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C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011

applied science

The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products

Abstract. This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatially-explicit way for the period 1996–2005. The assessment improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops, we see that the global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3 ton−1), vegetables (300 m3 ton−1), roots and tubers (400 m3 ton−1), fruits (1000 m3 ton−1), cereals (1600 m3 ton−1), oil crops (2400 m3 ton−1) to pulses (4000 m3 ton−1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are: coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bio-ethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3 GJ−1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well: the global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3 GJ−1, while this is 121 m3 GJ−1 for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996–2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year (78 % green, 12 % blue, 10 % grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3 yr−1), rice (992 Gm3 yr−1) and maize (770 Gm3 yr−1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45 % of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3 yr−1), China (967 Gm3 yr−1) and the USA (826 Gm3 yr−1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus river basin (117 Gm3 yr−1) and the Ganges river basin (108 Gm3 yr−1). The two basins together account for 25 % of the blue water footprint related to global crop production. Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3 yr−1 (91 % green, 9 % grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3 yr−1 (48 % green, 40 % blue, 12 % grey).

C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.041008.093740

applied science

Crop Yield Gaps: Their Importance, Magnitudes, and Causes

Future trajectories of food prices, food security, and cropland expansion are closely linked to future average crop yields in the major agricultural regions of the world. Because the maximum possible yields achieved in farmers' fields might level off or even decline in many regions over the next few decades, reducing the gap between average and potential yields is critical. In most major irrigated wheat, rice, and maize systems, yields appear to be at or near 80% of yield potential, with no evidence for yields having exceeded this threshold to date. A fundamental constraint in these systems appears to be uncertainty in growing season weather; thus tools to address this uncertainty would likely reduce gaps. Otherwise, short-term prospects for yield gains in irrigated agriculture appear grim without increased yield potential. Average yields in rainfed systems are commonly 50% or less of yield potential, suggesting ample room for improvement, though estimation of yield gaps for rainfed regions is subject to more errors than for irrigated regions. Several priorities for future research are identified.

C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9517-8

applied science

A Global Assessment of the Water Footprint of Farm Animal Products

The increase in the consumption of animal products is likely to put further pressure on the world’s freshwater resources. This paper provides a comprehensive account of the water footprint of animal products, considering different production systems and feed composition per animal type and country. Nearly one-third of the total water footprint of agriculture in the world is related to the production of animal products. The water footprint of any animal product is larger than the water footprint of crop products with equivalent nutritional value. The average water footprint per calorie for beef is 20 times larger than for cereals and starchy roots. The water footprint per gram of protein for milk, eggs and chicken meat is 1.5 times larger than for pulses. The unfavorable feed conversion efficiency for animal products is largely responsible for the relatively large water footprint of animal products compared to the crop products. Animal products from industrial systems generally consume and pollute more ground- and surface-water resources than animal products from grazing or mixed systems. The rising global meat consumption and the intensification of animal production systems will put further pressure on the global freshwater resources in the coming decades. The study shows that from a freshwater perspective, animal products from grazing systems have a smaller blue and grey water footprint than products from industrial systems, and that it is more water-efficient to obtain calories, protein and fat through crop products than animal products.

C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh277

applied science

Breeding for high water-use efficiency

There is a pressing need to improve the water-use efficiency of rain-fed and irrigated crop production. Breeding crop varieties with higher water-use efficiency is seen as providing part of the solution. Three key processes can be exploited in breeding for high water-use efficiency: (i) moving more of the available water through the crop rather than it being wasted as evaporation from the soil surface or drainage beyond the root zone or being left behind in the root zone at harvest; (ii) acquiring more carbon (biomass) in exchange for the water transpired by the crop, i.e. improving crop transpiration efficiency; (iii) partitioning more of the achieved biomass into the harvested product. The relative importance of any one of these processes will vary depending on how water availability varies during the crop cycle. However, these three processes are not independent. Targeting specific traits to improve one process may have detrimental effects on the other two, but there may also be positive interactions. Progress in breeding for improved water-use efficiency of rain-fed wheat is reviewed to illustrate the nature of some of these interactions and to highlight opportunities that may be exploited in other crops as well as potential pitfalls. For C3 species, measuring carbon isotope discrimination provides a powerful means of improving water-use efficiency of leaf gas exchange, but experience has shown that improvements in leaf-level water-use efficiency may not always translate into higher crop water-use efficiency or yield. In fact, the reverse has frequently been observed. Reasons for this are explored in some detail. Crop simulation modelling can be used to assess the likely impact on water-use efficiency and yield of changing the expression of traits of interest. Results of such simulations indicate that greater progress may be achieved by pyramiding traits so that potential negative effects of individual traits are neutralized. DNA-based selection techniques may assist in such a strategy.

C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183899

applied science

Precision Agriculture and Food Security

Precision agriculture comprises a set of technologies that combines sensors, information systems, enhanced machinery, and informed management to optimize production by accounting for variability and uncertainties within agricultural systems. Adapting production inputs site-specifically within a field and individually for each animal allows better use of resources to maintain the quality of the environment while improving the sustainability of the food supply. Precision agriculture provides a means to monitor the food production chain and manage both the quantity and quality of agricultural produce.

C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.2307/2534764

applied science

Productivity Dynamics in Manufacturing Plants

MUCH OF THE TRADITIONAL analysis of productivity growth in manufacturing industries has been based explicitly or implicitly on a model in which identical, perfectly competitive plants respond in the same way to forces that strike the industry as a whole.The estimates of growth obtained with this framework are then used as the basis for discussions of policy concerning capital accumulation, research and development, trade, or other issues.This contrasts markedly with the literature of industrial organization in which perfect competition is seen as an unusual market structure and in which the differences among firms are examined in detail.The models of oligopoly that are the staple of the industrial organization literature are then used to examine antitrust policy.

C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700010978

applied science

The Concept of a ‘Land Equivalent Ratio’ and Advantages in Yields from Intercropping

SUMMARY Criteria for evaluating different intercropping situations are suggested, and the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) concept is considered for situations where intercropping must be compared with growing each crop sole. The need to use different standardizing sole crop yields in forming LERs is discussed, and a method of calculating an ‘effective LER’ is proposed to evaluate situations where the yield proportions achieved in intercropping are different from those that might be required by a farmer. The possible importance of effective LERs in indicating the proportions of crops likely to give biggest yield advantages is discussed.

C88463610

Agricultural engineering

https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh213

applied science

Irrigation scheduling: advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods

This paper reviews the various methods available for irrigation scheduling, contrasting traditional water-balance and soil moisture-based approaches with those based on sensing of the plant response to water deficits. The main plant-based methods for irrigation scheduling, including those based on direct or indirect measurement of plant water status and those based on plant physiological responses to drought, are outlined and evaluated. Specific plant-based methods include the use of dendrometry, fruit gauges, and other tissue water content sensors, while measurements of growth, sap flow, and stomatal conductance are also outlined. Recent advances, especially in the use of infrared thermometry and thermography for the study of stomatal conductance changes, are highlighted. The relative suitabilities of different approaches for specific crop and climatic situations are discussed, with the aim of indicating the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, and highlighting their suitability over different spatial and temporal scales. The potential of soil- and plant-based systems for automated irrigation control using various scheduling techniques is also discussed.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1408.5093

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

Caffe: Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding

Caffe provides multimedia scientists and practitioners with a clean and modifiable framework for state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms and a collection of reference models. The framework is a BSD-licensed C++ library with Python and MATLAB bindings for training and deploying general-purpose convolutional neural networks and other deep models efficiently on commodity architectures. Caffe fits industry and internet-scale media needs by CUDA GPU computation, processing over 40 million images a day on a single K40 or Titan GPU ($\approx$ 2.5 ms per image). By separating model representation from actual implementation, Caffe allows experimentation and seamless switching among platforms for ease of development and deployment from prototyping machines to cloud environments. Caffe is maintained and developed by the Berkeley Vision and Learning Center (BVLC) with the help of an active community of contributors on GitHub. It powers ongoing research projects, large-scale industrial applications, and startup prototypes in vision, speech, and multimedia.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.1109/2.976921

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

Networks on chips: a new SoC paradigm

On-chip micronetworks, designed with a layered methodology, will meet the distinctive challenges of providing functionally correct, reliable operation of interacting system-on-chip components. A system on chip (SoC) can provide an integrated solution to challenging design problems in the telecommunications, multimedia, and consumer electronics domains. Much of the progress in these fields hinges on the designers' ability to conceive complex electronic engines under strong time-to-market pressure. Success will require using appropriate design and process technologies, as well as interconnecting existing components reliably in a plug-and-play fashion. Focusing on using probabilistic metrics such as average values or variance to quantify design objectives such as performance and power will lead to a major change in SoC design methodologies. Overall, these designs will be based on both deterministic and stochastic models. Creating complex SoCs requires a modular, component-based approach to both hardware and software design. Despite numerous challenges, the authors believe that developers will solve the problems of designing SoC networks. At the same time, they believe that a layered micronetwork design methodology will likely be the only path to mastering the complexity of future SoC designs.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2014.6736746

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

Five disruptive technology directions for 5G

New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aa8f79

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

Advanced capabilities for materials modelling with Quantum ESPRESSO

Quantum ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of open-source computer codes for quantum simulations of materials using state-of-the art electronic-structure techniques, based on density-functional theory, density-functional perturbation theory, and many-body perturbation theory, within the plane-wave pseudo-potential and projector-augmented-wave approaches. Quantum ESPRESSO owes its popularity to the wide variety of properties and processes it allows to simulate, to its performance on an increasingly broad array of hardware architectures, and to a community of researchers that rely on its capabilities as a core open-source development platform to implement theirs ideas. In this paper we describe recent extensions and improvements, covering new methodologies and property calculators, improved parallelization, code modularization, and extended interoperability both within the distribution and with external software.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2017.2761740

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks: A Tutorial and Survey

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems. This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances toward the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic codesigns, being proposed in academia and industry. The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the tradeoffs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.1145/356989.356998

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

System architecture directions for networked sensors

Technological progress in integrated, low-power, CMOS communication devices and sensors makes a rich design space of networked sensors viable. They can be deeply embedded in the physical world and spread throughout our environment like smart dust. The missing elements are an overall system architecture and a methodology for systematic advance. To this end, we identify key requirements, develop a small device that is representative of the class, design a tiny event-driven operating system, and show that it provides support for efficient modularity and concurrency-intensive operation. Our operating system fits in 178 bytes of memory, propagates events in the time it takes to copy 1.25 bytes of memory, context switches in the time it takes to copy 6 bytes of memory and supports two level scheduling. The analysis lays a groundwork for future architectural advances.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2011.00073

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

Neuromorphic Silicon Neuron Circuits

Hardware implementations of spiking neurons can be extremely useful for a large variety of applications, ranging from high-speed modeling of large-scale neural systems to real-time behaving systems, to bidirectional brain-machine interfaces. The specific circuit solutions used to implement silicon neurons depend on the application requirements. In this paper we describe the most common building blocks and techniques used to implement these circuits, and present an overview of a wide range of neuromorphic silicon neurons, which implement different computational models, ranging from biophysically realistic and conductance-based Hodgkin-Huxley models to bi-dimensional generalized adaptive integrate and fire models. We compare the different design methodologies used for each silicon neuron design described, and demonstrate their features with experimental results, measured from a wide range of fabricated VLSI chips.

C118524514

Computer architecture

https://doi.org/10.1109/ispass.2009.4919648

set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems

Analyzing CUDA workloads using a detailed GPU simulator

Modern Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) provide sufficiently flexible programming models that understanding their performance can provide insight in designing tomorrow's manycore processors, whether those are GPUs or otherwise. The combination of multiple, multithreaded, SIMD cores makes studying these GPUs useful in understanding tradeoffs among memory, data, and thread level parallelism. While modern GPUs offer orders of magnitude more raw computing power than contemporary CPUs, many important applications, even those with abundant data level parallelism, do not achieve peak performance. This paper characterizes several non-graphics applications written in NVIDIA's CUDA programming model by running them on a novel detailed microarchitecture performance simulator that runs NVIDIA's parallel thread execution (PTX) virtual instruction set. For this study, we selected twelve non-trivial CUDA applications demonstrating varying levels of performance improvement on GPU hardware (versus a CPU-only sequential version of the application). We study the performance of these applications on our GPU performance simulator with configurations comparable to contemporary high-end graphics cards. We characterize the performance impact of several microarchitecture design choices including choice of interconnect topology, use of caches, design of memory controller, parallel workload distribution mechanisms, and memory request coalescing hardware. Two observations we make are (1) that for the applications we study, performance is more sensitive to interconnect bisection bandwidth rather than latency, and (2) that, for some applications, running fewer threads concurrently than on-chip resources might otherwise allow can improve performance by reducing contention in the memory system.

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.3386/w3223

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction

This paper develops a model based on Schumpeter's process of creative destruction.It departs from existing models of endogeneous growth in emphasizing obsolescence of old technologies induced by the accumulation of knowledge and the resulting process or industrial innovations.This has both positive and normative implications for growth.In positive terms, the prospect of a high level of research in the future can deter research today by threatening the fruits of that research with rapid obsolescence.In normative terms, obsolescence creates a negative externality from innovations, and hence a tendency for laissez-faire economies to generate too many innovations, i.e too much growth.This "business-stealing" effect is partly compensated by the fact that innovations tend to be too small under laissez-faire.The model possesses a unique balanced growth equilibrium in which the log of GNP follows a random walk with drift.The size of the drift is the average growth rate of the economy and it is endogeneous to the model ; in particular it depends on the size and likilihood of innovations resulting from research and also on the degree of market power available to an innovator.

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.2307/3003321

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth

The article outlines the production function approach to the estimation of the returns to R&D and then proceeds to discuss in turn two very difficult problems: the measurement of output in R&D intensive industries and the definition and measurement of the stock of R&D 'capital'. Multicollinearity and simultaneity are taken up in the next section and another section is devoted to estimation and inference problems arising more specifically in the R&D context. Several recent studies of returns to R&D are then surveyed, and the paper concludes with suggestions for ways of expanding the current data base in this field.

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300018993

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order

The prevailing model of international economic regimes is strictly positivistic in its epistemological orientation and stresses the distribution of material power capabilities in its explanatory logic. It is inadequate to account for the current set of international economic regimes and for the differences between past and present regimes. The model elaborated here departs from the prevailing view in two respects, while adhering to it in a third. First, it argues that regimes comprise not simply what actors say and do, but also what they understand and find acceptable within an intersubjective framework of meaning. Second, it argues that in the economic realm such a framework of meaning cannot be deduced from the distribution of material power capabilities, but must be sought in the configuration of state-society relations that is characteristic of the regime-making states. Third, in incorporating these notions into our understanding of the formation and transformation of international economic regimes, the formulation self-consciously strives to remain at the systemic level and to avoid becoming reductionist in attributing cause and effect relations. The article can therefore argue that the prevailing view is deficient on its own terms and must be expanded and modified. Addressing the world of actual international economic regimes, the article argues that the pax Britannica and the pax Americana cannot be equated in any meaningful sense, and that the postwar regimes for money and trade live on notwithstanding premature announcements of their demise.

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.3386/w0133

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

Toward a More General Theory of Regulation

George Stigler's work on the theory of regulation is one of those rare contributions--rare for the rest of us, though not for him--which force a fundamental change in the way important problems are analyzed.Stigler's influence will be clear in this paper.There is perhaps no more telling evidence of this influence than that its basic motivation was my dissatisfaction with some of Stigler's conclusions.(it was a dissatisfaction that Stigler shared, since I can report that we simultaneously reached one of the conclusions elaborated here--that regulatory agencies will not exclusively serve a single economic interest.)My intellectual debt to Stigler is so great that this paper emerges as an extension and generalization of his pioneering work.What Stigler accomplished in his Theory of Economic Regulation was to crystallize a revisionism in the economic analysis of regulation that he had helped launch in his and Claire Friedland's work on electric utilities.1The revisionism had its genesis in a growing disenchantment

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.31

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

The Technology of Skill Formation

Flavio Cunha; James Heckman.May, 2007.The technology of skill formation,Report,ChicagoAmerican Economic Association,17

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.73

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

In Search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies

In Search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies by Joseph Henrich, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, Herbert Gintis and Richard McElreath. Published in volume 91, issue 2, pages 73-78 of American Economic Review, May 2001

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-2137

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

Do economists make markets?: on the performativity of economics

Around the globe, economists affect markets by saying what markets are doing, what they should do, and what they will do. Increasingly, experimental economists are even designing real-world markets. But, despite these facts, economists are still largely thought of as scientists who merely observe markets from the outside, like astronomers look at the stars. Do Economists Make Markets? boldly challenges this view. It is the first book dedicated to the controversial question of whether economics is performative--of whether, in some cases, economics actually produces the phenomena it analyzes. The book's case studies--including financial derivatives markets, telecommunications-frequency auctions, and individual transferable quotas in fisheries--give substance to the notion of the performativity of economics in an accessible, nontechnical way. Some chapters defend the notion; others attack it vigorously. The book ends with an extended chapter in which Michel Callon, the idea's main formulator, reflects upon the debate and asks what it means to say economics is performative. The book's insights and strong claims about the ways economics is entangled with the markets it studies should interest--and provoke--economic sociologists, economists, and other social scientists. In addition to the editors and Callon, the contributors include Marie-France Garcia-Parpet, Francesco Guala, Emmanuel Didier, Philip Mirowski, Edward Nik-Khah, Petter Holm, Vincent-Antonin Lepinay, and Timothy Mitchell.

C133425853

Neoclassical economics

https://doi.org/10.3386/w5956

relates to supply and demand to an individual's rationality

Computing Inequality: Have Computers Changed the Labor Market?

This paper examines the effect of skill-biased technological change as measured by computerization on the recent widening of U. S. educational wage differentials. An analysis of aggregate changes in the relative supplies and wages of workers by education from 1940 to 1996 indicates strong and persistent growth in relative demand favoring college graduates. Rapid skill upgrading within detailed industries accounts for most of the growth in the relative demand for college workers, particularly since 1970. Analyses of four data sets indicate that the rate of skill upgrading has been greater in more computer-intensive industries.

C549774020

Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.657146

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Measurement, Optimization, and Impact of Health Care Accessibility: A Methodological Review

Despite spending more than any other nation on medical care per person, the United States ranks behind other industrialized nations in key health performance measures. A main cause is the deep disparities in access to care and health outcomes. Federal programs such as the designations of Medically Underserved Areas/Populations and Health Professional Shortage Areas are designed to boost the number of health professionals serving these areas and to help alleviate the access problem. Their effectiveness relies first and foremost on an accurate measure of accessibility so that resources can be allocated to truly needy areas. Various measures of accessibility need to be integrated into one framework for comparison and evaluation. Optimization methods can be used to improve the distribution and supply of health care providers to maximize service coverage, minimize travel needs of patients, limit the number of facilities, and maximize health or access equality. Inequality in health care access comes at a personal and societal price, evidenced in disparities in health outcomes, including late-stage cancer diagnosis. This review surveys recent literature on the three named issues with emphasis on methodological advancements and implications for public policy.

C549774020

Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1989.mp20002002.x

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Why are Rural People Vulnerable to Famine?

IDS BulletinVolume 20, Issue 2 p. 8-15 Why are Rural People Vulnerable to Famine? Jeremy Swift, Jeremy SwiftSearch for more papers by this author Jeremy Swift, Jeremy SwiftSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1989.mp20002002.xCitations: 41AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract SUMMARY Vulnerability to famine has been generally explained by reference to failures of production and to failures of exchange, but neither is adequate to explain key aspects of the vulnerability of rural people to famine. Some of these problems are resolved by an analysis of the status and trends in household assets — investments and stocks of food and of value, and claims households and communities can exert on others, including the state. Taken together with production and exchange issues, the analysis points to better policies to reduce vulnerability. Resumé Pourquoi les populations rurales sont-elles plus vulnérables aux famines? La vulnérabilité aux famines a été généralement expliqueé en référence aux échecs dans le domaine de la production et de la distribution, mais aucune de ces explications ne s'est prouvée adéquate lorsque l'on veut expliquer certains aspects de la vulnérabilité des populations rurales aux amines. Certains de ces problèmes sont résolus par une analyse d'une part de la valeur des biens en possession dans les familles d'exploitants agricoles et d'autre part les variations qui existent entre-elles — investissements et stocks de denrées alimentaires et leur valeur, ainsi que les dus, ces familles et leurs communautés sont en droit de réclamer de leurs semblables, y compris l'Etat. Liée aux problèmes de la production et de la distribution, cette analyse offre des mesures plus satisfaisantes afin de réduire cette vulnérabilité. Resumen Causas de la vulnerabilidad de la población rural al hambre La vulnerabilidad al hambre se ha atribuido generalmente a fallas de la producción o del intercambio, aunque ninguna de ellas explica adecuademente sus aspectos claves. Algunos de estos problemas son resueltos por medio de un análisis del estado y la tendencas de las posesiones hogareñas, tales como inversiones y existencias de alimentos y valores, así como de las reivindicaciones hogareñas a la comunidad y al estado. En conjunto con la producción y el intercambio, el análisis conduce hacia mejores políticas para reducir esta vulnerabilidad. References Cissoko, S. M., 1968, 'Famines et épidémies à Tombouctou et dans la Boucle du Niger du XVIe au XVIIIe siecle'. Bulletin de l'IFAN 30, B (3): 806– 21 De Waal, A., 1987, Famine That Kills: Darfur 1984–5, Save The Children Fund, London De Waal, A. 1989, 'Famine mortality: a case study of Darfur, Sudan 1984–5', Population Studies 43 (forthcoming) Drèze, J., 1988, 'Famine Prevention in India', Discussion Paper 3, Development Economics Research Programme, London School of Economics Scott, J., 1976, The Moral Economy of the Peasant, Yale University Press, New Haven Sen, A., 1981, Poverty and Famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation. Clarendon Press, Oxford Swift, J., 1985, Planning Against Drought and Famine in Turkana. Northern Kenya, OXFAM and Turkana Rehabilitation Project. Nairobi Thompson, E. P., 1971, 'The moral economy of the English crowd during the Eighteenth century'. Past and Present 50: 76– 116 Watts, M., 1983, Silent Violence: food, famine and peasantry in northern Nigeria, University of California Press, Berkeley Citing Literature Volume20, Issue2April 1989Pages 8-15 ReferencesRelatedInformation

C549774020

Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2009.00271.x

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Migration and innovation: Does cultural diversity matter for regional R&D activity?

Papers in Regional ScienceVolume 89, Issue 3 p. 563-585 Migration and innovation: Does cultural diversity matter for regional R&D activity? Annekatrin Niebuhr, Annekatrin Niebuhr IAB Nord, Regional Research Network, Institute for Employment Research, Projensdorfer Straße 82, D-24106 Kiel, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]) I would like to thank Christoph Grenzmann (Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft) for the generous provision of regional R&D data and Andrea Stöckmann for excellent research assistance. Financial support from the Volkswagen Foundation is gratefully acknowledged as part of the Study Group on Migration and Integration ‘Diversity, Integration and the Economy’. I thank Herbert Brücker, Eckhardt Bode, Stefan Fuchs, Rüdiger Wapler and anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper. The usual disclaimer applies.Search for more papers by this author Annekatrin Niebuhr, Annekatrin Niebuhr IAB Nord, Regional Research Network, Institute for Employment Research, Projensdorfer Straße 82, D-24106 Kiel, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]) I would like to thank Christoph Grenzmann (Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft) for the generous provision of regional R&D data and Andrea Stöckmann for excellent research assistance. Financial support from the Volkswagen Foundation is gratefully acknowledged as part of the Study Group on Migration and Integration ‘Diversity, Integration and the Economy’. I thank Herbert Brücker, Eckhardt Bode, Stefan Fuchs, Rüdiger Wapler and anonymous referees for helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper. The usual disclaimer applies.Search for more papers by this author First published: 03 August 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2009.00271.xCitations: 175 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Recent theoretical research deals with economic costs and benefits of cultural diversity related to immigration. However, empirical evidence regarding the impact of cultural diversity on economic performance is still scarce. We analyse the effect of cultural diversity of the labour force on patent applications for a cross-section of German regions. The results suggest that differences in knowledge and capabilities of workers from diverse cultural backgrounds enhance performance of regional R&D sectors. As regards innovation, the benefits of diversity seem to outweigh the costs caused, for example, by communication barriers. Resumen La investigación teórica reciente trata los costos económicos y los beneficios de la diversidad cultural relacionados con la inmigración. Sin embargo, aun son escasas las pruebas empíricas relacionadas con el impacto de la diversidad cultural sobre el desempeño económico. Analizamos el efecto de la diversidad cultural de la fuerza laboral sobre solicitudes de patentes para una muestra transversal de regiones alemanas. Los resultados sugieren que las diferencias en conocimiento y capacidad de los trabajadores de orígenes culturales diversos mejoran el rendimiento de los sectores regionales de I+D. en cuanto a la innovación, parece ser que los beneficios de la diversidad superan con creces los costos que implican, por ejemplo en barreras de comunicación. References Acs Z, Audretsch DB, Feldman M (1994) R&D spillovers and recipient firm size. Review of Economics and Statistics 76: 336– 367 Alesina A, La Ferrara E (2005) Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature 43: 762– 800 Almeida P, Kogut B (1999) Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Science 45: 907– 917 Anderson R, Quigley JM, Wilhelmsson M (2005) Agglomeration and the spatial distribution of creativity. Papers in Regional Science 83: 445– 464 Anselin L, Florax JGM (1995) Small sample properties of tests for spatial dependence in regression models: Some further results. In: L Anselin, JGM Florax (eds) New directions in spatial econometrics. Springer, Berlin Anselin L, Varga A, Acs Z (1997) Local geographic spillovers between university research and high technology innovations. Journal of Urban Economics 42: 422– 448 Audretsch DB, Dohse D, Niebuhr A (2009) Cultural diversity and entrepreneurship. A regional analysis for Germany. Annals of Regional Science (forthcoming) DOI 10.1007/s00168-009-0291-x Bauer T, Epstein G, Gang IN (2002) Herd effects or migration networks? The location choice of Mexican immigrants in the U.S. IZA Discussion Paper No 551 Bauer T, Kunze A (2004) The demand for high-skilled workers and immigration policy. Brussels Economic Review 47: 57– 75 Berliant M, Fujita M (2008) Knowledge creation as a square dance on the Hilbert cube. International Economic Review 49: 1251– 1295 Bickenbach F, Bode E (2008) Disproportionality measures of concentration, specialization, and localization. International Regional Science Review 31: 359– 388 Bode E (2004) The spatial pattern of localized R&D spillovers: An empirical investigation for Germany. Journal of Economic Geography 4: 43– 64 Bottazzi L, Peri G (2003) Innovation and spillovers in regions: Evidence from European patent data. European Economic Review 47: 687– 710 Burkert C, Niebuhr A, Wapler R (2008) Regional disparities in employment of high skilled foreigners. Determinants and options for labour-migration policy in Germany. Journal of International Migration and Integration 9: 383– 400 Card D (2001) Estimating the returns to schooling: Progress on some persistent econometric problems. Econometrica 69: 1127– 1160 Chellaraj G, Maskus KE, Mattoo A (2008) The contribution of skilled immigration and international graduate students to U.S. innovation. Review of International Economics 16: 444– 462 Constant A, Gataullina L, Zimmermann KF (2006) Ethnosizing immigrants. IZA Discussion Paper No 2040 Duranton G, Puga D (2000) Diversity and specialisation in cities: Why, where and when does it matter? Urban Studies 37: 533– 555 Duranton G, Puga D (2001) Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review 91: 1454– 1477 Easterly W, Levine R (1997) Africa's growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics 111: 1203– 1250 Feldman M, Audretsch DB (1999) Innovation in cities: Science-based diversity, specialization and localized competition. European Economic Review 43: 409– 429 Fujita M, Weber S (2004) Strategic immigration policies and welfare in heterogeneous countries. FEEM Working Paper No 2 Glaeser EL, Kallal HD, Scheinkman JA, Shleifer A (1992) Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy 100: 1126– 1152 Greif S, Schmiedl D (2002) Patentatlas Deutschland – Ausgabe 2002. Dynamik und Strukturen der Erfindungstätigkeit, München Griliches Z (1979) Issues in assessing the contribution of R&D to productivity growth. Bell Journal of Economics 10: 92– 116 Griliches Z (1990) Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature 28: 1661– 1707 Griliches Z, Hausman J (1986) Errors in variables in panel data. Journal of Econometrics 31: 93– 118 Henderson V, Kuncoro A, Turner M (1995) Industrial development in cities. Journal of Political Economy 103: 1067– 1090 Hunt J, Gauthier-Loiselle M (2008) How much does immigration boost innovation? NBER Working Paper No 14312 Jacobs J (1969) The economy of cities. Random House, New York Johnston J, DiNardo J (1997) Econometric methods. McGraw-Hill, New York Keely LC (2003) Exchanging good ideas. Journal of Economic Theory 111: 192– 213 Kerr W, Lincoln WF (2008) The supply side of innovation: H-1B visa reforms and U.S. ethnic invention. Harvard Business School Working Paper No 09-005 Kim J, Marchke G (2005) Labor mobility of scientists, technological diffusion, and the firm's patenting decision. The Rand Journal of Economics 36: 298– 317 Koenker R, Bassett G (1978) Regression quantiles. Econometrica 46: 33– 50 Lazear EP (1999a) Culture and language. Journal of Political Economy 107: 95– 126 Lazear EP (1999b) Globalisation and the market for team-mates. The Economic Journal 109: C15– C40 Lazear EP (2000) Diversity and immigration. In: GJ Borjas (ed) Issues in the economics of immigration. University of Chicago Press, Chicago Longhi S, Nijkamp P, Poot J (2008) Meta-analysis of empirical evidence on the labour market impacts of immigration. IZA Discussion paper No 3418 Ottaviano GIP, Peri G (2005) Cities and cultures. Journal of Urban Economics 58: 304– 337 Ottaviano GIP, Peri G (2006) The economic value of cultural diversity: Evidence from US cities. Journal of Economic Geography 6: 9– 44 Ozgen C, Nijkamp P, Poot J (2009) The effect of migration on income convergence: Meta-analytic evidence, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No 2009-022/3 Romer PM (1990) Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy 98: S71– S102 Scherngell T, Barber MJ (2009) Spatial interaction modelling of cross-region R&D collaborations: Empirical evidence from the 5th EU framework programme. Papers in Regional Science 88: 531– 546 Simonen J, McCann P (2008) Firm innovation: The influence of R&D cooperation and the geography of human capital inputs. Journal of Urban Economics 64: 146– 154 Staiger D, Stock JH (1997) Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica 65: 557– 586 Statistisches Bundesamt (2009) Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit. Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund – Ergebnisse des Mikrozensus 2007. Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden Zimmermann KF (2005) European labour mobility: Challenges and potentials. De Economist 153: 425– 450 Citing Literature Volume89, Issue3August 2010Pages 563-585 ReferencesRelatedInformation

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Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017224.26862016

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Desigualdades regionais na saúde: mudanças observadas no Brasil de 2000 a 2016

Advances in reducing poverty and inequalities in the 2000s had a paradoxical effect in Brazil. This article examines how socioeconomic transformations, and the complexity of health services, are expressed in the regions established for planning purposes and the inter-governmental management of the Brazilian Unified Health System. An effort was made to identify and explain differences in the compositions of the 438 existing health regions and their spatial distribution by comparing situations observed in 2016 with those in 2000. Factor analysis and grouping techniques were used to construct a typology in the two years of the series, which was based on a diverse set of secondary data sources. It was found that there was an evolution in terms of income levels and service provision within the health regions, with a significant improvement in the socioeconomic conditions of the population. These results suggest that there was a positive impact from the combination of strategies related to social, economic and regional policies for the promotion of development, which generated more widespread well-being within the affected areas. However, limitations remain regarding the policies implemented for the universalization of the health system.

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Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872807076049

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Enhancement of community preparedness for natural disasters

English This article examines the scope and prospect for effective utilization of social capital in mitigating the consequences of natural disasters that hit coastal regions. The article concludes by identifying the role of social work education and practice in building social capital for sustainable disaster relief and management. French Cet article examine les perspectives et la porté e de l'exploitation efficace du capital socié tal pour atté nuer les consé quences des catastrophes naturelles dans les ré gions côtiè res. Les conclusions de cet article mettent en relief le rôle de la formation et de la pratique en travail social dans la construction d'un capital socié tal pour la gestion et le secours durables en cas de catastrophe. Spanish Este artículo examina el alcance y la posibilidad de la utilizació n efectiva del capital social para mitigar las consecuencias de los desastres naturales que impactan las regiones costeras. El artículo concluye identificando el papel de la educació n y práctica del trabajo social en la construcció n del capital social para el alivio y manejo sostenible del desastre.

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Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400500449937

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Measuring local government spending efficiency: Evidence for the Lisbon region

AFONSO A. and FERNANDES S. (2006) Measuring local government spending efficiency: evidence for the Lisbon region, Regional Studies 40, 39–53. The expenditure efficiency of Portuguese local governments in 2001 was assessed using Data Envelopment Analysis for production frontier estimation. A composite municipal output indicator was constructed and input and output efficiency scores were computed for 51 Portuguese municipalities in the region of Lisbon and Vale do Tejo. This allows a determination of the extent of municipal spending that seems to be 'wasted' relative to the theoretical 'best-practice' frontier. The results suggest that Vale do Tejo municipalities could achieve, on average, the same level of output allegedly using around one-third fewer resources, improving performance without necessarily increasing municipal spending. Municipal expenditure, Technical efficiency, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Lisbon AFONSO A. and FERNANDES S. (2006) L'efficacité de la dépense de l'administration locale: des preuves DEA pour la région de Lisbonne, Regional Studies 40, 39–53. A partir de la Data Envelopment Analysis quant à l'estimation de la frontière de la production, on évalue l'efficacité de l' administration locale au Portugal en 2001. On construit une indice composite des sorties de la municipalité et, par la suite, on calcule des scores de l'efficacité des entrées et des sorties pour 51 municipalités portugaises dans région de Lisbonne et de Vale do Tejo. Cela permet la détermination de l'importance de la dépense municipale qui semble être 'gaspillée' par rapport à la frontière de 'la meilleure pratique' théorique. Les résultats laissent supposer que les municipalités de Vale do Tejo pourraient atteindre, en moyenne, le même niveau de sorties en employant, prétendument, un tiers des ressources, ce qui permet une amélioration de la performance sans augmenter, nécessairement, la dépense municipale. Dépenses municipales, Efficacité technique, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Lisbonne AFONSO A. and FERNANDES S. (2006) Ausgaben Efficienz von Ortsverwaltungen: DEA-Beweise für die Lissaboner Region, Regional Studies 40, 39–53. Die Ausgabenefficienz von portugiesischen Ortsverwaltungen im Jahre 2001 wird mit Hilfe einer DEA-Analyse für Produktionsgrenzberechnungen beurteilt. Die Autoren konstruieren einen gegliedetenen Gemeindeaufwandsindikator, und berechnen Aufwands- und Ertragseffizienzspunkte für 51 portugiesische Gemeinden in den Regionen von Lissabon und Vale do Tejo. Dies gestattet die Bestimmung des Ausmaßes städtischer Ausgaben, die, gemessen an der theoretischen bestmöglichen Praxisgrenze, anscheinend verschwendet werden. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, daß Vale do Tejo im Durchschnitt die bei angeblich etwa 1/3 geringeren Aufwand die gleiche Ertragshöhe erreichen und die Leistung also steigern könnten, ohne 𝜌unbedingt die Gemeindeausgaben zu erhöhen. Gemeindeausgaben, technische Leistung, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Lissabon AFONSO A. and FERNANDES S. (2006) Gestión eficaz del gasto público por parte de gobiernos locales: Pruebas de AED para la región de Lisboa, Regional Studies 40, 39–53. En este ensayo analizamos en qué medida los gobiernos portugueses locales gestionaron eficazmente el gasto público en 2001. Para ello utilizamos el método de Análisis Envolvente de Datos (AED) con el objetivo de obtener una estimación de producción aplicable según un valor límite. Asimismo construimos un indicador de rendimiento municipal compuesto y calculamos la puntuación en función de la eficacia de entrada y de salida en 51 municipios portugueses de la región de Lisboa y Vale do Tejo. Esto nos permite determinar cuál es el gasto municipal 'desperdiciado' con relación al valor límite teórico de 'mejores métodos de trabajo'. Nuestros resultados indican que los municipios de Vale do Tejo supuestamente podrían obtener de promedio el mismo nivel de rendimiento utilizando un tercio menos de los recursos de modo que mejorasen el rendimiento sin tener que aumentar necesariamente el gasto municipal. Gasto público municipal, Eficacia técnica, Análisis Envolvente de Datos (AED), Lisboa

C549774020

Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400802508810

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Spatial Externalities, Relatedness and Sector Employment Growth in Great Britain

Bishop P. and Gripaios P. Spatial externalities, relatedness and sector employment growth in Great Britain, Regional Studies. This paper examines the impact of externalities on employment growth in sub-regions of Great Britain by estimating ordinary least-squares (OLS) and maximum likelihood spatial models at the two-digit level for 23 sectors. Issues arising from relatedness, sector differences, competition, cross-boundary spillovers, and spatial autocorrelation are explicitly addressed. Results indicate that specialization has a generally negative impact on growth, whilst the impact of diversity is heterogeneous across sectors and strong local competition has a typically positive impact. The results question the merits of policies primarily aimed at promoting regional specialization and suggest that diversity, local competition, and sector heterogeneity are important policy issues. Bishop P. et Gripaios P. Les effets externes géographiques, la connectivité et la croissance de l'emploi sectoriel en Grande-Bretagne, Regional Studies. A partir des estimations OLS et des modèles géographiques du maximum de vraisemblance au niveau des deux chiffres pour vingt-trois secteurs, cet article cherche à examiner l'impact des effets externes sur la croissance de l'emploi dans les sous-régions britanniques. On aborde notamment les questions qui émanent de la connectivité, des différences sectorielles, de la concurrence, des retombées transfrontalières et de l'autocorrélation géographique. Les résultats indiquent qu'en règle générale la spécialisation influe de façon négative sur la croissance, alors que l'impact de la diversité s'avère hétérogène à travers les secteurs et que la concurrence locale vive influe de façon positive, comme d'habitude. Les résultats mettent en doute les politiques qui cherchent essentiellement à promouvoir la spécialisation régionale et laissent supposer que la diversité, la concurrence locale et l'hétérogénéité sectorielle sont d'importantes questions de politique. Effets externes géographiques Croissance de l'emploi Grande-Bretagne Bishop P. und Gripaios P. Ra¨umliche Externalita¨ten, Beziehungen und sektorales Bescha¨ftigungswachstum in Großbritannien, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Auswirkung von Externalita¨ten auf das Bescha¨ftigungswachstum in den Subregionen von Großbritannien mit Hilfe einer OLS-Scha¨tzung und ra¨umlicher maximaler Wahrscheinlichkeitsmodelle auf zweistelliger Ebene für 23 Sektoren. Insbesondere gehen wir auf Aspekte der Bereiche Beziehung, Sektorunterschiede, Wettbewerb, grenzüberschreitende Übertragungen und ra¨umliche Autokorrelation ein. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich eine Spezialisierung generell negativ auf das Wachstum auswirkt, wa¨hrend die Auswirkung von Vielfalt innerhalb der Sektoren heterogen ausfa¨llt und ein starker lokaler Wettbewerb in der Regel positive Auswirkungen hat. Die Ergebnisse stellen den Nutzen von Politiken in Frage, die in erster Linie auf eine Förderung der regionalen Spezialisierung abzielen, und legen den Schluss nahe, dass Vielfalt, lokaler Wettbewerb und Sektor-Heterogenita¨t wichtige politische Aspekte darstellen. Ra¨umliche Externalita¨ten Bescha¨ftigungswachstum Großbritannien Bishop P. y Gripaios P. Efectos externos espaciales, relaciones y el crecimiento sectorial del empleo en Gran Bretaña, Regional Studies. En este artículo examinamos los efectos de factores externos en el crecimiento de empleo en las subregiones de Gran Bretaña calculando los MCO (mínimos cuadrados ordinarios) y los modelos espaciales de la probabilidad máxima a un nivel de dos dígitos para 23 sectores. Aquí analizamos específicamente las relaciones, las diferencias entre sectores, la competencia, los desbordamientos transfronterizos y la autocorrelación espacial. Los resultados indican que en general la especialización tiene un impacto negativo en el crecimiento mientras que el impacto de la diversidad es heterogéneo en todos los sectores y una fuerte competencia local tiene un impacto típicamente positivo. Los resultados cuestionan los méritos de las políticas destinadas principalmente a fomentar la especialización regional e indican que la diversidad, la competencia local y la heterogeneidad sectorial son aspectos políticos importantes. Factores externos espaciales Crecimiento del empleo Gran Bretaña

C549774020

Welfare economics

https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400802378750

use of microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being at the aggregate level

Urban–Rural Differences in Quality of Life across the European Union

Shucksmith M., Cameron S., Merridew T. and Pichler F. Urban–rural differences in quality of life across the European Union, Regional Studies. This paper analyses the European Quality of Life Survey 2003 to explore urban–rural differences in income, deprivation, and other life domains. The main conclusion is that the richest countries in the European Union show little evidence of significant urban–rural differences, whereas in the poorer countries of the east and south, rural areas have a much lower level of perceived welfare and quality of life, particularly in the candidate countries. Despite this, subjective well-being is not significantly different, and this paradox is explored through multilevel modelling. The paper concludes by considering the policy implications for rural policy, urban policy, and cohesion policy. Shucksmith M., Cameron S., Merridew T. et Pichler F. Les écarts urbano-ruraux de la qualité de la vie à travers l'Union européenne, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à analyser la European Quality of Life Survey 2003 (enquête sur la qualité de la vie en Europe, conduite en 2003) afin d'examiner les écarts urbano-ruraux des revenus, des privations et dans d'autres domaines de la vie. Le principal résultat est le suivant: les pays les plus riches de l'Ue font peu de preuves des écarts urbano-ruraux sensibles, tandis que, dans les pays plus pauvres de l'est et du sud, les zones rurales montrent des niveaux de bien-être et de qualité de la vie perçus beaucoup moins élevés, notamment dans les pays candidats. Néanmoins, le bien-être subjectif ne s'avère pas vraiment plus différent, et on examine ce paradoxe à partir d'une modélisation à plusieurs niveaux. Pour conclure, l'article considère les implications pour les politiques rurale, urbaine et de cohésion. Qualité de la vie Ruraux Europe Cohésion Pac Shucksmith M., Cameron S., Merridew T. und Pichler F. Unterschiede zwischen Stadt und Land hinsichtlich der Lebensqualität in der Europäischen Union, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir die Europäische Erhebung zur Lebensqualität von 2003, um Unterschiede zwischen Stadt und Land hinsichtlich der Einkommensunterschiede, der sozialen Benachteiligung und weiterer Lebensbereiche herauszuarbeiten. Die wichtigste Schlussfolgerung lautet, dass in den reichsten EU-Staaten wenige Anzeichen für signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Stadt und Land vorhanden sind, während in den ärmeren Ländern im Osten und Süden die ländlichen Gebiete ein weitaus niedrigeres Niveau an subjektivem Wohlstand und Lebensqualität aufweisen; dies gilt insbesondere für die Kandidatenländer. Dennoch sind hinsichtlich des subjektiven Wohlergehens keine signifikanten Unterschiede festzustellen; dieses Paradox wird unter Einsatz mehrschichtiger Modelle untersucht. Zum Abschluss untersuchen wir die politischen Auswirkungen auf die Politik für Land- und Stadtregionen sowie auf die Kohäsionspolitik. Lebensqualität Ländlich Europa Kohäsion GAP Shucksmith M., Cameron S., Merridew T. y Pichler F. Diferencias urbana-rurales en la calidad de vida de la Unión Europea, Regional Studies. En este artículo analizamos las diferencias rural–urbanas en cuanto a ingresos, carencias y otros aspectos de la vida a partir del Estudio Europeo de Calidad de Vida de 2003. Llegamos a la principal conclusión de que los países más ricos en la UE muestran pocos signos de diferencias rural–urbanas significativas mientras que en los países más pobres del este y el sur, las zonas rurales presentan un nivel mucho más bajo de bienestar percibido y de calidad de vida, especialmente en los países candidatos. Pese a esto, el bienestar subjetivo no es muy diferente y esta paradoja se analiza a través de un modelo multinivel. Finalmente consideramos las implicaciones para la política rural, urbana y de cohesión. Calidad de vida Rural Europa Cohesión PAC

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Industrial engineering

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branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

A survey of models, analysis tools and compensation methods for the control of machines with friction

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Industrial engineering

https://doi.org/10.1137/080734510

branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

Theory and Applications of Robust Optimization

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Industrial engineering

https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/12/702

branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

Random Data Analysis and Measurement Procedures

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Industrial engineering

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7576-2

branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

Additive manufacturing methods and modelling approaches: a critical review

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Industrial engineering

https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199296590.001.0001

branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

Optimum Experimental Designs, with SAS

Abstract Experiments on patients, processes or plants all have random error, making statistical methods essential for their efficient design and analysis. This book presents the theory and methods of optimum experimental design, making them available through the use of SAS programs. Little previous statistical knowledge is assumed. The first part of the book stresses the importance of models in the analysis of data and introduces least squares fitting and simple optimum experimental designs. The second part presents a more detailed discussion of the general theory and of a wide variety of experiments. The book stresses the use of SAS to provide hands-on solutions for the construction of designs in both standard and non-standard situations. The mathematical theory of the designs is developed in parallel with their construction in SAS, so providing motivation for the development of the subject. Many chapters cover self-contained topics drawn from science, engineering and pharmaceutical investigations, such as response surface designs, blocking of experiments, designs for mixture experiments and for nonlinear and generalized linear models. Understanding is aided by the provision of “SAS tasks” after most chapters as well as by more traditional exercises and a fully supported website. The authors are leading experts in key fields and this book is ideal for statisticians and scientists in academia, research and the process and pharmaceutical industries.

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Industrial engineering

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branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

The Digital Twin: Realizing the Cyber-Physical Production System for Industry 4.0

Concerning current approaches to planning of manufacturing processes, the acquisition of a sufficient data basis of the relevant process information and subsequent development of feasible layout options requires 74% of the overall time-consumption. However, the application of fully automated techniques within planning processes is not yet common practice. Deficits are to be observed in the course of the use of a fully automated data acquisition of the underlying process data, a key element of Industry 4.0, as well as the evaluation and quantification and analysis of the gathered data. As the majority of the planning operations are conducted manually, the lack of any theoretical evaluation renders a benchmarking of the results difficult. Current planning processes analyze the manually achieved results with the aid of simulation. Evaluation and quantification of the planning procedure are limited by complexity that defies manual controllability. Research is therefore required with regard to automated data acquisition and selection, as the near real-time evaluation and analysis of a highly complex production systems relies on a real-time generated database. The paper presents practically feasible approaches to a multi-modal data acquisition approach, its requirements and limitations. The further concept of the Digital Twin for a production process enables a coupling of the production system with its digital equivalent as a base for an optimization with a minimized delay between the time of data acquisition and the creation of the Digital Twin. Therefore a digital data acquisition approach is necessary. As a consequence a cyber-physical production system can be generated, that opens up powerful applications. To ensure a maximum concordance of the cyber-physical process with its real-life model a multimodal data acquisition and evaluation has to be conducted. The paper therefore presents a concept for the composition of a database and proposes guidelines for the implementation of the Digital Twin in production systems in small and medium-sized enterprises.

C13736549

Industrial engineering

https://doi.org/10.1177/109634809702100108

branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

Scale Construction: Developing Reliable and Valid Measurement Instruments

The purpose of this paper is to describe the process for developing reliable and valid measurement instruments that can be used in any hospitality industry field research setting. Many instances exist in which the researcher cannot find an adequate or appropriate existing scale to measure an important construct. In these situations it is necessary to create a new scale. Failure to carefully develop a measurement instrument can result in invalid and uninterpretable data. Hence, a systematic seven-step process is outlined here to assist researchers in devising usable scales. Examples from the authors' own research are used to illustrate some of the steps in the process.

C13736549

Industrial engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2019.2894769

branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems

Power System Dynamic State Estimation: Motivations, Definitions, Methodologies, and Future Work

This paper summarizes the technical activities of the Task Force on Power System Dynamic State and Parameter Estimation. This Task Force was established by the IEEE Working Group on State Estimation Algorithms to investigate the added benefits of dynamic state and parameter estimation for the enhancement of the reliability, security, and resilience of electric power systems. The motivations and engineering values of dynamic state estimation (DSE) are discussed in detail. Then, a set of potential applications that will rely on DSE is presented and discussed. Furthermore, a unified framework is proposed to clarify the important concepts related to DSE, forecasting-aided state estimation, tracking state estimation, and static state estimation. An overview of the current progress in DSE and dynamic parameter estimation is provided. The paper also provides future research needs and directions for the power engineering community.

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/39/395502

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials

QUANTUM ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of computer codes for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, based on density-functional theory, plane waves, and pseudopotentials (norm-conserving, ultrasoft, and projector-augmented wave). The acronym ESPRESSO stands for opEn Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization. It is freely available to researchers around the world under the terms of the GNU General Public License. QUANTUM ESPRESSO builds upon newly-restructured electronic-structure codes that have been developed and tested by some of the original authors of novel electronic-structure algorithms and applied in the last twenty years by some of the leading materials modeling groups worldwide. Innovation and efficiency are still its main focus, with special attention paid to massively parallel architectures, and a great effort being devoted to user friendliness. QUANTUM ESPRESSO is evolving towards a distribution of independent and interoperable codes in the spirit of an open-source project, where researchers active in the field of electronic-structure calculations are encouraged to participate in the project by contributing their own codes or by implementing their own ideas into existing codes.

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1107/s0907444909052925

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

<i>PHENIX</i>: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution

Macromolecular X-ray crystallography is routinely applied to understand biological processes at a molecular level. However, significant time and effort are still required to solve and complete many of these structures because of the need for manual interpretation of complex numerical data using many software packages and the repeated use of interactive three-dimensional graphics. PHENIX has been developed to provide a comprehensive system for macromolecular crystallographic structure solution with an emphasis on the automation of all procedures. This has relied on the development of algorithms that minimize or eliminate subjective input, the development of algorithms that automate procedures that are traditionally performed by hand and, finally, the development of a framework that allows a tight integration between the algorithms.

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20289

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD

Abstract NAMD is a parallel molecular dynamics code designed for high‐performance simulation of large biomolecular systems. NAMD scales to hundreds of processors on high‐end parallel platforms, as well as tens of processors on low‐cost commodity clusters, and also runs on individual desktop and laptop computers. NAMD works with AMBER and CHARMM potential functions, parameters, and file formats. This article, directed to novices as well as experts, first introduces concepts and methods used in the NAMD program, describing the classical molecular dynamics force field, equations of motion, and integration methods along with the efficient electrostatics evaluation algorithms employed and temperature and pressure controls used. Features for steering the simulation across barriers and for calculating both alchemical and conformational free energy differences are presented. The motivations for and a roadmap to the internal design of NAMD, implemented in C++ and based on Charm++ parallel objects, are outlined. The factors affecting the serial and parallel performance of a simulation are discussed. Finally, typical NAMD use is illustrated with representative applications to a small, a medium, and a large biomolecular system, highlighting particular features of NAMD, for example, the Tcl scripting language. The article also provides a list of the key features of NAMD and discusses the benefits of combining NAMD with the molecular graphics/sequence analysis software VMD and the grid computing/collaboratory software BioCoRE. NAMD is distributed free of charge with source code at www.ks.uiuc.edu . © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1781–1802, 2005

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1021/ct700301q

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

GROMACS 4: Algorithms for Highly Efficient, Load-Balanced, and Scalable Molecular Simulation

Molecular simulation is an extremely useful, but computationally very expensive tool for studies of chemical and biomolecular systems. Here, we present a new implementation of our molecular simulation toolkit GROMACS which now both achieves extremely high performance on single processors from algorithmic optimizations and hand-coded routines and simultaneously scales very well on parallel machines. The code encompasses a minimal-communication domain decomposition algorithm, full dynamic load balancing, a state-of-the-art parallel constraint solver, and efficient virtual site algorithms that allow removal of hydrogen atom degrees of freedom to enable integration time steps up to 5 fs for atomistic simulations also in parallel. To improve the scaling properties of the common particle mesh Ewald electrostatics algorithms, we have in addition used a Multiple-Program, Multiple-Data approach, with separate node domains responsible for direct and reciprocal space interactions. Not only does this combination of algorithms enable extremely long simulations of large systems but also it provides that simulation performance on quite modest numbers of standard cluster nodes.

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2011.37

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation

In the Python world, NumPy arrays are the standard representation for numerical data. Here, we show how these arrays enable efficient implementation of numerical computations in a high-level language. Overall, three techniques are applied to improve performance: vectorizing calculations, avoiding copying data in memory, and minimizing operation counts. We first present the NumPy array structure, then show how to use it for efficient computation, and finally how to share array data with other libraries.

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2946-4-17

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

Avogadro: an advanced semantic chemical editor, visualization, and analysis platform

The Avogadro project has developed an advanced molecule editor and visualizer designed for cross-platform use in computational chemistry, molecular modeling, bioinformatics, materials science, and related areas. It offers flexible, high quality rendering, and a powerful plugin architecture. Typical uses include building molecular structures, formatting input files, and analyzing output of a wide variety of computational chemistry packages. By using the CML file format as its native document type, Avogadro seeks to enhance the semantic accessibility of chemical data types.The work presented here details the Avogadro library, which is a framework providing a code library and application programming interface (API) with three-dimensional visualization capabilities; and has direct applications to research and education in the fields of chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology. The Avogadro application provides a rich graphical interface using dynamically loaded plugins through the library itself. The application and library can each be extended by implementing a plugin module in C++ or Python to explore different visualization techniques, build/manipulate molecular structures, and interact with other programs. We describe some example extensions, one which uses a genetic algorithm to find stable crystal structures, and one which interfaces with the PackMol program to create packed, solvated structures for molecular dynamics simulations. The 1.0 release series of Avogadro is the main focus of the results discussed here.Avogadro offers a semantic chemical builder and platform for visualization and analysis. For users, it offers an easy-to-use builder, integrated support for downloading from common databases such as PubChem and the Protein Data Bank, extracting chemical data from a wide variety of formats, including computational chemistry output, and native, semantic support for the CML file format. For developers, it can be easily extended via a powerful plugin mechanism to support new features in organic chemistry, inorganic complexes, drug design, materials, biomolecules, and simulations. Avogadro is freely available under an open-source license from http://avogadro.openmolecules.net.

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt055

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

GROMACS 4.5: a high-throughput and highly parallel open source molecular simulation toolkit

Abstract Motivation: Molecular simulation has historically been a low-throughput technique, but faster computers and increasing amounts of genomic and structural data are changing this by enabling large-scale automated simulation of, for instance, many conformers or mutants of biomolecules with or without a range of ligands. At the same time, advances in performance and scaling now make it possible to model complex biomolecular interaction and function in a manner directly testable by experiment. These applications share a need for fast and efficient software that can be deployed on massive scale in clusters, web servers, distributed computing or cloud resources. Results: Here, we present a range of new simulation algorithms and features developed during the past 4 years, leading up to the GROMACS 4.5 software package. The software now automatically handles wide classes of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, and comes with all commonly used force fields for these molecules built-in. GROMACS supports several implicit solvent models, as well as new free-energy algorithms, and the software now uses multithreading for efficient parallelization even on low-end systems, including windows-based workstations. Together with hand-tuned assembly kernels and state-of-the-art parallelization, this provides extremely high performance and cost efficiency for high-throughput as well as massively parallel simulations. Availability: GROMACS is an open source and free software available from http://www.gromacs.org. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

C459310

Computational science

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108171

field concerned with constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems

LAMMPS - a flexible simulation tool for particle-based materials modeling at the atomic, meso, and continuum scales

Since the classical molecular dynamics simulator LAMMPS was released as an open source code in 2004, it has become a widely-used tool for particle-based modeling of materials at length scales ranging from atomic to mesoscale to continuum. Reasons for its popularity are that it provides a wide variety of particle interaction models for different materials, that it runs on any platform from a single CPU core to the largest supercomputers with accelerators, and that it gives users control over simulation details, either via the input script or by adding code for new interatomic potentials, constraints, diagnostics, or other features needed for their models. As a result, hundreds of people have contributed new capabilities to LAMMPS and it has grown from fifty thousand lines of code in 2004 to a million lines today. In this paper several of the fundamental algorithms used in LAMMPS are described along with the design strategies which have made it flexible for both users and developers. We also highlight some capabilities recently added to the code which were enabled by this flexibility, including dynamic load balancing, on-the-fly visualization, magnetic spin dynamics models, and quantum-accuracy machine learning interatomic potentials. Program Title: Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/cxbxs9btsv.1 Developer's repository link: https://github.com/lammps/lammps Licensing provisions: GPLv2 Programming language: C++, Python, C, Fortran Supplementary material: https://www.lammps.org Nature of problem: Many science applications in physics, chemistry, materials science, and related fields require parallel, scalable, and efficient generation of long, stable classical particle dynamics trajectories. Within this common problem definition, there lies a great diversity of use cases, distinguished by different particle interaction models, external constraints, as well as timescales and lengthscales ranging from atomic to mesoscale to macroscopic. Solution method: The LAMMPS code uses parallel spatial decomposition, distributed neighbor lists, and parallel FFTs for long-range Coulombic interactions [1]. The time integration algorithm is based on the Størmer-Verlet symplectic integrator [2], which provides better stability than higher-order non-symplectic methods. In addition, LAMMPS supports a wide range of interatomic potentials, constraints, diagnostics, software interfaces, and pre- and post-processing features. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: This paper serves as the definitive reference for the LAMMPS code. S. Plimpton, Fast parallel algorithms for short-range molecular dynamics. J. Comp. Phys. 117 (1995) 1–19. L. Verlet, Computer experiments on classical fluids: I. Thermodynamical properties of Lennard–Jones molecules, Phys. Rev. 159 (1967) 98–103.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.01079

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detection

Model efficiency has become increasingly important in computer vision. In this paper, we systematically study neural network architecture design choices for object detection and propose several key optimizations to improve efficiency. First, we propose a weighted bi-directional feature pyramid network (BiFPN), which allows easy and fast multi-scale feature fusion; Second, we propose a compound scaling method that uniformly scales the resolution, depth, and width for all backbone, feature network, and box/class prediction networks at the same time. Based on these optimizations and EfficientNet backbones, we have developed a new family of object detectors, called EfficientDet, which consistently achieve much better efficiency than prior art across a wide spectrum of resource constraints. In particular, with single-model and single-scale, our EfficientDet-D7 achieves state-of-the-art 52.2 AP on COCO test-dev with 52M parameters and 325B FLOPs1, being 4x - 9x smaller and using 13x - 42x fewer FLOPs than previous detector. Code is available at https://github.com/google/ automl/tree/master/efficientdet.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.01155

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

ECA-Net: Efficient Channel Attention for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Recently, channel attention mechanism has demonstrated to offer great potential in improving the performance of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, most existing methods dedicate to developing more sophisticated attention modules for achieving better performance, which inevitably increase model complexity. To overcome the paradox of performance and complexity trade-off, this paper proposes an Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) module, which only involves a handful of parameters while bringing clear performance gain. By dissecting the channel attention module in SENet, we empirically show avoiding dimensionality reduction is important for learning channel attention, and appropriate cross-channel interaction can preserve performance while significantly decreasing model complexity. Therefore, we propose a local cross-channel interaction strategy without dimensionality reduction, which can be efficiently implemented via 1D convolution. Furthermore, we develop a method to adaptively select kernel size of 1D convolution, determining coverage of local cross-channel interaction. The proposed ECA module is both efficient and effective, e.g., the parameters and computations of our modules against backbone of ResNet50 are 80 vs. 24.37M and 4.7e-4 GFlops vs. 3.86 GFlops, respectively, and the performance boost is more than 2% in terms of Top-1 accuracy. We extensively evaluate our ECA module on image classification, object detection and instance segmentation with backbones of ResNets and MobileNetV2. The experimental results show our module is more efficient while performing favorably against its counterparts.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2017.2761740

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

Efficient Processing of Deep Neural Networks: A Tutorial and Survey

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems. This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances toward the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic codesigns, being proposed in academia and industry. The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the tradeoffs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/msp.2010.936019

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

Semidefinite Relaxation of Quadratic Optimization Problems

In this article, we have provided general, comprehensive coverage of the SDR technique, from its practical deployments and scope of applicability to key theoretical results. We have also showcased several representative applications, namely MIMO detection, B¿ shimming in MRI, and sensor network localization. Another important application, namely downlink transmit beamforming, is described in [1]. Due to space limitations, we are unable to cover many other beautiful applications of the SDR technique, although we have done our best to illustrate the key intuitive ideas that resulted in those applications. We hope that this introductory article will serve as a good starting point for readers who would like to apply the SDR technique to their applications, and to locate specific references either in applications or theory.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) technology will be available in the near future. Quantum computers with 50-100 qubits may be able to perform tasks which surpass the capabilities of today's classical digital computers, but noise in quantum gates will limit the size of quantum circuits that can be executed reliably. NISQ devices will be useful tools for exploring many-body quantum physics, and may have other useful applications, but the 100-qubit quantum computer will not change the world right away --- we should regard it as a significant step toward the more powerful quantum technologies of the future. Quantum technologists should continue to strive for more accurate quantum gates and, eventually, fully fault-tolerant quantum computing.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2014.2317671

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

An Overview of Massive MIMO: Benefits and Challenges

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications refers to the idea equipping cellular base stations (BSs) with a very large number of antennas, and has been shown to potentially allow for orders of magnitude improvement in spectral and energy efficiency using relatively simple (linear) processing. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art research on the topic, which has recently attracted considerable attention. We begin with an information theoretic analysis to illustrate the conjectured advantages of massive MIMO, and then we address implementation issues related to channel estimation, detection and precoding schemes. We particularly focus on the potential impact of pilot contamination caused by the use of non-orthogonal pilot sequences by users in adjacent cells. We also analyze the energy efficiency achieved by massive MIMO systems, and demonstrate how the degrees of freedom provided by massive MIMO systems enable efficient single-carrier transmission. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing massive MIMO in future wireless communications systems are discussed.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2018.00286

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only Inference

The rising popularity of intelligent mobile devices and the daunting computational cost of deep learning-based models call for efficient and accurate on-device inference schemes. We propose a quantization scheme that allows inference to be carried out using integer-only arithmetic, which can be implemented more efficiently than floating point inference on commonly available integer-only hardware. We also co-design a training procedure to preserve end-to-end model accuracy post quantization. As a result, the proposed quantization scheme improves the tradeoff between accuracy and on-device latency. The improvements are significant even on MobileNets, a model family known for run-time efficiency, and are demonstrated in ImageNet classification and COCO detection on popular CPUs.

C113775141

Computer engineering

https://doi.org/10.1109/iccv.2017.298

Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware

Learning Efficient Convolutional Networks through Network Slimming

The deployment of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in many real world applications is largely hindered by their high computational cost. In this paper, we propose a novel learning scheme for CNNs to simultaneously 1) reduce the model size; 2) decrease the run-time memory footprint; and 3) lower the number of computing operations, without compromising accuracy. This is achieved by enforcing channel-level sparsity in the network in a simple but effective way. Different from many existing approaches, the proposed method directly applies to modern CNN architectures, introduces minimum overhead to the training process, and requires no special software/hardware accelerators for the resulting models. We call our approach network slimming, which takes wide and large networks as input models, but during training insignificant channels are automatically identified and pruned afterwards, yielding thin and compact models with comparable accuracy. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with several state-of-the-art CNN models, including VGGNet, ResNet and DenseNet, on various image classification datasets. For VGGNet, a multi-pass version of network slimming gives a 20× reduction in model size and a 5× reduction in computing operations.

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.4.49

economic thought

Does the “New Economy” Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past?

During the four years 1995-99 U.S. productivity growth experienced a strong revival and achieved growth rates exceeding that of the “golden age” of 1913-72. Accordingly many observers have declared the “New Economy” to be an Industrial Revolution even more important than the Second Industrial Revolution of 1860-1900, which made the golden age of productivity growth possible. This paper dissects the recent productivity revival, subtracts out a cyclical component, and concludes that there is no revival of the productivity growth trend in the 88 percent of the private economy lying outside of the durables manufacturing sector. The paper explains this surprising finding by pointing to limitations in computers and the internet in comparison with the great inventions of the past.

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157214

economic thought

Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise: Comment

Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise: Comment by Bruce A. Blonigen, Ronald B. Davies and Keith Head. Published in volume 93, issue 3, pages 980-994 of American Economic Review, June 2003

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000280956

economic thought

Entrepreneurship Capital and Economic Performance

Audretsch D. B. and Keilbach M. (2004) Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance, Regional Studies38, 949-959. The neoclassical model of the production function, as applied by Solow when building the neoclassical model of growth, linked labour and capital to output. More recently, Romer and others have expanded the model to include measures of knowledge capital. This paper introduces a new factor, entrepreneurship capital, and links it to output in the context of a production function model. It explains what is meant by entrepreneurship capital and why it should influence economic output. A production function model including several different measures of entrepreneurship capital is then estimated for German regions. The results indicate that entrepreneurship capital is a significant and important factor shaping output and productivity. The results suggest a new direction for policy that focuses on instruments to enhance entrepreneurship capital. Audretsch D. B. et Keilbach M. (2004) Le capital entrepreneurial et la performance économique, Regional Studies38, 949-959. Le modèle néo-classique de la fonction de production selon Solow, qui l'a employé dans le but de construire le modèle néo- classique de croissance, relie le travail et le capital au rendement. Plus récemment, Romer, parmi d'autres, a développé le modèle afin de comporter des mesures du capital de connaissance. Cet article cherche à présenter un noveau facteur, le capital entrepreneurial, et à le relier au rendement économique sur la base d'un modèle de fonction de production. D'abord, cet article cherche à expliquer la notion du capital entrepreneurial et les raisons pour lesquelles il pourrait influencer le rendement économqiue. Il s'ensuit une estimation d'un modèle de fonction de production qui se rapporte aux régions allemandes et qui utlise differents mesures du capital entrepreneurial. Les résultats montrent que le capital entrepreneurial excerce un effet positif et signifiant sur le rendement économique des regions. Ces résultats laissent supposer une nouvelle orientation pour la politique qui porte sur des outils destinés à augmenter le capital entrepreneurial. Audrestsch D. B. und Keilbach M. (2004) Entrepreneurship Kapital und wirtschaftliche Leistungsfähigkeit, Regional Studies38, 949-959. Das neoklassische Modell der Produktionsfunktion, wie es von Solow zur Konstruktion des neoklassischen Wachstumsmodell benutzt wurde, verband Arbeit und Kapital mit wirtschaftlichem Output. In jüngster Zeit haben Romer und andere das Modell dahingehend erweitert, dass Wissenskapital einbezogen wird. In diesem Aufsatz wird ein weiterer Faktor eingeführt, der des Entrepreneurship Kapitals und die Produktionsfunktion mit diesem Faktor erweitert. Der Aufsatz erklärt zunächst, was mit Entrepreneurship Kapital gemeint ist, und inwiefern es den wirtschaftlichen Output einer Region beeinflussen kann. Es wird sodann ein Produktionsfunktionsmodell einschließlich mehrerer verschiedener Maße für Entrepreneurship Kapital für deutsche Regionen geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Entrepreneurship Kapital einen signifikanten und wichtigen Beitrag zur Beeinflussung des wirtschaftlichen Outputs der Regionen darstellt. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, neue Wege der Wirtschaftspolitik zu beschreiten, die sich auf Instrumente zur Erhöhung des Entrepreneurship Kapitals konzentrieren. Audretsch D. B. y Keilbach M. (2004) Capital entrepreneurial y comportamiento económico, Regional Studies38, 949-959. El modelo neoclásico de la función de producción, tal como ha sido aplicado por Solow para desarrollar el modelo neoclásico de crecimiento, vinculó trabajo y capital a producción. Más recientemente, Romer y otros han expandido el modelo para incluír medidas de capital intelectual. En este artículo nosotros introducimos un nuevo factor, el capital empresarial, y lo vinculamos a la producción en el contexto de un modelo de función de producción. Este artículo explica qué es a lo que nosotros nos referimos cuando hablamos de capital empresarial y por qué debería influír en la producción económica. A continuación se estima un modelo de función de producción que incluye varias medidas diferentes de capital empresarial para las regiones alemanas. Los resultados indican que el capital empresarial es un factor importante y significativo a la hora de determinar producción y productividad. Estos resultados sugieren una nueva dirección para las políticas que se centran en instrumentos dirigidos a aumentar el capital empresarial.

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.2307/2527389

economic thought

Lawrence R. Klein Lecture 1997: Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity

This paper evaluates the argument that differences in physical and intangible capital can account for the large international income differences that characterize the world economy today. The finding is that they cannot. Savings rate differences are of minor importance. What is all-important is total factor productivity (TFP). In addition, the paper presents industry evidence that TFPs differ across countries and time for reasons other than differences in the publicly available stock of technical knowledge. These findings lead the author to conclude a theory of TFP is needed. This theory must account for differences in TFP that arise for reasons other than growth in the stock of technical knowledge. Copyright 1998 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180338

economic thought

Are Ideas Getting Harder to Find?

Long-run growth in many models is the product of two terms: the effective number of researchers and their research productivity. We present evidence from various industries, products, and firms showing that research effort is rising substantially while research productivity is declining sharply. A good example is Moore’s Law. The number of researchers required today to achieve the famous doubling of computer chip density is more than 18 times larger than the number required in the early 1970s. More generally, everywhere we look we find that ideas, and the exponential growth they imply, are getting harder to find. (JEL D24, E23, O31, O47)

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011014481

economic thought

Intellectual capital and business performance in the pharmaceutical sector of Jordan

Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this study is to empirically test the relationship between intellectual capital (i.e. human capital, structural capital, relational capital) and business performance within the pharmaceutical sector of Jordan. Design/methodology/approach – A valid research instrument was utilized to conduct a survey of 132 top‐ and middle‐level managers from all 15 members of the Jordanian Association of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers. Findings – A correlation and path analysis were conducted to ascertain the validity of the measures and models. Statistical support was found for the hypothesized relationships. Research limitations/implications – The findings offer valuable insights on the generalizability of intellectual capital in a novel research setting. Practical implications – Intellectual capital measurement is of primary interest for senior executives of pharmaceutical firms in Jordan. Originality/value – The research reported is among only a few to investigate the issue of intellectual capital in Egypt and the first to study pharmaceutical firms.

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/523

economic thought

Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries

IntroductionMost economists and academics support the notion that entrepreneurship is becoming a crucial factor in the development and well-being of societies. Whether the entrepreneurial activities are practiced in factor-driven, efficiency-driven, or innovation-driven economies (Porter et al., 2002), the ultimate results continue to exhibit: i) lower unemployment rates; ii)

C167562979

Classical economics

https://doi.org/10.1108/reps-11-2019-0145

economic thought

Digital transformation, development and productivity in developing countries: is artificial intelligence a curse or a blessing?

Purpose The entire world is now witnessing the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is indeed altering the lives of the many in both developing and developed countries. Massive digital transformations are affecting the economies of those countries and are bringing with them many promised merits, as well as many challenges to face. This paper aims to examine the relationship between digital transformation (as a one facet of the fourth revolution and AI trends) on one side, and economic development, labor productivity and employment on the other side. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyzes different indices of digital transformation, and then uses the Digital Evolution Index (DEI) to study those relationships in a group of developing countries using feasible generalized least squares method (FGLS). Findings The results show a positive relationship between the digital transformation index and economic development, labor productivity and job employment. Females seem to gain more from digital transformation compared to males, as suggested by the positive relation with the first and the insignificant relation with the latter. The relationship with vulnerable employment is not significant; more evidence is still needed to judge whether digital transformation will have an impact upon the vulnerable employees in the economy. Research limitations/implications The paper focused on the impact of digital transformation upon total aggregate employment. Future research is still needed to examine the impact upon the structure of the labor market and the shift of occupations. Originality/value The paper aims to add to in the literature regarding the relationship between digital transformation, economic development, employment and productivity in the developing world. The implications of those relationships are of significant importance to policymakers regarding how much support should be given to encourage the digital transformation. At the same time, it shall also indicate how much social support policies are required – if any – to lessen the negative impact of digital transformation on the vulnerable groups inside the country. Another contribution is using a single composite index for digital transformation that is comparable across the chosen set of developing countries, instead of using single indices each capturing a different dimension of digital transformation.