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RhetoricFunctionsList

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Acknowledging limitation(s) whilst stating a finding or contribution

Advising cautious interpretation of the findings

Commenting on the findings

Commenting on the strengths of the current study

Comparing the result: contradicting previous findings

Comparing the result: supporting previous findings

Contrasting sources with ‘however’ for emphasis

Describing previously used methods

Describing questionnaire design

Describing the characteristics of the participants

Describing the limitations of the current study

Describing the process: adverbs of manner

Describing the process: expressing purpose with for

Describing the process: infinitive of purpose

Describing the process: sequence words

Describing the process: statistical procedures

Describing the process: typical verbs in the passive form

Describing the process: using + instrument

Describing the research design and the methods used

Describing what other writers do in their published work

Detailing specific limitations

Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline

Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline: time frame given

Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society

Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society: time frame given

Establising the importance of the topic as a problem to be addressed

Explaining keywords (also refer to Defining Terms)

Explaining the provenance of articles for review

Explaining the provenance of the participants

Explaining the significance of the current study

Explaining the significance of the findings or contribution of the study

General comments on the relevant literature

General reference to previous research or scholarship: highlighting negative outcomes

Giving reasons for personal interest in the research (sometimes found in the humanities, and the applied human sciences)

Giving reasons why a particular method was adopted

Giving reasons why a particular method was rejected

Highlighting inadequacies or weaknesses of previous studies (also refer to Being Critical)

Highlighting interesting or surprising results

Highlighting significant data in a table or chart

Identifying a controversy within the field of study

Identifying a knowledge gap in the field of study

Implications and/or recommendations for practice or policy

Indicating an expected outcome

Indicating an unexpected outcome

Indicating criteria for selection or inclusion in the study

Indicating methodological problems or limitations

Indicating missing, weak, or contradictory evidence

Indicating the methodology for the current research

Indicating the use of an established method

Introducing the limitations of the current study

Making recommendations for further research work

Noting implications of the findings

Noting the lack of or paucity of previous research

Offering an explanation for the findings

Outlining the structure of a short paper

Outlining the structure of a thesis or dissertation

Pointing out interesting or important findings

Previewing a chapter

Previous research: A historic perspective

Previous research: Approaches taken

Previous research: What has been established or proposed

Previous research: area investigated as the sentence object

Previous research: area investigated as the sentence subject

Previous research: highlighting negative outcomes

Providing background information: reference to the literature

Providing background information: reference to the purpose of the study

Reference to previous research: important studies

Referring back to the purpose of the paper or study

Referring back to the research aims or procedures

Referring to a single investigation in the past: investigation prominent

Referring to a single investigation in the past: researcher prominent

Referring to another writer’s idea(s) or position

Referring to data in a table or chart

Referring to important texts in the area of interest

Referring to previous work to establish what is already known

Referring to secondary sources

Referring to the literature to justify a method or approach

Reporting positive and negative reactions

Restating a result or one of several results

Setting out the research questions or hypotheses

Some ways of introducing quotations

Stating a negative result

Stating a positive result

Stating purpose of the current research with reference to gaps or issues in the literature

Stating the aims of the current research (note frequent use of past tense)

Stating the focus, aim, or argument of a short paper

Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article (note use of present tense)

Stating what is currently known about the topic

Suggesting general hypotheses

Suggesting implications for what is already known

Suggestions for future work

Summarising the literature review

Summarising the main research findings

Summarising the results section

Summarising the studies reviewed

Surveys and interviews: Introducing excerpts from interview data

Surveys and interviews: Reporting participants’ views

Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions

Surveys and interviews: Reporting response rates

Surveys and interviews: Reporting themes