had only a small tumor at the onset of this syndrome, the thrombotic microangiopathy may have been induced by chemotherapy. Diagnosis of this potentially fatal complication may be delayed or missed if renal tissue or the peripheral blood smear is not examined, because renal failure may be ascribed to cisplatin nephrotoxicity and the anemia and thrombocytopenia to drug-induced bone marrow suppression." ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 1073 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23473", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 26 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "23474", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 44 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "23475", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "carcinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 109, 118 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002277" } ] }, { "id": "23476", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 155 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "23477", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal insufficiency" ], "offsets": [ [ 174, 193 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "23478", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "microangiopathic hemolytic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 228 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "23479", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombocytopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 242, 258 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013921" } ] }, { "id": "23480", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 290 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002945" } ] }, { "id": "23481", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bleomycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 292, 301 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001761" } ] }, { "id": "23482", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vinca alkaloid" ], "offsets": [ [ 309, 323 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014748" } ] }, { "id": "23483", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura" ], "offsets": [ [ 341, 376 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011697" } ] }, { "id": "23484", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolytic-uremic syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 388, 413 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006463" } ] }, { "id": "23485", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "intravascular coagulation" ], "offsets": [ [ 537, 562 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004211" } ] }, { "id": "23486", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tumor" ], "offsets": [ [ 656, 661 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "23487", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tumor" ], "offsets": [ [ 687, 692 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "23488", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombotic microangiopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 728, 754 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D057049" } ] }, { "id": "23489", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 939, 952 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D051437" } ] }, { "id": "23490", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cisplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 972, 981 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002945" } ] }, { "id": "23491", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 982, 996 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "23492", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1005, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000740" } ] }, { "id": "23493", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "thrombocytopenia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1016, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013921" } ] }, { "id": "23494", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bone marrow suppression" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1072 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001855" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23495", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23481", "arg2_id": "23483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23496", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23482", "arg2_id": "23484", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23497", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23480", "arg2_id": "23491", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23498", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23490", "arg2_id": "23491", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23499", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23482", "arg2_id": "23491", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23500", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23480", "arg2_id": "23483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23501", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23490", "arg2_id": "23483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23502", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23481", "arg2_id": "23484", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23503", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23482", "arg2_id": "23483", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23504", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23480", "arg2_id": "23484", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23505", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23490", "arg2_id": "23484", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23506", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23481", "arg2_id": "23491", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23508", "type": "title", "text": [ "Salvage therapy with nelarabine, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide in relapsed/refractory paediatric T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 143 ] ] }, { "id": "23509", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A combination of 5 d of nelarabine (AraG) with 5 d of etoposide (VP) and cyclophosphamide (CPM) and prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy was used as salvage therapy in seven children with refractory or relapsed T-cell leukaemia or lymphoma. The most common side effects attributable to the AraG included Grade 2 and 3 sensory and motor neuropathy and musculoskeletal pain. Haematological toxicity was greater for the combination than AraG alone, although median time to neutrophil and platelet recovery was consistent with other salvage therapies. All patients had some response to the combined therapy and five of the seven went into complete remission after one or two courses of AraG/VP/CPM. Our experience supports the safety of giving AraG as salvage therapy in synchrony with etoposide and cyclophosphamide, although neurological toxicity must be closely monitored." ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 1016 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23510", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nelarabine" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 31 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C104457" } ] }, { "id": "23511", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "etoposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 42 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005047" } ] }, { "id": "23512", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 64 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23513", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 142 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015458" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016399" } ] }, { "id": "23514", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "T-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 129 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015458" } ] }, { "id": "23515", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "T-cell lymphoblastic", "lymphoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 119 ], [ 134, 142 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016399" } ] }, { "id": "23516", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nelarabine" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 178 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C104457" } ] }, { "id": "23517", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "AraG" ], "offsets": [ [ 180, 184 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C104457" } ] }, { "id": "23518", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "etoposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 207 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005047" } ] }, { "id": "23519", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "VP" ], "offsets": [ [ 209, 211 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005047" } ] }, { "id": "23520", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 233 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23521", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CPM" ], "offsets": [ [ 235, 238 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23522", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "T-cell leukaemia or lymphoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 384 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015458" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016399" } ] }, { "id": "23523", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "T-cell leukaemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 372 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015458" } ] }, { "id": "23524", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "T-cell", "lymphoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 362 ], [ 376, 384 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016399" } ] }, { "id": "23525", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "AraG" ], "offsets": [ [ 435, 439 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C104457" } ] }, { "id": "23526", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 481, 491 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] }, { "id": "23527", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "musculoskeletal pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 496, 516 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D059352" } ] }, { "id": "23528", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Haematological toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 518, 541 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006402" } ] }, { "id": "23529", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "AraG" ], "offsets": [ [ 579, 583 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C104457" } ] }, { "id": "23530", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "AraG" ], "offsets": [ [ 827, 831 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C104457" } ] }, { "id": "23531", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "VP" ], "offsets": [ [ 832, 834 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005047" } ] }, { "id": "23532", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "CPM" ], "offsets": [ [ 835, 838 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23533", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "AraG" ], "offsets": [ [ 885, 889 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C104457" } ] }, { "id": "23534", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "etoposide" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 936 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005047" } ] }, { "id": "23535", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 941, 957 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23536", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurological toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 968, 989 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23537", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23510", "arg2_id": "23526", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23538", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23510", "arg2_id": "23536", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23539", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23516", "arg2_id": "23526", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23540", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23516", "arg2_id": "23536", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23541", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23517", "arg2_id": "23526", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23542", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23517", "arg2_id": "23536", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23543", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23525", "arg2_id": "23526", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23544", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23525", "arg2_id": "23536", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23545", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23529", "arg2_id": "23526", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23546", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23529", "arg2_id": "23536", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23547", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23530", "arg2_id": "23526", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23548", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23530", "arg2_id": "23536", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23549", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23533", "arg2_id": "23526", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23550", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23533", "arg2_id": "23536", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23551", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23510", "arg2_id": "23528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23552", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23516", "arg2_id": "23528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23553", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23517", "arg2_id": "23528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23554", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23525", "arg2_id": "23528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23555", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23529", "arg2_id": "23528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23556", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23530", "arg2_id": "23528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23557", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23533", "arg2_id": "23528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23558", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23510", "arg2_id": "23527", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23559", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23516", "arg2_id": "23527", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23560", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23517", "arg2_id": "23527", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23561", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23525", "arg2_id": "23527", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23562", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23529", "arg2_id": "23527", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23563", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23530", "arg2_id": "23527", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23564", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23533", "arg2_id": "23527", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23566", "type": "title", "text": [ "The 3-week sulphasalazine syndrome strikes again." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 49 ] ] }, { "id": "23567", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A 34-year-old lady developed a constellation of dermatitis, fever, lymphadenopathy and hepatitis, beginning on the 17th day of a course of oral sulphasalazine for sero-negative rheumatoid arthritis. Cervical and inguinal lymph node biopsies showed the features of severe necrotising lymphadenitis, associated with erythrophagocytosis and prominent eosinophilic infiltrates, without viral inclusion bodies, suggestive of an adverse drug reaction.A week later, fulminant drug-induced hepatitis, associated with the presence of anti-nuclear autoantibodies (but not with other markers of autoimmunity), and accompanied by multi-organ failure and sepsis, supervened. She subsequently died some 5 weeks after the commencement of her drug therapy.Post-mortem examination showed evidence of massive hepatocellular necrosis, acute hypersensitivity myocarditis, focal acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis and extensive bone marrow necrosis, with no evidence of malignancy. It is thought that the clinico-pathological features and chronology of this case bore the hallmarks of the so-called \"3-week sulphasalazine syndrome\", a rare, but often fatal, immunoallergic reaction to sulphasalazine." ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 1230 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23568", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulphasalazine" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 25 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012460" } ] }, { "id": "23569", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dermatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 98, 108 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003872" } ] }, { "id": "23570", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 110, 115 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005334" } ] }, { "id": "23571", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "lymphadenopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 117, 132 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008206" } ] }, { "id": "23572", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 137, 146 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "23573", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulphasalazine" ], "offsets": [ [ 194, 208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012460" } ] }, { "id": "23574", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "rheumatoid arthritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 247 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001172" } ] }, { "id": "23575", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "lymphadenitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 333, 346 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008199" } ] }, { "id": "23576", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "adverse drug reaction" ], "offsets": [ [ 473, 494 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "23577", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "drug-induced hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 519, 541 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "23578", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "autoimmunity" ], "offsets": [ [ 634, 646 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001327" } ] }, { "id": "23579", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "multi-organ failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 668, 687 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009102" } ] }, { "id": "23580", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "sepsis" ], "offsets": [ [ 692, 698 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018805" } ] }, { "id": "23581", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "massive hepatocellular necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 833, 864 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D047508" } ] }, { "id": "23582", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "myocarditis" ], "offsets": [ [ 889, 900 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009205" } ] }, { "id": "23583", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 934, 943 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009393" } ] }, { "id": "23584", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bone marrow necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 958, 978 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001855" } ] }, { "id": "23585", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "malignancy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1000, 1010 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "23586", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulphasalazine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1137, 1151 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012460" } ] }, { "id": "23587", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sulphasalazine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1215, 1229 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012460" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23588", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23589", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23590", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23591", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23592", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23582", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23593", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23582", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23594", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23582", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23595", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23582", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23596", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23571", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23597", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23571", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23598", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23571", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23599", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23571", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23600", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23580", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23601", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23580", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23602", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23580", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23603", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23580", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23604", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23583", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23605", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23583", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23606", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23583", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23607", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23583", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23608", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23609", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23610", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23611", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23612", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23572", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23613", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23568", "arg2_id": "23577", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23614", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23572", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23615", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23573", "arg2_id": "23577", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23616", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23572", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23617", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23586", "arg2_id": "23577", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23618", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23572", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23619", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23587", "arg2_id": "23577", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23621", "type": "title", "text": [ "Bupropion (Zyban) toxicity." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "id": "23622", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Bupropion is a monocyclic antidepressant structurally related to amphetamine. Zyban, a sustained-release formulation of bupropion hydrochloride, was recently released in Ireland, as a smoking cessation aid. In the initial 6 months since it's introduction, 12 overdose cases have been reported to The National Poisons Information Centre. 8 patients developed symptoms of toxicity. Common features included tachycardia, drowsiness, hallucinations and convulsions. Two patients developed severe cardiac arrhythmias, including one patient who was resuscitated following a cardiac arrest. All patients recovered without sequelae. We report a case of a 31 year old female who required admission to the Intensive Care Unit for ventilation and full supportive therapy, following ingestion of 13.5g bupropion. Recurrent seizures were treated with diazepam and broad complex tachycardia was successfully treated with adenosine. Zyban caused significant neurological and cardiovascular toxicity in overdose. The potential toxic effects should be considered when prescribing it as a smoking cessation aid." ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 1121 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23623", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "23624", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Zyban" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 16 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "23625", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 18, 26 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "23626", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 28, 37 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "23627", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "antidepressant" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 68 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000928" } ] }, { "id": "23628", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "amphetamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 93, 104 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000661" } ] }, { "id": "23629", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Zyban" ], "offsets": [ [ 106, 111 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "23630", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion hydrochloride" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 171 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "23631", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 287, 295 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] }, { "id": "23632", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 398, 406 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "23633", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 444 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013610" } ] }, { "id": "23634", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 472 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006212" } ] }, { "id": "23635", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "convulsions" ], "offsets": [ [ 477, 488 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "23636", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiac arrhythmias" ], "offsets": [ [ 520, 539 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001145" } ] }, { "id": "23637", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiac arrest" ], "offsets": [ [ 596, 610 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006323" } ] }, { "id": "23638", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 818, 827 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "23639", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 839, 847 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "23640", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "diazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 866, 874 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003975" } ] }, { "id": "23641", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 893, 904 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013610" } ] }, { "id": "23642", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "adenosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 935, 944 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000241" } ] }, { "id": "23643", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Zyban" ], "offsets": [ [ 946, 951 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "23644", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurological and cardiovascular toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 971, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "23645", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neurological", "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 971, 983 ], [ 1003, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020258" } ] }, { "id": "23646", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiovascular toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 988, 1011 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002318" } ] }, { "id": "23647", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "overdose" ], "offsets": [ [ 1015, 1023 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D062787" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23648", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23623", "arg2_id": "23633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23649", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23623", "arg2_id": "23641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23650", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23624", "arg2_id": "23633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23651", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23624", "arg2_id": "23641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23652", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23626", "arg2_id": "23633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23653", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23626", "arg2_id": "23641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23654", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23629", "arg2_id": "23633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23655", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23629", "arg2_id": "23641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23656", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23630", "arg2_id": "23633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23657", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23630", "arg2_id": "23641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23658", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23638", "arg2_id": "23633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23659", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23638", "arg2_id": "23641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23660", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23643", "arg2_id": "23633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23661", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23643", "arg2_id": "23641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23662", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23623", "arg2_id": "23635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23663", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23623", "arg2_id": "23639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23664", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23624", "arg2_id": "23635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23665", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23624", "arg2_id": "23639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23666", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23626", "arg2_id": "23635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23667", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23626", "arg2_id": "23639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23668", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23629", "arg2_id": "23635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23669", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23629", "arg2_id": "23639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23670", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23630", "arg2_id": "23635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23671", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23630", "arg2_id": "23639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23672", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23638", "arg2_id": "23635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23673", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23638", "arg2_id": "23639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23674", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23643", "arg2_id": "23635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23675", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23643", "arg2_id": "23639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23676", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23623", "arg2_id": "23634", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23677", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23624", "arg2_id": "23634", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23678", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23626", "arg2_id": "23634", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23679", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23629", "arg2_id": "23634", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23680", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23630", "arg2_id": "23634", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23681", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23638", "arg2_id": "23634", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23682", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23643", "arg2_id": "23634", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23683", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23623", "arg2_id": "23636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23684", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23624", "arg2_id": "23636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23685", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23626", "arg2_id": "23636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23686", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23629", "arg2_id": "23636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23687", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23630", "arg2_id": "23636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23688", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23638", "arg2_id": "23636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23689", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23643", "arg2_id": "23636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23690", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23623", "arg2_id": "23637", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23691", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23624", "arg2_id": "23637", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23692", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23626", "arg2_id": "23637", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23693", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23629", "arg2_id": "23637", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23694", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23630", "arg2_id": "23637", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23695", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23638", "arg2_id": "23637", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23696", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23643", "arg2_id": "23637", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23698", "type": "title", "text": [ "Survey of complications of indocyanine green angiography in Japan." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 66 ] ] }, { "id": "23699", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "PURPOSE: We evaluated the safety of indocyanine green for use in fundus angiography. METHODS: We sent a questionnaire concerning complications of indocyanine green to 32 institutions in Japan, which were selected on the basis of the client list from the Topcon Company, which manufactures the indocyanine green fundus camera. RESULTS: Ophthalmologists at 15 institutions responded, reporting a total of 3,774 indocyanine green angiograms performed on 2,820 patients between June 1984 and September 1992. Before angiography, intradermal or intravenous indocyanine green testing, or both was performed at 13 of 15 institutions. For three patients, the decision was made not to proceed with angiography after positive preangiographic testing. The dosage of indocyanine green used for angiography varied from 25 to 75 mg, depending upon the institution. There were 13 cases of adverse reactions (0.34%), ten of which were mild reactions such as nausea, exanthema, urtication, itchiness, and urgency to defecate, and did not require treatment. Also recorded were one case of pain of the vein, which required treatment, and two cases of hypotension. The two hypotensive patients required treatment for shock. CONCLUSIONS: A comparison of frequency of adverse reactions to indocyanine green with the previously reported frequency of such reactions to fluorescein sodium indicated that indocyanine green is a safe as fluorescein for use in angiography." ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 1511 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23700", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 27, 44 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23701", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 103, 120 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23702", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 213, 230 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23703", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 360, 377 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23704", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 476, 493 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23705", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 618, 635 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23706", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 821, 838 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23707", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1008, 1014 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009325" } ] }, { "id": "23708", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "exanthema" ], "offsets": [ [ 1016, 1025 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005076" } ] }, { "id": "23709", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "urtication" ], "offsets": [ [ 1027, 1037 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014581" } ] }, { "id": "23710", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "itchiness" ], "offsets": [ [ 1039, 1048 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011537" } ] }, { "id": "23711", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1137, 1141 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "23712", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypotension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1198, 1209 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "23713", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypotensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 1219, 1230 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007022" } ] }, { "id": "23714", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "shock" ], "offsets": [ [ 1263, 1268 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012769" } ] }, { "id": "23715", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 1333, 1350 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23716", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "fluorescein sodium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1411, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019793" } ] }, { "id": "23717", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "indocyanine green" ], "offsets": [ [ 1445, 1462 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007208" } ] }, { "id": "23718", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "fluorescein" ], "offsets": [ [ 1476, 1487 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019793" } ] } ]

[]

[]

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[ { "id": "23792", "type": "title", "text": [ "Bradykinin receptors antagonists and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in vincristine and streptozotocin induced hyperalgesia in chemotherapy and diabetic neuropathy rat model." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 175 ] ] }, { "id": "23793", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "PURPOSE: The influence of an irreversible inhibitor of constitutive NO synthase (L-NOArg; 1.0 mg/kg ip), a relatively selective inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (L-NIL; 1.0 mg/kg ip) and a relatively specific inhibitor of neuronal NO synthase (7-NI; 0.1 mg/kg ip), on antihyperalgesic action of selective antagonists of B2 and B1 receptors: D-Arg-[Hyp3,Thi5,D-Tic7,Oic8] bradykinin (HOE 140; 70 nmol/kg ip) or des Arg10 HOE 140 (70 nmol/kg ip) respectively, in model of diabetic (streptozotocin-induced) and toxic (vincristine-induced) neuropathy was investigated. METHODS: The changes in pain thresholds were determined using mechanical stimuli--the modification of the classic paw withdrawal test described by Randall-Selitto. RESULTS: The results of this paper confirm that inhibition of bradykinin receptors and inducible NO synthase but not neuronal NO synthase activity reduces diabetic hyperalgesia. Pretreatment with L-NOArg and L-NIL but not 7-NI, significantly increases antihyperalgesic activity both HOE 140 and des Arg10 HOE 140. It was also shown that both products of inducible NO synthase and neuronal NO synthase activation as well as bradykinin are involved in hyperalgesia produced by vincristine. Moreover, L-NOArg and 7-NI but not L-NIL intensify antihyperalgesic activity of HOE 140 or des-Arg10HOE 140 in toxic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Results of these studies suggest that B1 and B2 receptors are engaged in transmission of nociceptive stimuli in both diabetic and toxic neuropathy. In streptozotocin-induced hyperalgesia, inducible NO synthase participates in pronociceptive activity of bradykinin, whereas in vincristine-induced hyperalgesia bradykinin seemed to activate neuronal NO synthase pathway. Therefore, concomitant administration of small doses of bradykinin receptor antagonists and NO synthase inhibitors can be effective in alleviation of neuropathic pain, even in hospital care." ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 2096 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23794", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Bradykinin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001920" } ] }, { "id": "23795", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitric oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 37, 49 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23796", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vincristine" ], "offsets": [ [ 73, 84 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014750" } ] }, { "id": "23797", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "streptozotocin" ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 103 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013311" } ] }, { "id": "23798", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 112, 124 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "23799", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetic neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 164 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003929" } ] }, { "id": "23800", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 244, 246 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23801", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 329 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23802", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 411 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23803", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bradykinin" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 559 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001920" } ] }, { "id": "23804", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "HOE 140" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 568 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C065679" } ] }, { "id": "23805", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "des Arg10 HOE 140" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 605 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C078665" } ] }, { "id": "23806", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetic (streptozotocin-induced) and toxic (vincristine-induced) neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 724 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003929" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "23807", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetic (streptozotocin-induced)", "neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 648, 681 ], [ 714, 724 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003929" } ] }, { "id": "23808", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxic (vincristine-induced) neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 724 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "23809", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 767, 771 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "23810", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bradykinin" ], "offsets": [ [ 969, 979 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001920" } ] }, { "id": "23811", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1004, 1006 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23812", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1033, 1035 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23813", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetic hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1062, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "23814", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "HOE 140" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1197 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C065679" } ] }, { "id": "23815", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "des Arg10 HOE 140" ], "offsets": [ [ 1202, 1219 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C078665" } ] }, { "id": "23816", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1271, 1273 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23817", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1296, 1298 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23818", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bradykinin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1330, 1340 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001920" } ] }, { "id": "23819", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1357, 1369 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "23820", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vincristine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1382, 1393 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014750" } ] }, { "id": "23821", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "HOE 140" ], "offsets": [ [ 1475, 1482 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C065679" } ] }, { "id": "23822", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "des-Arg10HOE 140" ], "offsets": [ [ 1486, 1502 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C078665" } ] }, { "id": "23823", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxic neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1506, 1522 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "23824", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetic and toxic neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1654, 1683 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003929" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "23825", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetic", "neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1654, 1662 ], [ 1673, 1683 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003929" } ] }, { "id": "23826", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxic neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1667, 1683 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "23827", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "streptozotocin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1688, 1702 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013311" } ] }, { "id": "23828", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1711, 1723 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "23829", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1735, 1737 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23830", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bradykinin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1790, 1800 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001920" } ] }, { "id": "23831", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vincristine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1813, 1824 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014750" } ] }, { "id": "23832", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperalgesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1833, 1845 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006930" } ] }, { "id": "23833", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bradykinin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1846, 1856 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001920" } ] }, { "id": "23834", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1885, 1887 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23835", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bradykinin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1962, 1972 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001920" } ] }, { "id": "23836", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1998, 2000 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "23837", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 2056, 2072 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009437" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23838", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23839", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23806", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23840", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23807", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23841", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23842", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23843", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23844", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23806", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23845", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23807", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23846", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23847", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23848", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23849", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23850", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23819", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23851", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23852", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23797", "arg2_id": "23832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23853", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23854", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23855", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23819", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23856", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23857", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23827", "arg2_id": "23832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23858", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23806", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23859", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23808", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23860", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23861", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23862", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23826", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23863", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23806", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23864", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23808", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23865", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23866", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23867", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23826", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23868", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23806", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23869", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23808", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23870", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23871", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23824", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23872", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23826", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23873", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23874", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23875", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23819", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23876", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23877", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23796", "arg2_id": "23832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23878", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23879", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23880", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23819", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23881", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23882", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23820", "arg2_id": "23832", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23883", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23884", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23813", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23885", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23819", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23886", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23828", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23887", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23831", "arg2_id": "23832", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23889", "type": "title", "text": [ "Cardiac toxicity observed in association with high-dose cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 121 ] ] }, { "id": "23890", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "INTRODUCTION: Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent given frequently as a component of many conditioning regimens. In high doses, its nonhematological dose-limiting toxicity is cardiomyopathy. STUDY DESIGN: We combined paclitaxel, melphalan and high-dose cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and carboplatin in a triple sequential high-dose regimen for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Analysis was performed on 61 women with chemotherapy-responsive metastatic breast cancer receiving 96-h infusional cyclophosphamide as part of a triple sequential high-dose regimen to assess association between presence of peritransplant congestive heart failure (CHF) and the following pretreatment characteristics: presence of electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities, age, hypertension, prior cardiac history, smoking, diabetes mellitus, prior use of anthracyclines, and left-sided chest irradiation. RESULTS: Six of 61 women (10%) developed clinically reversible grade 3 CHF following infusional cyclophosphamide with a median percent decline in ejection fraction of 31%. Incidence of transient cyclophosphamide-related cardiac toxicity (10%) is comparable to previous recorded literature. Older age was significantly correlated with the CHF development; with median ages for the entire group and for patients developing CHF of 45 and 59, respectively. No association was found with other pretreatment characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of these findings, oncologists should carefully monitor fluid balance in older patients. Routine EKG monitoring during infusional cyclophosphamide did not predict CHF development." ], "offsets": [ [ 122, 1732 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23891", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Cardiac toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 16 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D066126" } ] }, { "id": "23892", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 72 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23893", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 107, 120 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001943" } ] }, { "id": "23894", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 136, 152 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23895", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 289, 297 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "23896", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiomyopathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 315 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009202" } ] }, { "id": "23897", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "paclitaxel" ], "offsets": [ [ 343, 353 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017239" } ] }, { "id": "23898", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "melphalan" ], "offsets": [ [ 355, 364 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008558" } ] }, { "id": "23899", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 379, 395 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23900", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "thiotepa" ], "offsets": [ [ 397, 405 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013852" } ] }, { "id": "23901", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carboplatin" ], "offsets": [ [ 411, 422 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016190" } ] }, { "id": "23902", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 506 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001943" } ] }, { "id": "23903", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "breast cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 596 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001943" } ] }, { "id": "23904", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 623, 639 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23905", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "congestive heart failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 746, 770 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "23906", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CHF" ], "offsets": [ [ 772, 775 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "23907", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 881, 893 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "23908", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetes mellitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 927, 944 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003920" } ] }, { "id": "23909", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "anthracyclines" ], "offsets": [ [ 959, 973 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018943" } ] }, { "id": "23910", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CHF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1080, 1083 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "23911", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1105, 1121 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23912", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1204, 1220 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23913", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cardiac toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1229, 1245 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D066126" } ] }, { "id": "23914", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CHF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1347, 1350 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "23915", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CHF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1430, 1433 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] }, { "id": "23916", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1683, 1699 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "23917", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "CHF" ], "offsets": [ [ 1716, 1719 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006333" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23918", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23892", "arg2_id": "23905", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23919", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23892", "arg2_id": "23906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23920", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23892", "arg2_id": "23910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23921", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23892", "arg2_id": "23914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23922", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23892", "arg2_id": "23915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23923", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23892", "arg2_id": "23917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23924", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23894", "arg2_id": "23905", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23925", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23894", "arg2_id": "23906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23926", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23894", "arg2_id": "23910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23927", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23894", "arg2_id": "23914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23928", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23894", "arg2_id": "23915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23929", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23894", "arg2_id": "23917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23930", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23899", "arg2_id": "23905", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23931", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23899", "arg2_id": "23906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23932", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23899", "arg2_id": "23910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23933", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23899", "arg2_id": "23914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23934", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23899", "arg2_id": "23915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23935", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23899", "arg2_id": "23917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23936", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23904", "arg2_id": "23905", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23937", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23904", "arg2_id": "23906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23938", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23904", "arg2_id": "23910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23939", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23904", "arg2_id": "23914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23940", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23904", "arg2_id": "23915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23941", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23904", "arg2_id": "23917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23942", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23911", "arg2_id": "23905", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23943", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23911", "arg2_id": "23906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23944", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23911", "arg2_id": "23910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23945", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23911", "arg2_id": "23914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23946", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23911", "arg2_id": "23915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23947", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23911", "arg2_id": "23917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23948", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23912", "arg2_id": "23905", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23949", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23912", "arg2_id": "23906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23950", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23912", "arg2_id": "23910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23951", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23912", "arg2_id": "23914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23952", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23912", "arg2_id": "23915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23953", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23912", "arg2_id": "23917", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23954", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23916", "arg2_id": "23905", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23955", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23916", "arg2_id": "23906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23956", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23916", "arg2_id": "23910", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23957", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23916", "arg2_id": "23914", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23958", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23916", "arg2_id": "23915", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23959", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23916", "arg2_id": "23917", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "23961", "type": "title", "text": [ "Inappropriate use of carbamazepine and vigabatrin in typical absence seizures." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 78 ] ] }, { "id": "23962", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Carbamazepine and vigabatrin are contraindicated in typical absence seizures. Of 18 consecutive referrals of children with resistant typical absences only, eight were erroneously treated with carbamazepine either as monotherapy or as an add-on. Vigabatrin was also used in the treatment of two children. Frequency of absences increased in four children treated with carbamazepine and two of these developed myoclonic jerks, which resolved on withdrawal of carbamazepine. Absences were aggravated in both cases where vigabatrin was added on to concurrent treatment. Optimal control of the absences was achieved with sodium valproate, lamotrigine, or ethosuximide alone or in combination." ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 765 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "23963", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 34 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "23964", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vigabatrin" ], "offsets": [ [ 39, 49 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020888" } ] }, { "id": "23965", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "absence seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 61, 77 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004832" } ] }, { "id": "23966", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 79, 92 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "23967", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vigabatrin" ], "offsets": [ [ 97, 107 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020888" } ] }, { "id": "23968", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "absence seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 139, 155 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004832" } ] }, { "id": "23969", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 271, 284 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "23970", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Vigabatrin" ], "offsets": [ [ 324, 334 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020888" } ] }, { "id": "23971", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 445, 458 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "23972", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "myoclonic jerks" ], "offsets": [ [ 486, 501 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009207" } ] }, { "id": "23973", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 535, 548 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "23974", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "vigabatrin" ], "offsets": [ [ 595, 605 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020888" } ] }, { "id": "23975", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sodium valproate" ], "offsets": [ [ 694, 710 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014635" } ] }, { "id": "23976", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamotrigine" ], "offsets": [ [ 712, 723 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047781" } ] }, { "id": "23977", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ethosuximide" ], "offsets": [ [ 728, 740 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005013" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "23978", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23963", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23979", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23963", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23980", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23966", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23981", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23966", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23982", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23969", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23983", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23969", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23984", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23971", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23985", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23971", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23986", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23973", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23987", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23973", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23988", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23963", "arg2_id": "23972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23989", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23966", "arg2_id": "23972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23990", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23969", "arg2_id": "23972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23991", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23971", "arg2_id": "23972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23992", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23973", "arg2_id": "23972", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23993", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23964", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23994", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23964", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23995", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23967", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23996", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23967", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23997", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23970", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23998", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23970", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "23999", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23974", "arg2_id": "23965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24000", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "23974", "arg2_id": "23968", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24002", "type": "title", "text": [ "Hemolytic anemia associated with the use of omeprazole." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 55 ] ] }, { "id": "24003", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Omeprazole is the first drug designed to block the final step in the acid secretory process within the parietal cell. It has been shown to be extremely effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, reflux esophagitis, and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Although clinical experience with omeprazole is still limited, many controlled studies have established the short-term safety of this drug. We report the first case of a serious short-term adverse reaction with the use of omeprazole: hemolytic anemia. The patient developed weakness, lethargy, and shortness of breath 2 days after starting therapy with omeprazole. Two weeks after the initiation of therapy, her hematocrit had decreased from 44.1% to 20.4%, and she had a positive direct Coombs antiglobulin test and an elevated indirect bilirubin. After she discontinued the omeprazole, her hemoglobin and hematocrit gradually returned to normal. The mechanism by which omeprazole caused the patient's hemolytic anemia is uncertain, but physicians should be alerted to this possible adverse effect." ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 1115 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24004", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Hemolytic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 16 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "24005", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 54 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009853" } ] }, { "id": "24006", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 66 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009853" } ] }, { "id": "24007", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "peptic ulcer disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 258 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010437" } ] }, { "id": "24008", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "reflux esophagitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 260, 278 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005764" } ] }, { "id": "24009", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome" ], "offsets": [ [ 288, 314 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015043" } ] }, { "id": "24010", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 360 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009853" } ] }, { "id": "24011", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 548 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009853" } ] }, { "id": "24012", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolytic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 550, 566 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "24013", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "lethargy" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 608 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D053609" } ] }, { "id": "24014", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "shortness of breath" ], "offsets": [ [ 614, 633 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004417" } ] }, { "id": "24015", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 669, 679 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009853" } ] }, { "id": "24016", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bilirubin" ], "offsets": [ [ 854, 863 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001663" } ] }, { "id": "24017", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 892, 902 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009853" } ] }, { "id": "24018", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "omeprazole" ], "offsets": [ [ 987, 997 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009853" } ] }, { "id": "24019", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolytic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1019, 1035 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24020", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24005", "arg2_id": "24014", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24021", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24006", "arg2_id": "24014", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24022", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24010", "arg2_id": "24014", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24023", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24011", "arg2_id": "24014", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24024", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24015", "arg2_id": "24014", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24025", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24017", "arg2_id": "24014", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24026", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24018", "arg2_id": "24014", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24027", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24005", "arg2_id": "24004", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24028", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24005", "arg2_id": "24012", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24029", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24005", "arg2_id": "24019", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24030", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24006", "arg2_id": "24004", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24031", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24006", "arg2_id": "24012", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24032", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24006", "arg2_id": "24019", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24033", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24010", "arg2_id": "24004", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24034", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24010", "arg2_id": "24012", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24035", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24010", "arg2_id": "24019", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24036", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24011", "arg2_id": "24004", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24037", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24011", "arg2_id": "24012", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24038", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24011", "arg2_id": "24019", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24039", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24015", "arg2_id": "24004", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24040", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24015", "arg2_id": "24012", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24041", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24015", "arg2_id": "24019", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24042", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24017", "arg2_id": "24004", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24043", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24017", "arg2_id": "24012", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24044", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24017", "arg2_id": "24019", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24045", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24018", "arg2_id": "24004", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24046", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24018", "arg2_id": "24012", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24047", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24018", "arg2_id": "24019", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24048", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24005", "arg2_id": "24013", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24049", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24006", "arg2_id": "24013", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24050", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24010", "arg2_id": "24013", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24051", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24011", "arg2_id": "24013", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24052", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24015", "arg2_id": "24013", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24053", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24017", "arg2_id": "24013", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24054", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24018", "arg2_id": "24013", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24056", "type": "title", "text": [ "The use and toxicity of didanosine (ddI) in HIV antibody-positive individuals intolerant to zidovudine (AZT)" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 108 ] ] }, { "id": "24057", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "One hundred and fifty-one patients intolerant to zidovudine (AZT) received didanosine (ddI) to a maximum dose of 12.5 mg/kg/day. Patient response was assessed using changes in CD4+ lymphocyte subset count, HIV p24 antigen, weight, and quality of life. Seventy patients developed major opportunistic infections whilst on therapy; this was the first AIDS diagnosis in 17. Only minor changes in CD4+ lymphocyte subset count were observed in AIDS patients, although a more significant rise occurred in those with earlier stages of disease. Of those positive for p24 antigen at the commencement of the study 67% showed a positive response, and this was most likely in those with CD4+ lymphocyte subset counts above 100 mm3. A positive weight response was seen in 16% of patients. Most patients showed improvement in individual parameters and global score of quality of life. Adverse reactions possibly attributable to didanosine were common. The most common side-effect was diarrhoea, which resulted in cessation of therapy in 19 individuals. Peripheral neuropathy occurred in 12 patients and pancreatitis in six. Thirteen patients developed a raised serum amylase without abdominal pain. Seven patients developed glucose tolerance curves characteristic of diabetes but these were mild, did not require treatment and returned to normal on ceasing didanosine." ], "offsets": [ [ 109, 1462 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24058", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 12, 20 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "24059", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 34 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016049" } ] }, { "id": "24060", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ddI" ], "offsets": [ [ 36, 39 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016049" } ] }, { "id": "24061", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "HIV antibody-positive" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 65 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015658" } ] }, { "id": "24062", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "zidovudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 92, 102 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015215" } ] }, { "id": "24063", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "AZT" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 107 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015215" } ] }, { "id": "24064", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "zidovudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 158, 168 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015215" } ] }, { "id": "24065", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "AZT" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 173 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015215" } ] }, { "id": "24066", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 194 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016049" } ] }, { "id": "24067", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ddI" ], "offsets": [ [ 196, 199 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016049" } ] }, { "id": "24068", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "opportunistic infections" ], "offsets": [ [ 394, 418 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009894" } ] }, { "id": "24069", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "AIDS" ], "offsets": [ [ 457, 461 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000163" } ] }, { "id": "24070", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "AIDS" ], "offsets": [ [ 547, 551 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000163" } ] }, { "id": "24071", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1022, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016049" } ] }, { "id": "24072", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diarrhoea" ], "offsets": [ [ 1078, 1087 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003967" } ] }, { "id": "24073", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Peripheral neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1168 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "24074", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pancreatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1197, 1209 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010195" } ] }, { "id": "24075", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "abdominal pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1277, 1291 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015746" } ] }, { "id": "24076", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glucose tolerance curves" ], "offsets": [ [ 1318, 1342 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018149" } ] }, { "id": "24077", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetes" ], "offsets": [ [ 1361, 1369 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003920" } ] }, { "id": "24078", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "didanosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1451, 1461 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016049" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24079", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24059", "arg2_id": "24076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24080", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24060", "arg2_id": "24076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24081", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24066", "arg2_id": "24076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24082", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24067", "arg2_id": "24076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24083", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24071", "arg2_id": "24076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24084", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24078", "arg2_id": "24076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24085", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24059", "arg2_id": "24073", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24086", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24060", "arg2_id": "24073", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24087", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24066", "arg2_id": "24073", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24088", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24067", "arg2_id": "24073", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24089", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24071", "arg2_id": "24073", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24090", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24078", "arg2_id": "24073", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24091", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24059", "arg2_id": "24072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24092", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24060", "arg2_id": "24072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24093", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24066", "arg2_id": "24072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24094", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24067", "arg2_id": "24072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24095", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24071", "arg2_id": "24072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24096", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24078", "arg2_id": "24072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24097", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24059", "arg2_id": "24074", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24098", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24060", "arg2_id": "24074", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24099", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24066", "arg2_id": "24074", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24100", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24067", "arg2_id": "24074", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24101", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24071", "arg2_id": "24074", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24102", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24078", "arg2_id": "24074", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24104", "type": "title", "text": [ "Can angiogenesis be a target of treatment for ribavirin associated hemolytic anemia?" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 84 ] ] }, { "id": "24105", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recently ribavirin has been found to inhibit angiogenesis and a number of angiogenesis inhibitors such as sunitinib and sorafenib have been found to cause acute hemolysis. We aimed to investigate whether there is a relation between hemoglobin, haptoglobin and angiogenesis soluble markers which are modifiable and can help in developing strategies against anemia. METHODS: Fourteen patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus were treated by pegylated interferon alpha 2a and ribavirin. Serum hemoglobin, haptoglobin and angiogenesis markers of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoetin-2 were investigated before and after therapy. RESULTS: We observed a significant decrease in haptoglobin levels at the end of the treatment period. Hemoglobin levels also decreased but insignificantly by treatment. In contrast with the literature, serum levels of angiogenesis factors did not change significantly by pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy. We found no correlation of angiogenesis soluble markers with either hemoglobin or haptoglobin. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in the literature investigating a link between angiogenesis soluble markers and ribavirin induced anemia in patients with hepatitis C and we could not find any relation. Future research with larger number of patients is needed to find out modifiable factors that will improve the safety of ribavirin therapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 85, 1507 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24106", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ribavirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 55 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012254" } ] }, { "id": "24107", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolytic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 83 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000743" } ] }, { "id": "24108", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ribavirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 120 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012254" } ] }, { "id": "24109", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sunitinib" ], "offsets": [ [ 208, 217 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C473478" } ] }, { "id": "24110", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sorafenib" ], "offsets": [ [ 222, 231 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C471405" } ] }, { "id": "24111", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemolysis" ], "offsets": [ [ 263, 272 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006461" } ] }, { "id": "24112", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 464 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000740" } ] }, { "id": "24113", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "chronically infected with hepatitis C virus" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 536 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019698" } ] }, { "id": "24114", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pegylated interferon alpha 2a" ], "offsets": [ [ 553, 582 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C100416" } ] }, { "id": "24115", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ribavirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 587, 596 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012254" } ] }, { "id": "24116", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pegylated interferon" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1044 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C417083" } ] }, { "id": "24117", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ribavirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1058 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012254" } ] }, { "id": "24118", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ribavirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1279, 1288 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012254" } ] }, { "id": "24119", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1297, 1303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000740" } ] }, { "id": "24120", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis C" ], "offsets": [ [ 1321, 1332 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019698" } ] }, { "id": "24121", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ribavirin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1489, 1498 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012254" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24122", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24110", "arg2_id": "24111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24123", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24109", "arg2_id": "24111", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24125", "type": "title", "text": [ "Cocaine causes memory and learning impairments in rats: involvement of nuclear factor kappa B and oxidative stress, and prevention by topiramate." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 145 ] ] }, { "id": "24126", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Different mechanisms have been suggested for cocaine toxicity including an increase in oxidative stress but the association between oxidative status in the brain and cocaine induced-behaviour is poorly understood. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) is a sensor of oxidative stress and participates in memory formation that could be involved in drug toxicity and addiction mechanisms. Therefore NFkappaB activity, oxidative stress, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity, spatial learning and memory as well as the effect of topiramate, a previously proposed therapy for cocaine addiction, were evaluated in an experimental model of cocaine administration in rats. NFkappaB activity was decreased in the frontal cortex of cocaine treated rats, as well as GSH concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in the hippocampus, whereas nNOS activity in the hippocampus was increased. Memory retrieval of experiences acquired prior to cocaine administration was impaired and negatively correlated with NFkappaB activity in the frontal cortex. In contrast, learning of new tasks was enhanced and correlated with the increase of nNOS activity and the decrease of glutathione peroxidase. These results provide evidence for a possible mechanistic role of oxidative and nitrosative stress and NFkappaB in the alterations induced by cocaine. Topiramate prevented all the alterations observed, showing novel neuroprotective properties." ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 1580 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24127", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 7 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "24128", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "memory and learning impairments" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 46 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008569" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007859" } ] }, { "id": "24129", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "memory", "impairments" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 21 ], [ 35, 46 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008569" } ] }, { "id": "24130", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "learning impairments" ], "offsets": [ [ 26, 46 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007859" } ] }, { "id": "24131", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "topiramate" ], "offsets": [ [ 134, 144 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C052342" } ] }, { "id": "24132", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 191, 198 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "24133", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 207 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "24134", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 312, 319 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "24135", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 494, 502 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "24136", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitric oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 585, 597 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "24137", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "topiramate" ], "offsets": [ [ 677, 687 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C052342" } ] }, { "id": "24138", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cocaine addiction" ], "offsets": [ [ 723, 740 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019970" } ] }, { "id": "24139", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 785, 792 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "24140", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 874, 881 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "24141", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 907, 910 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005978" } ] }, { "id": "24142", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutathione" ], "offsets": [ [ 929, 940 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005978" } ] }, { "id": "24143", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1087, 1094 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "24144", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutathione" ], "offsets": [ [ 1313, 1324 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005978" } ] }, { "id": "24145", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1479, 1486 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003042" } ] }, { "id": "24146", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Topiramate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1488, 1498 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C052342" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24147", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24127", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24148", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24127", "arg2_id": "24130", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24149", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24132", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24150", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24132", "arg2_id": "24130", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24151", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24134", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24152", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24134", "arg2_id": "24130", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24153", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24139", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24154", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24139", "arg2_id": "24130", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24155", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24140", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24156", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24140", "arg2_id": "24130", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24157", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24143", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24158", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24143", "arg2_id": "24130", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24159", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24145", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24160", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24145", "arg2_id": "24130", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24161", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24127", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24162", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24127", "arg2_id": "24129", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24163", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24132", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24164", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24132", "arg2_id": "24129", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24165", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24134", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24166", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24134", "arg2_id": "24129", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24167", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24139", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24168", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24139", "arg2_id": "24129", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24169", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24140", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24170", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24140", "arg2_id": "24129", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24171", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24143", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24172", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24143", "arg2_id": "24129", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24173", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24145", "arg2_id": "24128", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24174", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24145", "arg2_id": "24129", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24176", "type": "title", "text": [ "Antinociceptive and antiamnesic properties of the presynaptic cholinergic amplifier PG-9." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 89 ] ] }, { "id": "24177", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The antinociceptive effect of 3 alpha-tropyl 2-(p-bromophenyl)propionate [(+/-)-PG-9] (10-40 mg kg-1 s.c.; 30-60 mg kg-1 p.o.; 10-30 mg kg-1 i.v.; 10-30 micrograms/mouse i.c.v.) was examined in mice, rats and guinea pigs by use of the hot-plate, abdominal-constriction, tail-flick and paw-pressure tests. (+/-)-PG-9 antinociception peaked 15 min after injection and then slowly diminished. The antinociception produced by (+/-)-PG-9 was prevented by the unselective muscarinic antagonist atropine, the M1-selective antagonists pirenzepine and dicyclomine and the acetylcholine depletor hemicholinium-3, but not by the opioid antagonist naloxone, the gamma-aminobutyric acidB antagonist 3-aminopropyl-diethoxy-methyl-phosphinic acid, the H3 agonist R-(alpha)-methylhistamine, the D2 antagonist quinpirole, the 5-hydroxytryptamine4 antagonist 2-methoxy-4-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester hydrochloride, the 5-hydroxytryptamin1A antagonist 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl]piperazine hydrobromide and the polyamines depletor reserpine. Based on these data, it can be postulated that (+/-)-PG-9 exerted an antinociceptive effect mediated by a central potentiation of cholinergic transmission. (+/-)-PG-9 (10-40 mg kg-1 i.p.) was able to prevent amnesia induced by scopolamine (1 mg kg-1 i.p.) and dicyclomine (2 mg kg-1 i.p.) in the mouse passive-avoidance test. Affinity profiles of (+/-)-PG-9 for muscarinic receptor subtypes, determined by functional studies (rabbit vas deferens for M1, guinea pig atrium for M2, guinea pig ileum for M3 and immature guinea pig uterus for putative M4), have shown an M4/M1 selectivity ratio of 10.2 that might be responsible for the antinociception and the anti-amnesic effect induced by (+/-)-PG-9 through an increase in acetylcholine extracellular levels. In the antinociceptive and antiamnesic dose range, (+/-)-PG-9 did not impair mouse performance evaluated by the rota-rod test and Animex apparatus." ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 2063 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24178", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 88 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24179", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "3 alpha-tropyl 2-(p-bromophenyl)propionate" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 162 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24180", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 170, 174 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24181", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 401, 405 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24182", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 518, 522 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24183", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "atropine" ], "offsets": [ [ 578, 586 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001285" } ] }, { "id": "24184", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pirenzepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 617, 628 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010890" } ] }, { "id": "24185", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dicyclomine" ], "offsets": [ [ 633, 644 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004025" } ] }, { "id": "24186", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 653, 666 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000109" } ] }, { "id": "24187", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "hemicholinium-3" ], "offsets": [ [ 676, 691 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006426" } ] }, { "id": "24188", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 734 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009270" } ] }, { "id": "24189", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gamma-aminobutyric acidB" ], "offsets": [ [ 740, 764 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005680" } ] }, { "id": "24190", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "3-aminopropyl-diethoxy-methyl-phosphinic acid" ], "offsets": [ [ 776, 821 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C066430" } ] }, { "id": "24191", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "R-(alpha)-methylhistamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 863 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C069357" } ] }, { "id": "24192", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "quinpirole" ], "offsets": [ [ 883, 893 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019257" } ] }, { "id": "24193", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "5-hydroxytryptamine4" ], "offsets": [ [ 899, 919 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012701" } ] }, { "id": "24194", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "2-methoxy-4-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester" ], "offsets": [ [ 931, 997 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C072790" } ] }, { "id": "24195", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "5-hydroxytryptamin1A" ], "offsets": [ [ 1017, 1037 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012701" } ] }, { "id": "24196", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl]piperazine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1049, 1105 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C058895" } ] }, { "id": "24197", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "reserpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1147, 1156 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012110" } ] }, { "id": "24198", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 1211, 1215 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24199", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 1320, 1324 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24200", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "amnesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1366, 1373 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000647" } ] }, { "id": "24201", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1385, 1396 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "24202", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dicyclomine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1418, 1429 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004025" } ] }, { "id": "24203", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 1511, 1515 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24204", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "amnesic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1820, 1827 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000647" } ] }, { "id": "24205", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 1852, 1856 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] }, { "id": "24206", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1880, 1893 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000109" } ] }, { "id": "24207", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PG-9" ], "offsets": [ [ 1973, 1977 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C087567" } ] } ]

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[ { "id": "24208", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24201", "arg2_id": "24200", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24209", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24201", "arg2_id": "24204", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24210", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24185", "arg2_id": "24200", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24211", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24185", "arg2_id": "24204", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24212", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24202", "arg2_id": "24200", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24213", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24202", "arg2_id": "24204", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24215", "type": "title", "text": [ "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for control of intractable cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 99 ] ] }, { "id": "24216", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "We report a case of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis due to cyclophosphamide therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis. Conservative treatment, including bladder irrigation with physiological saline and instillation of prostaglandin F2 alpha, failed to totally control hemorrhage. We then used hyperbaric oxygen at an absolute pressure of 2 atm, 5 days a week for 8 consecutive weeks. The bleeding ceased completely by the end of treatment and the patient remained free of hematuria thereafter. No side effect was noted during the course of therapy. In future, this form of therapy can offer a safe alternative in the treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis." ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 772 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24217", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "oxygen" ], "offsets": [ [ 11, 17 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010100" } ] }, { "id": "24218", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 53, 69 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "24219", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhagic cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 98 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "24220", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhagic" ], "offsets": [ [ 78, 89 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" } ] }, { "id": "24221", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 90, 98 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "24222", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhagic cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 152 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "24223", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhagic" ], "offsets": [ [ 132, 143 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" } ] }, { "id": "24224", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 152 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "24225", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 160, 176 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "24226", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Wegener's granulomatosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 189, 213 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014890" } ] }, { "id": "24227", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prostaglandin F2 alpha" ], "offsets": [ [ 314, 336 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015237" } ] }, { "id": "24228", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhage" ], "offsets": [ [ 364, 374 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" } ] }, { "id": "24229", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "oxygen" ], "offsets": [ [ 400, 406 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010100" } ] }, { "id": "24230", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bleeding" ], "offsets": [ [ 484, 492 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" } ] }, { "id": "24231", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hematuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 568, 577 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006417" } ] }, { "id": "24232", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cyclophosphamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 742 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003520" } ] }, { "id": "24233", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhagic cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 771 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" }, { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "24234", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hemorrhagic" ], "offsets": [ [ 751, 762 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006470" } ] }, { "id": "24235", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 763, 771 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24236", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24231", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24237", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24231", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24238", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24231", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24239", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24219", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24240", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24241", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24242", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24224", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24243", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24233", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24244", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24235", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24245", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24219", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24246", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24247", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24248", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24224", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24249", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24233", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24250", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24235", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24251", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24219", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24252", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24221", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24253", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24254", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24224", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24255", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24233", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24256", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24235", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24257", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24219", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24258", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24259", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24260", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24223", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24261", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24228", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24262", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24230", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24263", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24233", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24264", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24218", "arg2_id": "24234", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24265", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24219", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24266", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24267", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24268", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24223", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24269", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24228", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24270", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24230", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24271", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24233", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24272", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24225", "arg2_id": "24234", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24273", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24219", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24274", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24220", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24275", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24222", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24276", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24223", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24277", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24228", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24278", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24230", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24279", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24233", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24280", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24232", "arg2_id": "24234", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24282", "type": "title", "text": [ "Further studies on effects of irrigation solutions on rat bladders." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 67 ] ] }, { "id": "24283", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Further studies on the effects of certain irrigating fluids on the rat bladder for 18 hours are reported. The results have shown that the degradation product p-choloroaniline is not a significant factor in chlorhexidine-digluconate associated erosive cystitis. A high percentage of kanamycin-colistin and povidone-iodine irrigations were associated with erosive cystitis and suggested a possible complication with human usage. Picloxydine irrigations appeared to have a lower incidence of erosive cystitis but further studies would have to be performed before it could be recommended for use in urological procedures." ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 685 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24284", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "p-choloroaniline" ], "offsets": [ [ 226, 242 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C004658" } ] }, { "id": "24285", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "chlorhexidine-digluconate" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 299 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C010882" } ] }, { "id": "24286", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 319, 327 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "24287", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "kanamycin" ], "offsets": [ [ 350, 359 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007612" } ] }, { "id": "24288", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "colistin" ], "offsets": [ [ 360, 368 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003091" } ] }, { "id": "24289", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "povidone-iodine" ], "offsets": [ [ 373, 388 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011206" } ] }, { "id": "24290", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 430, 438 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] }, { "id": "24291", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Picloxydine" ], "offsets": [ [ 495, 506 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C005253" } ] }, { "id": "24292", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cystitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 565, 573 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003556" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24293", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24285", "arg2_id": "24286", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24294", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24285", "arg2_id": "24290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24295", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24285", "arg2_id": "24292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24296", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24288", "arg2_id": "24286", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24297", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24288", "arg2_id": "24290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24298", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24288", "arg2_id": "24292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24299", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24287", "arg2_id": "24286", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24300", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24287", "arg2_id": "24290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24301", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24287", "arg2_id": "24292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24302", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24289", "arg2_id": "24286", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24303", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24289", "arg2_id": "24290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24304", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24289", "arg2_id": "24292", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24306", "type": "title", "text": [ "Clinical experiences in an open and a double-blind trial." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 57 ] ] }, { "id": "24307", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A total of sixty patients were trated with bromperidol first in open conditions (20 patients), then on a double blind basis (40 patients) with haloperidol as the reference substance. The open study lasted for four weeks; the drug was administrated in the form of 1 mg tablets. The daily dose (initial dose: 1 mg; mean dose at the end of the trial: 4.47 mg) was always administered in one single dose. Nineteen patients finished the trial, and in 18 cases the therapeutic result was considered very good to good. These results were confirmed by statistical analysis. Nine patients exhibited mild to moderate extrapyramidal concomitant symptoms; no other side effects were observed. The results of detailed laboratory tests and evaluations of various quantitative and qualitative tolerability parameters were not indicative of toxic effects. In the double blind study with haloperidol, both substances were found to be highly effective in the treatment of psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group. Certain clues, including the onset of action, seem to be indicative of the superiority of bromperidol. No differences were observed with respect to side effects and general tolerability." ], "offsets": [ [ 58, 1270 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24308", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 112 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C006820" } ] }, { "id": "24309", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 201, 212 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "24310", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "extrapyramidal concomitant symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 665, 700 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001480" } ] }, { "id": "24311", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 929, 940 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "24312", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "psychotic syndromes belonging predominantly to the schizophrenia group" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1082 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019967" } ] }, { "id": "24313", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1174, 1185 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C006820" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24314", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24309", "arg2_id": "24310", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24315", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24311", "arg2_id": "24310", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24316", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24308", "arg2_id": "24310", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24317", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24313", "arg2_id": "24310", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24319", "type": "title", "text": [ "Curcumin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage in phenobarbitone and carbamazepine administered rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 118 ] ] }, { "id": "24320", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The antiepileptic drugs, phenobarbitone and carbamazepine are well known to cause cognitive impairment on chronic use. The increase in free radical generation has been implicated as one of the important mechanisms of cognitive impairment by antiepileptic drugs. Curcumin has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuro-protective properties. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of chronic curcumin administration on phenobarbitone- and carbamazepine-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacokinetic interactions of curcumin with phenobarbitone and carbamazepine were also studied. Vehicle/drugs were administered daily for 21days to male Wistar rats. Passive avoidance paradigm and elevated plus maze test were used to assess cognitive function. At the end of study period, serum phenobarbitone and carbamazepine, whole brain malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels were estimated. The administration of phenobarbitone and carbamazepine for 21days caused a significant impairment of learning and memory as well as an increased oxidative stress. Concomitant curcumin administration prevented the cognitive impairment and decreased the increased oxidative stress induced by these antiepileptic drugs. Curcumin co-administration did not cause any significant alteration in the serum concentrations of both phenobarbitone as well as carbamazepine. These results show that curcumin has beneficial effect in mitigating the deterioration of cognitive functions and oxidative damage in rats treated with phenobarbitone and carbamazepine without significantly altering their serum concentrations. The findings suggest that curcumin can be considered as a potential safe and effective adjuvant to phenobarbitone and carbamazepine therapy in preventing cognitive impairment associated with these drugs." ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 1981 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24321", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 8 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24322", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cognitive dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 21, 42 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] }, { "id": "24323", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 81 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24324", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 86, 99 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24325", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 144, 158 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24326", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 176 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24327", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cognitive impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 201, 221 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] }, { "id": "24328", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cognitive impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 336, 356 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] }, { "id": "24329", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 381, 389 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24330", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 546, 554 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24331", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 573, 587 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24332", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 593, 606 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24333", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cognitive impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 635 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] }, { "id": "24334", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 698, 706 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24335", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 712, 726 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24336", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 731, 744 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24337", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 963, 977 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24338", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 982, 995 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24339", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "malondialdehyde" ], "offsets": [ [ 1009, 1024 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008315" } ] }, { "id": "24340", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutathione" ], "offsets": [ [ 1037, 1048 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005978" } ] }, { "id": "24341", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1094, 1108 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24342", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1113, 1126 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24343", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "impairment of learning and memory" ], "offsets": [ [ 1159, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] }, { "id": "24344", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1247, 1255 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24345", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cognitive impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1285, 1305 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] }, { "id": "24346", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1389, 1397 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24347", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1493, 1507 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24348", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1519, 1532 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24349", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1558, 1566 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24350", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "deterioration of cognitive functions" ], "offsets": [ [ 1607, 1643 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] }, { "id": "24351", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1686, 1700 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24352", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1705, 1718 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24353", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "curcumin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1804, 1812 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003474" } ] }, { "id": "24354", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenobarbitone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1877, 1891 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010634" } ] }, { "id": "24355", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "carbamazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1896, 1909 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002220" } ] }, { "id": "24356", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cognitive impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 1932, 1952 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003072" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24357", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24322", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24358", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24327", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24359", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24328", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24360", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24333", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24361", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24343", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24362", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24345", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24363", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24350", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24364", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24323", "arg2_id": "24356", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24365", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24322", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24366", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24327", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24367", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24328", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24368", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24333", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24369", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24343", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24370", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24345", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24371", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24350", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24372", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24325", "arg2_id": "24356", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24373", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24331", "arg2_id": "24322", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24374", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24331", "arg2_id": "24327", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24375", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24331", "arg2_id": "24328", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24376", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24331", "arg2_id": "24333", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24377", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24331", "arg2_id": "24343", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24378", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24331", 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[ { "id": "24502", "type": "title", "text": [ "Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate protects the piriform cortex in the pilocarpine status epilepticus model." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 101 ] ] }, { "id": "24503", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) has a dual mechanism of action as an antioxidant and an inhibitor of the transcription factor kappa-beta. Both, production of reactive oxygen species as well as activation of NF-kappaB have been implicated in severe neuronal damage in different sub-regions of the hippocampus as well as in the surrounding cortices. The effect of PDTC on status epilepticus-associated cell loss in the hippocampus and piriform cortex was evaluated in the rat fractionated pilocarpine model. Treatment with 150 mg/kg PDTC before and following status epilepticus significantly increased the mortality rate to 100%. Administration of 50 mg/kg PDTC (low-dose) did not exert major effects on the development of a status epilepticus or the mortality rate. In vehicle-treated rats, status epilepticus caused pronounced neuronal damage in the piriform cortex comprising both pyramidal cells and interneurons. Low-dose PDTC treatment almost completely protected from lesions in the piriform cortex. A significant decrease in neuronal density of the hippocampal hilar formation was identified in vehicle- and PDTC-treated rats following status epilepticus. In conclusion, the NF-kappaB inhibitor and antioxidant PDTC protected the piriform cortex, whereas it did not affect hilar neuronal loss. These data might indicate that the generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-kappaB plays a more central role in seizure-associated neuronal damage in the temporal cortex as compared to the hippocampal hilus. However, future investigations are necessary to exactly analyze the biochemical mechanisms by which PDTC exerted its beneficial effects in the piriform cortex." ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 1790 ] ] } ]

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[]

[]

[ { "id": "24529", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24506", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24530", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24512", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24531", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24515", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24532", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24517", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24533", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24534", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24535", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24506", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24536", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24512", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24537", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24515", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24538", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24517", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24539", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24540", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24541", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24510", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24542", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24519", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24543", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24524", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24544", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24505", "arg2_id": "24527", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24545", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24510", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24546", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24519", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24547", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24524", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24548", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24513", "arg2_id": "24527", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24550", "type": "title", "text": [ "Safety profile of a nicotine lozenge compared with that of nicotine gum in adult smokers with underlying medical conditions: a 12-week, randomized, open-label study." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 165 ] ] }, { "id": "24551", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "BACKGROUND: Nicotine polacrilex lozenges deliver 25% to 27% more nicotine compared with equivalent doses of nicotine polacrilex gum. The increased nicotine exposure from the lozenge has raised questions about the relative safety of the lozenge and gum. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the safety profiles of the 4-mg nicotine lozenge and 4-mg nicotine gum in smokers with selected label-restricted diseases. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, open-label study in adult smokers with heart disease, hypertension not controlled by medication, and/or diabetes mellitus. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive the 4-mg nicotine lozenge or 4-mg nicotine gum. Safety assessments were made at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks after the start of product use. RESULTS: Nine hundred one patients were randomized to treatment, 447 who received the lozenge and 454 who received the gum (safety population). The majority were women (52.7%). Patients' mean age was 53.9 years, their mean weight was 193.9 pounds, and they smoked a mean of 25.2 cigarettes per day at baseline. Five hundred fifty-three patients, 264 taking the lozenge and 289 taking the gum, used the study product for > or =4 days per week during the first 2 weeks (evaluable population). The nicotine lozenge and nicotine gum were equally well tolerated, despite increased nicotine exposure from the lozenge. The incidence of adverse events in the 2 groups was similar during the first 2 weeks of product use (evaluation population: 55.3% lozenge, 54.7% gum), as well as during the entire study (safety population: 63.8% and 58.6%, respectively). Stratification of patients by sex, age, extent of concurrent smoking, extent of product use, and severity of adverse events revealed no clinically significant differences between the lozenge and gum. The most common adverse events were nausea (17.2% and 16.1%; 95% CI, -3.7 to 6.0), hiccups (10.7% and 6.6%; 95% CI, 0.5 to 7.8), and headache (8.7% and 9.9%; 95% Cl, -5.0 to 2.6). Serious adverse events were reported in 11 and 13 patients in the respective groups. Fewer than 6% of patients in either group were considered by the investigator to have a worsening of their overall disease condition during the study. The majority of patients (>60%) experienced no change in their disease status from baseline. CONCLUSION: The 4-mg nicotine lozenge and 4-mg nicotine gum had comparable safety profiles in these patients with label-restricted medical conditions." ], "offsets": [ [ 166, 2674 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24552", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 28 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24553", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 67 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24554", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 178, 186 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24555", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 231, 239 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24556", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 282 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24557", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 313, 321 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24558", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 505, 513 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24559", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 531, 539 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24560", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "heart disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 680, 693 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006331" } ] }, { "id": "24561", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 695, 707 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "24562", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "diabetes mellitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 745, 762 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003920" } ] }, { "id": "24563", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 824, 832 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24564", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 849, 857 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24565", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1460, 1468 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24566", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1481, 1489 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24567", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1541, 1549 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24568", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 2051, 2057 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009325" } ] }, { "id": "24569", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hiccups" ], "offsets": [ [ 2098, 2105 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006606" } ] }, { "id": "24570", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "headache" ], "offsets": [ [ 2148, 2156 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006261" } ] }, { "id": "24571", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2545, 2553 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] }, { "id": "24572", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nicotine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2571, 2579 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009538" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24573", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24552", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24574", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24553", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24575", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24554", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24576", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24555", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24577", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24556", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24578", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24557", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24579", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24558", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24580", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24559", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24581", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24563", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24582", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24564", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24583", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24565", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24584", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24566", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24585", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24567", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24586", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24571", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24587", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24572", "arg2_id": "24568", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24588", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24552", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24589", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24553", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24590", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24554", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24591", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24555", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24592", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24556", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24593", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24557", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24594", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24558", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24595", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24559", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24596", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24563", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24597", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24564", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24598", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24565", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24599", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24566", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24600", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24567", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24601", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24571", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24602", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24572", "arg2_id": "24570", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24603", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24552", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24604", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24553", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24605", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24554", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24606", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24555", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24607", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24556", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24608", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24557", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24609", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24558", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24610", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24559", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24611", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24563", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24612", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24564", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24613", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24565", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24614", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24566", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24615", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24567", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24616", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24571", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24617", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24572", "arg2_id": "24569", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24619", "type": "title", "text": [ "Development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian monkeys may depend upon rate of symptom onset and/or duration of symptoms." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 134 ] ] }, { "id": "24620", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) present a major problem for the long-term management of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Due to the interdependence of risk factors in clinical populations, it is difficult to independently examine factors that may influence the development of LIDs. Using macaque monkeys with different types of MPTP-induced parkinsonism, the current study evaluated the degree to which rate of symptom progression, symptom severity, and response to and duration of levodopa therapy may be involved in the development of LIDs. Monkeys with acute (short-term) MPTP exposure, rapid symptom onset and short symptom duration prior to initiation of levodopa therapy developed dyskinesia between 11 and 24 days of daily levodopa administration. In contrast, monkeys with long-term MPTP exposure, slow symptom progression and/or long symptom duration prior to initiation of levodopa therapy were more resistant to developing LIDs (e.g., dyskinesia developed no sooner than 146 days of chronic levodopa administration). All animals were similarly symptomatic at the start of levodopa treatment and had similar therapeutic responses to the drug. These data suggest distinct differences in the propensity to develop LIDs in monkeys with different rates of symptom progression or symptom durations prior to levodopa and demonstrate the value of these models for further studying the pathophysiology of LIDs." ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 1553 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24621", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 15, 23 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24622", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dyskinesias" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 43 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24623", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "parkinsonian" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 59 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010300" } ] }, { "id": "24624", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 135, 143 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24625", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dyskinesias" ], "offsets": [ [ 152, 163 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24626", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "LIDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 165, 169 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24627", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Parkinson's disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 227, 246 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010300" } ] }, { "id": "24628", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "PD" ], "offsets": [ [ 248, 250 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010300" } ] }, { "id": "24629", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "LIDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 417, 421 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24630", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MPTP" ], "offsets": [ [ 469, 473 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015632" } ] }, { "id": "24631", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "parkinsonism" ], "offsets": [ [ 482, 494 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010302" } ] }, { "id": "24632", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 623, 631 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24633", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "LIDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 678, 682 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24634", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MPTP" ], "offsets": [ [ 716, 720 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015632" } ] }, { "id": "24635", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 801, 809 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24636", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dyskinesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 828, 838 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24637", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 871, 879 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24638", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MPTP" ], "offsets": [ [ 932, 936 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015632" } ] }, { "id": "24639", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1032 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24640", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "LIDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1075, 1079 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24641", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dyskinesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1087, 1097 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24642", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 1143, 1151 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24643", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 1224, 1232 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24644", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "LIDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1363, 1367 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "24645", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "levodopa" ], "offsets": [ [ 1453, 1461 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007980" } ] }, { "id": "24646", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "LIDs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1548, 1552 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24647", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24648", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24649", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24650", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24651", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24652", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24653", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24654", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24655", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24656", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24621", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24657", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24658", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24659", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24660", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24661", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24662", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24663", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24664", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24665", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24666", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24624", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24667", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24668", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24669", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24670", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24671", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24672", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24673", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24674", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24675", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24676", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24632", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24677", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24678", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24679", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24680", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24681", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24682", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24683", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24684", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24685", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24686", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24635", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24687", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24688", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24689", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24690", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24691", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24692", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24693", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24694", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24695", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24696", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24637", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24697", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24698", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24699", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24700", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24701", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24702", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24703", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24704", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24705", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24706", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24639", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24707", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24708", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24709", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24710", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24711", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24712", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24713", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24714", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24715", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24716", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24642", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24717", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24718", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24719", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24720", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24721", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24722", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24723", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24724", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24725", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24726", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24643", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24727", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24622", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24728", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24625", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24729", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24730", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24731", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24633", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24732", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24733", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24734", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24641", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24735", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24644", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24736", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24645", "arg2_id": "24646", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24737", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24630", "arg2_id": "24631", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24738", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24634", "arg2_id": "24631", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24739", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24638", "arg2_id": "24631", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24741", "type": "title", "text": [ "Propylthiouracil-induced perinuclear-staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-positive vasculitis in conjunction with pericarditis." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 139 ] ] }, { "id": "24742", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of propylthiouracil-induced vasculitis manifesting with pericarditis. METHODS: We present the first case report of a woman with hyperthyroidism treated with propylthiouracil in whom a syndrome of pericarditis, fever, and glomerulonephritis developed. Serologic testing and immunologic studies were done, and a pericardial biopsy was performed. RESULTS: A 25-year-old woman with Graves' disease had a febrile illness and evidence of pericarditis, which was confirmed by biopsy. Serologic evaluation revealed the presence of perinuclear-staining antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (pANCA) against myeloperoxidase (MPO). Propylthiouracil therapy was withdrawn, and she was treated with a 1-month course of prednisone, which alleviated her symptoms. A literature review revealed no prior reports of pericarditis in anti-MPO pANCA-positive vasculitis associated with propylthio- uracil therapy. CONCLUSION: Pericarditis may be the initial manifestation of drug-induced vasculitis attributable to propylthio- uracil therapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 140, 1195 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24743", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Propylthiouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 16 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011441" } ] }, { "id": "24744", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vasculitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 95, 105 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014657" } ] }, { "id": "24745", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pericarditis" ], "offsets": [ [ 126, 138 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010493" } ] }, { "id": "24746", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propylthiouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 173, 189 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011441" } ] }, { "id": "24747", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vasculitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 198, 208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014657" } ] }, { "id": "24748", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pericarditis" ], "offsets": [ [ 226, 238 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010493" } ] }, { "id": "24749", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperthyroidism" ], "offsets": [ [ 298, 313 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006980" } ] }, { "id": "24750", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propylthiouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 343 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011441" } ] }, { "id": "24751", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pericarditis" ], "offsets": [ [ 366, 378 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010493" } ] }, { "id": "24752", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "fever" ], "offsets": [ [ 380, 385 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005334" } ] }, { "id": "24753", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glomerulonephritis" ], "offsets": [ [ 391, 409 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005921" } ] }, { "id": "24754", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Graves' disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 563 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006111" } ] }, { "id": "24755", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "febrile illness" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 585 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005334" } ] }, { "id": "24756", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pericarditis" ], "offsets": [ [ 602, 614 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010493" } ] }, { "id": "24757", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Propylthiouracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 795, 811 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011441" } ] }, { "id": "24758", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "prednisone" ], "offsets": [ [ 880, 890 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011241" } ] }, { "id": "24759", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pericarditis" ], "offsets": [ [ 972, 984 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010493" } ] }, { "id": "24760", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vasculitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1022 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014657" } ] }, { "id": "24761", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propylthio- uracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 1039, 1057 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011441" } ] }, { "id": "24762", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Pericarditis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1079, 1091 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010493" } ] }, { "id": "24763", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vasculitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1141, 1151 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014657" } ] }, { "id": "24764", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propylthio- uracil" ], "offsets": [ [ 1168, 1186 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011441" } ] } ]

[]

[]

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[ { "id": "24820", "type": "title", "text": [ "Two mouse lines selected for differential sensitivities to beta-carboline-induced seizures are also differentially sensitive to various pharmacological effects of other GABA(A) receptor ligands." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 194 ] ] }, { "id": "24821", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Two mouse lines were selectively bred according to their sensitivity (BS line) or resistance (BR line) to seizures induced by a single i.p. injection of methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM), an inverse agonist of the GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine site. Our aim was to characterize both lines' sensitivities to various physiological effects of other ligands of the GABA(A) receptor. We measured diazepam-induced anxiolysis with the elevated plus-maze test, diazepam-induced sedation by recording the vigilance states, and picrotoxin- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures after i.p. injections. Results presented here show that the differential sensitivities of BS and BR lines to beta-CCM can be extended to diazepam, picrotoxin, and pentylenetetrazol, suggesting a genetic selection of a general sensitivity and resistance to several ligands of the GABA(A) receptor." ], "offsets": [ [ 195, 1075 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24822", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "beta-carboline" ], "offsets": [ [ 59, 73 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C036150" } ] }, { "id": "24823", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 82, 90 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "24824", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GABA" ], "offsets": [ [ 169, 173 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005680" } ] }, { "id": "24825", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 301, 309 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "24826", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 348, 383 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C036150" } ] }, { "id": "24827", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "beta-CCM" ], "offsets": [ [ 385, 393 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C036150" } ] }, { "id": "24828", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GABA" ], "offsets": [ [ 422, 426 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005680" } ] }, { "id": "24829", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "benzodiazepine" ], "offsets": [ [ 439, 453 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001569" } ] }, { "id": "24830", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GABA" ], "offsets": [ [ 571, 575 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005680" } ] }, { "id": "24831", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "diazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 601, 609 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003975" } ] }, { "id": "24832", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "diazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 671 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003975" } ] }, { "id": "24833", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "picrotoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 728, 738 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010852" } ] }, { "id": "24834", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pentylenetetrazol" ], "offsets": [ [ 744, 761 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010433" } ] }, { "id": "24835", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 770, 778 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "24836", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "beta-CCM" ], "offsets": [ [ 888, 896 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C036150" } ] }, { "id": "24837", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "diazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 916, 924 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003975" } ] }, { "id": "24838", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "picrotoxin" ], "offsets": [ [ 926, 936 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010852" } ] }, { "id": "24839", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pentylenetetrazol" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 959 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010433" } ] }, { "id": "24840", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GABA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1058, 1062 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005680" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24841", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24833", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24842", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24833", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24843", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24833", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24844", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24838", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24845", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24838", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24846", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24838", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24847", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24834", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24848", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24834", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24849", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24834", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24850", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24839", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24851", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24839", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24852", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24839", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24853", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24822", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24854", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24822", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24855", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24822", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24856", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24826", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24857", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24826", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24858", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24826", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24859", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24827", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24860", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24827", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24861", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24827", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24862", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24836", "arg2_id": "24823", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24863", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24836", "arg2_id": "24825", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24864", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24836", "arg2_id": "24835", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24866", "type": "title", "text": [ "Analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine in cancer patients on morphine therapy: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover, double-dose study." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 150 ] ] }, { "id": "24867", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Pain not responsive to morphine is often problematic. Animal and clinical studies have suggested that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, such as ketamine, may be effective in improving opioid analgesia in difficult pain syndromes, such as neuropathic pain. A slow bolus of subhypnotic doses of ketamine (0.25 mg/kg or 0.50 mg/kg) was given to 10 cancer patients whose pain was unrelieved by morphine in a randomized, double-blind, crossover, double-dose study. Pain intensity on a 0 to 10 numerical scale; nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, confusion, and dry mouth, using a scale from 0 to 3 (not at all, slight, a lot, awful); Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (0-30); and arterial pressure were recorded before administration of drugs (T0) and after 30 minutes (T30), 60 minutes (T60), 120 minutes (T120), and 180 minutes (T180). Ketamine, but not saline solution, significantly reduced the pain intensity in almost all the patients at both doses. This effect was more relevant in patients treated with higher doses. Hallucinations occurred in 4 patients, and an unpleasant sensation (\"empty head\") was also reported by 2 patients. These episodes reversed after the administration of diazepam 1 mg intravenously. Significant increases in drowsiness were reported in patients treated with ketamine in both groups and were more marked with ketamine 0.50 mg/kg. A significant difference in MMSE was observed at T30 in patients who received 0.50 mg/kg of ketamine. Ketamine can improve morphine analgesia in difficult pain syndromes, such as neuropathic pain. However, the occurrence of central adverse effects should be taken into account, especially when using higher doses. This observation should be tested in studies of prolonged ketamine administration." ], "offsets": [ [ 151, 1916 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24868", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 40 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24869", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 44, 50 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "24870", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 63, 71 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "24871", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 151, 155 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "24872", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 174, 182 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "24873", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "N-methyl-D-aspartate" ], "offsets": [ [ 253, 273 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "24874", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 275, 279 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "24875", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 310 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24876", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 376 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "24877", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 412 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009437" } ] }, { "id": "24878", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 451, 459 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24879", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 503, 509 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "24880", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 525, 529 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "24881", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 556 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "24882", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 618, 622 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "24883", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nausea" ], "offsets": [ [ 663, 669 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009325" } ] }, { "id": "24884", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 674, 682 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014839" } ] }, { "id": "24885", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "confusion" ], "offsets": [ [ 696, 705 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003221" } ] }, { "id": "24886", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "dry mouth" ], "offsets": [ [ 711, 720 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014987" } ] }, { "id": "24887", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 991, 999 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24888", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1052, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "24889", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 1178, 1192 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006212" } ] }, { "id": "24890", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "diazepam" ], "offsets": [ [ 1345, 1353 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003975" } ] }, { "id": "24891", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1449, 1457 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24892", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1499, 1507 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24893", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1612, 1620 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24894", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1622, 1630 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] }, { "id": "24895", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1643, 1651 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "24896", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1675, 1679 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "24897", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neuropathic pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1699, 1715 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009437" } ] }, { "id": "24898", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ketamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1892, 1900 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007649" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24899", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24868", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24900", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24875", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24901", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24878", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24902", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24887", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24903", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24891", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24904", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24892", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24905", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24893", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24906", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24894", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24907", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24898", "arg2_id": "24889", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "24909", "type": "title", "text": [ "Endocrine screening in 1,022 men with erectile dysfunction: clinical significance and cost-effective strategy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 110 ] ] }, { "id": "24910", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "PURPOSE: We reviewed the results of serum testosterone and prolactin determination in 1,022 patients referred because of erectile dysfunction and compared the data with history, results of physical examination, other etiological investigations and effects of endocrine therapy to refine the rules of cost-effective endocrine screening and to pinpoint actual responsibility for hormonal abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Testosterone and prolactin were determined by radioimmunoassay. Every patient was screened for testosterone and 451 were screened for prolactin on the basis of low sexual desire, gynecomastia or testosterone less than 4 ng./ml. Determination was repeated in case of abnormal first results. Prolactin results were compared with those of a previous personal cohort of 1,340 patients with erectile dysfunction and systematic prolactin determination. Main clinical criteria tested regarding efficiency in hormone determination were low sexual desire, small testes and gynecomastia. Endocrine therapy consisted of testosterone heptylate or human chorionic gonadotropin for hypogonadism and bromocriptine for hyperprolactinemia. RESULTS: Testosterone was less than 3 ng./ml. in 107 patients but normal in 40% at repeat determination. The prevalence of repeatedly low testosterone increased with age (4% before age 50 years and 9% 50 years or older). Two pituitary tumors were discovered after testosterone determination. Most of the other low testosterone levels seemed to result from nonorganic hypothalamic dysfunction because of normal serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin and to have only a small role in erectile dysfunction (definite improvement in only 16 of 44 [36%] after androgen therapy, normal morning or nocturnal erections in 30% and definite vasculogenic contributions in 42%). Determining testosterone only in cases of low sexual desire or abnormal physical examination would have missed 40% of the cases with low testosterone, including 37% of those subsequently improved by androgen therapy. Prolactin exceeded 20 ng./ml. in 5 men and was normal in 2 at repeat determination. Only 1 prolactinoma was discovered. These data are lower than those we found during the last 2 decades (overall prolactin greater than 20 ng./ml. in 1.86% of 1,821 patients, prolactinomas in 7, 0.38%). Bromocriptine was definitely effective in cases with prolactin greater than 35 ng./ml. (8 of 12 compared to only 9 of 22 cases with prolactin between 20 and 35 ng./ml.). Testosterone was low in less than 50% of cases with prolactin greater than 35 ng./ml. CONCLUSIONS: Low prevalences and effects of low testosterone and high prolactin in erectile dysfunction cannot justify their routine determination. However, cost-effective screening strategies recommended so far missed 40 to 50% of cases improved with endocrine therapy and the pituitary tumors. We now advocate that before age 50 years testosterone be determined only in cases of low sexual desire and abnormal physical examination but that it be measured in all men older than 50 years. Prolactin should be determined only in cases of low sexual desire, gynecomastia and/or testosterone less than 4 ng./ml." ], "offsets": [ [ 111, 3292 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "24911", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "erectile dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007172" } ] }, { "id": "24912", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 153, 165 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24913", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "erectile dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 232, 252 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007172" } ] }, { "id": "24914", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 535, 547 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24915", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 642 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24916", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "low sexual desire" ], "offsets": [ [ 695, 712 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020018" } ] }, { "id": "24917", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gynecomastia" ], "offsets": [ [ 714, 726 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006177" } ] }, { "id": "24918", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 730, 742 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24919", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "erectile dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 921, 941 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007172" } ] }, { "id": "24920", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "low sexual desire" ], "offsets": [ [ 1063, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020018" } ] }, { "id": "24921", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gynecomastia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1099, 1111 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006177" } ] }, { "id": "24922", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone heptylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1144, 1166 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C004648" } ] }, { "id": "24923", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypogonadism" ], "offsets": [ [ 1203, 1215 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007006" } ] }, { "id": "24924", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1220, 1233 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] }, { "id": "24925", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperprolactinemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1238, 1256 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006966" } ] }, { "id": "24926", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1267, 1279 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24927", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1396, 1408 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24928", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pituitary tumors" ], "offsets": [ [ 1483, 1499 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010911" } ] }, { "id": "24929", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1522, 1534 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24930", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1572, 1584 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24931", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypothalamic dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1625, 1649 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007027" } ] }, { "id": "24932", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "erectile dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 1741, 1761 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007172" } ] }, { "id": "24933", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1937, 1949 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24934", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "low sexual desire" ], "offsets": [ [ 1967, 1984 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020018" } ] }, { "id": "24935", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 2062, 2074 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24936", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinoma" ], "offsets": [ [ 2233, 2245 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "24937", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "prolactinomas" ], "offsets": [ [ 2400, 2413 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015175" } ] }, { "id": "24938", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Bromocriptine" ], "offsets": [ [ 2428, 2441 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001971" } ] }, { "id": "24939", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 2598, 2610 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24940", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 2732, 2744 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24941", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "erectile dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 2767, 2787 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007172" } ] }, { "id": "24942", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pituitary tumors" ], "offsets": [ [ 2962, 2978 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010911" } ] }, { "id": "24943", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 3021, 3033 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] }, { "id": "24944", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "low sexual desire" ], "offsets": [ [ 3065, 3082 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020018" } ] }, { "id": "24945", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "low sexual desire" ], "offsets": [ [ 3221, 3238 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D020018" } ] }, { "id": "24946", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "gynecomastia" ], "offsets": [ [ 3240, 3252 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006177" } ] }, { "id": "24947", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "testosterone" ], "offsets": [ [ 3260, 3272 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013739" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "24948", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24912", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24949", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24912", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24950", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24912", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24951", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24912", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24952", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24912", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24953", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24914", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24954", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24914", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24955", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24914", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24956", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24914", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24957", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24914", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24958", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24915", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24959", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24915", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24960", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24915", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24961", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24915", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24962", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24915", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24963", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24918", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24964", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24918", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24965", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24918", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24966", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24918", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24967", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24918", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24968", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24926", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24969", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24926", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24970", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24926", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24971", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24926", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24972", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24926", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24973", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24927", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24974", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24927", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24975", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24927", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24976", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24927", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24977", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24927", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24978", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24929", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24979", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24929", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24980", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24929", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24981", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24929", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24982", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24929", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24983", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24930", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24984", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24930", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24985", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24930", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24986", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24930", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24987", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24930", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24988", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24933", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24989", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24933", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24990", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24933", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24991", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24933", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24992", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24933", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24993", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24935", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24994", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24935", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24995", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24935", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24996", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24935", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24997", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24935", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24998", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24939", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "24999", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24939", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25000", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24939", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25001", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24939", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25002", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24939", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25003", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24940", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25004", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24940", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25005", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24940", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25006", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24940", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25007", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24940", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25008", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24943", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25009", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24943", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25010", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24943", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25011", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24943", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25012", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24943", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25013", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24947", "arg2_id": "24916", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25014", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24947", "arg2_id": "24920", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25015", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24947", "arg2_id": "24934", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25016", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24947", "arg2_id": "24944", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25017", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "24947", "arg2_id": "24945", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25019", "type": "title", "text": [ "Thiopentone pretreatment for propofol injection pain in ambulatory patients." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 76 ] ] }, { "id": "25020", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "This study investigated propofol injection pain in patients undergoing ambulatory anaesthesia. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 90 women were allocated to receive one of three treatments prior to induction of anaesthesia with propofol. Patients in Group C received 2 ml normal saline, Group L, 2 ml, lidocaine 2% (40 mg) and Group T, 2 ml thiopentone 2.5% (50 mg). Venous discomfort was assessed with a visual analogue scale (VAS) 5-15 sec after commencing propofol administration using an infusion pump (rate 1000 micrograms.kg-1.min-1). Loss of consciousness occurred in 60-90 sec. Visual analogue scores (mean +/- SD) during induction were lower in Groups L (3.3 +/- 2.5) and T (4.1 +/- 2.7) than in Group C (5.6 +/- 2.3); P = 0.0031. The incidence of venous discomfort was lower in Group L (76.6%; P < 0.05) than in Group C (100%) but not different from Group T (90%). The VAS scores for recall of pain in the recovery room were correlated with the VAS scores during induction (r = 0.7045; P < 0.0001). Recovery room discharge times were similar: C (75.9 +/- 19.4 min); L 73.6 +/- 21.6 min); T (77.1 +/- 18.9 min). Assessing their overall satisfaction, 89.7% would choose propofol anaesthesia again. We conclude that lidocaine reduces the incidence and severity of propofol injection pain in ambulatory patients whereas thiopentone only reduces its severity." ], "offsets": [ [ 77, 1443 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25021", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Thiopentone" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 11 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013874" } ] }, { "id": "25022", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 37 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015742" } ] }, { "id": "25023", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 52 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25024", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 101, 109 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015742" } ] }, { "id": "25025", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 120, 124 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25026", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 315 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015742" } ] }, { "id": "25027", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 381, 390 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "25028", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "thiopentone" ], "offsets": [ [ 420, 431 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013874" } ] }, { "id": "25029", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 538, 546 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015742" } ] }, { "id": "25030", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Loss of consciousness" ], "offsets": [ [ 620, 641 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014474" } ] }, { "id": "25031", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 983, 987 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25032", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1257, 1265 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015742" } ] }, { "id": "25033", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1302, 1311 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "25034", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "propofol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1350, 1358 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015742" } ] }, { "id": "25035", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1369, 1373 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25036", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "thiopentone" ], "offsets": [ [ 1405, 1416 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013874" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25037", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25022", "arg2_id": "25023", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25038", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25022", "arg2_id": "25025", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25039", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25022", "arg2_id": "25031", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25040", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25022", "arg2_id": "25035", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25041", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25024", "arg2_id": "25023", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25042", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25024", "arg2_id": "25025", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25043", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25024", "arg2_id": "25031", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25044", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25024", "arg2_id": "25035", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25045", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25026", "arg2_id": "25023", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25046", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25026", "arg2_id": "25025", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25047", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25026", "arg2_id": "25031", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25048", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25026", "arg2_id": "25035", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25049", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25029", "arg2_id": "25023", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25050", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25029", "arg2_id": "25025", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25051", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25029", "arg2_id": "25031", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25052", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25029", "arg2_id": "25035", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25053", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25032", "arg2_id": "25023", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25054", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25032", "arg2_id": "25025", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25055", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25032", "arg2_id": "25031", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25056", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25032", "arg2_id": "25035", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25057", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25034", "arg2_id": "25023", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25058", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25034", "arg2_id": "25025", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25059", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25034", "arg2_id": "25031", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25060", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25034", "arg2_id": "25035", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25062", "type": "title", "text": [ "Comparison of i.v. glycopyrrolate and atropine in the prevention of bradycardia and arrhythmias following repeated doses of suxamethonium in children." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 150 ] ] }, { "id": "25063", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The effectiveness of administration of glycopyrrolate 5 and 10 micrograms kg-1 and atropine 10 and 20 micrograms kg-1 i.v. immediately before the induction of anaesthesia, to prevent arrhythmia and bradycardia following repeated doses of suxamethonium in children, was studied. A control group was included for comparison with the lower dose range of glycopyrrolate and atropine. A frequency of bradycardia of 50% was noted in the control group, but this was not significantly different from the frequency with the active drugs. Bradycardia (defined as a decrease in heart rate to less than 50 beat min-1) was prevented when the larger dose of either active drug was used. It is recommended that either glycopyrrolate 10 micrograms kg-1 or atropine 20 micrograms kg-1 i.v. should immediately precede induction of anaesthesia, in children, if the repeated administration of suxamethonium is anticipated." ], "offsets": [ [ 151, 1053 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25064", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glycopyrrolate" ], "offsets": [ [ 19, 33 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006024" } ] }, { "id": "25065", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "atropine" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 46 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001285" } ] }, { "id": "25066", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bradycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 68, 79 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001919" } ] }, { "id": "25067", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "arrhythmias" ], "offsets": [ [ 84, 95 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001145" } ] }, { "id": "25068", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "suxamethonium" ], "offsets": [ [ 124, 137 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013390" } ] }, { "id": "25069", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glycopyrrolate" ], "offsets": [ [ 190, 204 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006024" } ] }, { "id": "25070", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "atropine" ], "offsets": [ [ 234, 242 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001285" } ] }, { "id": "25071", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "arrhythmia" ], "offsets": [ [ 334, 344 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001145" } ] }, { "id": "25072", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bradycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 349, 360 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001919" } ] }, { "id": "25073", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "suxamethonium" ], "offsets": [ [ 389, 402 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013390" } ] }, { "id": "25074", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glycopyrrolate" ], "offsets": [ [ 502, 516 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006024" } ] }, { "id": "25075", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "atropine" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 529 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001285" } ] }, { "id": "25076", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bradycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 546, 557 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001919" } ] }, { "id": "25077", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Bradycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 680, 691 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001919" } ] }, { "id": "25078", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glycopyrrolate" ], "offsets": [ [ 854, 868 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006024" } ] }, { "id": "25079", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "atropine" ], "offsets": [ [ 891, 899 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001285" } ] }, { "id": "25080", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "suxamethonium" ], "offsets": [ [ 1024, 1037 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013390" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25081", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25068", "arg2_id": "25066", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25082", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25068", "arg2_id": "25072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25083", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25068", "arg2_id": "25076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25084", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25068", "arg2_id": "25077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25085", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25073", "arg2_id": "25066", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25086", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25073", "arg2_id": "25072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25087", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25073", "arg2_id": "25076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25088", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25073", "arg2_id": "25077", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25089", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25080", "arg2_id": "25066", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25090", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25080", "arg2_id": "25072", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25091", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25080", "arg2_id": "25076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25092", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25080", "arg2_id": "25077", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25094", "type": "title", "text": [ "Reduction in caffeine toxicity by acetaminophen." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 48 ] ] }, { "id": "25095", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "A patient who allegedly consumed 100 tablets of an over-the-counter analgesic containing sodium acetylsalicylate, caffeine, and acetaminophen displayed no significant CNS stimulation despite the presence of 175 micrograms of caffeine per mL of serum. Because salicylates have been reported to augment the stimulatory effects of caffeine on the CNS, attention was focused on the possibility that the presence of acetaminophen (52 micrograms/mL) reduced the CNS toxicity of caffeine. Studies in DBA/2J mice showed that: 1) pretreatment with acetaminophen (100 mg/kg) increased the interval between the administration of caffeine (300 to 450 mg/kg IP) and the onset of fatal convulsions by a factor of about two; and 2) pretreatment with acetaminophen (75 mg/kg) reduced the incidence of audiogenic seizures produced in the presence of caffeine (12.5 to 75 mg/kg IP). The frequency of sound-induced seizures after 12.5 or 25 mg/kg caffeine was reduced from 50 to 5% by acetaminophen. In the absence of caffeine, acetaminophen (up to 300 mg/kg) did not modify the seizures induced by maximal electroshock and did not alter the convulsant dose of pentylenetetrezol in mice (tests performed by the Anticonvulsant Screening Project of NINCDS). Acetaminophen (up to 150 micrograms/mL) did not retard the incorporation of radioactive adenosine into ATP in slices of rat cerebral cortex. Thus the mechanism by which acetaminophen antagonizes the actions of caffeine in the CNS remains unknown." ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 1532 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25096", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 21 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25097", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 30 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "25098", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 34, 47 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25099", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "sodium acetylsalicylate" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 161 ] ], "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25100", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 171 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25101", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 177, 190 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25102", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 282 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25103", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 377, 385 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25104", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 460, 473 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25105", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "toxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 509, 517 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D064420" } ] }, { "id": "25106", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 521, 529 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25107", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 588, 601 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25108", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 667, 675 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25109", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "convulsions" ], "offsets": [ [ 721, 732 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "25110", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 784, 797 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25111", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 845, 853 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "25112", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 882, 890 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25113", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 945, 953 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "25114", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 977, 985 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25115", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1015, 1028 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25116", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1048, 1056 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] }, { "id": "25117", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1058, 1071 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25118", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 1109, 1117 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "25119", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "pentylenetetrezol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1191, 1208 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010433" } ] }, { "id": "25120", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1286, 1299 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25121", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "adenosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1374, 1383 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000241" } ] }, { "id": "25122", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ATP" ], "offsets": [ [ 1389, 1392 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000255" } ] }, { "id": "25123", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetaminophen" ], "offsets": [ [ 1455, 1468 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000082" } ] }, { "id": "25124", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "caffeine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1496, 1504 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002110" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25125", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25096", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25126", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25096", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25127", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25096", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25128", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25096", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25129", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25100", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25130", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25100", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25131", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25100", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25132", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25100", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25133", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25102", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25134", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25102", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25135", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25102", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25136", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25102", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25137", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25103", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25138", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25103", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25139", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25103", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25140", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25103", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25141", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25106", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25142", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25106", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25143", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25106", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25144", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25106", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25145", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25108", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25146", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25108", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25147", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25108", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25148", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25108", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25149", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25112", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25150", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25112", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25151", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25112", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25152", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25112", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25153", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25114", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25154", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25114", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25155", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25114", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25156", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25114", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25157", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25116", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25158", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25116", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25159", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25116", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25160", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25116", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25161", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25124", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25162", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25124", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25163", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25124", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25164", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25124", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25165", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25119", "arg2_id": "25109", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25166", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25119", "arg2_id": "25111", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25167", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25119", "arg2_id": "25113", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25168", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25119", "arg2_id": "25118", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25170", "type": "title", "text": [ "Flestolol: an ultra-short-acting beta-adrenergic blocking agent." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 64 ] ] }, { "id": "25171", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Flestolol (ACC-9089) is a nonselective, competitive, ultra-short-acting beta-adrenergic blocking agent, without any intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Flestolol is metabolized by plasma esterases and has an elimination half-life of approximately 6.5 minutes. This agent was well tolerated in healthy volunteers at doses up to 100 micrograms/kg/min. In long-term infusion studies, flestolol was well tolerated at the effective beta-blocking dose (5 micrograms/kg/min) for up to seven days. Flestolol blood concentrations increased linearly with increasing dose and good correlation exists between blood concentrations of flestolol and beta-adrenergic blockade. Flestolol produced a dose-dependent attenuation of isoproterenol-induced tachycardia. Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of flestolol are similar to those of other beta blockers. In contrast with other beta blockers, flestolol-induced effects reverse rapidly (within 30 minutes) following discontinuation because of its short half-life. Flestolol effectively reduced heart rate in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. In patients with unstable angina, flestolol infusion was found to be safe and effective in controlling chest pain. It is concluded that flestolol is a potent, well-tolerated, ultra-short-acting beta-adrenergic blocking agent. Use of flestolol in the critical care setting is currently undergoing investigation." ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 1473 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25172", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 9 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25173", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 65, 74 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25174", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ACC-9089" ], "offsets": [ [ 76, 84 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25175", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 217, 226 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25176", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 446, 455 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25177", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 555, 564 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25178", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 686, 695 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25179", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 726, 735 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25180", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "isoproterenol" ], "offsets": [ [ 777, 790 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007545" } ] }, { "id": "25181", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tachycardia" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 810 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013610" } ] }, { "id": "25182", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 858, 867 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25183", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 951, 960 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25184", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1071, 1080 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25185", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "supraventricular tachyarrhythmia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1129, 1161 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013617" } ] }, { "id": "25186", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "unstable angina" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1195 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000789" } ] }, { "id": "25187", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1197, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25188", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "chest pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1266, 1276 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002637" } ] }, { "id": "25189", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1299, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] }, { "id": "25190", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "flestolol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1396, 1405 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C047847" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25191", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25180", "arg2_id": "25181", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25193", "type": "title", "text": [ "Adverse effect of the calcium channel blocker nitrendipine on nephrosclerosis in rats with renovascular hypertension." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 117 ] ] }, { "id": "25194", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The effect of a 6-week treatment with the calcium channel blocker nitrendipine or the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on blood pressure, albuminuria, renal hemodynamics, and morphology of the nonclipped kidney was studied in rats with two-kidney, one clip renovascular hypertension. Six weeks after clipping of one renal artery, hypertensive rats (178 +/- 4 mm Hg) were randomly assigned to three groups: untreated hypertensive controls (n = 8), enalapril-treated (n = 8), or nitrendipine-treated (n = 10). Sham-operated rats served as normotensive controls (128 +/- 3 mm Hg, n = 8). After 6 weeks of treatment, renal hemodynamics (glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow) were measured in the anesthetized rats. Renal tissue was obtained for determination of glomerular size and sclerosis. Enalapril but not nitrendipine reduced blood pressure significantly. After 6 weeks of therapy, glomerular filtration rate was not different among the studied groups. Renal plasma flow increased, but albumin excretion and glomerulosclerosis did not change after enalapril treatment. In contrast, in the nitrendipine-treated group albuminuria increased from 12.8 +/- 2 progressively to 163 +/- 55 compared with 19.2 +/- 9 mg/24 hr in the hypertensive controls. Furthermore, glomerulosclerosis index was significantly increased in the nitrendipine-treated group compared with the hypertensive controls (0.38 +/- 0.1 versus 0.13 +/- 0.04). In addition, glomerular size was higher in the nitrendipine-treated group (14.9 +/- 0.17 10(-3) mm2) but lower in the enalapril-treated group (11.5 +/- 0.15 10(-3) mm2) compared with the hypertensive controls (12.1 +/- 0.17 10(-3) mm2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ], "offsets": [ [ 118, 1841 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25195", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "calcium" ], "offsets": [ [ 22, 29 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002118" } ] }, { "id": "25196", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 46, 58 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009568" } ] }, { "id": "25197", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 62, 77 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009400" } ] }, { "id": "25198", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renovascular hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 91, 116 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006978" } ] }, { "id": "25199", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "calcium" ], "offsets": [ [ 160, 167 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002118" } ] }, { "id": "25200", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 184, 196 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009568" } ] }, { "id": "25201", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "angiotensin" ], "offsets": [ [ 204, 215 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000809" } ] }, { "id": "25202", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 244, 253 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004656" } ] }, { "id": "25203", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "albuminuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 273, 284 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000419" } ] }, { "id": "25204", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "renovascular hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 392, 417 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006978" } ] }, { "id": "25205", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 477 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25206", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 551, 563 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25207", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 582, 591 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004656" } ] }, { "id": "25208", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 612, 624 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009568" } ] }, { "id": "25209", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 936, 945 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004656" } ] }, { "id": "25210", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 954, 966 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009568" } ] }, { "id": "25211", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glomerulosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1157, 1175 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005921" } ] }, { "id": "25212", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 1197, 1206 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004656" } ] }, { "id": "25213", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1238, 1250 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009568" } ] }, { "id": "25214", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "albuminuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 1265, 1276 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000419" } ] }, { "id": "25215", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 1372, 1384 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25216", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glomerulosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1408, 1426 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005921" } ] }, { "id": "25217", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1468, 1480 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009568" } ] }, { "id": "25218", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 1513, 1525 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25219", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitrendipine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1619, 1631 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009568" } ] }, { "id": "25220", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "enalapril" ], "offsets": [ [ 1690, 1699 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004656" } ] }, { "id": "25221", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertensive" ], "offsets": [ [ 1759, 1771 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25222", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25196", "arg2_id": "25203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25223", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25196", "arg2_id": "25214", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25224", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25200", "arg2_id": "25203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25225", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25200", "arg2_id": "25214", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25226", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25208", "arg2_id": "25203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25227", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25208", "arg2_id": "25214", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25228", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25210", "arg2_id": "25203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25229", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25210", "arg2_id": "25214", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25230", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25213", "arg2_id": "25203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25231", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25213", "arg2_id": "25214", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25232", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25217", "arg2_id": "25203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25233", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25217", "arg2_id": "25214", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25234", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25219", "arg2_id": "25203", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25235", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25219", "arg2_id": "25214", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25236", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25196", "arg2_id": "25197", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25237", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25200", "arg2_id": "25197", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25238", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25208", "arg2_id": "25197", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25239", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25210", "arg2_id": "25197", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25240", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25213", "arg2_id": "25197", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25241", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25217", "arg2_id": "25197", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25242", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25219", "arg2_id": "25197", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25244", "type": "title", "text": [ "Treatment of tinnitus by intratympanic instillation of lignocaine (lidocaine) 2 per cent through ventilation tubes." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 115 ] ] }, { "id": "25245", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Idiopathic subjective tinnitus (IST) is one of the most obscure otological pathologies. This paper presents the results of treating IST by intratympanic instillation of lignocaine (lidocaine) 2 per cent through a grommet, for five weekly courses. Fifty-two patients suffering from intractable tinnitus entered this therapeutic trial, but only nine finished all five courses. In one patient, the tinnitus was almost completely abolished, but in all the nine patients the decompensated tinnitus changed to a compensated one. We suggest this mode of treatment for patients that were previously treated by drugs, acupuncture and biofeedback, with disappointing results. Patients should be warned about the side effects of vertigo and vomiting, which subsides gradually with every new instillation, and that the tinnitus may not disappear but will be alleviated, enabling them to cope more easily with the disease and lead a more normal life." ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 1053 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25246", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tinnitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 13, 21 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] }, { "id": "25247", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lignocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 65 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "25248", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 76 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "25249", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Idiopathic subjective tinnitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 146 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] }, { "id": "25250", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "IST" ], "offsets": [ [ 148, 151 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] }, { "id": "25251", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "IST" ], "offsets": [ [ 248, 251 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] }, { "id": "25252", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lignocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 285, 295 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "25253", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lidocaine" ], "offsets": [ [ 297, 306 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008012" } ] }, { "id": "25254", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tinnitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 417 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] }, { "id": "25255", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tinnitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 511, 519 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] }, { "id": "25256", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tinnitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 600, 608 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] }, { "id": "25257", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vertigo" ], "offsets": [ [ 834, 841 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014717" } ] }, { "id": "25258", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "vomiting" ], "offsets": [ [ 846, 854 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014839" } ] }, { "id": "25259", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tinnitus" ], "offsets": [ [ 923, 931 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014012" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25260", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25247", "arg2_id": "25257", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25261", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25248", "arg2_id": "25257", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25262", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25252", "arg2_id": "25257", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25263", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25253", "arg2_id": "25257", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25264", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25247", "arg2_id": "25258", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25265", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25248", "arg2_id": "25258", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25266", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25252", "arg2_id": "25258", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25267", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25253", "arg2_id": "25258", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25269", "type": "title", "text": [ "Perhexiline maleate and peripheral neuropathy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 46 ] ] }, { "id": "25270", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Peripheral neuropathy has been noted as a complication of therapy with perhexiline maleate, a drug widely used in France (and in clinical trials in the United States) for the prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris. In 24 patients with this complication, the marked slowing of motor nerve conduction velocity and the electromyographic changes imply mainly a demyelinating disorder. Improvement was noted with cessation of therapy. In a few cases the presence of active denervation signified a poor prognosis, with only slight improvement. The underlying mechanism causing the neuropathy is not yet fully known, although some evidence indicates that it may be a lipid storage process." ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 732 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25271", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Perhexiline maleate" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 19 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C023470" } ] }, { "id": "25272", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "peripheral neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 24, 45 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "25273", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Peripheral neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 47, 68 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010523" } ] }, { "id": "25274", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "perhexiline maleate" ], "offsets": [ [ 118, 137 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C023470" } ] }, { "id": "25275", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "angina pectoris" ], "offsets": [ [ 248, 263 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000787" } ] }, { "id": "25276", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "demyelinating disorder" ], "offsets": [ [ 407, 429 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003711" } ] }, { "id": "25277", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "neuropathy" ], "offsets": [ [ 625, 635 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009422" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25278", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25271", "arg2_id": "25276", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25279", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25274", "arg2_id": "25276", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25280", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25271", "arg2_id": "25272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25281", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25271", "arg2_id": "25273", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25282", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25274", "arg2_id": "25272", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25283", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25274", "arg2_id": "25273", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25285", "type": "title", "text": [ "Effect of humoral modulators of morphine-induced increase in locomotor activity of mice." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 88 ] ] }, { "id": "25286", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The effect of humoral modulators on the morphine-induced increase in locomotor activity of mice was studied. The subcutaneous administration of 10 mg/kg of morphine-HC1 produced a marked increase in locomotor activity in mice. The morphine-induced hyperactivity was potentiated by scopolamine and attenuated by physostigmine. In contrast, both methscopolamine and neostigmine, which do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, had no effect on the hyperactivity produced by morphine. Pretreatment of mice with alpha-methyltyrosine (20 mg/kg i.p., one hour), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, significantly decreased the activity-increasing effects of morphine. On the other hand, pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalamine (3 X 320 mg/kg i.p., 24 hr), a serotonin depletor, caused no significant change in the hyperactivity. The study suggests that the activity-increasing effects of morphine are mediated by the release of catecholamines from adrenergic neurons in the brain. And the results are consistent with the hypothesis that morphine acts by retarding the release of acetylcholine at some central cholinergic synapses. It is also suggested from collected evidence that the activity-increasing effects of morphine in mice are mediated by mechanisms different from those which mediate the activity-increasing effects of morphine in rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 89, 1431 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25287", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 40 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25288", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "increase in locomotor activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 49, 79 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006948" } ] }, { "id": "25289", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 129, 137 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25290", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "increase in locomotor activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 146, 176 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006948" } ] }, { "id": "25291", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 245, 253 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25292", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "increase in locomotor activity" ], "offsets": [ [ 276, 306 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006948" } ] }, { "id": "25293", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 320, 328 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25294", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 337, 350 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006948" } ] }, { "id": "25295", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 370, 381 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "25296", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "physostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 400, 413 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010830" } ] }, { "id": "25297", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "methscopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 448 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019832" } ] }, { "id": "25298", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "neostigmine" ], "offsets": [ [ 453, 464 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009388" } ] }, { "id": "25299", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 535, 548 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006948" } ] }, { "id": "25300", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 561, 569 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25301", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "alpha-methyltyrosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 597, 617 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019805" } ] }, { "id": "25302", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tyrosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 669 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014443" } ] }, { "id": "25303", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 742, 750 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25304", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "p-chlorophenylalamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 789, 810 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010134" } ] }, { "id": "25305", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "serotonin" ], "offsets": [ [ 842, 851 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012701" } ] }, { "id": "25306", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 898, 911 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006948" } ] }, { "id": "25307", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 972, 980 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25308", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "catecholamines" ], "offsets": [ [ 1012, 1026 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002395" } ] }, { "id": "25309", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1121, 1129 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25310", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "acetylcholine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1163, 1176 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000109" } ] }, { "id": "25311", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1300, 1308 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25312", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1414, 1422 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25313", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25295", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25314", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25295", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25315", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25295", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25316", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25295", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25317", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25295", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25318", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25295", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25319", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25287", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25320", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25287", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25321", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25287", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25322", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25287", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25323", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25287", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25324", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25287", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25325", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25289", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25326", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25289", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25327", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25289", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25328", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25289", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25329", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25289", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25330", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25289", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25331", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25291", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25332", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25291", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25333", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25291", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25334", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25291", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25335", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25291", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25336", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25291", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25337", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25293", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25338", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25293", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25339", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25293", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25340", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25293", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25341", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25293", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25342", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25293", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25343", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25300", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25344", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25300", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25345", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25300", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25346", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25300", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25347", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25300", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25348", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25300", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25349", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25303", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25350", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25303", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25351", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25303", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25352", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25303", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25353", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25303", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25354", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25303", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25355", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25307", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25356", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25307", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25357", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25307", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25358", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25307", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25359", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25307", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25360", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25307", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25361", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25309", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25362", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25309", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25363", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25309", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25364", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25309", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25365", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25309", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25366", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25309", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25367", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25311", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25368", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25311", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25369", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25311", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25370", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25311", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25371", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25311", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25372", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25311", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25373", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25312", "arg2_id": "25288", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25374", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25312", "arg2_id": "25290", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25375", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25312", "arg2_id": "25292", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25376", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25312", "arg2_id": "25294", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25377", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25312", "arg2_id": "25299", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25378", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25312", "arg2_id": "25306", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25380", "type": "title", "text": [ "Mechanisms of FK 506-induced hypertension in the rat." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "id": "25381", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "-Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a powerful, widely used immunosuppressant. The clinical utility of FK 506 is complicated by substantial hypertension and nephrotoxicity. To clarify the mechanisms of FK 506-induced hypertension, we studied the chronic effects of FK 506 on the synthesis of endothelin-1 (ET-1), the expression of mRNA of ET-1 and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, and the expression of mRNA of eNOS and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) in rat blood vessels. In addition, the effect of the specific endothelin type A receptor antagonist FR 139317 on FK 506-induced hypertension in rats was studied. FK 506, 5 mg. kg-1. d-1 given for 4 weeks, elevated blood pressure from 102+/-13 to 152+/-15 mm Hg and increased the synthesis of ET-1 and the levels of ET-1 mRNA in the mesenteric artery (240% and 230%, respectively). Little change was observed in the expression of ECE-1 mRNA and CNP mRNA. FK 506 decreased eNOS activity and the levels of eNOS mRNA in the aorta (48% and 55%, respectively). The administration of FR 139317 (10 mg. kg-1. d-1) prevented FK 506-induced hypertension in rats. These results indicate that FK 506 may increase blood pressure not only by increasing ET-1 production but also by decreasing NO synthesis in the vasculature." ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 1367 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25382", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 14, 20 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25383", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 41 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25384", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Tacrolimus" ], "offsets": [ [ 55, 65 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25385", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 73 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25386", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 151 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25387", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 194 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25388", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 199, 213 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "25389", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 244, 250 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25390", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 259, 271 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25391", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 307, 313 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25392", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nitric oxide" ], "offsets": [ [ 446, 458 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] }, { "id": "25393", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FR 139317" ], "offsets": [ [ 657, 666 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C079574" } ] }, { "id": "25394", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 670, 676 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25395", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 685, 697 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25396", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 719, 725 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25397", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 1011, 1017 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25398", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FR 139317" ], "offsets": [ [ 1134, 1143 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C079574" } ] }, { "id": "25399", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 1173, 1179 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25400", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypertension" ], "offsets": [ [ 1188, 1200 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006973" } ] }, { "id": "25401", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "FK 506" ], "offsets": [ [ 1238, 1244 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016559" } ] }, { "id": "25402", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NO" ], "offsets": [ [ 1335, 1337 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009569" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25403", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25382", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25404", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25382", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25405", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25382", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25406", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25382", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25407", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25382", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25408", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25384", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25409", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25384", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25410", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25384", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25411", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25384", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25412", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25384", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25413", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25385", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25414", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25385", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25415", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25385", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25416", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25385", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25417", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25385", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25418", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25386", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25419", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25386", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25420", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25386", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25421", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25386", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25422", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25386", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25423", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25389", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25424", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25389", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25425", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25389", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25426", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25389", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25427", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25389", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25428", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25391", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25429", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25391", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25430", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25391", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25431", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25391", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25432", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25391", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25433", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25394", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25434", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25394", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25435", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25394", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25436", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25394", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25437", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25394", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25438", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25396", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25439", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25396", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25440", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25396", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25441", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25396", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25442", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25396", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25443", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25397", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25444", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25397", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25445", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25397", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25446", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25397", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25447", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25397", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25448", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25399", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25449", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25399", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25450", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25399", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25451", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25399", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25452", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25399", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25453", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25401", "arg2_id": "25383", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25454", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25401", "arg2_id": "25387", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25455", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25401", "arg2_id": "25390", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25456", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25401", "arg2_id": "25395", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25457", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25401", "arg2_id": "25400", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25459", "type": "title", "text": [ "Suxamethonium induced prolonged apnea in a patient receiving electroconvulsive therapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 87 ] ] }, { "id": "25460", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Suxamethonium causes prolonged apnea in patients in whom pseudocholinesterase enzyme gets deactivated by organophosphorus (OP) poisons. Here, we present a similar incident in a severely depressed patient who received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Prolonged apnea in our case ensued because the information about suicidal attempt by OP compound was concealed from the treating team." ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 472 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25461", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Suxamethonium" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 13 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013390" } ] }, { "id": "25462", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "apnea" ], "offsets": [ [ 32, 37 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001049" } ] }, { "id": "25463", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Suxamethonium" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 101 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013390" } ] }, { "id": "25464", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "apnea" ], "offsets": [ [ 119, 124 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001049" } ] }, { "id": "25465", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "organophosphorus (OP) poisons" ], "offsets": [ [ 193, 222 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009943" } ] }, { "id": "25466", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "depressed" ], "offsets": [ [ 274, 283 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003866" } ] }, { "id": "25467", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "apnea" ], "offsets": [ [ 348, 353 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001049" } ] }, { "id": "25468", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "OP compound" ], "offsets": [ [ 423, 434 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009943" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25469", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25465", "arg2_id": "25462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25470", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25465", "arg2_id": "25464", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25471", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25465", "arg2_id": "25467", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25472", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25468", "arg2_id": "25462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25473", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25468", "arg2_id": "25464", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25474", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25468", "arg2_id": "25467", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25475", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25461", "arg2_id": "25462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25476", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25461", "arg2_id": "25464", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25477", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25461", "arg2_id": "25467", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25478", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25463", "arg2_id": "25462", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25479", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25463", "arg2_id": "25464", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25480", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25463", "arg2_id": "25467", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25482", "type": "title", "text": [ "The effects of the adjunctive bupropion on male sexual dysfunction induced by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled and randomized study." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 175 ] ] }, { "id": "25483", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of adjunctive bupropion sustained-release (SR) on male sexual dysfunction (SD) induced by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), as SD is a common side-effect of SSRIs and the most effective treatments have yet to be determined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The randomized sample consisted of 234 euthymic men who were receiving some type of SSRI. The men were randomly assigned to bupropion SR (150 mg twice daily, 117) or placebo (twice daily, 117) for 12 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated using the Clinical Global Impression-Sexual Function (CGI-SF; the primary outcome measure), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX), and Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) (secondary outcome measures). Participants were followed biweekly during study period. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean (sd) scores for CGI-SF were significantly lower, i.e. better, in patients on bupropion SR, at 2.4 (1.2), than in the placebo group, at 3.9 (1.1) (P= 0.01). Men who received bupropion had a significant increase in the total IIEF score (54.4% vs 1.2%; P= 0.003), and in the five different domains of the IIEF. Total ASEX scores were significantly lower, i.e. better, among men who received bupropion than placebo, at 15.5 (4.3) vs 21.5 (4.7) (P= 0.002). The EDITS scores were 67.4 (10.2) for the bupropion and 36.3 (11.7) for the placebo group (P= 0.001). The ASEX score and CGI-SF score were correlated (P= 0.003). In linear regression analyses the CGI-SF score was not affected significantly by the duration of SD, type of SSRI used and age. CONCLUSIONS: Bupropion is an effective treatment for male SD induced by SSRIs. These results provide empirical support for conducting a further study of bupropion." ], "offsets": [ [ 176, 2008 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25484", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 30, 39 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25485", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "sexual dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 48, 66 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012735" } ] }, { "id": "25486", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 118 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017367" } ] }, { "id": "25487", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 238, 247 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25488", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "sexual dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 279, 297 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012735" } ] }, { "id": "25489", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "SD" ], "offsets": [ [ 299, 301 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012735" } ] }, { "id": "25490", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" ], "offsets": [ [ 316, 354 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017367" } ] }, { "id": "25491", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "SSRI" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 360 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017367" } ] }, { "id": "25492", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "SD" ], "offsets": [ [ 366, 368 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012735" } ] }, { "id": "25493", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "SSRIs" ], "offsets": [ [ 396, 401 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017367" } ] }, { "id": "25494", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "SSRI" ], "offsets": [ [ 569, 573 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017367" } ] }, { "id": "25495", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 609, 618 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25496", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Erectile Dysfunction" ], "offsets": [ [ 904, 924 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007172" } ] }, { "id": "25497", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1180, 1189 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25498", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1276, 1285 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25499", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1491, 1500 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25500", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1597, 1606 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25501", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "SD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1814, 1816 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012735" } ] }, { "id": "25502", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "SSRI" ], "offsets": [ [ 1826, 1830 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017367" } ] }, { "id": "25503", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1858, 1867 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] }, { "id": "25504", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "SD" ], "offsets": [ [ 1903, 1905 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012735" } ] }, { "id": "25505", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "SSRIs" ], "offsets": [ [ 1917, 1922 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D017367" } ] }, { "id": "25506", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "bupropion" ], "offsets": [ [ 1998, 2007 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016642" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25507", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25486", "arg2_id": "25496", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25508", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25490", "arg2_id": "25496", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25509", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25491", "arg2_id": "25496", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25510", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25493", "arg2_id": "25496", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25511", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25494", "arg2_id": "25496", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25512", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25502", "arg2_id": "25496", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25513", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25505", "arg2_id": "25496", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25515", "type": "title", "text": [ "Lamivudine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBSAG) seropositive cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 166 ] ] }, { "id": "25516", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Cancer patients who are chronic carriers of HBV have a higher hepatic complication rate while receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy (CT) and this has mainly been attributed to HBV reactivation. In this study, cancer patients who have solid and hematological malignancies with chronic HBV infection received the antiviral agent lamivudine prior and during CT compared with historical control group who did not receive lamivudine. The objectives were to assess the efficacy of lamivudine in reducing the incidence of HBV reactivation, and diminishing morbidity and mortality during CT. Two groups were compared in this study. The prophylactic lamivudin group consisted of 37 patients who received prophylactic lamivudine treatment. The historical controls consisted of 50 consecutive patients who underwent CT without prophylactic lamivudine. They were followed up during and for 8 weeks after CT. The outcomes were compared for both groups. Of our control group (n= 50), 21 patients (42%) were established hepatitis. Twelve (24%) of them were evaluated as severe hepatitis. In the prophylactic lamivudine group severe hepatitis were observed only in 1 patient (2.7%) of 37 patients (p < 0.006). Comparison of the mean ALT values revealed significantly higher mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values in the control group than the prophylactic lamivudine group; 154:64 (p < 0.32). Our study suggests that prophylactic lamivudine significantly decreases the incidence of HBV reactivation and overall morbidity in cancer patients during and after immunosuppressive therapy. Further studies are needed to determine the most appropriate nucleoside or nucleotide analogue for antiviral prophylaxis during CT and the optimal duration of administration after completion of CT." ], "offsets": [ [ 167, 2018 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25517", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 10 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25518", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis B" ], "offsets": [ [ 33, 44 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006509" } ] }, { "id": "25519", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "hepatitis-B surface antigen" ], "offsets": [ [ 67, 94 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006514" } ] }, { "id": "25520", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "HBSAG" ], "offsets": [ [ 96, 101 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006514" } ] }, { "id": "25521", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 116, 122 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "25522", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Hepatitis B" ], "offsets": [ [ 167, 178 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006509" } ] }, { "id": "25523", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "liver disease" ], "offsets": [ [ 229, 242 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008107" } ] }, { "id": "25524", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 254, 260 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "25525", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatic complication" ], "offsets": [ [ 316, 336 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D008107" } ] }, { "id": "25526", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 458, 464 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "25527", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hematological malignancies" ], "offsets": [ [ 493, 519 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019337" } ] }, { "id": "25528", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "HBV infection" ], "offsets": [ [ 533, 546 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006509" } ] }, { "id": "25529", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 576, 586 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25530", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 666, 676 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25531", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 724, 734 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25532", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudin" ], "offsets": [ [ 890, 899 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25533", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 957, 967 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25534", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1078, 1088 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25535", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1254, 1263 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "25536", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1311, 1320 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "25537", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1342, 1352 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25538", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hepatitis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1366, 1375 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D056486" } ] }, { "id": "25539", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "alanine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1512, 1519 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000409" } ] }, { "id": "25540", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1593, 1603 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25541", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "lamivudine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1667, 1677 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D019259" } ] }, { "id": "25542", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "cancer" ], "offsets": [ [ 1761, 1767 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009369" } ] }, { "id": "25543", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nucleoside" ], "offsets": [ [ 1882, 1892 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009705" } ] }, { "id": "25544", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "nucleotide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1896, 1906 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009711" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25545", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25519", "arg2_id": "25518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25546", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25519", "arg2_id": "25522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25547", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25519", "arg2_id": "25528", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25548", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25520", "arg2_id": "25518", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25549", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25520", "arg2_id": "25522", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25550", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25520", "arg2_id": "25528", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25552", "type": "title", "text": [ "Ginsenoside Rg1 restores the impairment of learning induced by chronic morphine administration in rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 103 ] ] }, { "id": "25553", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Rg1, as a ginsenoside extracted from Panax ginseng, could ameliorate spatial learning impairment. Previous studies have demonstrated that Rg1 might be a useful agent for the prevention and treatment of the adverse effects of morphine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Rg1 on learning impairment by chronic morphine administration and the mechanism responsible for this effect. Male rats were subcutaneously injected with morphine (10 mg/kg) twice a day at 12 hour intervals for 10 days, and Rg1 (30 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 2 hours after the second injection of morphine once a day for 10 days. Spatial learning capacity was assessed in the Morris water maze. The results showed that rats treated with Morphine/Rg1 decreased escape latency and increased the time spent in platform quadrant and entering frequency. By implantation of electrodes and electrophysiological recording in vivo, the results showed that Rg1 restored the long-term potentiation (LTP) impaired by morphine in both freely moving and anaesthetised rats. The electrophysiological recording in vitro showed that Rg1 restored the LTP in slices from the rats treated with morphine, but not changed LTP in the slices from normal saline- or morphine/Rg1-treated rats; this restoration could be inhibited by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK801. We conclude that Rg1 may significantly improve the spatial learning capacity impaired by chonic morphine administration and restore the morphine-inhibited LTP. This effect is NMDA receptor dependent." ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 1665 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25554", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Ginsenoside Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 15 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25555", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "impairment of learning" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 51 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007859" } ] }, { "id": "25556", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 79 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25557", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 104, 107 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25558", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ginsenoside" ], "offsets": [ [ 114, 125 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D036145" } ] }, { "id": "25559", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "learning impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 200 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007859" } ] }, { "id": "25560", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 242, 245 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25561", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 329, 337 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25562", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 394, 397 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25563", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "learning impairment" ], "offsets": [ [ 401, 420 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007859" } ] }, { "id": "25564", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 432, 440 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25565", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 547, 555 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25566", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 617, 620 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25567", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 701, 709 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25568", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 841, 849 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25569", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 850, 853 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25570", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1051, 1054 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25571", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1109, 1117 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25572", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1220, 1223 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25573", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1278, 1286 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25574", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1345, 1353 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25575", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1354, 1357 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25576", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "N-methyl-D-aspartate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1411, 1431 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "25577", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1433, 1437 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] }, { "id": "25578", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "MK801" ], "offsets": [ [ 1459, 1464 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016291" } ] }, { "id": "25579", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Rg1" ], "offsets": [ [ 1483, 1486 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C035054" } ] }, { "id": "25580", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1562, 1570 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25581", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1602, 1610 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "25582", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "NMDA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1641, 1645 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D016202" } ] } ]

[]

[]

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[ { "id": "25617", "type": "title", "text": [ "A study on the effect of the duration of subcutaneous heparin injection on bruising and pain." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 93 ] ] }, { "id": "25618", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "AIM: This study was carried out to determine the effect of injection duration on bruising and pain following the administration of the subcutaneous injection of heparin. BACKGROUND: Although different methods to prevent bruising and pain following the subcutaneous injection of heparin have been widely studied and described, the effect of injection duration on the occurrence of bruising and pain is little documented. DESIGN: This study was designed as within-subject, quasi-experimental research. METHOD: The sample for the study consisted of 50 patients to whom subcutaneous heparin was administered. Heparin was injected over 10 seconds on the right abdominal site and 30 seconds on the left abdominal site. Injections areas were assessed for the presence of bruising at 48 and 72 hours after each injection. Dimensions of the bruising on the heparin applied areas were measured using transparent millimetric measuring paper. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure pain intensity and a stop-watch was used to time the pain period. Data were analysed using chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed ranks tests and correlation. RESULTS: The percentage of bruising occurrence was 64% with the injection of 10 seconds duration and 42% in the 30-second injection. It was determined that the size of the bruising was smaller in the 30-second injection. Pain intensity and pain period were statistically significantly lower for the 30-second injection than for the 10-second injection. CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that injection duration had an effect on bruising and pain following the subcutaneous administration of heparin. This study should be repeated on a larger sample. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: When administering subcutaneous heparin injections, it is important to extend the duration of the injection." ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 1931 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25619", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 61 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] }, { "id": "25620", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 83 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25621", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 88, 92 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25622", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 175, 183 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25623", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 188, 192 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25624", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 255, 262 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] }, { "id": "25625", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 314, 322 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25626", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 327, 331 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25627", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 372, 379 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] }, { "id": "25628", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 474, 482 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25629", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 487, 491 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25630", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 673, 680 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] }, { "id": "25631", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 699, 706 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] }, { "id": "25632", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 858, 866 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25633", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 926, 934 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25634", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 942, 949 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] }, { "id": "25635", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1075, 1079 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25636", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1128, 1132 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25637", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 1271, 1279 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25638", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 1416, 1424 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25639", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1465, 1469 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25640", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1484, 1488 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25641", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bruising" ], "offsets": [ [ 1669, 1677 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003288" } ] }, { "id": "25642", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "pain" ], "offsets": [ [ 1682, 1686 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010146" } ] }, { "id": "25643", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1732, 1739 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] }, { "id": "25644", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "heparin" ], "offsets": [ [ 1855, 1862 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006493" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25645", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25621", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25646", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25623", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25647", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25648", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25649", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25650", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25651", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25652", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25653", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25619", "arg2_id": "25642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25654", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25621", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25655", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25623", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25656", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25657", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25629", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25658", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25635", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25659", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25636", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25660", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25639", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25661", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25640", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25662", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25624", "arg2_id": "25642", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25663", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25627", "arg2_id": "25621", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25664", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25627", "arg2_id": "25623", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25665", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25627", "arg2_id": "25626", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25666", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25627", 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[ { "id": "25790", "type": "title", "text": [ "Acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol treatments change synaptosomal brain glutamate uptake and elicit orofacial dyskinesia in rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 137 ] ] }, { "id": "25791", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Reserpine- and haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia are putative animal models of tardive dyskinesia (TD) whose pathophysiology has been related to free radical generation and oxidative stress. In the present study, the authors induced orofacial dyskinesia by acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol administration to rats. Reserpine injection (one dose of 1 mg/kg s.c.) every other day for 3 days caused a significant increase in vacuous chewing, tongue protrusion and duration of facial twitching, compared to the control. Haloperidol administration (one dose of 12 mg/kg once a week s.c.) for 4 weeks caused an increase in vacuous chewing, tongue protrusion and duration of facial twitching observed in four weekly evaluations. After the treatments and behavioral observation, glutamate uptake by segments of the brain was analyzed. A decreased glutamate uptake was observed in the subcortical parts of animals treated with reserpine and haloperidol, compared to the control. Importantly, a decrease in glutamate uptake correlates negatively with an increase in the incidence of orofacial diskinesia. These results indicate that early changes in glutamate transport may be related to the development of vacuous chewing movements in rats." ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 1385 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25792", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "reserpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 6, 15 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012110" } ] }, { "id": "25793", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 31, 42 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "25794", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 80, 89 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "25795", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "orofacial dyskinesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 108, 128 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "25796", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Reserpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 138, 147 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012110" } ] }, { "id": "25797", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 153, 164 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "25798", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "orofacial dyskinesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 173, 193 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "25799", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tardive dyskinesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 224, 242 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "25800", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "TD" ], "offsets": [ [ 244, 246 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "25801", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "orofacial dyskinesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 378, 398 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "25802", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "reserpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 408, 417 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012110" } ] }, { "id": "25803", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 433, 444 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "25804", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Reserpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 469, 478 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012110" } ] }, { "id": "25805", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 670, 681 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "25806", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 925, 934 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "25807", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 993, 1002 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "25808", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "reserpine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1072, 1081 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012110" } ] }, { "id": "25809", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "haloperidol" ], "offsets": [ [ 1086, 1097 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006220" } ] }, { "id": "25810", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1151, 1160 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] }, { "id": "25811", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "orofacial diskinesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 1227, 1247 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004409" } ] }, { "id": "25812", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutamate" ], "offsets": [ [ 1294, 1303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018698" } ] } ]

[]

[]

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"normalized": [] }, { "id": "25824", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25797", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25825", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25803", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25826", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25803", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25827", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25803", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25828", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25803", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25829", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25803", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25830", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25803", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25831", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25805", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25832", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25805", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25833", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25805", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25834", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25805", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25835", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25805", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25836", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25805", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25837", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25809", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25838", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25809", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25839", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25809", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25840", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25809", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25841", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25809", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25842", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25809", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25843", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25792", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25844", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25792", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25845", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25792", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25846", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25792", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25847", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25792", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25848", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25792", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25849", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25796", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25850", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25796", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25851", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25796", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25852", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25796", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25853", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25796", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25854", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25796", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25855", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25802", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25856", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25802", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25857", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25802", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25858", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25802", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25859", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25802", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25860", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25802", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25861", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25804", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25862", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25804", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25863", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25804", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25864", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25804", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25865", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25804", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25866", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25804", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25867", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25808", "arg2_id": "25795", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25868", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25808", "arg2_id": "25798", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25869", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25808", "arg2_id": "25799", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25870", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25808", "arg2_id": "25800", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25871", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25808", "arg2_id": "25801", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25872", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25808", "arg2_id": "25811", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25874", "type": "title", "text": [ "Acute psychosis due to treatment with phenytoin in a nonepileptic patient." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 74 ] ] }, { "id": "25875", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "The development of psychosis related to antiepileptic drug treatment is usually attributed to the interaction between the epileptic brain substratum and the antiepileptic drugs. The case of a nonepileptic patient who developed psychosis following phenytoin treatment for trigeminal neuralgia is described. This case suggests that the psychotic symptoms that occur following phenytoin treatment in some epileptic patients may be the direct result of medication, unrelated to seizures." ], "offsets": [ [ 75, 558 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25876", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Acute psychosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 15 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011605" } ] }, { "id": "25877", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 47 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010672" } ] }, { "id": "25878", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "psychosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 94, 103 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011605" } ] }, { "id": "25879", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "epileptic" ], "offsets": [ [ 197, 206 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004827" } ] }, { "id": "25880", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "psychosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 302, 311 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011605" } ] }, { "id": "25881", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 322, 331 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010672" } ] }, { "id": "25882", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "trigeminal neuralgia" ], "offsets": [ [ 346, 366 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014277" } ] }, { "id": "25883", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "psychotic symptoms" ], "offsets": [ [ 409, 427 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011605" } ] }, { "id": "25884", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "phenytoin" ], "offsets": [ [ 449, 458 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D010672" } ] }, { "id": "25885", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "epileptic" ], "offsets": [ [ 477, 486 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004827" } ] }, { "id": "25886", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 549, 557 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25887", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25877", "arg2_id": "25876", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25888", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25877", "arg2_id": "25878", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25889", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25877", "arg2_id": "25880", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25890", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25877", "arg2_id": "25883", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25891", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25881", "arg2_id": "25876", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25892", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25881", "arg2_id": "25878", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25893", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25881", "arg2_id": "25880", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25894", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25881", "arg2_id": "25883", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25895", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25884", "arg2_id": "25876", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25896", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25884", "arg2_id": "25878", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25897", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25884", "arg2_id": "25880", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25898", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25884", "arg2_id": "25883", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25900", "type": "title", "text": [ "The effect of treatment with gum Arabic on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats: a preliminary study." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 98 ] ] }, { "id": "25901", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "In the present work we assessed the effect of treatment of rats with gum Arabic on acute renal failure induced by gentamicin (GM) nephrotoxicity. Rats were treated with the vehicle (2 mL/kg of distilled water and 5% w/v cellulose, 10 days), gum Arabic (2 mL/kg of a 10% w/v aqueous suspension of gum Arabic powder, orally for 10 days), or gum Arabic concomitantly with GM (80mg/kg/day intramuscularly, during the last six days of the treatment period). Nephrotoxicity was assessed by measuring the concentrations of creatinine and urea in the plasma and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the kidney cortex, and by light microscopic examination of kidney sections. The results indicated that concomitant treatment with gum Arabic and GM significantly increased creatinine and urea by about 183 and 239%, respectively (compared to 432 and 346%, respectively, in rats treated with cellulose and GM), and decreased that of cortical GSH by 21% (compared to 27% in the cellulose plus GM group) The GM-induced proximal tubular necrosis appeared to be slightly less severe in rats given GM together with gum Arabic than in those given GM and cellulose. It could be inferred that gum Arabic treatment has induced a modest amelioration of some of the histological and biochemical indices of GM nephrotoxicity. Further work is warranted on the effect of the treatments on renal functional aspects in models of chronic renal failure, and on the mechanism(s) involved." ], "offsets": [ [ 99, 1549 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25902", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 29, 39 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25903", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gentamicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 43, 53 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25904", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 54, 68 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "25905", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 168, 178 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25906", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "acute renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 182, 201 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D058186" } ] }, { "id": "25907", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gentamicin" ], "offsets": [ [ 213, 223 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25908", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 225, 227 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25909", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 229, 243 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "25910", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 340, 350 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25911", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 395, 405 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25912", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 438, 448 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25913", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 468, 470 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25914", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Nephrotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 552, 566 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "25915", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 615, 625 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "25916", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "urea" ], "offsets": [ [ 630, 634 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014508" } ] }, { "id": "25917", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "glutathione" ], "offsets": [ [ 661, 672 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005978" } ] }, { "id": "25918", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 674, 677 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005978" } ] }, { "id": "25919", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 812, 822 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25920", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 827, 829 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25921", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "creatinine" ], "offsets": [ [ 854, 864 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003404" } ] }, { "id": "25922", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "urea" ], "offsets": [ [ 869, 873 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014508" } ] }, { "id": "25923", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 986, 988 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25924", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GSH" ], "offsets": [ [ 1022, 1025 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005978" } ] }, { "id": "25925", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1072, 1074 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25926", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1086, 1088 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25927", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "tubular necrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1106, 1122 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007683" } ] }, { "id": "25928", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1173, 1175 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25929", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1190, 1200 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25930", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1221, 1223 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25931", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "gum Arabic" ], "offsets": [ [ 1265, 1275 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006170" } ] }, { "id": "25932", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "GM" ], "offsets": [ [ 1375, 1377 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005839" } ] }, { "id": "25933", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrotoxicity" ], "offsets": [ [ 1378, 1392 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "25934", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "chronic renal failure" ], "offsets": [ [ 1493, 1514 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007676" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25935", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25903", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25936", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25907", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25937", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25908", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25938", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25913", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25939", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25920", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25940", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25923", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25941", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25925", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25942", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25926", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25943", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25928", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25944", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25930", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25945", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25932", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25946", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25902", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25947", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25905", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25948", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25910", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25949", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25911", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25950", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25912", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25951", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25919", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25952", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25929", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25953", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25931", "arg2_id": "25906", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25955", "type": "title", "text": [ "Visual hallucinations associated with zonisamide." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 49 ] ] }, { "id": "25956", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Zonisamide is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug used to treat various types of seizures. Although visual hallucinations have not been reported as an adverse effect of this agent, we describe three patients who experienced complex visual hallucinations and altered mental status after zonisamide treatment was begun or its dosage increased. All three had been diagnosed earlier with epilepsy, and their electroencephalogram (EEG) findings were abnormal. During monitoring, visual hallucinations did not correlate with EEG readings, nor did video recording capture any of the described events. None of the patients had experienced visual hallucinations before this event. The only recent change in their treatment was the introduction or increased dosage of zonisamide. With either discontinuation or decreased dosage of the drug the symptoms disappeared and did not recur. Further observations and reports will help clarify this adverse effect. Until then, clinicians need to be aware of this possible complication associated with zonisamide." ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 1093 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25957", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Visual hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 21 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006212" } ] }, { "id": "25958", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "zonisamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 38, 48 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C022189" } ] }, { "id": "25959", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Zonisamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 50, 60 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C022189" } ] }, { "id": "25960", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "seizures" ], "offsets": [ [ 131, 139 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012640" } ] }, { "id": "25961", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "visual hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 150, 171 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006212" } ] }, { "id": "25962", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "visual hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 282, 303 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006212" } ] }, { "id": "25963", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "zonisamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 336, 346 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C022189" } ] }, { "id": "25964", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "epilepsy" ], "offsets": [ [ 434, 442 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004827" } ] }, { "id": "25965", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "visual hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 524, 545 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006212" } ] }, { "id": "25966", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "visual hallucinations" ], "offsets": [ [ 681, 702 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006212" } ] }, { "id": "25967", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "zonisamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 808, 818 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C022189" } ] }, { "id": "25968", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "zonisamide" ], "offsets": [ [ 1082, 1092 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "C022189" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "25969", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25958", "arg2_id": "25957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25970", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25958", "arg2_id": "25961", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25971", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25958", "arg2_id": "25962", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25972", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25958", "arg2_id": "25965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25973", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25958", "arg2_id": "25966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25974", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25959", "arg2_id": "25957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25975", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25959", "arg2_id": "25961", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25976", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25959", "arg2_id": "25962", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25977", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25959", "arg2_id": "25965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25978", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25959", "arg2_id": "25966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25979", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25963", "arg2_id": "25957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25980", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25963", "arg2_id": "25961", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25981", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25963", "arg2_id": "25962", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25982", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25963", "arg2_id": "25965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25983", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25963", "arg2_id": "25966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25984", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25967", "arg2_id": "25957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25985", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25967", "arg2_id": "25961", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25986", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25967", "arg2_id": "25962", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25987", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25967", "arg2_id": "25965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25988", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25967", "arg2_id": "25966", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25989", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25968", "arg2_id": "25957", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25990", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25968", "arg2_id": "25961", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25991", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25968", "arg2_id": "25962", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25992", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25968", "arg2_id": "25965", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "25993", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25968", "arg2_id": "25966", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "25995", "type": "title", "text": [ "GLEPP1 receptor tyrosine phosphatase (Ptpro) in rat PAN nephrosis. A marker of acute podocyte injury." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 101 ] ] }, { "id": "25996", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Glomerular epithelial protein 1 (GLEPP1) is a podocyte receptor membrane protein tyrosine phosphatase located on the apical cell membrane of visceral glomerular epithelial cell and foot processes. This receptor plays a role in regulating the structure and function of podocyte foot process. To better understand the utility of GLEPP1 as a marker of glomerular injury, the amount and distribution of GLEPP1 protein and mRNA were examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RNase protection assay in a model of podocyte injury in the rat. Puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN, 20 mg/100g BW). Tissues were analyzed at 0, 5, 7, 11, 21, 45, 80 and 126 days after PAN injection so as to include both the acute phase of proteinuria associated with foot process effacement (days 5-11) and the chronic phase of proteinuria associated with glomerulosclerosis (days 45-126). At day 5, GLEPP1 protein and mRNA were reduced from the normal range (265.2 +/- 79.6 x 10(6) moles/glomerulus and 100%) to 15% of normal (41.8 +/- 4.8 x 10(6) moles/glomerulus, p < 0.005). This occurred in association with an increase in urinary protein content from 1.8 +/- 1 to 99.0 +/- 61 mg/day (p < 0.001). In contrast, podocalyxin did not change significantly at this time. By day 11, GLEPP1 protein and mRNA had begun to return towards baseline. By day 45-126, at a time when glomerular scarring was present, GLEPP1 was absent from glomerulosclerotic areas although the total glomerular content of GLEPP1 was not different from normal. We conclude that GLEPP1 expression, unlike podocalyxin, reflects podocyte injury induced by PAN. GLEPP1 expression may be a useful marker of podocyte injury." ], "offsets": [ [ 102, 1855 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "25997", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tyrosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 16, 24 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014443" } ] }, { "id": "25998", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 52, 55 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011692" } ] }, { "id": "25999", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 56, 65 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009401" } ] }, { "id": "26000", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "tyrosine" ], "offsets": [ [ 183, 191 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D014443" } ] }, { "id": "26001", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glomerular injury" ], "offsets": [ [ 451, 468 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007674" } ] }, { "id": "26002", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Puromycin aminonucleoside" ], "offsets": [ [ 646, 671 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011692" } ] }, { "id": "26003", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "nephrosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 672, 681 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009401" } ] }, { "id": "26004", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "puromycin aminonucleoside" ], "offsets": [ [ 733, 758 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011692" } ] }, { "id": "26005", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 760, 763 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011692" } ] }, { "id": "26006", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 849, 852 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011692" } ] }, { "id": "26007", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 904, 915 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011507" } ] }, { "id": "26008", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "proteinuria" ], "offsets": [ [ 993, 1004 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011507" } ] }, { "id": "26009", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "glomerulosclerosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 1021, 1039 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D005921" } ] }, { "id": "26010", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "PAN" ], "offsets": [ [ 1790, 1793 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D011692" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "26011", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25998", "arg2_id": "26007", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26012", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25998", "arg2_id": "26008", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26013", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26002", "arg2_id": "26007", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26014", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26002", "arg2_id": "26008", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26015", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26004", "arg2_id": "26007", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26016", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26004", "arg2_id": "26008", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26017", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26005", "arg2_id": "26007", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26018", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26005", "arg2_id": "26008", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26019", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26006", "arg2_id": "26007", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26020", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26006", "arg2_id": "26008", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26021", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26010", "arg2_id": "26007", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26022", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26010", "arg2_id": "26008", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26023", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25998", "arg2_id": "25999", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26024", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "25998", "arg2_id": "26003", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26025", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26002", "arg2_id": "25999", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26026", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26002", "arg2_id": "26003", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26027", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26004", "arg2_id": "25999", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26028", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26004", "arg2_id": "26003", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26029", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26005", "arg2_id": "25999", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26030", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26005", "arg2_id": "26003", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26031", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26006", "arg2_id": "25999", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26032", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26006", "arg2_id": "26003", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26033", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26010", "arg2_id": "25999", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26034", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26010", "arg2_id": "26003", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "26036", "type": "title", "text": [ "Ticlopidine-induced aplastic anemia: report of three Chinese patients and review of the literature." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 99 ] ] }, { "id": "26037", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "In this study, three Chinese patients with ticlopidine-induced aplastic anemia were reported and another 13 patients in the English literature were reviewed. We attempted to find underlying similarities, evaluate the risk factors, and identify appropriate treatment for this complication. All but one of the patients were over 60 years old, and the 6 who died were all older than 65. Therefore, old age may be a risk factor for developing this complication. Agranulocytosis occurred 3-20 weeks after initiation of ticlopidine, so frequent examination of white cell count during treatment is recommended. There seemed to be no direct correlation between the dose or duration used and the severity of bone marrow suppression. Treatment for ticlopidine-induced aplastic anemia with colony-stimulating factors seemed to have little effect. The fact that 5 of the 6 patients who received concurrent calcium channel blockers died, should alert clinicians to be more cautious when using these two drugs simultaneously." ], "offsets": [ [ 100, 1111 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "26038", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 11 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013988" } ] }, { "id": "26039", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "aplastic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 20, 35 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000741" } ] }, { "id": "26040", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 143, 154 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013988" } ] }, { "id": "26041", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "aplastic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 163, 178 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000741" } ] }, { "id": "26042", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Agranulocytosis" ], "offsets": [ [ 558, 573 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000380" } ] }, { "id": "26043", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 614, 625 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013988" } ] }, { "id": "26044", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "bone marrow suppression" ], "offsets": [ [ 799, 822 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001855" } ] }, { "id": "26045", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "ticlopidine" ], "offsets": [ [ 838, 849 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D013988" } ] }, { "id": "26046", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "aplastic anemia" ], "offsets": [ [ 858, 873 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000741" } ] }, { "id": "26047", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "calcium" ], "offsets": [ [ 994, 1001 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D002118" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "26048", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26038", "arg2_id": "26039", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26049", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26038", "arg2_id": "26041", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26050", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26038", "arg2_id": "26046", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26051", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26040", "arg2_id": "26039", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26052", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26040", "arg2_id": "26041", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26053", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26040", "arg2_id": "26046", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26054", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26043", "arg2_id": "26039", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26055", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26043", "arg2_id": "26041", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26056", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26043", "arg2_id": "26046", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26057", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26045", "arg2_id": "26039", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26058", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26045", "arg2_id": "26041", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26059", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26045", "arg2_id": "26046", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26060", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26038", "arg2_id": "26042", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26061", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26040", "arg2_id": "26042", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26062", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26043", "arg2_id": "26042", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26063", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26045", "arg2_id": "26042", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "26065", "type": "title", "text": [ "Facilitation of memory retrieval by pre-test morphine and its state dependency in the step-through type passive avoidance learning test in mice." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 144 ] ] }, { "id": "26066", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "Amnesia produced by scopolamine and cycloheximide were reversed by morphine given 30 min before the test trial (pre-test), and pre-test morphine also facilitated the memory retrieval in the animals administered naloxone during the training trial. Similarly, pre-test scopolamine partially reversed the scopolamine-induced amnesia, but not significantly; and pre-test cycloheximide failed to reverse the cycloheximide-induced amnesia. These results suggest that the facilitation of memory retrieval by pre-test morphine might be the direct action of morphine rather than a state dependent effect." ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 740 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "26067", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 45, 53 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "26068", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "Amnesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 145, 152 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000647" } ] }, { "id": "26069", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 165, 176 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "26070", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cycloheximide" ], "offsets": [ [ 181, 194 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003513" } ] }, { "id": "26071", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 212, 220 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "26072", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 281, 289 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "26073", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "naloxone" ], "offsets": [ [ 356, 364 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009270" } ] }, { "id": "26074", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 412, 423 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "26075", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "scopolamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 447, 458 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D012601" } ] }, { "id": "26076", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "amnesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 467, 474 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000647" } ] }, { "id": "26077", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cycloheximide" ], "offsets": [ [ 512, 525 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003513" } ] }, { "id": "26078", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "cycloheximide" ], "offsets": [ [ 548, 561 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D003513" } ] }, { "id": "26079", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "amnesia" ], "offsets": [ [ 570, 577 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D000647" } ] }, { "id": "26080", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 655, 663 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] }, { "id": "26081", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "morphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 694, 702 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D009020" } ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "id": "26082", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26069", "arg2_id": "26068", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26083", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26069", "arg2_id": "26076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26084", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26069", "arg2_id": "26079", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26085", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26074", "arg2_id": "26068", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26086", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26074", "arg2_id": "26076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26087", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26074", "arg2_id": "26079", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26088", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26075", "arg2_id": "26068", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26089", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26075", "arg2_id": "26076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26090", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26075", "arg2_id": "26079", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26091", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26070", "arg2_id": "26068", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26092", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26070", "arg2_id": "26076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26093", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26070", "arg2_id": "26079", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26094", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26077", "arg2_id": "26068", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26095", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26077", "arg2_id": "26076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26096", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26077", "arg2_id": "26079", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26097", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26078", "arg2_id": "26068", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26098", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26078", "arg2_id": "26076", "normalized": [] }, { "id": "26099", "type": "CID", "arg1_id": "26078", "arg2_id": "26079", "normalized": [] } ]

[ { "id": "26101", "type": "title", "text": [ "Test conditions influence the response to a drug challenge in rodents." ], "offsets": [ [ 0, 70 ] ] }, { "id": "26102", "type": "abstract", "text": [ "These studies were conducted to examine the differential response to a drug challenge under varied experimental test conditions routinely employed to study drug-induced behavioral and neurophysiological responses in rodents. Apomorphine, a nonselective dopamine agonist, was selected due to its biphasic behavioral effects, its ability to induce hypothermia, and to produce distinct changes to dopamine turnover in the rodent brain. From such experiments there is evidence that characterization and detection of apomorphine-induced activity in rodents critically depends upon the test conditions employed. In rats, detection of apomorphine-induced hyperactivity was facilitated by a period of acclimatization to the test conditions. Moreover, test conditions can impact upon other physiological responses to apomorphine such as drug-induced hypothermia. In mice, apomorphine produced qualitatively different responses under novel conditions when compared to those behaviors elicited in the home test cage. Drug-induced gross activity counts were increased in the novel exploratory box only, while measures of stereotypic behavior were similar in both. By contrast, apomorphine-induced locomotion was more prominent in the novel exploratory box. Dopamine turnover ratios (DOPAC:DA and HVA:DA) were found to be lower in those animals exposed to the exploratory box when compared to their home cage counterparts. However, apomorphine-induced reductions in striatal dopamine turnover were detected in both novel and home cage environments. The implications of these findings are discussed with particular emphasis upon conducting psychopharmacological challenge tests in rodents." ], "offsets": [ [ 71, 1746 ] ] } ]

[ { "id": "26103", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 296, 307 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "26104", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine agonist" ], "offsets": [ [ 324, 340 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018491" } ] }, { "id": "26105", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypothermia" ], "offsets": [ [ 417, 428 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007035" } ] }, { "id": "26106", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 465, 473 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "26107", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 583, 594 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "26108", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 699, 710 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "26109", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hyperactivity" ], "offsets": [ [ 719, 732 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006948" } ] }, { "id": "26110", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 879, 890 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "26111", "type": "Disease", "text": [ "hypothermia" ], "offsets": [ [ 912, 923 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D007035" } ] }, { "id": "26112", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 934, 945 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "26113", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1236, 1247 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "26114", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "Dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1316, 1324 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] }, { "id": "26115", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "DOPAC" ], "offsets": [ [ 1342, 1347 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D015102" } ] }, { "id": "26116", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "DA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1348, 1350 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018491" } ] }, { "id": "26117", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "HVA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1355, 1358 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D006719" } ] }, { "id": "26118", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "DA" ], "offsets": [ [ 1359, 1361 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D018491" } ] }, { "id": "26119", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "apomorphine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1490, 1501 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D001058" } ] }, { "id": "26120", "type": "Chemical", "text": [ "dopamine" ], "offsets": [ [ 1533, 1541 ] ], "normalized": [ { "db_name": "MESH", "db_id": "D004298" } ] } ]

[]

[]

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