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cfvr3n | There’s police and fire departments but why are there no EMS departments? | In the UK we have ambulance stations which function sort of like a police or fire department.
Its basically just a place where we restock the vehicles and chill when we’re on break. Because our work requires us to be in different locations. | e83755ab-a8df-4f0e-aca6-70de0474b03d |
cfw8ry | What are the differences between stocks and options? Would starting to invest in option be a good idea? | Not bein rude/mean or anything at all...but if you have to ask what options are, you absolutely aren’t ready to invest in them. Basically you’re paying for the right to either buy a stock if it drops past a certain point, or the obligation to sell a stock if it hits a certain point. But that’s incredibly simply put and they can get super complicated. | 8336c452-c362-4a79-b0f5-4fd585c112e9 |
cfwbto | How does your body know you've eaten too much rich food before you've digested it? | No, as soon as you start to eat, hormones get produced that signal your stomach to get going.
As the stomach fills up and digestion is slowly occuring, more hormones are produced that signal the brain that youre good on food and its time for the stomach to stop and for the intestines to get going | a293b663-9e82-4b15-bfe4-fbc6828d85e0 |
cfwg6p | Why are people in medieval paintings often depicted with tilted heads? | Medieval European art developed directly from late Byzantine art, which was mostly religious in nature. In early Christian art, the people’s faces were always depicted as being turned attentively to God, the heavens, etc. to illustrate that their attention was on holy things, while their bodies were doing something else, meant to help identify who they were or what their station in life was. In combination, you often got strange or unnatural postures as a result. In addition, the artistic style was generally relatively primitive and non-realistic compared to modern tastes, so subtleties like depicting proper head posture while letting the eyes indicate the focus of a persons attention were more difficult to achieve. | 2814a079-5db5-4337-98e8-55883f5084e4 |
cfwkdi | How did Super Mario Bros on the NES look blocky, have no detail, and lack a bunch of features; yet Super Mario Bros 3, also on the NES, with the same hardware, have a fully fledged world map, Siginificantly higher quality sprites, and more content? While on the same cartridge? | Memory hardware inside of cartridges advanced precipitously in the five years between the release of Super Mario Bros. & Super Mario Bros. 3. The limitations on the quality of graphics were almost entirely based on the amount of available storage in the carts. | cd3217ec-7908-415b-afb8-1c37b0f88b7e |
cfwswc | What is Usenet? And how does it work? | A collection of forums (called newsgroups) that was bit like really old version of Reddit.
It's a bit hierarchical, so groups kind of contained other groups - so One called "alt.subculture" might have a sub group called "alt.subculture.punk".
In the past it worked by internet providers synchronising the contents of the newsgroups between themselves, then as a user, you would access the newsgroups directly from your internet provider.
As its distributed in this way, not all of the servers held all of the newsgroups.
Nowadays it still exists of course, but is accessed less though your internet provider and more by specialist companies that give access (often for a fee), it's not as popular with the general populous of the internet as it used to be, as webpages and online forums took over for ease of use, etc. | 9a96d076-47c2-4719-a92e-3b42534b898b |
cfwumf | Why do places with hot climates like spicy hot foods more. | capsaicin, the chemical that makes things spicy, acts as a preservative. One thing to note is that a lot of areas that have a lot of spicy food are not only hot, but humid as well. This is the perfect breading ground for bacteria so food doesn't really keep well on it's own. | 4978f0f1-be31-4683-ba8e-ae9cc4454a67 |
cfxkgf | How does Wifi actually work? | It's a radio modem. It uses radio waves. It interprets the signal sent/received over the radio waves as data.
The radio waves in question are what's called "non-ionising". They can't do you any damage. If they could, you'd be dead already from a million other things, not least naturally occurring radio waves. If anyone ever says "Yeah, but they use \*this\* frequency", ignore them. It's much more to do with emitted power than frequency, and the frequencies in use have been in use for things for hundreds of years. Pointing the finger at just frequency is like literally saying "Yes, but the car is \*BLUE\* so it must be more dangerous". (Microwaves ovens use a very similar frequency to conventional wifi, which is still non-ionising, for instance. But so does your car parking radar. It's all about the emitted power).\*
The power of your average wifi point is literally its most limiting factor, in regulatory terms, and the reason that you can't just talk across the city with them. Compare and contrast to, say, the power needed to broadcast similar data on similar frequencies from miles away to thousands of mobile phones (and for them to talk back).
Even there, though, mobile phones, in ordinary usage, over the entire population are still "safe". Nobody has ever conclusively proved anything else. And yet mobile phones would be \*much\* more dangerous than Wifi if there were a problem, and we'd notice it there first. Mobile phones are run from towers pumping out orders of magnitude more power, that you walk past every day, and the handsets pump out loads of power and are \*right next\* to your head when they do so. If there was a problem, we'd know about it by now. Wifi is a tiny weak signal that you don't have up against your head and can barely make it through your house, let alone a city.
I work in IT and this stuff \*pisses me off\*. I was once told, to my face, by a parent in a school I worked in: "You do know that you're frying children's brains, right?". She wouldn't listen. And then promptly stuck a phone to her ear, bundled her child into a huge SUV-like car and drove off, still on the phone.
The smoking of this generation will be vaping (when you find out that all that stuff you've been burning and inhaling came from a sweatshop in China who substituted anything they liked to make it taste nice - breathing smoke of any kind into your lungs isn't good for you). Then it'll be plastics and the stuff in them (e.g. BPA, etc.). Then it'll be a range of pharmaceuticals (that are massing in nature to be present in every fish caught, etc.).
But they will be nothing compared to the things that humans will continue to do deliberately and knowingly. Like burning oil and coal, breathing in exhaust fumes (remember the diesel scandals?), etc.
(\*) most ionising radiation, like X-rays, etc. are damaging even at relatively low power - because the frequency is so high. But they're not even close to the frequencies being used for such things. | 33fe2ff2-015a-4d2c-8fe3-f176ebec724d |
cfxxs3 | How is soap simultaneously made from fat and an effective remover of fat? | Because you modify the molecule so one end is polar and can be dissolved in water. Fat is hard to remove by water because it is non polar and is not easy to mix with water but soap and alcohol have polar and non polar ende. So is can form a layer around other fat so the outside can be mixed with water and you can dissolve and transport the fat away. | 5a7aa2ea-4f17-4c5d-b68b-1276dc57d3c6 |
cfy1gj | If the boiling point of water is 212°, then why does it evaporate at room temperature? | Boiling point is where it *must* be a gas. At lower temperatures, it seeks an equilibrium between liquid and gas.
A liquid is a big jiggling mass of molecules loosely stuck together. Because they are moving randomly, occasionally a molecule at the edge will be shaken loose and bounce away. That's evaporation. Similarly, occasionally loose molecules will hit the mass and stick. That's condensation. If there are enough molecules in the air that those things happen at the same rate, that's 100% humidity. When they're all moving too fast to stick together at all, that's boiling. | 538171f0-ed19-477d-b9f6-a530999a7aa6 |
cfy2m1 | Back in 1960, a house in a big American city cost less than an annual wage. What happened that inflated the prices so much ? | Questions about the US are generally better in r/askanamerican. | 253d34ec-c0b4-4b37-85ab-3f0ce7026b16 |
cfy4y6 | How do countries determine territory lines? | There are, occasionally, these things called "wars" over where those borders should be. Sometimes the borders are just were the the front lines of the last war ended at. Sometime nations negotiate openly and directly. Other time they try to make a claim through usage, international law, and getting other nations to recognize their territorial claim.
Whether it's war, direct negotiation, some form of adverse possession, or otherwise, it is often easiest to use a natural landmark to define the border. A river or lake is common, cliffs and mountains may be used. That's why the borders are uneven. | 6b774bfb-67cf-4d17-a505-d90dbdc58717 |
cfy8a0 | It just hit me that there are no longer any wild cows. How/when did this happen? | Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs. As time went on, the aurochs were hunted, saw their available habitat shrink greatly, and contracted diseases from domesticated cattle. The last one died in the 17th century. | 3a6eaa4b-2261-4607-ba82-4ebe814ba718 |
cfye76 | How isn’t Gucci gone bankrupt yet since less than 3% of the world can afford their products? | 3% of the world is still over 210 million people and people buy expensive things to show them off. It's the same reason people buy jewelry and supreme clothes. | d2506a07-3e49-4d76-a5ae-f23734cf0e0e |
cfyowd | How does électrocution work if electricity is just a bunch or electrons and why does our body shake when exposed to electricity. | Our nervous system is electrically activated. Our bodies work fairly well as a replacement for electrical wire. When electricity passes through you, it activates your nerves/muscles as each pulse of it passes from the source to the destination. | 005dd1c0-3e5b-478b-bd3f-459e312b2201 |
cfyqsh | How do turtles know the exact location to return to when they lay their eggs? | Memory, but they don't always get it right, the laying time is often synchronised with that of the moon and tides. | 2e5c38de-9943-463a-a9ec-93d007aef220 |
cfyr15 | What causes birth marks? | Birthmarks have been a little bit of a mystey to us, but we've finally narrowed it down to two main causes.
1. Vascular birthmarks:
These are caused when your blood vessels grow in a weird way in the womb, and usually don't last to adulthood. However, if the blood vessels keep growing in that way throughout your childhood, they have the possibility to retain their color.
2. Pigmented birthmarks:
Have you ever wondered why you get tan? This is due to a compound called melanin, which has UV protecting properties. This darkens your skin, and also is why darker skin toned people are found closer to the equator--it's evolution's way of protecting you from UV rays.. Now, when you're growing in the womb, melanin can still be made, like freckles. But, instead of being little dots, it's a big patch.
EDIT: Sorry but I turned off notifications for this comment because I simply don't have the time to answer all your questions. I'm really busy rn. Maybe I'll answer more tonight. | 0d9d73ce-a759-4739-8300-c81cd838af3c |
cfyv01 | In computer science, how do packets get lost in the first place? | Many ways including:
1. Packet filtering due to policy rules
2. Routing errors causing loops resulting in the time to live TTL expiring
3. Link errors causing corrupt frames that can not be self repaired
4. Queue buffers getting full on routers
5. Software errors on routers such as the bloody VSS issue with have on our 6870XL at the moment and Cisco Tac are being slow resolving it ( not an ELI5 but a rant ) | d4cb8a62-dcdc-4285-8b54-cce7f472dc6d |
cfyvkf | What determines music taste? Why are some sounds or genres more pleasing than others? | A bit of a different viewpoint here from a software programmer. There's an interesting concept that I deal with in computer science called information theory and it affects things like how much zip files can shrink data.
The idea is that if something is very repetitious then you can shrink it by writing a program to write it for you. So if you press C# five hundred times, instead of writing "C#, C#, C#..." which would take a lot of text, you can write "C# \* 500" which is a small bit of text. On the other hand if something is very random, then there's not really any way to write such a program as there's no pattern to take advantage of.
This concept of compressibility creates a spectrum. On the one side you have content with lots of compressibility - think Mary Had a Little Lamb or Fa Re Mi So La Ti Do. This content is not pleasing to our brain as while it is patterns they are not very interesting and thus can be considered "boring". On the other side you have content with little compressibility - such as if someone mashed the piano keys. This content is not pleasing to our brain as there are no patterns to it and thus can be considered "noisy".
So what does our brain want? It wants information in the form of interesting patterns. These types of sounds exist in the middle of the compressibility spectrum, which is where what we consider music is located. My suspicion is that even different genres are related to this concept, but that different people like different parts of the spectrum. Classical music would be in the lower end of the middle of the spectrum, which is why some people find it boring. Heavy metal would be in the higher end of the middle of the spectrum, which is why some people find it noisy. | 773297b0-9369-449f-84cb-67b6f05ef679 |
cfyxih | What stops a living body from decomposing like a dead body does? | Mitosis. Healthy cells multiply, dead cells are excreted. Dead body just have dead cells with no way to get rid of or replace. | ad3392a6-04fb-48a6-9a66-424ddc1beb1f |
cfyxo9 | Why do stars twinkle? | Twinkling is an effect of atmospheric interference when viewed from the surface of the Earth. Random motion of air molecules, thermal flows, etc. all produce slight light refraction. The twinkling does not exist when viewed from outside the atmosphere, like in the Hubble Space Telescope. | dde8bf1e-2c3b-40dd-a60b-4afa49047d5a |
cfz4p5 | Why are the citizens of Hong Kong Protesting? | Chinese government is forcing influence over Hong Kong, people of Hong Kong don't like oppressive communistic regimes | 8cca744c-be72-40e3-8b5f-f28365b9c840 |
cfzdwz | What objectively makes a song catchy? | Repetition, easy beats for people to clap/tap along to, simple harmonies where the subsequent notes are 'predictable'.
Songs with a 1,2,3,4,1,2,3,4 pattern with a repeating chorus/verse structure where there are only a few components to the full song. | ef91ed83-d3b9-4500-9420-9c88cf5bd81e |
cfzs73 | How does a state without state tax pay for its infrastructure? | All states have some type of tax. One state might not have sales tax, but may have a property tax twice as high as the neighboring state for example.
For roadways in particular, funding may come from local government, state government, federal government, or any combination of those. This can include income tax, sales tax, gas tax, vehicle tax, tolls, fees, and a variety of other sources. | 5e1ecf3e-a4b3-4e4f-b006-f3dfb3f0124c |
cfzvj1 | why is being so hungry that you’re not hungry a thing? | You feel hungry because you're used to eating at a certain time, ie lunch. After a while, your body resorts to other sources of energy like using glycogen stored in the liver and through a process called autophagy, in which your body consumes it's own cells. | a2e2ef28-df47-4ba5-811a-b7b45262c237 |
cfzvof | Why do companies add all those poisonous components to cigarettes, what's their motivation, and what's wrong with smoking pure tobacco? | Tobacco already has many toxic compounds within the plant itself, which can be concentrated when the plant is dried. Additives generally promote increased smoking, by enhancing the addictive properties of tobacco, adding flavors, etc. But pure tobacco has plenty of toxic and carcinogenic substances even without any additives. | 12f9a2b4-a7f1-4160-b646-54e5d8e7d372 |
cfzyej | ; What is the cavity at the bottom of winebottles for? | It’s called a punt, and there are several “reasons” but none of them are good and none are officially the “real” reason.
A few reasons:
1) it makes the bottle easier to hold
2) it allowed the glass blower making the bottle to hide the seam (where the glass is pinched off) so the bottle would stand upright (obviously not an issue with machine manufactured bottles, so this would be more of force of habit)
3) it creates an optical illusion that the bottle holds more than it actually does
4) it catches sediment
5) it allows the wine to chill faster
6) it makes the bottle easier to clean before filling
7) it makes the bottle structurally stronger and able to resist higher pressures
Etc etc... | d7984682-5cab-4258-b859-cd5a475cc1ac |
cg04pa | Why do humans don't remember how they learned to speak or make sentences growing up ? | In psychology, memory must be encoded and stored before it can be retrieved. This is done via neural structures in the limbic system that are still developing while language acquisition is occurring in infants. | f6876d11-8c5a-46c7-b1f6-ff1e9722d2a1 |
cg08jh | Why can’t we predict earthquakes at all? | The plates aren't in constant motion and you can't just see a collision coming. They are pressed against each other and stuck there for long periods as pressure builds up. The force pushing the plates has to overcome the friction of the two plates rubbing together. Eventually, there comes a point where the pushing force is greater than the friction and there is an awful lot of energy released. Imagine pulling on something that anther person is holding. You build up energy pulling on the item, then they suddenly let go of it. | 4d2a6fd5-3020-4c73-b7fe-ee49c105ae15 |
cg08p6 | How can you look really ugly on pictures and on a camera but find yourself attractive on a mirror? | Short explanation. The lighting changes between the situations where we have photos taken of us. And then the image is flipped in a mirror, so it looks odd to see a photo where it isn’t flipped. | 3d301ef4-bf42-43c6-9006-2205c5226124 |
cg0nxe | In trigonometry, what is the difference between the inverse sine function and the arc sine function. | They are the same thing to the extent that you probably care about. The true "inverse sine function" is a multivalued function that returns a countably infinite set. Thats a bit much so usually only the principle value of the function is returned (that is it will be ~~between 0 and 2pi~~ \-1/2pi and 1/2pi) If someone means the multivalued function they will probably clarify. Some texts use inverse sine and acrsine to refer to one or the other but the notation isnt consistent. | 7b4fd8ac-806a-4314-a1b3-1abbd69a41f0 |
cg0oab | How can planes fly for 12 hours straight without running out of fuel? | The simple explanation is that they contain a lot of fuel and it can be a significant percentage of the mass of the aircraft at take off.
A example is a Airbus A380 that have a maximum takeoff weight of 575 tonnes and it can carry 254 tonnes of fuel, that is 44% fuel by mass
The range is 14800km and the cruise speed is 903km/h That result in a flight time of 14900/903
=16hours 30 minutes. The fuel used would be 254/16.5= 15.4 tonnes per hour. The calculation assume that there is not reserve and fuel use is constant and that is not the case because the aircraft get lighter when furl is used but it is a simple estimation to get in the ballpark | 259e5b5a-da67-49d9-b95b-61ab5dc2d258 |
cg0scu | Why does a long stretch feel so satisfying, and what triggers it. | I believe it’s because your muscles slowly tighten up and lose blood flow when immobile and stretching increases blood flow and relieves the tension. | df8c3541-22a1-458e-a196-0e07fc9bcdae |
cg0tvi | If the polar ice caps were developed during the last Ice Age, why is it so bad that they are melting now? Isn’t that more of a return to where we were rather than an anomaly? | The earth doesn't give a shit what's happening to it. You do along with all the things that live on it because they've adapted to the conditions that existed after the last ice age and they don't want to adapt again to rapidly changing conditions because that means a lot of them and their offspring are going to die. | aea11edb-e579-48e7-bacb-6e4154d2fb93 |
cg0v0n | Why do a lot of bruises appear circular even if the object that made the bruise wasn’t circular? | A bruise is more or less a blood leakage under your skin. If you hit yourself with, let's say, a cube, not all blood vessels in that area rupture. Unless you hit yourself really hard, only a few do and start leaking blood in the surrounding tissue. The blood spreads in a circular way around the wound, resulting in a circular bruise, even though the wound was caused by a cubic object. | 3badfb68-61d9-4746-aa82-f6993797d4ff |
cg0yay | Why do TV manufacturers turn on the "Soap Opera Effect", or motion smoothing, by default? | Because they use it in the advertisement, and a certain percent of consumers are too dumb to enable it. Because it’s more likely people who care will seek out disabling it, and people who don’t know any better will get mad if they don’t know how to use it.
Just like how my last phone came defaulted to a super vivid awful display setting and nothing looked real, or how most TVs I’ve used look like trash when I plug a computer in because the sharpness or contrast is turned up to high. All these are things designed to make the image look “more appealing”.
It would be nice if movies just made the jump to 60fps. I understand many of the reasons why it doesn’t make sense but you don’t get the soap opera effect when the extra frames are actually real. | 75ed81a0-44c8-461c-8f1d-9a22c39d5683 |
cg0zuk | Why are ear more sensitive to sound when you're tired than when you're wide awake? | It’s the rest of your ancestors traits back when it was essential for your survival to be aware of your surroundings. When you are tired, most of your body won’t work properly. An increased sensitivity to one of your most important sensory organs was the key to hear any danger in the bushes after a wild hunt. | aaa3136c-5242-44d9-a365-3de381dd3989 |
cg1463 | With mobile processors becoming smaller and more efficient, why aren't we using them in laptops? Especially Chromebooks would perform well I'd think. | The first thing is that the processors are pretty different. Laptops and "normal" computers use x86 processors and mobile devices use ARM processors. Think of this as that they speak different languages, and can not understand each other. You can write a program for x86, but it won't work on ARM because the program only "speaks" x86, and vice versa. [There are some technical ways to work around this issue, but thats a whole different complicated topic, and has many drawbacks]
Secondly, the mobile processors are highly designed and optimized for mobile devices. That means their goals are to be constantly on, and draw as little power as possible, produce as little heat as possible while being "fast enough". I did not say fast, I said "Fast enough". They need to keep their speed in check, otherwise it will draw too much power or get too hot. These are fast, but think of them like fast like a racecar.
x86 laptop cpus on the other hand also want to draw low-ish power, but they can draw way more and still be fine. They want to reduce heat, but they can have some serious heat and still be fine. This allows them to increase speed an incredible amount. They are god damn rocket ships compared to that racecar. It's that big.
So can we use mobile ARM processors in laptops? Sure, the idea has been floated around for a decade at least, but it seems far less interesting than having a super powerful x86 processor, that can run all the traditional computer programs... so we instead use these mobile processors for stuff like tablets. | 34b057d6-de46-4189-85a9-c31ef1c65ffd |
cg16tr | When I'm driving towards a yellow traffic light how does my brain automatically calculate whether I should go or stop in the span of a few seconds? | A stoplight displays yellow for roughly one second every 10 miles an hour the speed limit is. E.G. : 40 mile an hour zone (US) is equivalent to 4.2 seconds of yellow light. Cycle through this process a thousand times or so as you drive around and your brain picks up the pattern. | b4e7bf09-49bf-496a-bac1-f934bafc6d44 |
cg196c | What causes ripening fruits to change color? | Imagine a banana in a garden, how can you see that banana and why do you see it yellow? Basically, we see things when visible light reflects from their surface and come into your eyes. When we see banana, the light falls on banana, gets reflected and is received by our eyes. We see banana. Why do we see it to be of yellow colour? Well, we percieve various frequencies of visible light as colours. The highest frequency being red and lowest frequency being violet. Due to it's surface, banana happens to reflect yellow light and absorb/diffuse all other colours (or frequencies) of light. Now, when the banana gets ripened, it's physical properties change and it starts reflecting other colours of light. Example: hot iron is red (highest frequency, it changes color when it cools down. Cooling represents the change in physical properties. | 8c899e3c-424d-40c3-9cc4-25cb9b6103ae |
cg1bf7 | what is neuralink | The basic idea is to implant a series of very small, thread-like electrode arrays that should allow for brains to interact with external machines. The company's goals are treatment of brain diseases and, in the longer term, symbiotic interface with machines - so, yes, possibly some "Black Mirror type stuff."
It's pretty nascent, though, so I wouldn't expect to see anything like grain tech ("The Entire History of You," "Men Against Fire," etc.) for quite some time, if ever. They're having issues with inflammation and scarring that the implants induce in mice, and presumably would induce in humans. | cff08fd4-e960-4aca-b955-d5361eb123ec |
cg1d7b | Why does debris, Asteroids, etc. form rings around Saturn instead of being randomly scattered? | What you're referring to is accretion disks that form around various types of astronomical bodies including stars (like the sun, planets, and the asteroid belt) or around planets themselves (saturn and its rings). I know it has something to do with angular momentum but it's been a while since I learned this | f04ea400-2a6e-4ba6-93d4-d161dd324088 |
cg1fjc | why the more blades on a propellor is not better | A propeller blade works best when its traveling through calm air, that'll give you the most thrust for the drag that that blade experiences. A couple blades going around means that each blade is going through relatively calm air and gives you most of the thrust that it can. A lot of blades going around means that all of the blades are going through choppy air and not giving you as much thrust as they could. A shitload of blades packed very tightly together changes from a propeller that pulls you through the air to a turbofan that accelerates a huge mass of air out the back to push you through the air, the jet engines on commercial planes are turbofans.
There are a variety of propeller designs and some do have 6 blades, especially if they're larger diameter propellers. There are also changes that can be made to the blade shape so it doesn't much up the air as much for the next plane, you can see that on [this C-130 with curvier propellers](_URL_0_), they're a much different shape than you would see on a WWII prop plane and also more expensive. | 33848374-bcb7-49e0-aa87-3096744db49b |
cg1i2f | How and why do watermelons have less and/or no seeds now? | Ah yes, seedless watermelons are a very special case of seedless fruit. It has to do with genetics, but seedless watermelons are not (necessarily) GMOs.
Most plants, like animals, can reproduce sexually. Fruits are formed when pollen fertilizes the egg cell of a flower. In order to do this, each half (the pollen and egg cell) contains half the number of genes required for a full plant. These 2 halves add up to 1 full set of genes and the fruit can produce viable seeds.
For the case of seedless watermelon, the chemical colchicine is added to normal watermelon plants. This causes them to fail certain biological processes during cellular division, so they produce pollen/egg cells with a full set of genes instead of half.
When this weird full set (tetraploid) is fertilised with a normal half set (diploid), the result is 1.5x the standard number of genes (triploid). The fruit that develops on the weird plant still grows seeds, and those seeds can still be planted to grow watermelons. But those seeds which have 1.5x the number of genes are sterile and can only form fruits with no seeds.
But luckily for plants, you can reproduce them by stem cuttings. The new seedless watermelon plants can be cut into multiple parts and grown, so you don’t have to go through the expensive genetic manipulation process again.
TLDR: double the genes in watermelons. Cross-breed that with normal watermelons. You end up with 1.5x genes and if you plant those seeds, they produce plants which can’t produce seeds. You then clone the plants by stem cutting to get more plants. | 0efbac8a-4e82-437d-9ced-3918bc8053e1 |
cg1p9x | why can’t scars tan like the rest of your skin can? | In your skin, there are a couple different layers. In the most superficial layer, there are little cells called melanocytes that are responsible for “tanning.” A scar often damages the dermis and destroys these little cells and leaves a empty space that is filled in by the layer of skin just below epidermis, called the dermis. This layer of skin doesn’t have these little cells and therefore cannot “tan”. | 52c36f61-3a30-4102-b496-2d65c518b1e9 |
cg1z02 | Contra-Rotating Propellors, Please! | This is long, but I think it explains it well.
When you have a one-propellor aircraft, you obviously have the propeller spinning at great speed, constantly.
Imagine yourself sitting in a swivel chair. If you take your legs and move them one way, the chair moves the other way. This is Newton's third law - for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction - in practice. The exact same thing happens for propellors. If you have a propellor spinning very fast in one direction, the body of the aircraft will want to turn in the other direction. This is why helicopters have a tail rotor all the way out on their tail - the large main rotor wants to spin the body, and the smaller tail rotor pushes against that to keep it flying straight.
This rotational force makes single-engine planes harder to control, because they're always fighting your controls. You have to combat the spin by adjusting the plane's flaps, which is inefficient.
If you have two identical propellers spinning at the same speed and in exactly opposite directions, then one propeller will pull the aircraft in one direction, and the other propellor will pull it in the opposite direction with the same force - so, this rotational force cancels out, and suddenly your plane is a whole lot easier to control because it doesn't want to constantly roll one way or another. The fact that you don't need to combat the spin with your plane's flaps also means that contra-rotating propellors are markedly more efficient than single propellors. They don't produce double the thrust just because there are two blades, because there's still only one engine powering both of them, spinning more slowly. It simply allows the plane to be more efficient using the same engine setup. They are, however, much more complex internally, making them harder and more expensive to maintain, and very, very, *very*, ***very*** loud.
You're on the right track thinking about how the airflow would be different between the two blades. Air would hit the first propeller, get accelerated to a higher speed, and then hit the second propeller. This simply means that the angle of the secondary propeller's blades would need to be adjusted for this higher velocity air - the angle that a propeller produces the maximum amount of thrust at changes depending on how fast the oncoming air is hitting the propeller and how fast the propeller itself is rotating. It's all about how far the blade moves in comparison to how far the air moves, and finding the optimum angle for a propellor of one shape moving at one velocity at one RPM is a job for supercomputers using lots of scary fluid dynamics.
Hope this explains! | f94bb763-58eb-4507-bbb8-90c5c3c7634e |
cg23ex | What Causes the "Fingernails on a Chalkboard" feeling, and why is it Metal on Metal for some? | In college I was told that certain kinds of monkeys make similar sounding screeches to warn others in their group. Not sure if that's true. | 92d5d502-4750-4172-8a0b-b014deddd95b |
cg2r7i | If the temperature is 99-100 degrees, what warrants it to feel like 110-113 degrees? How does it feel higher in temperature when it’s not actually that high? | Sweat is the primary mechanism used to cool off when hot, as evaporating water takes heat with it. When it is humid, sweat evaporates much less well, and thus is able to carry away much less heat, so your body temperature goes up faster. | a0f8bced-837d-44d1-b599-b31b471e4afe |
cg36hr | Why do children fight the urge to sleep? | A lot of kids have ‘FOMO’ (fear of missing out) and think all the adults are having fun while they have to go to bed. It seems unfair to me that the ones who want to go to bed have to put ones to bed that don’t want to go to bed!!
Also some kids get over tired and because they have a bad nap schedule or never learnt to self soothe (like always being put to bed when already asleep so they never learnt how to go to sleep themselves) they are super difficult to wind down and get into a calm mindset to get to sleep. | 8f70f499-0a0d-4076-9006-225e7ac881a0 |
cg372p | Why is ingesting nicotine toxic but we can smoke cigarettes constantly? | If I understand correctly you are asking why eating a cigarette makes you immediately sick and smoking one doesn't. That's because breathing in smoke only sends the smoke into your lungs (for the most part) and that smoke and chemicals in the smoke get absorbed through the lungs. If you eat something it goes through your digestive system, where it is absorbed through the stomach lining, which generally doesn't take kindly to the chemicals in tobacco. | a4d9254b-8bb5-47b2-810a-33625eb073bb |
cg3aoy | The universe is 98 billion lightyears across and 13.8 billion years old. Nothing travels faster than light so how did that happen? | > So how did the things all the way out get 49 billion lightyears away *from the centre...*
And that is where the crux of the misunderstanding lies. There is no center, the Big Bang wasn't happening at a specific location in space. It wasn't just that every*thing* in the universe was in a small point, every*where* was in a small point.
The "diameter of our universe" is actually the size of the *observable* universe which is bounded by how much of it we can see. As we look at things a greater distance away there is more travel time required for that light to reach us so we are in essence looking backwards in time. The most distant thing we can see is the cosmic background radiation from when the universe was full of a glowing plasma that light couldn't travel very far though, meaning our vision is blocked at that point. However we have reason to believe that the universe as a whole is infinite in extent.
Finally, the size of the universe is larger than the simple age and travel time of light would seem to indicate because space itself is expanding. The light speed limit seems to apply to things moving through space, but it doesn't translate to a limit for space itself expanding. After all any amount of expansion across a given length of space would, for a sufficiently great distance, mean two points in space would be moving apart faster than light. With an infinite universe it also implies there are points which are moving apart infinitely quickly. | 10983c2a-378f-4f4b-81c7-ebc8d7e085a7 |
cg3c53 | How does oxygen work in submarines when underwater? | Depends on the submarine.
Non-nuclear submarines have a snorkel they use to pull in air for their primary engine. If they want to submerge completely they typically switch to an electric engine and typically the batteries used to run this will last shorter than the air in the submarine will keep the crew going, though some commercial submarines don't have an electric engine and therefore just can't stay submerged and running more than a few minutes before both engine and crew dies.
Nuclear submarines produce their own electricity in such vast quantities that they can afford to spend some ripping apart water at the molecular level to produce oxygen and hydrogen. | e921b5a9-a368-4824-93df-fe831877b383 |
cg3q78 | How do ants locate a small food source inside of an enclosed house? | Answer,: Ants follow smells, and explore by random. They actually walk certain amount of steps, while leaving pheromone trail. Then next ant walks the path, explores, and reinforces the trail. If an ant finds something interesting, they will return and tell other ants about it by using pheromones. If they don't find anything, the trail ends up fading over time, because lack of interest in the form of traffic.
So how do they end up finding something. They explore randomly, and once they find something, they keep exploring from there on.
Ants won't keep exploring an area if they don't find anything interesting. | 8626c249-a822-4bfe-af00-17808c7d280a |
cg3v7n | Why did religious figures stop writing text which their congregation read, resite and follow? Why are the actions of religious figures then, time of writing the scriptures, more noteworthy than that of the religious figures now? | There are tons of religious texts produced by various religious leaders and religious academics all over the world
This is a discussion for r/elint | c84010aa-b076-45f7-bd76-3dfb719200be |
cg3w7w | How cartoons that are handdrawn (Not Flash animated on computers) are made and then put on TV | The animator draws out each frame of the character on each paper using a special lightboard table.
The drawing table usually has a circular hole in the middle for the light under a plate of glass. This enables the animator to draw consistent motion when drawing over his previous sketches.
Another artist takes these sketches and traces them using colored paints onto celephane overlays- again, one sheet per frame of movement.
These celephane overlays are then taken to photography where each celephane overlay is placed on painted background. They are then captured by an overhead camera, one exposure = one frame of motion.
This is overly-simplified explanation into what has been the format for fifty years until the evolution of CGI and computer animation in the mid-90s.
From the 1930s, studios such as Disney and Warner Bros had factories of animators and artists.
There would be one animator per character per scene. So, for one 90-minute movie, you would have had to have an army of animators working months.
To keep the style consistent between all these animators, you need a director to work with character-designers and storyboard artists to come up with a visual style.
Chuck Jones of Warner Bros is a fine example. You can always see his style in the characters, even though other animators were drawing out the motion. | 507cb3da-1021-4b84-935b-a27e58d7d8d3 |
cg3x48 | How does your fingerprint come back after damaging your fingertips through cuts burns etc. | Although the fingerprint is only visible on the surface of the skin, the skin under it is still differentiated, if the visible part of the fingerprint is destroyed but not all the way down to the bone it can re-grow because the pattern is still there though not visible.
Being a clumsy amature glassblower I have burnt my fingerprints off several times, and due to working in secure facilities I can confirm that once fully healed the skin goes back to a recognisable print. | 17b1a6a9-2ad4-4b66-a03d-6aa0236bab4e |
cg470o | Could you survive a fall from a very tall building onto a pile of pillows if it were thick enough? How thick would it have to be to survive, or to avoid injury? | So you can get this answer wit a bit of physic. What hurt you during an impact is the rapid deccellaration of your body over a short distance. You can get the acceleraction you will endure with the formulas 1/2 a×t^2=d,F=m*a and d/t=v. (a=acceleration, its the amount of change of your speed relatively to the ground. F is the "weight" you feel. m is your real weight (mass), t is the time it will take to your body to deccelarate from the moment you started inpacting to floor, d is the distance over which you will deccellerate. V stand for speed) (if this is too technical Im sorry please help me improve it) so by combining theses relations you get the force (the weight you feel) depending of the tickness of your pillow and and the time you allow yourself to deccelerate.
F=(2d/s^2)×m
So ig you have 5 meter of pillow and you need 3.3 seconds to decellerate from your initial speed to 0 (you weight 100Kg=~200 pounds)
You will feel twice your weight (since the earth make you feel it the first time)
But now lets assume you have 0.5 meter of pillow you will feel 11 time your weight during 3.3 seconds (jet pilot are trained to endure up to approx 8 time their weight ) | 38b04d36-5efe-4a23-93ea-04acf0bc6186 |
cg4drc | how do rockets work? | The typical rocket (not electric as would be used for spaceflight) carries fuel in it (either solid or liquid). When launched, a primer (usually an electric heating element) ignites the fuel which begins to burn and create hot gases. This fuel passes through a hole at the base called a nozzle. It's shaped a special way inside to make the gases flow faster. The exhaust gases have mass and flow out the nozzle. This moving material creates a force pushing backwards. Since the rocket is not held in place, and the force from the flowing gases is strong enough, the rocket lifts off.
As for control, a computer system in the rocket moves small wings or fins (either along the body or outside the nozzle) to steer the rocket like an airplane. | 94f3d2ae-f6ad-4adc-a816-287864d9e35a |
cg4k2b | are microplastics more or less dangerous for humans than the fumes from burning plastic? | There are no proven evidence that microplastics are even bad for you. Granted there are not many studies conducted in that area yet. Most plastics tend to be very innert which is why they do not break down naturally. And this property means that they do not cause reactions in the body either. So most microplastics will just go streight through your body without doing anything. Even if we inject microplastics directly into the blood stream such as when drugs have been stoored or transported in plastic containers the microplastic tends to get filtered out safely into the urine without any harm being done. | 65c1127e-30a4-499c-ac29-813aba51f41a |
cg4kz6 | How do tinted windows work? | They absorb light and heat up slightly. Being on the outside of a structure, however, they are more able to radiate/conduct the heat away to the outside air. If that light got inside of a structure, it would end up becoming heat anyway, and then that heat would be trapped inside. | 106bef27-f54e-4fa1-8f5a-2177ed58a418 |
cg4t99 | why are housecats terrified of getting wet, when their instincts include catching fish? | They are generally just not used to it. Most cats love water, housecats included, if they are introduced to it when they're young and have been around it for a while. | 22dc5fdd-9f15-4a96-9805-52fbc4e6de56 |
cg4u8j | What makes certain clothing materials be able to be classed as 'antibacterial'? | Wool has some amazing and natural antibacterial properties. I understand there are two things that help wool resist bacteria build up. Firstly, the fibers have a rough texture on a microscopic level that, unlike smooth synthetic fibers, keep bacterial from sticking. Secondly the lanolin, which is a waxy substance sheep produce in their wool keeps moisture out and keeps the fibers clean. If you have a really old pair of synthetic long johns or something the chemicals they use to inhibit bacteria growth can wear away, making it so you can never really wash out their smell... | b3ee7c41-0b3a-456d-ab4c-7ec1c4833147 |
cg59by | Do religious parties change their stance on drugs such as cannabis when they become legalized substances? | No, not unless they try to conform with societies modern standards and expectation. This doesn’t mean the religion itself is accepting of these decisions made by religious parties. | a7d2c716-fe27-4cf8-b0b6-6c5018d44ecc |
cg5buu | How do lighting rods work? Is there a safety benefit or purpose? | Yes.
The divert lightning. It's in the name ;)
So, if lightning would hit a place it can cause damage, fires... Bad stuff. Lightning rods divert that electricity from lightning to the ground, making it safer.
Lightning rods are placed on high spots that are likely to get hit. | f77b31f7-f884-405c-b3a7-37aced54b4ad |
cg5f47 | How do we "burn off" fat when losing weight? | Most fat loss is through your lungs. (85%)
Fat is turned into Carbon dioxide, and water. C02 is breathed out. Water is sweated out, or lost as urine.
On a very very ELI5 level, fat is a bit like gasoline. Its stored energy. Our body can put that energy to use. The byproduct is heat, C02 and water. | 59f1a7c6-09a5-4b16-a128-515afddeb845 |
cg5hya | Why should we eat vegetables if we can get the nutrients they provide from supplements? | Supplements aren't intended to substitute for food. They can't replicate all of the nutrients and benefits of whole foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Whole foods are complex, containing a variety of the micronutrients your body needs. | afb0a37d-ed8d-4bfc-91b7-76c123921ea3 |
cg5i1w | Does the reversal of Earth’s magnetic poles affect our technology/electricity? If so, how? | The Earth's magnetic reversal happens over a very long period of time (years). It doesn't really have that much of a direct impact on technology - _URL_0_ | 7a1281a1-a5d7-4738-9b0b-3ab98c0dac2a |
cg5ks1 | How does Hubble zoom so far? | if you think about it, light from 10 million lightyears away is constantly reaching us, we just have to point the telescope at it to see it. Same with 15billion. the main thing is, light that old is very faint, so the telescope has to stare at the same spot for a while to collect enough of it. | adc05554-17ed-4cab-8574-5db2aee7075c |
cg5lgt | What causes power to flicker? | The lightning strikes are causing surges in the line, which causes automatic circuit breakers (known as reclosers) to trip. They trip, but then they have a timer to reset and during that time is when the power is out. If a tree falls on the line and causes a dead short in the line, the reclosers will close/retrip a couple of times but then lock themselves out requiring a lineman to come out and manually reset them after they've cleared/repaired the line. | 794bd1ad-88fe-4b66-8aa4-8b1f1a22c317 |
cg626m | how can dark heavy clouds remain in the air for hours without raining, yet light fluffy clouds can make sun showers? | A cloud is a volume of super-wet air -above 100% relative humidity- where the water condenses in place. But, weird as it sounds, just because the air is wet doesn't mean it has a lot of water (in a given space at least), like how it only takes a teaspoon of water to make your hand wet. So the hundreds of thousands of gallons of water get's dispersed as tiny droplets over **billions of cubic feet** \- volume for a normal half-mile long cloud-, and ends up like fog (which is actually just a ground-level cloud).
Rain comes into play when there is is a **lot** of water (billions of gallons for a large storm cloud) in air that is way too cool/too low pressure to hold it, so the water condenses. After that, the condensed mini-droplets either become so numerous they start bumping into each other left and right and grow like Katamari Damacy, or one or two freeze, expand into snowflakes, and freeze other mini-droplets onto them before falling and melting. Either way, for it to rain you need a huge amount of water in air that doesn't want to hold it.
Some extras:
[Here](_URL_1_) is the US Weather site that goes into cloud development.
[Here](_URL_2_) is a website that gives a rough, long-interval display on various atmospheric properties across the globe, showing Total Precipitable Water by default. Note: It's built for display, not for accurate weather predictions.
And [here](_URL_0_) is a related doomsday scenario that, thankfully, can never happen on Earth.
& #x200B;
TL;DR - The dark clouds aren't wet enough. The light clouds are wet enough and got sunlight to boot.
Edit: by "like fog" I meant "as not-dense and not-wet-feeling as fog." The cloud will stay where it is in the sky. | 489e5901-aba5-4cb0-a2c4-7587a648930b |
cg658c | On TV and in movies, why are some other outside pieces of media referenced by name whereas other pieces of media have to be given fake names? | A few reasons:
1. Sometimes it is the writer's preference. Some writers prefer to use real-world name brands because they think it will make the story more realistic. Some prefer to use fake names, especially in circumstances that are critical of the product. It's just a stylistic choice.
2. Sometimes a show or series may suffer a change in editorial policy. A new boss might come in and order them to stop name-dropping real world product names.
3. If the show or product is central to the plot, you might want to be able to alter the details of the product. This prevents the audience from noticing an error or a mismatch. For example: There's an episode of House where the character is playing a Metroid game. He acts upset, as if he lost the game. But the actual game footage they used depicts the player succeeding. Did the guy who picked the footage not read the script? Did they just not understand the game they were discussing? Maybe better to just avoid showing the game at all so no one can point out the error. | 057b114e-6866-43ad-8de3-b389bd9ea525 |
cg67gz | Energy can be inter-converted in a lot of ways. Why not between angular and linear momentum? | > The obvious-seeming answer is that there's no geometrical configuration possible that doesn't just result in equal-and-opposite application of the energy
The problem isn't that you can't convert angular momentum into linear momentum (simply use a spinning wheel to interact with an object and throw it in a desired direction like a pitching machine,) but rather that you lose that mass from the craft. If you want to reuse it you must stop it from flying backwards, a task which requires just as much energy and results in the opposite movement as when throwing it backwards.
So it isn't that the energy can't be converted, but instead that the use of reaction mass is impossible to avoid. | f8bf2911-8e36-4788-bd61-74d8f0c1e8bc |
cg6jsu | Why are nitrites toxic to tank fish, but nitrates are okay? | That one oxygen atom changes the shape, structure, and function.
For example Nitrates are used in many fertilizers and explosives. Nitrites are used in food preservation.
Nitrates form strong acids and nitrates form weaker acids.
That one extra oxygen atom in Nitrates makes a huge difference. | 949e54e8-59d5-4451-86db-8deebcd5f70d |
cg6k15 | What does "double jeopardy" mean? Does that mean you can't be tried for murder if you were already acquitted, and there is similar evidence for the new case? | It means you can't be tried twice for the same (instance of a) crime.
Otherwise they could just continue to press charges and have hearings until they won, or keep you tied up in the system even when they keep losing. | 54809910-3296-422e-a785-3e35aa3cd9d3 |
cg6l5q | Why has television historically been seen as "bad" for you, while other superficially similar things (notably film) are not? | Tv is something you can turn on and sit in front of for hours on end. You could be doing more proactive things if it weren’t for tv. Film is different because in those days it was a special occasion to see a movie. You had to go to a theater and pay to see a movie so it wasn’t an everyday occasion.
Nowadays they say the same thing about video games for the same reason. | 04d975e2-33a6-4f29-96dc-5b246924698a |
cg6w4b | does using internet/wifi use up SSD's write cycle, if not what aspects of it does? Does viewing images/videos (not downloading them) use up these cycle? | Yes, data is written to your drive when using the internet.
That said SSDs life expectancy is longer than you might think so using one normally should last for the life of the PC with little trouble (5 years or so). Also, some SSDs, like Samsung, have a utility which partitions off some percentage of the drive (you can choose, default is 10%). This extra partition is used when parts of the SSD cannot keep data anymore. This effectively extends the life of the drive. | 1d363aee-27a3-4597-80cd-9b561887c859 |
cg75ps | Why is the iris coloured | I used to dissect cow eyes for visitors in a science museum in high school. Here’s what I remember:
Eyes, like skin, contain the chemical melanin. It helps absorb UV rays from the sun. The advantages of higher concentrations of this chemical are that it helps you resist UV.
It works the same in the eyes. Extra UV absorption in the eyes can potentially help reduce damage to the extremely sensitive retina.
***Different colors in the iris means the distance between melanin molecules is wide enough to reflect certain light wavelengths.***
Genes like different levels of melanin are dominant or regressive depending on the environment that triggers them from mutating. Higher exposure to sun will eventually evolve darker offspring; while areas like London will make people pale. | e9d59033-6b4f-4a78-9d2b-0931a9bcfbac |
cg771k | How does the body know what to take in and put out? | It isn't a question of "knowing", the body simply does what the chemistry dictates. Think about a set of interlocking gears, how do they "know" to turn in sync? They don't of course, they don't have any way to do otherwise. This is basically how the body works, just with chemicals rather than gears. | ecddcc1b-dec9-4b27-a5cd-21ae4dc5e1ca |
cg7dbg | How do stocks work? I always see the stock graph charts on my phone and am curious. | A stock is, fundamentally, a piece of a company. There are numerous things which drive a stocks value on the market.
1) the "market cap" of a company. A single share of Apple or Google is going to represent more value than a single share of Bob's Computer Store.
2) how many shares the company is divided into. A single share of a billion dollar company that only issued 100,000 shares will be more valuable than a single share of a billion dollar company that has issued 500,000 shares.
3) the type of share. Without going down the rabbit hole of stock types, simply put shares differ on whether they pay dividends (a portion of the quarterly profits) and their seniority. (Loosely speaking, if the company closes its doors, where does that share stand in line for a piece of the liquidation proceeds?)
4) peoples expectations for that company. Right now Boeing is caught in a huge mess with their 737 Max planes. They're losing sales and may face severe fines and penalties as a result. So the expectations are that Boeing will be reporting much lower profits, maybe even losses for a while. So people who own Boeing stock might want to sell it in order to buy Airbus stock. When lots of people are selling and few are buying, stock prices go down. | 35263dc4-e95f-496a-bd05-ae432624ac87 |
cg7ext | How did early humans ever come up with translations to words such as "the", "a" , "an" , etc? | Let's imagine a hypothetical situation in which you speak one language, and I speak another.
I want to show you an apple. I say:
"This is an apple."
Except you hear nonsense. So I point at the apple, and say "Apple." You know what food and fruit looks like, so you know it might be edible, before I even tell you. So you're not *sure* if I'm saying you should eat it, if that's what it's called, or if I'm naming a quality about it.
So I pull out an orange, and say "Orange." Now, you're fairly sure I'm naming it. I point at the apple and say "Apple." You're certain I'm naming it. You point to the apple and say "Ukoja," and I know what you mean because we've figured out what we're doing. You point at the orange and say "Alenus," and again I know that's your word for an orange.
We go through this for a while, but over time we need more complex concepts. Eventually, you have an apple and I have an apple, and we have a rough system. You know the words for trees, and grass, and maybe rain and snow. You probably know my name, and words for common tools. I know your words, too, since we've shared them equally.
At some point, you pick up my journal, and you start rifling through it. I get angry, and I say "My journal," but you don't understand. What is "My" and what does it mean? So I pick a word you already know, like "Shirt", and point at your shirt and say "Your shirt". I point at my shirt and say "My shirt." We go through this a few times with different objects in slightly different contexts, like "Your food" and "My food" but you begin to understand that "my" and "your" are possessive terms.
What happens when I want to say *the* apple? *An* apple? *Those* apples? Well... it sounds crazy, but "the" apple isn't that complex in theory. It's harder to explain in one sitting, but it's not impossible to explain over all.
Let's say I put three apples on a table. I point to one apple and say "apple important, apple *the* apple, because we talk about apple." Then I point to another apple and say "apple not important, apple *an* apple, because we not talk about apple". It would take a few variations on that, but eventually you might begin to understand that "the" means the one I'm talking about or the one we've been interested in, it's the subject of my point. You'll probably figure out that "an" mean just one random object like what we're talking about but not the one we are talking about.
Those might be interesting, and that might be interesting as well. Still, not too hard.
Let's say that I set up three baskets of apples. I point to one basket and say "get those apples", so you go grab the apples. You're not sure what "those" means, but you know "apples" is plural. What if I said "those" and made a circle around the ones I pointed at, and then said "not those" while pointing at different apples. Do you think you might figure out, over time, that I'm referring to specific apples? That apple would be similar. I'd point an a specific apple and say "that apple".
Now, in practice, the above would take months or years to truly translate over time, and easily a decade or more to truly understand all the minor nuances of a language. The point was to illustrate the cognitive adaptations as we begin to see how things work, even if on a much smaller scale. | 3927d59b-3154-4d53-b1b9-67aaa4438784 |
cg7gj9 | What exactly makes McDonald's hamburgers so unhealthy. | > However when you put them all together in a McDonald's hamburger it's widely accepted as unhealthy.
Simply put this is because people are stupid, not because the hamburgers are inherently unhealthy. Eating too much is unhealthy and McDonald's is just one of the sources of cheap, desirable food. Our bodies crave food whenever we can get it because in our past starving was much more of a danger than overeating, and our instincts have not adapted to the modern world of plenty. | ee8d448c-c27e-4ea2-8582-ea3b7193b394 |
cg7ozw | Why does clear liquid THC turn wine cloudy? | Because your THC extract is an oil that can’t dissolve in water, so you’re creating a suspension of tiny oil droplets in your wine. That makes it look cloudy. | 80f2238e-5cb5-49f0-a202-fdbe5190febe |
cg7tme | Would it be more medically ethical to lie to a patient if there was a therapy that only worked if the patient believed a not totally true statement | No. Do no harm. You will do harm with even the small chance he will remain the way he is today.
As a recently healing triple brain surgery survivor, losing faith and trust in medical professionals/hospitals due to treatment failure when you are newly disabled can create hopelessness never felt so deeply before. If the lie becomes the one time this treatment doesn’t work, a patient can turn to feeling hopeless and helpless because if you cannot trust your life in the hands of the very person who is supposed to save or better your newly precious life-who can you trust at all!
If he respects you and you respect him, tell him the truth and give him printed studies on this treatment which you’ve highlighted beforehand for px to take home, read, and process. Find a successfully treated patient of yours willing to come in to your office and pay life forward by speaking to your px. There’s a sense of relief that comes from that connection and after feeling an empathy, understanding, and gratitude that sparks hope again by just meeting someone who has suffered similarly. I went to neurological rehabilitation due to my neurosurgeon giving me this exact gift.
If you do end up lying, the results could be devastating with the potentiality of suicide after losing trust in you, then society, and finally life if this treatment does indeed fail. The 10% failure rate you felt could potentially discourage him from going forward with your treatment could turn into a mess you never intended to happen. Much love. I have trust again and I’m eternally grateful to the neurological surgeon who ga e me hope. | 722aef37-8b21-4274-acaf-8d484cf46d30 |
cg84hy | Why/how does water activate soap to become bubbly and essentially usable? | This is a bit of a side note - soap does not need to be bubbly to be an effective cleaner. Things like dishwashers and front load washers use soaps that are low sudsing.
The reason soap is effective is largely from the way it reduces the surface tension of the water. It does this because water is a very polar molecule - like little magnets that want to stick together. This is why water forms beads, and why you can fill a cup OVER the edge.
The soap interferes with this polarity because it has one end that is like a magnet and one end that isnt. So it prevents the water molecules from sticking together. This is also what allows the water to encapsulate the dirt and oils and wash them away.
Bubbles are optional. Some soaps are artificially made more bubbly by adding sugary substances. The 'stickiness' for lack of a better understanding allows the molecules to stick together in a way that nicely forms bubbles, but not in a way that significantly inhibits the cleaning action. | a0a2a627-884d-4149-ac04-33d3c355e070 |
cg858k | have languages for animals developed over time similar to that of human beings, or say can a lion in this time communicate with a lion five hundred years ago? | When it comes to some animals like whales, dolphins, orca and the like, separated by 500 years they would most likely not be able to communicate well with each other, they have regional dialects just like us. I wouldn't be surprised if the same applied to elephants but I'm not certain how complex their "language" is compared to the ones of the killer whales.
There is another interesting thing concerning killer whales, they have been shown to be able to learn the "phrases" from other dolphin species vocabulary, though to which extent that can occur is not really known.
Lion communications are far more simple. I think they are pretty universal going back a few thousand years. | d622d1b9-2517-4773-8030-11edf271ddbc |
cg890o | Why does nuclear fusion create so much energy, and why can't use it (yet?) to produce electricity? | TLDR: Current generation reactors don't produce enough energy to be self-sustaining, ie they use more power than they produce.
Nuclear fusion reactions release a lot of energy for a small amount of mass. That makes fusing hydrogen much more energetic than burning things like coal.
The problem with Nuclear fusion is that maintaining a reaction requires a lot of energy. Fusion occurs at very high temperatures and pressures, and maintaining that kind of environment without the mass of a star requires a lot of energy input.
The point where a reaction generates more power than it consumes it is considered self-sustaining. Some point after that it will be useable to generate electricity.
Current reactor designs aren't self sustaining, but technology is always improving. | 1963cb70-3982-41e0-9385-d002ffb9ace1 |
cg896t | Why do you not see your bone when shining light on your finger? | Photons (visible light) going through human tissue will refract and diffuse. X-rays going through, however, will cause much less diffusion and refraction and therefore a much sharper image of hard objects such as bones.
You can actually see bone with a strong enough light. Your phone’s LED isn’t as strong. | 0f9d1ffe-6b78-43b8-9dbd-ec6ca9e7d1b2 |
cg89r5 | Why does the shower curtain pulls closer to the water when the water starts flowing? | It’s a result of a drop in air pressure caused by the movement of the water. It also happens when you blow between two sheets of paper. It’s called the Bernoulli Effect. It is also what causes lift under an airfoil, hence allowing planes to fly. | 4968eca8-29f8-4c20-941f-de74ca278fbd |
cg8dy0 | Why does handwriting reveal so much about our personalities and does it differ by language? | In truth, it doesn't really reveal as much as is commonly believed. Handwriting analysis is generally regarded these days as a pseudo-science, with the claims of accurately determining facts from it being proven false.
It's been shown in studies that you can reasonably tell the difference between male and female handwriting, but other things like determining age, ethnicity, emotional state, etc. aren't really any better than making guesses. | 0e482ef3-b692-4a97-9047-53f6c4848da1 |
cg8vv1 | Why is self-consciousness a feature attributed only with human beings? | I studied brain science in university.
Your book appears to contain out-of-date information. | 8ad0ab42-5a94-4c8a-8168-6744ebb239d4 |
cg921s | How do powerline adaptors (allows you to connect to the internet via a power outlet) work? | The general idea is that an ether media can carry signals of several different frequencies at the same time, and they won't interfere with each other.
A power line cable carries a VERY STRONG signal at 50Hz or 60Hz (depending on which country you are in...) that is used to power feed the lights, the vacuum cleaner and whatnot.
But that means that the only signal that is supposed to be in the cable is that 50 or 60Hz signal.
And the entire rest of the frequency spectrum is available for other uses.
For this purpose, there are a few very old and standardised bands for power line communication. Three of them, to be exact. They are named with simplicity in mind and called Band A, Band B and Band C.
Band A is a long distance communication band *at a very low frequency*, that is allowed to transmit with a pretty high voltage. So that it reaches far. And it does. In mint conditions, it's even able to bypass power grid transformers and pass several voltage level changes. For this reason, it's ideal for the power companies own signalling equipment. And for that reason, it's use is restricted. The use of Band A is forbidden unless you have permission from the power company.
Band B has a frequency that is a bit higher, and it's intended purpose is *interproperty communication.* When you have...say...two buildings nearby each other that have just one maintenance crew, and want a simple way for the HVAC in the other building to be controlled from the maintenance office. It's free for all to use.
Or when you happen to own fifty or so cabins scattered around a field, and want them all to send alarms when something is wrong with ventilation, or the temperature is too low or a sensor detects water behind the sink. That kind of usage.
Band C is for *intraproperty use*. Conveniently making use of a frequency band and a signal strength that is usually not able to make it's way out in the power grid and into your neighbours house. It's also free to use.
The thing with the Band standard is that it doesn't really care how fast you communicate on the band. Or if you even bother to send data. Analogue connections are fine too. The standard just specifies that signalling equipment must listen in on the media for a number of milliseconds before it starts to transmit, to avoid interfering with other equipment. If you can build something that sends data at almost ridiculous speeds that makes use of the band, then you are allowed to sell it. As long as it uses the right band, and knows how to shut up when something else tries to talk. | 8f7cd2bd-c9a6-4ae6-9324-257f4c64ad0e |
cg92ms | What's the fuss now with area 51? | **Please read this entire message**
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cg95c3 | Electrical wires | They don't really do different things. At least not at the wire section. At the wires it's just different voltages at different intervals. When it comes to phone wires, it's about turning a switch on and off. So it doesn't matter how high the voltage is, just that it turns a switch on and off. It needs to do this as quick as possible, because turning the switch on and off is how you transfer information in digital electronics and turn that code into whatever we want, like voice. Charging wires are about transferring power, so voltage does matter. But turning it on and off doesn't matter, so a steady supply of a higher voltage is used. When it comes to how electronics do different things, it's all about switches, inductors, capacitors, resistors and diodes adjusting the electricity to different voltages and amperages to finally get the final product. There are a lot of things you can do with electricity, but it really boils down to how does electricity affect other materials to either heat up, move due to magnetism, or create light. | 8192d72d-1c7a-42fb-b50b-32c941761ec5 |
cg9630 | What is the twelve tone technique (in music) | You might be talking about 12-tone atonal music.
Western music operates on the basis of Harmonic Function, which basically means all notes in a given scale have *weight* and they all want to go somewhere. Take the key of C Major for instance: C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C
C is the “tonic” which means it is the most stable tone in the scale. It’s the note all the others aspire to be. C’s two friends, E and G are also cool and they have their own thing going on. E is like C except artsy and G tries to act like they’re so different than C but really they have a lot in common. Together, the 3 of them form the tonic *triad.* The remaining 4 notes want to *resolve* downward to one of the notes in the triad. D wants to go to C, F to E, A to G and B is a rebel and resolves *up* to C since it’s closer. The accidentals are like the theater kids. They’re really flashy and they call a lot of attention to themselves but also to whatever notes they’re interacting with. Going from C to D is cool and all but going C-C#-D is even cooler. They’re a little too intense for some people though, so they’re brought out on special occasions.
This is the beginning of functional harmony. Each note has a role and either is something to resolve or something to *resolve to* and composers have been playing with this concept and the expectations people have with them to create our idea of music for centuries.
Atonal, or 12-tone music, throws all that out the window. Now every note is just as important as every other note but in order to achieve that we have to work against the Tonal System everyone knows and loves. One workaround is to never play the same note twice until you’ve played the rest of the 11 notes. This way you’re not implying that it’s important through repetition. This can be managed with a map of sorts, called a 12-tone grid. This is the easiest technique to start out with, along with actively avoiding patterns we come to expect in regular music.
There are books that explore this further as well as books that explore other divisions of the octave (3-tonic systems like in Giant Steps, 6-Note systems like the whole tone scale, etc.). I hope my extreme simplification helped though! | 6a737854-fdcd-4cef-a89c-d3c84ec49fb0 |
cg98tw | What exactly are you "Cracking" when you crack you neck, back, fingers etc | Cracking joints seems to be the result of changing pressure in the synovial cavities of those joints - essentially little bags of fluid around the ends of bones and such - which allows chemicals dissolved in the fluid to briefly become gaseous. As I recall, the jury may still be out on exactly what part of this process causes the "crack." I can't speak to the experience of pain/relief/etc. | 2391b698-a219-40fe-8da8-327a42371580 |
cg99ef | How does a Gold Reserves work for a country? | In terms of economic or monetary policy, a Gold Reserve does very little to nothing for most countries. All major currencies are no longer backed by gold. (which it used to be around a century ago)
A gold reserve is therefore just an amount of gold held by a country's central bank or monetary authority. It is simply another physical asset owned by the government (like a reserve of diamonds or wheat or land etc)
It might become relevant in times of crisis where a small country with non-functioning or risky currency (say in times of war) could use it's gold reserves to obtain needed goods from other countries in exchange.
In today's global economy, the amount of money circulating in the economies of the world FAR outweighs the amount of gold available valued at current prices. | da2d6625-9941-431d-a45c-ea71b3cd25fc |
cg9ev1 | how does grit in your eye get to the corner of your eye to go in your nose? We don’t have horizontal eyelids! | > to go in your nose
Ok, I was with you up until that part. What exactly do you mean by going into your nose? | 9b70c5fd-4f06-4a44-832a-93683b0d371d |
cg9jbl | How do surgeons make sure air doesn't get trapped in patients' bodies during and after surgeries? Could it even be lethal? | They don’t. Air does get trapped. It eventually works it’s way out of the body, but can cause discomfort or pain (typically in upper chest/ shoulders) while it does. | 3ac3719d-ad01-46d8-991a-27f3376bb60a |
cg9mvz | What triggers the intense coughing when cleaning your ears with Q-Tips? | You have something call "Arnold’s nerve" in your ear which is connected to the "Vagus nerve". The Vagus controls important stuff like coughing and breathing. When you touch the inside of your ear the Arnold’s nerve sends a signal which sometimes the Vagus misinterprets. Instead of telling your brain that you have something in your ear it tells your brain that you have something in your throat. When your brain hears that it starts coughing to remove the nonexistent throat object. | 492b4840-064e-4c31-8e33-040f1fabce22 |
cg9s53 | Why can’t we just clone extinct animals | with our current level of technology we can only clone from live animals using the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer. we remove a mature somatic cell from an animal we want to copy. then fuse that cell with an unfertilized egg with the nucleus removed. the egg will then take on the DNA from the somatic cell. then we need to implant this egg into a female to carry it to term and when born it will be genetically identical to the somatic cell from the donor. | 42dda4bf-73d6-4ec5-890c-61dfd1178272 |
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