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Climate Policy Radar 20

B. National Inventory Roadmap outlined a trajectory of -45% to -55 % GHG emissions reduction by 2030, -55% to - 65% by 2040 and -85 % to -90 % by 2050. The inventory that resulted from CORINAIR90 (CEC, 1992) and subsequent modifications from IPCC methodology still structures the present day methodology in what concerns activity data and methodology. Under the evaluation of the first communication the inventory was subject to a review made by an international team. All national communications up until the present day (last was the 7th National Communication, submitted in 2017) were also reviewed by international experts. These exercises had an important role in problem detection and contribute to overall improvement.

PRT

Europe & Central Asia

1. Energy: Nepal uses energy in agriculture, transportation, industry, and commercial and residential sectors. As per the 2019 baseline assessment, residential, transportation, industrial, commercial, and agricultural energy use contributes to emissions in descending order. Thus, to reduce carbon emissions in the residential sector the use of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) must be reduced and more electrical appliances e.g. electric cooking and biogas must be used. The transportation sector will need to transition to zero-emission transportation for intercity, intracity, and freight travel across public and private modes. The brick sector needs to shift to zig-zag and tunnel kilns technologies, and then full electric heating. The use of energy-efficient technologies will also help in reducing emissions in the agriculture sector. The main strategy is to power the industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors with renewable energy and hydrogen technologies, which Nepal has in abundance. Furthermore, in the power generation sector, all electricity will be generated from renewable sources, primarily hydropower plants, as well as solar PV. Refer to Table 2 for the strategy in the energy sector.

NPL

South Asia

It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 25% in the electricity sector (5% unconditionally and 20% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 9,819,000 MT unconditionally and 39,274,000 MT conditionally (total of 49,093,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-2030¹3 (Figure 4.4.1). Figure 4.4.1: Emission reduction projections in Electricity (Power) Sector The increase in private vehicle use in urban areas has increased traffic congestion, road accidents and air pollution, and in turn impacts the economy, environment, and society. High dependence on road transport, as against railways or water-based transport modes, tend to increase total energy consumption and air pollution. Though Sri Lanka Railway (SLR) played a dominant role in the past, its share of passenger and freight transportation has shrunk over time. SLR has identified the potential to improve its services as a low-cost mass transportation mode for passengers and goods, and thereby reduce urban and suburban traffic congestion to a great extent. On the other hand, non-motorized transport share is very low in urban areas and is reducing in rural areas. Three-wheelers, school, and office vans are providing substantial services to communities that do not have direct access to buses or trains. Recent infrastructure developments in the sector such as expressways, park & ride facilities, multimodal transport hubs, etc. are expected to reduce the emission footprint while positively contributing to the environment and economy.

LKA

South Asia

Bappenas 5. To improve the quality of Indonesians by improving the quality of education and training through "Smart Indonesia" program and increasing Indonesia' social welfare and health through the "Healthy Indonesia" and "Prosperous Indonesia" programs. To encourage land reform and land ownership for the people in Indonesia by 2019. 6. To improve people's productivity and competitiveness in the international market so that Indonesian can move forward and stand up with other Asian nations. 7. To achieve economic independence by moving the strategic sectors to domestic economy. 3. To revolutionize the nation's character through a policy of restructuring the national education curriculum with advanced civic education; to teach the history of the nation, the values of patriotism and to love the country, as well as to build the passion and character to defend the state through

IDN

East Asia & Pacific

• Optimise the use of the marine space through the cross-government programme on Marine Spatial Prioritisation. • Develop Fisheries Management Plans, working with industry and other partners. • Work with the High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy to develop sustainable ocean plans that capture both Defra and cross-government work.

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

may update the vaities of the reference indicators: 2. Timeframe and or period of (a) Time frame and period of implementation (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable 3. Scope and Coverage (a) General description of the target: business as usual scenano. implementation (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Start year: 2020; End year: 2030 The initial multi-year target has been revised to a single-year end target (2030) Seychelles' target to reduce emissions relative to business-as-usual by 2030, covers the energy sector (supply and end-use), refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC), transportation and waste management. Key sectors covered: Power sector, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (RAC), Land Transport & Waste Management. GHG covered are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), HFCs. For Power sector; the targets in the previous NDC are maintained which was derived from the Energy policy of 2009. The policy and energy strategy is currently being reviewed. A new policy document will be presented to the Government of Seychelles (GOS), for approval in July 2021. The target is 15.5% energy efficiency and 15.0 % renewables by 2030. These targets are very ambitious for a Small Islands Developing State, and Seychelles is currently producing 5.0% RE and will need to scale to plus 10.0% in 10 years taking into account economic growth. The foreseen RE technologies to be used will be solar PV and wind energy for electricity production. GHG target reduction of 124 kt CO, is foreseen by 2030. For the RAC sector, the key sub-sectors of split air conditioners (split ACs), domestic refrigerators and stand-alone refrigerators for commercial operation (commercial refrigeration) will be the aim of mitigation measures for the transformations of these sub

SYC

Sub-Saharan Africa

Objective 4.4: Combat the degradation of natural resources, restore plant cover and degraded forests By 2040, forest cover will reach 40% of the territory. It is a question of fighting against all the causes of degradation of natural resources. These causes being for the most part of anthropogenic origin, it is up to man to guard against them. Beyond good management of what already exists, it will also be necessary to restore what is degraded.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

9. Coverage of the costs for the realization of the projects. 1. [Pursuant to art. 23, paragraph 4, of the legislative decree 23 May 2000, n. 164, and taking into account the provisions of law no. 481, the costs incurred by the distribution companies for the realization of the projects in the manner set out in art. 8, can be covered, if they involve a reduction in natural gas consumption and limited to the part not covered by other resources, on the components of the tariffs for the transport and distribution of natural gas, according to criteria established by the Electricity Authority and gas. The costs incurred by the distribution companies for the realization of the projects in the manner set out in art. 8 may be covered, if they involve a reduction in electricity consumption and limited to the part not covered by other resources, on the components of tariffs for the transport and distribution of electricity, according to criteria established by the Electricity Authority and gas **] 04. (13) See, also, the Del.Aut.en.el. and gas 16 December 2004, n. 219/04.

ITA

Europe & Central Asia

Under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement, the UK remains committed to its shared targets and reporting with the EU under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009, the European Council reiterated the conditional offer of the EU to move to a 30 % reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels as part of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2012, provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and that developing countries contribute adequately according to their sasponsibles and respective capabilities. Under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020) the EU has a collective target to reduce its emissions by 20% relative to basa year (1990) levels over the period. The burden sharing agreement, set out for the Doha Amendment, translates efforts agreed under the EU 2020 Climate and Energy Package into the second commitment period of the KP. The Doha Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 31 December 2020. The calculation of the UK's Assigned Amount is set out in UK's initial Report for the second commitment period, and results in an Assigned Amount of 2,744,937,332 assigned amount units (AAL) over the commitment period, where one AAU is equivalent to one 100,eq. a Reporting by a developed country Party on the information specified in the common tabular format does not prejudge the position of other Parties with regard to the treatment of units from market-based mechanisms under the Convention or other market- based mechanisms towards achievement of quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets. bThis information could include information on the domestic legal status of the target or the total assigned amount of emission units for the period for reaching a target. Some of this information is presented in the namative part of the biennial report

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

better visibility for subsidies directed to SMEs and industries). Adaptation of compensation mechanisms for electricity supply from renewable energy sources through regulation, tariff adjustment and promotion of heat recovery. Financial compensation for the supply of biogas in the natural gas grid through regulation. Conception of a targeted promotion for the use of biomass. - Increase energy efficiency and decrease energy consumption Specification and implementation of a legal frame for the "Housing Sector Plan". Redevelopment and simplification of the financial support system in case of old-building renovation and new constructions in the residential area, through fundamental assessment of measures for renovation and adjustment of financial support for new constructions (1). Encourage energy efficient renovation of public buildings by increasing financial means and transposing of the Energy Efficiency Directive No 2012/27/EU. Monitoring energy consumption of public buildings through a measuring concept and data analysis. Reinforce "construction standards" for new commercial and services buildings. Implementing incentives to cover residual households' energy needs by renewable energy sources. Standardisation of the provisions for deploying energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources in municipal buildings Linking building construction and renovation to sustainable development criteria (1). Faster depreciation of the investments concerning energy efficient renovation through regulation. Promoting and fostering electro-mobility through regulations, including financial support. Promoting and fostering natural gas mobility. Adjustment of "CAR-e" bonus for electro-cars (2). Increase energy efficiency in private companies through voluntary agreements, awareness rising, information and guidance, pilot projects. Increase energy efficiency in companies under the EU ETS through a voluntary agreement scheme (FEDIL), and energy efficiency measures financed by EU ETS public revenues. Application of sustainability criteria for public procurement and during the whole planning process through fixed guidelines and continuous monitoring.

LUX

Europe & Central Asia

Agricultural development / 31120 World Bank - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - Energy Sector Management Assistance Program 11,005.00

DNK

Europe & Central Asia

o a new indicative 2035 target; o a reaffirmation of its aspiration to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 at the latest; o up-front information in tabular format to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding;

MHL

East Asia & Pacific

Es There are also plans to create a certification center for installations of renewable energy equipment. Over the 2021-2030 period, the objective is to achieve an integration rate of over 80%. This is why the production capacity of photovoltaic modules should be extended to reach 200 MWp/year. This period would be marked by the development of a national subcontracting network for the manufacture of the equipment necessary for the construction of a photovoltaic power station. It should also be marked by total control of engineering, procurement and construction of power plants and brackish water desalination units. It is planned during this same period to export not only the electricity produced from renewable energies but also the know-how and equipment involved in the production of electricity from renewable energies.

DZA

Middle East & North Africa

Managing knowledge as an asset; Strengthening the Research & Development capacity within climate change field in Liberia; Mainstreaming climate change concerns in the policies and programs.

LBR

Sub-Saharan Africa

10.4 ETHANOL AS A TRANSPORT FUEL Ethanol is an organic solvent, similar in properties to the hundreds of other components of petroleum-derived gasoline. Yet, there is a big difference:

IND

South Asia

Furthermore, efforts are also required in the area of energy efficiency and energy conservation, as a way of reducing consumption, preventing additional electricity generation and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. The implementation of a National Energy Efficiency Policy will represent a reduction in electricity consumption of around 10% in 2030, equivalent to savings of 106 TWh, which can avoid emissions of 30 million tons of CO2 the same year, in a conservative estimate. Energy Efficiency implementation of the National Policy for Energy Efficiency that will result in a gradual energy saving up to 106 TWh/year to be reached in 2030, avoiding emissions of around 30 million tons of CO, in that year. Charcoal - consumption increase of sustainable charcoal to replace coal in steel plants, mainly through the encouragement of forestation in degraded areas.

BRA

Latin America & Caribbean

(iii) a net-zero emissions building portfolio by 2045, including a 50 percent emissions reduction by 2032;

USA

North America

Brief Description Newfoundland and Labrador Lower Churchill River Project (Muskrat Falls)* Brief Description Establishment of Wind Farm in Prince Edward Island Brief Description Interconnection Improvement Project Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick Cable Lines Brief Description Nova Scotia created Canada's first energy efficiency utility, Efficiency Nova Scotia. Since its creation, this independent body has achieved annual reductions of 1.2% compared to a business as usual scenario. It also runs comprehensive energy efficiency programs for low-income and aboriginal Nova Scotians. Under the Electricity Efficiency and Conservation Restructuring Act (2014), Nova Scotia Power is required to purchase efficiency resources when their cost is lower than the cost of generating electricity. Efficiency resources are provided by Efficiency Nova Scotia to commercial, industrial and residential customers. Electricity efficiency targets are set based on an integrated, periodic resource plan required by the Nova Scotia Utilities and Review Board. GHG emission reductions achieved through electricity efficiency are included in the GHG reduction estimates provided for the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulations. Electricity Economy Newfoundland and Labrador | CO,CH, NO Increase the share of clean energy in the province's energy mix CO Provide a reliable, long-term source of power for Island residents and balance wind supply growing Under construction, the 824-megawatt Muskrat Falls Hydroelectric Generating Station will replace oil-fired power plants that generate more than 10% of the province's GHG emissions. This project will also contribute to a reduction in GHG emissions of approximately 1 Mt per year through a power purchase agreement, and further export sales could also result in a reduction of 1 Mt per year. year. The project is expected to be operational and at full power beginning in 2020. The second phase of the Lower Churchill River project includes the construction of the 2,200 MW Gull Island project, which has received environmental approvals from the federal governments. and provincial Construction of the Gull Island project has not begun. Electricity CO Strengthen the supply of renewable electricity Economy Prince Edward Island Economy Planned action Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick Planned action 2019 Prince Edward Island published an energy strategy in 2017, with the objective of establishing two other wind farms. Consultation on the first wind farm (30 MW) began in 2017. Electricity 1,200 kt implemented 2017-2019 NE

CAN

North America

Methodology and Assumptions Objectives Steps undertaken and activities planned Progress indicators Estimated outcomes and emission reduction achieved The methodology applied is the CDM methodology ACM0002 Consolidated baseline methodology for grid-connected electricity generation from renewable sources (version 12) Heavy Fuel Oil and diesel Oil power generation is currently the dominant power supply option within the Phnom Penh Power Grid; and By displacing Heavy Fuel Oil and diesel fuel power generation with clean and renewable energy, the project leads to the reduction of CO2 emission into the atmosphere. To generate power from clean renewable hydro power in Koh Kong Province for the contribution to the sustainability of power generation of the Phnom Penh Power Grid; To reduce the dependence on exhaustible fossil fuels for power generation; To reduce the air pollution by displacing Heavy Fuel Oil power plants with clean, renewable power; To reduce the adverse health impacts from the air pollution; To reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, to combat the global climate change; and To contribute to the electricity shortage and the local economic development through the employment creation. . . The scenario prior to the implementation of the project activity is that electricity delivered to the grid is generated by the operation of grid-connected power plants and by the addition of new generation sources; . Installation of an Upper Scheme Station with a capacity of 206 MW; Installation of a Lower Scheme Station with a capacity of 132 MW; and Supplied 1,067,600 MWh power to the Phnom Penh Grid System. Estimated annual operational hours; Annual electricity generated; Annual electricity supplied to the Phnom Penh Grid System; and GHG Emission reduction. 2 sets of the turbine/generator units with an individual capacity of 103MW at Upper Scheme Station installed; 2 sets of the turbine/generator units with an individual capacity of 66MW at Lower Scheme Station installed; and Emission reduction certified during the first monitoring period (01/01/2013-27/09/2018) reach to 3,120,080 ton

KHM

East Asia & Pacific

According to all the previous three analyses, agroforestry is the mitigation option with the greatest emission reduction potential. Agroforestry is the interface between agriculture and forestry and encompasses mixed land- use practices. The term typically refers to land-use practices in which trees and other woody perennials are spatially or temporally integrated with crops and livestock on a given unit of land. It is distinct from forestry options, discussed in Chapter 5, because it targets lands that are currently in use for agriculture. The mitigation option encourages compliance with the Agricultural Farm Forestry Rules that require every land holder to maintain a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10% on any agricultural land holding.19 The agroforestry mitigation option targets existing arable cropland and grazing lands that have high or medium agricultural potential. The total area of arable cropland and grazing land is estimated in the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 to be approximately 5,620,000 hectares. The current extent of tree cover on this agricultural land is not known, but at least, 10 percent tree cover on farms is targeted by the Agricultural (Farm Forestry) Rules 2009. Without additional information on the total area of land under agroforestry at the farm level, the proposed action aims to increase the total area under agroforestry at farm level by 200,000 acres by 2022. It is assumed that achieving 5% of additional tree cover on these lands using agroforestry practices is possible and a reasonable mitigation scenario. Therefore, the low carbon scenario assumes that an additional 200,000 acres (81,000) Ha is converted to agroforestry between the years 2018 and 2022. This is equivalent to an average afforestation rate of 16,200 Ha per year over the 5 years. In the NCCAP, SNC and the NDC Sector Analysis, was assumed that an addition 281,000 Ha of land would be converted to agroforestry between 2015 and 2030. This is equivalent to an annual average conversion rate of 18,000 Ha. While the proposed action is slightly less ambitious than the previous studies, the difference would not be significant in terms of GHG emission reductions. Therefore, the earlier rate of 18,000 Ha per year leading to establishment of agroforestry in 90,000 Ha

KEN

Sub-Saharan Africa

high. It uses 15% more energy than India and 25% more than the Philippines for each dollar of its gross domestic product. There are high transmissions and distribution losses in the power system estimated at about 22%. According to the National Energy Conservation Centre (ENERCON), annual energy savings of up to 25% are possible in all sectors that translate into approximately $3 billion in savings annually. Radical shift towards energy policy focusing on self-reliance and diversifying the energy mix while optimizing energy conservation options in the country. Prioritize the expansion and suitable enhancement of nuclear energy and large hydel power projects in the country as low carbon emitting options with valuable co-benefits in securing energy as well as water security in the country. For nuclear power expansion, policy priority should be accorded to a sustained international campaign towards reaching an understanding with the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Increasing deployment of alternative and renewable energy sources (Small hydel, wind and solar) to meet increasing energy demand in the country targeting them to become, at least, 12 percent of the total energy mix by the year 2022. Initiate and introduce financially attractive policies on renewables to maximize their utilization and attract international and domestic investors in this sector Develop policies such as Feed in Tariffs to encourage consumer level investments in renewables. A focus is required on utilization of indigenous as a high priority and employing the best available "clean coal" technologies along side exploring options of carbon capture and storage in order to grow along an optimal carbon emissions trajectory. Appropriate technology transfer would be specially required for this purpose especially for research and development of this evolving technology. Utilize financing options from the global carbon market to finance the costs of employing such technologies as renewable, energy conservation, "clean" coal as well as carbon capture and storage. Increase to maximize the indigenous production of natural gas in the country while also prioritizing gas pipelines from Iran and Turkmenistan to bridge the "gas gap". Positioning Pakistan to benefit from its unique geographical location by developing appropriate infrastructure and entering agreements offering an energy trade corridor in the region as well as for cross border trade of electric power. Identify and capitalize upon energy conservation as well as energy efficiency improvement options in the country most of which extend feasible options such as energy monitoring systems, smart grids and smart meters. Rehab

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Slovenia will encourage research and development in the field of environmentally acceptable transport. Many companies and individuals are proud of this, which in the past and even now have actively contributed to the development of mobility at home and in the world, which is why additional investment will be made in development and research in this area. CO₂ neutral, with appropriate technological development also hydrogen vehicles. By 2050, Slovenia will completely replace fossil fuels in transport with low-carbon alternatives. All technologies to achieve this goal, especially in freight transport, are not yet technologically developed to the point where they would be price competitive, but the EU's commitment to reducing GHG emissions in transport is a stable framework for the further intensive development of these technologies. 6.3.5 Main areas of action

SVN

Europe & Central Asia

Mitigation Measure GHG Reduction Regulations Allowing Utilities to Promote the Use of Natural Gas Vehicles Brief Description Incentives for the Use of Natural Gas in Transportation in British Columbia Brief Description Marine Bunkering with Liquefied Natural Gas cleaner in British Columbia Brief description Support for the installation of zero-emission vehicle charging stations in buildings in British Columbia Brief description Targeted sectors Transport Targeted GHGs CO, NO Type of instrument Targeted objective or activity Reduce emissions GHG emissions from the Transportation Economics sector Reduce GHG emissions from the Transportation Economics sector Implementer British Columbia Reduce GHG emissions from the Transportation Economics sector This amendment to the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Regulation GHG) allows utilities to double the number of incentives available to convert commercial fleets to fully renewable natural gas. Transportation CO, NO British Columbia Reduce GHG emissions from the sector Supporting transportation regulations Status of implementation Implemented 2016 British Columbia Beginning of implementation British Columbia Implemented 2016 Implemented From New utility incentives will help reduce emissions in BC's transportation sector by encouraging the use of renewable natural gas in commercial fleets and expanding refueling infrastructure. Transport CO, NO Planned Measure Estimated Impact Estimated Mitigation Mitigation Impact in 2020 (kt in 2030 (kt CO eq) CO eq) 100 kt 100 kt 2016 40 kt Change at Greenhouse Gas Reduction Regulation to allow utilities to provide additional incentives for bunkering liquefied natural gas in the marine environment. Transportation CO, Ng 2017 0 40 kt NE NE The Government of British Columbia is expanding support for the installation of electric vehicle charging stations in buildings across the province by developing regulations to enable jurisdictions local authorities to require new buildings to have adequate infrastructure to support environmental policies.

CAN

North America

Activities of the Slovak Republic with respect to the development of policies and measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions have been intensified since the publication of the Fifth National Communication of the Slovak Republic on Climate Change. The MP SR and the SHM have undertaken all the necessary steps to enhance mechanisms to monitor, evaluate and improve tools and measures for the fulfilment our reduction commitments under the UNFCCC. All relevant EU-level policies and measures are being strengthened to meet the targets for the year 2020 as agreed in the Climate and Energy Package. This includes legislation put in place by the EU to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% by 2020compared to 1990, with a conditional offer to move to 30%, provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions. Furthermore, the EU has committed to achieving 20% of energy from renewable sources by 2020 (as a share on total EU gross final energy consumption), supplemented by a target to achieve a minimum of 10% renewable energy share on fuel consumption in the transport sector. Moreover, the EU has committed to a 20% reduction of total primary energy consumption by 2020, compared to projections in 2007.37 The Slovak Republic is on the way to fulfilling its commitments as seen from recent GHG emission inventories. The content of the chapter is as follows:

SVK

Europe & Central Asia

k) the implementation of other requirements provided for by the legislation of Georgia. Article 7 - Popularisation, promotion and implementation of programmes, measures and activities by the Ministry The Ministry shall make popular, promote and implement, in coordination with international and regional donor organisations, and through the mobilisation of funds, the following programmes, measures and activities in the sectors of buildings, industry, and energy production, transmission and distribution:

GEO

Europe & Central Asia

Promoting energy efficiency in buildings through targeted awareness-raising programs that seek to reduce demand in industrial, business, government and residential buildings Phasing out of incandescent light bulbs Installation of motion-sensor lights > Introduction of more energy-efficient stoves within households > Implementing incentives for retro-fitting of existing buildings with more energy-efficient appliances Designing and implementing guidelines and/or standards and regulations for design of new buildings Use of passive design and low carbon materials in building construction To disseminate efficient stoves to reach a penetration rate of 30% in 2030; To reduce progressively the use of wood for heating in order to reach 10% by 2030; > Replacement of fuel-wood with LPG at the rate of 10% a year from 2020 to 2030 > Potential reduction of electricity demand in industrial sector from the year 2020 until 2030 by 0.8% per annum (total of 8.0%); > Potential reduction of final energy demand (electricity + petroleum products) in industrial sector by 1.0% per annum from 2020 until 2030 (total of 10.0%) Potential reduction of electricity demand in commercial sector from the year 2020 until 2030 by 0.8 % per annum (total of 8.0%)

LSO

Sub-Saharan Africa

(c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; a) An economy-wide absolute GHG emissions limitation target in place of the previous intensity target. This will provide greater clarity and transparency of Singapore's emissions level in 2030 and facilitate the tracking of progress; b) A clear peaking level (i.e. 65 MtCO₂e) around 2030. This reflects Singapore's efforts to support the objectives of Article 2a and Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement. This is a challenging and ambitious target given Singapore's national circumstances and anticipated growth in economic activity;

SGP

East Asia & Pacific

Art. 12. In order to achieve the objectives of the PNMC, the country will adopt, as a voluntary national commitment, actions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, with a view to reducing between 36.1% (thirty-six and one tenth percent) and 38.9% (thirty-eight and nine tenths percent) of its projected emissions by 2020. (Regulation)

BRA

Latin America & Caribbean

Vote Social Development 2021/22 2022/23 2023/24 2024/25 2025/26 21.700 21.832 21.335 1.335 Operating Total 66.202 Capital Total Mana in Mahi - Continuing employment support linked to industry training for at-risk jobseekers Mäori Trades and Training Fund - Continuing to support Mäori entities delivering training and employment for Mäori

NZL

East Asia & Pacific

Ghent Commercial Court, Ghent division. Appointment of an additional trustee Mr SMOLDERS INE, WESTEINDESTRAAT 34, 9990 MALDEGEM. Ghent Commercial Court, Ghent division.

BEL

Europe & Central Asia

c) Directive no. 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Directive 85/337/EEC of the Council, as well as Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) no. 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council - establishes the legal framework for the geological storage of carbon dioxide in two types of formations: deposits depleted of hydrocarbons, respectively saline aquifers; formations: deposits depleted of hydrocarbons, respectively saline aquifers; d) Directive no. 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC - establishes a common framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources. Mandatory national objectives are foreseen regarding the global share of energy from renewable sources in the final gross energy consumption and the share of energy from renewable sources used in transport. In 2020, Romania must reach a share of energy from renewable sources in the final gross energy consumption of 24%. Chapter II

ROU

Europe & Central Asia

Index of tables Table 1 Indicators of environmental vulnerability.. Table 2 Socioeconomic indicators Table 3 Percentage of households by poverty condition, according to geographic area of residence Table 4 Central America: Water resources by country.. Table 5 Characteristics of the methodological levels.. Table 6 Methodological levels used to estimate emissions in El Salvador. Year 2014 Table 7 Explanation of IE labels. Table 8 Global warming potentials. Time horizon of 100 years per GHG used in the INGEI 2014. Table 9 Summary of key categories identified for the Energy, Ippu and Waste sectors in the INGEI 2014 Table 10 Responsibilities and roles in the GC/CC Plan of the INGEI 2014. Table 11 Emissions total emissions in El Salvador by GHG in 2014 (kt CO eq) Table 12 GHG emissions for each category in 2014. Table 13 Total GHG emissions in El Salvador by sector in 2014 (kt CO eq). Table 14 Sources of information used in the calculation of emissions in the energy sector (2014).. Table 15 GHG emissions in the energy sector (2014)... Table 16 Methodological guides and emission factors used in the different IPCC categories of the energy sector Table 17 Estimation emissions from the energy sector through the reference approach. Table 18 CO emissions (2000-2015). Comparison of the reference and sectoral approach. Table 19 Estimated emissions for international bunkers. Years 2000-2015 Table 20 Composition of the manufacturing industry in El Salvador for the year 2014. Table 21 Sources of information in the calculation of emissions from the industrial sector. Year 2014 Table 22 GHG emissions in the IPPU sector. Year 2014... Table 23 GHG emissions and removals in the AFOLU sector. Year 2014 Table 24 Sources of information used to calculate emissions in the Waste sector Year 2014.29 38.39 43..62.63.68.69.71.72.73.74.77.78.80.. 82.84.87.88.89 90.92.96 100

SLV

Latin America & Caribbean

The Government's climate and energy policy targets by 2020 are: 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. at least 50 percent renewable energy. 20 percent more efficient energy use. at least 10 percent renewable energy in the trans- port sector. The Government also intends to implement emission reductions in Sweden, in accordance with adopted measures within the EU, as quickly as possible.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

: National goal is to achieve 100% universal electrification by 2020. The present level of access to electricity for households is estimated to be over 50%. Connection however has largely been by grid. To achieve 30% penetration of rural electrification via renewable energy technologies by 2020 It is recommended that i. ii. iii. The universal access to electrification via the National Electrification Scheme be by both grid extension and decentralised minigrid and microgrid energy systems including renewable energy. iii. Government ensures that sufficient funding is available for the National Electrification Scheme. V. Government sustains its commitment to achieving the National Electrification Scheme objective of 100% universal electrification by 2020. Government establishes a Rural Electrification Board with a Rural ElectrificationFund to manage and coordinate the rural electrification component of the National Electrification Scheme. Government supports local agencies to solicit funding from the international donor facilities such as the Global Environment Facility and the Clean Development Mechanism.

GHA

Sub-Saharan Africa

Morocco's NDC marks its commitment to reduce its GHG emissions in 2030 by 42% according to a "normal course of business" scenario. The fulfillment of Morocco's commitment will only be ensured if the Kingdom has access to new sources of financing and additional support in relation to that mobilized in recent years.

MAR

Middle East & North Africa

tools, including economic incentives. This team shall also evaluate recommendations of the Green Taxation 3 Committee that was set up under Government Decision 5327 of January 13, 2013, for promoting the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. By June 30, 2017, the Transport Minister and the Finance Minister shall publish their recommendations for implementation of economic tools for promoting the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. 14. Task the Energy Minister and the Finance Minister, in consultation with the Transport Minister, the Environmental Protection Minister, and the Fossil Fuel Substitutes Administration in the Prime Minister's Office, with evaluating economic tools, including economic incentives and tax policy, to promote infrastructure for altering the mix of fuels in the economy in such a way as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the various sectors. By December 31, 2016, the Energy Minister and the Finance Minister shall publish their recommendations for implementation of economic tools for promoting infrastructures for altering the mix of fuels in the economy. 15. Reduce energy consumption by the Government Ministries -

ISR

Middle East & North Africa

Guatemala's total emissions are very low compared to world emissions. As of 2011, they only represented 0.0344% of these (Boden, Marland, & Andres, 2015). However, the country recognizes that its development proposal can contribute to increasing its GHG emissions. In the Nationally Determined and Intended Contribution (INDC) proposal submitted to the UNFCCC, Guatemala proposes an unconditional reduction of 11.2% of projected emissions by 2030 (compared to 2005), which implies a reduction from 53.85 million to 47.81 million. million tons of CO (Government of 300 Guatemala, 2015). In the same proposal, a reduction of 22.6% of total emissions is proposed by 2030 (compared to 2005), conditioned on obtaining technical and financial support, which would mean reducing from 53.85 million to 41.66 million tons of CO2 in the indicated period.

GTM

Latin America & Caribbean

Article 22. Indicators and Goals corresponding to the First Strategic Axis are the following: Indicators T.1 Confidence in political parties 1.2 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) Measurement Unit/ Scale Percentage From 10 (perception of absence of corruption) to 0 (perception of existence Baseline Year Value 2010 22.2 2010 3.0 2015 24.7 3.9 Five-Year Goals 2020 27.1 4.8 2025 33.6 5.9 2030 40.1 7.0 National Development Strategy Law 2030

DOM

Latin America & Caribbean

a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; -Guinea-Bissau has made efforts to present a quantified mitigation target, which is a significant step forward from the first NDC. - The 30% emission reduction target by 2030 is an ambitious goal for Guinea-Bissau, classified among the least developed countries. - Guinea-Bissau plans an unconditional reduction of its emissions by 10% in 2030, despite its low level of development and its very limited economic resources. Guinea-Bissau contributes to less than 0.02% in global emissions. The updated NDC presents for the first time a quantified mitigation target. This objective corresponds to the highest possible level of ambition for Guinea-Bissau, given its level of development, low economic resources, and the limitation of its implementation capacity over the short period 2021-2030. The objective of reducing emissions by 30% in 2030 compared to the baseline scenario would allow a sharp deceleration in GHG emissions evolution. The average growth rate of emissions would be only 0.6% per year on average against 6.6% per year for the baseline scenario. The carbon intensity will also decrease by average of around -3.6% per year during the period 2020-2030. N/A e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the

GIN

Sub-Saharan Africa

• take a strategic, effective, proportionate, flexible and responsive approach to track our progress on meeting our strategy goals • use government's annual response to the Climate Change Committee's progress report on decarbonising the UK economy to inform the public on progress in delivering the strategy, and undertake a full review of strategy actions every five years • use a range of metrics to update on our progress, including UK industry emissions and volume of carbon dioxide captured and stored, and hydrogen used in industry Indicative roadmap to net zero UK industry Foundations to deliver net zero for industry

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

Parameters Base Year Target Year Emission Reduction target Gases covered Global Warming Potential Sectors Covered Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forests (LULUCF) Use of international credits (JI and CDM) Other Target 1990 2020 -20% in 2020 compared to 1990 CO, CH4, NO, HFCs, PFCs, SF AR4 All IPCC sources and sectors, as measured by the full annual inventory and international aviation to the extent it is included in the EU ETS. Accounted under KP, reported in EU inventories under the Convention. Assumed to produce net removals. Possible subject to quantitative and qualitative limits. Conditional offer to move to a 30% reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels as part of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2012, provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions and that developing countries contribute adequately according to their responsibilities and respective capabilities.

SVK

Europe & Central Asia

The climate-energy package introduces a dual approach to achieve a 20% reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels, France. This objective is divided into two sub-objectives, one for ETS sectors (subject to the European emissions trading scheme) and another for non-ETS sectors (EU, 2009). Under the revised EU-ETS Directive, a single EU-ETS cap covers the EU Member States and the three non-EU participating States (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein), i.e. that there are no longer any ceilings differentiated by country for the sectors concerned. For the allowances allocated to the sectors included in the EU-ETS, annual caps have been set for the period from 2013 to 2020; these fall by 1.74% per year, starting from the average level of allowances issued by the Member States during the second period (2008-2012). The annual caps imply intermediate emission reduction targets in the sectors covered by the EU-ETS for each year until 2020. For further information on the EU-ETS and information on the use of the market in the ETS, the biannual report of Europe can be consulted. Emissions not covered by the ETS are dealt with under the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD). The ESD covers emissions from all sources not covered by the EU-ETS, except emissions from international maritime transport and international and European air transport (the latter have been included in the ETS since 1 January

FRA

Europe & Central Asia

Government approval was given on 2 February 2021 to draft Heads of Bill which would give statutory effect to ending the issuing of new licences for the exploration and extraction of gas on the same basis as the decision taken in 2019 by the previous Government in relation to oil. Minister Ryan made this Programme for Government commitment effective immediately upon taking office - DECC is no longer accepting new applications for exploration licences for natural gas or oil, nor will there be any future licensing rounds. This commitment will be provided for in legislation at the Committee Stage of the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Bill. We are also publishing the necessary draft amendments to the Petroleum and other Minerals Act today.

IRL

Europe & Central Asia

4.3.2 technologies, including a high R&D effort, that compensate for the current lack of internalization of the environmental costs of non-renewable technologies. Aid for research and technological development in underdeveloped areas. > The effective integration of renewable energy in the transport and building sectors (case of biomass and solar). 0 Ensure that from 2010 renewable energies are placed in a strategic and competitive position compared to fossil fuels, increasing their contribution to the Spanish energy mix with respect to PER considerations until achieving a contribution to gross electricity consumption of 32 % in 2012 and 37% in 2020. fossil fuels, increasing their contribution to the Spanish energy mix with respect to PER considerations until achieving a contribution to gross electricity consumption of 32% in 2012 and 37% in 2020. (ii) Measures Encourage actions that favor those less developed such as biomass, and thermoelectric and photovoltaic solar energy, stimulating investment in technological development that lowers current installation costs.. Promote small photovoltaic installations of less than 5 Kw., through the improvement of the premiums of the conditions of access to the network and the administrative procedures for obtaining subsidies and applications for connection permits. Increase in hydraulic use through the rehabilitation of closed mini-power plants, improvement of existing ones and installation of turbines in reservoirs that lack them. Provide investments in renewable energies and cogeneration with a framework of greater economic security that contributes to their strengthening, evaluating an improvement in the bonuses that the Tax on Economic Activities grants to companies that use or produce

ESP

Europe & Central Asia

On the production side, the target is 30% renewable energy in 2030, of which around 17% is to be produced domestically. Fulfilling the two sub-goals for efficiency and renewables makes it possible to reduce overall energy-related greenhouse gas emissions by at least 30% domestically. A reduction of a further 10% to a total of 40% is planned through the application of international market mechanisms." Reductions are also necessary for baseline emissions in order to meet the 1.5 °C target. Reducing energy demand by around 40% by 2050 goes hand in hand with the goal of using more domestic, renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from energy use to zero. The goal thus means, among other things, a complete abandonment of fossil fuels in transport and in the building sector by 2050. The interim target for the year 2030

LIE

Europe & Central Asia

Malaysia has set a target to become an advanced economy by 2020. This will be achieved in a resilient, low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially-inclusive manner. The intention is to shift from the conventional and costly 'grow first, clean-up later' path to a more greener trajectory - Green Growth - which will ensure that socio- economic development is pursued more sustainably, beginning at the planning stage, and continuing throughout the implementation and evaluation stages. Socio- economic development is vital in raising the quality of lives of Malaysians, but if limited natural resources are not used efficiently, it will result in irreversible damage and put Malaysia's development at risk. Green growth is therefore a game changer because it is not just a stand-alone strategic thrust, but a development trajectory that considers all three pillars of sustainable development - economic, social, and environment, and better prepares the nation for future challenges. If carried out successfully, it will increase economic growth, change mindsets and behaviour at all levels of the society, as well as influence policy decisions in government, production decisions in industries, and consumption decisions by individuals. This in turn will correct the perception of green growth - from a high cost to a long-term investment. The Tenth Malaysia Plan, 2011-2015, recognised the importance of environmental sustainability as part of a comprehensive socio-economic development plan. Measures to address the issues of climate change, environmental degradation, and sustainable utilisation of Malaysia's natural endowment were therefore featured in the Tenth Plan. In 2009, Malaysia set a voluntary target of reducing the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission intensity of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by up to 40% compared to 2005 levels by 2020. Under the Tenth Plan, by the end of 2013, Malaysia had already achieved a 33% reduction. Energy sector, which is a major Overview

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

The United States relies on electricity to meet a significant portion of its energy demands. Electricity generators used 31 percent of U.S. energy from fossil fuels and emitted 33 percent of the CO, from fossil fuel combustion in 2019. The type of energy source used to generate electricity is the main factor influencing emissions." For example, some electricity is generated through non-fossil fuel options such as nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, solar, or geothermal energy. The mix of fossil fuels used also impacts emissions. The electric power sector is the largest consumer of coal in the United States. The coal used by electricity generators accounted for 93 percent of all coal consumed for energy in the United States in 2019. "However, the amount of coal and the percentage of total electricity generation from coal has been decreasing over time. Coal-fired electric generation (in kilowatt-hours (kWh]) decreased from 54 percent of generation in 1990 to 28 percent in 2019." This corresponded with an increase in natural gas generation and renewable energy generation, largely from wind and solar energy. Natural gas generation (in kWh) represented 11 percent of electric power generation in 1990 and increased over the subsequent thirty-year period to represent 34 percent of electric power generation in 2019. Wind and solar generation (in kWh) represented 0.1 percent of electric power generation in 1990 and increased over the subsequent thirty-year period to represent 9 percent of electric power generation in 2019.

USA

North America

It is recommended to carry out an in-depth reflection with the various parties concerned (banks, micro-finance NGOs, etc.), to set up a financing mechanism which will be based on a subsidy component and another credit component whose conditions take into consideration the specificities of the target. The main impacts of the implementation of the energy management action plan concern the reduction in demand for fossil fuels, the reduction in the country's energy bill and that of State subsidies for products and activities. energy, as well as the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Energy impacts

TUN

Middle East & North Africa

Title of the mitigation measure [idea, planning phase, in progress, in operation] In operation of the implementation Private life Min. 25 years Energy/electricity sub-sector [national, regional, city] mastering a national resource: Morocco benefits from an exceptional level of sunshine; promote the creation of a new solar sector in Morocco; National reduce the Kingdom's energy dependence and strengthen its electricity production capacity; reduce the negative impact of fossil fuel imports on the state budget and on the Kingdom's trade balance; mitigation measures Wind farm: Jbel Kheladi Objective of the measure This is the Jbel Khelladi wind farm project with a power of 120 MW commissioned in 2016 under Law 13-09 and forming part of the strategy energy company which aims to increase, by 2030, the share of renewable energies in order to reach 52% of the country's total electricity production capacity. The project will provide: (Million MAD) 2,340. reduce greenhouse gas emissions: the plant will prevent the emission of approximately 360,000 tonnes of CO per year. Activities planned as part of the mitigation measure (T CO/year) 360,000 Integrated development of a renewable energy installation meeting the best international standards. Contribution to the emergence of national expertise in the field of renewable energies. Incentive for the territorial development of the area of implantation according to a sustainable model involving the economic, the human and the environmental. Assumptions adopted The forecast value of the average annual production is based on the accumulation of all the losses generated by factors internal and external to the installation, it is situated at 90% of the initial nominal producible of the plant.

MAR

Middle East & North Africa

Sri Lanka is on the path towards becoming an internationally competitive middle-income country. This power and energy sector development plan is aligned to the country's development drive, and has been prepared to provide affordable, high quality and reliable energy for all citizens, rich or poor, equally by conserving country's precious natural environment, giving priority to the indigenous energy sources, and minimizing regional disparities in energy service delivery. The power and energy sector vision is to capture the full potential of all renewable and other indigenous resources in order for Sri Lanka to become a nation self-sufficient in energy. The total energy requirement of the country was around 11,125 ktoe in 2013, and the primary energy supply mainly consisted of 4,814 ktoe of biomass, 4,582 ktoe of fossil fuels, and 1,442 ktoe of hydro. Accordingly, 56% of total energy consumption is from indigenous (biomass + hydro), and Sri Lanka has to import fossil fuels to meet the balance. This requires importing 02 MMT of crude oil, 04 MMT of refined petroleum products and 2.25 MMT of coal to the country annually, costing approximately USD 5 billion in foreign exchange. The average annual total bill of imported fossil fuel is therefore 25% of our import expenditure, and nearly 50% of total export income. Therefore the power and energy sector has a huge bearing on the country's balance of trade and exchange rates.

LKA

South Asia

Table 2.14 shows the GHG emissions by gas type for 2010. The sector has contributed 11% of the total national emissions. This indicates emissions increment of the sector over the years. As shown in the Table, the highest contribution to the total emissions in the energy sector is from CO2 (92%), followed by CH4 and NO gases. The majority of emissions from this sector are from the transport sector, which accounts for 2,205.42 Gg of COe in 2005, which is 70% of the total emissions in the energy sector. The second highest contribution was from other sectors accounted for 16% of the total emissions. In 2010, the transport sector accounted for 2,897 Gg of CO emissions, which is 58% of the total emissions in the energy sector. Energy industries were the second-highest contributors.

KHM

East Asia & Pacific

Ireland. Emissions then plateaued until 2008 with estimates ranging from 68,791.7 kt CO₂ eq 1990. The total for 2020 is 18.2% lower than the peak of 70,923.6 kt CO₂ equivalent in 2001 and N₂O contributing 26.2% and 11.8%, respectively. The combined emissions of HFC, PFC,

IRL

Europe & Central Asia

Types of Water Freshwater resources in Tonga can be classified into two main categories: → Naturally occurring water resources requiring a relatively low level of technology in order to develop them. This category includes surface water, groundwater and rainwater.

TON

East Asia & Pacific

the NEAP 2 which identified issues to be addressed by proper environmental management, and the NAPA which would be the countrywide program for immediate and urgent climate adaptation activities drafted under the Integrated Climate Change Strategy.

MDV

South Asia

Figure 5.5 Trend in manure management CH4 emissions from livestock, 2000-2017. Table 5.20: Manure management CH, emission trends between 2000 and 2017. The 7th National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report 285

ZAF

Sub-Saharan Africa

Pursuant to Section 5 of the Act, all liquid fuells for motors and engines sold in the Philippines shall contain locally-sourced biofuels components as follows: a. Within two (2) years from the effectivity of the Act, at least five percent (5%) bioethanol shall comprise the annual total volume of gasoline fuel actually sold and distributed by each and every oil company in the country, subject to the requirement that all bioethanol blended gasoline shall contain a minimum five percent (5%) bioethanol fuel by volume: Provided, That the bioethanol blend conforms to the PNS. b. Within four (4) years from the effectivity of the Act, the NBB created under Section 8 of the Act is empowered to determine the feasibility and thereafter recommend to the DOE to mandate a minimum of ten percent (10%) blend of bioethanol by volume into all gasoline fuel distributed and sold by each and every oil company in the country: Provided, That the same conforms to the PNS.

PHL

East Asia & Pacific

Part One National Conditions and Institutional Arrangements.. Chapter One Natural Conditions and Resources.. Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Two National Greenhouse Gas Inventory... Project Social and Economic Development... National Development Strategy and Goals.. National climate change organization. Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 1 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory in 2010. Chapter 2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector.. Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 3 The Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation. Climate Change Characteristics and Trends.. Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability Assessment. Chapter 3. Climate Change Adaptation Policies and Actions.. Part 4. Climate Change Mitigation Policies and Actions... 1 Chapter 2 Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emission Targets and Actions, Chapter 2 Adjusting Economic Structure and Industrial Structure.. Data Quality and Uncertainty Assessment.. 2005 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Information, Future Trends of Carbon Dioxide Emissions.. Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency Improvement.. Building a low-carbon energy system.. Chapter 5 Stabilizing and increasing carbon sinks Chapter 6 Controlling non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 7 Strengthening the construction of institutions and mechanisms for controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Part 5 Funding, technology and capacity building Requirements... Chapter 1 Funding needs for addressing climate change and funding obtained, Chapter 2 Technology needs for addressing climate change... Chapter 3 Capacity building needs for addressing climate change... Part 6 Realization Other relevant information on the objectives of the Convention.. Chapter 1 Climate System Observations.. Chapter 2 Progress in Basic Research on Climate Change and Technological Innovation. Chapter 3 Education, Publicity and Public Awareness Raising.. Chapter 4 International Exchanges and Cooperation....... Part VII Basic Information on Climate Change in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 137 143 150

CHN

East Asia & Pacific

- To step by step implement effectively the plan to raise climate change awareness from central to local levels. -To complete, update and popularize documents and equipment to raise awareness. - To implement the awareness raising plan and develop human resources in the education and training system at all levels. DOO 14000 - Over 80% of the population and 100% of public employees and servants will basically understand about climate change and its impacts. 6. To increase international cooperation

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Water (pollution and depletion of surface and groundwater, etc.) • Energy (depletion of non renewable energy sources, overexploitation of natural resources etc.) • Forests (protection and sustainable management of forests, etc.)

GRC

Europe & Central Asia

Table Table 1.2. Methodological levels used in the 2015 inventory Table 1.1. Global warming potentials used in the 2015 inventory Table 1.3. Main sources of greenhouse gas emissions for Costa Rica according to the level evaluation Table 1.4. Main sources of greenhouse gas emissions for Costa Rica according to the trend analysis Table 1.5. Uncertainty analysis of the 2015 inventory Table 2.1. Estimated categories in the Energy sector Table 2.2. Gas emissions in the energy industries in 2015 Table 2.3. Gas emissions in the manufacturing and construction industry in 2015 Table 2.4. Gas emissions in other sectors during 2015 Table 2.5. Emission of greenhouse gases associated with international transport in 2015 Table 2.6. Comparison between CO calculation methods in the Energy sector Table 2.7. Gas emissions by sector for 2015 Table 3.1. Estimated categories in the industrial processes sector and use of products Table 3.2. CO emission in the cement production process Table 3.3. CO emission in the lime production process Table 3.4. CO emission in the glass production process Table 3.5. CO emission from the use of sodium carbonate Table 3.6. CO emission from the use of calcium carbide Table 3.7. Emission of 00 for the use of lubricants Table 3.8. CO emission from the use of paraffin waxes Table 3.9. Emissions due to refrigeration and air conditioning in 2015 Table 3.10. Total emission by industrial process in 2015 Table 4.1. Estimated categories in the Agriculture, Forestry and other land use sector Table 4.1. Methane emission by enteric fermentation in cattle during 2015 Table 4.2. Methane emission by enteric fermentation in other domestic animals during 2015 Table 4.3. Methane emission from cattle manure management during 2015 Table 4.4. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from handling the manure of other domestic animals during 2015 Table 4.5. CO absorption by forest plantations in 2015 Page 13 13 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 33 35

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

The Committee recommends a Sixth Carbon Budget of 965 MtCO₂e, including emissions from the UK's share of international aviation and shipping (IAS). This recommended budget aligns to the Balanced Net Zero Pathway set out in Chapters 2 and 3, which was built on multiple lines of evidence and takes into account what is feasible and what is necessary to get on track to Net Zero by 2050. This section sets out our recommended level for the Sixth Carbon Budget and the basis on which it should be measured. It is in seven parts:

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

- Upgrading digital skills in military service Index: part Connectivity of the DESI - Digital Economy and Society Index - Axis 2.1: Connectivity for citizens, businesses, the state

GRC

Europe & Central Asia

"(C) work trucks and commercial medium-duty or heavy-duty on-highway vehicles in accordance with sub- section (k). "(A) AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY AVERAGE FOR MODEL YEARS 2011 THROUGH 2020.-The Secretary shall prescribe a separate average fuel economy standard for passenger automobiles and a separate average fuel economy standard for non-passenger automobiles for each model year begin- ning with model year 2011 to achieve a combined fuel economy average for model year 2020 of at least 35 miles. per gallon for the total fleet of passenger and non-passenger automobiles manufactured for sale in the United States for that model year. "(B) AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY AVERAGE FOR MODEL YEARS 2021 THROUGH 2030.-For model years 2021 through 2030, the average fuel economy required to be attained by each fleet of passenger and non-passenger automobiles manufactured for sale in the United States shall be the maximum feasible average fuel economy standard for each fleet for that model year.

USA

North America

Well-designed drainage systems will handle sewage, surface water, etc properly. 10 percent of our installed power capacity will be renewables (compared to 1 percent now). Use of plastic will have been reduced and Ghana will be pioneering the use and development of alternatives.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Energy Low-carbon development for the Chilean cement and steel industry Development of Comuna Energtica NPP Decarbonization of the electricity sector Decarbonization of the Energy Sector in Chile Energy Efficiency in Mining Solar energy for the generation of electricity and heat Energy Partnership Bilateral cooperation Agency Switzerland for Development and Cooperation SDC gica, generate rich jobs, while meeting their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), turning applicant countries into leaders in circular economy. Carry out the technological gap assessment (TNA) for the cement and steel industries in Chile, identifying and prioritizing technologies, carrying out gap analysis and facilitating frameworks, concluding with an implementation plan for each sector. Concept Note to apply to the FVC Establishment of a Database and Inventory Refinement for GHG emissions associated with Manure (DATAMAN) Exchange experiences and considera- Simulations of 4 decarbonization scenarios in the electricity generation sector in Chile. The project contributes in the long term to the achievement of Chile's climate objectives through the transformation of a sustainable energy system. The focus is the expansion of renewable energies and the decarbonization of the energy sector towards a "low carbon economy" with special themes in the conversion of thermoelectric plants and the development of a green hydrogen economy. Promotion of energy efficiency in the mining sector with the introduction of energy efficiency networks and decarbonization networks. Identification of economically viable market segments and development of a favorable regulatory framework for the expansion of solar energy for electrical and thermal self-consumption. In this way, the project will support the initiatives of the Government of Chile to meet its greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals. Mitigation of greenhouse gases and adaptation to the impacts of climate change in Argentina and Chile Forestry and Biodiversity Mitigation of greenhouse gases and Latin America by strengthening energy efficiency in strategic sectors adaptation The project is accompanying the political dialogue between the Ministry of Energy of Chile and the Ministry of Energy of Germany and providing international cooperation on energy policy issues. Contribute to consolidate the general objective of the ENCCRV related to reducing the social, environmental and economic vulnerability generated by climate change, desertification, land degradation and drought on vegetation resources and dependent communities, together

CHL

Latin America & Caribbean

energy: preliminary economic evaluations in Guatemala, identified that the energy efficiency (EE) and energy subsectors. Renewable (RE) have a greater opportunity to reduce emissions. • In the land use sector: the National Emissions Reduction Program of Guatemala seeks to achieve a decrease in net GHG emissions for the period 2016-2020, of 4.19 million tCO₂ per year, which is equivalent to 36.5% of current emissions. Guatemala has a total of 272 stations installed, of which 176 are meteorological, 83 are hydrometeorological, two are oceanographic, four lakes and seven environmental (it has one station every 400 km²) (MARN, 2011). It is necessary to direct efforts to expand the network of stations, in quantity and quality, to generate scientific information on the climate, especially those variables related to climate change.

GTM

Latin America & Caribbean

articulate control measures for methane emissions in the oil and gas sector. The regulations are expected to achieve 22 Mt CO, eq of reductions in 2030. Transportation and Distribution of Oil and Gas

CAN

North America

As indicated earlier, the largest source of GHG emissions in the energy sector is from the sub-sector of power generation. In the baseline scenario, GHG emissions from this sub-sector are expected to grow at an average of 9.5% per year. The large GHG emission growth occurs because in baseline scenarios, the types of plants to be added in the 2010-2030 period are fossil fuel-based power plants such as coal and natural gas. The projection of the energy generation mix is shown in Figure 5.5 where in 2030, the share of power generation is dominated by coal (76%) and natural gas (20%). Renewable energy generation considered in the baseline scenario are from plants that have been operating since the base year (2010).

IDN

East Asia & Pacific

Between 2009 and 2018 electricity generation emissions decreased by 30.2 Mt CO-e (14.3 per cent) from the peak in 2008-09 despite continuing population and economic growth. This was primarily driven by an 8.0 per cent increase in the share of generation of renewable energy in the National Electricity Market, with the largest increases coming from wind and solar, and a 1.8 per cent increase in the share from natural gas. This has coincided with a 9.8 per cent decrease in the share of electricity generation from brown and black coal, following the closure of twelve coal fired power plants between 2012 and 2017.

AUS

East Asia & Pacific

In 2012 the Government adopted the "Energy Strategy 2020". The strategy provides future-oriented impulses for the national energy policy. The focus areas of the concept are the promotion of efficient energy use, the use of renewable energies, and energy conservation. These goals correspond to the aims of the EU's 20-20-20 climate package from 2008. Increase the share of renewable energy in total energy use from 8% to 20% by 2020. Increase the energy efficiency to 20% to stabilize the energy consumption on the level of 2008 by 2020 and 20% reduction of the CO emission by 2020. The Energy Strategy 2020 also addressed the need to minimize adverse effects of its proposed measures as required by Art. 2 paragraph 3 of the Kyoto Protocol. The proposed set of measures has been checked against its compatibility with economic as well as social requirements.

LIE

Europe & Central Asia

ENR Sector Priorities and new Innovations will focus mainly on supporting key thematic areas identified in EDPRS 2 related to economic transformation, rural development, productivity and youth employment, and effective governance. The contribution of forestry resources to economic growth and poverty reduction will be attained by the increase of forest cover across the nation as well as the increase and sustainable management of ecosystems and forestry resources. The Rwanda's EDPRS II 2013-2018 retains forestry as a main concern in recognition of its prime contribution to the GDP. This will be achieved through increased job creation in forestry from 0.3% to 0.5% by 2018, and reduction in the use of biomass energy through the use of improved stoves and improved kilns to produce 75% of charcoal by year 2018. EDPRS II 2013-2018 supports the previous target of increasing forest cover to 23.5% by 2012 and reset a new indicator to reach 30% by 2018. In addition, EDPRS II 2013-2018 recommends for sustainable management of forest biodiversity and critical ecosystems through protection and maintenance of 10.25% of the land area, and reduction of wood energy consumption from 86.3 % to 50% by 2020 as reflected in the 2020 Vision targets. Security of land tenure, through systematic land registration and sustainable, rational land use in Rwanda through decentralized land use planning and mapping, will be ensured and the national land registry will be maintained and sustained by strengthening land administration institutions.

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

Decree No. 128/PG-RM of March 30, 1961, defined the organization of the Hydraulics and Electricity Service which included two sections, namely, the Urban Hydraulics and Electricity Section and the Pastoral Hydraulics Section; Decree No. 138/PG-RM of November 11, 1966, on the organization and operation of the National Directorate of Hydraulics and Energy (DNHE), notably devoted the replacement of Electricity by Energy to the within the new management; Law n67-12/AN-RM of April 13, 1967, created the Direction of Hydraulics and Energy; Ordinance n90-45/P-RM of September 04, 1990, creates the National Center for Solar Energy and Renewable Energies (CNESOLER) and Decree N90-434/P-RM of October 31, 1990, establishes its organization and operating methods, thus consecrating the strategic option of the Government for the development of national potential in renewable energies; Law n90-105/AN-RM of October 11, 1990, creates the National Directorate of Geology and Mines (DNGM), having in particular in charge of all research and studies as well as all measures relating to the reorganization of the oil sector and Decree 02-583/P-RM of December 20, 2002 establishes its organization and operating procedures; Law n90-103/AN-RM of October 11, 1990, creates the Program for the Development of Mineral Resources (PDRM), which is notably in charge of prospecting work as well as reconnaissance, and Decree 02-584/ P-RM of December 20, 2002 establishes its organization and operating procedures; Ordinance No. 90-64/P-RM of November 8, 1990, created the National Directorate of Hydraulics and Energy (DNHE), whose organization and operating methods were set by Decree no. 90-458/P-RM of November 8, 1998; Law No. 92-009 of August 27, 1992 creates the National Petroleum Products Office (ONAP), which is responsible in particular for managing imports of petroleum products, and Decree No. 93-098/P-RM amending Article 3 of Decree No. 92-155/P-RM of October 14, 1992 establishes its organization and operating procedures; Law No. 98-056 of December 17, 1998,

MLI

Sub-Saharan Africa

Bhutan has also consistently taken measures to implement the 1st NDC and elaborate on actions and prepare strategies in preparation for the 2nd NDC as reported in section 2 "Progress on implementing climate action since the INDC and ratification of the Paris Agreement presented in the main text. Bhutan's commitment to remain carbon neutral is effectively an economy wide target where total national GHG emissions will be kept below forest sink capacity. Bhutan's 2nd NDC elaborates the mitigation action in key sectors in the Bhutan's Second Nationally Determined Contribution

BTN

South Asia

Other renewable sources In partnership with the private sector, energy development from renewable sources will be pursued, including geothermal, wind, and biomass. A considerable amount of investment will be required to produce energy and electricity generating capacity from these other sources where feasible, but importantly there is great potential because they can produce electricity at low cost. By 2030 around 25 per cent of PNG's electricity needs will be generated from these renewable sources. In addition, biofuels will be developed as a renewable energy alternative to fossil fuels for transport. 4.12. Rural development

PNG

East Asia & Pacific

ENHANCE THE SUPPLY SIDE ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY 20% BY 2015 AND INCREASE THE OVERALL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY 50% BY 2020

FSM

East Asia & Pacific

(4) to enhance carbon sequestration. SEC. 502. [16 U.S.C. 6572] ELIGIBILITY AND ENROLLMENT OF LANDS IN PROGRAM. (1) increase the likelihood of recovery of a species that is listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1533); or

USA

North America

1.Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year, base year, reference period or other starting points (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year, base year, reference period and or other starting points and as applicable in the target year (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point: The reference year for the target is 2030 and the target is expressed relative to business-as-usual emissions in this year. . Business-as-usual emissions in the energy sector in 2030: 454 ktCO Business-as-usual GHG emissions in the refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) sector in 2030: 329.9 ktCO being 22.5 ktCO, from refrigerants, 307.4 ktCO2, from energy use Business-as-usual emissions (gasoline vehicles) in transport sector in 2030: 241.5 ktCO2 . Business-as-usual methane emissions in the waste sector (landfill) in 2030: 89 ktCO Total business-as-usual emissions in 2030 of the above NDC sectors: 1,114.4 kICO Seychelles is a SIDS with greater carbon sequestration than greenhouse gas emission. It remains vulnerable to climate change in particular to sea level rise, increase in sea surface temperature, ocean acidification, flooding, high intensity rainfall and coastal erosion. The impacts are so severe and wide ranging that successful economic development is greatly threatened by climate change. The implementation of sectoral strategies important to SIDS' development is seen as the main adaptation strategy to climate change. Adaptation is

SYC

Sub-Saharan Africa

2.1.1 To reserve, maintain and develop forest land resources including mangroves ecosystem covering at least 30% of total land area which is capable of environmental protection through: mangroves ecosystem covering at least 30% of total land area which is capable of environmental protection through: minimizing soil desiccation and soil erosion; improving, conserving and preserving biodiversity; maintaining river bank stability (mangroves); and protecting the swamp lands. 2.1.2 To ensure that 75% of forest lands are managed and protected according to forest management principles and plans in order to increase forest resource base by: engaging local communities in forest resource management; strengthening local structures such as community forest management committees, Area Councils; devolving more authority and management responsibilities to local communities and area councils; and introducing effective participatory techniques for local empowerment. 2.1.3 To ensure that sufficient supply of forest produce needed by both urban and rural population is available through: rehabilitation of forest lands; and establishment of fast growing plantations and woodlots (e.g Jatroffa carcus spp for bio-energy). 2.1.4 Develop the institutional capacity of local government councils, the private sector and community-based organizations (CBOS), to deal with land degradation at their level by: building skills base of partner institutions; providing technical assistance to partner institutions; and providing financial assistance, which can be reduced over time. 2.1.5 To promote national tree planting by encouraging:

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

5. Eliminate the net loss of forest coverage in Brazil by 2015 Specification of the Objective: as well as preserving forests at the levels stipulated in the previous objective, double the area of forest plantation from 5.5 million ha to 11 million ha in 2020, of which two million ha with native species. Native forests have an intrinsic value that is greater than that currently perceived for environmental services. They hold an incalculable genetic heritage of which the large part is still unknown. Forests plantation, whether for the purposes of the reconstitution of eco-systems or for economic use, create very significant environmental services, since they preserve water flows, reduce or prevent rivers and lakes siltation, improve the micro-climate and allow the preservation of native species of fauna. Homogenous forests create products that substitute the use of numerous non-renewable naural resources, such as coal and raw materials for civil construction, as well as reducing economic pressure on the native forests themselves.

BRA

Latin America & Caribbean

Renewable energies are rapidly reducing their power generation costs around the world and have become cost-competitive power sources compared to other power sources, and their introduction is increasing rapidly. In Japan as well, the renewable energy ratio, which was 10% after the introduction of the FIT system in July 2012, expanded to 18% in FY2019. Japan ranks 6th in the world in terms of installed capacity for renewable energy, and the growth in renewable energy power generation is expected to triple from 2012, greatly exceeding the European and global averages. The introduction of renewable energy is progressing steadily. In particular, the installed capacity of solar power per flat area is the world's largest, and Japan has promoted the introduction of renewable energy by making smart use of its limited national land. We will continue to aim to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for 2030. Based on the basic premise of S+3E, which is the principle of our energy policy, we will promote renewable energy toward the decarbonization of the electric power sector. Ensuring that renewable energy is the main power source, working on the principle of giving top priority to renewable energy, and encouraging maximum introduction while reducing the burden on the people and coexisting with the local community. Specifically, we will secure suitable land and implement projects in harmony with local communities, reduce costs, overcome grid constraints, streamline regulations, and steadily promote research and development to ensure a stable supply of power throughout the entire power system. while working to expand the introduction of the system. Although Japan's renewable energy power generation costs have been steadily declining, due to factors such as construction costs and location regulations, they remain high compared to international standards. In addition, as the introduction of renewable energy expands, the renewable energy levy is expected to reach 2.7 trillion yen in FY2021. There is a need. For this reason, we will reduce the cost of renewable energy to a competitive level compared to other power sources, and quickly realize a situation in which renewable energy can be introduced independently. It is also important to encourage renewable energy power producers to take action according to the supply and demand situation in the electricity market, as a step towards the self-rel

JPN

East Asia & Pacific

high level projections for Europe as a whole and of more specific relevance in the Irish further states that it is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean in scientific understanding of the response of the climate system to human-caused GHG

IRL

Europe & Central Asia

Area Forest Management Energy To decrease the rate of deforestation so that a significant mitigation contribution from the sector can continue to be realised. To preserve natural forest cover to maintain biodiversity and ecosystems in Myanmar To realize the co-benefits of the policy such as reducing soil erosion, thereby decreasing the risk of floods and landslides that may occur near rivers To increase the resilience of mangroves and coastal communities which are at risk of flooding. To increase capacity Sustainable Forest Management. To achieve the optimal level of renewable sources in the primary energy fuel supply mix. To increase the understanding of the potential of renewable power in Myanmar's future growth plans of the National Energy Management Committee, to support the preparation of sustainable policies and strategies in the energy sector and assist in the formulation of a long-term Energy Master Plan. To realise a 20% electricity saving potential by 2030 of the total forecast electricity consumption

MMR

East Asia & Pacific

through spaces for inter-institutional and intersectoral dialogue. From the knowledge dimension, it is intended to increase understanding of issues related to climate change to generate greater awareness and awareness in the population, as well as the stimulation and promotion of research, development and innovation (R+D+I ) contributing to the reduction of uncertainties related to the current impacts and future risks of climate variability and change. From the social dimension, it seeks to promote the adaptation capacity and resilience of the population in the face of climate change and variability and extreme events, from four axes: social and climatic vulnerability; the integrated health system; disaster risk management and emergency care due to the effects of climate change and variability; and promotion for the development of cities and towns that are sustainable and resilient to climate change and variability. From the environmental dimension, three axes are addressed: adaptive management and good practices of ecosystems; promoting the preservation of fluvial, coastal and marine spaces and natural processes; and the integrated management of water resources. From the productive dimension, there is an improvement in the systems of productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural value chains; reducing the intensity of GHG emissions; the increase in carbon sequestration in agricultural production systems; the reduction of GHG from transport systems; the deepening of the diversification of the energy matrix to sources of low intensity of GHG emissions; promoting the transversal incorporation of the perspective of climate change and variability in a sustainable, resilient tourism model with low GHG emissions; the promotion of industrial, mining, commercial and service production systems with greater adaptability and low-carbon development; promoting comprehensive solid waste and wastewater management to reduce GHG emissions.

URY

Latin America & Caribbean

Target 2 Increased sub-regional and ASEAN value chains: Indicator 2.1 Improved Border Management Capability Subindex rating under the Enabling Trade Index.

THA

East Asia & Pacific

By the year 2030, the installed capacity of renewable energies will increase 50% compared to 2019 (base year), to reach a value of 2,222 MW, which represents a participation of 64% of renewable energies in the country's installed capacity matrix.. In the base year, the installed capacity of renewable energy was 1482 MW (66% share of renewable energy in the country's energy matrix) (Fig. II.2).

SLV

Latin America & Caribbean

3. To keep the UK on a pathway to achieving the 2050 target, the Government is obliged to set legally binding, five-year caps on emissions - carbon budgets - twelve years in advance and then to publish a report setting out policies and proposals for meeting that budget and those budgets previously set. 4. The Net Zero Strategy is the means by which we satisfy the requirements of the Act in relation to policies and proposals for meeting the current carbon budgets.³ International emissions targets

GBR

Europe & Central Asia

The policy framework for the period beyond 2020 is partly prepared and partly still in preparation in the EU. According to the European Council conclusions in 2014, the EU is committed to reducing total greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent by 2030 compared to 1990. The reduction target from the 2005 levels in the emissions trading sector is 43 per cent, and in the non-emissions trading sector, it is 30 per cent. The share of renewable energy (of final energy consumption) in the EU was set to 32 per cent, and the target of energy efficiency was revised to 32.5 per cent in connection with the revision of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Directives in 2018.

FIN

Europe & Central Asia

Figure 1: Geographical location map of Niger Figure 2: Limit map of the administrative regions of Niger Figure 3: Map of agro-climatic zones of Niger Figure 4: Breakdown of main GHG emissions in GgEq-CO by sector for the year 2008 18 Figure 5: Percentage distribution of emissions of the main direct effect gases (GgEq-CO) by type of gas in 2008 18 Figure 6: Evolution of areas burned from 2008 to 2012 Figure 7: Agricultural wasteland in the Dosso Region Figure 8: Emissions from the forest sub-sector Figure 9: Regression of forest areas in hectares Figure 10: Breakdown of emissions of different GHGs Figure 11: Trend in emissions 8 9 41 60 Figure 12: Structure of energy consumption in Niger by user sector in 2008 Figure 13: Structure of final conventional energy consumption by user sector in 2008 Figure 14: Structure of final conventional energy consumption in the Industrial subsector in Niger in 2008 84 final consumption of conventional energy in the transport sub-sector in Niger in 2008 85 Figure 22: Evolution of livestock numbers in TLUs Figure 23: Seasonal variation in the rate of malaria attack seasonal variation in the attack rate of measles Figure 26: Seasonal variation in the attack rate of cholera Figure 27: rainfall and rainfall anomalies at Agadez, Niamey and Gaya stations Figure 28: Flow anomalies of the Niger River in Niamey Figure 29 : Flow anomalies of the Sirba at Gabe-Goura Figure 30: Evolution of the depth of the water table of the continental Hamadien at Maradi Figure 31: Evolution of the depth of the water table from CT3 to the South-West Figure 32: Projected evolution of livestock and fodder resources by 2050 Figure 33: Evolution of the population and surface areas of forest formations Figure 34: Projected losses due to anthropogenic and climatic factors 61 64 70 78 Figure 35: Bila in wood energy from 2000 to 2020 Figure 36: Models malaria/rainfall/maximum temperature under dry scenario Figure 37: Evolution of the static level of the water table in CT3_ consumption of conventional energy in the tertiary sub-sector in Niger in 2008 86 81 82 Figure 18: Structure of final conventional energy consumption in the agricultural sub-sector in 2008 87 Figure 19: Structure of final consumption of biomass-energy by form of

NER

Sub-Saharan Africa

Table 3-1. Annual emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and peat decomposition during 20132017. Values in bold depict higher emissions than the references. 3. Results in Tonnes of CO₂-Equivalent per Year, Consistent with the Assessed FREL The estimation of CO₂ emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and peat decomposition for the resulting phase, used the same emission factors, approaches and procedures presented in the FREL document (http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2016/tar/idn.pdf). The performance of CO₂ emissions was calculated by subtracting the CO₂ emissions in the reference period with the actual CO₂ emission within the 2013-2017 period. Results are shown in Table 3-1.

IDN

East Asia & Pacific

1. Energy efficiency: the Strategy maximizes energy savings up to 51.8% of primary and 27.5% of final energy. Historically, a decreasing trend can be noticed in the primary energy consumption with final energy consumption remaining stable. With North Macedonia being a developing country, it is projected that the GDP growth will amount on average 3.3% per annum, positioning North Macedonia in 2040 to neighbouring EU countries' GDP per capita levels of today. With GDP growth being one of the main drivers for future energy demand, maximization of energy efficiency policies is much needed, as they directly impact emission reductions, decrease import dependence, and stimulate domestic economy with local job opportunities. In all three scenarios, North Macedonia will use less resources to cover the same needs, with the decoupling of consumption starting from 2020 but with different rates per scenario. As a first step, it is important to determine the ambition level by setting the national EE targets for 2020 and 2030, where the Strategy results could serve as a good basis. The biggest energy savings can be achieved in primary energy consumption, mostly due to decrease of coal consumption in the Moderate transition and Green scenario. Also, the overall improvement of EE at supply side and continuous reduction of losses in distribution network will additionally alleviate primary energy consumption. As for the final energy consumption, it will increase in the future but with considerably lower rates in the Moderate transition and Green scenario, due to more progressive EE measures. Therefore, it is important to continue the usage of existing EE measures and introduce new ones for household and commercial sector. The Strategy puts additional focus on EE in transport and industry sectors as the biggest contributors in the final energy consumption, especially after 2025. For DH systems, the goal should be to improve the efficiency, especially via systematical reconstructions of distribution network. All planned EE measures need to be monitored so that those which prove to be more impactful on energy consumption could be further stimulated for implementation. 3. Decarbonisation: In the Green scenario in 2040 the Strategy decreases GHG emissions up to 61.5% vs. 2005 or 72.8% vs. BAU, while strongly increasing the usage of RES in a sustainable manner up to 45% in gross final energy consumption. Even though North

MKD

Europe & Central Asia

- Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry; 6. 7. 8. 9. contracts, policies to welcome credit capital inflows of Investment and Credit; encourage investment in response to climate change and energy transformation in line with the committed objectives of the Bank. Researcher builds a green bank development model; encourage Vietnamese countries to provide credit institutions and only foreign bank branches to sponsor and give preferential loans to projects on the list of green classifications; supporting the implementation of the target of zero emissions by 2050. Integration and shortening the implementation time of processes and procedures related to the following areas: investment; land, environment, sea area allocation; exchange, transmission, purchase and sale of electricity for renewable energy projects Approving the National Strategy on Climate Change for the period up to 2050 in line with the goal of committing to net zero emissions. by 2050 Approve the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Vietnam in line with the committed target of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 in line with 10. Approving the national electricity development planning for the period of 2021 - 2030, with a vision to 2045; The national total energy master plan for the period 2021-2030, with a vision to 2050 the |12. Promulgating the Action Plan to reduce methane emissions by 2030. period 2021-2030, vision - Environment for the year 2045 Ministry of Natural Resources and Ministries, sectors and local environment Ministry of Industry and Trade | State Bank of Vietnam, State Management Committee at enterprises Ministry of Natural Resources and Ministries, sectors and Environment localities Relevant ministries and branches Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 13. Promulgating the National Action Plan Ministry of Industry and Trade to implement the Global Commitment on converting coal power to clean energy Ministries, branches and localities Ministries, branches and localities Relevant ministries, branches and localities Ministries, branches and localities 14. To issue action plans to transfer the Ministry of Transport Ministries, branches, change means of transport used locally clean assets September 2022 2022 - 2025 December 2022 July 2022 October 2022 2022 November 2022 August 2022 August 2022 December 2022 |15. Promulgating the Action Plan to develop low-carbon constructions and cities towards "zero" emissions by 2050 |16. Project on development

VNM

East Asia & Pacific

Electrification functions will be undertaken by the Rural Energy Co-ordination Committee (RECC), established in late 2012 as a joint initiative of MEW and MRRD, together with international partners, jointly chaired by the Deputy Ministers of MEW and MRRD.

AFG

South Asia

5.8.2.1 Reducing energy intensity in the tertiary sector, industry and transport For about twenty years, Tunisia has become aware that the rational use of energy constitutes an important component of the country's energy policy. Indeed, by applying this energy efficiency policy, the total cumulative primary energy savings would be around 3 Mtoe by 2010, 30 Mtoe by 2020 and 80 Mtoe by 2030. In order to better target the energy efficiency actions to be undertaken in the short and medium term, the sectoral distribution of energy savings reveals the need for an immediate commitment for the industrial sector recording 44.5% of the overall potential against 29.5% for transport. and 26% for residential and tertiary.

TUN

Middle East & North Africa

12 By continuing the current development based on intensive energy and resource consumption, the planet's resources are being depleted and its sustainability is threatened. In total, more than the equivalent of two planets will be needed to sustain ourselves in 2050, given population and current consumption trends. Specific measures and the contribution of various sectors of the national economy to the achievement of the goal of climate neutrality will be determined in the successive NEKP, as well as shorter-term sectoral planning documents. The courses of action are further developed below (see Chapter 6).

LVA

Europe & Central Asia

Energy Sector Targets... i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) To make Sri Lanka an energy self-sufficient nation by 2030 Increase the share of electricity generation from renewable energy sources from 50% in 2014 to 60% by 2020 and finally to meet the total demand from renewable and other indigenous energy resources by 2030. Increase the electricity generation capacity of the system from 4,050 MW to 6,400 MW by 2025 Generate a minimum 1,000 MW of electricity using indigenous gas resources discovered in Mannar basin by 2020 Increase generation capacity of low cost thermal power plants fired by natural gas and biomass to 2,000 MW to reduce the generation costs and to diversify generation mix by 2020 Provide affordable electricity coverage to 100% of the people of the country on a continuous basis before end 2015 Reduce the technical and commercial losses of the electricity transmission and distribution network from 11% to 8% by on 0 =y Keduce annu energy demand growth by 2% through conservation and efficient use a ix) Reduce the petroleum fuel use in the transport sub-sector by 5% by introducing alternative strategies such as efficient modes of transport and electrification of transport by 2020 ity x) Produce the total petroleum product demand of the country through our own refinery by 2025 xi) Upgrade quality of Gasoline and Diesel to EURO IV and EURO III respectively by 2018 xii) Further enhance the quality and reliability of electricity and fuel supply xiii) Broadening energy sector investment windows to include bonds, debentures, public private partnerships and other such novel financial instruments xiv) Reduce the carbon footprint of the energy sector by 5% by 2025

CRI

Latin America & Caribbean

The relevant Ministries, Departments take into account the following principles and Agencies will in the development and implementation of sectoral climate change adaptation and mitigation plans: 1. Sustainable use of natural resources

JAM

Latin America & Caribbean

Economic development and increasing welfare result in inc- reasing energy consumption. In recent years the consump- tion of energy has grown by up to 18 percent per year (elect- ric energy) and a stable annual increase of 5-7 percent in energy consumption is predicted for the future. At the same time, energy conservation has not developed at all. It is only in the recent years that a steep rise in the prices of energy sources (liquid fuels) and heat has created increasing interest in energy saving. Due to growing consumption of electric energy in the Baltic States and Nordic countries, exports of electric energy are Increasing. As a result, the current share of oil shale in the primary energy balance persists. If the volume of consump- tion of oil shale (currently approximately 15 million tons per year) does not decrease, new mines will have to be opened in 15 years; should the consumption volume increase, that need would be realised even earlier. The poor technical condition of (some) district heating ne- tworks (and production facilities) reduces the advantages of district heating and necessitates the transfer to local heating which is an inefficient solution for the regional heating sys- tem and restricts the potential of combined heat and power production. When compared to the year 1991, the production of heat has declined by nearly 2.4 times and stabilised at the level of 8-9 TWh per year. Recent trends suggest that the price of gas will rise in Estonia soon, thus hindering the introduction of gas as fuel in the near future. The competitive ability of biofuels is being inhibited by the rise in prices resulting from the decrease of resources and increase of processing costs, with the prices of local biofuels being comparable to these prevailing in the world market due to the large volume of exports. The volume of firewood stock will decrease by up to two ti- mes by the year 2015, mainly due to changes in the species composition and age structure of standing crop. On the other hand, owing to processing and logistic costs the energy po- tential of logging waste has not been realised yet. From the beginning of the 1990s untill 2002 the emissions of CO, per inhabitant decreased significantly, but remained relatively high still when compared to the average level of Europe. In terms of emissions per unit area, which is a more relevant indicator from

EST

Europe & Central Asia

Emissions in 2017 were compared to emissions in base year, in 1990 and in 2005. The European Union (EU)'s climate strategy for 2020 established the target of a 20% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) compared to the level of 1990. The overall emissions reduction target is separated into an EU-wide target for large industrial installations, covered by the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and one target for so called non-ETS emissions, covering households, buildings, transport, agriculture, services and smaller industrial installations. Non-ETS emissions are broken down into binding national targets for all of the 28 Member States (MS) by the Effort Sharing Decision. 2005 is used as reference year as it is the first year where a split of ETS and non-ETS emissions data was available. The ETS is supposed to contribute 21% reductions in comparison to 2005 levels, the other sectors 10% reductions in comparison to 2005. Together this will accomplish a cut of 20% of overall emissions compared to 1990 levels.

HUN

Europe & Central Asia

Estimates of biofuel production (thousand barrels /day) South East Asian countries established targets for renewable energy development at around 20 percent of the total energy demand by 2025. At least, 83 countries (41 developed and 42 developing) have some type of policy to promote renewable power generation (REN21). The most common policy types are feed-in tariffs, renewable portfolio standards, capital subsidies or grants, investment tax credits, sales tax or VAT exemptions, green certificate trading, direct energy production payments or tax credits, net metering, direct public investment or financing, and public competitive bidding.

LAO

East Asia & Pacific

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the list of geographical coordinates submitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations pursuant to UNCLOS are, without reduction, to be maintained as Fiji's permanent maritime boundaries, notwithstanding the effects of climate change and sea level rise. 81.-(1) This section sets Fiji's long term ocean sustainability target, which is for Fiji's internal waters, archipelagic waters, territorial seas, contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone to be 100% sustainably and effectively managed. 80.-(1) This Act recognises the permanence of Fiji's maritime boundaries and maritime zones and maintains the rights and entitlements that flow from Fiji's maritime zones under Articles 3, 8, 33, 49, 57 and 76 of UNCLOS notwithstanding the effects of climate change and sea level rise.

FJI

East Asia & Pacific