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{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Assassination attempts and plots on Presidents of the United States have been numerous ; more than 20 attempts to kill sitting and former presidents and presidents-elect are known . Four sitting presidents have been killed , all of them by gunshot : Abraham Lincoln ( the 16th President ) , James A. Garfield ( the 20th President ) , William McKinley ( the 25th President ) and John F. Kennedy ( the 35th President ) . Two presidents were injured in attempted assassinations , also by gunshot : Theodore Roosevelt ( the 26th President ) and Ronald Reagan ( the 40th President ) . With the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson , every president 's life since John F. Kennedy has been threatened with assassination . \n \n Although the historian James W. Clarke has suggested that most American assassinations were politically motivated actions , carried out by rational men , not all such attacks have been undertaken for political reasons . Some attackers had questionable mental stability , and a few were judged legally insane . Since the Vice President of the United States has for more than a century been elected from the same political party as the President , the assassination of the President is unlikely to result in major policy changes . This may explain why political groups typically do not make such attacks . \n \n Presidents assassinated \n \n Abraham Lincoln \n \n The assassination of Lincoln took place on Good Friday , April 14 , 1865 , at approximately 10:15 p.m. Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head with a .44 caliber Derringer pistol by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth while watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford 's Theatre in Washington , D.C. with his wife , Mary Todd Lincoln , and two guests . Major Henry Rathbone tried to stop Booth from escaping , but Booth stabbed him in the chest and slashed his arm to the bone with a dagger that he was also carrying . Soon after Lincoln was shot , his wound was declared to be fatal . The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House , where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7:22 a.m. on April 15 . \n \n Booth was tracked down by Union soldiers and was shot and killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26 , 1865 . Booth apparently believed that killing Lincoln would radically change U.S. policy toward the South . \n \n Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward were targeted in the same plot . However , Johnson 's would-be assassin , George Atzerodt , lost his nerve and failed to go through with the attack , while Lewis Powell , who was assigned to kill Seward , was only able to inflict largely superficial injuries due to a combination of his gun misfiring and intervention from Seward 's family . \n \n James A. Garfield \n \n The assassination of James A. Garfield took place in Washington , D.C. , at 9:30 a.m. on Saturday , July 2 , 1881 , less than four months after he took office . Charles J. Guiteau shot him twice , once in his right arm and the other in his back , with a .442 Webley British Bulldog revolver . Garfield died 11 weeks later , on September 19 , 1881 , at 10:35 p.m. , of complications caused by infections . \n \n Guiteau was immediately arrested . After a highly publicized trial which lasted from November 14 , 1881 to January 25 , 1882 , he was found guilty and sentenced to death . A subsequent appeal was rejected , and he was executed by hanging on June 30 , 1882 in the District of Columbia , two days before the first anniversary of the attempt . Guiteau was assessed during his trial as mentally unbalanced and possibly suffered from some kind of bipolar disorder or from the effects of syphilis on the brain . He claimed to have shot Garfield out of disappointment for being passed over for appointment as Ambassador to France . He attributed the president 's victory in the election to a speech he wrote for Garfield . \n \n William McKinley \n \n The assassination of William McKinley took place at 4:07 p.m. on Friday , September 6 , 1901 , at the Temple of Music in Buffalo , New York . McKinley , attending the Pan-American Exposition , was shot twice in the abdomen at close range by Leon Czolgosz , a self-proclaimed anarchist , who was armed with a .32 caliber revolver wrapped up in", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 258, "text": "lincoln" } ], "id": "qg_1098--List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots.txt", "qid": "qg_1098", "question": "Who was the first US president to be assassinated?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropic circle of latitude at 23.5 latitude ( the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn ) and temperate latitudes ( normally temperate latitudes refer to locations higher than 40 latitude ) . \n \n Subtropical climates are often characterized by warm to hot summers and cool to mild winters with infrequent frost . Most subtropical climates fall into two basic types : 1 ) Humid Subtropical , where rainfall is often concentrated in the warmest months ( for example Brisbane , Australia or Jacksonville , Florida ) and 2 ) Dry summer ( or Mediterranean ) where seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the cooler months ( for example Naples , Italy or Los Angeles , CA ) . \n \n Subtropical climates can occur at high elevations within the tropics , such as in the southern end of the Mexican Plateau and in Vietnam and Taiwan . Six climate classifications use the term to help define the various temperature and precipitation regimes for the planet Earth . Eight months of the year within the subtropics have an average temperature at or above 10 °C , with their coldest month averaging between 2 and . \n \n A great portion of the world 's deserts are located within the subtropics , due to the development of the subtropical ridge . Within savanna regimes in the subtropics , a wet season is seen annually during the summer , which is when most of the yearly rainfall falls . Within Mediterranean climate regimes , the wet season occurs during the winter . Areas bordering warm oceans are prone to locally heavy rainfall from tropical cyclones , which can contribute a significant percentage of the annual rainfall . Plants such as palms , citrus , mango , lychee , and avocado are grown within the subtropics . Tree ferns and sequoia also grow within subtropical climate regimes . \n \n Definition \n \n The tropics have been historically defined as lying between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn , located at 23.45° north and south latitude respectively . The poleward fringe of the subtropics is located at approximately 40° north and south latitude respectively . \n \n Temperatures \n \n Several methods have been used to define the subtropical climate . In the Trewartha climate classification , a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a mean temperature of 10 °C or above . German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined Warm temperate zones as plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between 2 °C and 13 °C in the Northern Hemisphere and between 6 °C and 13 °C in the Southern Hemisphere , excluding oceanic and continental climates . According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification , there generally exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone , which is subdivided into seven smaller areas . \n \n According to the E. Neef climate classification , the subtropical zone is divided into two parts : Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate . According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification , the subtropical zone is divided into three parts : high-continental , continental , and maritime . According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification , subtropical is one of six climate zones in the world . \n \n Rainfall \n \n Heating of the earth near the equator leads to large amounts of upward motion and convection along the monsoon trough or Intertropical convergence zone . The upper-level divergence over the near-equatorial trough leads to air rising and moving away from the equator aloft . As the air moves towards the Mid-Latitudes , it cools and sinks , which leads to subsidence near the 30th parallel of both hemispheres . This circulation is known as the Hadley cell and leads to the formation of the subtropical ridge . Many of the world 's deserts are caused by these climatological high-pressure areas , located within the subtropics . This regime is known as an arid subtropical climate , which is generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents . Examples of this climate , the coastal areas of southern Africa ( Namibia , South Africa ) , south of the Canary Islands and the coasts of Peru and Chile . \n \n The humid or monsoon subtropical climate is often located on the western side of the subtropical High . Here , unstable tropical airmasses in summer bring convective overturning and frequent tropical downpours in the hot season . In the winter ( dry season ) the monsoon retreats , and the drier Trade Winds bring more stable airmass and often dry weather .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 581, "text": "florida" } ], "id": "qw_15739--Subtropics.txt", "qid": "qw_15739", "question": "The Everglades are a subtropical wetland in which U.S. state?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "King Arthur was a legendary British leader who , according to medieval histories and romances , led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD . The details of Arthur 's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention , and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians . The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources , including the Annales Cambriae , the Historia Brittonum , and the writings of Gildas . Arthur 's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin . \n \n Arthur is a central figure in the legends making up the so-called Matter of Britain . The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth 's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) . In some Welsh and Breton tales and poems that date from before this work , Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore , sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld , Annwn . How much of Geoffrey 's Historia ( completed in 1138 ) was adapted from such earlier sources , rather than invented by Geoffrey himself , is unknown . \n \n Although the themes , events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text , and there is no one canonical version , Geoffrey 's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories . Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain , Ireland , Iceland , Norway and Gaul . Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey 's Historia , including Arthur 's father Uther Pendragon , the wizard Merlin , Arthur 's wife Guinevere , the sword Excalibur , Arthur 's conception at Tintagel , his final battle against Mordred at Camlann , and final rest in Avalon . The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes , who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story , began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature . In these French stories , the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters , such as various Knights of the Round Table . Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century . In the 21st century , the legend lives on , not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre , film , television , comics and other media . \n \n Debated historicity \n \n The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars . One school of thought , citing entries in the Historia Brittonum ( History of the Britons ) and Annales Cambriae ( Welsh Annals ) , sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure , a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons some time in the late 5th to early 6th century . The Historia Brittonum , a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius , contains the first datable mention of King Arthur , listing twelve battles that Arthur fought . These culminate in the Battle of Badon , where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men . Recent studies , however , question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum . \n \n The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur 's historical existence is the 10th-century Annales Cambriae , which also link Arthur with the Battle of Badon . The Annales date this battle to 516–518 , and also mention the Battle of Camlann , in which Arthur and Medraut ( Mordred ) were both killed , dated to 537–539 . These details have often been used to bolster confidence in the Historia 's account and to confirm that Arthur really did fight at Badon . Problems have been identified , however , with using this source to support the Historia Brittonums account . The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales . Additionally , the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early . They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals . The Badon entry probably", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2103, "text": "lancelot" } ], "id": "qw_10197--King_Arthur.txt", "qid": "qw_10197", "question": "According to Arthurian legend, who was the father of Galahad?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Soviet dissidents were persons who disagreed with certain features in the embodiment of Soviet ideology and who were willing to speak out against them . As concerns the communist world , it is commonly recognized that the dissident `` sits apart '' from the regime . \n \n The dissidents were small groups of marginalized intellectuals whose modest challenges to the Soviet regime met protection and encouragement from correspondents . Leonid Brezhnev succeeded in preventing many professionals from becoming a vocal opposition and the open Soviet dissidents became more an international embarrassment than an internal danger . Soviet dissidents who criticized the state faced possible legal sanctions under Articles 70 , 72 , 142 , 190.1 , and 227 of the Soviet Criminal Code and faced the choice of exile , the mental hospital , or the labor camp . Anti-Soviet political behavior , in particular , being outspoken in opposition to the authorities , demonstrating for reform , writing books were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act ( e.g. , violation of Articles 70 or 190-1 ) , a symptom ( e.g. , `` delusion of reformism '' ) , and a diagnosis ( e.g. , `` sluggish schizophrenia '' ) . Over time , the dissident movement created vivid awareness of Soviet Communist tyranny . Due to a half century of Soviet repression , Soviet scientists who had managed to emigrate greatly enriched American science . Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible and , with rare exceptions , of little consequence . \n \n The 1950s–1960s \n \n In the 1950s , Soviet dissidents started leaking criticism to the West by sending documents and statements to foreign diplomatic missions in Moscow . In the 1960s , Soviet dissidents frequently declared that the rights the government of the Soviet Union denied them were universal rights , possessed by everyone regardless of race , religion and nationality . In August 1969 , for instance , the Initiating Group for Defense of Civil Rights in the USSR appealed to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights to defend the human rights being trampled on by Soviet authorities in a number of trials . \n \n The 1970s \n \n `` Our history shows that most of the people can be fooled for a very long time . But now all this idiocy is coming into clear contradiction with the fact that we have some level of openness . '' ( Vladimir Voinovich ) \n The heyday of the dissenters as a presence in the Western public life was the 1970s . The Helsinki Accords inspired dissidents in the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , and Poland to openly protest human rights failures by their own governments . The Soviet dissidents demanded that the Soviet authorities implement their own commitments proceeding from the Helsinki Agreement with the same zeal and in the same way as formerly the outspoken legalists expected the Soviet authorities to adhere strictly to the letter of their constitution . Dissident Russian and East European intellectuals who urged compliance with the Helsinki accords have been subjected to official repression . According to Soviet dissident Leonid Plyushch , Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters . 50 members of Soviet Helsinki Groups were imprisoned . Сases of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union were divulged by Amnesty International in 1975 and by The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners in 1975 and 1976 . \n \n US President Jimmy Carter in his inaugural address on 20 January 1977 announced that human rights would be central to foreign policy during his administration . In February , Carter sent Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov a letter expressing his support for the latter ’ s stance on human rights . In the wake of Carter 's letter to Sakharov , the USSR cautioned against attempts `` to interfere ' in its affairs under `` a thought-up pretext of 'defending human rights . ' '' Because of Carter 's open show of support for Soviet dissidents , the KGB was able to link dissent with American imperialism through suggesting that such protest is a cover for American espionage in the Soviet Union . The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined , `` The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov , fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all , on the basis of existing law . '' According to Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman , it was Andropov who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as Andrei Amalrik , Vladimir Bukovsky , Vyacheslav Chornovil , Zviad Gamsakhurdia , Alexander Ginzburg , Natalya", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3732, "text": "andrei dmitrievich sakharov" } ], "id": "odql_8239--Soviet_dissidents.txt", "qid": "odql_8239", "question": "Yelena Bonner who died last month was the wife of which Soviet dissident and physicist, winner of the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Little Britain is a British character-based comedy sketch show which was first broadcast on BBC radio and then turned into a television show . It was written and performed by comic duo David Walliams and Matt Lucas . The show 's title is an amalgamation of the terms 'Little England ' and 'Great Britain ' , and is also the name of a Victorian neighbourhood and a modern street in London . \n \n The show comprised sketches involving exaggerated parodies of British people from all walks of life in various situations familiar to the British people . These sketches were presented to the viewer together with narration in a manner which suggested that the programme is a guide—aimed at non-British people—to the ways of life of various classes of British society . Despite the narrator 's description of great British institutions , the comedy is derived from the British audience 's self-deprecating understanding of either themselves or people known to them . The phrase `` Little Britain '' also refers to an uninterested and parochial mindset often displayed by many of show 's subjects . The show was also a huge ratings success , receiving 9.5 million viewers after moving to BBC One in 2005 . \n \n History \n \n Radio show \n \n Little Britain initially appeared as a radio show on BBC Radio 4 , produced by Edward Flinn and ran from 2000 until 2002 . \n \n Radio 4 began a rerun of all nine episodes in February 2004 ( which were slightly edited for content to suit the 6:30pm timeslot ) . Unusually , this overlapped with a rerun on digital radio channel BBC 7 of the first five , which began in mid-March . In June–July 2004 , BBC 7 broadcast the remaining four . \n \n Ronnie Corbett commented that the characters as portrayed in the radio series were `` well drawn-out '' . \n \n Television series \n \n Like several other BBC comedy shows ( such as Dead Ringers and The Mighty Boosh ) , Little Britain made the transition from radio to television . All the episodes for the series were filmed at Pinewood Studios . Much of the TV material was adapted from the radio version , but with more emphasis on recurring characters and catchphrases . \n \n ; Series One , 2003 \n The first TV series was one of the new programmes in the launch line-up for digital channel BBC Three , the replacement for BBC Choice , which launched in February 2003 . As a result of its success , the first series was repeated on the more widely available BBC Two . Although reactions were mixed , many critics were enthusiastic , and the show was commissioned for another run . Part of the series was filmed in Kent at Herne Bay - Emily Howard the Lady and Lou and Andy sketches . \n \n ; Series Two , 2004 \n The second series , featuring several new characters , began on BBC Three on 19 October 2004 . Its continued popularity meant the repeats moved to BBC One , starting on 3 December 2004 . The episodes were edited for their BBC One run , to cut out any material that may be too offensive for the more mainstream BBC One audience . \n \n ; Series Three , 2005 \n A third series began on 17 November 2005 , for the first time on BBC One and not BBC Three , and ended six weeks later . After its transmission , it was unclear whether there would be another , as many sketches were given dramatic twists and `` wrapped up '' — ( see individual character articles ) . Lucas and Walliams were reportedly in talks for a fourth series with the BBC . Furthermore , they admitted in an interview they preferred to `` kill off '' certain characters in order to make way for new ones . \n \n ; Little , Little Britain , 2005 \n In 2005 , to raise money for Comic Relief , Walliams and Lucas made a special edition of the show , dubbed Little , Little Britain . The episode included a variety of sketches with celebrities including George Michael , Robbie Williams and Sir Elton John . This was released on a limited edition DVD and was released in the United States as Little , Little Britain on the region 1 version of the Little Britain : Season 2 DVD . \n \n ; Little Britain Abroad , 2006 \n In 2006 , a two-part Christmas special was released , in which characters from the show were depicted as visiting other countries . \n \n Little Britain Live \n \n As", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qz_1559--Little_Britain.txt", "qid": "qz_1559", "question": "In the TV show Little Britain what is the name of the only gay in the village?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Mary Poppins is a 1964 American musical fantasy comedy film directed by Robert Stevenson and produced by Walt Disney , with songs written and composed by the Sherman Brothers . The screenplay is by Bill Walsh and Don DaGradi , loosely based on P. L. Travers ' book series Mary Poppins . The film , which combines live-action and animation , stars Julie Andrews in the role of Mary Poppins who visits a dysfunctional family in London and employs her unique brand of lifestyle to improve the family 's dynamic . Dick Van Dyke , David Tomlinson , and Glynis Johns are featured in supporting roles . The film was shot entirely at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . \n \n Mary Poppins was released on August 27 , 1964 to universal acclaim , receiving a total of thirteen Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture—an unsurpassed record for any other film released by Walt Disney Studios—and won five ; Best Actress for Andrews , Best Film Editing , Best Original Music Score , Best Visual Effects , and Best Original Song for `` Chim Chim Cher-ee '' . In 2013 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . \n \n Plot \n \n In Edwardian London , 1910 , Cockney one-man band Bert is entertaining a crowd when he senses a change in the wind . Afterwards , he directly addresses the audience and gives them a tour of Cherry Tree Lane , stopping outside the home of the Banks family . George Banks returns home from his job at the bank to learn from his wife Winifred that their hired nanny , Katie Nanna , has left their service after his children , Jane and Michael , ran away `` again '' . They are returned shortly after by the local constable , who reveals that the children were chasing a lost kite . The children ask their father to help build a better kite , but he dismisses them . Taking it upon himself to hire a nanny , George advertises for a stern , no-nonsense nanny . Jane and Michael present their own advertisement for a kinder , sweeter nanny , but George rips up the letter and throws the scraps in the fireplace , which magically float up and out into the air . \n \n The next day , a queue of elderly , sour-faced nannies appear outside . However , a strong gust of wind blows the nannies away , and Jane and Michael witness a young nanny descend from the sky using her umbrella . Presenting herself to George , Mary Poppins calmly produces the children ’ s now restored advertisement and agrees with its requests , but promises the astonished banker she will be firm with his children . As George puzzles over the ad ’ s return , Mary hires herself and meets the children , baffling them with her behaviour and bottomless carpet bag . She helps the children to tidy their nursery through song , before heading out for a walk in the park . \n \n Outside , they meet Bert who now works as a screever , drawing chalk sketches on the pavement . Mary uses her magic to transport the group into one of the drawings , which becomes an animated countryside setting . While the children ride on a nearby carousel , Mary Poppins and Bert go on a leisurely stroll and are served tea by a quartet of penguin waiters . Mary enchants the carousel horses and participate in a horse race which she wins . When asked to describe her victory , Mary announces the nonsense word “ Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious ” . However , the outing is ruined when a thunderstorm washes away Bert 's drawings , returning the group to London . On another outing , the four meet Mary 's jovial Uncle Albert who has floated up in the air due to his uncontrollable laughter . They join him for a tea party on the ceiling , telling jokes . \n \n George becomes increasingly bothered by the cheery atmosphere of his family and considers firing Mary Poppins . Mary inverts his attempt , instead convincing him to take the children to the bank for a day . George takes Jane and Michael to the bank , where they meet his employers , Mr. Dawes Sr. and his son . Dawes aggressively attempts to have Michael invest his tuppence in the bank , snatching the money from him . Michael demands it back , causing other customers to misinterpret and all demand their money back", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qz_6647--Mary_Poppins_(film).txt", "qid": "qz_6647", "question": "What creature is carved into the handle of Mary Poppins' umbrella?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "HMS Endeavour , also known as HM Bark Endeavour , was a British Royal Navy research vessel that Lieutenant James Cook commanded on his first voyage of discovery , to Australia and New Zealand , from 1769 to 1771 . \n \n She was launched in 1764 as the collier Earl of Pembroke , and the navy purchased her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to explore the seas for the surmised Terra Australis Incognita or `` unknown southern land '' . The navy renamed and commissioned her as His Majesty 's Bark the Endeavour . She departed Plymouth in August 1768 , rounded Cape Horn , and reached Tahiti in time to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun . She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south , stopping at the Pacific islands of Huahine , Bora Bora , and Raiatea to allow Cook to claim them for Great Britain . In September 1769 , she anchored off New Zealand , the first European vessel to reach the islands since Abel Tasman 's Heemskerck 127 years earlier . \n \n In April 1770 , Endeavour became the first ship to reach the east coast of Australia , when Cook went ashore at what is now known as Botany Bay . Endeavour then sailed north along the Australian coast . She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef , and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her . He then beached her on the mainland for seven weeks to permit rudimentary repairs to her hull . On 10 October 1770 , she limped into port in Batavia ( now named Jakarta ) in the Dutch East Indies for more substantial repairs , her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands they had visited . She resumed her westward journey on 26 December , rounded the Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771 , and reached the English port of Dover on 12 July , having been at sea for nearly three years . \n \n Largely forgotten after her epic voyage , Endeavour spent the next three years sailing to and from the Falkland Islands . Sold into private hands in 1775 , and later renamed as Lord Sandwich , she was hired as a British troop transport during the American War of Independence and was scuttled in a blockade of Narragansett Bay , Rhode Island , in 1778. her wreck had not been precisely located but was thought to be one of a cluster of five in Newport Harbor , and searching continued . Relics , including six of her cannon and an anchor , are displayed at maritime museums worldwide . A replica of Endeavour was launched in 1994 and is berthed alongside the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney Harbour . The US space shuttle Endeavour is named after the ship and she is depicted on the New Zealand fifty-cent coin . \n \n Construction \n \n Endeavour was originally the merchant collier Earl of Pembroke , built by Thomas Fishburn for Thomas Millner , launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in North Yorkshire , and of a type known locally as the Whitby Cat . She was ship-rigged and sturdily built with a broad , flat bow , a square stern , and a long box-like body with a deep hold . \n \n A flat-bottomed design made her well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowed her to be beached for loading and unloading of cargo and for basic repairs without requiring a dry dock . Her hull , internal floors , and futtocks were built from traditional white oak , her keel and stern post from elm , and her masts from pine and fir . Plans of the ship also show a double keelson to lock the keel , floors and frames in place . \n \n Some doubt exists about the height of her standing masts ( excludes top and gallant masts ) , as surviving diagrams of Endeavour depict the body of the vessel only , and not the mast plan . While her main and foremast standing spars ( excludes top and gallant masts ) are accepted to be a standard ( standards differed from shipyard to shipyard and country to country ) 69 and , respectively from an annotation on one surviving ship plan National Maritime Museum in Greenwich NMM ZAZ6594 which records these lengths has the mizzen as `` 16 yards 29 inches '' ( m ) . If correct , this would produce an oddly truncated mast a full 9 ft shorter than the standards of the day . late 20th", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 96, "text": "lieutenant james cook" } ], "id": "sfq_25409--HMS_Endeavour.txt", "qid": "sfq_25409", "question": "Who first sailed out of Whitby aboard the collier Freelove - his later ships include HMS Eagle, HMS Solebay, HMS Grenville and HMS Endeavour?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The 20th century was a century that began on \n \n January 1 , 1901 and ended on December 31 , 2000 . It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium . It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s ( sometimes written as 19XX ) , which began on January 1 , 1900 and ended on December 31 , 1999 . \n \n The 20th Century was dominated by chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era : World War I and World War II , nuclear power and space exploration , nationalism and decolonization , the Cold War and Post-Cold War conflicts ; intergovernmental organizations and cultural homogenization through developments in emerging transportation and communications technology ; poverty reduction and world population growth , awareness of environmental degradation , ecological extinction ; and the birth of the Digital Revolution . It saw great advances in communication and medical technology that by the late 1980s allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide computer communication and genetic modification of life . The term `` short twentieth century '' was coined to represent the events from 1914 to 1991 . \n \n Global total fertility rates , sea level rise and ecological collapses skyrocketed exponentially ; the resulting competition for land and dwindling resources accelerated deforestation , water depletion and the mass extinction of half the world 's wildlife population ; consequences which are now being dealt with . It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world 's population to reach 1 billion ; world population reached 2 billion estimates in 1927 ; by late 1999 , the global population reached 6 billion . Global literacy averaged 80 % ; global lifespan-averages exceeded 40+ years for the first time in history , with over half achieving 70+ years ; and income earnings of $ 10 or more per day outnumbered those earning $ 1 or less . Globally approximately 45 % of those who were married and able to have children used contraception ; 40 % of pregnancies were unplanned ; half of unplanned pregnancies were aborted . \n \n Overview \n \n The century had the first global-scale total wars between world powers across continents and oceans in World War I and World War II . Nationalism became a major political issue in the world in the 20th century , acknowledged in international law along with the right of nations to self-determination , official decolonization in the mid-century , and nationalist-influenced armed regional-conflicts . \n \n The century saw a major shift in the way that many people lived , with changes in politics , ideology , economics , society , culture , science , technology , and medicine . The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization . Terms like ideology , world war , genocide , and nuclear war entered common usage . Scientific discoveries , such as the theory of relativity and quantum physics , profoundly changed the foundational models of physical science , forcing scientists to realize that the universe was more complex than previously believed , and dashing the hopes ( or fears ) at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in . It was a century that started with horses , simple automobiles , and freighters but ended with high-speed rail , cruise ships , global commercial air travel and the space shuttle . Horses , Western society 's basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years , were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades . These developments were made possible by the exploitation of fossil fuel resources , which offered energy in an easily portable form , but also caused concern about pollution and long-term impact on the environment . Humans explored space for the first time , taking their first footsteps on the Moon . \n \n Mass media , telecommunications , and information technology ( especially computers , paperback books , public education , and the Internet ) made the world 's knowledge more widely available . Advancements in medical technology also improved the welfare of many people : the global life expectancy increased from 35 years to 65 years . Rapid technological advancements , however , also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction . World War II alone killed over 60 million people , while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate itself in a short time . However , these same wars resulted in the destruction of the Imperial system . For the first time in human history , empires and their", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_7922--20th_century.txt", "qid": "sfq_7922", "question": "In which decade of the 20 century was the Sydney Harbour Bridge officially opened?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Gypsy Rose Lee ( January 8 , 1911 Karen Abbott ( 2010 ) American Rose : A Nation Laid Bare , The Life and Times of Gypsy Rose Lee , New York : Random House ; ISBN 1-4000-6691-3 ; – April 26 , 1970 ) was an American burlesque entertainer famous for her striptease act . She was also an actress , author , and playwright whose 1957 memoir was made into the stage musical and film Gypsy . \n \n Early life \n \n Gypsy Rose Lee was born in Seattle , Washington on January 8 , 1911 , Karen Abbott ( 2010 ) American Rose : A Nation Laid Bare , The Life and Times of Gypsy Rose Lee , New York : Random House ; ISBN 1-4000-6691-3 ; as Rose Louise Hovick ; however , she always gave January 9 as her date of birth . Louise 's sister , actress June Havoc , born Ellen June Hovick or Ellen Evangeline Hovick , was born on November 8 , 1912 . Their mother , Rose ( née Rose Evangeline Thompson ) , daughter of Charles and Anna Thompson , forged various birth certificates for each of her daughters -- older when needed to evade varying state child labour laws , and younger for reduced or free train fares . The girls were unsure until later in life what their years of birth were . \n \n Rose had married Norwegian-American , John Olaf Hovick , a newspaper advertising salesman and a reporter at The Seattle Times . Noralee Frankel ( 2009 ) Stripping Gypsy : The Life of Gypsy Rose Lee , Oxford University Press US ; ISBN 0-19-536803-7 ; ISBN 978-0-19-536803-1 They married on May 28 , 1910 in Seattle , Washington . They divorced on August 20 , 1915 . \n \n Rose married her second husband , Judson Brennerman , a traveling salesman , on May 26 , 1916 at a Unitarian church in Seattle , with the Rev J.D.A . Powers officiating . \n \n After the divorce of Hovick and Thompson , June supported the family by appearing in vaudeville , being billed `` Tiniest Toe Dancer in the World '' when she was only 2½ . Rose and June went to Hollywood for two years where June appeared in short films directed by Hal Roach . Louise was left behind while June and her mother were on the road . She had an elementary education , unlike June who was taught to read by stage-hands . Much to her mother 's displeasure , June eloped with Bobby Reed , a dancer in their act , in December 1928 , and went on to pursue a brief career in marathon dancing , a more profitable vocation than tap dancing.Laura Jacobs ( Mar 2003 ) `` Taking it all off '' , Vanity Fair , Vol . 511 , p. 198 . \n \n Career \n \n Louise 's singing and dancing talents were insufficient to sustain the act without June . Eventually , it became apparent that Louise could make money in burlesque , which earned her legendary status as an elegant and witty striptease artist . Initially , her act was propelled forward when a shoulder strap on one of her gowns gave way , causing her dress to fall to her feet despite her efforts to cover herself ; encouraged by the audience 's response , she went on to make the trick the focus of her performance . \n \n Her innovations were an almost casual strip style compared to the herky-jerky styles of most burlesque strippers ( she emphasized the `` tease '' in `` striptease '' ) , and she brought a sharp sense of humor into her act as well . She became as famous for her onstage wit as for her strip style , and – changing her stage name to Gypsy Rose Lee – she became one of the biggest stars of Minsky 's Burlesque , where she performed for four years . She was frequently arrested in raids on the Minsky brothers ' shows . During the Great Depression , Lee spoke at various union meetings in support of New York laborers . According to activist Harry Fisher , her talks were among those that attracted the largest audiences . \n \n In 1937 and 1938 , billed as Louise Hovick , she made five films in Hollywood . But her acting was generally panned , so she returned to New York City where she had an affair with film producer Michael Todd and co-produced and appeared in his 1942 musical revue , Star and Garter . \n \n Lee viewed herself as a `` high-class '' stripper , and she approved of", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "gypsy" } ], "id": "tc_1983--Gypsy_Rose_Lee.txt", "qid": "tc_1983", "question": "Which show was based on the autobiography of Gypsy Rose Lee?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Coronation Street ( informally known as Corrie ) is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960 . The programme centres on Coronation Street in Weatherfield , a fictional town based on Salford , its terraced houses , café , corner shop , newsagents , textile factory and The Rovers Return pub . In the show 's fictional history , the street was built in the early 1900s and named in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII . \n \n The show typically airs five times a week ; Monday and Friday 7.30pm-8pm & 8.30pm-9pm and Wednesday 7.30pm-8pm , however this occasionally varies due to sport or around Christmas and New Year . From late 2017 the show will air 6 times a week . \n \n The programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester . Warren 's initial kitchen sink drama proposal was rejected by the station 's founder Sidney Bernstein , but he was persuaded by producer Harry Elton to produce the programme for thirteen pilot episodes . Within six months of the show 's first broadcast , it had become the most-watched programme on British television , and is now a significant part of British culture . The show has been one of the most financially lucrative programmes on British commercial television , underpinning the success of Granada Television and ITV . \n \n Coronation Street is made by Granada Television at MediaCity Manchester and shown in all ITV regions , as well as internationally . On 17 September 2010 , it became the world 's longest-running TV soap opera in production . On 23 September 2015 , Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITV 's 60th anniversary . [ http : //www.itv.com/news/story/2015-09-23/live-coronation-street-episode-wows-viewers/ Live Coronation Street episode wows viewers - ITV News ] \n \n Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth working class community combined with light-hearted humour , and strong characters . \n \n History \n \n 1960s \n \n The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 at 7 pm , and was not initially a critical success ; Daily Mirror columnist Ken Irwin claimed the series would only last three weeks . Granada Television had commissioned only 13 episodes , and some inside the company doubted the show would last beyond its planned production run . Despite the criticism , viewers were immediately drawn into the serial , won over by Coronation Streets 'ordinary ' characters . The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect ; affectionate local terms like `` eh , chuck ? `` , `` nowt '' ( , meaning nothing ) , and `` by 'eck ! '' became widely heard on British television for the first time . \n \n Early episodes told the story of student Kenneth Barlow ( William Roache ) , who had won a place at university , and thus found his working-class background something of an embarrassment . The character was one of the few to have experienced life 'outside ' of Coronation Street . In some ways this predicts the growth of globalisation , and the decline of similar communities . In an episode from 1961 , Barlow declares : `` You ca n't go on just thinking about your own street these days . We 're living with people on the other side of the world . There 's more to worry about than Elsie Tanner and her boyfriends . '' Roache is the only remaining member of the original cast , which makes him the longest-serving actor in Coronation Street , and in British and global soap history . \n \n At the centre of many early stories , there was Ena Sharples ( Violet Carson ) , caretaker of the Glad Tidings Mission Hall , and her friends : timid Minnie Caldwell ( Margot Bryant ) , and bespectacled Martha Longhurst ( Lynne Carol ) . The trio were likened to the Greek chorus , and the three witches in William Shakespeare 's Macbeth , as they would sit in the snug bar of the Rovers Return , passing judgement over family , neighbours and frequently each other . Headstrong Ena often clashed with Elsie Tanner , whom she believed espoused a dauntlessly loose set of morals . Elsie resented Ena 's interference and gossip , which most of the time had little basis in reality . \n \n In April 1961 , Jed Stone made his first appearance and returned the following year in 1962 . He left in 1963 , but returned three years later in 1966 . He left again and then returned 42 years later in 2008 . \n \n In", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bt_849--Coronation_Street.txt", "qid": "bt_849", "question": "Who played Curly in Coronation Street" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Monopoly is a board game that originated in the United States in 1903 as a way to demonstrate that an economy which rewards wealth creation is better than one in which monopolists work under few constraints and to promote the economic theories of Henry George and in particular his ideas about taxation . The current version was first published by Parker Brothers in 1935 . Subtitled `` The Fast-Dealing Property Trading Game '' , the game is named after the economic concept of monopoly—the domination of a market by a single entity . It is now produced by the United States game and toy company Hasbro . Players move around the game-board buying or trading properties , developing their properties with houses and hotels , and collecting rent from their opponents , with the goal being to drive them all into bankruptcy leaving one monopolist in control of the entire economy . Since the board game was first commercially sold in the 1930s , it has become a part of popular world culture , having been locally licensed in more than 103 countries and printed in more than thirty-seven languages . \n \n History \n \n Early history \n \n The history of Monopoly can be traced back to 1903 , when American anti-monopolist Elizabeth ( Lizzie ) J. Magie Phillips , created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George . It was intended as an educational tool to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies . Magie took out a patent in 1904 . Her game , The Landlord 's Game , was self-published , beginning in 1906 . A series of variant board games based on her concept was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land . Cardboard houses were added and rents were increased as they were added . Magie again patented the game in 1923 . \n \n According to an advertisement placed in The Christian Science Monitor , Charles Todd of Philadelphia recalled the day in 1932 when his childhood friend , Esther Jones , now married to Charles Darrow , came to their house with her husband for dinner . After the meal , the Darrows played The Landlord 's Game several times with them , a game that was entirely new to the Darrows , and before he left , Darrow asked for a written set of the rules . After Darrow brought his own Monopoly game out , the Todds never spoke to the Darrows again . \n \n Origin \n \n By 1933 , a variation on `` The Landlord 's Game '' called Monopoly was the basis of the board game sold by Parker Brothers , beginning on February 6 , 1935 . Several people , mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast , contributed to the game 's design and evolution , and this is when the game 's design took on the 4×10 space-to-a-side layout and familiar cards were produced . The original version of the game in this format was based on streets in Atlantic City , New Jersey . By the 1970s , the false notion that the game had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore : it was printed in the game 's instructions . \n \n 1936–1970 \n \n In 1936 , Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States . In 1941 , the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd. , the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom , create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis . Hidden inside these games were maps , compasses , real money , and other objects useful for escaping . They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service-created fake charity groups . \n \n 1970s–80s \n \n Economics professor Ralph Anspach published a game Anti-Monopoly in 1973 , and was sued for trademark infringement by Parker Brothers in 1974 . The case went to trial in 1976 . Anspach won on appeals in 1979 , as the 9th Circuit Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic , and therefore unenforceable . The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case , allowing the appellate court ruling to stand . This decision was overturned by the passage of Public Law 98-620 in 1984 . With that law in place , Parker Brothers and its parent company , Hasbro , continue to hold valid trademarks for the game Monopoly . However , Anti-Monopoly was exempted from the law and Anspach later reached a settlement", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 68, "text": "3" } ], "id": "qg_801--Monopoly_(game).txt", "qid": "qg_801", "question": "According to the rules of Monopoly, how many consecutive rolls of doubles does it take to get sent directly to jail?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Vitreous enamel , also called porcelain enamel , is a material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing , usually between 750 and . The powder melts , flows , and then hardens to a smooth , durable vitreous coating on metal , or on glass or ceramics . \n \n The term `` enamel '' is most often restricted to work on metal , which is the subject of this article . Enameled glass is also called `` painted '' . Fired enamelware is an integrated layered composite of glass and metal . \n \n The word enamel comes from the Old High German word smelzan ( to smelt ) via the Old French esmail , or from a Latin word smaltum , first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV . Used as a noun , `` an enamel '' is usually a small decorative object coated with enamel . \n \n Enameling is an old and widely adopted technology , for most of its history mainly used in jewelry and decorative art . \n \n Since the 19th century the term applies also to industrial materials and many metal consumer objects , such as some cooking vessels , dishwashers , laundry machines , sinks , and tubs . ( `` Enamelled '' and `` enamelling '' are the preferred spellings in British English , while `` enameled '' and `` enameling '' are preferred in American English . ) \n \n History \n \n Ancient Persians used this method for coloring and ornamenting the surface of metals by fusing over it brilliant colors that are decorated in an intricate design and called it Meenakari . \n \n Mina is the feminine form of Minoo in Persian , meaning heaven . Mina refers to the Azure color of heaven . The Iranian craftsmen of Sasanian Empire era invented this art and Mongols spread it to India and other countries . The ancient Egyptians applied enamels to stone objects , pottery , and sometimes jewelry , though to the last less often than in other ancient Middle Eastern cultures . \n \n The ancient Greeks , Celts , Georgians , and Chinese also used enamel on metal objects . \n \n Enamel was also used to decorate glass vessels during the Roman period , and there is evidence of this as early as the late Republican and early Imperial periods in the Levant , Egypt , Britain and around the Black Sea . Enamel powder could be produced in two ways , either by powdering colored glass , or by mixing colorless glass powder with pigments such as a metallic oxide . \n \n Designs were either painted freehand or over the top of outline incisions , and the technique probably originated in metalworking . Once painted , enameled glass vessels needed to be fired at a temperature high enough to melt the applied powder , but low enough that the vessel itself was not melted . \n \n Production is thought to have come to a peak in the Claudian period and persisted for some three hundred years , though archaeological evidence for this technique is limited to some forty vessels or vessel fragments . French tourist , Jean Chardin , who toured Iran during the Safavid rule , made a reference to an enamel work of Isfahan , which comprised a pattern of birds and animals on a floral background in light blue , green , yellow and red . Gold has been used traditionally for Meenakari Jewellery as it holds the enamel better , lasts longer and its luster brings out the colors of the enamels . \n \n Silver , a later introduction , is used for artifacts like boxes , bowls , spoons , and art pieces while Copper which is used for handicraft products were introduced only after the Gold Control Act , which compelled the Meenakars to look for a material other than gold , was enforced in India . \n \n Initially , the work of Meenakari often went unnoticed as this art was traditionally used as a backing for the famous kundan or stone-studded jewellery . This also allowed the wearer to reverse the jewelry as also promised a special joy in the secret of the hidden design . \n \n In European art history , enamel was at its most important in the Middle Ages , beginning with the Late Romans and then the Byzantines , who began to use cloisonné enamel in imitation of cloisonné inlays of precious stones . Byzantine enamel style was widely adopted by the `` barbarian '' peoples of Migration Period northern Europe . The Byzantines then began to use cloisonné more freely to create images ; this was also", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3978, "text": "cloisonn" } ], "id": "qw_3567--Vitreous_enamel.txt", "qid": "qw_3567", "question": "What is the name for a method of enamel decoration where the design is outlined with soldered metal fillets which are filled with enamel paste or powder, which is vitrified and ground smooth?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Treaty of Utrecht , which established the Peace of Utrecht , is a series of individual peace treaties , rather than a single document , signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession , in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713 . The treaties between several European states , including Spain , Great Britain , France , Portugal , Savoy and the Dutch Republic , helped end the war . \n \n The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and of his grandson Philip V of Spain on one hand , and representatives of Anne of Great Britain , Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia , John V of Portugal and the United Provinces of the Netherlands on the other . They marked the end of French ambitions of hegemony in Europe expressed in the wars of Louis XIV , and preserved the European system based on the balance of power . \n \n Negotiations \n \n The War of the Spanish Succession was occasioned by the failure of the Habsburg king , Charles II of Spain to produce an heir . In fact , the Habsburgs were prone to pedigree collapse , and this shows in the appellation given to Carlos II , el Hechizado ( the bedevilled ) , and in portraits of the Kings , like those by Diego Velázquez and Juan Carreño de Miranda . Dispute followed the death of Charles II in 1700 , and fourteen years of war were the result . \n \n France and Great Britain had come to terms in October 1711 , when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in London . The preliminaries were based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain 's European possessions . Following this , the Congress of Utrecht opened on 29 January 1712 , with the British representatives being John Robinson , Bishop of Bristol , and Thomas Wentworth , Lord Strafford . Reluctantly the United Provinces accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives , but Emperor Charles VI refused to do so until he was assured that the preliminaries were not binding . This assurance was given , and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance . As Philip was not yet recognized as its king , Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries , but the Duke of Savoy sent one , and Portugal was represented by Luís da Cunha . \n \n One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate , and matters did not make much progress until after 10 July 1712 , when Philip signed a renunciation . With Great Britain and France having agreed upon a truce , the pace of negotiation now quickened , and the main treaties were finally signed on 11 April 1713 . \n \n Principal provisions \n \n The treaty recognised Louis XIV 's grandson Philip , Duke of Anjou , as King of Spain ( as Philip V ) , thus confirming the succession stipulated in the will of the Charles II of Spain who died in 1700 . However , Philip was compelled to renounce for himself and his descendants any right to the French throne . In similar fashion various French princelings , including most notably the Duke of Berry ( Louis XIV 's youngest grandson ) and the Duke of Orléans ( Louis 's nephew ) , renounced for themselves and their descendants any claim to the Spanish throne . Utrecht marked the rise of Great Britain under Anne and later the House of Hanover ; her exploits martial were due to Marlborough . The lucrative trading opportunities afforded to the British were gained at the expense of her allies with the Dutch forgoing a share in the Asiento and the Holy Roman Empire ceding Spain to Philip V and being forced to reinstate the Elector of Bavaria . \n \n The Spanish territories in Europe were apportioned : Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan , while Charles VI ( the Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria ) received the Spanish Netherlands , the Kingdom of Naples , Sardinia , and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan . Portugal had its sovereignty recognised over the lands between the Amazon and Oyapock rivers , in Brazil . In 1715 , the Portuguese also recovered Colónia do Sacramento , previously taken by Spain in Uruguay . \n \n In addition , under Article X of the treaty Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain and agreed to give to the British the Asiento , a monopoly on the oceanic slave", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 4178, "text": "gibraltar" } ], "id": "odql_5598--Treaty_of_Utrecht.txt", "qid": "odql_5598", "question": "Great Britain was given which strategic possession in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Football is the most popular sport in France . The Fédération Française de Football is the national governing body and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the game association football in the country , both professional and amateur . The federation organizes the Coupe de France and is responsible for appointing the management of the men 's , women 's and youth national football teams in France . The federation gives responsibility of Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 to the Ligue de Football Professionnel who oversee , organize , and manage the country 's top two leagues . The LFP is also responsible for organizing the Coupe de la Ligue , the country 's league cup competition . The French Football Federation also supervises the overseas departments and territories leagues and hosts football club AS Monaco , a club based in the independent sovereign state of Monaco . In 2006 , the FFF had 2,143,688 licenses , with over 1,850,836 registered players and 18,194 registered clubs . \n \n The first football club was introduced to France in 1863 , as described in a newspaper article by The Scotsman , which stated `` A number of English gentlemen living in Paris have lately organised a football club ... The football contests take place in the Bois de Boulogne , by permission of the authorities and surprise the French amazingly . '' Modern football was introduced nine years later in 1872 by English sailors playing in Le Havre in 1872 . \n \n League system \n \n Ligue de Football Professionnel \n \n The top two divisions of French football , Ligue 1 and Ligue 2 , are governed by the Ligue de Football Professionnel . The league is responsible for overseeing , organizing , and managing the top two leagues and is also responsible for the 46 professional football clubs that contest football in France ( 20 in Ligue 1 , 20 in Ligue 2 , and 6 in the Championnat National ) . \n \n Ligue 1 is the French professional league for football clubs . It is the country 's primary football competition and serves as the top division of the French football league system . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Ligue 2 . Ligue 1 is one of the top national leagues , currently ranked fifth in Europe behind the English Premier League , Spanish La Liga , Italian Serie A , and the German Fußball-Bundesliga . Ligue 1 was inaugurated on 11 September 1932 under the name National before switching to Division 1 after a year of existence . The name lasted until 2002 before switching to its current name . The current champions of France are Paris Saint-Germain . \n \n Ligue 2 is the second division of French football . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Championnat National . The league was created in 1934 , a year after Ligue 1 and consisted of 23 clubs that were divided into two groups , Nord and Sud . \n \n Championnat National \n \n The Championnat National is the third division of French football . Though the league has several clubs that are members of the Ligue de Football Professionnel , it is not governed by the organization primarily because of the LFP 's refusal to divide its profits into smaller shares , so they can collaborate with the many amateur clubs in the league to help them become professional . The French Football Federation moderates the league , which was founded in 1993 under the name National 1 . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Championnat de France amateur . \n \n Championnat de France amateur \n \n The Championnat de France amateur , commonly referred to as simply CFA , is a football league in France . The league is the fourth division of French football and normally features 72 football clubs . Most clubs that participate in the league are amateur clubs ( hence the league name ) , but a small amount of clubs are semi-professional . The CFA consists of 72 clubs spread into 4 parallel groups of 18 . It is open to the best reserve teams in France and amateur clubs in France , although only the amateur clubs are eligible for promotion to the Championnat National . The highest-placed amateur team in each pool are promoted , replaced by the 4 lowest-placed in the Championnat National . \n \n Championnat de France amateur 2 \n \n The Championnat de France amateur 2 , known as CFA 2 , is run similarly to its predecessor . It", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_7817--Football_in_France.txt", "qid": "sfq_7817", "question": "The French Football Ligue 1 team Marseille have which other name in their title?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca . English is either the official language or an official language in almost 60 sovereign states . It is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom , the United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , and New Zealand , and is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean , Africa , and South Asia . It is the third most common native language in the world , after Mandarin and Spanish . It is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the United Nations , of the European Union , and of many other world and regional international organisations . \n \n English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years . The earliest forms of English , a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the fifth century , are called Old English . Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England . Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible , and the start of the Great Vowel Shift . Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire , modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries . Through all types of printed and electronic media , as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower , English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science , navigation , and law . \n \n Modern English has little inflection compared with many other languages , and relies more on auxiliary verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses , aspect and mood , as well as passive constructions , interrogatives and some negation . Despite noticeable variation among the accents and dialects of English used in different countries and regions – in terms of phonetics and phonology , and sometimes also vocabulary , grammar and spelling – English-speakers from around the world are able to communicate with one another with relative ease . \n \n Classification \n \n English is an Indo-European language , and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages , and English and Frisian form the Anglo-Frisian subgroup within West Germanic . Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related , and sometimes Low German , English , and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages . Modern English descends from Middle English , which in turn descends from Old English . Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English ( Anglic ) languages , including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy ( Yola ) dialects of Ireland . \n \n English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features ( different from other Indo-European languages ) with other Germanic languages such as Dutch , German , and Swedish . These shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor , which linguists call Proto-Germanic . Some shared features of Germanic languages are the use of modal verbs , the division of verbs into strong and weak classes , and the sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants , known as Grimm 's and Verner 's laws . Through Grimm 's law , the word for foot begins with in Germanic languages , but its cognates in other Indo-European languages begin with . English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features , such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic ( see ) . \n * English sing , sang , sung ; Dutch zingen , zong , gezongen ; German singen , sang , gesungen ( strong verb ) \n English laugh , laughed ; Dutch and German lachen , lachte ( weak verb ) \n * English foot , Dutch voet , German Fuß , Norwegian and Swedish fot ( initial derived from Proto-Indo-European through Grimm 's law ) \n Latin pes , stem ped- ; Modern Greek pódi ; Russian pod ; Sanskrit pád ( original Proto-Indo-European ) \n * English cheese , Frisian tsiis ( ch and ts from palatalisation ) \n German Käse and Dutch kaas ( k without palatalisation ) \n \n English , like the other insular Germanic languages , Icelandic and Faroese , developed independently of the", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 760, "text": "4" } ], "id": "qb_948--English_language.txt", "qid": "qb_948", "question": "What is the only number in the English language which is spelt using the same number of letters as the number itself?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "James Watt ( 30 January 1736 ( 19 January 1736 OS ) – 25 August 1819 ) was a Scottish inventor , mechanical engineer , and chemist whose Watt steam engine , an improvement of the Newcomen steam engine , was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world . \n \n While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow , Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines . He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder . Watt introduced a design enhancement , the separate condenser , which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power , efficiency , and cost-effectiveness of steam engines . Eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion , greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water . \n \n Watt attempted to commercialise his invention , but experienced great financial difficulties until he entered a partnership with Matthew Boulton in 1775 . The new firm of Boulton and Watt was eventually highly successful and Watt became a wealthy man . In his retirement , Watt continued to develop new inventions though none was as significant as his steam engine work . He died in 1819 at the age of 83 . \n \n He developed the concept of horsepower , and the SI unit of power , the watt , was named after him . \n \n Biography \n \n James Watt was born on 19 January 1736 in Greenock , Renfrewshire , a seaport on the Firth of Clyde . His father was a shipwright , ship owner and contractor , and served as the town 's chief baillie , while his mother , Agnes Muirhead , came from a distinguished family and was well educated . Both were Presbyterians and strong Covenanters . Watt 's grandfather , Thomas Watt , was a mathematics teacher and baillie to the Baron of Cartsburn . Despite being raised by religious parents , he later on became a deist . \n \n Watt did not attend school regularly ; initially he was mostly schooled at home by his mother but later he attended Greenock Grammar School . He exhibited great manual dexterity , engineering skills and an aptitude for mathematics , while Latin and Greek failed to interest him . \n \n When he was eighteen , his mother died and his father 's health began to fail . Watt travelled to London to study instrument-making for a year , then returned to Scotland , settling in the major commercial city of Glasgow intent on setting up his own instrument-making business . He made and repaired brass reflecting quadrants , parallel rulers , scales , parts for telescopes , and barometers , among other things . Because he had not served at least seven years as an apprentice , the Glasgow Guild of Hammermen ( which had jurisdiction over any artisans using hammers ) blocked his application , despite there being no other mathematical instrument makers in Scotland . \n \n Watt was saved from this impasse by the arrival of astronomical instruments at the University of Glasgow , instruments that required expert attention . Watt restored them to working order and was remunerated . These instruments were eventually installed in the Macfarlane Observatory . Subsequently three professors offered him the opportunity to set up a small workshop within the university . It was initiated in 1757 and two of the professors , the physicist and chemist Joseph Black as well as the famed Adam Smith , became Watt 's friends . \n \n At first he worked on maintaining and repairing scientific instruments used in the university , helping with demonstrations , and expanding the production of quadrants . In 1759 he formed a partnership with John Craig , an architect and businessman , to manufacture and sell a line of products including musical instruments and toys . This partnership lasted for the next six years , and employed up to sixteen workers . Craig died in 1765 . One employee , Alex Gardner , eventually took over the business , which lasted into the twentieth century . \n \n In 1764 , Watt married his cousin Margaret ( Peggy ) Miller , with whom he had five children , two of whom lived to adulthood : James Jr. ( 1769–1848 ) and Margaret ( 1767–1796 ) . His wife died in childbirth in 1772 . In 1777 he was married again , to Ann MacGregor , daughter of a Glasgow dye-maker , with whom he had two children : Gregory ( 1777–1804 ) , who became a geologist and mineralogist , and", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 142, "text": "steam engine" } ], "id": "qw_11487--James_Watt.txt", "qid": "qw_11487", "question": "Edward Somerset, Denis Papin, Thomas Newcomen and James Watt are known for work in relation to what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact , natural , economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture . ( Veterinary science , but not animal science , is often excluded from the definition . ) \n \n Agriculture , agricultural science , and agronomy \n \n The three terms are often confused . However , they cover different concepts : \n * Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use . Agriculture concerns techniques , including the application of agronomic research . \n * Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops . \n Agricultural sciences include research and development on : \n * Production techniques ( e.g. , irrigation management , recommended nitrogen inputs ) \n * Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality ( e.g. , selection of drought-resistant crops and animals , development of new pesticides , yield-sensing technologies , simulation models of crop growth , in-vitro cell culture techniques ) \n * Minimizing the effects of pests ( weeds , insects , pathogens , nematodes ) on crop or animal production systems . \n * Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products ( e.g. , production , preservation , and packaging of dairy products ) \n * Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects ( e.g. , soil degradation , waste management , bioremediation ) \n * Theoretical production ecology , relating to crop production modeling \n * Traditional agricultural systems , sometimes termed subsistence agriculture , which feed most of the poorest people in the world . These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture , which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems . \n * Food production and demand on a global basis , with special attention paid to the major producers , such as China , India , Brazil , the USA and the EU . \n * Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment ( e.g . soil science , agroclimatology ) ; biology of agricultural crops and animals ( e.g . crop science , animal science and their included sciences , e.g . ruminant nutrition , farm animal welfare ) ; such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology ; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering . \n \n Agricultural biotechnology \n \n Agricultural biotechnology is a specific area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and techniques , including genetic engineering , molecular markers , molecular diagnostics , vaccines , and tissue culture , to modify living organisms : plants , animals , and microorganisms . \n \n Fertilizer \n \n One of the most common yield reducers is because of fertilizer not being applied in slightly higher quantities during transition period , the time it takes the soil to rebuild its aggregates and organic matter . Yields will decrease temporarily because of nitrogen being immobilized in the crop residue , which can take a few months to several years to decompose , depending on the crop 's C to N ratio and the local environment \n \n A local science \n \n With the exception of theoretical agronomy , research in agronomy , more than in any other field , is strongly related to local areas . It can be considered a science of ecoregions , because it is closely linked to soil properties and climate , which are never exactly the same from one place to another . Many people think an agricultural production system relying on local weather , soil characteristics , and specific crops has to be studied locally . Others feel a need to know and understand production systems in as many areas as possible , and the human dimension of interaction with nature . \n \n History of agricultural science \n \n Agricultural science began with Gregor Mendel 's genetic work , but in modern terms might be better dated from the chemical fertilizer outputs of plant physiological understanding in 18th-century Germany . In the United States , a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887 , which used the term `` agricultural science '' . The Hatch Act was driven by farmers ' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer . The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots , but the scientific foundation had been built . After 1906 , public expenditures on agricultural research in the US exceeded private expenditures for the next 44 years.Huffman WE , Evenson RE . ( 2006 ) . [", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_7553--Agricultural_science.txt", "qid": "sfq_7553", "question": "Which band was named after the 18th century agriculturalist credited with inventing the seed drill?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Battle is a small town and civil parish in the local government district of Rother in East Sussex , England . It lies 55 mi south southeast of London , 32 mi east of Brighton and 24 mi east of the county town of Lewes . Nearby towns include Hastings to the southeast and Bexhill-On-Sea to the south . \n \n It is the site of the Battle of Hastings , where William , Duke of Normandy , defeated King Harold II to become William I in 1066 . \n \n Battle is situated in the heart of the Sussex Weald in the designated High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . \n \n The population of the civil parish was 6,048 according to the 2001 census , increasing to 6,673 with the 2011 Census . Battle has two senior schools , Claverham Community College and Battle Abbey . \n \n The Abbey \n \n Battle Abbey was founded to commemorate the battle , and dedicated in 1095 . The high altar of the Abbey church was reputedly on the spot where Harold died . The Abbey gateway is still the dominant feature of the south end of the main street , although little remains of the rest of the Abbey buildings . The remaining cloisters , part of the west range , were leased to Battle Abbey School shortly after World War I , and the school remains in occupancy to this day . \n \n The abbey at Battle has been known for centuries as Battle Abbey . It and the abbey church were initially dedicated to Saint Martin , sometimes known as `` the Apostle of the Gauls '' , and named in his honour . \n \n The town \n \n The town of Battle was gradually built around the Abbey , and later developed a reputation for the quality of the gunpowder produced in the area . In the mid 18th century , the town supported five watchmakers in the High Street . Today , Battle is known as a tourist destination . \n \n The local bonfire society , Battel Bonfire Boyes , is claimed to be the oldest of the Sussex Bonfire Societies . [ http : //www.battelbonfire.co.uk/ Battel Bonfire Boyes ] The importance of Bonfire Night in Battle is that it is located in the wooded Weald of Sussex . Most of the area was heavily wooded , which provided oak and other timbers for Navy Shipyards , power for making cannons ( shipped to Portsmouth or Chatham ) , cannonballs and gunpowder . \n \n Battle was the birthplace in 1799 of Eliza Acton , author of the pioneering cookery book Modern Cookery for Private Families ( 1845 ) This continued to sell well for the rest of the century . Its lists of ingredients , cooking times and other innovations also provided a model for the cookery section of the best-selling Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management ( 1861 ) . \n \n Battle was a refuge in World War I , and tunnels still exist , leading from various fields and cellars to Battle Abbey itself . However , they are deemed unsafe and are now closed . \n \n Gunpowder works \n \n The first gunpowder mill in Battle was built in 1676 when John Hammond was granted permission to build a mill on land owned by the Abbey . A gunpowder works was located in Powdermill Lane – the remains of which have been converted into a hotel . In 1722 Daniel Defoe described the town as being `` remarkable for little now , but for making the finest gun-powder , and the best perhaps in Europe '' . The Duke of Cleveland refused to renew the licence in 1847 after many mishaps , [ http : //www.battlemuseum.org.uk/guy_fawkes.htm Guy Fawkes ] including one occasion in 1798 on which more than 15 tonnes of gunpowder were left in the oven for too long and exploded . \n \n Governance \n \n Battle is governed at the lowest level by Battle Town Council , consisting of seventeen elected councillors who meet on the third Tuesday of each month . The council is responsible for street lighting , allotments and recreational areas . It provides a local voice to the district and county councils . The council is split into four wards : Marley , Netherfield , Telham and Watch Oak . Marley ward was the only one of these contested in the 2007 election . The vacant seats in the remaining wards have subsequently been filled by co-option . \n \n Rother District council provides the next level of government with services such as refuse collection , planning consent , leisure amenities and council tax collection . The", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_15916--Battle,_East_Sussex.txt", "qid": "sfq_15916", "question": "The South Downs Way runs from Winchester to which Sussex town?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts . An organic chemical compound ( or related set of compounds ) is called a vitamin when the organism can not synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities , and it must be obtained through the diet ; thus , the term `` vitamin '' is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism . For example , ascorbic acid ( one form of vitamin C ) is a vitamin for humans , but not for most other animal organisms . Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems , but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people . \n \n By convention the term vitamin includes neither other essential nutrients , such as dietary minerals , essential fatty acids , or essential amino acids ( which are needed in greater amounts than vitamins ) nor the great number of other nutrients that promote health , and are required less often to maintain the health of the organism . Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present . Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity , not their structure . Thus , each `` vitamin '' refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin . Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin `` generic descriptor '' title , such as `` vitamin A '' , which includes the compounds retinal , retinol , and four known carotenoids . Vitamers by definition are convertible to the active form of the vitamin in the body , and are sometimes inter-convertible to one another , as well . \n \n Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions . Some , such as vitamin D , have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism , or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation ( such as some forms of vitamin A ) . Others function as antioxidants ( e.g. , vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C ) . The largest number of vitamins , the B complex vitamins , function as enzyme cofactors ( coenzymes ) or the precursors for them ; coenzymes help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism . In this role , vitamins may be tightly bound to enzymes as part of prosthetic groups : For example , biotin is part of enzymes involved in making fatty acids . They may also be less tightly bound to enzyme catalysts as coenzymes , detachable molecules that function to carry chemical groups or electrons between molecules . For example , folic acid may carry methyl , formyl , and methylene groups in the cell . Although these roles in assisting enzyme-substrate reactions are vitamins ' best-known function , the other vitamin functions are equally important . \n \n Until the mid-1930s , when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold , vitamins were obtained solely through food intake , and changes in diet ( which , for example , could occur during a particular growing season ) usually greatly altered the types and amounts of vitamins ingested . However , vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely available as inexpensive semisynthetic and synthetic-source multivitamin dietary and food supplements and additives , since the middle of the 20th century . Study of structural activity , function and their role in maintaining health is called vitaminology . \n \n List of vitamins \n \n Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions , and therefore most have multiple functions . \n \n Health effects \n \n Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism . Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents , a fetus begins to develop , at the moment of conception , from the nutrients it absorbs . It requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times . These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce among other things , skin , bone , and muscle . If there is serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients , a child may develop a deficiency disease . Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage . \n \n For the most part , vitamins are obtained with food , but a few are obtained by other means . For example , microorganisms in the intestine — commonly known as `` gut flora '' — produce vitamin K and biotin , while one form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin with the help of the natural ultraviolet wavelength of sunlight . Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1739, "text": "vitamin d" } ], "id": "sfq_21120--Vitamin.txt", "qid": "sfq_21120", "question": "Which is the only vitamin that the human body can synthesize?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The New Zealand national rugby union team , commonly called the All Blacks , represent New Zealand in men 's rugby union , which is regarded as the country 's national sport . The side has won the last two Rugby World Cups , in 2011 and 2015 , as well as the inaugural tournament in 1987 . \n They have a 76 % winning record in test match rugby , and are the only international side with a winning record against every opponent ; and since their international debut in 1903 five nations have defeated New Zealand in test matches . Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003 , New Zealand has held the number one ranking longer than all other teams combined . The All Blacks statistically speaking are the best side to have played the game . \n \n New Zealand competes with Argentina , Australia and South Africa in The Rugby Championship . The All Blacks have won the trophy thirteen times in the competition 's nineteen-year history . They also hold the Bledisloe Cup , which is contested annually with Australia , and the Freedom Cup , contested annually with South Africa . New Zealand have achieved a Grand Slam ( defeating England , Wales , Scotland , and Ireland in one tour ) four times1978 , 2005 , 2008 and 2010 . \n \n They have also been named the World Rugby Team of the Year seven times since 2005 . Four All Blacks have won the World Rugby Player of the Year awardRichie McCaw , Dan Carter , Kieran Read , and Brodie Retallick . Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame . \n \n The team 's first match was in 1884 , and their first international match in 1903 against Australia in Sydney . The following year they hosted their first ever home test , a match against a British Isles side in Wellington . This was followed by a tour of Europe and North America in 1905 where the team suffered their first test defeatto Wales in Cardiff . \n \n New Zealand 's early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white knickerbockers . By the 1905 tour , they were wearing all black , except for the silver fern , and their name `` All Blacks '' dates from this time . The team perform a hakaa Māori challenge or posture dancebefore each match . The haka performed has traditionally been Te Rauparaha 's Ka Mate , although since 2005 Kapa o Pango is sometimes performed . \n \n History \n \n Introduction of rugby to New Zealand \n \n Rugby unionalmost universally referred to as rugby in New Zealandwas introduced to New Zealand by Charles Monro in 1870 ; McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg . 11 . Monro discovered the sport while completing his studies at Christ 's College , Finchley , England . The first recorded game in New Zealand took place in May 1870 in Nelson between the Nelson club and Nelson College.Ryan ( 1993 ) , pg . 16 . The first provincial union , the Canterbury Rugby Football Union , was formed in 1879 , and in 1882 New Zealand 's first internationals were played when New South Wales ( NSW ) toured the country.McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg . 12 . NSW did not face a New Zealand representative team but played seven provincial sidesthe tourists won four games and lost three . Two years later the first New Zealand team to travel overseas toured New South Wales ; where New Zealand won all eight of their games . \n \n A privately organised British team , which later became the British and Irish Lions , toured New Zealand in 1888 . No test matches were played , and the side only played provincial sides . The British players were drawn mainly from Northern England , but there were representatives from Wales and Scotland.Fagan ( 2013 ) , pg . 52–53 . \n \n International competition begins \n \n In 1892 , following the canvassing of provincial administrators by Ernest Hoben , the New Zealand Rugby Football Union ( NZRFU ) was formed by the majority of New Zealand 's provincial unions , but did not include Canterbury , Otago or Southland . The first officially sanctioned New Zealand side toured New South Wales in 1893 , where the Thomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches.Mulholland ( 2009 ) , pg . 11.McCarthy ( 1968 ) , pg . 23 . The following year New Zealand played its first home `` international '' game , losing 8–6 to New South Wales.McCarthy ( 1968", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_1659--New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team.txt", "qid": "sfq_1659", "question": "What is the full name of the Super 12 Rugby Union side, from Canterbury, New Zealand?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Chicago Pile-1 ( CP-1 ) was the world 's first nuclear reactor to achieve criticality . Its construction was part of the Manhattan Project , the Allied effort to create atomic bombs during World War II . It was built by the Manhattan Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago , under the west viewing stands of the original Stagg Field . The first man-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 on 2 December 1942 , under the supervision of Enrico Fermi , who described the apparatus as `` a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers '' . \n \n The reactor was assembled in November 1942 , by a team that included Fermi , Leo Szilard , discoverer of the chain reaction , and Herbert L. Anderson , Walter Zinn , Martin D. Whitaker , and George Weil . It contained 45,000 graphite blocks weighing 400 ST used as a neutron moderator , and was fueled by 6 ST of uranium metal and 50 ST of uranium oxide . In the pile , some of the free neutrons produced by the natural decay of uranium were absorbed by other uranium atoms , causing nuclear fission of those atoms , and the release of additional free neutrons . Unlike most subsequent nuclear reactors , it had no radiation shield or cooling system as it only operated at very low power . The shape of the pile was intended to be roughly spherical , but as work proceeded Fermi calculated that critical mass could be achieved without finishing the entire pile as planned . \n \n In 1943 , CP-1 was moved to Red Gate Woods , and reconfigured to become Chicago Pile-2 ( CP-2 ) . There , it was operated until 1954 , when it was dismantled and buried . The stands at Stagg Field were demolished in August 1957 , but the site is now a National Historic Landmark and a Chicago Landmark . \n \n Origins \n \n The idea of chemical chain reactions was first put forth in 1913 by the German chemist Max Bodenstein for a situation in which two molecules react to form not just the molecules of the final reaction products , but also some unstable molecules which can further react with the parent molecules to cause more molecules to react . The concept of a nuclear chain reaction was first hypothesized by the Hungarian scientist Leo Szilard on 12 September 1933 . Szilard realized that if a nuclear reaction produced neutrons or dineutrons , which then caused further nuclear reactions , the process might be self-perpetuating . Szilard proposed using mixtures of lighter known isotopes which produced neutrons in copious amounts , although he did entertain the possibility of using uranium as a fuel . He filed a patent for his idea of a simple nuclear reactor the following year . The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , followed by its theoretical explanation ( and naming ) by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , opened up the possibility of creating a nuclear chain reaction with uranium or indium , but initial experiments were unsuccessful . \n \n In order for a chain reaction to occur , additional neutrons had to be emitted from fissioning uranium atoms . At Columbia University in New York , Enrico Fermi , John Dunning , Herbert L. Anderson , Eugene T. Booth , G. Norris Glasoe , and Francis G. Slack conducted the first nuclear fission experiment in the United States on 25 January 1939 . Subsequent work confirmed that fast neutrons were indeed produced by fission . Szilard obtained permission from the head of the Physics Department at Columbia , George B. Pegram , to use a laboratory for three months , and persuaded Walter Zinn to become his collaborator . They conducted a simple experiment on the seventh floor of Pupin Hall at Columbia , using a radium-beryllium source to bombard uranium with neutrons . They discovered significant neutron multiplication in natural uranium , proving that a chain reaction might be possible . \n \n As a neutron moderator , Szilard suggested Fermi use carbon in the form of graphite . Szilard felt he would need about 50 t of graphite and 5 t of uranium . As a back-up plan , he also considered where to find a few tons of heavy water ; deuterium would not absorb neutrons like ordinary hydrogen , and was a better moderator than carbon , but was difficult and expensive to produce . Fermi and Szilard still believed that enormous quantities of uranium would be required for an atomic bomb , and therefore concentrated on producing a controlled chain reaction . Fermi determined", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1179, "text": "nuclear reactors" } ], "id": "qb_1445--Chicago_Pile-1.txt", "qid": "qb_1445", "question": "Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world’s first what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "John Sholto Douglas , 9th Marquess of Queensberry ( 20 July 1844 - 31 January 1900 ) was a Scottish nobleman , remembered for lending his name and patronage to the `` Marquess of Queensberry Rules '' that formed the basis of modern boxing and for his role in the downfall of author and playwright Oscar Wilde . \n \n Biography \n \n Douglas was born in Florence , Italy , the eldest son of Scottish Conservative Party politician Archibald , Viscount Drumlanrig and Caroline Margaret Clayton . He was briefly styled Viscount Drumlanrig following his father 's succession in 1856 , and on his father 's death in 1858 he inherited the Marquessate of Queensberry . The 9th Marquess was educated in the training ships Illustrious and Britannia at Portsmouth , and served in the Royal Navy until resigning in 1864 . He was Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the 1st Dumfriesshire Rifle Volunteers from 1869 to 1871 . \n \n In 1864 he entered Magdalene College , Cambridge , which he left two years later without taking a degree . He was more distinguished in sport , playing college cricket as well as running , hunting and steeplechasing . Article by John Davis . \n \n He married Sibyl Montgomery in 1866 . They had four sons and a daughter ; his wife successfully sued for divorce in 1887 on the grounds of his adultery . She survived him to the age of 90 , dying in 1935 . The daughter , who became Lady Edith Gertrude Douglas , married the inventor St. George Lane Fox-Pitt . Queensberry married Ethel Weeden in 1893 but the marriage was annulled the following year . \n \n He died , two months after a stroke , and after a period of mental decline believed to be caused by syphilis , in his club room in Welbeck Street , west London , aged 55 , nearly a year before Oscar Wilde 's death . He wrote a poem starting with the words `` When I am dead cremate me . '' After cremation at Woking Crematorium his ashes were buried in Scotland in the family burial ground at Kinmount , Dumfriesshire . \n \n In a surprising turn of events , for a man famed for his atheism and secularism , he apparently confessed his love for Christ and was received into the Catholic Church on his deathbed , at his own request . \n \n His eldest son and heir apparent was Francis , Viscount Drumlanrig , who was rumoured to have been engaged in a homosexual relationship with the Liberal Prime Minister , Archibald Primrose , 5th Earl of Rosebery . He died unmarried and without issue . \n \n Douglas ' second son , Lord Percy Douglas ( 1868–1920 ) , succeeded to the peerage instead . Lord Alfred `` Bosie '' Douglas , the third son , was the close friend and lover of the famous author and poet Oscar Wilde . Queensberry 's efforts to end that relationship led to his famous dispute with Wilde . \n \n Contributions to sports \n \n Queensberry was a patron of sport and a noted boxing enthusiast . In 1866 he was one of the founders of the Amateur Athletic Club , now the Amateur Athletic Association of England , one of the first groups that did not require amateur athletes to belong to the upper-classes in order to compete . The following year the Club published a set of twelve rules for conducting boxing matches . The rules had been drawn up by John Graham Chambers but appeared under Queensberry 's sponsorship and are universally known as the `` Marquess of Queensberry rules '' . \n \n A keen rider , Queensberry was also active in fox hunting and owned several successful race horses . As a rider his first winner was in the Dumfriesshire Hunt Club chase in 1865 , and his last was at Sandown Park in 1883 . He was Master of the Worcester Fox Hounds in 1870 . He was on the committee of the National Hunt but never won a Grand National as a rider , a last-minute substitution on the victorious `` Old Joe '' keeping him out of the 1886 National . During his riding career he recovered from a series of serious injuries . \n \n Political career \n \n In 1872 , Queensberry was chosen by the Peers of Scotland to sit in the House of Lords as a representative peer . He served as such until 1880 , when he was again nominated but refused to take the religious oath of allegiance to the Sovereign . Viewed by some as an outspoken atheist , he declared that he would not participate in", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3158, "text": "boxing match" } ], "id": "qw_579--John_Douglas,_9th_Marquess_of_Queensberry.txt", "qid": "qw_579", "question": "The 9th Marquess of Queensberry sponsored the rules for which sport?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Pemberley is the fictional country estate owned by Fitzwilliam Darcy , the male protagonist in Jane Austen 's novel Pride and Prejudice . It is located near the fictional town of Lambton , and believed by some to be based on Chatsworth House , [ http : //books.google.fr/books ? idFDvOixDOHhEC & pg \n PA303 & dqpemberley+ % 22Chatsworth+House % 22 & lr \n & as_drrb_isq & as_minm_is \n 0 & as_miny_is & as_maxm_is \n 0 & as_maxy_is & as_brr \n 0 # vonepage & q \n pemberley % 20 % 22Chatsworth % 20House % 22 & f=false The selected essays of Donald Greene , `` The Original of Pemberley '' , Bucknell University Press , 2004 ] , See also Donald Greene `` Pemberley Revisited '' [ http : //www.jasna.org/persuasions/printed/number1/greene.htm ] on JASNA near Bakewell in Derbyshire . \n \n In describing the estate , Austen uses uncharacteristically explicit symbolism to represent the geographical home of the man at the centre of the novel . On first visiting the estate , Elizabeth Bennet is charmed by the beauty of the surrounding countryside , as indeed she is by Mr. Darcy himself . Elizabeth had already rejected Mr. Darcy 's first proposal by the time she visits Pemberley — it is his letter , the praise of his housekeeper , and his own courteous behaviour at Pemberley that bring about a change in her opinion of Mr. Darcy . \n \n In Pride and Prejudice \n \n They gradually ascended for half a mile , and then found themselves at the top of a considerable eminence , where the wood ceased , and the eye was instantly caught by Pemberley House , situated on the opposite side of a valley , into which the road with some abruptness wound . It was a large , handsome , stone building , standing well on rising ground , and backed by a ridge of high woody hills ; —and in front , a stream of some natural importance was swelled into greater , but without any artificial appearance . Its banks were neither formal , nor falsely adorned . Elizabeth was delighted . She had never seen a place where nature had done more , or where natural beauty had been so little counteracted by an awkward taste . They were all of them warm in her admiration ; and at that moment she felt that to be mistress of Pemberley might be something ! \n Jane Austen ( 1813 ) . \n \n Sequel \n \n A sequel to Pride and Prejudice entitled Pemberley was written by Emma Tennant and published in 1993 . \n \n In other media \n \n * Renishaw Hall , Derbyshire , England , UK was the setting for Pemberley in the 1980 BBC adaptation of Pride and Prejudice starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul , adapted from the novel by Fay Weldon . \n * Lyme Park , near Stockport , was the setting for Pemberley for the 1995 television series of Pride and Prejudice starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth . \n * Chatsworth House , the original inspiration for Pemberley , was used for the exterior scenes for Joe Wright 's 2005 film version of Pride and Prejudice starring Keira Knightley and Matthew Macfadyen . However , Wilton House was used for many of the interior scenes , such as those featuring Georgiana Darcy . Jane Austen mentions Chatsworth in the novel as one of the great houses Elizabeth and her aunt and uncle visited before Pemberley during their visit north . The Duchess of Devonshire believes that the author was thinking of Chatsworth House when describing Pemberley due to the great number of similarities between Chatsworth and Pemberley . Chatsworth was again used for exterior , and some interior , scenes for the BBC adaptation of Death Comes to Pemberley . \n * Harewood House , near Leeds in West Yorkshire , was the setting for Pemberley in the ITV fantasy series Lost in Austen . This series was not a direct adaptation of the novel , but the novel provided the majority of the plots , characters and inspiration . Some interior scenes in the BBC adaptation of Death Comes to Pemberley were filmed at Harewood . \n * Pemberley Press is the name of the publishing house that Bridget Jones works at in the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary , in homage to Pride and Prejudice . \n * In The Lizzie Bennet Diaries , a vlog-style modern adaptation of Pride and Prejudice , Pemberley Digital is the name of Darcy 's company . Darcy says Pemberley is the name of the place that his father 's family comes from in England . \n \n Image : Renishaw Hall view.jpg|Renishaw", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 116, "text": "pride and prejudice" } ], "id": "qz_2830--Pemberley.txt", "qid": "qz_2830", "question": "Pemberley is the country estate owned by Fitzwilliam Darcy in which Jane Austin novel?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "It is widely known as New Year 's Eve since the following day is New Year 's Day . It is the last day of the year . The following day is January 1 of the following year . \n \n Events \n \n * 406 – Vandals , Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine , beginning an invasion of Gaul . \n * 535 – Byzantine general Belisarius completes the conquest of Sicily , defeating the Gothic garrison of Palermo ( Panormos ) , and ending his consulship for the year . \n * 870 – Battle of Englefield : The Vikings clash with ealdorman Æthelwulf of Berkshire . The invaders are driven back to Reading ( East Anglia ) , many Danes are killed . \n * 1225 – The Lý dynasty of Vietnam ends after 216 years by the enthronement of the boy emperor Trần Thái Tông , husband of the last Lý monarch , Lý Chiêu Hoàng , starting the Trần dynasty . \n * 1229 – James I of Aragon the Conqueror enters Medina Mayurqa ( now known as Palma , Spain ) thus consummating the Christian reconquest of the island of Majorca . \n * 1501 – The First Battle of Cannanore commences . \n * 1600 – The British East India Company is chartered . \n * 1660 – James II of England is named Duke of Normandy by Louis XIV of France . \n * 1687 – The first Huguenots set sail from France to the Cape of Good Hope . \n * 1696 – A window tax is imposed in England , causing many householders to brick up windows to avoid the tax . \n * 1757 – Empress Elizabeth I of Russia issues her ukase incorporating Königsberg into Russia . \n * 1759 – Arthur Guinness signs a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum and starts brewing Guinness . \n * 1775 – American Revolutionary War : Battle of Quebec : British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army General Richard Montgomery . \n * 1790 – Efimeris , the oldest Greek newspaper of which issues have survived till today , is published for the first time . \n * 1796 – The incorporation of Baltimore as a city . \n * 1831 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City . \n * 1853 – A dinner party is held inside a life-size model of an iguanodon created by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and Sir Richard Owen in south London , England . \n * 1857 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa , then a small logging town , as the capital of Canada . \n * 1862 – American Civil War : Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union , thus dividing Virginia in two . \n * 1862 – American Civil War : The Battle of Stones River begins near Murfreesboro , Tennessee . \n * 1878 – Karl Benz , working in Mannheim , Germany , filed for a patent on his first reliable two-stroke gas engine , and he was granted the patent in 1879 . \n * 1879 – Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time , in Menlo Park , New Jersey . \n * 1906 – Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar signs the Persian Constitution of 1906 . \n * 1907 – The first New Year 's Eve celebration is held in Times Square ( then known as Longacre Square ) in New York , New York . \n * 1909 – Manhattan Bridge opens . \n * 1923 – The chimes of Big Ben are broadcast on radio for the first time by the BBC . \n * 1944 – World War II : Hungary declares war on Nazi Germany . \n * 1944 – World War II : Operation Nordwind , the last major German offensive on the Western Front begins . \n * 1946 – President Harry S. Truman officially proclaims the end of hostilities in World War II . \n * 1951 – The Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than US $ 13.3 billion in foreign aid to rebuild Europe . \n * 1955 – General Motors becomes the first U.S. corporation to make over US $ 1 billion in a year . \n * 1960 – The farthing coin ceases to be legal tender in the United Kingdom . \n * 1961 – RTÉ , Ireland 's state broadcaster , launches its first national television service . \n * 1963 – The Central African Federation officially collapses , subsequently becoming Zambia , Malawi and Rhodesia . \n * 1965 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa , leader of the Central African Republic army , and his military officers begins a", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3550, "text": "farthing" } ], "id": "qw_14279--December_31.txt", "qid": "qw_14279", "question": "December 31 1960 was the last day for which coin, first minted in England in the 13th century, to be legal tender in the United Kingdom?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Talented Mr. Ripley is a 1999 American psychological thriller written for the screen and directed by Anthony Minghella . An adaptation of the 1955 Patricia Highsmith novel of the same name , the film stars Matt Damon as Tom Ripley , Jude Law as Dickie Greenleaf , Gwyneth Paltrow as Marge Sherwood and Cate Blanchett as Meredith Logue . \n \n The novel was previously filmed as Plein Soleil in 1960 . \n \n Plot \n \n Tom Ripley is a young man struggling to make a living in 1950s New York City . While playing piano at a cocktail party in New York City , he is approached by wealthy shipbuilder Herbert Greenleaf , who mistakenly believes that Ripley went to Princeton University with his son , Dickie , because Ripley is wearing a borrowed Princeton blazer . Greenleaf recruits Ripley to travel to Italy and persuade Dickie to return to the United States , for which he will pay Ripley $ 1,000 ( ) . Ripley accepts the proposal , even though he did not attend Princeton and has never met Dickie . \n \n Upon arriving by ship in Europe , Ripley meets a wealthy textile heiress named Meredith Logue . During their brief conversation he impulsively pretends to be Dickie , later commenting in voice-over that `` it is better to be a fake somebody than a real nobody . '' Shortly after his arrival in Italy , Ripley fakes a chance encounter on the beach with Dickie and his fiancée , Marge Sherwood . Ripley later discloses to Dickie and Marge that Mr. Greenleaf paid him to travel to Europe and persuade Dickie to return home . This revelation infuriates Dickie ; he declines the invitation and suggests Ripley go back to America and inform his father that he has no intention of ever returning . Ripley instead ingratiates himself into Dickie 's life under the pretext of being a fellow jazz lover . The two concoct a scheme for Ripley to wring additional funds from Greenleaf by regularly mailing letters suggesting Dickie is wavering and will likely return to America if Ripley can remain in Italy and continue applying pressure . \n \n On a jaunt to Rome , Ripley meets Dickie 's friend Freddie Miles , who treats Ripley with barely concealed contempt . A local girl , pregnant by Dickie , drowns herself after he refuses to help her financially ; this sends Dickie into a downward spiral . He begins tiring of Ripley , resenting his constant presence and suffocating dependence . Ripley 's own feelings are complicated by his desire to maintain the opulent lifestyle Dickie has afforded him , and his growing sexual obsession with his new friend . As a good-will gesture before Ripley returns to America , Dickie invites Ripley to sail with him for a last trip to Sanremo , where Dickie is looking to relocate . While at sea , Ripley suggests he return to Italy the following year and the two become housemates . Dickie dismisses Ripley 's idea , telling Ripley that he intends to marry Marge and admitting he has grown weary of Ripley . Upset by this news , Ripley confronts Dickie about his behavior and lashes out in rage , repeatedly hitting Dickie with an oar , killing him . To conceal the murder , Ripley scuttles the boat with Dickie 's body aboard before swimming ashore . \n \n When the hotel concierge mistakes Ripley for Dickie , he realizes he can assume Dickie 's identity . He forges Dickie 's signature and begins living off Dickie 's trust fund . He uses Dickie 's typewriter to communicate with Marge , making her believe that Dickie has left her and has decided to stay in Rome . He checks into two separate hotels as himself and as Dickie , passing messages via the hotel staff to create the illusion that Dickie is still alive . His situation is complicated by the reappearance of Meredith , who still believes that he is Dickie . \n \n Ripley rents a large apartment and spends an isolated Christmas buying himself expensive presents . Freddie tracks Ripley to his apartment in Rome through the American Express office , expecting to find Dickie . Freddie is immediately suspicious of Ripley as the apartment is not furnished in Dickie 's style , while Ripley appears to have adopted Dickie 's hair-style and mannerisms . On his way out , Freddie encounters the building 's landlady who refers to Ripley as `` Signor Dickie '' . Suspicious , Freddie goes back to confront Ripley , who murders him . Ripley carries the body to Freddie 's car and abandons both in the woods . \n \n Investigating", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 105, "text": "anthony minghella" } ], "id": "bb_7766--The_Talented_Mr._Ripley_(film).txt", "qid": "bb_7766", "question": "Which film director, with successes including Cold Mountain and The Talented Mr Ripley, died on 18 March 2008?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A dragonfly is an insect belonging to the order Odonata , suborder Anisoptera ( from Greek ἄνισος anisos `` uneven '' and πτερόν pteron , `` wing '' , because the hindwing is broader than the forewing ) . Adult dragonflies are characterized by large multifaceted eyes , two pairs of strong transparent wings , sometimes with coloured patches and an elongated body . Dragonflies can be mistaken for the related group , damselflies ( Zygoptera ) , which are similar in structure , though usually lighter in build ; however , the wings of most dragonflies are held flat and away from the body , while damselflies hold the wings folded at rest , along or above the abdomen . Dragonflies are agile fliers , while damselflies have a weaker , fluttery flight . Many dragonflies have brilliant iridescent or metallic colours produced by structural coloration , making them conspicuous in flight . An adult dragonfly eye has nearly 24,000 ommatidia . \n \n Fossils of very large dragonfly ancestors in the Protodonata are found from 325 million years ago ( Mya ) in Upper Carboniferous rocks ; these had wingspans up to about 750 mm . About of Anisoptera are in the world today . Most are tropical , with fewer species in temperate regions . \n \n Dragonflies are predators , both in their aquatic larval stage , when they are known as nymphs or naiads , and as adults . Several years of their lives are spent as nymphs living in fresh water ; the adults may be on the wing for just a few days or weeks . They are fast , agile fliers , sometimes migrating across oceans , and are often found near water . They have a uniquely complex mode of reproduction involving indirect insemination , delayed fertilization , and sperm competition . During mating , the male grasps the female at the back of the head or on the prothorax , and the female curls her abdomen under her body to pick up sperm from the male 's secondary genitalia at the front of his abdomen , forming the `` heart '' or `` wheel '' posture . \n \n Loss of wetland habitat threatens dragonfly populations around the world . Dragonflies are represented in human culture on artifacts such as pottery , rock paintings , and Art Nouveau jewellery . They are used in traditional medicine in Japan and China , and caught for food in Indonesia . They are symbols of courage , strength , and happiness in Japan , but seen as sinister in European folklore . Their bright colours and agile flight are admired in the poetry of Alfred , Lord Tennyson and the prose of H. E. Bates . \n \n Phylogeny \n \n Dragonflies and their relatives are an ancient group . The oldest fossils are of the Protodonata from the 325 Mya Upper Carboniferous of Europe , a group that included the largest insect that ever lived , Meganeuropsis permiana from the early Permian , with a wingspan around 750 mm ; their fossil record ends with the Permian–Triassic extinction event ( about 247 Mya ) . The Protoanisoptera , another ancestral group which lacks certain wing vein characters found in modern Odonata , lived from the Early to Late Permian age until the end Permian event , and are known from fossil wings from current day United States , Russia , and Australia , suggesting they might have been cosmopolitan in distribution . The forerunners of modern Odonata are included in a clade called the Panodonata , which include the basal Zygoptera ( damselflies ) and the Anisoptera ( true dragonflies ) Today there are some 3000 species extant around the world . \n \n The relationships of anisopteran families are not fully resolved as of 2013 , but all the families are monophyletic except the Corduliidae ; the Gomphidae are a sister taxon to all other Anisoptera , the Austropetaliidae are a sister to the Aeshnoidea , and the Chlorogomphidae are a sister to a clade that includes the Synthemistidae and Libellulidae . On the cladogram , dashed lines indicate unresolved relationships ; English names are given ( in parentheses ) : \n \n Distribution and diversity \n \n About 3012 species of dragonflies were known in 2010 ; these are classified into in . The distribution of diversity within the biogeographical regions are summarised below ( the world numbers are not ordinary totals , as overlaps in species occur ) . \n \n Dragonflies are found on every continent except Antarctica . In contrast to the damselflies ( Zygoptera ) , which tend to have restricted distributions , some genera and species are found across continents . For example , the", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1323, "text": "nymph" } ], "id": "wh_1120--Dragonfly.txt", "qid": "wh_1120", "question": "What is an immature dragonfly known as?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 American western film directed by John Sturges and starring Yul Brynner , Eli Wallach , Steve McQueen , and Horst Buchholz . The picture is an Old West-style remake of Akira Kurosawa 's 1954 Japanese-language film Seven Samurai . Brynner , McQueen , Buchholz , Charles Bronson , Robert Vaughn , James Coburn , and Brad Dexter portray the title characters , a group of seven gunfighters hired to protect a small village in Mexico from a group of marauding bandits and their leader ( Wallach ) . The film 's musical score was composed by Elmer Bernstein . In 2013 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . \n \n Plot \n \n A Mexican village is periodically raided for food and supplies by Calvera ( Eli Wallach ) and his bandits . As he and his men ride away from their latest visit , Calvera promises to return to loot the village again . Taking what meager goods they have , the village leaders ride to a town just inside the American border hoping to barter for weapons to defend themselves . While there , they encounter Chris Adams ( Yul Brynner ) , a veteran Cajun gunslinger . After listening to their tale , Chris suggests that the village hire gunfighters , which would be cheaper than guns and ammunition . The village men relentlessly try to convince him to be their gunman . At first he agrees only to help them find men , but later he decides to recruit six other men to help him defend the village , despite the poor pay offered . \n \n The other men include hotheaded , inexperienced Chico ( Horst Buchholz ) ; Chris 's friend Harry Luck ( Brad Dexter ) , who believes Chris is seeking treasure ; the drifter Vin Tanner ( Steve McQueen ) , who has gone broke after a round of gambling and is loath to accept a position as a store clerk ; Bernardo O'Reilly ( Charles Bronson ) , a gunfighter of Irish-Mexican heritage who has fallen on hard times ; a cowboy , Britt ( James Coburn ) , who joins for the challenge involved ; and an on-the-run gunman Lee ( Robert Vaughn ) struggling with a crisis of confidence . The group recognizes they will be outnumbered , but they hope that Calvera will move on to an easier village when he sees professional resistance . \n \n Arriving at the village , the seven gunmen begin to train the villagers to defend themselves . Each finds himself befriending the villagers . When they realize that the small meal made for them by the women consists of all the food in the village , the gunmen share it with the villagers . Chico is fascinated by Petra ( Rosenda Monteros ) , one of the village 's young women . Bernardo bonds with three of the village 's little boys . Lee , struggling with nightmares and fearing the loss of his skills , is comforted by the residents . Harry presses the villagers , unsuccessfully , for information about any treasure . Hilario ( Jorge Martínez de Hoyos ) and Vin briefly discuss nerves on the eve of battle ; Vin confesses that he envies Hilario 's quiet farming life . Calvera and his bandits soon arrive , sustain heavy losses , and are run out of town by the gunmen and the villagers working in concert . Chico , who is Mexican , follows Calvera back to his camp , pretending to be one of the bandits . He learns that Calvera must raid the village because he is desperate for food to feed his men . \n \n Chico reports this to Chris . Some of the men believe they should leave but Chris insists that they stay , even threatening to kill any villager who so much as suggests giving up the fight . They ride out to make a surprise raid on Calvera 's camp , but find the camp empty . Returning to the village , they find that the fearful villagers have allowed Calvera to take control . Calvera spares the gunmen 's lives , believing that they have learned that the simple farmers are not worth defending ; he also fears reprisals from the U.S. Army if he should kill these Americans . The seven gunmen are escorted out of the village . They debate their next move , and all but Harry agree to return and free the village from Calvera . Harry believes the effort will lead to", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 327, "text": "james coburn" } ], "id": "sfq_22738--The_Magnificent_Seven.txt", "qid": "sfq_22738", "question": "Steve McQueen, Charles Bronson and which other actor starred in both The Magnificent Seven and The Great Escape films?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet . Roman numerals , as used today , are based on seven symbols : \n \n The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on , Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Hindu-Arabic numerals ; however , this process was gradual , and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day . \n \n Roman numeric system \n \n The numbers 1 to 10 are usually expressed in Roman numerals as follows : \n \n . \n \n Numbers are formed by combining symbols and adding the values , so is two ( two ones ) and is thirteen ( a ten and three ones ) . Because each numeral has a fixed value rather than representing multiples of ten , one hundred and so on , according to position , there is no need for `` place keeping '' zeros , as in numbers like 207 or 1066 ; those numbers are written as ( two hundreds , a five and two ones ) and ( a thousand , a fifty , a ten , a five and a one ) . \n \n Symbols are placed from left to right in order of value , starting with the largest . However , in a few specific cases , to avoid four characters being repeated in succession ( such as or ) , subtractive notation is often used as follows : \n * placed before or indicates one less , so four is ( one less than five ) and nine is ( one less than ten ) \n * placed before or indicates ten less , so forty is ( ten less than fifty ) and ninety is ( ten less than a hundred ) \n * placed before or indicates a hundred less , so four hundred is ( a hundred less than five hundred ) and nine hundred is ( a hundred less than a thousand ) Stroh , Michael . [ http : //articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-12-27/news/1998361013_1_roman-numerals-roman-numbers-information-on-roman/ Trick question : How to spell 1999 ? Numerals : Maybe the Roman Empire fell because their computers could n't handle calculations in Latin . ] The Baltimore Sun , December 27 , 1998 . \n \n For example , is one thousand nine hundred and four , 1904 ( is a thousand , is nine hundred and is four ) . \n \n Some examples of the modern use of Roman numerals include : \n * 1954 as , as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris \n * 1990 as , used as the title of musical project Enigma 's debut album MCMXC a.D. , named after the year of its release . \n * 2014 as , the year of the games of the ( 22nd ) Olympic Winter Games ( in Sochi ) \n \n Alternative forms \n \n The `` standard '' forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention . Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times . \n \n Roman inscriptions , especially in official contexts , seem to show a preference for additive forms such as and instead of ( or even as well as ) subtractive forms such as and . Both methods appear in documents from the Roman era , even within the same document . `` Double subtractives '' also occur , such as or even instead of . Sometimes and are not used , with instances such as and rather than or . \n \n Such variation and inconsistency continued through the medieval period and into modern times , even becoming conventional . Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show for four o ’ clock but for nine o ’ clock , a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock . However this is far from universal : for example , the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London ( aka `` Big Ben '' ) uses . Similarly , at the beginning of the 20th century , different representations of 900 ( commonly ) appeared in several inscribed dates . For instance , 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch , London , as rather than , while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum , 1903 is inscribed as rather than . \n \n History", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1159, "text": "five" } ], "id": "qw_2521--Roman_numerals.txt", "qid": "qw_2521", "question": "In Roman numerals, what is signified by the letter V?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Ewing family is the core family of the American prime time soap opera Dallas and its 2012 revival , as well as the foundation of the spin-off series Knots Landing . In the original series , The Ewings owned and ran Southfork Ranch and the oil giant Ewing Oil . In the revival series , Ewing Oil is replaced by Ewing Global , formerly Ewing Energies . Knots Landing featured the large corporation ; Gary Ewing Enterprises . \n \n Family members \n \n Characters in bold have appeared on the revival series . \n \n 1st generation \n \n The parents of brothers Jason and Jock Ewing , names unknown . ( died ) \n \n 2nd generation \n \n * Jason Ewing ( died 1984 ) \n * * Nancy Shaw Ewing ( divorced ; deceased ) \n * Jock Ewing ( 1909-1982 ) \n * * Amanda Lewis Ewing ( divorced ; deceased ) \n * * Miss Ellie Ewing ( 1915-2001 ) \n \n 3rd generation \n \n * J. R. Ewing ( 1936 or 1939 ( ? ) - 2013 ) ( died ) - Oldest son of Jock and Ellie . \n * * Sue Ellen Ewing ( twice divorced ) \n * * Cally Harper Ewing ( divorced ) \n * Gary Ewing ( born 1943 ) - Middle son of Jock and Ellie . \n * * Valene Ewing ( twice divorced , then married for a third time - moved to Knots Landing during their second marriage ) \n * * Abby Ewing ( divorced ) ( as seen on Knots Landing ) . \n * Ray Krebbs ( born 1945 ) - Illegitimate son of Jock and Margaret Krebbs . \n * * Donna Culver Krebbs , maiden name McCullum ( divorced ) \n * * Jenna Wade \n * Bobby Ewing ( born 1949 ) - Youngest son of Jock and Ellie . \n * * Pamela Barnes Ewing ( twice divorced , died 1989 ) \n * * April Stevens Ewing ( died 1990 ) \n * * Ann Ewing ( as seen on the revival series ) \n * Jack Ewing ( 1951 - 1994 ) ( died ) - Son of Jason and Nancy . \n * * April Stevens Ewing ( divorced , died 1990 ) \n * Jamie Ewing ( 1959 - 1987 ) ( died ) - Daughter of Jason and Nancy . \n \n 4th generation \n \n * Lucy Ewing ( born 1961 ) - Daughter of Gary and Valene . \n * * Mitch Cooper ( twice divorced ) \n * James Beaumont ( born 1967 ) - Illegitimate son of J. R. and Vanessa Beaumont . \n * * Debra Lynn Beaumont , maiden name unknown \n * * Michelle Stevens ( annulled ) \n * John Ross Ewing III ( born 1979 ) - Son of J. R. and Sue Ellen Ewing . \n * * Pamela Rebecca Barnes ( born 1985 ) ( as seen on the revival series ) \n * Christopher Ewing ( 1981 - 2014 ) - Adopted son of Bobby and Pamela Ewing . \n * * Pamela Rebecca Barnes ( born 1985 ) ( annulled ) ( as seen on the revival series ) \n * Robert James `` Bobby '' Ewing II ( born 1984 , twin ) - Son of Gary and Valene ( as seen on Knots Landing ) . \n * Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Ewing ( born 1984 , twin ) - Daughter of Gary and Valene ( as seen on Knots Landing ) . \n * Margaret Krebbs ( born 1987 ) - Daughter of Ray and Donna Krebbs . \n * Lucas Ewing-Krebbs ( born 1987 ) - Son of Bobby Ewing and Jenna Krebbs , adopted by Ray . \n * Unnamed son ( born 1991 ) - Son of J. R. and Cally Ewing . \n * Molly Whittaker ( born 1994 ) - Daughter of Gary Ewing and Kate Whittaker ( as seen on Knots Landing ) . \n * Unnamed girl - Daughter of J.R. and unknown woman \n \n 5th generation \n \n * Jimmy Beaumont ( born 1988 ) - Son of James and Debra Lynn Beaumount . \n \n Southworth family \n \n Although the generations of the Ewing family beyond Jock and Jason have not been referred to in the series , Miss Ellie 's family - the Southworths - is somewhat more explored . \n \n Enoch Southworth founded Southfork Ranch in 1858 . Following Enoch 's death in 1901 , his sole child , Aaron , born in the 1870s , had Southfork Ranch signed over to him and carried on his daddy 's", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 219, "text": "southfork" } ], "id": "qw_5807--Ewing_family_(television).txt", "qid": "qw_5807", "question": "\"What was the name of the Ewing ranch in the TV series \"\"Dallas\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In modern popular fiction , a superhero ( sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero ) is a type of costumed heroic character who possesses supernatural or superhuman powers and who is dedicated to fighting crime , protecting the public , and usually battling supervillains . A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine ( also rendered super-heroine or super heroine ) . Fiction centered on such characters , especially in American comic books since the 1930s , is known as superhero fiction . \n \n By most definitions , characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes . While the Dictionary.com definition of 'superhero ' is `` A figure , especially in a comic strip or cartoon , endowed with superhuman powers and usually portrayed as fighting evil or crime '' , the longstanding Merriam-Webster dictionary gives the definition as `` a fictional hero having extraordinary or superhuman powers ; also : an exceptionally skillful or successful person '' . Terms such as masked crime fighters , costumed adventurers or masked vigilantes are sometimes used to refer to characters such as the Spirit , who may not be explicitly referred to as superheroes but nevertheless share similar traits . \n \n Some superheroes use their powers to counter day-to-day crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains , who are their criminal counterparts . Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superhero 's archenemy . Some long-running superheroes such as Superman , Batman , Spider-Man , Wonder Woman , Captain America , Wolverine , Green Lantern , The Flash , Hulk , Thor and Iron Man have a rogues gallery of many villains . \n \n History \n \n Early history \n \n The word 'superhero ' dates to at least 1917 . Antecedents of the archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood , who adventured in distinctive clothing . The 1903 play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger and the superhero trope of a secret identity . Shortly afterward , masked and costumed pulp-fiction characters such as Zorro ( 1919 ) and comic strip heroes , such as the Phantom ( 1936 ) began appearing , as did non-costumed characters with super strength , including Patoruzú ( 1928 ) , the comic-strip character Popeye ( 1929 ) and novelist Philip Wylie 's protagonist Hugo Danner ( 1930 ) . \n \n In the 1930s , both trends came together in some of the earliest superpowered costumed heroes such as Japan 's very own Ōgon Bat ( visualized in painted panels used by kamishibai oral storytellers in Japan since 1931 ) , Mandrake the Magician ( 1934 ) , and Superman in 1938 at the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books . \n \n 1940s \n \n This era saw the debut of first known female superhero , writer-artist Fletcher Hanks 's character Fantomah , an ageless ancient Egyptian woman in the modern day who could transform into a skull-faced creature with superpowers to fight evil ; she debuted in Fiction House 's Jungle Comics # 2 ( Feb. 1940 ) , credited to the pseudonymous `` Barclay Flagg '' . The Invisible Scarlet O'Neil , a non-costumed character who fought crime and wartime saboteurs using the superpower of invisibility created by Russell Stamm , would debut in the eponymous syndicated newspaper comic strip a few months later on June 3 , 1940 . \n \n One superpowered character was portrayed as an antiheroine , a rarity for its time : the Black Widow , a costumed emissary of Satan who killed evildoers in order to send them to Hell — debuted in Mystic Comics # 4 ( Aug. 1940 ) , from Timely Comics , the 1940s predecessor of Marvel Comics . Most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers . Notable characters include The Woman in Red , introduced in Standard Comics ' Thrilling Comics # 2 ( March 1940 ) ; Lady Luck , debuting in the Sunday-newspaper comic-book insert The Spirit Section June 2 , 1940 ; the comedic character Red Tornado , debuting in All-American Comics # 20 ( Nov 1940 ) ; Miss Fury , debuting in the eponymous comic strip by female cartoonist Tarpé Mills on April 6 , 1941 ; the Phantom Lady , introduced in Quality Comics Police Comics # 1 ( Aug. 1941 ) ; the Black Cat , introduced in Harvey Comics ' Pocket Comics # 1 ( also Aug. 1941 ) ; and the Black Canary , introduced in Flash Comics # 86 ( Aug. 1947 ) as a supporting character.Jim Amash & Eric Nolen-Weathington , ( 2010 ) , Carmine Infantino :", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1669, "text": "iron man" } ], "id": "sfq_26232--Superhero.txt", "qid": "sfq_26232", "question": "Tony Stark is the real name of which super-hero featured in Marvel comics and later films?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Thomas Robert `` Tom '' Daley ( born 21 May 1994 ) is a British diver and television personality . Daley specialises in the 10 metre platform event and was the 2009 FINA World Champion in the individual event at the age of 15 . He started diving at the age of seven and is a member of Plymouth Diving Club . He has made an impact in national and international competitions from age 9 . He represented Great Britain at the 2008 Summer Olympics where he was Britain 's youngest competitor , the youngest competitor of any nationality outside the sport of swimming , and the youngest to participate in a final . In 2009 , Daley reached a career best ranking of number one in the FINA World Diving Rankings for the ten-metre platform . \n \n He won two gold medals for England at the 2010 Commonwealth Games , in the 10 metre synchro diving ( with Max Brick ) and the 10 m Individual Platform competition , and won the bronze medal for Great Britain in the individual competition at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games . \n \n After his success at the 2012 Olympic Games and a summer of great sporting interest amongst the public in the UK , television network ITV approached Daley to have a role in their new celebrity diving reality TV show Splash ! . Daley made his debut in the show 's premiere on 5 January 2013 as a mentor to the celebrity competitors taking part . \n \n Early life and career \n \n Daley was born Plymouth , Devon , England , the son of Debbie ( née Selvester ) and Robert Daley . He has two brothers - William who is three years younger , and Ben who is five years younger . Their father , Robert , died from a brain tumour on 27 May 2011 , aged 40 . His early diving hero was Canadian diver Alexandre Despatie , who won gold at the 1998 Commonwealth Games at the age of 13 , and British diver Leon Taylor , who later mentored him . \n Daley was spotted by a coach , taking part in regular diving lessons , and was placed in a competitive squad in September 2002 . His first competition was the National Novice Championships in April 2003 where he won a medal in the 8/9 year old boys category . In September 2003 , he took part in an invitational event in Southampton where he won the 1 m , 3 m and platform events , and first made his mark on the wider audience . Daley won his age group at the British Championships in the 1 m springboard , the 3 m springboard , and platform in 2004 , 2005 , and 2006 . \n \n In June 2004 , the month after his tenth birthday , he won the platform competition in the National Junior ( under 18 ) group , making him the youngest winner of that event . In 2005 Daley competed as a guest competitor in the Australian Elite Junior Nationals and placed first in platform and second in 3 m springboard in the 14-15 age group event . He also competed in the 14-15 category at the 2005 Aachen Junior International , placing second in platform and third in 3 m springboard . He met the qualification standard for the 2006 Commonwealth Games , but was not selected for the England team because of his age . In 2006 , he was the under-18 British champion in platform and 3m springboard , and he placed second in the 10 m platform at the 2007 senior British Championships , which were held in December 2006 . \n \n Education \n \n From age 11 to 14 Daley attended Eggbuckland Community College . At 13 he became a celebrity supporter of ChildLine , a children 's helpline run by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) , and at that time it was revealed that he had been bullied eighteen months earlier . In April 2009 , Daley alleged to Plymouth 's main local newspaper The Herald that he had been bullied at school since the Olympics , and his father told the BBC that he had temporarily withdrawn him from that school because its response to the problem had been ineffective . Daley was praised in the media for speaking out about his problem . \n \n Daley was offered a full scholarship to board at independent school Brighton College , but his father turned this down due to the distance from home , and entered negotiations with local independent school Plymouth College , which had offered him a", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bb_8546--Tom_Daley.txt", "qid": "bb_8546", "question": "Who in 2009 became Britain's first individual diving world champion?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Daktari ( Swahili for `` doctor '' ) is an American children 's drama series that aired on CBS between 1966 and 1969 . The series , an Ivan Tors Films Production in association with MGM Television , stars Marshall Thompson as Dr. Marsh Tracy , a veterinarian at the fictional Wameru Study Centre for Animal Behaviour in East Africa . \n \n Concept \n \n The show follows the work of Dr. Tracy , his daughter Paula ( Cheryl Miller ) , and his staff , who frequently protected animals from poachers and local officials . Tracy 's pets , a cross-eyed lion named Clarence and a chimpanzee named Judy , were also popular characters . \n \n Daktari was based upon the 1965 film Clarence , the Cross-Eyed Lion , which also stars Thompson as Dr. Tracy and Miller as his daughter . The concept was developed by producer Ivan Tors , inspired by the work of Dr. Antonie Marinus Harthoorn and his wife Sue at their animal orphanage in Nairobi . Dr. Harthoorn was a tireless campaigner for animal rights , and with his research team developed the capture gun , used to sedate animals in order to capture them without injury . \n \n On the series , Clarence did n't do all his own stunts ; he also had a stand-in . Leo , another Ralph Helfer-trained lion , doubled for Clarence whenever there were any trucks involved , since Clarence spooked at the sight of these vehicles . Leo even had his own makeup artist who applied cosmetic scarring like Clarence 's , so that he would resemble Clarence when photographed in closeups . This was referred to in an inside joke from the preview trailer for the movie Clarence , the Cross-Eyed Lion , that Leo ( who also appeared in the MGM logo and had a gentle temperament very similar to Clarence 's ) was not related to Clarence . \n \n Another less-friendly lion , also named Leo , doubled for Clarence in some scenes . He was used only for the snarling scenes and general scenes which did n't involve proximity with humans . This Leo had come from a family in Utah . His ferocity was due largely to abuse he received from former owners who beat him badly with a stick . \n \n In the show 's final season , child star Erin Moran joined the cast as Jenny Jones , a seven-year-old orphan who becomes part of the Tracy household . \n \n Cast \n \n * Marshall Thompson .... Dr. Marsh Tracy \n * Cheryl Miller .... Paula Tracy \n * Hedley Mattingly .... District Officer Hedley \n * Hari Rhodes .... Mike Makula \n * Yale Summers .... Jack Dane ( 1966–1968 ) \n * Ross Hagen .... Bart Jason ( 1968–1969 ) \n * Erin Moran .... Jenny Jones ( 1968–1969 ) \n * Judy the Chimp .... Judy \n * Clarence the Lion .... Clarence \n \n Judy the Chimp also portrayed `` Debbie the Bloop '' on Lost in Space . \n \n Notable guest stars over the years included Louis Gossett Jr. , Sterling Holloway , Virginia Mayo , and Paul Winfield . \n \n Bruno the Bear also appeared as a guest star before he became the main bear playing the title role in the later Ivan Tors series , Gentle Ben . \n \n Episodes \n \n Production notes \n \n Location \n \n According to the show 's closing credits , it was `` filmed in Africa and Africa , U.S.A. '' , a 600 acre wild animal ranch created by animal trainers Ralph and Toni Helfer in Soledad Canyon 40 mi . north of Los Angeles . Ralph Helfer was the animal coordinator of the show . Leonard B. Kaufman , the producer , wrote in liner notes for Shelly Manne 's Daktari that he shot the series on location close to a ranch once owned by Antonio Pintos father in Mozambique . Indeed , the outdoor scenes involving the actors were shot in the Africa , U.S.A. compound in California , with footage of African landscape and animals in between to get the African look and feel . Some of the animals shown were however at odds with the location - a tiger ( not native to Africa ) is shown in the starting credit sequence , as well as an Indian elephant . \n \n Other indoor and some outdoor scenes of the animal hospital were shot in Ivan Tors ' studios in Florida . \n \n Music \n \n The show had distinctive theme and incidental music , a fusion of jazz and African influences , conducted by American jazz drummer Shelly Manne", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 555, "text": "clarence" } ], "id": "qb_1028--Daktari.txt", "qid": "qb_1028", "question": "What was the name of the cross-eyed lion in the tv series ‘Daktari’?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A baronet ( or ; abbreviated Bart or Bt ) or the rare female equivalent , a baronetess ( ; abbreviation `` Btss '' ) , is the holder of a baronetcy , a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown . The practice of awarding baronetcies was originally introduced in England in the 14th century and was used by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds . \n \n A baronetcy is the only British hereditary honour that is not a peerage , with the exception of the Anglo-Irish Black Knight , White Knight and Green Knight ( of which only The Green Knight is extant ) . A baronet is addressed as `` Sir '' , just as is a knight ( or `` Dame '' in the case of a baronetess ) , but ranks above all knighthoods and damehoods in the Order of precedence , except for the Order of the Garter and the Order of the Thistle ( and the dormant Order of St Patrick ) . \n \n Baronets are not formally deemed noble , although they are widely regarded as being members of the aristocracy . In Europe their social rank is roughly equivalent to petite noblesse . \n \n History of the term \n \n The term baronet has medieval origins . Sir Thomas de La More , describing the Battle of Boroughbridge , mentioned that baronets took part , along with barons and knights . \n \n According to the Standing Council of the Baronetage : \n \n * The baronetage is of far more ancient origin than many people may think . The term baronet is believed to have been first applied to nobility who for one reason or another had lost the right of summons to Parliament . The earliest mention of baronets was in the Battle of Battenberg [ sic ] , in 1321 . There is a further mention of them in 1328 when Edward III is known to have created eight baronets . Further creations were made in 1340 , 1446 and 1551 . At least one of these , Sir William de La Pole in 1340 , was created for payment of money , presumably expended by the King to help maintain his army . It is not known if these early creations were hereditary but all seem to have died out . \n * The present hereditary Order of Baronets in England dates from 22 May 1611 when it was erected by James I who first granted Letters Patent to 200 gentlemen of good birth with an income of at least £1,000 a year . His intention was twofold : firstly he wanted to fill the gap between peers of the realm and knights so he decided that the baronets were to form the sixth division of the aristocracy following the five degrees of the peerage ; secondly , and probably more importantly , he needed money to pay for soldiers to carry out the pacification of Ireland . Therefore those of the first creation , in return for the honour , were each required to pay for the upkeep of thirty soldiers for three years amounting to £1,095 , in those days a very large sum . \n * In 1619 James I also established the Baronetage of Ireland and set out plans for a new baronetage to assist with the colonisation of Nova Scotia . However in 1624 King James died before this could be implemented . In 1625 Charles I took up his father 's plans and erected the Baronetage of Scotland and Nova Scotia . The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks or to support six settlers for two years . Over a hundred of these baronetcies , now familiarly known as Scottish baronetcies , have survived to this day . The Duke of Roxburghe is the Premier Baronet of Scotland and his baronetcy of Innes-Ker was created in 1625 . \n * As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707 all future creations were styled baronets of Great Britain . With the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom . The position at 31 December 1999 , including baronetcies where succession was dormant or unproven , was that there were a total of 1,314 baronetcies divided into five classes of creation included on the The Official Roll . Of these there were 146 of England , 63 of Ireland , 119 of Scotland , 133 of Great Britain and 853 of the United Kingdom . The Premier Baronet of England is Sir Nicholas Bacon , Bt whose senior title was created in 1611 . \n \n Under", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_4586--Baronet.txt", "qid": "odql_4586", "question": "What is the oldest order of knighthood still in existence in Britain?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A duck pond is a pond for ducks and other waterfowl . Duck ponds provide habitats for water fowl and other birds , who use the water to bathe in and drink . \n \n Typically , such ponds are round , oval or kidney-shaped . An example is the lily pond in the University Parks at Oxford in England , constructed in 1925 . Often , as in public parks , such ponds are artificial and ornamental in design . Sometimes they may be less ornamental , as for example in a farmyard or flooded quarry . A small domestic version of the duck pond is at Knowle Farm in Derbyshire . \n \n Some duck ponds are purposely built for the sport of duck hunting . These flight ponds are constructed by hunters and wildfowlers to attract ducks , such as mallard , teal , bufflehead and wigeon , at dawn and at dusk . The ponds have shallow edges to allow ducks to reach food on the bottom . Barley is often used to attract or hold the birds . \n \n Duck houses \n \n A duck house , duck canopy , or duck island , is an often floating structure that ducks can climb onto and into , offering protection from predators such as foxes . Some are simple wooden shelters on land , while others are on islands in duck ponds or lakes ; they can be quite ornate and/or large structures . A rather famous example can be found at Woodway House in Devon . A small domestic version of a duck house is at Knowle Farm in Derbyshire . Such houses are also used for the birds to nest in a safe and convenient area . Dummy eggs , originally ceramic and now plastic , are used to encourage birds to lay in the duck house . \n \n Installation and maintenance \n \n They must be cleaned out about every month to prevent the unwanted and rather smelly buildup of any fecal matter ( guano ) that is gradually left behind by the birds using it . They may also be prone to flooding during a storm , if they are not raised adequately off the ground . \n \n Media reference \n \n Duck islands came to public prominence in the United Kingdom in May 2009 , when a Member of Parliament claimed expenses to have one installed on his property . Sir Peter Viggers chose to stand down as an MP after he was shown to have attempted to pay for his duck island at the UK Parliament 's expense . \n \n File : Duck pond with gazebo.jpg|Duck pond with gazebo at apartment in Covington , Georgia \n File : Duck near pond.jpg|Duck pond in a public park , Aci Sant'Antonio , Sicily \n File : Compton martin duck pond.JPG|Compton Martin duck pond \n File : Gainesville Northeast Hist Dist01.jpg|A duck pond in Gainesville , Florida \n File:4 Modliszewice 10.jpg|Duck house in Modliszewice , Poland \n File : Woodway21-DuckHouse.jpg|The old cob-built Duck House at Woodway House in Teignmouth , Devon \n File : Skogaholm Manor.JPG|Sir Peter Viggers ' duck house was a replica of the Swedish Skogaholm Manor", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2075, "text": "peter viggers" } ], "id": "bb_8760--Duck_pond.txt", "qid": "bb_8760", "question": "What Tory MP was found to have claimed unsuccessfully on his parliamentary expenses for a floating duck island?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In planar geometry , an angle is the figure formed by two rays , called the sides of the angle , sharing a common endpoint , called the vertex of the angle . \n Angles formed by two rays lie in a plane , but this plane does not have to be a Euclidean plane . Angles are also formed by the intersection of two planes in Euclidean and other spaces . These are called dihedral angles . Angles formed by the intersection of two curves in a plane are defined as the angle determined by the tangent rays at the point of intersection . Similar statements hold in space , for example , the spherical angle formed by two great circles on a sphere is the dihedral angle between the planes determined by the great circles . \n \n Angle is also used to designate the measure of an angle or of a rotation . This measure is the ratio of the length of a circular arc to its radius . In the case of a geometric angle , the arc is centered at the vertex and delimited by the sides . In the case of a rotation , the arc is centered at the center of the rotation and delimited by any other point and its image by the rotation . \n \n The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus , meaning `` corner '' ; cognate words are the Greek ( ankylοs ) , meaning `` crooked , curved , '' and the English word `` ankle '' . Both are connected with the Proto-Indo-European root * ank- , meaning `` to bend '' or `` bow '' . \n \n Euclid defines a plane angle as the inclination to each other , in a plane , of two lines which meet each other , and do not lie straight with respect to each other . According to Proclus an angle must be either a quality or a quantity , or a relationship . The first concept was used by Eudemus , who regarded an angle as a deviation from a straight line ; the second by Carpus of Antioch , who regarded it as the interval or space between the intersecting lines ; Euclid adopted the third concept , although his definitions of right , acute , and obtuse angles are certainly quantitative . \n \n Identifying angles \n \n In mathematical expressions , it is common to use Greek letters ( α , β , γ , θ , φ , . . . ) to serve as variables standing for the size of some angle . ( To avoid confusion with its other meaning , the symbol Pi| is typically not used for this purpose . ) Lower case Roman letters ( a , b , c , . . . ) are also used , as are upper case Roman letters in the context of polygons . See the figures in this article for examples . \n \n In geometric figures , angles may also be identified by the labels attached to the three points that define them . For example , the angle at vertex A enclosed by the rays AB and AC ( i.e . the lines from point A to point B and point A to point C ) is denoted ∠BAC or \\widehat { \\rm BAC } . Sometimes , where there is no risk of confusion , the angle may be referred to simply by its vertex ( `` angle A '' ) . \n \n Potentially , an angle denoted , say , ∠BAC might refer to any of four angles : the clockwise angle from B to C , the anticlockwise angle from B to C , the clockwise angle from C to B , or the anticlockwise angle from C to B , where the direction in which the angle is measured determines its sign ( see Positive and negative angles ) . However , in many geometrical situations it is obvious from context that the positive angle less than or equal to 180 degrees is meant , and no ambiguity arises . Otherwise , a convention may be adopted so that ∠BAC always refers to the anticlockwise ( positive ) angle from B to C , and ∠CAB to the anticlockwise ( positive ) angle from C to B . \n \n Types of angles \n \n Individual angles \n \n * Angles smaller than a right angle ( less than 90° ) are called acute angles ( `` acute '' meaning `` sharp '' ) . \n * An angle equal to turn ( 90° or radians ) is called a right angle . Two lines that form a right angle", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3315, "text": "180" } ], "id": "qb_8028--Angle.txt", "qid": "qb_8028", "question": "In mathematics, how many degrees are in a straight angle?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "is a term referring to a long-distance relay running race , typically on roads . Otake , Tomoko . One for All . Dec. 28 , 2008 [ http : //search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20081228x1.html The Japan Times ] accessed Feb. 19 , 2009 . The Japanese term originally referred to a post-horse or stagecoach which transmitted communication by stages . \n \n History \n \n The term originated in Japan , although the concept of a long distance relay race is not unique to any country . The first ekiden race was sponsored by the Yomiuri Shimbun in 1917 , and was run over three days between the old Japanese capital of Kyoto and the modern capital of Tokyo , a distance of 508 km , to celebrate the anniversary of the moving of the capital to Tokyo . \n \n As written in Japanese , Ekiden combines the characters for `` station '' ( 駅 ) and `` transmit '' ( 伝 ) . This name was coined by the poet Toki Zemmaro ( 1885–1980 ) , who was head of the Yomiuri Shimbun 's Social Affairs Department at the time . The original concept of the race hearkens back to Japan 's old Tōkaidō communication and transportation system in which stations were posted at intervals along the road . In the race , each runner on a team runs the distance from one `` station '' to the next , and then hands off a cloth sash , or tasuki , to the next runner . \n \n The lengths of ekiden in Japan can vary greatly , as can the number of runners on a team . For example , in the national junior high ekiden championship , 5 girls cover 12 kilometers and 6 boys cover 18 kilometers . The national high school championship involves 5 girls in a 21 kilometer race and 7 boys in 42.195 kilometer race . In the national inter-prefecture championships , 9 women run 42.195 kilometers and 7 men run 48 kilometers . For the collegiate Hakone Ekiden , a 2-day event , 10 male athletes for each team run 219 kilometers . Each runner covers just over a half marathon . The mid-December National Corporate Women 's Ekiden Championships , 6 runners cover 42.195 kilometers . In the January 1 National Corporate Men 's Ekiden Championships , 7 runners cover 100.0 kilometers . For the mid January national open championships ( teams composed of selected junior high , high school and open athletes ) , the distances are 42.195 for the women and 48.0 for the men . Notably in distance , in the Round-Kyūshū Ekiden , a 10 days event , 72 segments cover 1064 kilometers around Kyushu Island and it is the longest relay race in the world . Read more detail at [ http : //japanrunningnews.blogspot.com/2011/12/quick-guide-to-championship-ekiden.html Japan Running News ] . \n \n In Japan \n \n One of the most popular modern ekiden in Japan is the Hakone Ekiden , which features teams of 10 male students from various Japanese universities of the Tokyo ( Kanto ) region . This race from central Tokyo along Tokyo Bay , past Yokohama to Hakone and back is held over two days at the New Year , covering 219 kilometers . It is a popular spectator sport that draws large crowds ( a million or more ) along the whole route and receives [ http : //japanrunningnews.blogspot.com/2011/12/watch-new-year-ekiden-and-hakone-ekiden.html full network television coverage nationwide ] over the two days . Runners in the race compete to set individual records ( e.g. , stage times , number of schools passed ) as well as to support their teams , and the race is considered to display many aspects of Japanese culture and spirit , including individual perseverance , identity within a group , and the importance within the Japanese hierarchy of allegiance to a major university . In the latter matter , there is a similarity to American school sports allegiance . The competitive level [ http : //japanrunningnews.blogspot.com/2012/01/2012-hakone-ekiden-and-2011-ncaa.html compares well ] with the highest levels of American universities . This comparison is based on participants ' ( Hakone Ekiden and NCAA Division 1 championships ) personal best marks at 5000 meters , although in the Hakone Ekiden each runner covers just over a half marathon . \n \n Secondary schools \n \n Comparison to cross country \n \n For the athletes , ekiden provides an experience quite different from for track and field . In Japanese secondary and tertiary education , ekiden racing gives the school 's long distance runners a team racing experience that [ http : //espn.go.com/blog/high-school/track-and-xc/post/_/id/731/ekiden-a-closer-look-at-the-japanese-way parallels but is yet different from ] cross country running as practiced in North American secondary and tertiary schools . \n \n School-based teams and", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 39, "text": "relay" } ], "id": "bb_5112--Ekiden.txt", "qid": "bb_5112", "question": "The Japanese term Ekiden refers to a long race characterized by?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) is the eighth spy film in the James Bond series to be produced by Eon Productions , and the first to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . Produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , it was the third of four Bond films to be directed by Guy Hamilton . Although the producers had wanted Sean Connery to return after his role in the previous Bond film Diamonds Are Forever , he declined , sparking a search for a new actor to play James Bond . Moore was signed for the lead role . \n \n The film is adapted from the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming . In the film , a Harlem drug lord known as Mr. Big plans to distribute two tons of heroin free to put rival drugs barons out of business . Mr. Big is revealed to be the disguised alter ego of Dr. Kananga , a corrupt Caribbean dictator , who rules San Monique , the fictional island where the heroin poppies are secretly farmed . Bond is investigating the deaths of three British agents , leading him to Kananga , and is soon trapped in a world of gangsters and voodoo as he fights to put a stop to the drug baron 's scheme . \n \n Live and Let Die was released during the height of the blaxploitation era , and many blaxploitation archetypes and clichés are depicted in the film , including derogatory racial epithets ( `` honky '' ) , black gangsters , and pimpmobiles . It departs from the former plots of the James Bond films about megalomaniac super-villains , and instead focuses on drug trafficking , a common theme of blaxploitation films of the period . It is set in African American cultural centres such as Harlem and New Orleans , as well as the Caribbean Islands . It was also the first James Bond film featuring an African American Bond girl to be romantically involved with 007 , Rosie Carver , who was played by Gloria Hendry . The film was a box office success and received generally positive reviews from critics . It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Live and Let Die '' , written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by their band Wings . \n \n Plot \n \n Three MI6 agents , including one `` on loan '' to the American government , are killed under mysterious circumstances within 24 hours of each other in the United Nations , New Orleans and a Caribbean nation , San Monique , while monitoring the operations of the island 's dictator Dr. Kananga . James Bond , agent 007 , is sent to New York City to investigate the first murder . Kananga is also in New York , visiting the United Nations and representing San Monique . Just after Bond arrives , his driver is shot dead by Whisper , one of Kananga 's men , while taking Bond to meet Felix Leiter of the CIA . Bond is nearly killed in the ensuing car crash . \n \n A trace on the killer 's licence plate eventually leads Bond to Mr. Big , a ruthless gangster who runs a chain of Fillet of Soul restaurants throughout the United States . It is here that Bond first meets Solitaire , a beautiful tarot expert who has the power of the Obeah and can see both the future and remote events in the present . Mr. Big , who is actually Kananga in disguise , demands that his henchmen kill Bond , but Bond overpowers them and escapes unscathed . Bond flies to San Monique , where he meets Rosie Carver , a CIA double agent . They meet up with a friend of Bond 's , Quarrel Jr. , who takes them by boat near Solitaire 's home . Bond suspects Rosie of working for Kananga . She is shot dead , remotely , by Kananga , to stop her confessing the truth to Bond . Inside Solitaire 's house , Bond uses a stacked tarot deck of cards , that show only `` The Lovers '' , to trick her into thinking that seduction is in her future , and then seduces her . Solitaire loses her ability to foretell the future when she loses her virginity to Bond , and decides to co-operate with Bond as she has feelings for him and has grown tired of being controlled by Kananga . \n \n Bond and Solitaire escape by boat and fly to New Orleans . There , Bond is captured by Kananga . It transpires that Kananga is", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 132, "text": "roger moore" } ], "id": "qb_5650--Live_and_Let_Die_(film).txt", "qid": "qb_5650", "question": "Who played James Bond in the 1973 film ‘Live and Let Die’?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Battle of the Little Bighorn , known to Lakota as the Battle of the Greasy Grass , and commonly referred to as Custer 's Last Stand , was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho tribes , against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle , which occurred June 25–26 , 1876 , near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory , was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . \n \n The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota , Northern Cheyenne , and Arapaho , led by several major war leaders , including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall , inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull ( Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake ) . The U.S. 7th Cavalry , including the Custer Battalion , a force of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer , suffered a major defeat . Five of the 7th Cavalry 's twelve companies were annihilated ; Custer was killed , as were two of his brothers , a nephew , and a brother-in-law . The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded ( 6 died from their injuries later ) , including 4 Crow Indian scouts and 2 Pawnee Indian scouts . \n \n Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle , but over the next years and decades Custer and his troops became iconic , heroic figures in American history , a status that lasted into the 1960s . However , American views of the fight have largely changed dramatically since that time . The battle , and Custer 's actions in particular , have been studied extensively by historians . \n \n Background \n \n Tension between the native inhabitants of the Great Plains of the United States and the encroaching white European settlers in the latter half of the 19th Century resulted in a series of conflicts known as the Sioux Wars , which took place between 1854 and 1890 . Even though many of the native peoples eventually agreed to relocate to ever-shrinking reservations , a number of them resisted , at times fiercely . \n \n The 1876 Sun Dance Gathering \n \n Among the Plains Tribes , the long-standing tradition known as the Sun Dance was the most important religious event of the year . It was a time for the annual renewal of life 's necessities , for making personal vows , and for seeking visions . It was a holy time , full of continuous prayer . Towards the end of spring in 1876 , the Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance attended as well by a number of `` Agency Indians '' who had slipped away from their reservations . During a Sun Dance around June 5 , 1876 , on Rosebud Creek in Montana , Sitting Bull , a Hunkpapa Lakota spiritual leader , reportedly had a vision of `` soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky . '' At the same time , U.S. military officials were conducting a summer campaign to force the Lakota and the Cheyenne back to their reservations , using infantry and cavalry in a so-called `` three-pronged approach '' . \n \n The 1876 U.S. Military Campaign \n \n Col. John Gibbon 's column of six companies ( A , B , E , H , I , and K ) of the 7th Infantry and four companies ( F , G , H , and L ) of the 2nd Cavalry marched east from Fort Ellis in western Montana on March 30 , to patrol the Yellowstone River . Brig . Gen. George Crook 's column of ten companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , I , L , and M ) of the 3rd Cavalry , five ( A , B , D , E , and I ) of the 2nd Cavalry , two companies ( D and F ) of the 4th Infantry , and three companies ( C , G , and H ) of the 9th Infantry , moved north from Fort Fetterman in the Wyoming Territory on May 29 , marching toward the Powder River area . Brig . Gen. Alfred Terry 's column , including twelve companies ( A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , K , L , and M ) of the 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer 's immediate command , Companies C and G of the 17th U.S. Infantry , and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 815, "text": "su" } ], "id": "bt_3051--Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn.txt", "qid": "bt_3051", "question": "Which was the main Indian tribe who defeated Custer at the battle of the Little Bighorn" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net . Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team 's court under organized rules . It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964 . \n \n The complete rules are extensive . But simply , play proceeds as follows : a player on one of the teams begins a 'rally ' by serving the ball ( tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm ) , from behind the back boundary line of the court , over the net , and into the receiving team 's court . The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court . The team may touch the ball up to 3 times but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively . Typically , the first two touches are used to set up for an attack , an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court . \n \n The rally continues , with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches , until either ( 1 ) : a team makes a kill , grounding the ball on the opponent 's court and winning the rally ; or ( 2 ) : a team commits a fault and loses the rally . The team that wins the rally is awarded a point , and serves the ball to start the next rally . A few of the most common faults include : \n * causing the ball to touch the ground or floor outside the opponents ' court or without first passing over the net ; \n * catching and throwing the ball ; \n * double hit : two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player ; \n * four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team ; \n * net foul : touching the net during play ; \n * foot fault : the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving . \n The ball is usually played with the hands or arms , but players can legally strike or push ( short contact ) the ball with any part of the body . \n \n A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball , including spiking and blocking ( because these plays are made above the top of the net , the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport ) as well as passing , setting , and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures . \n \n History \n \n Origin of volleyball \n \n On February 9 , 1895 , in Holyoke , Massachusetts ( USA ) , William G. Morgan , a YMCA physical education director , created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played ( preferably ) indoors and by any number of players . The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball . Another indoor sport , basketball , was catching on in the area , having been invented just ten miles ( sixteen kilometers ) away in the city of Springfield , Massachusetts , only four years before . Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport , less rough than basketball , for older members of the YMCA , while still requiring a bit of athletic effort . \n \n The first rules , written down by William G Morgan , called for a net 6 ft high , a 25 x court , and any number of players . A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning , and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents ' court . In case of a serving error , a second try was allowed . Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul ( with loss of the point or a side-out ) —except in the case of the first-try serve . \n \n After an observer , Alfred Halstead , noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896 , played at the International YMCA Training School ( now called Springfield College ) , the game quickly became known as volleyball ( it was originally spelled as two words : `` volley ball '' ) . Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCAs", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3801, "text": "volley ball" } ], "id": "sfq_26133--Volleyball.txt", "qid": "sfq_26133", "question": "Mintonette was the original name given to which sport?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A Study in Scarlet is an 1887 detective novel by British author Arthur Conan Doyle . Written in 1886 , the story marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson , who would become two of the most famous characters in popular fiction . The book 's title derives from a speech given by Holmes , an amateur detective , to his friend and chronicler Watson on the nature of his work , in which he describes the story 's murder investigation as his `` study in scarlet '' : `` There 's the scarlet thread of murder running through the colourless skein of life , and our duty is to unravel it , and isolate it , and expose every inch of it . '' ( A `` study '' is a preliminary drawing , sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece . ) \n \n The story , and its main characters , attracted little public interest when it first appeared . Only 11 complete copies of the magazine in which the story first appeared , Beeton 's Christmas Annual for 1887 , are known to exist now and they have considerable value . Although Conan Doyle wrote 56 short stories featuring Holmes , A Study in Scarlet is one of only four full-length novels in the original canon . The novel was followed by The Sign of the Four , published in 1890 . A Study in Scarlet was the first work of detective fiction to incorporate the magnifying glass as an investigative tool . \n \n Plot summary \n \n Part I : The Reminiscences of Watson \n \n Part I leads with a heading which establishes the role of Dr. Watson as narrator and sets up the narrative stand-point that the work to follow is not fiction , but fact : `` Being a Reprint from the Reminiscences of John H. Watson , MD , Late of the Army Medical Department . '' \n \n The story begins in 1881 , when Dr. Watson , having returned to London from Afghanistan , runs into an old friend Stamford at the Criterion Restaurant , who had been a dresser under him at St. Bartholomew 's Hospital . Watson confides in Stamford that , due to a shoulder injury that he sustained in the Anglo-Afghan War at the Battle of Maiwand , he has been forced to leave the armed services and is now looking for a place to live . Stamford mentions that an acquaintance of his , Sherlock Holmes , is looking for someone to split the rent at a flat at 221B Baker Street , but he cautions Watson about Holmes 's eccentricities . \n \n Stamford takes Watson back to St. Bartholomew 's where , in a laboratory , they find Holmes experimenting with a reagent , seeking a test to detect human haemoglobin . Holmes explains the significance of bloodstains as evidence in criminal trials . After Stamford introduces Watson to Holmes , Holmes shakes Watson 's hand and comments , `` You have been in Afghanistan , I perceive ? '' Though Holmes chooses not to explain why he made the comment , Watson raises the subject of their parallel quests for a place to live in London , and Holmes explains that he has found the perfect place in Baker Street . At Holmes 's prompting , the two review their various shortcomings to make sure that they can live together . \n \n After seeing the rooms at 221B , they move in and grow accustomed to their new situation . \n \n Watson is amazed by Holmes , who has profound knowledge of chemistry and sensational literature , very precise but narrow knowledge of geology and botany ; yet knows little about literature , astronomy , philosophy , and politics . Holmes also has multiple guests visiting him at different intervals during the day . \n \n After much speculation by Watson , Holmes reveals that he is a `` consulting detective '' and that the guests are clients . Facing Watson 's doubts about some of his claims , Holmes casually deduces to Watson that one visitor , a messenger from Scotland Yard is also a retired Marine sergeant . When the man confirms this , Watson is astounded by Holmes ' ability to notice details and assemble them . \n \n Holmes reads the telegram requesting consultation in a fresh murder case . He is reluctant to help because credit would go entirely to the officials . Watson urges him to reconsider so Holmes invites him to accompany him as he investigates the crime scene , an abandoned house off the Brixton Road . \n \n Holmes observes the pavement and", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 143, "text": "sherlock holmes" } ], "id": "qw_14426--A_Study_in_Scarlet.txt", "qid": "qw_14426", "question": "\"Who was the main character in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novels \"\"A Study In Scarlet\"\", \"\"The Sign of Four\"\" and \"\"The Hound of the Baskervilles\"\"?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface , for example , the space that a substance ( solid , liquid , gas , or plasma ) or shape occupies or contains . \n Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit , the cubic metre . The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container , i. e. the amount of fluid ( gas or liquid ) that the container could hold , rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces . \n \n Three dimensional mathematical shapes are also assigned volumes . Volumes of some simple shapes , such as regular , straight-edged , and circular shapes can be easily calculated using arithmetic formulas . Volumes of a complicated shape can be calculated by integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape 's boundary . Where a variance in shape and volume occurs , such as those that exist between different human beings , these can be calculated using three-dimensional techniques such as the Body Volume Index . One-dimensional figures ( such as lines ) and two-dimensional shapes ( such as squares ) are assigned zero volume in the three-dimensional space . \n \n The volume of a solid ( whether regularly or irregularly shaped ) can be determined by fluid displacement . Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas . The combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of one of the substances . However , sometimes one substance dissolves in the other and the combined volume is not additive . \n \n In differential geometry , volume is expressed by means of the volume form , and is an important global Riemannian invariant . \n In thermodynamics , volume is a fundamental parameter , and is a conjugate variable to pressure . \n \n Units \n \n Any unit of length gives a corresponding unit of volume , namely the volume of a cube whose side has the given length . For example , a cubic centimetre ( cm3 ) would be the volume of a cube whose sides are one centimetre ( 1 cm ) in length . \n \n In the International System of Units ( SI ) , the standard unit of volume is the cubic metre ( m3 ) . The metric system also includes the litre ( L ) as a unit of volume , where one litre is the volume of a 10-centimetre cube . Thus \n 1 litre ( 10 cm ) 3 \n 1000 cubic centimetres = 0.001 cubic metres , \n \n so \n 1 cubic metre = 1000 litres . \n Small amounts of liquid are often measured in millilitres , where \n 1 millilitre 0.001 litres \n 1 cubic centimetre . \n \n Various other traditional units of volume are also in use , including the cubic inch , the cubic foot , the cubic mile , the teaspoon , the tablespoon , the fluid ounce , the fluid dram , the gill , the pint , the quart , the gallon , the minim , the barrel , the cord , the peck , the bushel , and the hogshead . \n \n Related terms \n \n Capacity is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as `` the measure applied to the content of a vessel , and to liquids , grain , or the like , which take the shape of that which holds them '' . ( The word capacity has other unrelated meanings , as in e.g . capacity management . ) Capacity is not identical in meaning to volume , though closely related ; the capacity of a container is always the volume in its interior . Units of capacity are the SI litre and its derived units , and Imperial units such as gill , pint , gallon , and others . Units of volume are the cubes of units of length . In SI the units of volume and capacity are closely related : one litre is exactly 1 cubic decimetre , the capacity of a cube with a 10 cm side . In other systems the conversion is not trivial ; the capacity of a vehicle 's fuel tank is rarely stated in cubic feet , for example , but in gallons ( a gallon fills a volume of 0.1605 cu ft ) . \n \n The density of an object is defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume . The inverse of density is specific volume which is defined as volume divided by mass . Specific volume is a concept important in thermodynamics where the volume of", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3804, "text": "density" } ], "id": "odql_5730--Volume.txt", "qid": "odql_5730", "question": "In physics, what is defined as mass per unit volume?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Terminator is a 1984 American science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron , produced by Hemdale Film Corporation and distributed by Orion Pictures . It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator , a cyborg assassin sent back in time from 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor ( Linda Hamilton ) , whose son will one day become a savior against machines in a post-apocalyptic future . Michael Biehn plays Kyle Reese , a soldier from the future sent back in time to protect Connor . \n \n Though not expected to be a success , The Terminator topped the American box office for two weeks and helped launch the film career of Cameron and solidify that of Schwarzenegger . It received critical acclaim , with many praising its pacing , action scenes and Schwarzenegger 's role . Its success led to a franchise consisting of four sequels ( Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Terminator Salvation and Terminator Genisys ) , a television series , comic books , novels and video games . In 2008 , The Terminator was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the American National Film Registry , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . \n \n Plot \n \n In 1984 Los Angeles , a Terminator , a cyborg assassin programmed to kill a young woman named Sarah Connor , arrives from the future . Shortly afterwards , Kyle Reese , a soldier sent to protect Connor from the Terminator , arrives . After the Terminator kills several people ( including two other women named Sarah Connor listed in the telephone directory ) , it tracks Sarah to a nightclub . Kyle arrives and saves Sarah from the Terminator . The two steal a car and escape while the Terminator steals a police car and pursues them . \n \n Kyle explains to Sarah that , in the near future , an artificial intelligence defense network known as Skynet will become self-aware and initiate a nuclear holocaust . He says that Sarah 's yet-to-be-conceived son John will rally the survivors and lead a resistance movement against Skynet and its army of machines . With the Resistance on the verge of victory , Skynet has sent a Terminator back in time to kill Sarah before John is born , in order to avert the formation of the Resistance . The Terminator is an efficient killing machine with a powerful metal endoskeleton and an external layer of living tissue that makes it appear human . \n \n After Kyle and Sarah are again pursued by the Terminator , they are apprehended by the police , but the Terminator escapes . Kyle is questioned by criminal psychologist Dr. Silberman , who concludes that Kyle is paranoid and delusional , while Sarah is questioned by Lieutenant Traxler and Sergeant Vukovich . The Terminator repairs its body and attacks the police station , killing many police officers—including Traxler and Vukovich—in its attempt to locate Sarah . Sarah and Kyle escape and spend the night under a bridge before seeking refuge in a motel , where they assemble pipe bombs . Sarah realizes that the Terminator will find them again , and they are not safe , no matter where they go . Kyle admits that he has been in love with Sarah since John gave him a photograph of her . Sarah reciprocates Kyle 's feelings and they have sex . \n \n The Terminator tracks them to the motel and Kyle and Sarah escape in a pickup truck . In the ensuing chase , Kyle throws pipe bombs at the Terminator , but is wounded by the Terminator 's gunfire . Sarah knocks the Terminator off its motorcycle , but loses control of the pickup truck , which flips over . The Terminator hijacks a truck , but Kyle slides a pipe bomb onto its trailer , causing an explosion . The Terminator emerges from the flames with its artificial flesh completely destroyed . \n \n The chase continues to a factory . Kyle activates the factory machinery to confuse the Terminator and attacks it with a metal pipe , but it knocks him down . In a daze , he jams his final pipe bomb into the Terminator 's abdomen . The bomb blows apart the Terminator , seemingly destroying it , injuring Sarah , and , for an unknown reason , kills Kyle . As she grieves over Kyle , the Terminator , now a one-armed , legless torso , reactivates and grabs her . She breaks free of its grip and crawls away , luring it into a hydraulic press which she activates , crushing and finally", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 865, "text": "judgment day" } ], "id": "tc_1126--The_Terminator.txt", "qid": "tc_1126", "question": "What was the subtitle of Terminator 2?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Morecambe [ http : //dictionary.reference.com/browse/Morecambe `` Morecambe '' at Dictionary.com ] [ http : //www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/morecambe `` Morecambe '' in Collins English Dictionary online ] is a town on Morecambe Bay in Lancashire , England , which had a population of 34,768 at the 2011 Census . \n \n Name of Morecambe \n \n The first use of the name Morecambe in modern times was by Whitaker in his History of Manchester ( 1771 ) , when he refers to the æstury of Moricambe . It next appears four years later in 'Antiquities of Furness ' where the bay is described as 'the Bay of Morecambe ' . \n \n That name is derived from the Roman name shown on maps prepared for them by Claudius Ptolemœus ( Ptolemy ) from his original Greek maps . At this distance in time it is impossible to say if the name was originally derived from an earlier language ( e.g . Celtic language ) or from Greek . The Latin version describes the fourth inlet north from Wales on the west coast of England as Moriancabris Æsturis . Translated , this gives a more accurate description than the present name of Morecambe Bay as the Latin refers to multiple estuaries on a curved sea , not a bay , as then the word sinus or gulf would have been used . \n \n The name next crops up as early as March 1862 ( before the town took the name officially ) on a steam locomotive built for the South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway . Strangely , this was one of four locomotives in the class , and the others were each named after existing towns ; No . 162 Saltburn , 163 Morecambe , 164 Belfast and 165 Keswick , which could indicate the name was already in unofficial use for the area . \n \n It was not until 1889 that the necessary legislation was passed to officially name the area as Morecambe , comprising the hamlets of Poulton , Bare and Torrisholme ( a township for the purposes of the Census of 1841 but shown as separate townships in the previous Census of 1831 ) . In 1894 the Urban District Council was formed , thus freeing Morecambe completely from its governance by the Borough of Lancaster until 1974 when Lancaster again took charge . \n \n Before the creation of Morecambe , Poulton acquired two suffixes , 'le Sands ' and briefly 'on Sands ' shown on at least one map . The reason for these additions stems from the dearth of names of townships in earlier times with the same name recurring over again . In the days before free movement of people , this was not so important . As travel became easier through first the turnpikes and later the railways , it became necessary to differentiate between the various towns with the same name , hence the additions . \n \n On 3 August 1928 the name changed again when the Corporation of Morecambe amalgamated with Heysham Urban District Council to form the borough of Morecambe and Heysham . \n \n History \n \n In 1846 , the Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company was formed to build a harbour on Morecambe Bay , close to the fishing village of Poulton-le-Sands and a connecting railway . By 1850 , the railway linked to Skipton , Keighley and Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire , and a settlement began to grow around the harbour and railway to service the port and as a seaside resort . The settlement expanded to absorb Poulton and the villages of Bare and Torrisholme . The settlement started to be referred to as `` Morecambe '' , possibly after the harbour and railway . In 1889 the new name was officially adopted . \n \n Morecambe was a thriving seaside resort in the mid-20th century . While the resort of Blackpool attracted holiday-makers predominantly from the Lancashire mill towns , Morecambe had more visitors from Yorkshire ( due to its railway connection ) and Scotland . Mill workers from Bradford and further afield in West Yorkshire would holiday at Morecambe , with some retiring there . This gave Morecambe the nickname `` Bradford On Sea '' ( or Bradford-By-The-Sea ) . Between 1956 and 1989 it was the home of the Miss Great Britain beauty contest . \n \n Morecambe suffered a decades-long decline after a series of incidents that damaged tourism and the local economy.Alan Cowell , [ http : //www.nytimes.com/2007/04/12/world/europe/12memo.html Postcard From Ailing British Coasts : Wish You Were Here ] , The New York Times , 12 April 2007 . Two piers were lost : West End Pier was partly washed away in a storm in November 1977", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "morecambe" } ], "id": "sfq_1546--Morecambe.txt", "qid": "sfq_1546", "question": "'The World of Crinkley Bottom', a tourist attraction based on Noel Edmund's TV show opened and closed within 13 weeks in 1994, in which seaside resort?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "`` Fairytale of New York '' is a Christmas song written by Jem Finer and Shane MacGowan and first released as a single on 23 November 1987 by their band The Pogues , featuring singer-songwriter Kirsty MacColl on vocals . The song was written as a duet , with the Pogues ' singer MacGowan taking the role of the male character and MacColl the female character . It is an Irish folk-style ballad , and featured on The Pogues ' 1988 album If I Should Fall from Grace with God . \n \n Originally begun in 1985 , the song had a troubled two year development history , undergoing rewrites and aborted attempts at recording , and losing its original female vocalist along the way , before finally being completed in summer 1987 . Although the single never reached number one in the UK Singles Chart , being kept at number two on its original release in 1987 by the Pet Shop Boys ' cover version of `` Always on My Mind '' , it has since proved enduringly popular with both music critics and the public : to date the song has reached the UK top twenty on twelve separate occasions since its original release in 1987 , including every year since 2005 , and was certified platinum in the UK in 2013 . The song has sold 1.18 million copies in the UK as of November 2015 . In the UK it is the most-played Christmas song of the 21st century . `` Fairytale of New York '' has been cited as the best Christmas song of all time in various television , radio and magazine related polls in the UK and Ireland . \n \n Background and song development \n \n Although there is agreement among the band that `` Fairytale of New York '' was first written in 1985 , the origins of the song are disputed : MacGowan insisted that it arose as a result of a wager made by The Pogues ' producer at the time , Elvis Costello , that the band would not be able to write a Christmas hit single ; The Pogues ' manager Frank Murray has stated that it was originally his idea that the band should try and write a Christmas song as he thought it would be `` interesting '' . It was banjo player Finer who came up with the melody and the original concept for the song , which involved a sailor looking out over the ocean . Finer 's wife Marcia did not like the original story , and suggested new lyrics regarding a conversation between a couple at Christmas . Finer told NME , `` I had written two songs complete with tunes , one had a good tune and crap lyrics , the other had the idea for 'Fairytale ' but the tune was poxy , I gave them both to Shane and he gave it a Broadway melody , and there it was '' . \n \n It is clear that the basic components of `` Fairytale of New York '' – the title , the musical structure and its lyrical theme of a couple 's conversation – were in place by the end of 1985 , as evidenced by MacGowan 's description of the song in an interview with Melody Maker in its 1985 Christmas issue : \n \n MacGowan had decided to name the song after J. P. Donleavy 's 1973 novel A Fairy Tale of New York , which Finer was reading at the time and had left lying around the recording studio . In the same Melody Maker interview MacGowan expressed regret that the song had not been completed in time to be released for Christmas that year , and hinted that the track would appear on an EP that The Pogues were due to record shortly . In January 1986 the group recorded the song during the sessions with Costello that would produce the Poguetry in Motion EP , with bass player Cait O'Riordan singing the female part . Costello suggested naming the song `` Christmas Eve in the Drunk Tank '' , after the song 's opening lines : the band were scornful of the suggestion , with MacGowan pointing out to Costello that a song with such a title was unlikely to be favourably received and played by radio stations . The majority of the lyrics had been written while MacGowan was recovering in a bed in Malmö after being struck down with double pneumonia during a Pogues tour of Scandinavia in late 1985 – as he later wryly noted , `` you get a lot of delirium and stuff , so I got quite a few good images out of that '' .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 892, "text": "always on my mind" } ], "id": "qz_1806--Fairytale_of_New_York.txt", "qid": "qz_1806", "question": "In 1987, the Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl were denied a Christmas Number One with the song Fairytale Of New York. Which song kept them at number 2 with Pogues singer Shane McGowan saying we were beaten by two queens and a drum machine?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Suffolk is an East Anglian county of historic origin in England . It has borders with Norfolk to the north , Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south . The North Sea lies to the east . The county town is Ipswich ; other important towns include Lowestoft , Bury St Edmunds , Newmarket and Felixstowe , one of the largest container ports in Europe . \n \n The county is low-lying with very few hills , and is largely arable land with the wetlands of the Broads in the north . The Suffolk Coast and Heaths are an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . \n \n History \n \n Administration \n \n By the fifth century , the Angles ( after whom East Anglia and England are named ) had established control of the region . The Angles later became the `` north folk '' and the `` south folk '' , from which developed the names `` Norfolk '' and `` Suffolk '' . Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia , which later merged with Mercia and then Wessex . \n \n Suffolk was originally divided into four separate Quarter Sessions divisions . In 1860 , the number of divisions was reduced to two . The eastern division was administered from Ipswich and the western from Bury St Edmunds . Under the Local Government Act 1888 , the two divisions were made the separate administrative counties of East Suffolk and West Suffolk ; Ipswich became a county borough . A few Essex parishes were also added to Suffolk : Ballingdon-with-Brundon and parts of Haverhill and Kedington . \n \n On 1 April 1974 , under the Local Government Act 1972 , East Suffolk , West Suffolk , and Ipswich were merged to form the unified county of Suffolk . The county was divided into several local government districts : Babergh , Forest Heath , Ipswich , Mid Suffolk , St. Edmundsbury , Suffolk Coastal , and Waveney . This act also transferred some land near Great Yarmouth to Norfolk . As introduced in Parliament , the Local Government Act would have transferred Newmarket and Haverhill to Cambridgeshire and Colchester from Essex ; such changes were not included when the act was passed into law . \n \n In 2007 , the Department for Communities and Local Government referred Ipswich Borough Council 's bid to become a new unitary authority to the Boundary Committee . The Boundary Committee consulted local bodies and reported in favour of the proposal . It was not , however , approved by the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . \n \n Beginning in February 2008 , the Boundary Committee again reviewed local government in the county , with two possible options emerging . One was that of splitting Suffolk into two unitary authorities – Ipswich and Felixstowe and Rural Suffolk ; and the other , that of creating a single county-wide controlling authority – the `` One Suffolk '' option . In February 2010 , the then-Minister Rosie Winterton announced that no changes would be imposed on the structure of local government in the county as a result of the review , but that the government would be : `` asking Suffolk councils and MPs to reach a consensus on what unitary solution they want through a countywide constitutional convention '' . Following the May 2010 general election , all further moves towards any of the suggested unitary solutions ceased on the instructions of the incoming Coalition government , and the administrative structures of the county are , therefore , unchanged . \n \n Archaeology \n \n West Suffolk , like nearby East Cambridgeshire , is renowned for archaeological finds from the Stone Age , the Bronze Age , and the Iron Age . Bronze Age artefacts have been found in the area between Mildenhall and West Row , in Eriswell and in Lakenheath . \n Many bronze objects , such as swords , spearheads , arrows , axes , palstaves , knives , daggers , rapiers , armour , decorative equipment ( in particular for horses ) , and fragments of sheet bronze , are entrusted to St. Edmundsbury heritage service , housed at West Stow just outside Bury St. Edmunds . Other finds include traces of cremations and barrows . \n \n In the east of the county is Sutton Hoo , the site of one of England 's most significant Anglo-Saxon archaeological finds , a ship burial containing a collection of treasures including a Sword of State , gold and silver bowls , and jewellery and a lyre . \n \n Economy \n \n The majority of agriculture in Suffolk is either arable or mixed . Farm sizes vary from anything", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1790, "text": "waveney" } ], "id": "odql_332--Suffolk.txt", "qid": "odql_332", "question": "Which river forms much of the boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Darts is a form of throwing game in which small missiles are thrown at a circular dartboard fixed to a wall . Though various boards and rules have been used in the past , the term `` darts '' usually now refers to a standardised game involving a specific board design and set of rules . As well as being a professional competitive sport , darts is a traditional pub game , commonly played in the United Kingdom , across the Commonwealth , the Netherlands , Germany , Belgium , France , Republic of Ireland , the Scandinavian countries , the United States , and elsewhere . \n \n Equipment \n \n Dartboard \n \n Darts were historically used in warfare in ancient history ; skirmishers used darts of varying sizes , similar to miniature javelins . It was the practice of this skill that developed into a game of skill . \n Before the First World War , pubs in the United Kingdom had dartboards made from solid blocks of wood , usually elm . They had to be soaked overnight to heal the holes made by the darts , and it was a messy business for the publican , although darts was a popular game . This changed when a company called Nodor , whose primary business was making modelling clay ( which has no odour , hence the name Nodor ) , started producing clay dartboards in 1923 . The clay dartboards never caught on , and Nodor switched to making the traditional elm dartboards that were popular at the time . Their model of dartboard was not a great success until someone came up with the idea of using the century plant to make a dartboard . Small bundles of sisal fibres of the same length were bundled together . The bundles were then compressed into a disk and bound with a metal ring . It was an instant success , as the darts did little or no damage to the board—they just parted the fibres when they entered the board ; this type of board was more durable and required little maintenance . \n \n Quality dartboards are made of sisal fibres ; less expensive boards are sometimes made of cork or coiled paper . However , several types of sisal fibre are used in dartboards today , originating from East Africa , Brazil , or China . Despite widespread belief that some dartboards are constructed using pig bristles , camel hair , or horse hair , there is no evidence that boards have ever been produced commercially from these materials . \n \n A regulation board is inches ( 451 mm ) in diameter and is divided into 20 radial sections . Each section is separated with metal wire or a thin band of sheet metal . The best dartboards have the thinnest wire , so that the darts have less chance of hitting a wire and bouncing out . The numbers indicating the various scoring sections of the board are also normally made of wire , especially on tournament-quality boards . The wire ring on which the numbers are welded can be turned to facilitate even wear of the board . Boards of lesser quality often have the numbers printed directly on the board . \n \n Recently , some companies have produced electronic dartboards . These dartboards have electronic scoring computers that are preprogrammed with a wide variety of game types . The board is made of plastic facings with small holes . The holes slant out , allowing the plastic-tipped darts to stick inside . When a dart strikes the board , the section makes contact with a metal plate , telling the computer where the player has thrown . \n \n Illumination should be arranged to brightly illuminate the dartboard and minimize shadows of thrown darts . \n The main supply for the illumination should be protected against accidental piercing , or placed away from the board . \n \n History \n \n The dartboard may have its origins in the cross-section of a tree . An old name for a dartboard is `` butt '' ; the word comes from the French word but , meaning `` target '' . In particular , the Yorkshire and Manchester Log End boards differ from the standard board in that they have no treble , only double and bullseye , the Manchester board being of a smaller diameter , with a playing area of only 25 cm across with double and bull areas measuring just 4 mm . The London Fives board is another variation . This has only 12 equal segments numbered 20 , 5 , 15 , 10 , 20 , 5 , 15 , 10 , 20 , 5", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_16532--Darts.txt", "qid": "sfq_16532", "question": "What name is given in darts when a player hits a single, double and treble of the same number in his turn?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum ( born 26 December 1969 in Los Angeles , California ) is an American-born German equestrian who competes at the international level in show jumping . \n \n Career \n \n She grew up riding ponies and had a successful career as a Young Rider , both in equitation and in show jumping . As a young-adult , Michaels-Beerbaum studied political science at Princeton University , continuing to compete during her college years . \n She then went to train in Germany with Paul Schockemöhle in 1991 , planning to remain only for a summer , which eventually turned into a permanent stay . She decided to buy the training center in Balve . \n \n Personal life \n \n She is the daughter of film director Richard Michaels and actor Kristina Hansen . \n \n Following her marriage to the well-known German show jumper Markus Beerbaum in 1998 , she changed her citizenship . \n Together the Beerbaums have one daughter , Brianne Victoria Beerbaum , born in 2010 . Through her marriage , Michaels-Beerbaum is also sister-in-law to Ludger Beerbaum , who has won multiple Olympic and championship medals in show jumping . \n \n Horses \n \n Current \n \n * Unbelievable ( * 2001 ) , Dutch Warmblood , Dark bay gelding , sired by Manhattan , damsire Democraat \n * Fibonacci ( * 2005 ) , Swedish Warmblood , Grey gelding , sired by For Feeling , damsire Corland \n * Atlanta ( * 2005 ) , Dutch Warmblood , Chestnut mare , sired by For Pleasure , damsire Achill-Libero H \n * Comanche ( * 2006 ) , Oldenburg , Grey gelding , sired by Coupe de Coeur , damsire Baloubet du Rouet \n \n Previous \n \n * Bella Donna ( * 2003 ) , Holsteiner horse , Dark bay mare , sired by Baldini II , damsire Calido I \n * Quick Star ( * 1982 ; † 2011 ) , Selle Français , Dark bay stallion , sired by Galoubet A , damsire Stella v. Nithard \n * Shutterfly ( * 1993 ) , Hanoverian horse , Darkbay gelding , sired by Silvio I , damsire Forrest xx \n * Kismet ( Benedicte ) ( * 2001 ) , Belgian Warmblood , Liver chestnut mare , sired by Kannan , damsire Furioso II \n * Stella ( * 1989 ) , Dark bay mare , sired by Quick Star , damsire Wilson \n * Le Mans ( * 1995 ) , Chestnut gelding , sired by Leubus , damsire Landadel \n * Malou ( * 2004 ) , Grey mare , sired by Maloubet de Pleville , damsire Carthago \n * Cantano ( * 2000 ) , Holsteiner horse , Bay stallion , sired by Cascavelle , damsire Acord \n * Checkmate ( * 1995 ) , Hanoverian , Darkbay gelding , sired by Contender , damsire Pik Bube II \n \n Achievements \n \n * Gold medal team member , 9th individually , at the 1999 European Championships in Hickstead , England ( Stella ) \n * 5th place at the 2006 World Cup Final in Kuala Lumpur ( Checkmate 4 ) \n * Gold medal winner of the 2005 World Cup Final in Las Vegas , NV ( Shutterfly ) \n * Silver medal at the 2004 World Cup Final in Milan , Italy ( Shutterfly ) \n * Nations Cup starts:27 Wins:8 \n * Ladies German Championships Gold Medal in 1999 and 2001 , Silver medal in 2002 , Bronze medal in 1998 , 4th place in 2004 \n * German Championships Bronze Medal in 2004 , 5th place in 2002 \n * German Championship Winner in 2008 at Balve Optimum and 2010 at `` Turnier der Sieger '' in Münster \n * First woman to win the World Cup Finals three times ( 2005 , 2008 , 2009 ) \n * Ranked # 1 in the Rolex World Rankings for 11 consecutive months in 2008 ( February–December ) .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 162, "text": "show jumping" } ], "id": "qw_4034--Meredith_Michaels-Beerbaum.txt", "qid": "qw_4034", "question": "Beat Mndli, Daniel Deusser, Markus Beerbaum and Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum are world ranking competitors in which sport?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The United States , with the consent of the United Kingdom as laid down in the Quebec Agreement , dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 , during the final stage of World War II . The two bombings , which killed at least 129,000 people , remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history . \n \n In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland . This was preceded by a U.S. firebombing campaign that obliterated many Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on . The Japanese , facing the same fate , refused to accept the Allies ' demands for unconditional surrender and the Pacific War continued . Together with the United Kingdom and China , the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on —the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese response to this ultimatum was to ignore it . \n \n In July 1945 , the Allied Manhattan Project successfully detonated an atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert and by August had produced atomic weapons based on two alternate designs . The 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress , that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . \n \n On , the U.S. dropped a uranium gun-type atomic bomb ( Little Boy ) on the city of Hiroshima . American President Harry S. Truman called for Japan 's surrender 16 hours later , warning them to `` expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth '' . Three days later , on , the U.S. dropped a plutonium implosion-type bomb ( Fat Man ) on the city of Nagasaki . Within the first two to four months of the bombings , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . During the following months , large numbers died from the effect of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . \n \n On , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war , Japan announced its surrender to the Allies . On , it signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The bombings ' role in Japan 's surrender and their ethical justification are still debated . \n \n Background \n \n Pacific War \n \n In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . The Japanese fought fiercely , ensuring that U.S. victory would come at an enormous cost . Of the 1.25 million battle casualties incurred by the United States in World War II , including both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action , nearly one million occurred in the twelve-month period from June 1944 to June 1945 . December 1944 saw American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5:1 in the Philippines to 2:1 on Okinawa . \n \n As the Allied advance moved inexorably towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 181, "text": "1945" } ], "id": "qf_765--Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki.txt", "qid": "qf_765", "question": "What year was the first atomic bomb dropped?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( November 14 , 1896 – November 1 , 1979 ) was the wife of United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower , and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 . \n \n Mamie married Dwight Eisenhower at age 19 in 1916 . The young couple moved frequently between military quarters in many postings , from Panama to the Philippines . As First Lady , she entertained a wide range of foreign dignitaries , who reacted well to her confident style and splendid costumes . \n \n Mamie Eisenhower spent her retirement and widowhood at the family farm at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . \n \n Early life \n \n Born in Boone , Iowa and named , in part , after the popular song Lovely Lake Geneva , Mamie Geneva Doud was the second child born to John Sheldon Doud , a meatpacking executive , and his wife , the former Elivera Mathilde Carlson . She grew up in Cedar Rapids , Iowa , Colorado Springs , Colorado , Denver , Colorado , and the Doud winter home in San Antonio , Texas . Her father , who retired at age 36 , ran a meatpacking company founded by his father , Doud & Montgomery ( `` Buyers of Live Hogs '' ) , and had investments in Illinois and Iowa stockyards . Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants . She had three sisters : Eleanor Carlson Doud , Eda Mae Doud , and Mabel Frances `` Mike '' Doud . \n \n Marriage and family \n \n Soon after completing her education at Miss Wolcott 's , a finishing school , she met Dwight Eisenhower at San Antonio in October 1915 . Introduced by Mrs. Lulu Harris , wife of a fellow officer at Fort Sam Houston , the two hit it off at once , as Eisenhower , officer of the day , invited Miss Doud to accompany him on his rounds . On St. Valentine 's Day in 1916 , he gave her a miniature of his West Point class ring to seal a formal engagement . \n \n Lieutenant Dwight D. Eisenhower , aged 25 , married Mamie Doud , aged 19 , on July 1 , 1916 , at the home of the bride 's parents in Denver , Colorado . Following the wedding , performed by Reverend Williamson of the Central Presbyterian Church in Denver , the newlyweds honeymooned a few days at Eldorado Springs , Colorado , a resort near Denver , and then visited the groom 's parents in Abilene before settling into the lieutenant 's living quarters at Fort Sam Houston . \n \n The Eisenhowers had two children ( only one lived to adulthood ) : \n * Doud Dwight `` Icky '' ( September 24 , 1917 – January 2 , 1921 ) died of scarlet fever . \n * John Sheldon Doud ( August 3 , 1922 – December 21 , 2013 ) – soldier , diplomat , author – was born in Denver , Colorado ; he graduated from West Point in 1944 and earned a master 's degree in English literature from Columbia University in 1950 . After retiring from a military career ( 1944–1963 ) , he was appointed ambassador to Belgium ( 1969–1971 ) by Richard Nixon . He authored ten books , among them an account of the Battle of the Bulge : The Bitter Woods ( 1969 ) ; Strictly Personal ( 1974 ) ; and Allies : Pearl Harbor to D-Day ( 1982 ) . \n \n For years , Mamie Eisenhower 's life followed the pattern of other Army wives : a succession of posts in the United States , in the Panama Canal Zone ; duty in France , and in the Philippine Islands . Although accustomed to more creature comforts than those afforded at military posts , Mamie adjusted readily and joined her husband in moving 28 times before their retirement at the end of his term as president . \n \n During the Second World War , while promotion and fame came to `` Ike '' , his wife lived in Washington , D.C. After he became president of Columbia University in 1948 , the Eisenhowers purchased a farm ( now the Eisenhower National Historic Site ) at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . It was the first home they had ever owned . His duties as commander of North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces—and hers as his hostess at a villa near Paris—delayed work on their dream home , finally completed in 1955 . \n \n First Lady of the United States \n \n They celebrated with a housewarming picnic for the staff at what would be their last temporary", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 209, "text": "dwight eisenhower" } ], "id": "bb_884--Mamie_Eisenhower.txt", "qid": "bb_884", "question": "Marnie Geneva Doud was the wife of which US president, the country's 34th?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In music , a single or record single is a type of release , typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record , an album or an EP record . This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats . In most cases , a single is a song that is released separately from an album , although it usually also appears on an album . Typically , these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular . In other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album . \n \n As digital downloading and audio streaming have become more prevalent , it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately . Nevertheless , the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a more heavily promoted or more popular song ( or group of songs ) within an album collection . \n \n Despite being referred to as a single , singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them . The biggest digital music distributor iTunes accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single , as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend . Any more than three tracks on a musical release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is commonly classed as an Extended Play ( EP ) . \n \n Early history \n \n The basic specifications of the music single were made in the late 19th century , when the gramophone record began to supersede phonograph cylinders in commercially produced musical recordings . Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of playback speeds ( from 16 rpm to 78 rpm ) and in several sizes ( including 12-inch/30 cm ) . By about 1910 , however , the 10-inch ( 25 cm ) , 78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format . \n \n The inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century . The relatively crude disc-cutting techniques of the time and the thickness of the needles used on record players limited the number of grooves per inch that could be inscribed on the disc surface , and a high rotation speed was necessary to achieve acceptable recording and playback fidelity . 78 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered , synchronous turntable motor in 1925 , which ran at 3600 rpm with a 46:1 gear ratio , resulting in a rotation speed of 78.26 rpm . \n \n With these factors applied to the 10-inch format , songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium . The 3-minute single remained the standard into the 1960s , when the availability of microgroove recording and improved mastering techniques enabled recording artists to increase the duration of their recorded songs . The breakthrough came with Bob Dylan 's `` Like a Rolling Stone '' . Although CBS tried to make the record more `` radio friendly '' by cutting the performance in half and spreading it over both sides of the vinyl , both Dylan and his fans demanded that the full six-minute take be placed on one side and that radio stations play the song in its entirety . \n \n Types \n \n Singles have been issued in various formats , including 7 in , 10 in , and 12-inch ( 30 cm ) vinyl discs ( usually playing at 45 rpm ) ; 10-inch ( 25-cm ) shellac discs ( playing at 78 rpm ) ; cassette , 8 and 12 cm ( 3- and 5-inch ) CD singles and 7-inch ( 18 cm ) plastic flexi discs . Other , less common , formats include singles on digital compact cassette , DVD , and LD , as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc ( 5-inch/12 cm , 8-inch/20 cm , etc . ) . Some artist release singles on records , a trend more common in musical subcultures . \n \n 7-inch format \n \n The most common form of the vinyl single is the 45 or 7-inch . The names are derived from its play speed , 45 rpm , and the standard diameter , 7 inches ( 18 cm ) . \n \n The 7-inch 45-rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller , more durable and higher-fidelity replacement for the 78 rpm shellac discs", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_251--Single_(music).txt", "qid": "sfq_251", "question": "'It's Oh So Quiet' and Venus as a Boy' were hit singles for which female artist?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A foam is a substance that is formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid . A bath sponge and the head on a glass of beer are examples of foams . In most foams , the volume of gas is large , with thin films of liquid or solid separating the regions of gas . \n \n An important division of solid foams is into closed-cell foams and open-cell foams . In a closed-cell foam , the gas forms discrete pockets , each completely surrounded by the solid material . In an open-cell foam , the gas pockets connect with each other . A bath sponge is an example of an open-cell foam : water can easily flow through the entire structure , displacing the air . A camping mat is an example of a closed-cell foam : the gas pockets are sealed from each other so the mat can not soak up water . \n \n Foams are examples of dispersed media . In general , gas is present in large amount so it will be divided into gas bubbles of many different sizes ( the material is polydisperse ) separated by liquid regions which may form films , thinner and thinner when the liquid phase is drained out of the system films . When the principal scale is small , i.e . for a very fine foam , this dispersed medium can be considered as a type of colloid . \n \n The term foam may also refer to anything that is analogous to such a foam , such as quantum foam , polyurethane foam ( foam rubber ) , XPS foam , polystyrene , phenolic , or many other manufactured foams . \n \n Structure \n \n A foam is in many cases a multiscale system . \n \n One scale is the bubble : material foams are typically disordered and have a variety of bubble sizes . At larger sizes , the study of idealized foams is closely linked to the mathematical problems of minimal surfaces and three-dimensional tessellations , also called honeycombs . The Weaire–Phelan structure is believed to be the best possible ( optimal ) unit cell of a perfectly ordered foam , while Plateau 's laws describe how soap-films form structures in foams . \n \n At lower scale than the bubble is the thickness of the film for metastable foams , which can be considered as a network of interconnected films called lamellae . Ideally , the lamellae are connected in triads and radiate 120° outward from the connection points , known as Plateau borders . \n \n An even lower scale is the liquid–air interface at the surface of the film . Most of the time this interface is stabilized by a layer of amphiphilic structure , often made of surfactants , particles ( Pickering emulsion ) , or more complex associations . \n \n Formation \n \n Several conditions are needed to produce foam : there must be mechanical work , surface active components ( surfactants ) that reduce the surface tension , and the formation of foam faster than its breakdown . \n To create foam , work ( W ) is needed to increase the surface area ( ΔA ) : \n \n W = \\gamma \\Delta A \\ , \\ ! \n \n where γ is the surface tension . \n \n One of the ways foam is created is through dispersion , where a large amount of gas is mixed with a liquid . A more specific method of dispersion involves injecting a gas through a hole in a solid into a liquid . If this process is completed very slowly , then one bubble can be emitted from the orifice at a time as shown in the picture below . \n \n One of the theories put forth for determining the separation time is shown below ; however , while this theory produces the theoretical data that matches with experimental data , detachment due to capillarity is accepted as a better explanation . \n \n The buoyancy force will act to raise the bubble , which is \n \n F_b = Vg ( \\rho_2-\\rho_1 ) \\ ! \n where V is the volume of the bubble , g is the acceleration due to gravity , and ρ1 is the density of the gas ρ2 is the density of the liquid . The force working against the buoyancy force is the surface tension force , which is \n \n F_s = 2r \\pi\\gamma\\ ! , \n where γ is the surface tension , and r is the radius of the orifice . \n As more air is pushed into the bubble , the buoyancy force grows quicker than the surface tension force", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2448, "text": "surfactant" } ], "id": "bb_2832--Foam.txt", "qid": "bb_2832", "question": "A compound which reduces liquid surface tension, or tension between two liquids or liquid and solid (as do detergents, foaming agents, and dispersants) is generally called a?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In biology , a spore is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival , often for extended periods of time , in unfavorable conditions . By contrast , gametes are units of sexual reproduction . Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants , algae , fungi and protozoa . Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions . Myxozoan spores release amoebulae into their hosts for parasitic infection , but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium , which develops from the amoebula. '' Myxozoa . '' Tree of Life web project . Ivan Fiala 10 July 2008 . Web . 14 Jan. 2014 . \n \n Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte . Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division , producing a multicellular gametophyte , which eventually goes on to produce gametes . Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new sporophyte . This cycle is known as alternation of generations . \n \n The spores of seed plants , however , are produced internally and the megaspores , formed within the ovules and the microspores are involved in the formation of more complex structures that form the dispersal units , the seeds and pollen grains . \n \n Definition \n \n The term spore derives from the ancient Greek word σπορά spora , meaning `` seed , sowing , '' related to σπόρος sporos , `` sowing , '' and σπείρειν speirein , `` to sow . '' \n \n In common parlance , the difference between a `` spore '' and a `` gamete '' ( both together called gonites ) is that a spore will germinate and develop into a sporeling , while a gamete needs to combine with another gamete to form a zygote before developing further . \n \n The chief difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores are unicellular , while seeds contain within them a multicellular gametophyte that produces a developing embryo , the multicellular sporophyte of the next generation . Spores germinate to give rise to haploid gametophytes , while seeds germinate to give rise to diploid sporophytes . \n \n Classification of spore-producing organisms \n \n Vascular plant spores are always haploid . Vascular plants are either homosporous ( or isosporous ) or heterosporous . Plants that are homosporous produce spores of the same size and type . Heterosporous plants , such as seed plants , spikemosses , quillworts , and some aquatic ferns produce spores of two different sizes : the larger spore ( megaspore ) in effect functioning as a `` female '' spore and the smaller ( microspore ) functioning as a `` male '' . \n \n Classification of spores \n \n Spores can be classified in several ways : \n \n By spore-producing structure \n \n In fungi and fungus-like organisms , spores are often classified by the structure in which meiosis and spore production occurs . Since fungi are often classified according to their spore-producing structures , these spores are often characteristic of a particular taxon of the fungi . \n * Sporangiospores : spores produced by a sporangium in many fungi such as zygomycetes . \n * Zygospores : spores produced by a zygosporangium , characteristic of zygomycetes . \n * Ascospores : spores produced by an ascus , characteristic of ascomycetes . \n * Basidiospores : spores produced by a basidium , characteristic of basidiomycetes . \n * Aeciospores : spores produced by an aecium in some fungi such as rusts or smuts . \n * Urediniospores : spores produced by a uredinium in some fungi such as rusts or smuts . \n * Teliospores : spores produced by a telium in some fungi such as rusts or smuts . \n * Oospores : spores produced by an oogonium , characteristic of oomycetes . \n * Carpospores : spores produced by a carposporophyte , characteristic of red algae . \n * Tetraspores : spores produced by a tetrasporophyte , characteristic of red algae . \n \n By function \n \n * Chlamydospores : thick-walled resting spores of fungi produced to survive unfavorable conditions . \n * Parasitic fungal spores may be classified into internal spores , which germinate within the host , and external spores , also called environmental spores , released by the host to infest other hosts . \n \n By origin during life cycle \n \n * Meiospores : spores produced by meiosis ; they are thus haploid , and give rise to", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 291, "text": "fungi" } ], "id": "tc_2810--Spore.txt", "qid": "tc_2810", "question": "What grow as parasites and saprotrophs, contain no chlorophyll, and reproduce by means of spores?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "' ( English : The Clemency of Titus ) , K. 621 , is an opera seria in two acts composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to an Italian libretto by Caterino Mazzolà , after Metastasio . It was started after the bulk of ' ( The Magic Flute ) , the last opera that Mozart worked on , was already written . The work premiered on 6 September 1791 at the Estates Theatre in Prague . \n \n Background \n \n In July 1791 , the last year of his life , Mozart was already well advanced in writing ' when he was asked to compose an opera seria . The commission came from the impresario Domenico Guardasoni , who lived in Prague and who had been charged by the Estates of Bohemia with providing a new work to celebrate the coronation of Leopold II , Holy Roman Emperor , as King of Bohemia . The coronation had been planned by the Estates in order to ratify a political agreement between Leopold and the nobility of Bohemia ( it had rescinded efforts of Leopold 's brother Joseph II to initiate a program to free the serfs of Bohemia and increase the tax burden of aristocratic landholders ) . Leopold desired to pacify the Bohemian nobility in order to forestall revolt and strengthen his empire in the face of political challenges engendered by the French Revolution . The ceremony was to take place on 6 September ; Guardasoni had been approached about the opera in June . No opera of Mozart was more clearly pressed into the service of a political agenda than ' , in this case to promote the reactionary political and social policies of an aristocratic elite . No evidence exists to evaluate Mozart 's attitude toward this , or even whether he was aware of the internal political conflicts raging in the kingdom of Bohemia in 1791 . \n \n In a contract dated 8 July , Guardasoni promised that he would engage a castrato `` of leading quality '' ( this seems to have mattered more than who wrote the opera ) ; that he would `` have the libretto caused to be written ... and to be set to music by a distinguished maestro '' . The time was tight and Guardasoni had a get-out clause : if he failed to secure a new text , he would resort to La clemenza di Tito , a libretto written more than half a century earlier by Pietro Metastasio ( 1698–1782 ) . \n \n Metastasio 's libretto had already been set by nearly 40 composers ; the story is based on the life of Roman Emperor Titus , from some brief hints in The Lives of the Caesars by the Roman writer Suetonius , and was elaborated by Metastasio in 1734 for the Italian composer Antonio Caldara . Among later settings were Gluck 's in 1752 and Josef Mysliveček 's version in 1774 ; there would be three further settings after 1791 . Mozart was not Guardasoni 's first choice . Instead , he approached Antonio Salieri , the most distinguished composer of Italian opera in Vienna and head of the music establishment at the imperial court . But Salieri was too busy , and he declined the commission , although he did attend the coronation . \n \n The libretto was edited into a more useful state by the court poet Caterino Mazzolà , whom , unusually , Mozart credited for his revision in his own catalogue of his compositions . Mazzolà added more ensemble numbers and a concerted act 1 finale to Metastasio 's original layout of recitatives and arias . Guardasoni 's experience of Mozart 's work on Don Giovanni convinced him that the younger composer was more than capable of working on the tightest deadline . Mozart readily accepted the commission given his fee would be twice the price of a similar opera commissioned in Vienna . Mozart 's earliest biographer Niemetschek alleged that the opera was completed in just 18 days , and in such haste that the secco recitatives were supplied by another composer , probably Franz Xaver Süssmayr , believed to have been Mozart 's pupil , although no other documentation exists to confirm Süssmayr 's participation . Some Mozart scholars have suggested in the past that Mozart had been working on the opera much longer , perhaps since 1789 , however all such theories have now been thoroughly refuted in the English-language musicological literature . The opera may not have been written in just 18 days , but it certainly ranks with Rossini 's L'italiana in Algeri , Il barbiere di Siviglia and La Cenerentola as one of the operas written in the shortest amount of time that", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 91, "text": "wolfgang amadeus mozart" } ], "id": "sfq_13121--La_clemenza_di_Tito.txt", "qid": "sfq_13121", "question": "Which Austrian composed the opera 'La Clemenza di Tito'?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Sirius is a star system and the brightest star in the Earth 's night sky . With a visual apparent magnitude of −1.46 , it is almost twice as bright as Canopus , the next brightest star . The name `` Sirius '' is derived from the Ancient Greek Σείριος ( Seirios ) , meaning `` glowing '' or `` scorcher '' . The system has the Bayer designation Alpha Canis Majoris ( α CMa ) . What the naked eye perceives as a single star is actually a binary star system , consisting of a white main-sequence star of spectral type A1V , termed Sirius A , and a faint white dwarf companion of spectral type DA2 , called Sirius B . The distance separating Sirius A from its companion varies between 8.2 and 31.5 AU . \n \n Sirius appears bright because of both its intrinsic luminosity and its proximity to Earth . At a distance of 2.6 parsecs ( 8.6 ly ) , as determined by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite , the Sirius system is one of Earth 's near neighbors . Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System , so it will slightly increase in brightness over the next 60,000 years . After that time its distance will begin to increase and it will become fainter , but it will continue to be the brightest star in the Earth 's sky for the next 210,000 years . \n \n Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun ( ) and has an absolute visual magnitude of 1.42 . It is 25 times more luminous than the Sun but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus or Rigel . The system is between 200 and years old . It was originally composed of two bright bluish stars . The more massive of these , Sirius B , consumed its resources and became a red giant before shedding its outer layers and collapsing into its current state as a white dwarf around years ago . \n \n Sirius is also known colloquially as the `` Dog Star '' , reflecting its prominence in its constellation , Canis Major ( Greater Dog ) . The heliacal rising of Sirius marked the flooding of the Nile in Ancient Egypt and the `` dog days '' of summer for the ancient Greeks , while to the Polynesians in the Southern Hemisphere the star marked winter and was an important reference for their navigation around the Pacific Ocean . \n \n Observational history \n \n Sirius , known in ancient Egypt as Sopdet ( Greek : Σῶθις Sothis ) , is recorded in the earliest astronomical records . During the era of the Middle Kingdom , Egyptians based their calendar on the heliacal rising of Sirius , namely the day it becomes visible just before sunrise after moving far enough away from the glare of the Sun . This occurred just before the annual flooding of the Nile and the summer solstice , after a 70-day absence from the skies . The hieroglyph for Sothis features a star and a triangle . Sothis was identified with the great goddess Isis , who formed a part of a triad with her husband Osiris and their son Horus , while the 70-day period symbolised the passing of Isis and Osiris through the duat ( Egyptian underworld ) . \n \n The ancient Greeks observed that the appearance of Sirius heralded the hot and dry summer , and feared that it caused plants to wilt , men to weaken , and women to become aroused . Due to its brightness , Sirius would have been noted to twinkle more in the unsettled weather conditions of early summer . To Greek observers , this signified certain emanations which caused its malignant influence . Anyone suffering its effects was said to be astroboletos ( ἀστροβόλητος ) or `` star-struck '' . It was described as `` burning '' or `` flaming '' in literature . The season following the star 's heliacal rising ( i.e . rising with the Sun ) came to be known as the Dog Days of summer . The inhabitants of the island of Ceos in the Aegean Sea would offer sacrifices to Sirius and Zeus to bring cooling breezes , and would await the reappearance of the star in summer . If it rose clear , it would portend good fortune ; if it was misty or faint then it foretold ( or emanated ) pestilence . Coins retrieved from the island from the 3rd century BC feature dogs or stars with emanating rays , highlighting Sirius ' importance . The Romans celebrated the heliacal setting of Sirius around April 25 , sacrificing", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 350, "text": "canis major" } ], "id": "sfq_14226--Sirius.txt", "qid": "sfq_14226", "question": "In which constellation is the star Sirius, also called the Dog Star, the brightest in the Northern Hemisphere?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Joseph Conrad ( ; born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski ; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 ) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language . He joined the British merchant marine in 1878 , and was granted British nationality in 1886 . Though he did not speak English fluently until he was in his twenties , he was a master prose stylist who brought a non-English sensibility into English literature.Rudyard Kipling felt that `` with a pen in his hand he was first amongst us '' but that there was nothing English in Conrad 's mentality : `` When I am reading him , I always have the impression that I am reading an excellent translation of a foreign author . '' Cited in Jeffrey Meyers , Joseph Conrad : A Biography , p. 209 . Cf . Zdzisław Najder 's similar observation : `` He was ... an English writer who grew up in other linguistic and cultural environments . His work can be seen as located in the borderland of auto-translation [ emphasis added by Wikipedia ] . '' Zdzisław Najder , Joseph Conrad : A Life , 2007 , p. IX . He wrote stories and novels , many with a nautical setting , that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of an impassive , inscrutable universe.Conrad writes : `` In this world—as I have known it—we are made to suffer without the shadow of a reason , of a cause or of guilt .... There is no morality , no knowledge and no hope ; there is only the consciousness of ourselves which drives us about a world that ... is always but a vain and fleeting appearance .... '' Jeffrey Meyers , Joseph Conrad : A Biography , 1991 , p. 166 . \n \n Conrad is considered an early modernist , though his works still contain elements of 19th-century realism . His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many authors , including T. S. Eliot , William Faulkner , Graham Greene , and Salman Rushdie.The title of Rushdie 's Joseph Anton : A Memoir conflates the given names of Joseph Conrad and Anton Chekhov , two of Rushdie 's favourite authors . [ http : //www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19621386 `` Meeting Salman Rushdie '' , BBC , 17 September 2012 ] . Many films have been adapted from , or inspired by , Conrad 's works . \n \n Writing in the heyday of the British Empire , Conrad drew on , among other things , his native Poland 's national experiences , H.S . Zins writes : `` Conrad made English literature more mature and reflective because he called attention to the sheer horror of political realities overlooked by English citizens and politicians . The case of Poland , his oppressed homeland , was one such issue . The colonial exploitation of Africans was another . His condemnation of imperialism and colonialism , combined with sympathy for its persecuted and suffering victims , was drawn from his Polish background , his own personal sufferings , and the experience of a persecuted people living under foreign occupation . Personal memories created in him a great sensitivity for human degradation and a sense of moral responsibility . '' H.S . Zins , `` Joseph Conrad and British Critics of Colonialism '' , Pula , vol . 12 , nos . 1 & 2 , 1998 , p. 63. and his personal experiences in the French and British merchant navies , to create short stories and novels that reflect aspects of a European-dominated world – including imperialism and colonialism – while profoundly exploring human psychology . \n \n Life \n \n Early years \n \n Joseph Conrad was born on 3 December 1857 in Berdychiv , in a part of Ukraine that had belonged to the Kingdom of Poland before 1793 and was at the time of his birth under Russian rule . He was the only child of Apollo Korzeniowski and his wife Ewa Bobrowska . His father was a writer , translator , political activist , and would-be revolutionary . Conrad was christened Józef Teodor Konrad after his maternal grandfather Józef , his paternal grandfather Teodor , and the heroes ( both named `` Konrad '' ) of two poems by Adam Mickiewicz , Dziady and Konrad Wallenrod . He was subsequently known to his family as `` Konrad '' , rather than `` Józef '' .Conrad 's biographer Zdzisław Najder writes in a 2-page on-line article , [ http : //www.nbp.pl/aktualnosci/wiadomosci_2007/conradzn.pdf ] `` Jak się nazywał Joseph Conrad ? '' ( `` What Was Joseph Conrad 's Name ? `` ) : \n \n : '' ... When he was baptized", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "jp_2594--Joseph_Conrad.txt", "qid": "jp_2594", "question": "\"\"\"Apocalyse Now\"\" is a modern interpretation of what book by Joseph Conrad?\"" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Gilbert `` Gil '' Scott-Heron ( April 1 , 1949 – May 27 , 2011 ) was an American soul and jazz poet , musician , and author , known primarily for his work as a spoken-word performer in the 1970s and 1980s . His collaborative efforts with musician Brian Jackson featured a musical fusion of jazz , blues , and soul , as well as lyrical content concerning social and political issues of the time , delivered in both rapping and melismatic vocal styles by Scott-Heron . His own term for himself was `` bluesologist '' , which he defined as `` a scientist who is concerned with the origin of the blues '' .Onstage at the Black Wax Club in Washington , D.C. in 1982 , Scott-Heron cited Harlem Renaissance writers Langston Hughes , Sterling Brown , Jean Toomer , Countee Cullen and Claude McKay as among those who had `` taken the blues as a poetry form '' in the 1920s and `` fine-tuned it '' into a `` remarkable art form '' . His music , most notably on Pieces of a Man and Winter in America in the early 1970s , influenced and helped engender later African-American music genres such as hip hop and neo soul . \n \n Scott-Heron remained active until his death , and in 2010 released his first new album in 16 years , entitled I 'm New Here . A memoir he had been working on for years up to the time of his death , The Last Holiday , was published posthumously in January 2012 . \n \n His recording work received much critical acclaim , especially one of his best-known compositions `` The Revolution Will Not Be Televised '' . \n \n Early years \n \n Gil Scott-Heron was born in Chicago , Illinois . His mother , Bobbie Scott-Heron , was an opera singer who performed with the New York Oratorio Society . Scott-Heron 's father , Gil Heron , nicknamed `` The Black Arrow '' , was a Jamaican football player in the 1950s who became the first black man to play for Celtic Football Club in Glasgow . Gil 's parents separated in his early childhood and he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother , Lillie Scott , in Jackson , Tennessee . When Scott-Heron was 12 years old , his grandmother died and he returned to live with his mother in the Bronx , New York City . He enrolled at DeWitt Clinton High School , but later transferred to The Fieldston School after impressing the head of the English department with one of his writings and earning a full scholarship . As one of five black students at the prestigious school , Scott-Heron was faced with alienation and a significant socioeconomic gap . During his admissions interview at Fieldston , an administrator asked him , `` 'How would you feel if you see one of your classmates go by in a limousine while you 're walking up the hill from the subway ? ' And [ he ] said , 'Same way as you . Y'all ca n't afford no limousine . How do you feel ? ' '' This type of intractable boldness would become a hallmark of Scott-Heron 's later recordings . \n \n Scott-Heron attended Lincoln University in Pennsylvania , as it was the college chosen by his biggest influence Langston Hughes . It was here that Scott-Heron met Brian Jackson with whom he formed the band Black & Blues . After about two years at Lincoln , Scott-Heron took a year off to write the novels The Vulture and The Nigger Factory . The Last Poets performed at Lincoln in 1969 and Abiodun Oyewole of that Harlem group said Scott-Heron asked him after the performance , `` Listen , can I start a group like you guys ? '' Scott-Heron returned to New York City , settling in Chelsea , Manhattan . The Vulture was published in 1970 and well received . Although Scott-Heron never received his undergraduate degree , he received a master 's degree in Creative Writing in 1972 from Johns Hopkins University . His 1972 masters thesis was titled Circle of Stone . \n \n Recording career \n \n Scott-Heron began his recording career in 1970 with the LP Small Talk at 125th and Lenox . Bob Thiele of Flying Dutchman Records produced the album , and Scott-Heron was accompanied by Eddie Knowles and Charlie Saunders on conga and David Barnes on percussion and vocals . The album 's 14 tracks dealt with themes such as the superficiality of television and mass consumerism , the hypocrisy of some would-be black revolutionaries , and white middle-class ignorance of the difficulties faced by inner-city residents .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1483, "text": "revolution" } ], "id": "jp_4154--Gil_Scott-Heron.txt", "qid": "jp_4154", "question": "What, according to Gil Scott-Heron, will not be televised?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech , Marqués de Dalí de Pubol ( 11 May 1904 - 23 January 1989 ) , known as Salvador Dalí ( ; ) , was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter born in Figueres , Catalonia , Spain . \n \n Dalí was a skilled draftsman , best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work . His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters . Dalí , Salvador . ( 2000 ) [ https : //books.google.com/books ? id \n on_YUj9IP8UC & printsecfrontcover & source \n gbs_ge_summary_r & cad0 # v \n onepage & q & f=false Dalí : 16 Art Stickers ] , Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0-486-41074-9 . His best-known work , The Persistence of Memory , was completed in August 1931 . Dalí 's expansive artistic repertoire included film , sculpture , and photography , in collaboration with a range of artists in a variety of media . \n \n Dalí attributed his `` love of everything that is gilded and excessive , my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes '' to an `` Arab lineage '' , claiming that his ancestors were descended from the Moors . \n \n Dalí was highly imaginative , and also enjoyed indulging in unusual and grandiose behavior . His eccentric manner and attention-grabbing public actions sometimes drew more attention than his artwork , to the dismay of those who held his work in high esteem , and to the irritation of his critics . \n \n Biography \n \n Early life \n \n Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech was born on 11 May 1904 , at 8:45 am GMT , at the 1st floor of [ https : //www.google.pt/maps/ @ 42.2670457,2.9632194,3a,90y,148.06h,96.44t/data ! 3m6 ! 1e1 ! 3m4 ! 1s8KGlu7UHrOtPZvWiyzCrOQ ! 2e0 ! 7i13312 ! 8i6656 ! 6m1 ! 1e1 Carrer Monturiol , 20 ( presently 6 ) ] , in the town of Figueres , in the Empordà region , close to the French border in Catalonia , Spain . In the Summer of 1912 , the family moved to the top floor of [ https : //www.google.pt/maps/ @ 42.2671776,2.9636072,3a,75y,168.79h,90.49t/data \n ! 3m6 ! 1e1 ! 3m4 ! 1s93_Osb7YlM5464hPh6GODA ! 2e0 ! 7i13312 ! 8i6656 ! 6m1 ! 1e1 Carrer Monturiol 24 ( presently 10 ) ] . Dalí 's older brother , who had also been named Salvador ( born 12 October 1901 ) , had died of gastroenteritis nine months earlier , on 1 August 1903 . His father , Salvador Dalí i Cusí , was a middle-class lawyer and notaryLlongueras , Lluís . ( 2004 ) Dalí , Ediciones B – Mexico . ISBN 84-666-1343-9. whose strict disciplinary approach was tempered by his wife , Felipa Domenech Ferrés , who encouraged her son 's artistic endeavors.Rojas , Carlos . [ https : //books.google.com/books ? idMWF5s2yfFqwC & printsec \n frontcover & sourcegbs_ge_summary_r & cad \n 0 # vonepage & q & f \n false Salvador Dalí , Or the Art of Spitting on Your Mother 's Portrait ] , Penn State Press ( 1993 ) . ISBN 0-271-00842-3 . \n \n When he was five , Dalí was taken to his brother 's grave and told by his parents that he was his brother 's reincarnation , [ http : //edu.sina.com.cn/en/2004-06-17/22707.html Salvador Dalí ] . SINA.com . Retrieved on July 31 , 2006. a concept which he came to believe . Of his brother , Dalí said , `` [ we ] resembled each other like two drops of water , but we had different reflections . '' He `` was probably a first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute . '' Images of his long-dead brother would reappear embedded in his later works , including Portrait of My Dead Brother ( 1963 ) . \n \n Dalí also had a sister , Anna Maria , who was three years younger . In 1949 , she published a book about her brother , Dalí As Seen By His Sister . His childhood friends included future FC Barcelona footballers Sagibarba and Josep Samitier . During holidays at the Catalan resort of Cadaqués , the trio played football ( soccer ) together . \n \n Dalí attended drawing school . In 1916 , he also discovered modern painting on a summer vacation trip to Cadaqués with the family of Ramon Pichot , a local artist who made regular trips to Paris . The next year , Dalí 's father organized an exhibition of his charcoal drawings in their family home . He had his first public exhibition at the Municipal Theatre in Figueres in 1919 , a site he would return to decades later . \n \n In", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bt_2731--Salvador_Dalí.txt", "qid": "bt_2731", "question": "When he was reworking the Mona Lisa what did Salvadore Dali add to it" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Jennifer Jane Saunders ( born 6 July 1958 ) is an English comedian , screenwriter and actress . She has won three BAFTAs ( including the BAFTA Fellowship ) , an International Emmy Award , a British Comedy Award , a Rose d'Or Light Entertainment Festival Award , two Writers ' Guild of Great Britain Awards , and a People 's Choice Award . \n \n She first found widespread attention in the 1980s when she became a member of The Comic Strip after graduating from the Central School of Speech and Drama in London . With her comedy partner Dawn French , she wrote and starred in their eponymous sketch show , French and Saunders , for which she and French received a BAFTA fellowship in 2009 . She received worldwide acclaim through the early to mid-1990s for writing and playing the lead role of Edina Monsoon in the sitcom Absolutely Fabulous . \n \n She has guest-starred in the American sitcoms Roseanne and Friends , and won the American People 's Choice Award for voicing the evil Fairy Godmother in DreamWorks ' animated Shrek 2 . In 2015 , she voiced Queen Elizabeth II in the animated comedy film Minions . \n \n Early life \n \n Jennifer Saunders was born in Sleaford , Lincolnshire , England , on 6 July 1958 . Her mother , Jane , was a biology teacher , and her father , Robert Thomas Saunders , served as a pilot in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) , reached the rank of Air Marshal and later worked for British Aerospace . She has three brothers . Because her father was in the armed forces , Saunders moved to different schools many times . She was educated from the age of five to 18 in boarding schools and then at St Paul 's Girls ' School , an independent school in west London . After school , she worked for a year in Italy as an au pair . \n \n She later received a place at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London on a drama teachers ' course in 1977 , where she met her future comedy partner , Dawn French . Both came from RAF backgrounds . They had grown up on the same base , even having had the same best friend , without ever meeting . The comic duo originally did not get on well , and as far as Saunders was concerned , French was a `` cocky little upstart '' . The distrust was mutual : French considered Saunders snooty and uptight . French actually wanted to become a drama teacher , whereas Saunders loathed the idea and had not fully understood what the course was about ; thus , she disliked French for being enthusiastic and confident about the course . Saunders was shocked to find that she was actually taking courses to become a teacher , as her mother had filled out the application form . Her mother , however , was saddened when Saunders chose not to apply for an Oxbridge university education . \n \n After the initial friction , while at college Saunders and French shared a flat together . French has remarked on Saunders 's messy habits when sharing the house , stating , `` When we lived together in Chalk Farm she had a room at the top of the house . We got broken into and the police said , 'Well , it is quite bad , but the worst is that room at the top . ' And , of course , nobody had been in there . '' The two performed together after graduation , working the festival , cabaret and stand-up circuits . They formed a double-act called The Menopause Sisters . Saunders described the act , which involved wearing tampons in their ears , as `` cringeworthy . '' The manager of the club where they performed recalled , `` They did n't seem to give a damn . There was no star quality about them at all . '' \n \n Career \n \n Early career \n \n Saunders and French would eventually come to public attention as members of the informal comedy collective The Comic Strip , part of the alternative comedy scene in the early 1980s . They answered a 1980 advert in The Stage newspaper looking for female comedians to perform at The Comic Strip , which until that point , only had male performers . When they walked into the audition they were immediately told `` You 're booked . When can you start ? `` . \n \n Both Saunders and French became continuing members of The Comic Strip , which included Peter Richardson , Rik", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bt_3108--Jennifer_Saunders.txt", "qid": "bt_3108", "question": "Who is Jennifer Saunders married to" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Nobel Prize ( , ; Swedish definite form , singular : Nobelpriset ; ) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of academic , cultural and/or scientific advances . \n \n The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895 . The prizes in Chemistry , Literature , Peace , Physics , and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901 . The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established by Sweden 's central bank in 1968 . Medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold , and later from 18 carat green gold plated with a 24 carat gold coating . Between 1901 and 2015 , the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 573 times to 900 people and organizations . With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once , this makes a total of 870 individuals ( 822 men and 48 women ) and 23 organizations . \n \n The prize ceremonies take place annually in Stockholm , Sweden , except for the peace prize which is held in Oslo , Norway and each recipient , or laureate , receives a gold medal , a diploma and a sum of money that has been decided by the Nobel Foundation . ( , each prize was worth SEK8 million or about , €0.93 million or £0.6 million . ) The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature , medicine , physics , chemistry , peace , and economics . \n \n The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics , the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature ; and the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded not by a Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee . \n \n The prize is not awarded posthumously ; however , if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it , the prize may still be presented . Though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century , a prize may not be shared among more than three people . \n \n History \n \n Alfred Nobel ( ) was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm , Sweden , into a family of engineers . He was a chemist , engineer , and inventor . In 1894 , Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill , which he made into a major armaments manufacturer . Nobel also invented ballistite . This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives , especially the British smokeless powder cordite . As a consequence of his patent claims , Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite . Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime , with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions , of which dynamite is the most famous . \n \n In 1888 , Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary , titled The merchant of death is dead , in a French newspaper . As it was Alfred 's brother Ludvig who had died , the obituary was eight years premature . The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered . This inspired him to change his will . On 10 December 1896 , Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo , Italy , from a cerebral haemorrhage . He was 63 years old . \n \n Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime . He composed the last over a year before he died , signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895 . To widespread astonishment , Nobel 's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the `` greatest benefit on mankind '' in physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , literature , and peace . [ http : //www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html Full text of Alfred Nobel´s Will ] Nobel bequeathed 94 % of his total assets , 31 million SEK ( c. US $ 186 million , €150 million in 2008 ) , to establish the five Nobel Prizes . \n Because of scepticism surrounding the will , it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway . The executors of Nobel 's will , Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist , formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel 's", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_22994--Nobel_Prize.txt", "qid": "sfq_22994", "question": "The first head of state to win a Nobel Prize won the Peace Prize in 1906, what was his name?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula ( NH4 ) 2CO3 . Commercial samples labelled ammonium carbonate no longer contain this compound , but a mixture that has similar ammonia content . Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating , it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt . It is also known as baker 's ammonia and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder . It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn . \n \n Production \n \n Ammonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia . About 7000 tons/year were produced as of 1997.Karl-Heinz Zapp `` Ammonium Compounds '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012 , Wiley-VCH , Weinheim . \n \n Decomposition \n \n Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at standard temperature and pressure through two pathways . Thus any initially `` pure '' sample of ammonium carbonate will soon become a mixture including various byproducts . \n \n Ammonium carbonate can spontaneously decompose into ammonium bicarbonate and ammonia : \n ( NH4 ) 2CO3 → NH4HCO3 + NH3 \n \n Uses \n \n Leavening agent \n \n Ammonium carbonate may be used as a leavening agent in traditional recipes , particularly those from northern Europe and Scandinavia ( e.g . Speculoos , Tunnbröd or Lebkuchen ) . It also serves as an acidity regulator and has the E number E503 . It can be substituted with baking powder , but this may affect both the taste and texture of the finished product . \n \n Its use as a leavening agent , with associated controversy , goes back centuries : \n \n Other uses \n \n Ammonium carbonate is the main component of smelling salts , although the commercial scale of their production is small . Buckley 's cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis . It is also used as an emetic . It is also found in smokeless tobacco products , such as Skoal .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1722, "text": "smelling salts" } ], "id": "sfq_9987--Ammonium_carbonate.txt", "qid": "sfq_9987", "question": "Sal volatile (spirit of hartshorn) is a solution commonly known as what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Digitalis ( or ) is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials , shrubs , and biennials commonly called foxgloves . \n \n This genus was traditionally placed in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae , but recent phylogenetic research has placed it in the much enlarged family Plantaginaceae . This genus is native to western and southwestern Europe , western and central Asia , Australasia and northwestern Africa . The scientific name means `` finger-like '' and refers to the ease with which a flower of Digitalis purpurea can be fitted over a human fingertip . The flowers are produced on a tall spike , are tubular , and vary in colour with species , from purple to pink , white , and yellow . The best-known species is the common foxglove , Digitalis purpurea . This biennial plant is often grown as an ornamental plant due to its vivid flowers which range in colour from various purple tints through various shades of light gray , and to purely white . The flowers can also possess various marks and spottings . \n \n The first year of growth of the common foxglove produces only the stem with its long , basal leaves . During the second year of the plant 's life , a long , leafy stem from 50 to 255 centimeters tall grows atop the roots of healthy plants . \n \n The larvae of the moth the `` foxglove pug '' consume the flowers of the common foxglove for food . Other species of Lepidoptera eat the leaves , including the lesser yellow underwing . \n \n The term digitalis is also used for drug preparations that contain cardiac glycosides , particularly one called digoxin , extracted from various plants of this genus . \n \n Etymology \n \n The name foxglove is formed of the elements fox and glove . The name is recorded in Old English as foxes glofe/glofa 'fox 's glove ' , though there it does not refer to Digitalis . Although the elements of the name are transparent , their meaning is not . Because it is not clear why the flower should be called foxglove , other etymologies have been offered . Henry Fox Talbot ( 1847 ) proposed folks ' glove , where folk means fairy . Similarly , R. C. A . Prior ( 1863 ) suggested an etymology of foxes-glew , meaning 'fairy music ' . However , neither of these suggestions account for the Old English form foxes glofa . \n \n Habitat \n \n Digitalis species thrive in acidic soils , in partial sunlight to deep shade , in a range of habitats , including open woods , woodland clearings , moorland and heath margins , sea-cliffs , rocky mountain slopes and hedge banks . It is commonly found on sites where the ground has been disturbed , such as recently cleared woodland , or where the vegetation has been burnt . \n \n Medicinal uses \n \n Cardiac \n \n A group of medicines extracted from foxglove plants are called digitalin . The use of D. purpurea extract containing cardiac glycosides for the treatment of heart conditions was first described in the English-speaking medical literature by William Withering , in 1785 , which is considered the beginning of modern therapeutics.In contemporary medicine , a purer form of digitalis ( usually digoxin ) is obtained from D. lanata.Digoxin comes from Digitalis lanata . Hollman A. BMJ 1996 ; 312:912. online version accessed 18 October 2006 [ http : //bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/312/7035/912 ] It is used to increase cardiac contractility ( it is a positive inotrope ) and as an antiarrhythmic agent to control the heart rate , particularly in the irregular ( and often fast ) atrial fibrillation . Digitalis is hence often prescribed for patients in atrial fibrillation , especially if they have been diagnosed with congestive heart failure . Digoxin was approved for heart failure in 1998 under current regulations by the Food and Drug Administration on the basis of prospective , randomized study and clinical trials . It was also approved for the control of ventricular response rate for patients with atrial fibrillation . American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend digoxin for symptomatic chronic heart failure for patients with reduced systolic function , preservation of systolic function , and/or rate control for atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response . Heart Failure Society of America guidelines for heart failure provide similar recommendations . Despite its relatively recent approval by the Food and Drug Administration and the guideline recommendations , the therapeutic use of digoxin is declining in patients with heart failure—likely the result of several factors . Safety concerns regarding a proposed link between digoxin therapy and increased mortality in women may", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 114, "text": "foxglove" } ], "id": "qz_6173--Digitalis.txt", "qid": "qz_6173", "question": "From which plant do we derive the drug Digitalis?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall ( born Zara Phillips ; born 15 May 1981 ) is a British equestrian and the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh . She is the second child and only daughter from the marriage of Anne , Princess Royal , and her first husband , Captain Mark Phillips . She holds no royal title or style and is currently 16th in line to succeed her grandmother . \n \n Phillips is married to ex-England rugby union player Mike Tindall . While she continues to use her maiden name professionally , socially she is formally styled Mrs Michael Tindall MBE . \n \n Phillips won the Eventing World Championship in Aachen in 2006 . The same year she was voted 2006 BBC Sports Personality of the Year by the British viewing public ( an award her mother won in 1971 ) . She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2007 New Year Honours List ( on the advice of HM Government ) for her services to equestrianism . In 2012 , she carried an Olympic flame at Cheltenham Racecourse on her horse Toytown . As a member of the Great Britain Eventing Team , she won a Silver Medal at the London 2012 Olympics and was presented with her medal by her mother . \n \n Early life and education \n \n Zara Phillips was born on 15 May 1981 at St Mary 's Hospital , Paddington in west London . She was baptised Zara Anne Elizabeth Phillips on 27 July 1981 , and her first name was suggested by her uncle , the Prince of Wales . Her godparents are her maternal uncle , Prince Andrew ; the Countess of Lichfield ; Helen , Lady Stewart ( wife of Sir Jackie Stewart ) ; Andrew Parker Bowles ; and Hugh Thomas . Phillips herself is godmother to Prince George of Cambridge . \n \n Phillips has an older brother , Peter Phillips ( born 15 November 1977 ) and two half-sisters , Felicity Tonkins ( born in 1985 to her father by his brief affair with Heather Tonkins ) and Stephanie Phillips , born 2 October 1997 from her father 's second marriage to Sandy Pflueger . \n \n The children of the Princess Royal do not hold any royal or noble title . They are not entitled to royal status by right of birth , as they are the grandchildren of a monarch in the female line , and their father declined a title in his own right . As a child , Phillips and her brother attended Trooping the Colour and a few other royal events with their mother . \n \n Phillips went to Beaudesert Park School in Stroud , Gloucestershire , and Port Regis School in Shaftesbury , Dorset , before following other members of the Royal Family in attending Gordonstoun School in Moray , Scotland . During her schooldays , Phillips excelled at many sporting activities , representing her schools in hockey , athletics and gymnastics . She was also successful academically , scoring 11 GCSEs from A * to C and a B and C in her A-levels . She later studied at Exeter University and qualified as a physiotherapist . \n \n Marriage and children \n \n On 21 December 2010 , Buckingham Palace announced Phillips ' engagement to rugby union player Mike Tindall , who played for Premiership side Gloucester and the England national team . She lives with Tindall at their home in Gloucestershire . The couple met during England 's Rugby World Cup-winning campaign in Australia in 2003 . As required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772 , the Queen gave her consent to their marriage in a meeting of the Privy Council on 10 May 2011 . Their wedding was held on 30 July 2011 at the Canongate Kirk in Edinburgh , Scotland . Phillips wore a Stewart Parvin dress and the Meander tiara . This tiara belonged to her great-grandmother , Princess Alice of Battenberg . It was a tiara that her mother also wore . \n \n On 8 July 2013 , it was announced by Buckingham Palace that Phillips and Tindall were expecting their first child . With her husband present , Phillips gave birth to a daughter , Mia ( pronounced My-ya ) Grace Tindall , on 17 January 2014 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital . She is 17th in the line of succession . As Phillips herself is a public figure , appearances of her daughter are also often noted . Mia was christened on 30 November 2014 at St Nicholas Church in the village of Cherington . \n \n Equestrian \n \n Following in", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1062, "text": "toytown" } ], "id": "sfq_13528--Zara_Phillips.txt", "qid": "sfq_13528", "question": "What was the name of the horse that Zara Philips rode to win the World Equestrian Three Day Event Gold in 2006?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "A tribute act , tribute band or tribute group is a music group , singer , or musician who specifically plays the music of a well-known music act . Tribute acts include individual performers who mimic the songs and style of an artist , such as Elvis impersonators covering the works of Elvis Presley or groups like The Iron Maidens , an all-female band that pays tribute to Iron Maiden . \n \n Many tribute bands , in addition to playing the music of an artist or group , also try to emulate the vocal styles and overall appearance of that group , to make as close an approximation as possible . Others introduce a twist on the original act ; for example , Only One Direction have created a theatre show in London 's West End around their act . Dread Zeppelin plays Led Zeppelin songs in a reggae style with a lead singer dressed up as Elvis Presley , while Gabba perform the songs of ABBA in the style of the Ramones . \n \n Tribute bands usually name themselves based on the original band 's name ( sometimes with a pun ) , or on one of their songs or albums . \n \n History \n \n The first tribute acts to emerge may have been Beatles tribute bands , such as The Buggs , who attempted to look and sound like The Beatles while playing their songs . However , one might argue that Elvis impersonators qualify as well . Neil Innes 's band `` The Rutles '' , a humorous take on the Beatles achieved tremendous success with a film backed by George Harrison . \n \n Although initially created to honor the original bands , many tribute bands have grown to have their own fan base . Only One Direction have performed to hundreds of thousands of fans , have completed four UK theatre tours , and debuted in their own show on London 's West End in October 2015 . \n \n Those bands and artists that have inspired a cult following in their fans tend to have a significant tribute band presence as well , such as Lynyrd Skynyrd , Black Sabbath , Journey , Genesis , Led Zeppelin , Deep Purple , Styx , Pink Floyd , AC/DC , Iron Maiden , Kiss , Madonna , The Misfits , Queen , Alice in Chains , Grateful Dead , Van Halen , ABBA , The Rolling Stones , The Who , R.E.M. , Rammstein , Neil Diamond , and Steely Dan . \n \n More recently , tribute acts have looked to capitalize on the success of the pop genre , with a heavy focus on newer acts such as One Direction , Adele , Take That , The Wanted . Taylor Swift , Britney Spears and Beyoncé . \n \n In 1997 , the British journalist Tony Barrell wrote a feature for The Sunday Times about the UK tribute-band scene , which mentioned bands including Pink Fraud , the Pretend Pretenders and Clouded House . In the piece , Barrell asserted that `` the main cradle of the tribute band ... is Australia . Starved of big names , owing to their reluctance to put Oz on their tour itineraries , Australians were quite unembarrassed about creating home-grown versions . Then , like an airborne seed , one of these bands just happened to drift to Britain . '' The band in question was the ABBA tribute Björn Again , who staged a successful publicity stunt in the early 1990s , arriving at Heathrow Airport in white one-piece outfits similar to the ones worn by ABBA on the cover of their 1976 album , Arrival . Other tribute acts such as The Beatnix ( Beatles ) , Zeppelin Live , and The Australian Pink Floyd Show have experienced continued popularity for over a decade . \n \n In 1998 , two men who were in a Blues Brothers tribute band changed their names officially by deed poll to Joliet Jake Blues and Elwood Jake Blues . They also are the only men in the UK to have their sunglasses on in their passport and driver 's licence photos . \n \n In 2000 , filmmakers Jeff Economy and Darren Hacker produced the documentary film ... An Incredible Simulation , which examined the tribute band phenomenon . Produced separately and independently in 2001 was the documentary Tribute by directors Kris Curry and Rich Fox , which also covered the movement . In 2007 , producers Allison Grace and Michelle Metivier produced a four-part documentary series called `` Tribute Bands '' for Global TV which features tributes to The Police , Queen , Rush and The Tragically Hip . \n \n In 2002", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1980, "text": "pink floyd" } ], "id": "dpql_6255--Tribute_act.txt", "qid": "dpql_6255", "question": "“Wish You Were Here” are a tribute band for which group?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "LaDonna Adrian Gaines ( December 31 , 1948 - May 17 , 2012 ) , known by her stage name Donna Summer , was an American singer , songwriter , and painter . She gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s . A five-time Grammy Award winner , she was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No . 1 on the United States Billboard 200 and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period . Summer has reportedly sold over 140 million records , making her one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . She also charted two number-one singles on the R & B charts in the U.S. and one number-one in the U.K . \n \n Summer earned a total of 32 hit singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in her lifetime , with 14 of those reaching the top ten . She claimed a top 40 hit every year between 1975 and 1984 , and from her first top ten hit in 1976 , to the end of 1982 , she had 12 top ten hits ; ( 10 were top five hits ) more than any other act . She returned to the Hot 100 's top five in 1983 , and claimed her final top ten hit in 1989 with `` This Time I Know It 's for Real '' . Her most recent Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with `` I Will Go With You ( Con Te Partiro ) '' . While her fortunes on the Hot 100 waned through those decades , Summer remained a force on the U.S. Dance/Club Play Songs chart over her entire career . \n \n While influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s , she became the front singer of a psychedelic rock band named Crow and moved to New York City . Joining a touring version of the musical Hair , she left New York and spent several years living , acting , and singing in Europe , where she met music producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte . \n \n Summer returned to the U.S. , in 1975 after the commercial success of the song `` Love to Love You Baby '' , which was followed by a string of other hits , such as `` I Feel Love '' , `` Last Dance '' , `` MacArthur Park '' , `` Heaven Knows '' , `` Hot Stuff '' , `` Bad Girls '' , `` Dim All the Lights '' , `` No More Tears ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( duet with Barbra Streisand ) , and `` On the Radio '' . She became known as the `` Queen of Disco '' , while her music gained a global following . \n \n Summer died on May 17 , 2012 , at her home in Naples , Florida . In her obituary in The Times , she was described as the `` undisputed queen of the Seventies disco boom '' who reached the status of `` one of the world 's leading female singers . '' Moroder described Summer 's work with him on the song `` I Feel Love '' as `` really the start of electronic dance '' music . In 2013 , Summer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . \n \n Early life \n \n Summer was born in Boston , Massachusetts , to Andrew and Mary Gaines , and was one of seven children . She was raised in the Boston neighborhood of Mission Hill . Her father was a butcher and her mother was a schoolteacher . \n \n Summer 's performance debut occurred at church when she was eight years old , replacing a vocalist who failed to show up . \n \n She later attended Boston 's Jeremiah E. Burke High School where she performed in school musicals and was considered popular . In 1967 , just weeks before graduation , Donna left for New York where she joined the blues rock band Crow . After they were passed on by a record label that was only interested in the band 's lead singer , the band agreed to break up . Summer stayed in New York and auditioned for a role in the counterculture musical , Hair . She landed the part of Sheila , and agreed to take the role in the Munich production of the show , moving to Munich , Germany after getting her parents ' reluctant approval . \n \n Summer eventually became fluent in German , singing various songs in that language , and participated in the musicals Ich bin ich ( the German version of The", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2172, "text": "queen of disco" } ], "id": "tc_1061--Donna_Summer.txt", "qid": "tc_1061", "question": "Donna Gaines is better known by which name?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The flag of the Cook Islands , officially known as the Cook Islands Ensign , is based on the traditional design for former British colonies in the Pacific region . It is a blue ensign containing the Union Flag in the upper left , and on the right , fifteen stars in a ring . The Union Flag is symbolic of the nation 's historic ties to the United Kingdom and to the Commonwealth of Nations . The stars stand for the fifteen islands that make up the Cook Islands ( Tongareva , Rakahanga , Manihiki , Pukapuka , Nassau , Suwarrow , Palmerston , Aitutaki , Manuae , Takutea , Aitu , Mitiaro , Mauke , Rarotonga and Mangaia ) . The blue represents the ocean and the peaceful nature of the inhabitants . \n \n From 1973 to 1979 , the flag was green with the stars in yellow shifted towards the fly . The green colour represented the continuous growth and life of the islands ; the yellow represented the faith , love , happiness , and commitment shown by the islanders . The circle represented the union of the islands and the union between the islanders and the land itself . \n \n Historical flags", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 249, "text": "fifteen" } ], "id": "bb_1334--Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.txt", "qid": "bb_1334", "question": "How many stars are on the national flag of The Cook Islands?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "In architecture , a bay is the space between architectural elements , or a recess or compartment . Bay comes from `` Old French baee , '' meaning an opening or hole . \n \n Examples \n \n # The spaces between posts , columns , or buttresses in the length of a building , the division in the widths being called aisles . This meaning also applies to overhead vaults ( between ribs ) , in a building using a vaulted structural system . For example , the Gothic architecture period 's Chartres Cathedral has a nave ( main interior space ) that is `` seven bays long . '' Similarly in timber framing a bay is the space between posts in the transverse direction of the building and aisles run longitudinally . `` Bay '' , n.3 . def . 1-6 and `` Bay '' , n.5 def 2 . Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM ( v. 4.0 ) © Oxford University Press 2009 \n # The openings for windows in a wall . For example , in Georgian style , at Mulberry Fields , the building is described as a `` 5 bay by 2 bay facade , '' meaning a `` 5 windows by 2 windows '' exterior . \n # A recess in a wall , such as a bay window . \n # A division of space such as an animal stall , sick bay , or bay platform . \n # The space between joists or rafters , a joist bay or rafter bay .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 871, "text": "windows" } ], "id": "qb_582--Bay_(architecture).txt", "qid": "qb_582", "question": "Jalousie, Bay and Palladian are all types of what?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net . It has been an Olympic discipline since the 1996 Games . \n \n As in indoor volleyball , the object of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent 's court , and to prevent the same effort by the opponent . A team is allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net . The ball is put in play with a serve —a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents . The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court , goes `` out '' , or is not returned properly . \n \n The team winning a rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally . The four players serve in the same sequence throughout the match , changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team . \n Beach volleyball Originated at the Outrigger Canoe Club , on the shores of Waikiki Beach ( in Hawaii , USA ) , and has achieved worldwide popularity . \n \n History \n \n The true `` birth '' of `` beach volleyball '' apparently began on the beaches of Waikiki Beach in Hawaii , at the Outrigger Canoe Club in 1915 . From the moment that this first recorded game in Hawaii took place , this outdoor game of volleyball has continued to be played and known as `` beach volleyball '' rather than just `` volleyball . '' \n The Outrigger Canoe Club was founded in 1908 by a small group of Honolulu ’ s business and professional community . The Club ’ s original mission was to help perpetuate traditional Hawaiian sports . They began so that they could make sure `` the native and small-boy '' could `` doff their duds and mount their surf boards at will '' as they enjoyed the waves of Waikiki . It became a place where man could commune with the sun , the sand and the sea , along with good fellowship and the aloha spirit . \n \n The Club ’ s story mirrors that of Waikiki and Hawaii . The 1908 clubhouse was two grass houses purchased from a defunct zoo . The grass houses were moved to leased land , on the beach , next to a lagoon . One ( fronting the beach ) was fitted out as a shed for canoes and surfboards . The other shed became the Club ’ s first bathhouse and dressing room . Both had spacious lanai . A sand floor pavilion was built a short time later and it became a popular gathering place for members . A new clubhouse was eventually built in 1941 on the same grounds . Then in 1964 , when the Waikiki lease was lost , the club moved to its present Diamond Head location . \n \n The Outrigger Beach and Canoe Club ’ s historical committee has produced written accounts , confirming that beach volleyball started there in early 1915 . The written account is from an `` Oral History '' interview that is dated June 9 , 1978 . The interviewer , Kenneth Pratt interviewed Ronald Higgins , an original Outrigger Canoe Club member . Mr. Higgins recollects Club member , George David `` Dad '' Center , going out and buying a couple of volleyballs and a volleyball net , sometime at the start of 1915 . Then `` Dad , '' along with other members , temporarily put the net up , in the sandy beach area parallel to the tide line , between the surfboard lockers and the canoe shed . This is where the first recorded game of `` Beach Volleyball '' took place . This moment in volleyball is historic , because the games at the Outrigger Club appropriately represent the legitimate birth of the game of `` Beach '' volleyball . In 1920 , new jetties in Santa Monica , California created a large sandy area for public enjoyment , planting the seed for beach volleyball development in that region . The first permanent nets began to appear , and people soon began playing recreational games on public parts of the beach and in private beach clubs . Eleven such beach clubs appeared in the Santa Monica area , beginning in late 1922 . The first inter-club competitions were staged in 1924 . \n \n Most of these early beach volleyball matches were played with teams of at least six players per side , much like indoor volleyball . The concept", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3500, "text": "2" } ], "id": "qg_4364--Beach_volleyball.txt", "qid": "qg_4364", "question": "How many players per team are there in a game of beach volleyball?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Smarties are a colour-varied sugar-coated chocolate confectionery popular primarily in the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man , Ireland , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Slovakia , Czech Republic , Portugal , Romania , Spain , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Germany , Austria , the Netherlands , France , Italy , Greece , the Nordic countries , South Africa , and the Middle East . They have been manufactured since 1937 , originally by H.I . Rowntree & Company in the UK . They are currently produced by Nestlé . \n \n Smarties are oblate spheroids with a minor axis of about 5 mm ( 0.2 in ) and a major axis of about 12 mm ( 0.5 in ) . They come in eight colours : red , orange , yellow , green , blue , mauve , pink and brown , although the blue variety was temporarily replaced by a white variety in some countries , while an alternative natural colouring dye of the blue colour was being researched . \n \n Smarties are not distributed in the United States , except by specialist importers . This is because the American rights to the brand belong to the Smarties Candy Company , which manufactures its own hard tablet sweet under the registered trademark name Smarties . ( In Canada , these are sold using the brand name Rockets . ) \n \n History \n \n Rowntrees of York , England , have been making `` Chocolate Beans '' since at least 1882 . The product was renamed `` Smarties Chocolate Beans '' in 1937 . Rowntrees was forced to drop the words `` chocolate beans '' in 1937 due to trading standards requirements ( the use of the word `` beans '' was felt to be misleading ) so adopted the `` Milk Chocolate in a Crisp Sugar Shell '' . Later , the sweet was rebranded as `` Smarties '' . \n \n Smarties in the UK were traditionally sold in cylindrical cardboard tubes , capped with a colourful plastic lid usually having a letter of the alphabet on it . The purpose of this , according to a Rowntrees ' spokesperson in the 1980s , was for them to be useful as a teaching aid to encourage young children to recognise the letters . Over the last 25 years , Nestlé and Rowntrees have manufactured five billion Smarties lids . Some lids are very rare and are now regarded as collectors ' items . \n \n In February 2004 , the Smarties tube was replaced with a hexagonal design . The rationale behind changing the design was , according to Nestlé , to make the brand `` fresh and appealing '' to youngsters ; the new packaging is also lighter and more compact , and the lid ( which is now a hinged piece of cardboard ) has a card clip which holds the lid shut when it is folded over . The new lid still features a letter like the old plastic lids , but it is in the form of a `` what [ letter ] is a [ thing ] ? '' question , the answer for which can be read when the lid is open , next to the hole giving access to the rest of the tube . The hexagonal box is made of one piece of card which is diecut then folded and glued . The hexagon can also be stacked in many layers without the pile collapsing , which is an advantage at the point of sale . The last 100 tubes to leave the factory in York had a certificate inside them . \n \n Smarties are no longer manufactured in York ; production has now moved to Germany , where a third of them were already made . Outside Europe , Nestlé 's largest production facility for Smarties is in Canada , where Nestlé has been manufacturing products since 1918 . \n \n In 1998 , Nestle obtained a trademark for a tubular Smarties package . It later sued Master Foods in Denmark , which was marketing M & M minis in a similar package . The Supreme Court of Denmark ruled that a basic geometrical shape could not be trademarked and ordered the trademark to be removed from the trademark register . \n \n Colours \n \n In one of the earlier ranges of colours there was a light-brown Smartie . This was replaced in 1988 by the blue Smartie . Before 1958 , dark-brown Smarties had a plain-chocolate centre , while light-brown ones were coffee-flavoured . The orange Smarties contained , and still contain in the UK , orange-flavoured chocolate . \n \n In 2006 it was announced that Nestlé were removing", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 505, "text": "nestlé" } ], "id": "qz_1109--Smarties.txt", "qid": "qz_1109", "question": "Which company makes the chocolate sweets Smarties?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Wales ( ; ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20779 km2 . Wales has over 1680 mi of coastline and is largely mountainous , with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . \n \n Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters . \n \n At the dawn of the Industrial Revolution , development of the mining and metallurgical industries transformed the country from an agricultural society into an industrial nation ; the South Wales Coalfield 's exploitation caused a rapid expansion of Wales ' population . Two-thirds of the population live in south Wales , mainly in and around Cardiff ( the capital ) , Swansea and Newport , and in the nearby valleys . Now that the country 's traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline , Wales ' economy depends on the public sector , light and service industries and tourism . Wales ' 2010 gross value added ( GVA ) was £45.5 billion ( £15,145 per head , 74.0 % of the average for the UK , and the lowest GVA per head in Britain ) . \n \n Although Wales closely shares its political and social history with the rest of Great Britain , and the vast majority of the population speaks English , the country has retained a distinct cultural identity and is officially bilingual . Over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales , and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west . From the late 19th century onwards , Wales acquired its popular image as the `` land of song '' , in part due to the eisteddfod tradition . At many international sporting events , such as the FIFA World Cup , Rugby World Cup and the Commonwealth Games , Wales has its own national teams , though at the Olympic Games , Welsh athletes compete as part of a Great Britain team . Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness . \n \n Etymology \n \n The English words `` Wales '' and `` Welsh '' derive from the same Germanic root ( singular Walh , plural Walha ) , which was itself derived from the name of the Celtic tribe known to the Romans as Volcae and which came to refer indiscriminately to all Celts and , later , to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire . The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular , and Wēalas when referring to their lands . The modern names for some Continental European lands ( e.g . Wallonia and Wallachia ) and peoples ( e.g . the Vlachs via a borrowing into Old Church Slavonic ) have a similar etymology . \n \n Historically in Britain , the words were not restricted to modern Wales or to the Welsh but were used to refer to anything that the Anglo-Saxons associated with the Britons , including other non-Germanic territories in Britain ( e.g . Cornwall ) and Germanic territories particularly associated with Celtic Britons ( e.g . Walworth in County Durham and Walton in West Yorkshire ) , as well as items associated with non-Germanic Europeans , such as the walnut . \n \n The modern Welsh name for themselves", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1900, "text": "newport" } ], "id": "sfq_470--Wales.txt", "qid": "sfq_470", "question": "Which Welsh town was granted city status as part of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of 2002?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "William Jefferson Hague , Baron Hague of Richmond , ( born 26 March 1961 ) is a British Conservative politician and life peer . He represented Richmond , Yorkshire as Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1989 to 2015 . He also served as Leader of the House of Commons from 2014 to 2015 , as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from 2010 to 2014 , and as Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition from 1997 to 2001 . \n \n Hague was educated at Wath-upon-Dearne Grammar School , the University of Oxford and INSEAD , subsequently being returned to the House of Commons at a by-election in 1989 . Hague quickly rose through the ranks of the government of John Major and was appointed to Cabinet in 1995 as Secretary of State for Wales . Following the Conservatives ' landslide defeat at the 1997 general election by the Labour Party , he was elected Leader of the Conservative Party at the age of 36 . \n \n He resigned as Conservative Leader after the 2001 general election following his party 's second landslide defeat , at which the Conservatives made a net gain of just one seat ; he thus became the first leader of the party , since the role was established in the early 1920s , not to be elected Prime Minister . He returned to the backbenches , pursuing a career as an author , writing biographies of William Pitt the Younger and William Wilberforce . He also held several directorships , and worked as a consultant and public speaker . \n \n After David Cameron was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 2005 , Hague was reappointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Foreign Secretary . He also assumed the role of `` Senior Member of the Shadow Cabinet '' , effectively serving as Cameron 's deputy . After the formation of the Coalition Government in 2010 , Hague was appointed First Secretary of State and Foreign Secretary . Cameron described him as his `` de facto political deputy '' . \n \n On 14 July 2014 , Hague stood down as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to become Leader of the House of Commons in preparation for his planned retirement from electoral politics , after 26 years as an MP , at 2015 general election , when he did not put his name forward for re-election . \n \n Hague was elevated as a Life Peer in the 2015 Dissolution Honours List and created Baron Hague of Richmond , of Richmond in the County of North Yorkshire , on 9 October . \n \n Early life \n \n Hague was born on 26 March 1961 in Rotherham , Yorkshire , England . He initially boarded at Ripon Grammar School and then attended Wath-upon-Dearne Comprehensive , a State-secondary school near Rotherham , previously Wath Grammar School . His parents , Nigel and Stella Hague , ran a soft drinks manufacturing business where he worked during school holidays . \n \n He first made the national news at the age of 16 by addressing the Conservatives at their 1977 Annual National Conference . In his speech he told the delegates : `` half of you wo n't be here in 30 or 40 years ' time ... , but that others would have to live with consequences of a Labour Government if it stayed in power '' . \n \n Hague read Philosophy , Politics and Economics at Magdalen College , Oxford , graduating with first-class honours . He was President of the Oxford University Conservative Association ( OUCA ) , but was `` convicted of electoral malpractice '' in the election process . OUCA 's official historian , David Blair , notes that Hague was actually elected on a platform pledging to clean up OUCA , but that this was `` tarnished by accusations that he misused his position as Returning Officer to help the Magdalen candidate for the presidency , Peter Havey . Hague was playing the classic game of using his powers as President to keep his faction in power , and Havey was duly elected .... There were accusations of blatant ballot box stuffing '' . \n \n He also served as President of the Oxford Union , an established route into politics . After Oxford , Hague went on to study for a Master of Business Administration ( MBA ) degree at INSEAD . He then worked as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company , where Archie Norman was his mentor . \n \n Early political career \n \n Hague contested Wentworth unsuccessfully in 1987 , before being elected to Parliament at a by-election in 1989 as Member for the", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2373, "text": "north yorkshire" } ], "id": "sfq_20208--William_Hague.txt", "qid": "sfq_20208", "question": "In which county is the constituency of William Hague?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The jalapeño ( or , ) is a medium-sized chili pepper pod type cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum . A mature jalapeño fruit is 5 - long and hangs down with a round , firm , smooth flesh of 1 - wide . It is of mild to medium pungency , having a range of 1,000 to 20,000 Scoville units , depending on cultivar . Commonly picked and consumed while still green , it is occasionally allowed to fully ripen and turn red , orange or yellow , and is wider and milder than the Serrano pepper . The Chile Pepper Institute is known for developing colored variations . \n \n History and etymology \n \n The jalapeño is variously named huachinango , for the ripe red jalapeño , and chile gordo ( meaning `` fat chili pepper '' ) also known as cuaresmeño as it was traditionally consumed during lent . \n \n The name jalapeño is Spanish for `` from Xalapa '' ( also spelled Jalapa ) , a city in Veracruz , Mexico , where the pepper was traditionally cultivated . The name Xalapa is itself of Nahuatl origin , formed from roots xālli `` sand '' and āpan `` water place '' . \n \n Genetic analysis of Capsicum annuum places jalapeños as a distinct genetic clade with no close sisters that are not directly derived from jalapeños . Jalapeños were in use by the Aztecs prior to the Spanish conquest ; Bernardino de Sahagún in the Florentine Codex writes of Aztec markets selling chipotles ( smoked jalapeños ) , mole made from chipotles , besides the sale of fresh chilies . The use of peppers in the Americas dates back thousands of years , including the practice of smoking some varieties of peppers in order to preserve them ; further well preserved samples and genetic testing would be needed to determine the usage and existence of the jalapeño clade and pod type into the past . \n \n Cultivation of jalapeños \n \n In 1999 , roughly 107,000 acres in Mexico were dedicated towards growing jalapeños and as of 2011 , that number had fallen to 101,000 acres . Jalapeños account for thirty percent of Mexico 's chili production , and while acreage has decreased , there has been a 1.5 % increase in volume yield per year in Mexico due to increasing irrigation , usage of greenhouses , better equipment , knowledge , and improved techniques so that in 2009 619,000 tons of jalapeños were produced with 42 % of the crop coming from Chihuahua , 12.9 % from Sinaloa , 6.6 % from Jalisco , and 6.3 % from Michoacán . La Costeña controls about 60 % of the world market and , according to company published figures , exports 16 % of the peppers that Mexico produces , an 80 % share of the 20 % that Mexico exports in total . The US imports 98 % of La Costeña 's exports . \n \n According to the USDA , starting since 2010 , California produces the most jalapeños followed by New Mexico and Texas , for a total of 462.5 million pounds of peppers ( 231,250 tons ) in 2014 . It is difficult to get accurate statistics on chilies and specific chilies as growers are not fond of keeping and sharing such data and reporting agencies often lump all green chilies together , or all hot chilies , with no separation of pod type . In New Mexico in 2002 the crop of jalapeños were worth $ 3 million at the farm gate and $ 20 million with processing . \n \n China , Peru , Spain , and India are also producers of commercial chilies , including jalapeños . \n \n Jalapeños are a pod type of Capsicum annuum . The growing period is 70–80 days . When mature , the plant stands 70 - tall . Typically , a plant produces 25 to 35 pods . During a growing period , a plant will be picked multiple times . As the growing season ends , the peppers turn red , as seen in Sriracha sauce . Jalapeños thrive in a number of soil types and temperatures , though they prefer warmer climates , provided they have adequate water . The optimum temperature for seed germination is 29 C , with degradation of germination seen above 30 C and little to no germination occurring at 40 C ; at 29 C the time to 50 % germination rate depends on cultivar and seed lot but was tested as being between 4 and 5 days , which is shorter than Cayenne . A pH of 4.5 to 7.0 is preferred for growing jalapeños and keeping the soil well drained", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 46, "text": "pepper" } ], "id": "sfq_635--Jalapeño.txt", "qid": "sfq_635", "question": "What type of foodstuff is a jalapeno?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( 22 November 1428 - 14 April 1471 ) , known as Warwick the Kingmaker , was an English nobleman , administrator , and military commander . The son of Richard Neville , 5th Earl of Salisbury , Warwick was the wealthiest and most powerful English peer of his age , with political connections that went beyond the country 's borders . One of the leaders in the Wars of the Roses , originally on the Yorkist side but later switching to the Lancastrian side , he was instrumental in the deposition of two kings , a fact which later earned him his epithet of `` Kingmaker '' to later generations . \n \n Through fortunes of marriage and inheritance , Warwick emerged in the 1450s at the centre of English politics . Originally he was a supporter of King Henry VI ; however , a territorial dispute with the Duke of Somerset led him to collaborate with Richard , Duke of York , in opposing the king . From this conflict he gained the strategically valuable post of Captain of Calais , a position that benefited him greatly in the years to come . The political conflict later turned into full-scale rebellion , where in battle York was slain , as was Warwick 's father Salisbury . York 's son , however , later triumphed with Warwick 's assistance , and was crowned King Edward IV . Edward initially ruled with Warwick 's support , but the two later fell out over foreign policy and the king 's choice of Elizabeth Woodville as his wife . After a failed plot to crown Edward 's brother , George , Duke of Clarence , Warwick instead restored Henry VI to the throne . The triumph was short-lived however : on 14 April 1471 Warwick was defeated by Edward at the Battle of Barnet , and killed . \n \n Warwick had no sons . The elder of his two daughters , Isabel , married George , Duke of Clarence . His younger daughter Anne had a short-lived marriage to King Henry 's son Edward of Westminster , who died in battle at the age of 17 . She then married King Edward 's younger brother Richard , Duke of Gloucester , who later became King Richard III . \n \n Warwick 's historical legacy has been a matter of much dispute . Historical opinion has alternated between seeing him as self-centred and rash , and regarding him as a victim of the whims of an ungrateful king . It is generally agreed , however , that in his own time he enjoyed great popularity in all layers of society , and that he was skilled at appealing to popular sentiments for political support . \n \n Becoming Warwick \n \n The Nevilles , an ancient Durham family , came to prominence in England 's fourteenth-century wars against the Scots . In 1397 King Richard II made Ralph Neville Earl of Westmorland . Ralph 's son Richard , the later Earl of Warwick 's father , was a younger son by a second marriage , and not heir to the earldom . He received a favourable settlement , however , and became jure uxoris Earl of Salisbury through his marriage to Alice , daughter and heiress of Thomas Montacute , 4th Earl of Salisbury . \n \n Salisbury 's son Richard , the later Earl of Warwick , was born on 22 November 1428 ; little is known of his childhood . At the age of six , Richard was betrothed to Anne Beauchamp , daughter of Richard de Beauchamp , 13th Earl of Warwick , and of his wife Isabel Despenser . This made him heir not only to the earldom of Salisbury , but also to a substantial part of the Montague , Beauchamp , and Despenser inheritance . \n \n Circumstances would , however , increase his fortune even further . Beauchamp 's son Henry , who had married the younger Richard 's sister Cecily , died in 1446 . When Henry 's daughter Anne died in 1449 , Richard also found himself jure uxoris Earl of Warwick . \n Richard 's succession to the estates did not go undisputed , however . A protracted battle over parts of the inheritance ensued , particularly with Edmund Beaufort , 1st Duke of Somerset , who had married a daughter from Richard Beauchamp 's first marriage . The dispute centred on land , not on the Warwick title , as Henry 's half-sisters were excluded from the succession . \n \n By 1445 Richard had become a knight , probably at Margaret of Anjou 's coronation on 22 April that year . He is", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1697, "text": "barnet" } ], "id": "odql_9315--Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick.txt", "qid": "odql_9315", "question": "At which battle just north of London was the Earl of Warwick killed in 1471?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Tour de France is an annual multiple stage bicycle race primarily held in France , while also occasionally making passes through nearby countries . The race was first organized in 1903 to increase paper sales for the magazine L'Auto ; it is currently run by the Amaury Sport Organisation . The race has been held annually since its first edition in 1903 except when it was stopped for the two World Wars . As the Tour gained prominence and popularity the race was lengthened and its reach began to extend around the globe . Participation expanded from a primarily French field , as riders from all over the world began to participate in the race each year . The Tour is a UCI World Tour event , which means that the teams that compete in the race are mostly UCI WorldTeams , with the exception of the teams that the organizers invite . \n \n The Tour de France , the Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España make up cycling 's prestigious , three-week-long Grand Tours ; the Tour is the oldest and generally considered the most prestigious of the three . Traditionally , the race is held primarily in the month of July . While the route changes each year , the format of the race stays the same with the appearance of time trials , the passage through the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps , and the finish on the Champs-Élysées in Paris . The modern editions of the Tour de France consist of 21 day-long segments ( stages ) over a 23-day period and cover around 3500 km . The race alternates between clockwise and counterclockwise circuits of France . \n \n The number of teams usually varies between 20 and 22 , with nine riders in each . All of the stages are timed to the finish ; the riders ' times are compounded with their previous stage times . The rider with the lowest aggregate time is the leader of the race and gets to don the coveted yellow jersey . While the general classification garners the most attention there are other contests held within the Tour : the points classification for the sprinters , the mountains classification for the climbers , young rider classification for riders under the age of 26 , and the team classification for the fastest teams . Gaining a stage win is also a hotly contested competition , fought for by a specialist cycling sprinter on each team . \n \n History \n \n Origins \n \n The Tour de France was created in 1903 . The roots of the Tour de France trace to the emergence of two rival sports newspapers in the country . On the one hand was Le Vélo , the first and the largest daily sports newspaper in France which sold 80,000 copies a day . On the other was L'Auto , which had been set-up by journalists and business-people including Comte Jules-Albert de Dion , Adolphe Clément and Édouard Michelin in 1899 . The rival paper emerged following disagreements over the Dreyfus Affair , a cause célèbre ( in which de Dion was implicated ) that divided France at the end of the 19th century over the innocence of Alfred Dreyfus , a French army officer convicted—though later exonerated—of selling military secrets to the Germans . De Dion , Clément and Michelin were particularly concerned with Le Vélo—which reported more than cycling—because its financial backer was one of their commercial rivals , the Darracq company . De Dion believed Le Vélo gave Darracq too much attention and him too little . De Dion was a gentlemanly but outspoken man who already wrote columns for Le Figaro , Le Matin and others . He was also rich and could afford to indulge his whims , which included founding Le Nain Jaune ( the yellow gnome ) , a publication that `` ... answers no particular need . '' The new newspaper appointed Henri Desgrange as the editor . He was a prominent cyclist and owner with Victor Goddet of the velodrome at the Parc des Princes . De Dion knew him through his cycling reputation , through the books and cycling articles that he had written , and through press articles he had written for the Clément tyre company . \n \n L'Auto was not the success its backers wanted . Stagnating sales lower than the rival it was intended to surpass led to a crisis meeting on 20 November 1902 on the middle floor of L'Autos office at 10 Rue du Faubourg Montmartre , Paris . The last to speak was the most junior there , the chief cycling journalist , a 26-year-old named Géo Lefèvre . Desgrange had poached", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_17717--Tour_de_France.txt", "qid": "sfq_17717", "question": "Which was the only French metropolitan department never visited by the Tour de France, prior to the 100th tour in 2013?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Seaman is a naval rank and is either the lowest or one of the lowest ranks in most navies around the world . In the Commonwealth it is the lowest rank in the navy . The next rank up is able seaman , followed by leading seaman , which is followed by the petty officer ranks . \n \n In the United States , it means the lowest three enlisted rates of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard , followed by the higher petty officer ranks . The equivalent of the seaman is the matelot in French-speaking countries , and Matrose in German-speaking countries . \n \n The term `` seaman '' is also a general-purpose for a man or a woman who works anywhere on board a modern ship , including in the engine spaces , which is the very opposite of sailing . This is untrue in the US Navy where a sailor might be a seaman but not all US Navy sailors are a 'Seaman ' as they might be an Airman , Fireman , Contructionman , or Hospital Corpsman . Furthermore , `` seaman '' is a short form for the status of an `` able-bodied seaman , '' either in the navies or in the merchant marines . An able-bodied seaman is one who is fully trained and qualified to work on the decks and superstructure of modern ships , even during foul weather , whereas less-qualified sailors are restricted to remaining within the ship during times of foul weather — lest they be swept overboard by the stormy seas or by the high winds . \n \n Canada \n \n There are 4 grades of seaman/matelot in the Royal Canadian Navy : \n \n Image : CDN-Navy-OS.svg|Ordinary seaman or matelot de troisième classe \n Image : CDN-Navy-AB.svg|Able seaman or matelot de deuxième classe \n Image : CDN-Navy-LS.svg|Leading seaman or matelot de première classe \n Image : CDN-Navy-MS.svg|Master seaman or matelot-chef \n \n The rank of master seaman is unique because it was created only for the Canadian Navy . It does not follow the British tradition of other Canadian ranks . It corresponds to the rank of master corporal/caporal-chef . \n \n France \n \n Matelot 2e classe ( seaman 2nd class ) , or apprentice seaman , and matelot breveté ( able seaman ) are designations of the French Navy . Matelots are colloquially known as `` mousses '' . \n \n File : French Navy-Rama NG-M0.svg|Matelot \n File : French Navy-Rama NG-M1.svg|Matelot breveté ( able seaman ) \n \n Germany \n \n The German rank of `` seaman '' ( ) is the lowest enlisted rank of the German Navy . It is equivalent to OR1 in NATO and is a grade A3 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence . \n \n Greece \n \n There is one grade of seaman in the Hellenic Navy . \n \n Italy \n \n The Italian rank of `` seaman '' ( ) is the lowest enlisted rank of the Italian Navy equivalent in NATO to OR1 . \n \n File : Tecnico_macchine.jpg|Badge of technics and mechanics \n File : Badge of coxswains category of the Italian Navy.svg|Badge of coxswains \n File : Badge of tracking radar operators category of the Italian Navy.svg|Badge of tracking radar operators \n File : Badge of electro-mechanics category of the Italian Navy.svg|Badge of electro-mechanics \n \n The Soviet Union and Russia \n \n Much Russian military vocabulary was imported , along with military advisers , from Germany in the 16th and 17th centuries . The Russian word for `` seaman '' or `` sailor '' ( ; matros ) was borrowed from the German `` matrose '' . In Imperial Russia the most junior naval rank was `` seaman 2nd class '' ( матрос 2-й статьи ; matros vtoroi stati ) . The 1917 Revolution led to the term `` Red Fleet man '' ( краснофлотец ; krasnoflotets ) until 1943 , when the Soviet Navy reintroduced the term `` seaman '' ( матрос ; matros ) , along with badges of rank . The Russian federation inherited the term in 1991 , as did several other former Soviet republics , including Ukraine , Azerbaijan and Belarus , with Bulgaria using the same word and the same Cyrillic orthography . Estonia ( ) and Latvia ( ) use closely related loanwords . \n \n United Kingdom \n \n In the Royal Navy the rate is split into two divisions : AB1 and AB2 . The AB2 rating is used for those who have not yet completed their professional taskbooks . The rate of ordinary seaman has been discontinued . \n \n United States \n \n Constructionmanvariation \n \n Firemanvariation \n \n Airmanvariation \n \n Seamaninsignia", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bt_1317--Seaman.txt", "qid": "bt_1317", "question": "What rank in the Navy comes between Ordinary Seaman and Leading Seaman" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Epcot is the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake , Florida , near the city of Orlando . It opened as EPCOT Center ( Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow ) on October 1 , 1982 , and spans 300 acres , more than twice the size of the Magic Kingdom park . It is dedicated to the celebration of human achievement , namely technological innovation and international culture , and is often referred to as a `` permanent World 's Fair . '' In 2015 , the park hosted approximately 11.98 million guests , ranking it the third most visited theme park in North America and the sixth most visited theme park in the world . The park is represented by Spaceship Earth , a geodesic sphere that also serves as an attraction . Epcot was known as EPCOT Center until 1994 , when it was later renamed Epcot '94 , then Epcot '95 , now commonly known simply as Epcot . \n \n Dedication \n \n The theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 . The dedication plaque near the entrance states : \n \n History \n \n The park 's name , EPCOT , is an acronym for Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow , a utopian city of the future planned by Walt Disney , often interchanging `` city '' and `` community . '' In Walt Disney 's words : `` EPCOT will take its cue from the new ideas and new technologies that are now emerging from the creative centers of American industry . It will be a community of tomorrow that will never be completed , but will always be introducing , and testing , and demonstrating new materials and new systems . And EPCOT will always be a showcase to the world of the ingenuity and imagination of American free enterprise . '' His original vision was for a model community which would have been home to twenty thousand residents and a test bed for city planning as well as organization . It was to have been built in the shape of a circle with businesses and commercial areas at its center with community buildings , schools , and recreational complexes around it while residential neighborhoods would line the perimeter . This radial plan concept is strongly influenced by British planner Ebenezer Howard and his Garden Cities of To-morrow . Transportation would have been provided by monorails and PeopleMovers ( like that in Magic Kingdom 's Tomorrowland . ) Automobile traffic would be kept underground , leaving pedestrians safe above ground . The original model of EPCOT can still be seen by passengers riding the Tomorrowland Transit Authority attraction in the Magic Kingdom park ; when the PeopleMover enters the showhouse for Stitch 's Great Escape ! , the remaining portion of the model is visible on the left ( when facing forward ) behind glass . Walt Disney was not able to obtain funding and permission to start work on his Florida property until he agreed to first build Magic Kingdom . He died nearly five years before Magic Kingdom opened . \n \n After Disney 's death , The Walt Disney Company decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city without Walt 's guidance . The model community of Celebration , Florida has been mentioned as a realization of Disney 's original vision , but Celebration is based on concepts of new urbanism which is radically different from Disney 's modernist and futurist visions . However , the idea of EPCOT was instrumental in prompting the state of Florida to create the Reedy Creek Improvement District ( RCID ) and the Cities of Bay Lake and Reedy Creek ( now Lake Buena Vista ) , a legislative mechanism allowing the Walt Disney Company to exercise governmental powers over Walt Disney World . Control over the RCID is vested in the landowners of the district , and the promise of an actual city in the district would have meant that the powers of the RCID would have been distributed among the landowners in EPCOT . Because the idea of EPCOT was never implemented , the Disney Corporation remained almost the sole landowner in the district allowing it to maintain control of the RCID and the cities of Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista ; Disney further cemented this control by deannexing Celebration from the RCID . \n \n The original plans for the park showed indecision over the park 's purpose . Some Imagineers wanted it to represent the cutting edge of technology , while others wanted it to showcase international cultures and customs . At one point , a model of the futuristic park was pushed together", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 208, "text": "1982" } ], "id": "qg_4021--Epcot.txt", "qid": "qg_4021", "question": "Name the year: Falkland War begins with the Argentinean invasion; EPCOT opens at Disneyworld, The first Double Stuff Oreo is sold; Honda opens the first Japanese auto plant in the US; Michael Jackson releases Thriller;" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "iPhone ( ) is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc . They run Apple 's iOS mobile operating system . The first generation iPhone was released on June 29 , 2007 ; the most recent iPhone model is the iPhone SE , which was unveiled at a special event on March 21 , 2016 . \n \n The user interface is built around the device 's multi-touch screen , including a virtual keyboard . The iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks . An iPhone can shoot video ( though this was not a standard feature until the iPhone 3GS ) , take photos , play music , send and receive email , browse the web , send and receive text messages , follow GPS navigation , record notes , perform mathematical calculations , and receive visual voicemail . Other functions—video games , reference works , social networking , etc.—can be enabled by downloading application programs ( ‘ apps ’ ) ; as of October 2013 , the App Store offered more than one million apps by Apple and third parties and is ranked as the world 's largest mobile software distribution network of its kind ( by number of currently available applications ) . \n \n There are nine generations of iPhone models , each accompanied by one of the nine major releases of iOS . The original 1st-generation iPhone was a GSM phone and established design precedents , such as a button placement that has persisted throughout all releases and a screen size maintained for the next four iterations . The iPhone 3G added 3G cellular network capabilities and A-GPS location . The iPhone 3GS added a faster processor and a higher-resolution camera that could record video at 480p . The iPhone 4 featured a higher-resolution 960×640 `` Retina Display '' , a VGA front-facing camera for video calling and other apps , and a 5-megapixel rear-facing camera with 720p video capture . The iPhone 4S upgrades to an 8-megapixel camera with 1080p video recording , a dual-core A5 processor , and a natural language voice control system called Siri . iPhone 5 features the dual-core A6 processor , increases the size of the Retina display to 4 inches , introduces LTE support and replaces the 30-pin dock connector with an all-digital Lightning connector . The iPhone 5C features the same A6 chip as the iPhone 5 , along with a new backside-illuminated FaceTime camera and a new casing made of polycarbonate . The iPhone 5S features the dual-core 64-bit A7 processor , an updated camera with a larger aperture and dual-LED flash , and the Touch ID fingerprint scanner , integrated into the home button , and fitness tracking facilities . The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus further increased screen size , measuring at 4.7 inches and 5.5 inches , respectively . In addition , they also feature an A8 chip and M8 motion coprocessor . The iPhone 6S , iPhone 6S Plus , and iPhone SE all feature Apple 's new dual-core 64-bit A9 chip , 2GB of RAM , a GT7600 ( 6-core ) GPU . 3D Touch , a new feature that enables pressure sensitive touch inputs , is currently available exclusively on the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus . As of 2013 , the iPhone 3GS had the longest production run , 1,181 days ; followed by the iPhone 4 , produced for 1,174 days . \n \n The resounding sales of the iPhone , at the time , have been credited with reshaping the smartphone industry , and helping make Apple one of the world 's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011 . The original iPhone was one of the first phones to use a design featuring a slate format with a touchscreen interface . Almost all modern smartphones have replicated this style of design . \n \n In the US , the iPhone reigns supreme by a wide margin in the smartphone market . `` According to recent data compiled by comScore , the iPhone ’ s share of the U.S. smartphone market now checks in at 43.6 % . Following not too closely behind is Samsung with a 27.6 % share of the market . '' In March 2014 , sales of the iPhone brand had reached 500 million devices . In the last quarter of 2014 , there were 74.5 million iPhones sold , a record , compared to 51.0 million in the last quarter of 2013 . Tim Cook revealed at the Apple Watch conference on March 9 , 2015 , that Apple had sold a total of 700 million iPhones to date . \n \n History and availability \n \n ImageSize=width:270 height:480 \n PlotArea=left:60 bottom:51 top:10 right:16 \n AlignBars=justify", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 61, "text": "apple" } ], "id": "qz_4919--IPhone.txt", "qid": "qz_4919", "question": "Which company makes the iPod and the iPhone?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway , London , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 12 FA Cups , a joint-record , 13 League titles , two League Cups , 14 FA Community Shields , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . \n \n Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 . They entered the First Division in 1904 , and have since accumulated the second most points . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970–71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1988 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . \n \n Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . The WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers have all been attributed to him . He added the white sleeves and brighter red to Arsenal 's kit . Arsène Wenger has served the longest and won the most trophies . His teams set several English records : the longest win streak ; the longest unbeaten run ; and the only 38 match season unbeaten . \n \n In 1886 , Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square . In 1913 , the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury . They became Tottenham Hotspur 's nearest club , commencing the North London derby . In 2006 , they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway . Arsenal earned €435.5m in 2014–15 , with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football . Based on social media activity from 2014–15 , Arsenal 's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world . In 2016 , Forbes estimated the club was the second most valuable in England , worth $ 2.0 billion . \n \n History \n \n 1886–1919 : Changing names \n \n On 1 December 1886 , munitions workers in Woolwich , South East London , formed Arsenal as Dial Square , with David Danskin as their first captain . Named after the heart of the Royal Arsenal complex , they took the name of the whole complex a month later . Royal Arsenal F.C . 's first home was Plumstead Common , though they spent most of their time in South East London playing on the other side of Plumstead , at the Manor Ground . Royal Arsenal won Arsenal 's first trophies in 1890 and 1891 , and these were the only football association trophies Arsenal won during their time in South East London . \n \n Royal Arsenal renamed themselves for a second time upon becoming a limited liability company in 1893 . They registered their new name , Woolwich Arsenal , with The Football League when the club ascended later that year . Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League , starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904 . Falling attendances , due to financial difficulties among the munitions workers and the arrival of more accessible football clubs elsewhere in the city , led the club close to bankruptcy by 1910 . Businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall took the club over , and sought to move them elsewhere . \n \n In 1913 , soon after relegation back to the Second Division , Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury , North London . This saw their third change of name : the following year , they reduced Woolwich Arsenal to simply The Arsenal . In 1919 , The Football League voted to promote The Arsenal , instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur , into the newly enlarged First Division , despite only listing the club sixth in the Second Division 's last pre-war season of 1914–15 . Some books have speculated that the club won this election to division one by dubious means . Later that year , The Arsenal started dropping `` The '' in official documents , gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal , as it is generally known today . \n \n 1919–1953 : The Bank of England Club \n \n With a new home and First Division football , attendances were more than double those at the", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_18135--Arsenal_F.C..txt", "qid": "sfq_18135", "question": "Who was the Arsenal captain when they won the 2003 FA Cup - beating Southampton 1-0?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The President of the United States of America ( POTUS ) is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States . The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces . \n \n The President of the United States is considered one of the world 's most powerful people , leading the world 's only contemporary superpower . The role includes being the commander-in-chief of the world 's most expensive military with the largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by real and nominal GDP . The office of the president holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad . \n \n Article II of the U.S. Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes execution of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is enrolled . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States . Since the founding of the United States , the power of the president and the federal government has grown substantially . \n \n The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term , and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers , the other being the Vice President of the United States . The Twenty-second Amendment , adopted in 1951 , prohibits anyone from ever being elected to the presidency for a third full term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 43 individuals have served 44 presidencies ( counting Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms separately ) spanning 56 full four-year terms . On January 20 , 2009 , Barack Obama became the 44th and current president . On November 6 , 2012 , he was re-elected and is currently serving the 57th term . The next presidential election is scheduled to take place on November 8 , 2016 ; on January 20 , 2017 , the newly elected president will take office . \n \n Origin \n \n In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution . The new states , though independent of each other as nation states , recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy , Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states . As a central authority , Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power ; it could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens . This institutional design reflected the conception of how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . Out from under any monarchy , the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress , while severally lodging the rest within their own respective state governments . Only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them . \n \n In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak , their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another , witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed . \n \n Following the successful resolution of commercial", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qb_6242--President_of_the_United_States.txt", "qid": "qb_6242", "question": "Claudia was the first name of the wife of which US President?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Boxing is a martial art and combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring . \n \n Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth sport and is a common fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . The result is decided when an opponent is deemed incapable to continue by a referee , is disqualified for breaking a rule , resigns by throwing in a towel , or is pronounced the winner or loser based on the judges ' scorecards at the end of the contest . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , the fight is considered a draw ( professional boxing ) . In Olympic boxing , due to the fact that a winner must be declared , in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout . \n \n While people have fought in hand-to-hand combat since before the dawn of history , the origin of boxing as an organized sport may be its acceptance by the ancient Greeks as an Olympic game in BC 688 . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century , again initially in Great Britain and later in the United States . \n \n History \n \n Ancient history \n \n See also Ancient Greek boxing \n \n The earliest known depiction of boxing comes from a Sumerian relief in Iraq from the 3rd millennium BCE Later depictions from the 2nd millennium BC are found in reliefs from the Mesopotamian nations of Assyria and Babylonia , and in Hittite art from Asia Minor . The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete ( c.1650–1400 BCE ) , and on Sardinia , if we consider the boxing statues of Prama mountains ( c. 2000–1000 BC ) . \n \n Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome . In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists . Eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon . The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex ( 'limb piercer ' ) . Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres . The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events . However , especially in later times , purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities , and their lives were not given up without due consideration . Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor . This is where the term ring came from . In AD 393 , during the Roman gladiator period , boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality . It was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London . \n \n Early London prize ring rules \n \n Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again and interest in fighting with the fists waned . However , there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries . There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or `` Fist Fighting '' . \n \n As the wearing of swords became less common , there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists . The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting . The first documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury , and the first English bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719 . This is also the time when the word `` boxing '' first came to be used . It should be noted , that this earliest form of modern boxing was very different . Contests in Mr. Figg 's time , in addition to fist fighting , also contained fencing and cudgeling . On 6 January 1681 , the first recorded boxing match took place in Britain when Christopher Monck , 2nd Duke of Albemarle ( and later Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica ) engineered a bout between his", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "sfq_20654--Boxing.txt", "qid": "sfq_20654", "question": "Who is the only professional heavyweight boxer to have retired undefeated?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "John Leslie Prescott , Baron Prescott ( born 31 May 1938 ) is a British politician who was the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 . Born in Prestatyn , Wales , he represented Hull East as the Labour member of parliament from 1970 to 2010 . In the 1994 leadership election , he stood for both Leader and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party , winning election to the latter office . He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister after Labour 's victory in the 1997 election , with an expanded brief as Secretary of State for the Environment , Transport and the Regions . \n \n A former ship 's steward and trade union activist , by the 1990s he was presented as the political link to the working class in a Labour party increasingly led by modernising , middle-class professionals . In his youth he failed the 11-Plus entrance examination for grammar school , but went on to graduate from Ruskin College and the University of Hull . Prescott also developed a reputation as a key conciliator in the often tense relationship between Prime Minister Tony Blair and Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown . \n \n On 27 June 2007 he resigned as Deputy Prime Minister , coinciding with Blair 's resignation as Prime Minister . Following an election within the Labour party , he was replaced as Deputy Leader by Harriet Harman . Prescott retired as an MP at the 2010 election . On 8 July 2010 , he entered the House of Lords as a life peer with the title Baron Prescott , of Kingston upon Hull in the County of East Yorkshire . \n \n Prescott stood as the Labour candidate in the election to be the first Police and Crime Commissioner for Humberside Police , but lost to Conservative Matthew Grove . \n \n On 21 February 2015 , it was announced that Prescott would return to politics as a special adviser to then-Labour leader , Ed Miliband . \n \n Early life \n \n The son of John Herbert Prescott , a railway signalman and Labour councillor , and Phyllis , and the grandson of a miner , Prescott was born in Prestatyn , Wales , on 31 May 1938 . In 2009 , he said : `` I 've always felt very proud of Wales and being Welsh ... I was born in Wales , went to school in Wales and my mother was Welsh . I 'm Welsh . It 's my place of birth , my country . '' \n \n In 2009 , John Prescott featured in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home about his Welsh family history , with roots in Prestatyn and Chirk . \n \n He left Wales in 1942 at the age of four and was brought up initially in Brinsworth in South Yorkshire , England . He attended Brinsworth Manor School , where in 1949 he sat but failed the 11-Plus examination to attend Rotherham Grammar School . Shortly afterwards , his family moved to Upton , Cheshire , and he attended Grange Secondary Modern School in nearby Ellesmere Port . \n \n He became a steward and waiter in the Merchant Navy , thus avoiding National Service , working for Cunard , and was a popular left-wing union activist . Prescott 's time in the Merchant Navy included a cruise from England to New Zealand in 1957 . Among the passengers was Sir Anthony Eden , recuperating after his resignation over the Suez Crisis . Prescott reportedly described Eden as a `` real gentleman '' . Apart from serving Eden , who stayed in his cabin much of the time , Prescott also won several boxing contests , at which Eden presented the prizes . He married Pauline `` Tilly '' Tilston at Upton Church in Chester on 11 November 1961 . He then went to the independent Ruskin College , which specialises in courses for union officials , where he gained a diploma in economics and politics in 1965 . In 1968 , he obtained a BSc in economics and economic history at the University of Hull . \n \n Member of Parliament \n \n He returned to the National Union of Seamen as a full-time official before being elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hull East in 1970 , succeeding Commander Harry Pursey , the retiring Labour MP . The defeated Conservative challenger was Norman Lamont . Previously , he had attempted to become MP for Southport in 1966 , but came in second place , approximately 9,500 votes behind the Conservative candidate . From July 1975 to 1979 , he concurrently served as a Member of", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "john leslie prescott" } ], "id": "bt_3211--John_Prescott.txt", "qid": "bt_3211", "question": "What did the media nickname John Prescott" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Summer pudding or summer fruit pudding is a British dessert made of sliced white bread , layered in a deep bowl with fruit and fruit juice . It is left to soak overnight and turned out onto a plate . The dessert was most popular from the late 19th to the early 20th century . However , there is no clear record of its origin . \n \n Making summer pudding is much easier if the bread is somewhat stale . This helps the fruit juices soak through the bread , which makes the pudding more pleasant . Summer pudding can be served with cream . \n \n The fruits typically used in summer pudding are raspberries , strawberries , blackcurrants , redcurrants , whitecurrants , and blackberries . Less commonly used are \n tayberries , loganberries , cherries and blueberries .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 81, "text": "bread" } ], "id": "bt_3408--Summer_pudding.txt", "qid": "bt_3408", "question": "Besides fruit what is the principal ingredient of a summer pudding" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky ( ; ; 11 November 1821 – 9 February 1881 ) , sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky , was a Russian novelist , short story writer , essayist , journalist and philosopher . Dostoyevsky 's literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political , social , and spiritual atmosphere of 19th-century Russia , and engage with a variety of philosophical and religious themes . \n \n He began writing in his 20s , and his first novel , Poor Folk , was published in 1846 when he was 25 . His major works include Crime and Punishment ( 1866 ) , The Idiot ( 1869 ) , Demons ( 1872 ) and The Brothers Karamazov ( 1880 ) . His oeuvre consists of 11 novels , three novellas , 17 short novels and numerous other works . Many literary critics rate him as one of the greatest psychologists in world literature . His 1864 novella Notes from Underground is considered to be one of the first works of existentialist literature . \n \n Born in Moscow in 1821 , Dostoyevsky was introduced to literature at an early age through fairy tales and legends , and through books by Russian and foreign authors . His mother died in 1837 when he was 15 , and around the same time he left school to enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute . After graduating , he worked as an engineer and briefly enjoyed a lavish lifestyle , translating books to earn extra money . In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel , Poor Folk , which gained him entry into St. Petersburg 's literary circles . \n \n In the following years , Dostoyevsky worked as a journalist , publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer 's Diary , a collection of his writings . He began to travel around western Europe and developed a gambling addiction , which led to financial hardship . For a time , he had to beg for money , but he eventually became one of the most widely read and highly regarded Russian writers . His books have been translated into more than 170 languages . Dostoyevsky influenced a multitude of writers and philosophers , from Anton Chekhov and Ernest Hemingway to Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre . \n \n Ancestry \n \n Dostoyevsky 's parents were part of a multi-ethnic and multi-denominational Ruthenian-Litvin noble family from the Pinsk region , with roots dating to the 16th century . Branches of the family included Russian Orthodox Christians , Roman Catholics and Eastern Catholics . Dostoyevsky 's immediate ancestors on his mother 's side were merchants ; the male line on his father 's side were priests . His father , Mikhail , was expected to join the clergy but instead ran away from home and broke with the family permanently . \n \n In 1809 , the 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoyevsky enrolled in Moscow 's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy . From there he was assigned to a Moscow hospital , where he served as military doctor , and in 1818 , he was appointed a senior physician . In 1819 he married Maria Nechayeva . The following year , he took up a post at the Mariinsky Hospital for the poor . After the birth of his first two sons , Mikhail and Fyodor , he was promoted to collegiate assessor , a position which raised his legal status to that of the nobility and enabled him to acquire a small estate in Darovoye , a town about 150 km ( 100 miles ) from Moscow , where the family usually spent the summers . Dostoyevsky 's parents subsequently had six more children : Varvara ( 1822–92 ) , Andrei ( 1825–97 ) , Lyubov ( born and died 1829 ) , Vera ( 1829–96 ) , Nikolai ( 1831–83 ) and Aleksandra ( 1835–89 ) . \n \n Childhood ( 1821–1835 ) \n \n Fyodor Dostoyevsky , born on , was the second child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoyevsky and Maria Dostoyevskaya ( née Nechayeva ) . He was raised in the family home in the grounds of the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor , which was in a lower class district on the edges of Moscow . Dostoyevsky encountered the patients , who were at the lower end of the Russian social scale when playing in the hospital gardens . \n \n Dostoyevsky was introduced to literature at an early age . From the age of three , he was read heroic sagas , fairy tales and legends by his nanny , Alena Frolovna , an especially influential figure in his childhood . When he was four his mother used the Bible to teach him to read and write .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 576, "text": "idiot" } ], "id": "dpql_2566--Fyodor_Dostoyevsky.txt", "qid": "dpql_2566", "question": "Who is Prince Myshkin in a Dostoevsky novel?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Wicked : The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and book by Winnie Holzman . It is based on the 1995 Gregory Maguire novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , an alternative telling of the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz and L. Frank Baum 's classic 1900 story , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The musical is told from the perspective of the witches of the Land of Oz ; its plot begins before and continues after Dorothy 's arrival in Oz from Kansas , and it includes several references to the 1939 film and Baum 's novel . Wicked tells the story of two unlikely friends , Elphaba ( the Wicked Witch of the West ) and Galinda , ( whose name later changes to Glinda the Good Witch ) who struggle through opposing personalities and viewpoints , rivalry over the same love-interest , reactions to the Wizard 's corrupt government and , ultimately , Elphaba 's public fall from grace . \n \n Produced by Universal Stage Productions in coalition with Marc Platt , Jon B. Platt and David Stone , with direction by Joe Mantello and choreography by Wayne Cilento , the original production of Wicked premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in October 2003 , after completing pre-Broadway tryouts at San Francisco 's Curran Theatre in April 2003 . Its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba , Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda , and Joel Grey as the Wizard . The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and six Drama Desk Awards , while its original cast album received a Grammy Award . \n \n Wicked celebrated its tenth anniversary on Broadway on October 30 , 2013 . On February 14 , 2016 , Wicked performed its 5124th performance with a 2PM matinee , [ http : //www.broadwayworld.com/article/WICKED-Passes-RENT-to-Become-10th-Longest-Running-Show-on-Broadway-Today-20160214 ] making Wicked the 10th longest-running Broadway show , passing Rent . [ http : //www.playbill.com/celebritybuzz/article/75222-Long-Runs-on-Broadway `` Longest Runs on Broadway '' ] . Playbill . August 14 , 2011 . A typical performance runs for approximately two hours and 30 minutes , plus a 15-minute intermission . \n \n The success of the Broadway production has spawned several other productions worldwide , including various North American productions , a long-running Laurence Olivier Award–nominated West End production and a series of international productions . Since its 2003 debut , Wicked has broken box office records around the world , currently holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles , Chicago , St. Louis and London . In the week ending January 2 , 2011 , the London , Broadway and both North American touring productions simultaneously broke their respective records for the highest weekly gross . In the final week of 2013 , the Broadway production broke this record again , earning $ 3.2 million . The West End production and the North American tour have each been seen by over two million patrons . \n \n Inception and development \n \n Composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz discovered writer Gregory Maguire 's 1995 novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West while on vacation and saw its potential for a dramatic adaptation . Maguire , however , had released the rights to Universal Pictures , who had planned to develop a live-action feature film . In 1998 , Schwartz persuaded Maguire to release the rights to a stage production while also making what Schwartz called an `` impassioned plea '' to Universal producer Marc Platt to realise Schwartz 's own intended adaptation . Persuaded , Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone . \n \n The novel , described as a political , social and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil , takes place in the Land of Oz , in the years leading to Dorothy 's arrival . The story centers on Elphaba , the misunderstood , smart , and fiery girl of emerald-green skin who grows up to become the notorious Wicked Witch of the West and Galinda , the beautiful , blonde , popular girl who grows up to become Glinda the Good Witch of the South . The story is divided into five different sections based on the plot location and presents events , characters and situations from L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) and its 1939 film adaptation in new ways . It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be 'Wicked ' , and whether good intentions with bad results are the same as bad intentions with bad results . Schwartz considered how", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qg_3157--Wicked_(musical).txt", "qid": "qg_3157", "question": "In ‘The Wizard of Oz’ books, what is the name of the Good Witch?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , as part of the Space Shuttle program . Its official program name was Space Transportation System ( STS ) , taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development . [ http : //www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html Space Task Group Report , 1969 ] The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 . Five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 , launched from the Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) in Florida . Operational missions launched numerous satellites , interplanetary probes , and the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ; conducted science experiments in orbit ; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station . The Shuttle fleet 's total mission time was 1322 days , 19 hours , 21 minutes and 23 seconds . \n \n Shuttle components included the Orbiter Vehicle ( OV ) , a pair of recoverable solid rocket boosters ( SRBs ) , and the expendable external tank ( ET ) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen . The Shuttle was launched vertically , like a conventional rocket , with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV 's three main engines , which were fueled from the ET . The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit , and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion , which used the orbiter 's two Orbital Maneuvering System ( OMS ) engines . At the conclusion of the mission , the orbiter fired its OMS to de-orbit and re-enter the atmosphere . The orbiter then glided as a spaceplane to a runway landing , usually at the Shuttle Landing Facility of KSC or Rogers Dry Lake in Edwards Air Force Base , California . After landing at Edwards , the orbiter was flown back to the KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft , a specially modified Boeing 747 . \n \n A sixth orbiter , Enterprise , was built in 1976 for use in Approach and Landing Tests and had no orbital capability . Four fully operational orbiters were initially built : Columbia , Challenger , Discovery , and Atlantis . Of these , two were lost in mission accidents : Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003 , with a total of fourteen astronauts killed . A fifth operational orbiter , Endeavour , was built in 1991 to replace Challenger . The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantiss final flight on July 21 , 2011 . \n \n Overview \n \n The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable human spaceflight vehicle capable of reaching low Earth orbit , commissioned and operated by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) from 1981 to 2011 . It resulted from shuttle design studies conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in the 1960s and was first proposed for development as part of an ambitious second-generation Space Transportation System ( STS ) of space vehicles to follow the Apollo program in a September 1969 report of a Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to President Richard Nixon . Nixon 's post-Apollo NASA budgeting withdrew support of all system components except the Shuttle , to which NASA applied the STS name . \n \n The vehicle consisted of a spaceplane for orbit and re-entry , fueled by expendable liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks , with reusable strap-on solid booster rockets . The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 , leading to operational flights beginning in 1982 , all launched from the Kennedy Space Center , Florida . The system was retired from service in 2011 after 135 missions , with Atlantis making the final launch of the three-decade Shuttle program on July 8 , 2011 . The program ended after Atlantis landed at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21 , 2011 . Major missions included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes , conducting space science experiments , and servicing and construction of space stations . The first orbiter vehicle , named Enterprise , was built for the initial Approach and Landing Tests phase and lacked engines , heat shielding , and other equipment necessary for orbital flight . A total of five operational orbiters were built , and of these , two were destroyed in accidents . \n \n It was used for orbital space missions by NASA , the US Department of Defense , the European Space Agency , Japan", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 2236, "text": "challenger" } ], "id": "qz_3224--Space_Shuttle.txt", "qid": "qz_3224", "question": "Name the space shuttle that exploded in 1986" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Los Angeles ( , Spanish for `` The Angels '' ) , officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A. , is the second-largest city in the United States after New York City , the most populous city in the state of California , and the county seat of Los Angeles County . Situated in Southern California , Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate , ethnic diversity , sprawling metropolis , and as a major center of the American entertainment industry . Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over 10000 ft . \n \n Historically home to the Chumash and Tongva , Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California . The city was officially founded on September 4 , 1781 , by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve . It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence . In 1848 , at the end of the Mexican–American War , Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , thereby becoming part of the United States . Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4 , 1850 , five months before California achieved statehood . The city experienced rapid growth with the discovery of oil . \n \n The city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles metropolitan area and the Greater Los Angeles Area region , which contains 13 million and over 18 million people , respectively , , making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world as well as the second-largest in the United States . Los Angeles is the seat of Los Angeles County , the most populated county in the United States . The city 's inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos . \n \n Nicknamed the `` City of Angels '' , Los Angeles is a global city with a diverse economy in entertainment , culture , media , fashion , science , sports , technology , education , medicine and research . It has been ranked sixth in the Global Cities Index and 9th Global Economic Power Index . The city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States . The Los Angeles combined statistical area ( CSA ) has a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of $ 831 billion ( ) , making it the third-largest in the world , after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas . Los Angeles includes Hollywood and leads the world in the creation of television productions , video games , and recorded music ; it is also one of the leaders in motion picture production . Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 , and is currently bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics . \n \n History \n \n Pre-colonial period \n \n The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva ( Gabrieleños ) and Chumash Native American tribes thousands of years ago . A Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ ( written Yang-na by the Spanish ) , meaning `` poison oak place '' . \n \n Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo , a Portuguese-born explorer , claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire of the Kingdom of Spain in 1542 , while on an official military exploring expedition moving north along the Pacific coast from earlier colonizing bases of New Spain in Central and South America . Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí , reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2 , 1769 . \n \n Spanish period \n \n In 1771 , Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , the first mission in the area . On September 4 , 1781 , a group of forty-four settlers known as `` Los Pobladores '' founded the pueblo called `` El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula '' ; in English it is `` The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Porciúncula River '' . The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary . Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African , indigenous and European ancestry . The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades , but by 1820 , the population had increased to about 650 residents . Today , the pueblo is", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_13872--Los_Angeles.txt", "qid": "odql_13872", "question": "Which word completes the title of MOCA in Los Angeles: Museum of???????????? Art?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Cape Town ( ; ) is a coastal city in South Africa . It is the second most populous urban area in South Africa , after Johannesburg . It is also the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape . \n \n As the seat of the National Parliament it is also the legislative capital of the country . It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality . The city is famous for its harbour , for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region , as well as for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point . , it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and home to 64 % of the Western Cape 's population . It is one of the most multicultural cities in the world , reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa . The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design . In 2014 , Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph . \n \n Located on the shore of Table Bay , Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a victualling ( supply ) station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa , India , and the Far East . Jan van Riebeeck 's arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa . Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope , becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony . Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg , Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa . \n \n History \n \n The earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago . Little is known of the history of the region 's first residents , since there is no written history from the area before it was first mentioned by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1486 . Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 . In the late 16th century , Portuguese , French , Danish , Dutch and English ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies . They traded tobacco , copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat . \n \n In 1652 , Jan van Riebeeck and other employees of the Dutch East India Company ( , VOC ) were sent to the Cape to establish a way-station for ships travelling to the Dutch East Indies , and the Fort de Goede Hoop ( later replaced by the Castle of Good Hope ) . The settlement grew slowly during this period , as it was hard to find adequate labour . This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia and Madagascar . Many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities . Under Van Riebeeck and his successors as VOC commanders and later governors at the Cape , an impressive range of useful plants were introduced to the Cape – in the process changing the natural environment forever . Some of these , including grapes , cereals , ground nuts , potatoes , apples and citrus , had an important and lasting influence on the societies and economies of the region . \n \n The Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary France 's vassal Batavian Republic , Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies . Britain captured Cape Town in 1795 , but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803 . British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg . In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 , Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain . It became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony , whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s . With expansion came calls for greater independence from Britain , with the Cape attaining its own parliament ( 1854 ) and a locally accountable Prime Minister ( 1872 ) . Suffrage was established according to the non-racial , but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise . \n \n The discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867 , and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886 , prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa . Conflicts between the Boer republics in the interior and the British colonial government resulted in the Second Boer War of 1899–1902 , which Britain won", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qw_4649--Cape_Town.txt", "qid": "qw_4649", "question": "Who won the Hockey Champions Challenge for Women played in Cape Town, South Africa, in 2009?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Marion Mitchell Morrison ( born Marion Robert Morrison ; May 26 , 1907 – June 11 , 1979 ) , better known by his stage name John Wayne and the nickname Duke , was an American actor , director , and producer . An Academy Award-winner for True Grit ( 1969 ) , Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades . \n \n Born in Winterset , Iowa , Wayne grew up in Southern California . He found work at local film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California ( USC ) as a result of a bodysurfing accident . Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation , he mostly appeared in small bit parts . His first leading role came in Raoul Walsh 's lavish widescreen epic The Big Trail ( 1930 ) , which led to leading roles in numerous B movies throughout the 1930s , many of them in the Western genre . \n \n Wayne 's career took off in 1939 , with John Ford 's Stagecoach making him an instant mainstream star . Wayne went on to star in 142 pictures . Biographer Ronald Davis says : `` John Wayne personified for millions the nation 's frontier heritage . Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns , and in them he played cowboys , cavalrymen , and unconquerable loners extracted from the Republic 's central creation myth . '' \n \n Wayne 's other well-known Western roles include a cattleman driving his herd north on the Chisholm Trail in Red River ( 1948 ) , a Civil War veteran whose young niece is abducted by a tribe of Comanches in The Searchers ( 1956 ) , and a troubled rancher competing with an Eastern lawyer for a woman 's hand in marriage in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance ( 1962 ) . He is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man ( 1952 ) , Rio Bravo ( 1959 ) , and The Longest Day ( 1962 ) . In his final screen performance , he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist ( 1976 ) . He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era , and his last public appearance was at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9 , 1979 . \n \n Early life \n \n Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26 , 1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset , Iowa . The local paper , Winterset Madisonian , reported on page 4 of the May 30 , 1907 edition that Wayne weighed 13 pounds at birth . His middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert . Wayne 's father , Clyde Leonard Morrison ( 1884–1937 ) , was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison ( 1845–1915 ) . Wayne 's mother , the former Mary `` Molly '' Alberta Brown ( 1885–1970 ) , was from Lancaster County , Nebraska . Wayne 's ancestry included English , Irish , Scots-Irish , and Scottish . He was brought up as a Presbyterian . \n \n Wayne 's family moved to Palmdale , California , and then in 1916 to Glendale , California , where his father worked as a pharmacist . A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him `` Little Duke '' because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier , Duke . He preferred `` Duke '' to `` Marion '' , and the nickname stuck . Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale . As a teen , he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios . He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay , a youth organization of the Freemasons . He played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team . \n \n Wayne applied to the U.S . Naval Academy , but he was not accepted . He instead attended the University of Southern California ( USC ) , majoring in pre-law . He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities . Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones . A broken collarbone injury curtailed his athletic career ; Wayne later noted he was too terrified of Jones 's reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury , a bodysurfing accident . He lost his athletic scholarship , and without funds , had to leave the university.Shephard , Richard . [ http : //www.jwayne.com/biography.shtml Biography ] . JWayne.com . Retrieved March 11 ,", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1478, "text": "searchers" } ], "id": "qb_9650--John_Wayne.txt", "qid": "qb_9650", "question": "John Wayne played Ethan Edwards, who sets out to find his abducted niece, in which classic 1956 western film?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Saint-Denis ( , or unofficially Saint-Denis de la Réunion for disambiguation ) is the préfecture ( administrative capital ) of the French overseas region and department of Réunion , in the Indian Ocean . It is located at the island 's northernmost point , close to the mouth of the Rivière Saint-Denis . \n \n Saint-Denis is the most populous commune in the French overseas departments . At the 1999 census , there were 158,139 inhabitants in the urban area of Saint-Denis , 131,557 of whom lived in the city ( commune ) of Saint-Denis proper and the remainder in the neighbouring commune of Sainte-Marie . \n \n History \n \n Saint-Denis was founded by Étienne Regnault in 1669 and became the capital of Réunion island in 1738 . \n \n Geography \n \n Neighborhoods \n \n The town has many neighborhoods : \n Le Barachois , Bellepierre , Bois-de-Nèfles , La Bretagne ( Le Cerf ) , Le Brûlé , Les Camélias , Centre-ville , Champ-Fleuri , La Montagne ( Le Colorado , Ruisseau Blanc , Saint-Bernard ) , Montgaillard , La Providence , La Rivière Saint-Denis ( La Redoute ) , Ruisseau des Noirs , Saint-François , Saint-Jacques , Sainte-Clotilde ( Le Butor , le Chaudron , Commune Prima , Domenjod , Le Moufia ) , La Source , La Trinité , Vauban \n \n Transport and accommodation \n \n The closest airport is Roland Garros Airport which is also the main international airport of Réunion . \n \n The hotels in Saint-Denis include Mercure Creolia Hotel , Austral Hotel and Best Western . \n \n Politics \n \n Mayors \n \n * since 2008 : Gilbert Annette , PS \n * 2001–2008 : René-Paul Victoria , UMP \n * 1994–2001 : Michel Tamaya , PS \n * 1989–1994 : Gilbert Annette , PS \n * 1969–1989 : Auguste Legros , RPR \n \n Attractions \n \n * Léon Dierx Museum ( art gallery and museum ) \n * Jardin de l'Etat ( public gardens – includes a natural history museum ) \n * Le Barachois , seafront park \n * La Roche Écrite ( 15 km south of the city ) , summit overlooking Saint-Denis , with impressive views over the city \n * Brasseries de Bourbon \n * The mosque Noor-e-Islam , the biggest of Reunion and the oldest existing on French soil ( 1905 ) \n \n Economy \n \n IBM has an office in Saint-Denis . \n \n Climate \n \n International relations \n \n Prince Bảo Vang of Vietnam ( also known as Yves Claude Vinh San ) the son of Emperor Duy Tân , was born and currently resides in Saint-Denis , Réunion with his family . \n \n Twin towns – Sister cities \n \n Saint-Denis , Réunion is twinned with : \n * Metz ( France ) \n * Nice ( France ) \n * Tangier ( Morocco ) \n \n Personalities \n \n Sentenced to exile in Reunion , the Moroccan Rais Abd el-Krim lived a few years in Saint-Denis from 1926 . \n \n * Félix Guyon ( 1831-1920 ) , urologist \n * Édouard Hervé ( 1835-1899 ) , journalist and academician \n * Juliette Dodu ( 1848-1909 ) , resistant to the war of 1870 \n * Ambroise Vollard ( 1866-1939 ) , art dealer and gallery \n * Raymond Vergès ( 1882-1957 ) , mayor of the town , founder of Témoignages \n * Roland Garros ( 1888-1918 ) , aviator \n * Émile Hugot ( 1904-1993 ) , industrialist in sugarcane \n * Jean-Henri Azéma ( 1913-2000 ) , poet \n * Raymond Barre 1924-2007 , politician \n * Daniel Sangouma ( 1965 ) , sprinter \n * Gérald De Palmas ( 1967 ) , singer \n * Surya Bonaly ( 1973 ) , International Olympic Skater \n * Willy Grondin ( 1974 ) , football player \n * Daniel Narcisse ( 1979 ) , International handball", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 47, "text": "la réunion" } ], "id": "sfq_15638--Saint-Denis,_Réunion.txt", "qid": "sfq_15638", "question": "Which French overseas department east of Madagascar has its capital at Saint-Denis?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Opera ( ; English plural : operas ; Italian plural : opere ) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text ( libretto ) and musical score , usually in a theatrical setting . In traditional opera , singers do two types of singing : recitative , a speech-inflected style and arias , a more melodic style . Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre , such as acting , scenery , and costumes and sometimes includes dance . The performance is typically given in an opera house , accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble , which since the early 19th century has been led by a conductor . \n \n Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition . It started in Italy at the end of the 16th century ( with Jacopo Peri 's lost Dafne , produced in Florence in 1598 ) and soon spread through the rest of Europe : Schütz in Germany , Lully in France , and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century . In the 18th century , Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe ( except France ) , attracting foreign composers such as Handel . Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera , until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his `` reform '' operas in the 1760s . In the 2000s , the most renowned figure of late 18th-century opera is Mozart , who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas , especially The Marriage of Figaro ( Le Nozze Di Figaro ) , Don Giovanni , and Così fan tutte , as well as The Magic Flute ( Die Zauberflöte ) , a landmark in the German tradition . \n \n The first third of the 19th century saw the high point of the bel canto style , with Rossini , Donizetti and Bellini all creating works that are still performed in the 2000s It also saw the advent of Grand Opera typified by the works of Auber and Meyerbeer . The mid-to-late 19th century was a `` golden age '' of opera , led and dominated by Wagner in Germany and Verdi in Italy . The popularity of opera continued through the verismo era in Italy and contemporary French opera through to Puccini and Strauss in the early 20th century . During the 19th century , parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe , particularly in Russia and Bohemia . The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles , such as atonality and serialism ( Schoenberg and Berg ) , Neoclassicism ( Stravinsky ) , and Minimalism ( Philip Glass and John Adams ) . With the rise of recording technology , singers such as Enrico Caruso and Maria Callas became known to much wider audiences that went beyond the circle of opera fans . Since the invention of radio and television , operas were also performed on ( and written for ) these mediums . Beginning in 2006 , a number of major opera houses began to present live high-definition video transmissions of their performances in cinemas around the world . In 2009 , an opera company offered an online download of a complete performance . \n \n Operatic terminology \n \n The words of an opera are known as the libretto ( literally `` small book '' ) . Some composers , notably Richard Wagner , have written their own libretti ; others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists , e.g . Mozart with Lorenzo Da Ponte . Traditional opera , often referred to as `` number opera '' , consists of two modes of singing : recitative , the plot-driving passages sung in a style designed to imitate and emphasize the inflections of speech , and aria ( an `` air '' or formal song ) in which the characters express their emotions in a more structured melodic style . Vocal duets , trios and other ensembles often occur , and choruses are used to comment on the action . In some forms of opera , such as singspiel , opéra comique , operetta , and semi-opera , the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue . Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of , or instead of , recitative , are also referred to as arioso . The terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail below . During both the Baroque and Classical periods , recitative could appear in two basic forms , each of which was accompanied by a different instrumental ensemble : secco ( dry ) recitative , sung with", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_658--Opera.txt", "qid": "odql_658", "question": "Which Puccini opera is set in a garden, in the Japanese city of Nagasaki?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "( , , , originally called Number Place ) , is a logic-based , combinatorial number-placement puzzle . The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid with digits so that each column , each row , and each of the nine 3×3 subgrids that compose the grid ( also called `` boxes '' , `` blocks '' , `` regions '' , or `` subsquares '' ) contains all of the digits from 1 to 9 . The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid , which for a well-posed puzzle has a unique solution . \n \n Completed puzzles are always a type of Latin square with an additional constraint on the contents of individual regions . For example , the same single integer may not appear twice in the same row , column , or any of the nine 3×3 subregions of the 9x9 playing board . \n \n French newspapers featured variations of the puzzles in the 19th century , and the puzzle has appeared since 1979 in puzzle books under the name Number Place . However , the modern Sudoku only started to become mainstream in 1986 by the Japanese puzzle company Nikoli , under the name Sudoku , meaning `` single number '' . It first appeared in a US newspaper and then The Times ( UK ) in 2004 , from the efforts of Wayne Gould , who devised a computer program to rapidly produce distinct puzzles . \n \n History \n \n Number puzzles appeared in newspapers in the late 19th century , when French puzzle setters began experimenting with removing numbers from magic squares . Le Siècle , a Paris daily , published a partially completed 9×9 magic square with 3×3 subsquares on November 19 , 1892 . It was not a Sudoku because it contained double-digit numbers and required arithmetic rather than logic to solve , but it shared key characteristics : each row , column and subsquare added up to the same number . \n \n On July 6 , 1895 , Le Siècles rival , La France , refined the puzzle so that it was almost a modern Sudoku . It simplified the 9×9 magic square puzzle so that each row , column , and broken diagonals contained only the numbers 1–9 , but did not mark the subsquares . Although they are unmarked , each 3×3 subsquare does indeed comprise the numbers 1–9 and the additional constraint on the broken diagonals leads to only one solution . \n \n These weekly puzzles were a feature of French newspapers such as L'Echo de Paris for about a decade , but disappeared about the time of World War I . \n \n The modern Sudoku was most likely designed anonymously by Howard Garns , a 74-year-old retired architect and freelance puzzle constructor from Connersville , Indiana , and first published in 1979 by Dell Magazines as Number Place ( the earliest known examples of modern Sudoku ) . Garns 's name was always present on the list of contributors in issues of Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games that included Number Place , and was always absent from issues that did not . He died in 1989 before getting a chance to see his creation as a worldwide phenomenon . If Garns was familiar with any of the French newspapers listed above is unclear . \n \n The puzzle was introduced in Japan by Nikoli in the paper Monthly Nikolist in April 1984 as , which also can be translated as `` the digits must be single '' or `` the digits are limited to one occurrence . '' ( In Japanese , dokushin means an `` unmarried person '' . ) At a later date , the name was abbreviated to Sudoku ( 数独 ) by , taking only the first kanji of compound words to form a shorter version . `` Sudoku '' is a registered trademark in Japan and the puzzle is generally referred to as or , more informally , a portmanteau of the two words , . In 1986 , Nikoli introduced two innovations : the number of givens was restricted to no more than 32 , and puzzles became `` symmetrical '' ( meaning the givens were distributed in rotationally symmetric cells ) . It is now published in mainstream Japanese periodicals , such as the Asahi Shimbun . \n \n The Times of London began featuring Sudoku in late 2004 after a successful appearance in a local US newspaper , from the efforts of Wayne Gould , and rapidly spread to other newspapers as a regular feature . Gould devised a computer program to produce unique puzzles rapidly . \n \n Variants \n \n Variations of grid sizes \n \n Although the 9×9", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 199, "text": "nine" } ], "id": "sfq_9894--Sudoku.txt", "qid": "sfq_9894", "question": "Which is the highest number used in a Sudoku puzzle?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of ' ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is Germany , which won its fourth title at the 2014 tournament in Brazil . \n \n The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . \n \n The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England , France and Spain , with one title each . \n \n The World Cup is the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . \n \n History \n \n Previous international competitions \n \n The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0–0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural edition of the British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the turn of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . \n \n After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . \n \n At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat in 1912 in Stockholm . \n \n With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . \n \n In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . \n \n World Cups before World War II \n \n Due to the success of", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1262, "text": "spain" } ], "id": "sfq_21560--FIFA_World_Cup.txt", "qid": "sfq_21560", "question": "Who won the Euro 2012 soccer tournament, beating Italy 4-0 in Kiev?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "| } \n \n The Oaks Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies . It is run at Epsom Downs over a distance of 1 mile , 4 furlongs and 10 yards ( 2,423 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in early June . ( It has also been known as The Oaks . Increasingly it is coming to be referred to as the Epsom Oaks in both the UK and overseas countries , although 'Epsom ' is not part of the official title of the race . ) \n \n It is the third of Britain 's five Classic races to be held during the season , and the second of two restricted to fillies . It can also serve as the middle leg of the Fillies ' Triple Crown , preceded by the 1,000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger , although the feat of winning all three is rarely attempted . \n \n History \n \n The event is named after The Oaks , an estate located to the east of Epsom which was leased to the 12th Earl of Derby in the 18th century . He and his guests devised the race during a party at the estate in 1778 . It was first run ( as the Oakes Stakes ) in 1779 , one year before the introduction of the Derby Stakes . The inaugural winner , Bridget , was owned by Lord Derby himself . \n \n The Oaks subsequently became one of Britain 's leading events for three-year-olds . By the mid-1860s , the five leading events for this age group were referred to as `` Classics '' . The concept was later adopted in many other countries . \n \n European variations of the Oaks include the Irish Oaks , the Preis der Diana , the Prix de Diane and the Oaks d'Italia . Other national equivalents include the AJC Oaks , the New Zealand Oaks and the Yushun Himba . \n \n Since 1892 , horses have each carried 9 stone in the race . Prior to this , there were several fluctuations , from an original 8 stone 4 pounds , down to 8 stone , then progressively upwards . \n \n During both World wars the race was run at Newmarket under the title the New Oaks Stakes . The 2014 running incorporated the name of Sir Henry Cecil in its title . Cecil , who died in June 2013 , trained eight Oaks winners between 1985 and 2007 . \n \n Records \n \n Leading jockey ( 9 wins ) : \n * Frank Buckle – Nike ( 1797 ) , Bellissima ( 1798 ) , Bellina ( 1799 ) , Scotia ( 1802 ) , Theophania ( 1803 ) , Meteora ( 1805 ) , Neva ( 1817 ) , Corinne ( 1818 ) , Zinc ( 1823 ) \n Leading trainer ( 13 wins ) : \n * Robert Robson – Scotia ( 1802 ) , Pelisse ( 1804 ) , Meteora ( 1805 ) , Briseis ( 1807 ) , Morel ( 1808 ) , Maid of Orleans ( 1809 ) , Music ( 1813 ) , Minuet ( 1815 ) , Landscape ( 1816 ) , Corinne ( 1818 ) , Pastille ( 1822 ) , Zinc ( 1823 ) , Wings ( 1825 ) \n Leading owner ( 6 wins ) : \n * 4th Duke of Grafton – Music ( 1813 ) , Minuet ( 1815 ) , Pastille ( 1822 ) , Zinc ( 1823 ) , Turquoise ( 1828 ) , Oxygen ( 1831 ) \n * Fastest winning time ( at Epsom ) – Intrepidity ( 1993 ) , 2m 34.19s \n * Widest winning margin – Sun Princess ( 1983 ) , 12 lengths \n * Longest odds winners – Vespa ( 1833 ) and Jet Ski Lady ( 1991 ) , 50/1 \n * Shortest odds winner – Pretty Polly ( 1904 ) , 8/100 \n * Most runners – 26 , in 1848 \n * Fewest runners – 4 , in 1799 and 1904 \n \n Winners \n \n The race finished as a dead-heat in 1858 , but Governess defeated Gildermire in a run-off . \n \n Stony Ford finished first in 1918 , but she was disqualified for causing interference to My Dear . \n \n Aliysa was first in 1989 , but she was later disqualified after testing positive for a banned substance .", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3027, "text": "pretty polly" } ], "id": "odql_3977--Epsom_Oaks.txt", "qid": "odql_3977", "question": "Which lingerie and hosiery makers were named after a horse that won the Oaks, St. Leger and the 1000 Guineas?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The European Union ( EU ) is a politico-economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe . It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million . The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states . EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people , goods , services , and capital within the internal market , enact legislation in justice and home affairs , and maintain common policies on trade , agriculture , fisheries , and regional development . Within the Schengen Area , passport controls have been abolished . A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 , and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency . \n \n The EU operates through a hybrid system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making . The seven principal decision-making bodies—known as the institutions of the European Union—are the European Council , the Council of the European Union , the European Parliament , the European Commission , the Court of Justice of the European Union , the European Central Bank , and the European Court of Auditors . \n \n The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) and the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958 , respectively . The community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit . While no member state has , as yet , ever left the EU , a non-binding referendum in the United Kingdom in June 2016 supported leaving . The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship . The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU , the Treaty of Lisbon , came into force in 2009 . \n \n Covering 7.3 % of the world population , the EU in 2014 generated a nominal gross domestic product ( GDP ) of 18.495 trillion US dollars , constituting approximately 24 % of global nominal GDP and 17 % when measured in terms of purchasing power parity . Additionally , 26 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index , according to the United Nations Development Program . In 2012 , the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy , the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence . The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations , the World Trade Organization , the G8 , and the G-20 . Because of its global influence , the European Union has been described as a current or as a potential superpower . \n \n History \n \n Preliminary ( 194557 ) \n \n After World War II , European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated the continent . The 1948 Hague Congress was a pivotal moment in European federal history , as it led to the creation of the European Movement International and of the College of Europe , where Europe 's future leaders would live and study together . 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community , which was declared to be `` a first step in the federation of Europe . '' The supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi , Jean Monnet , Robert Schuman , and Paul-Henri Spaak . \n \n Treaty of Rome ( 195792 ) \n \n In 1957 , Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome , which created the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and established a customs union . They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community ( Euratom ) for co-operation in developing nuclear energy . Both treaties came into force in 1958 . \n \n The EEC and Euratom were created separately from ECSC , although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly . The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein ( Hallstein Commission ) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand ( Armand Commission ) and then Étienne Hirsch . Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members . \n \n Through the 1960s , tensions began to show , with France seeking to limit supranational power . Nevertheless , in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the Merger Treaty created a", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3398, "text": "treaty of rome" } ], "id": "tc_2672--European_Union.txt", "qid": "tc_2672", "question": "What is the collective name of the international agreements signed by all the member states of the European Community?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Citrus maxima ( or Citrus grandis ) , ( Common names : pomelo , pomello , pummelo , pommelo , pamplemousse , jabong ( Hawaii ) , shaddick , or shaddock ) is a natural ( non-hybrid ) citrus fruit , with the appearance of a big grapefruit , native to South and Southeast Asia . \n \n Etymology \n \n Citrus maxima was originally called `` shaddick '' in English , after the captain of an East India Company ship who introduced it to Jamaica in 1696.American Heritage Dictionary , 1973 . The word `` pomelo '' has become the more common name , although `` pomelo '' has historically been used for grapefruit . ( The 1973 printing of the American Heritage Dictionary , for example , gives grapefruit as the only meaning of `` pomelo '' . ) \n \n The etymology of the word `` pomelo '' is uncertain . It is thought to perhaps be an alteration of the Dutch pompelmoes ( meaning Citrus maxima , although modern regional Dutch use may additionally refer to the yellow/white grapefruit , while the pink grapefruit may be called roze pompelmoes , and `` pomelo '' refers to Citrus maxima × Citrus × paradisi ) or alternatively , perhaps an alteration of a compound of pome ( `` apple '' ) + melon. “ [ http : //dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50183647 pomelo , n. ] ” listed in the Oxford English Dictionary [ Draft revision ; June 2008 ] \n \n Citrus maxima is native to Southeast Asia where it is known under a wide variety of names . In large parts of South East Asia , it is a popular dessert , often eaten raw sprinkled with , or dipped in , a salt mixture . It is also eaten in salads and drinks . \n \n Description and uses \n \n It is usually pale green to yellow when ripe , with sweet white ( or , more rarely , pink or red ) flesh and very thick albedo ( rind pith ) . It is a large citrus fruit , 15 - in diameter , usually weighing 1 - . Leaf petioles are distinctly winged . \n \n The fruit tastes like a sweet , mild grapefruit ( which is itself believed to be a hybrid of Citrus maxima and the orange ) , though the typical pomelo is much larger than the grapefruit . It has none , or very little , of the common grapefruit 's bitterness , but the enveloping membranous material around the segments is bitter , considered inedible , and thus is usually discarded . The peel is sometimes used to make marmalade , can be candied , and is sometimes dipped in chocolate . In Brazil , the thick skin is often used for making a sweet conserve , while the spongy pith of the rind is discarded . Occasionally some Asian fat-heavy dishes use sliced pre-soaked pith to absorb the sauce and fat for eating . Citrus maxima is usually grafted onto other citrus rootstocks but can be grown from seed , provided the seeds are not allowed to dry out before planting . \n \n The fruit is said to have been introduced to Japan by a Cantonese captain in the An'ei era ( 1772–1781 ) . There are two varieties : a sweet kind with white flesh and a sour kind with pinkish flesh , the latter more likely to be used as an altar decoration than actually eaten . Pomelos are often eaten in Asia during the mid-autumn festival or mooncake festival . \n \n It is one of the ingredients of `` Forbidden Fruit '' , a liqueur dating back to the early 20th century that also contains honey and brandy . This liqueur is most famously used in the Dorchester cocktail . \n \n Drug interactions \n \n Some medicines may interact dangerously with pomelos and some pomelo hybrids , including grapefruit , some limes , and some oranges . \n \n Varieties \n \n Possible non-hybrid pomelos \n \n * Banpeiyu \n \n Hybrids \n \n The pomelo is one of the four original citrus species ( the others being citron , mandarin , and papeda ) , from which the rest of cultivated citrus hybridized . In particular , the common orange and the grapefruit are assumed to be natural occurring hybrids between the pomelo and the mandarin , with the pomelo providing the bigger size and greater firmness . \n \n The pomelo is also employed today in artificial breeding programs : \n * The common sweet orange ( Citrus × sinensis ) is a pomelo × mandarin hybrid \n * The bitter orange ( Citrus × aurantium ) is another pomelo ×", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 1074, "text": "citrus × paradisi" } ], "id": "bt_4295--Pomelo.txt", "qid": "bt_4295", "question": "What is the largest citrus fruit" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element . Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character . An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements ( a single phase ) or a mixture of metallic phases ( two or more solutions ) . Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure . Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types ( see also : Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds ) . \n \n Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications . In some cases , a combination of metals may reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties . In other cases , the combination of metals imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength . Examples of alloys are steel , solder , brass , pewter , duralumin , phosphor bronze and amalgams . \n \n The alloy constituents are usually measured by mass . Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys , depending on the atomic arrangement that forms the alloy . They can be further classified as homogeneous ( consisting of a single phase ) , or heterogeneous ( consisting of two or more phases ) or intermetallic . \n \n Introduction \n \n An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements , which forms an impure substance ( admixture ) that retains the characteristics of a metal . An alloy is distinct from an impure metal , such as wrought iron , in that , with an alloy , the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some useful benefit . Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements ; at least one of which being a metal . This is usually called the primary metal or the base metal , and the name of this metal may also be the name of the alloy . The other constituents may or may not be metals but , when mixed with the molten base , they will be soluble , dissolving into the mixture . \n \n When the alloy cools and solidifies ( crystallizes ) , its mechanical properties will often be quite different from those of its individual constituents . A metal that is normally very soft and malleable , such as aluminium , can be altered by alloying it with another soft metal , like copper . Although both metals are very soft and ductile , the resulting aluminium alloy will be much harder and stronger . Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron produces an alloy called steel . Due to its very-high strength and toughness ( which is much higher than pure iron ) , and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment , steel is one of the most common alloys in modern use . By adding chromium to steel , its resistance to corrosion can be enhanced , creating stainless steel , while adding silicon will alter its electrical characteristics , producing silicon steel . \n \n Although the elements usually must be soluble in the liquid state , they may not always be soluble in the solid state . If the metals remain soluble when solid , the alloy forms a solid solution , becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals , called a phase . If the mixture cools and the constituents become insoluble , they may separate to form two or more different types of crystals , creating a heterogeneous microstructure of different phases . However , in other alloys , the insoluble elements may not separate until after crystallization occurs . These alloys are called intermetallic alloys because , if cooled very quickly , they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase , but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents . As time passes , the atoms of these supersaturated alloys separate within the crystals , forming intermetallic phases that serve to reinforce the crystals internally . \n \n Some alloys occur naturally , such as electrum , which is an alloy that is native to Earth , consisting of silver and gold . Meteorites are sometimes made of naturally occurring alloys of iron and nickel , but are not native to the Earth . One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze , which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper . Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients , because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components . Steel was another common alloy . However , in ancient times , it could only be created", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 3974, "text": "silver" } ], "id": "sfq_22735--Alloy.txt", "qid": "sfq_22735", "question": "Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and which other metal?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Turkey ( ; ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : ; ) , is a parliamentary republic in Eurasia , mainly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . Turkey is a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . \n \n Turkey is bordered by eight countries : Syria and Iraq to the south ; Iran , Armenia , and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the east ; Georgia to the northeast ; Bulgaria to the northwest ; and Greece to the west . The Black Sea is to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles , which together form the Turkish Straits , divide Thrace and Anatolia ; they also separate Europe and Asia . Turkey 's location between Europe and Asia makes it strategically important . \n \n Turkey has been inhabited since the paleolithic age by various ancient Anatolian civilizations : Aeolian , Dorian and Ionian Greeks , Thracians , Armenians , and Assyrians . After Alexander the Great 's conquest , the area was Hellenized , a process which continued under the Roman Empire and its transition into the Byzantine Empire . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , starting the process of Turkification , which was accelerated by the Seljuk victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small Turkish beyliks . \n \n In the mid 14th century the Ottomans started uniting Anatolia and created an empire encompassing much of Southeastern Europe , Western Asia and North Africa , becoming a major power in Eurasia and Africa during the early modern period . The empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century , especially during the reign ( 1520–1566 ) of Suleiman the Magnificent . After the second Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683 and the end of the Great Turkish War in 1699 , the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of decline . The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century , which aimed to modernize the Ottoman state , proved to be inadequate in most fields , and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire . \n \n Effectively controlled by the Three Pashas after the 1913 coup d'état , the Ottoman Empire entered World War I ( 1914–1918 ) on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated . During the war , the Ottoman government committed ethnic cleansing or genocide against its Armenian , Assyrian and Pontic Greek citizens.Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research 10 ( 1 ) : 7–14 . doi:10.1080/14623520801950820 Following the war , the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states . \n \n The Turkish War of Independence ( 1919–1922 ) , initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues in Anatolia , resulted in the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1923 , with Atatürk as its first president . \n \n Turkey 's official language is Turkish , a Turkic language , spoken by 85 % of the population . 72.5 % of the population are ethnic Turks ; and 27.5 % are legally recognized ( Armenians , Greeks , Jews ) and unrecognized ( Kurds , Circassians , Arabs , Albanians , Bosniaks , Georgians , etc . ) ethnic minorities . Kurds are the largest minority group . The vast majority of the population is Sunni Muslim , with Alevis making up the largest religious minority . \n \n Turkey is a charter member of the UN , early member of NATO , and a founding member of the OECD , OSCE , OIC and G-20 . After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949 , Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963 , applied for full EEC membership in 1987 , joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005 . Turkey 's growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power . \n \n Etymology \n \n The name of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye ) is based on the ethnonym Türk . The first", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "bb_4480--Turkey.txt", "qid": "bb_4480", "question": "Turkey's international telephone calling code is?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "The Soviet Union ( ) , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( ) , abbreviated to USSR ( ) , was a socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991 . A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics , its government and economy were highly centralized . The Soviet Union was a one-party state , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital . \n \n The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 , when the Bolsheviks , headed by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the provisional government that had replaced the Tsar . They established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic ( renamed Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1936 ) , beginning a civil war between the revolutionary `` Reds '' and the counter-revolutionary `` Whites . '' The Red Army entered several territories of the former Russian Empire and helped local Communists take power through soviets , which nominally acted on behalf of workers and peasants . In 1922 , the Communists were victorious , forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian , and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 , a troika and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin suppressed all political opposition to his rule , committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism ( which he created ) , and initiated a centrally planned economy . As a result , the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and post-war dominance of Eastern Europe . Stalin also fomented political paranoia , and conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents of his from the Communist Party through the mass arbitrary arrest of many people ( military leaders , Communist Party members , and ordinary citizens alike ) who were then sent to correctional labor camps or sentenced to death . \n \n At the beginning of World War II , Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany ; the treaty delayed confrontation between the two countries . In June 1941 the Germans invaded , opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history . Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the cost of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad . Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945 . The territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc . The Cold War emerged in 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 . \n \n Following Stalin 's death in 1953 , a period of political and economic liberalization , known as `` de-Stalinization '' and `` Khrushchev 's Thaw '' , occurred under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev . The country developed rapidly , as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities . The USSR took an early lead in the Space Race with the first ever satellite and the first human spaceflight . In the 1970s , there was a brief détente of relations with the United States , but tensions resumed when the Soviet Union deployed troops in Afghanistan in 1979 . The war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters . \n \n In the mid-1980s , the last Soviet leader , Mikhail Gorbachev , sought to further reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost and perestroika . The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing economic stagnation . The Cold War ended during his tenure , and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes . This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well . Central authorities initiated a referendum—boycotted by the Baltic republics , Armenia , Georgia , and Moldova—which resulted in the majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the Union as a renewed federation . In August 1991 , a coup d'état was attempted by Communist Party hardliners . It failed , with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a high-profile role in facing down the coup , resulting in the banning of the Communist Party . On 25 December 1991 , Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states . The Russian Federation is the legal successor of the USSR . \n \n Geography , climate and environment \n \n With an area of 22402200 km2 , the Soviet Union was the world", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "tb_1193--Soviet_Union.txt", "qid": "tb_1193", "question": "After Russia, what is the second largest country in area amongst the former Soviet republics?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Blackbird , blackbirds , black bird or black birds may refer to : \n \n Birds \n \n * Old World blackbirds , species belonging to the genus Turdus \n * * Common blackbird or blackbird ( Turdus merula ) \n * New World blackbirds , 26 species of icterid birds \n \n Geography \n \n * Blackbird , Delaware \n * Blackbird Hundred , an unincorporated subdivision of New Castle County , Delaware , U.S . \n * Blackbird Township , Thurston County , Nebraska \n * Blackbird Leys , a civil parish in Oxford , England \n * Blackbird Vineyards , a California winery \n * Blackbird mine , a defunct cobalt mine in Lemhi County , Idaho , U.S . \n \n Sports \n \n * LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds , sports teams of Long Island University 's Brooklyn campus \n * FC Jyväskylä Blackbird , a Finnish football club \n * Baltimore Blackbirds , a defunct indoor American football team \n \n Computing \n \n * Blackbird ( online platform ) , a cancelled Microsoft MSN development platform \n * HP Blackbird 002 , a personal computer \n * Blackbird , an internal codename for Apple Computer 's Macintosh IIfx desktop computer \n * Blackbird , the internal codename for Apple Computer 's PowerBook 500 series of laptops \n * Blackbird Group , a defunct enterprise software company \n \n Transport \n \n * Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird , a United States Air Force supersonic reconnaissance aircraft built by Lockheed-Martin . \n * A-12 Blackbird , the unofficial nickname for the forerunner to the SR-71 Blackbird , codenamed A-12 OXCART \n * Blackbird ( land yacht ) , a wind-powered land yacht that set the first certified record for sailing downwind faster than the wind \n * Aero A.34 Kos ( English : Blackbird ) , a 1930s Czechoslovakian biplane \n * Super Blackbird , a model name given to the Honda CBR1100XX sport-touring motorcycle \n * Blackbird , a GWR 3300 Class steam locomotive on the Great Western Railway in England \n * `` The Blackbird '' , a dragster driven by professional racer Jack Beckman \n * Mutual Blackbird , a late 1920s biplane made by the Mutual Aircraft Company \n \n Books \n \n * Blackbird ( journal ) , an online journal of literature and the arts \n * Blackbird , a 1986 novel by Larry Duplechan \n * Blackbird ( memoir ) , a 2000 memoir by Jennifer Lauck \n * Black Bird ( 2003 novel ) , a novel by Michel Basilières \n * Blackbird ( 2011 novel ) , a novel by Jude Dibia \n \n Theatre \n \n * Blackbird ( play ) , a 2005 play by David Harrower \n * Blackbirds of 1928 , a Broadway revue , based on the 1926 London revue Blackbirds \n * Blackbirds of 1933 , a follow-up to Blackbirds of 1928 \n * Blackbird , a play by Adam Rapp \n \n Comics \n \n * Black Bird ( manga ) , a 2007 manga by Kanoko Sakurakoji \n * Blackbird ( comics ) , an aircraft in the X-Men comics \n * Blackbird ( Femizon ) , a villain in the Marvel Comics universe \n * Colonial Blackbird , a stealth fighter in the reimagined version of the TV series Battlestar Galactica \n * Blackbird , an airship in the video game Chrono Trigger \n * Blackbird , a car ( an 911 3.6 Turbo ) in the anime Wangan Midnight and its video game adaptation , Wangan Midnight Maximum Tune \n * Task Force Blackbird , a CIA organization in the video game Medal of Honor : Warfighter \n \n Film and TV \n \n * Beyond the Lights , a 2014 film directed by Gina Prince-Bythewood originally titled Blackbird \n * The Blackbird , a 1926 film directed by Tod Browning \n * Black Bird , a 1973 South Korean film featuring Namkoong Won \n * The Black Bird , a 1975 film starring George Segal \n * Blackbird ( 2007 film ) , a film directed by Adam Rapp \n * Blackbird ( 2012 film ) , a film directed by Jason Buxton \n * Blackbird ( 2014 film ) , a 2014 film directed by Patrik-Ian Polk \n * Blackbirds ( 1915 film ) , a silent film marking an early screen appearance by Laura Hope Crews ( Gone with the Wind ) \n * Blackbirds ( 1920 film ) , a lost silent film starring Justine Johnstone \n * Black Birds ( film ) , a 1967 Yugoslav film \n * Deadfall ( 2012 film ) , a film directed by Stefan Ruzowitzky which had the working title Blackbird \n \n Music \n \n * Blackbird", "qas": [ { "answers": [ { "answer_start": 0, "text": "blackbird" } ], "id": "sfq_21683--Blackbird.txt", "qid": "sfq_21683", "question": "Which reconnaissance aircraft shared its name with the bird with the Latin name Terdus Merula?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "Formula One ( also Formula 1 or F1 ) is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) . The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the premier form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950 , although other Formula One races were regularly held until 1983 . The `` formula '' , designated in the name , refers to a set of rules , to which all participants ' cars must conform . The F1 season consists of a series of races , known as Grands Prix ( from French , meaning grand prizes ) , held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads . \n \n The results of each race are evaluated using a points system to determine two annual World Championships , one for drivers , one for constructors . The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences , the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA . The races are required to be held on tracks graded 1 ( formerly A ) , the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA . Most events are held in rural locations on purpose-built tracks , but there are several events in city centres throughout the world , with the Monaco Grand Prix being the most obvious and famous example . \n \n Formula One cars are the fastest road course racing cars in the world , owing to very high cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamic downforce . Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 380 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM . The cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners . The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics - although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 - and on aerodynamics , suspension , and tyres . The formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport . \n \n While Europe is the sport 's traditional base , and hosts about half of each year 's races , the sport 's scope has expanded significantly and an increasing number of Grands Prix are held on other continents . F1 had a total global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season . Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular type internationally in the second half of the twentieth century . The Formula One Group is the legal holder of the commercial rights . \n \n With the cost of designing and building mid-tier cars being of the order of $ 120 million , Formula One 's economic effect and creation of jobs is significant , and its financial and political battles are widely reported . Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment , which has resulted in great investments from sponsors and budgets in the hundreds of millions for the constructors . Since 2000 the sport 's spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money which favors established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy . \n \n History \n \n The Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing ( q.v . for pre-1947 history ) of the 1920s and 1930s . The formula is a set of rules which all participants ' cars must meet . Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946 , with the first non-championship races being held that year . A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid out rules for a world championship before the war , but due to the suspension of racing during the conflict , the World Drivers ' Championship was not formalised until 1947 . The first world championship race was held at Silverstone , United Kingdom in 1950 . A championship for constructors followed in 1958 . National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s . Non-championship Formula One events were held for many years , but due to the increasing cost of competition , the last of these occurred in 1983 . \n \n Return of racing \n \n The first World Championship for Drivers was won by Italian Giuseppe Farina in his Alfa Romeo in 1950 , barely defeating his Argentine teammate Juan Manuel Fangio . However , Fangio won the title in 1951 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , and 1957 ( His record of five World Championship titles stood for 45 years until German driver Michael Schumacher took", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "qb_426--Formula_One.txt", "qid": "qb_426", "question": "Who is the only driver in Formula One history to win the championship in a car which he built himself?" } ] } ] }

{ "paragraphs": [ { "context": "William I ( Old Norman : Williame I ; ; c. 1028Bates William the Conqueror p. 33 – 9 September 1087 ) , usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard , was the first Norman King of England , reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087 . The descendant of Viking raiders , he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035 . After a long struggle to establish his power , by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure , and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son . \n \n William was the son of the unmarried Robert I , Duke of Normandy , by Robert 's mistress Herleva . His illegitimate status and his youth caused some difficulties for him after he succeeded his father , as did the anarchy that plagued the first years of his rule . During his childhood and adolescence , members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other , both for control of the child duke and for their own ends . In 1047 William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy , a process that was not complete until about 1060 . His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighbouring county of Flanders . By the time of his marriage , William was able to arrange the appointments of his supporters as bishops and abbots in the Norman church . His consolidation of power allowed him to expand his horizons , and by 1062 William was able to secure control of the neighbouring county of Maine . \n \n In the 1050s and early 1060s William became a contender for the throne of England , then held by the childless Edward the Confessor , his first cousin once removed . There were other potential claimants , including the powerful English earl Harold Godwinson , who was named the next king by Edward on the latter 's deathbed in January 1066 . William argued that Edward had previously promised the throne to him , and that Harold had sworn to support William 's claim . William built a large fleet and invaded England in September 1066 , decisively defeating and killing Harold at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 . After further military efforts William was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066 , in London . He made arrangements for the governance of England in early 1067 before returning to Normandy . Several unsuccessful rebellions followed , but by 1075 William 's hold on England was mostly secure , allowing him to spend the majority of the rest of his reign on the continent . \n \n William 's final years were marked by difficulties in his continental domains , troubles with his eldest son , and threatened invasions of England by the Danes . In 1086 William ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book , a survey listing all the landholders in England along with their holdings . William died in September 1087 while leading a campaign in northern France , and was buried in Caen . His reign in England was marked by the construction of castles , the settling of a new Norman nobility on the land , and change in the composition of the English clergy . He did not try to integrate his various domains into one empire , but instead continued to administer each part separately . William 's lands were divided after his death : Normandy went to his eldest son , Robert , and his second surviving son , William , received England . \n \n Background \n \n Norsemen first began raiding in what became Normandy in the late 8th century . Permanent Scandinavian settlement occurred before 911 , when Rollo , one of the Viking leaders , and King Charles the Simple of France reached an agreement surrendering the county of Rouen to Rollo . The lands around Rouen became the core of the later duchy of Normandy.Collins Early Medieval Europe pp . 376–377 Normandy may have been used as a base when Scandinavian attacks on England were renewed at the end of the 10th century , which would have worsened relations between England and Normandy.Williams Æthelred the Unready pp . 42–43 In an effort to improve matters , King Æthelred the Unready took Emma of Normandy , sister of Duke Richard II , as his second wife in 1002.Williams Æthelred the Unready pp . 54–55 \n \n Danish raids on England continued , and Æthelred sought help from", "qas": [ { "answers": [], "id": "odql_7101--William_the_Conqueror.txt", "qid": "odql_7101", "question": "Known as “England’s Darling”, who led resistance against William the Conqueror on the isle of Ely in 1070?" } ] } ] }