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[ { "answer_id": 1877, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>To get an understanding of the difference, look at a disease that has been in the news recently, Legionnaire's Disease.</p>\n\n<p>Legionella pneumophilia is a bacteria that is responsible for most cases. It lives in stagnant water under certain conditions, and is inhaled when aerosalized. This is the etiology of the disease, which is basically how it infects the host, or how it gets in.</p>\n\n<p>Once inside the body, it starts replicating and causing damage. Initial symptoms include flu like symptoms, headache, fatigue and muscle pain. As it progresses, they can expand to include dry coughing, chest pain, and eventually leading to possible mental status changes, hallucination, etc. This progression of the disease in the various stages is the pathogenesis of the disease, i.e. days 1-3 expect these symptoms, days 4-7 these other symptoms, and so on.</p>\n\n<p>To confirm the diagnosis, the doctors will take samples of various body fluids and send them to the lab for testing, as well as x-rays, etc. One of the tests is staining of the sputum that can show the Legionella bacteria. This is pathology, specifically the examination of body fluid/tissue for diagnostic purposes. (Where it gets a little confusing, is pathology also refers to the body of knowledge about disease cause and effects).</p>\n\n<p>So in a general sense you are correct, they all refer to how/why diseases spread and how to control them, but one doesn't necessarily depend on the other.</p>\n\n<p>Edited to add: Pathophysiology is kind of an intersection, to where the pathology of a condition and the physiology are taken as a whole, and describes the functions and changes associated with a condition from both the observable and the testable views.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 1909, "author": "arkiaamu", "author_id": 153, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/153", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I don´t see any issues with JohnP´s answer. I just would approach with different example. Lets take coronary artery disease and cholesterol as an example.</p>\n\n<p>Coronary arteries are probably the most important blood veins in the body since they transport arterial blood from aorta to the heart muscle itself. Coronary artery disease means that heart muscle receives insufficient volume of blood via the coronary arteries and in some instances the blood supply may even be blocked (heart attack or critical ischemia as a milder case).</p>\n\n<p>Why blood flow to heart muscle is reduced. It is due to <em>atherosclerosis</em>. Atherosclerosis is the <strong>etiology</strong> of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis causes the artery walls to thicken and stiffen and when the cross area of the artery is reduced less blood is moved though coronary arteries.</p>\n\n<p>On the other hand the <strong>etiology</strong> of atherosclerosis is high blood LDL level (\"bad\" cholesterol). Fat and cholesterol which we receive from food are transported in blood and one transport vehicle is the LDL. LDL is bad since it has ability to get in to the artery wall. In there it causes an inflammation cascade which results to plaques inside the wall. These plaques (=calcifications) are hard are rock and causes the artery wall thicken and stiffen. </p>\n\n<p>The presence of the inflammation and variable sized plaques or calcifications in the artery wall are important aspects in the <strong>pathology</strong> of the atherosclerosis ad subsequent coronary artery disease. In a healthy heart there are no plaques and the artery walls are intact. Pathology describes what is abnormal in certain diseases.</p>\n\n<p>Cascade resulting to certain pathology or pathological condition is <strong>pathogenesis</strong>. I consider <strong>pathophysiology</strong> as a synonym for pathogenesis. I would even introduce a third term: <strong>etiopathogenesis</strong>. As so, the pathogenesis or pathophysiology or atherosclerosis would be the following: LDL particles are carried in the blood. Once in the coronary arteries, LDL particles penetrate the inner layer of the artery wall. Inside the wall the LDL particles are broken to smaller particles. Marophages invade the wall and they phagocytes (digest) the small LDL particles. These macrophages becomes foam cells which are non-functional fat-laden macrophages just laying in the artery wall. When this process goes on continuously the artery wall starts to thick and cross area of the artery becomes smaller (stenosis).</p>\n\n<p><strong>Epidemiology</strong> is a whole another thing. It deals with disease prevalences and incidences in a population level. Following statements from Wikipedia regarding coronary artery disease deals with epidemiology of the disease:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>CAD as of 2010 was the leading cause of death globally resulting in\n over 7 million deaths</p>\n \n <p>Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death for both\n men and women and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the\n United States every year. According to present trends in the United\n States, half of healthy 40-year-old men will develop CAD in the\n future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old women.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 18807, "author": "chrishmorris", "author_id": 15829, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/15829", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Since the OP is asking for definitions, maybe it is OK to be nitpicky. </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Pathogenesis is the process by which harm has occurred.</li>\n<li>Pathology is the study of harm, including the study of pathogenesis. </li>\n<li>Etiology is the investigation of causes. Doctors are most interested in the causes of harm, not in the causes of neutral or good outcomes, so most medical etiology is pathology. </li>\n<li>Pathophysiology is the study of biological processes associated with harm. The etiology of ideopathic conditions is part of pathophysiology. Pathophysiology also includes the study of recovery mechanisms. </li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1865", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1305/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 1887, "author": "EMT_Jedi", "author_id": 1328, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1328", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control). Rabies is transmitted via saliva of infected mammals, bats in your case. You state that you were not bitten, and did not feel any type of liquid on your person. You also stated that you thoroughly washed afterwards. If you did not have any open wounds at that time, I wouldn't be too worried about the encounter with your flying friend. The CDC mentions that there are very few documented cases of rabies being transmitted solely from mucous membranes. </p>\n\n<p>If you are concerned, I would suggest being vaccinated for rabies. You can never be too cautious. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Transmission of rabies virus usually begins when infected saliva of a host is passed to an uninfected animal. The most common mode of rabies virus transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host. Though transmission has been rarely documented via other routes such as contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth), aerosol transmission, and corneal and organ transplantations.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Source:\n<a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 1967, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 5, "selected": true, "text": "<p>This event occurred in the US. In the US, enzootic (dog-to-dog) canine rabies virus has been virtually eliminated through vaccination and stray control programs, making wild animals the primary concern.</p>\n\n<p>It is quite true, as @EMT_Jedi stated, that rabies is usually caused by an animal's saliva, usually introduced by a bite (e.g. rabid cats, raccoons, etc.) However, this is <strong>not true</strong> of bat-related rabies. There is reason to be vaccinated after any strange contact with a bat. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The most dangerous and common route of rabies exposure is from the bite of a rabid mammal. An exposure to rabies also might occur when the virus, from saliva or other potentially infectious material (e.g., neural tissue), is introduced into fresh, open cuts in skin or onto <em>mucous membranes</em> (nonbite exposure). <strong>...Exposures to bats deserve special assessment because bats can pose a greater risk for infecting humans under certain circumstances that might be considered inconsequential from a human perspective.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>How dangerous is a bat encounter? From a risk to benefit ratio analysis, they are very, very dangerous. On the one hand, not all bats are infected with rabies, and there are some risks to the vaccine (fewer with the new vaccine, though.) On the other, rabies is considered universally fatal, making the benefit of treatment high. Only a few humans (including <a href=\"http://hubpages.com/hub/Rabies-in-Humans-Symptoms-and-Treatment\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Jeanna Giese</a>) have ever survived the illness^<b>*</b>; until these recent survivals, rabies was considered universally fatal.</p>\n\n<p>During 1990-2007, 34 bat-associated human cases of rabies (as determined by identification of the rabies virus variant which killed the victim) were reported in the US: 6 cases reported a bat bite, and 2 reported a probable bite; in 15 cases, physical contact was reported (e.g., the removal of a bat from the home or workplace or the presence of a bat in the room where the person had been sleeping), but no bite was documented; and in 11 cases, no bat encounter was reported, but the rabies virus was bat-specific.</p>\n\n<p>In other words: Of 34 deaths from bat-related rabies virus, only 8 (or 24%) were associated with a bite/probable bite, 15 cases (44%) involved <em>touching</em> a bat, and in 11 cases (32%) had no known exposure to a bat at all, but were caused by a bat.</p>\n\n<p><em>Any encounter with a bat, even a dead one, must be evaluated for post-exposure prophylaxis.</em> </p>\n\n<p>In the case discussed in the OP, the person was previously vaccinated. The CDC recommendation (also verified by the state department of health's epidemiologist), is,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Previously vaccinated persons... should receive 2 vaccine doses, the first dose immediately and the second dose 3 days later.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(Previously vaccinated persons are those 1. who have previously received complete vaccination regimens (pre-exposure or postexposure) with a cell culture vaccine or 2. persons who have been vaccinated with other types of vaccines and have previously had a documented rabies virus neutralizing antibody titer.)</p>\n\n<p>Rabies cases have occurred among exposed persons who received rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis and did not receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis, indicating that pre-exposure prophylaxis in humans is not universally effective without postexposure prophylaxis. In other words, it doesn't matter if you've been vaccinated or not, if you've been exposed - especially to a bat - you need to be treated. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Unfortunately, in the US, animal rabies is common, and ~23,000 persons/ year receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). (It may well be higher, as no reporting mandate exists.) With the elimination of canine rabies virus variants and enzootic transmission among dogs, human rabies is now rare in the United States, with an average of one or two cases occurring annually since 1960. </p>\n\n<p>In the US in 2013, of the three human cases reported, 2 were involved in organ transplants (raccoon rabies virus variant) and one was a Guatemalan (canine rabies virus variant). </p>\n\n<p>In 2012, one human died from an exposure to a bat. He touched a bat under a bridge. He did not report a bite to a witness. He became ill while traveling, and died in Switzerland. A number of humans exposed to his saliva (including his Swiss caregivers) received PEP.</p>\n\n<p>^<b>*</b>_{Some people in high-rabies areas without the illness have been documented to have developed antibodies to rabies. The mechanism is unknown.}</p>\n\n<p>_{<a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5703a1.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Human Rabies Prevention - United States, 2008</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/38113490_Epidemiology_of_rabies_post-exposure_prophylaxisUnited_States_of_America_20062008\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Epidemiology of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis—United States of America, 2006–2008</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25356711\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2013</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5902a1.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Use of a Reduced (4-Dose) Vaccine Schedule for Postexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Human Rabies: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices</a>}</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1879", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4423, "author": "Ozymandias", "author_id": 2652, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2652", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Wearing ear plugs every night might be dangerous particularly if you're prone to produce a lot of earwax naturally. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Earwax</strong> is a natural protection for the external ear canal, and regular use of ear plugs (as well as cotton swabs) can push the earwax towards the walls of the canal and the eardrum, making it more sticky and more hard, and incapable of being expelled spontaneously. In the long term, this may cause you a feeling of '<em>fullness</em>' inside your ear, a slight <em>hearing loss</em> and <em>tinnitus</em>, making it also more difficult for the doctor to remove it (and more painful for you). Also be careful to keep them clean and change them often, since they can carry bacteria which would lead to external ear infections that might also affect the middle ear.</p>\n\n<p>I'm attending a ward in the ENT department for my medical degree and I see this quite often, and the patients are never happy to have their earwax removed with a pointy metal object :)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 7582, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>According to <a href=\"http://www.popsugar.com/fitness/Can-Prolonged-Earplug-Use-Cause-Damage-Ears-8872394\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">one site</a>:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>studies show that long-term use of foam earplugs can cause earwax to build up or become impacted. Earplugs block the outward flow of earwax that our bodies naturally produce in order to self-clean the ears. Foam plugs are often pushed in too far, which can also pack the wax deep inside your ear canal, and possibly against the eardrum. You'll end up with constant ringing of the ears (tinnitus), pain, or hearing loss. What's more — not to gross you out — bacteria thrive on warm, moist, foam earplugs, and since they can't be thoroughly cleaned, people often end up with ear infections.</p>\n<p>Using store-bought foam earplugs that don't fit your ear perfectly can also irritate the skin, another cause of infection, so if you only use them every so often, it's best to invest in a custom-molded pair. These will fit your ears like a glove, and reduce the risk of being pushed in too far. They're also easier to keep clean, so your risk of infection is greatly reduced.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1921", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 1926, "author": "arkiaamu", "author_id": 153, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/153", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>So you are searching for hung-over drugs :). I don´t see any problems with that. I have many times wondered the same thing. If you search online one will find hundreds and thousands of journal articles stating \"the remedy for hang-over\". Of course these \"remedies\" are based just on folklore.</p>\n\n<p>There is also some scientific literature on this topic. The most comprehensive is <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322250/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">a systematic review published 2005 in British Medical Journal.</a>. Unfortunately the authors conclude: <em>\"The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to practise abstinence or moderation\".</em></p>\n\n<p>I am quite sure that if an effective treatment to reduce or limit the effects of alcohol were to exist, that would have gained popularity beyond any limits.</p>\n\n<p>However, I would present on interesting theory to try. Alcohol or ethanol itself is not the bad guy. Body processes ethanol by oxidating it to acethaldehyde with the help from alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme. The acethaldehyde is responsible for all the bad, including nausea, vomiting etc. It is also a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde#Carcinogenicity\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">carcinogen</a> associated most importantly to gastric cancer.</p>\n\n<p>To deal with this potential carcinogenity, a Finnish biotechnology Company Biohit has introduced a drug called <a href=\"http://www.acetium.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Acetium</a>. It is a very simple drug, it only contains l-cysteine, an essential amino acid. The trick is that L-cysteine reacts with acethaldehyde forming a compound molecule which has no meaning or effect in human body. As so the Biohit aims to market this product as a pre-emptive treatment for gastric cancer.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/OldWs.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/OldWs.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>But the interesting part if, that is L-cysteine neutralizes acetaldehyde, why could not it therefore be an effective treatment for hangover? Just take some Acetium before drinking and do not worry about the next Morning.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong>Totally unrelated to the OP</strong>. My secret dream is to perform a randomized controlled trial about this idea. Of course, prior to it, I should contact Biohit to make sure that I receive the appropriate rojalties from their sells. Let´s say this treatment really worked in my trial, I would most likely become a multi-billionaire. Alongside I would be responsible for tripling or quadrupling the amount of consumed alcohol around the world since no one would ever suffer from hang-over. People would however get more drunk since this drug only prevents hangover. As so, the rate of homicides, beatings and drunk driving would go thorough the roof. Maybe I should not be waiting any medal from the parliament or president. Perhaps I should abandon my research idea.... </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4123, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am going to take most of this from my answer to <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3841/what-is-the-healthiest-way-to-drink-excessively-and-chronically\">What is the healthiest way to drink excessively and chronically?</a> Most of the advice does not change when we are talking about a one-time scenario instead of a more regular occurrence. </p>\n\n<p>You mention decreasing absorption - an important thing is to get the alcohol to be delivered into the blood (and liver) slowly, definitely. That means eating before drinking, drinking slowly, and not taking any medication that worsens the effect of alcohol. </p>\n\n<p>After the damage is done, so to speak, comes reducing its effects and speeding up recovery. Drink enough additional fluids (water, juices, etc) before, during and after drinking alcohol. Get enough sleep and give your body time to recover. </p>\n\n<p>The paper <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1322250/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Interventions for preventing or treating alcohol hangover: systematic review of randomised controlled trials</a> has an overview over various hangover treatments studied in eight publications, from herbal remedies to dietary supplements, but ultimately has to conclude </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>No compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover. The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to practise abstinence or moderation</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.liver.ca/liver-health/liver-disease-prevention/tips-for-healthy-liver/alcohol-consumption.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">How to Protect Your Liver if You Drink Alcohol</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://mcwell.nd.edu/your-well-being/physical-well-being/alcohol/absorption-rate-factors/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Absorption Rate Factors</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/Hangovers.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">NHS hangover cures</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1925", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 1949, "author": "michaelpri", "author_id": 26, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/26", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>It is true that high altitudes can cause an increased risk of ear infection. JohnP mentioned in <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1948/are-ear-infections-more-likely-when-visiting-high-altitudes#comment3737_1948\">his comment</a> that on the <a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000638.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">National Institutes of Health (NIH) website for acute ear infections</a>, it says that \"Changes in altitude or climate\" can increase the risk of getting an ear infection. The reason for this is also <a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002077.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">explained on the NIH website</a>. That page describes very succinctly what happens to your ears when you experience changes changes altitude (ie: going up a mountain, flying in a plane).</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The air pressure outside of your body changes as altitude changes. This creates a difference in pressure on the two sides of the eardrum.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This difference in pressure can block your <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustachian_tube\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Eustachian tube</a>, the tube that connects the back of your nose and upper throat to your middle ear, which can cause an ear infection. A blockage in the Eustachian tube can also lead to something known as <a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001064.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ear barotrauma</a>, which is just discomfort in the ear, not a full ear infection, but may look and feel similar to one if it is severe enough. It should also be noted that young children are at a much higher risk for their Eustachian tube to be blocked, which may also be a contributing factor to why your daughter got an ear infection.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000638.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NIH: Ear infection - acute</a>}</p>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002077.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NIH: Ear - block at high altitudes</a>}</p>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001064.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NIH: Ear barotrauma</a>}</p>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blocked-eustachian-tubes-topic-overview\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WebMD: Blocked Eustachian Tubes</a>}</p>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"http://www.healthline.com/health/ear-barotrauma\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Healtline: Ear Barotrauma</a>}</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 25326, "author": "Sashi", "author_id": 20934, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/20934", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Eustachian tube which connects the ear and throat can get blocked and the pressure difference during the altitude change can give rise to pain. If there is infection in the throat it can produce infection in the ear through the ET. Altitude is not the cause of ear infection. ET has to open for the pressure on both sides of the ear drum to become equal and the pain and blockage in the ear will be reduced.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1948", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1404/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 1974, "author": "arkiaamu", "author_id": 153, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/153", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Well it depends on what antidepressant you are taking.</p>\n\n<p>Caffeine works as a substrate and as an inhibitor for an enzyme called CYP1A2 (<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10976659\" rel=\"nofollow\">1</a>). As so, metabolism of all other drugs which are processed by CYP1A2 enzyme are possibly influenced by administration of caffeine. </p>\n\n<p>Following antidepressants are processed by CYP1A2 (<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2\" rel=\"nofollow\">2</a>):</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>amitriptyline</li>\n<li>clomi- and imipramine</li>\n<li>agomelatine</li>\n<li>fluvoxamine</li>\n<li>mirtazapine (<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine\" rel=\"nofollow\">only partly</a>)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>The interaction between fluvoxamine and caffeine has been shown to exist in humans (<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778712\" rel=\"nofollow\">3</a>). </p>\n\n<p>Interaction between caffeince and others antidepressants has not been investigated in humans but animals tests have shown significant interactions (<a href=\"http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2007/6_727.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">4</a><a href=\"http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2001/4_351.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">,5</a>). No reason to assume that these interaction would not exist in humans. </p>\n\n<p>It seems reasonable not take coffee and aforementioned antidepressants at the same time.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3191, "author": "rumtscho", "author_id": 193, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/193", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>what is the medically advised time between taking an antidepressant and coffee?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>There is no such time, and there cannot be. All we know is that there are negative consequences when you take them together. We know that there are must be spacing schedules when the consequences must be milder than with other schedules. But we have neither the data nor the mathematical models needed to make a prediction about which waiting time minimizes the negative consequences. </p>\n\n<p>The first problem is in the effect you were interested in initially: they are both psychoactive drugs, changing your mood and cognition. If you combine them, the effect can be stronger, or weaker, or you can experience changes which you wouldn't have experienced if you were taking only one of them. But this kind of thing is very, very hard to measure. A cursory search doesn't even find a study which seeks evidence for such interaction, much less trying to find consistent patterns in this interaction or investigating its time dimension. </p>\n\n<p>The second problem is that there is also a metabolic interaction, described in arkiaamu's <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/1974/193\">answer</a>. This means that the metabolism rate of each drug (which already has a very wide spread between individuals) changes the metabolism rate of the other! Predicting how it develops in a given individual will take as much effort, computational time and data as predicting the weather for a given location. It's certainly not possible to derive some general rule. </p>\n\n<p>So, all we know that it will have some negative consequences. What you also asked is if there is a \"coffee must not be taken at all\" rule. If you were to just look at the interaction between coffee and antidepressants, then yes, you should stop drinking coffee at all, because you cannot avoid the interaction. </p>\n\n<p>But such a view would be very short sighted. Coffee has both positive effects such as <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814608012454\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">being a source of antioxidants</a> and <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02246055#page-1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">improving alertness</a> and negative effects, subsumed in one study as <a href=\"http://Indigestion,%20Palpitations,%20Tremor,%20Headache%20and%20Insomnia\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">indigestion, palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia</a>. None of these has some standard quantification so that one could say that medically, the risks are more than the benefits, or the other way round. Now, with the interaction with antidepressants, you are adding one more negative effect. Still, the situation is the same: we cannot measure whether it is better to take the caffeine or not take it. </p>\n\n<p>In the end, it is similar to all matters in nutrition. We know that what you choose to do will have some effect, but the effect is so complex that it is impossible to make a prediction of what it will be exactly, and derive specific advice based on that. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1952", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1248/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 1966, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucralose\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Sucralose</a> is considered to be a non nutritive sweetener, since the body does not break down the majority of the sucralose molecule. Because of that, it's considered to be non caloric, so it won't be included under the nutrition information.</p>\n\n<p>As far as the quantity, there is no requirement under FDA regulations that the specific amounts be listed, and would probably violate copyright patents, as then people could duplicate the formula. As pointed out in <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/283/how-do-you-read-a-us-nutrition-label\">the top answer here</a>, ingredients are listed in order of percentage, so the ingredient that makes up the most of the product is listed first, the next second, etc.</p>\n\n<p>As far as finding out, many search engines and product reviews may help, as it is just legwork and patience that will get you the information that you need (in most cases).</p>\n\n<p>However, there have been some recent <a href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262475.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">cautions against sucralose</a>, since an Italian study showed a link between increased cancer risk with <a href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/244603.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">increased consumption of sucralose</a> (as well as aspartame). I do stress that these are early studies, and have not yet been followed up with further research.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 7563, "author": "Shawn Michael Mills", "author_id": 5328, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5328", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I have wondered the same thing for a long time. As the person above stated the ingredients list is in order of quantity. So the first ingredient is water (which is a good sign) and then next is (Less than 1% of: *insert ingredients). Sucralose comes even after this. So I would say it is a very small amount. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1961", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1422/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 1970, "author": "arkiaamu", "author_id": 153, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/153", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It is normal.</p>\n\n<p>Each blood level value has it´s reference values. Those reference values are obtained using the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">95% reference interval</a> from the healthy persons.</p>\n\n<p>All blood levels in healthy humans have Gaussian distribution.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/EHvzp.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/EHvzp.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>Therefore it is not possible to state an <strong>absolute minimum or maximum</strong> value for any blood marker. Instead the lower and upper value are chosen in way that 95% of the healthy persons are included.</p>\n\n<p>As so, a blood marker which surprisingly falls below the lower reference value (or above the upper reference value) in the absence of any clinical symptoms is not concerning. It just means that you probably belong to those 2.5% of healthy persons who has a certain blood level below the majority.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5081, "author": "Susan", "author_id": 165, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/165", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The disease associated with low cortisol is known as <a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199610173351607\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">adrenal insufficiency</a> (so-called because the <a href=\"http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-adrenal-glands\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">adrenal glands</a> are responsible for <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">cortisol</a> production). Morning cortisol is not a definitive test for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.¹ That is because cortisol varies according to a circadian rhythm (i.e. with your body's sleep-wake cycle). </p>\n\n<p><img src=\"https://i.imgur.com/XVXTq23.png\" alt=\"caption\"></p>\n\n<p>The x axis represents time across a 24h day.² The transition from dark yellow to light yellow indicates the habitual wake time. The y axis shows plasma cortisol level.</p>\n\n<p>The OP mentioned <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1968/should-chronic-low-cortisol-be-treated-if-the-patient-has-no-symptoms#comment9767_1968\">in comments</a> that this value was obtained four hours prior to his habitual wake time. As shown on the graph above, this is predictably a trough (i.e. low point) in serum cortisol. On the other hand, the \"normal\" range is likely calibrated for the <em>peak</em> level. (This test is supposed to be done shortly after waking, approximating the peak.) The fact that a value below the normal range was obtained is predictable. </p>\n\n<p>For this reason, a confirmatory test is required to make the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. This generally involves administration of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)</a> &ndash; the physiologic stimulator of cortisol production &ndash; and assaying cortisol levels at fixed intervals afterward to evaluate for an adequate rise. Only after inadequate adrenal response is demonstrated can the diagnosis be made.³ </p>\n\n<p>In direct response to the OP's questions, then:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>It is normal to treat low cortisol levels....? </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>No, except in exceptional circumstances, a confirmatory test is required before treatment. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>It is normal to treat...without symptoms?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/endocrine/adrenal-insufficiency-addisons-disease/Pages/fact-sheet.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are notoriously vague</a>, and the OP indicates that there actually was some complaint prompting the testing. Inadequate treatment of adrenal insufficiency can go unnoticed until a stressor triggers a life-threatening condition known as <a href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000357.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">adrenal crisis</a>. If a true inadequate response to ACTH is demonstrated, this should be treated. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Is it normal to not do it any further screening of possible causes (my doctor didn't)?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It is standard to follow a low cortisol level with a ACTH stimulation test. On the other hand, if this is only mildly below the reference range of your lab, given the likelihood that what has actually been measured is closer to a trough than a peak cortisol level, one could imagine a scenario where it might be reasonable to drop it. In addition to the reference range, the details of the presenting complaint and any physical exam or laboratory abnormalities would be necessary to make a decision in that regard. This part is beyond the scope of Health.SE.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>_{\n1. A normal value, on the other hand, can <em>rule out</em> the condition.<br>\n}</p>\n\n<p>_{\n2. Note that the numbers are arbitrary; <em>circadian</em> time is not equal to <em>clock</em> time even if they do correspond in an individual accustomed to waking at 0800.\n} </p>\n\n<p>_{\n3. As with most things in life, it's actually more complicated. It's possible to have <em>secondary</em> adrenal insufficiency (where the problem involves the brain's production of ACTH) and still \"pass\" an ACTH stim. test if the condition is of recent onset and the adrenals have not yet atrophied. \n} </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>_References</p>\n\n<p>_{\nNicola Neary and Lynnette Nieman. <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2928659/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>Adrenal Insufficiency- etiology, diagnosis and treatment</em></a> Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Jun; 17(3): 217–223.\n} </p>\n\n<p>_{\nMark S. Rea et al. <a href=\"http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ije/2012/749460/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><em>Relationship of Morning Cortisol to Circadian Phase and Rising Time in Young Adults with Delayed Sleep Times</em></a> International Journal of Endocrinology, 2012.\n}</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1968", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/767/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 1996, "author": "arkiaamu", "author_id": 153, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/153", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>This is very good and pragmatic question. I will answer no.</p>\n\n<p>First of all, there are no studies to date which would have investigated the life expectancy after cholecystectomy. Of course this statement can be hardly profoundly backed up, but if you search <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=cholecystectomy%20AND%20%22life%20expectancy%22\">PubMed with \"cholecystectomy AND \"life expectancy\"</a>, none of the studies will look at this issue.</p>\n\n<p>There is a <a href=\"http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/IPG508\">NICE guideline</a> and a recently published <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26200981\">review article in NEJM</a>, which does not take any stance about the long term disadvantages such as reduced life expectancy after cholecystectomy. Moreover, laparoscopic cholecystectomies have been performed since 1985 and <a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1900692-overview\">open cholecystectomies since 1882</a>. <a href=\"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1582261-overview\">700 000 cholecystectomies</a> are performed annually only in the US.</p>\n\n<p>Considering that cholecystectomies have been performed more than 130 years and the total number performed only in US is probably some where around +10 mil, I am fairly certain that if this operation would indeed have definitive adverse long term effects, they would have been even suggested if not partly shown by some investigator some where to date.</p>\n\n<p>Finally, even tough some investigator would stated that cholecystectomy is associated to reduced life expectancy, according to <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Hill_criteria\">Hill´s principles</a> we should also be able to have some sort of plausibility in order to have causality between these two. I can´t up some up with reasonable plausibility at this moment....</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11757, "author": "user8739", "author_id": 8739, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8739", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It occurred to me after I wrote the initial response that life expectancy would be UNAFFECTED and would not show up in data per se, because of the life style implications. \nFor example, higher consumption of sugar leads to a litany of health issues, of which problems with gall bladder is just one among many. So, a person that fits this bill has their gall bladder removed, their person life expectancy is not changed. Absent a lifestyle change, if they were going to live to be 70, after gall bladder surgery, they will still live to be 70.\nIf you have a lower sugar consumption, and hence a healthier lifestyle (all things being equal), well, you were going to live longer anyway, and probably won't need your gall bladder removed. But if you did a data query on life expectancy and gall bladder removal it would be difficult to make a precise correlation that would not be directly associated with gall bladder removal, that couldn't be laid at the feet of just a general lifestyle issue. </p>\n\n<p>Gary Taubes book, \"Good calories, Bad calories\" does a great job of exploring various fat/carb/protein hypotheses, and examines the science and history behind them. <a href=\"http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B000UZNSC2\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.amazon.com/Good-Calories-Bad-Gary-Taubes-ebook/dp/B000UZNSC2/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1490886787&amp;sr=1-1&amp;keywords=good+calories+bad+calories+by+gary+taubes</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1977", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1437/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 2004, "author": "Rhonda", "author_id": 1456, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1456", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am not sure about physiotherapists, but one solution that is over thousand years old is <a href=\"http://www.artofliving.org/yoga/yoga-poses/sun-salutation\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Surya Namaskar, or Sun Salutations</a>.</p>\n<p>One rep = two sets of yoga poses that give you a total body workout.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/BI3DG.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/BI3DG.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\" /></a></p>\n<p>If you are someone who doesn't like to exercise, or is short on time, Surya Namaskar is definitely for you.</p>\n<p>Recommended daily is 54 reps = 108 sets (according to Hindu numerology)</p>\n<p>Gradually build up your endurance and stamina. I am currently at 33 reps and I notice improved flexibility and strength.</p>\n<h3>Correction</h3>\n<p>One set is the 12 yoga poses that work both sides of the body.</p>\n<p>Aim for 108 sets of 12. As of Aug 2016 I am on 72 sets of 12.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8743, "author": "LBogaardt", "author_id": 2588, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2588", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I used to only be able to touch my knees. Within 2-3 months I learned how to touch my feet. I did this by two simple stretching exercises, but I made sure to do them regularly. The main trick was to build it into my daily-routine:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>I started stretching in the shower, simply bending forward.</li>\n<li>I started stretching before going to sleep, doing this:\n<a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-wiOqYcxoI\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-wiOqYcxoI</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>It only take me 2 minutes every day.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/1997", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1452/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3154, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 6, "selected": true, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>So my question is: Are smokers' lungs visibly and routinely blackened and/or discolored in the absence of lung disease?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>That last phrase is tricky, because smokers who have heavy pigmentation are likely to have lung disease.</p>\n\n<p>It is not a myth that smokers have black pigmentation in their lungs, but finding proof of gross pathology in picture form is difficult. </p>\n\n<p>Here is one slide from <a href=\"http://www.medicinenet.com/smokers_lung_pathology_photo_essay/page3.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">MedicineNet</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/8HUqY.gif\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/8HUqY.gif\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>This is gross (visible to the naked eye) pathology, and you can see dark pigmentation in the region of emphesematous blebs.</p>\n\n<p>What is <em>not</em> difficult to find are histopathology slides, and many of them show pigment-laden macrophages in smoker's lungs:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/subYm.gif\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/subYm.gif\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>Although this was taken from the same page, this kind of slide is present in papers from many different authors.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/HA2mU.jpg\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/HA2mU.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a> <a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/fpOacm.jpg\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/fpOacm.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>In an <a href=\"http://journals.lww.com/ajsp/Abstract/2002/05000/Respiratory_Bronchiolitis__A_Clinicopathologic.11.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">American Journal of Surgical Pathology</a> on Respiratory Bronchiolitis, </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A correlation was found between degree of <em>cytoplasmic pigmentation of macrophages</em> and number of pack-years smoked and also between the presence of peribronchiolar fibrosis and number of pack-years. No correlation was found between pulmonary function test results and pathologic findings. ...Five cases of variant [Respiratory Bronchiolitis] were encountered that resembled RB except that macrophage cytoplasm lacked pigment. All occurred in never-smokers, and their significance is unknown.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>And again in <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2812%2965379-8/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">another paper</a> on RB in <em>young</em> smokers,</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Respiratory bronchiolitis is a mild inflammatory reaction commonly noted in asymptomatic cigarette smokers. We reviewed 18 cases of respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB/ILD), which had been diagnosed on the basis of clinical evaluation and open-lung biopsy. All patients were cigarette smokers. The sex distribution of the patients was approximately equal, and their mean age was <em>36 years</em>. Chest roentgenograms showed reticular or reticulonodular infiltrates in 72% of the patients. <em>Histologically, inflammation of the respiratory bronchioles, filling of the bronchiolar lumens and surrounding alveoli with finely pigmented macrophages...</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Finally, I spoke with two county coroner employed pathologists who stated without hesitation that heavy pigmentation was present grossly in heavy smokers, and that without knowing if a person was a smoker or non-smoker, they were able to predict with accuracy who was a heavy smoker. Furthermore, I was invited to come take pictures of lungs on autopsy (going through the proper channels and with the families' permission) of smokers and nonsmokers to authenticate the difference (That won't help with the bounty, of course).</p>\n\n<p>Given all this, I don't believe that there is a medical conspiracy about smokers' lungs looking the way they do.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14792, "author": "Fredrik Eich", "author_id": 12429, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/12429", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Lungs are very efficient at self cleaning because they need to be! You can not change your lungs like you can a filter on a hoover.</p>\n\n<p>Think about it, how many smokers have you seen with black gums and mouths? Teeth and tongue can be discoloured from tea,coffee and cigarette smoke but have you ever seen anyone with the actual skin on the inside of their mouth significantly discoloured?</p>\n\n<p>In addition smokers lungs are used for lung transplants and there is no evidence that they are\nless likely to make it through the screening process, which would include eye balling when they are removed\nfrom the donor. Can you imagine a health professional placing blackend lungs in a container and slapping a donor organ sticker on it?!?</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/smokers-lungs-used-in-half-of-transplants-9101647.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/smokers-lungs-used-in-half-of-transplants-9101647.html</a></p>\n\n<p>The anti-smoking industry is happy to carry on misleading people on this subject because that is how they make their money. I would guess that the reason many people who know better do nothing to correct this misconception is simply that they think that if people stop smoking as a result of a little white lie then so be it!</p>\n\n<p>Yes it is myth that smokers have black lungs! They would probably all be very dead long before they could become an organ donor.</p>\n\n<p>UPDATE: I have found quote from Trial testimony of DUANE CARR, M.D., April 1, 1970 [p.m.], WEAVER v. AMERICAN TOBACCO</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Q: When you open up a lung and you look at it, tell the jury whether or not you can tell any difference, colorwise or otherwise between the lung of a smoker and the lung of a non-smoker?\n A: No, there is no way to tell whether a man smokes or not by looking at his lung.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It is on page 7 here </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=nhnl0001\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.industrydocumentslibrary.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=nhnl0001</a></p>\n\n<p>UPDATE 2: I have just spent a couple of hours looking for more up to date\nevidence on the subject with not much luck (not including the unsupported trash written in news columns). I did however find this study\nwhere lung surface carbon were analyzed in 72 autopsy specimens by image analysis and found the following:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>We did not find a statistically significant association between lung surface and smokers and non-smokers</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188237&amp;type=printable\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0188237&amp;type=printable</a></p>\n\n<p>It is only 72 specimens but I expect it was quite a time consuming and expensive process!</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3043", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3051, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I had thought that collagen was about the same as chondroitin and glucosamine, in that there wasn't much evidence to support the notion that it is a viable supplement.</p>\n\n<p>However, when I went looking for some studies on it, I was surprised, in that there are several studies that show improvement in articulation (movement at a joint) and pain, especially in arthritic and injury affected people.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/030079908X291967#.Ve2t_vS0f9o\" rel=\"nofollow\">This study</a> was done over 24 weeks, with athletes suffering from joint pain, and there was a marked improvement across the cohort (97 usable athletes out of 147 selected) in several pain and inflammation markers.</p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2764342/\" rel=\"nofollow\">second study</a> also showed marked improvement in pain and quality of life in osteoarthritis sufferers using undenatured collagen (type II).</p>\n\n<p>These studies as well as the two others that I have linked without summation, suggest that collagen supplements have a healing effect when injured or suffering from degenerative disease (Such as arthritis), however I was unable to find any studies focusing on prevention using collagen (Which is notoriously hard to prove, if they never get it, you don't know if it was the collagen or not).</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.andjrnl.org/article/S0002-8223%2809%2900290-9/abstract?cc=y=\" rel=\"nofollow\">Whey and Collagen effect on nitrogen balance</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01079.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley%20Online%20Library%20and%20related%20systems%20will%20have%203%20hours%20of%20downtime%20on%20Saturday%2012th%20September%202015%20from%2010%3A00-13%3A00%20BST%20%2F%2005%3A00-08%3A00%20EDT%20%2F%2017%3A00-20%3A00%20SGT%20for%20essential%20maintenance.%20%20Apologies%20for%20the%20inconvenience.\" rel=\"nofollow\">Arthritic pain in horses</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3060, "author": "WYSIWYG", "author_id": 1519, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1519", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Collagen is not an easy-to-digest protein and generally requires collagenase for efficient digestion. Without digestion, it cannot be absorbed. Moreover, collagen has to be deposited in the right site.</p>\n\n<p>So irrespective of whether collagen is completely digested or not, it cannot be specifically useful for replacing the lost collagen in the joints. </p>\n\n<p>There are two modified amino acids in collagen- hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, which are essential for the structural integrity of the protein. Vitamin-C is involved in natural production of these amino acids in the body from the unmodified amino acids and hence the deficiency of Vit-C results in scurvy. </p>\n\n<p>Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, given as supplements may have some positive effects in healing of injuries ^{<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15338346\" rel=\"nofollow\">[ref]</a>} (I am not too sure about this). In general, a good diet would be sufficient and talking collagen as a supplement is, IMO, <strong>not useful</strong>.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3046", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1501/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3088, "author": "WYSIWYG", "author_id": 1519, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1519", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Omega-3 fatty acids are <strong>essential</strong> fatty acids i.e. the human body cannot synthesize them. They are absolutely essential for growth and maintenance of the body function and their deficiency can cause various problems. </p>\n\n<p>They are precursors for both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules (<a href=\"http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Eicosanoid\" rel=\"nofollow\">prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes</a>) but you should not assume that inflammation is always bad. It is how your immune system works to identify and destroy pathogens. </p>\n\n<p>PCB stands for <a href=\"http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Polychlorinated_biphenyl\" rel=\"nofollow\">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> which are aromatic molecules used for industrial applications are known environmental pollutants. Omega-3 fatty acids have no relationship with these molecules. PCB are much more oil-soluble (lipophilic) than water soluble (hydrophilic). When they are dumped in the environment and are taken up in the bodies of different organisms like fishes, they are effectively partitioned into the fatty compartments of the body (because of higher solubility). The fish oils, that are used as one of the primary sources of the omega-3 fatty acid supplements, therefore concentrate the PCBs that the fishes are exposed to, throughout their lives. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>NOTE: The terminologies good-cholesterol and bad-cholesterol are just utterly stupid because cholesterol is cholesterol and it has both good and bad effects depending on how much of it is present in the body. It is like saying good water and bad water. LDL or HDL are not really cholesterols; they are proteins that transport lipids. Read more about this <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK351/\" rel=\"nofollow\">here</a>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3386, "author": "freethinker36", "author_id": 1759, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1759", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Apparently omega-3 supplements do contain PCB. But I don't know what kind of container the supplement comes in (if it comes in capsules or not)</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The quality of fish oil / omega-3 supplements varies across brands...Analyses of 35 products...uncovered...: Trace levels of PCBs were found in every product...but two supplements exceeded contaminations limits for PCBs. The tested supplements include those with fish oil, krill oil, algal oil (from algae) and/or, calamari (squid) oil. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.consumerlab.com/news/ReviewofFishOilandOmega-3SupplmentsbyConsumerLab.com/8_22_2012/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.consumerlab.com/news/ReviewofFishOilandOmega-3SupplmentsbyConsumerLab.com/8_22_2012/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3055", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1513/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3113, "author": "Fomite", "author_id": 206, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/206", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The FluMist vaccine contains (<a href=\"https://www.medimmune.com/docs/default-source/pdfs/flumist-us-pi-2015.pdf?sfvrsn=4\">source</a>):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Each pre-filled refrigerated FluMist Quadrivalent sprayer contains a single 0.2 mL dose. Each 0.2 mL dose contains 106.5-7.5 FFU (fluorescent focus units) of live attenuated influenza virus reassortants of each of the four strains: A/Bolivia/559/2013 (H1N1) (an A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus), A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2), B/Phuket/3073/2013 (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage). Each 0.2 mL dose also contains 0.188 mg/dose monosodium glutamate, 2.00 mg/dose hydrolyzed porcine gelatin, 2.42 mg/dose arginine, 13.68 mg/dose sucrose, 2.26 mg/dose dibasic potassium phosphate, and 0.96 mg/dose monobasic potassium phosphate. Each dose contains residual amounts of ovalbumin (&lt; 0.24 mcg/dose), and may also contain residual amounts of gentamicin sulfate (&lt; 0.015 mcg/mL), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (&lt; 0.37 mcg/dose). FluMist Quadrivalent contains no preservatives.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So yes, there is at least one flu vaccine, the spray-based live-attenuated vaccine, that does not contain the adjuvant in question.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3127, "author": "Lucky", "author_id": 613, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/613", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>When I searched for flu vaccines authorized in Germany, I got a list of 65 vaccines (at least I think so, because the information system is available only in German).</p>\n\n<p>The list is available at: <a href=\"http://www.pharmnet-bund.de/static/de/index.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.pharmnet-bund.de/static/de/index.html</a> (but I don't think that there is any sense in linking the actual page with the list, because it expires after a while for some reason). You can go the the part of the website called \"Arzneimittel-Informationssystem\" and then search from there. Search criteria depends on your language skills in German, but at \"Recherche für Fachkreise\" (information for professionals) you can search by ATC code, which, for flu vaccines is: J07BB02 and you will get the list of many flu vaccines available or registered in Germany (I'm not sure which of those two).</p>\n\n<p>The catch - most of the information seems to be behind a pay wall. So the best I can do is find the vaccines from that list on the EMeA (European Medicines Agency) website. There are less vaccines listed there, and I have omitted those marked as \"withdrawn\". I also selected those that seemed to be polyvalent ones, since you are asking for the \"common flu\" I expect you are inquiring about the seasonal flu vaccine. <strong>Again, the final consultation about the sort of vaccine appropriate for this season, your organism and other factors, is to be done with your physician and your pharmacist (i.e. your healthcare team).</strong></p>\n\n<p>That being said, I dug up three vaccines that match the previously discussed criteria:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000758/WC500046957.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Optaflu</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><code>A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 - like strain used \n A/Brisbane/10/2010 wild type 15 micrograms HA** \n A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2) - derived strain used \n (NYMC X-223A) 15 micrograms HA** \n B/Massachusetts/2/2012 15 micrograms HA** \n per 0.5 ml dose \n .............................................. \n *propagated in Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells \n ** haemagglutin</code></p>\n \n <p>List of excipients: \n 1. Sodium chloride, \n 2. Potassium chloride, \n 3. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, \n 4. Disodium phosphate dihydrate, \n 5. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, \n 6. Water for injections</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000957/WC500033852.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">INTANZA</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><code>Influenza virus (inactivated, split) of the followi\n ng strains*: \n A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)pdm09-derived strain used\n (NYMC X-179A)....... 9 micrograms HA** \n A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)-derived strain used (NYMC X-\n 223A) ...................... 9 micrograms HA** \n B/Massachusetts/2/2012 ..... 9 micrograms HA** \n Per 0.1 ml dose \n *propagated in fertilised hens’ eggs from healthy chicken flocks \n **haemagglutinin</code></p>\n \n <p>List of excipients:\n 1. Sodium chloride \n 2. Potassium chloride \n 3. Disodium phosphate dihydrate \n 4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate \n 5. Water for injections </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000966/WC500031442.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">IDflu</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>List of excipients\n 1. Sodium chloride\n 2. Potassium chloride\n 3. Disodium phosphate dihydrate\n 4. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate\n 5. Water for injections</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/yw7eP.jpg\" rel=\"noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/yw7eP.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>The links for each vaccine are for the Summary of Product Characteristics for each one, where you can find more information on their composition, possible incompatibilities and precautions.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 24736, "author": "Nina R", "author_id": 20434, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/20434", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The flu mist does not contain it. But it does contain MSG according to its package insert:</p>\n<h2>What are the ingredients in FluMist Quadrivalent?</h2>\n<p><strong>Active Ingredient</strong>: FluMist Quadrivalent contains 4 influenza virus strains that are weakened (A(H1N1),\nA(H3N2), B Yamagata lineage, and B Victoria lineage).\n<strong>Inactive Ingredients</strong>: monosodium glutamate, gelatin, arginine, sucrose, dibasic potassium phosphate,\nmonobasic potassium phosphate, and gentamicin.\nFluMist Quadrivalent does not contain preservatives.</p>\n<p>Source:\n<a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/media/120689/download\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.fda.gov/media/120689/download</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3110", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1557/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3735, "author": "pericles316", "author_id": 1784, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1784", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Referring to published <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908954/\">research</a>, there is no known quota on drinking frequency since fluid intake from beverages and food in time period takes care of the total hydration status of an individual in a day. Daily consumption below the range of adequate intake of water may not produce harmful effects to the body because hydration is received from intake of beverages and foods other than the normal water intake.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6#74\">Research</a> into hydration reveals humans must maintain water balance in order to stay healthy. Humans receive hydration i.e. water from daily food and water intake, and generally lose water in the form of sweat, urine and exhalation. Drinking water is beneficial in those with a water deficit particularly due to dehydration which can be caused by other factors such as diarrhea, vomiting, burns etc.</p>\n\n<p>The recommendations on adequate intake of water which includes total water intake (water from beverages and food) is found <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908954/table/T6/\">here</a>.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Over the course of a few hours, body water deficits can occur due to reduced intake or increased water losses from physical activity and environmental (e.g., heat) exposure. However, on a day-to-day basis, fluid intake, driven by the combination of thirst and the consumption of beverages at meals, allows maintenance of hydration status and total body water at normal levels.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9280, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Physiologically speaking, it is probably the most rational to drink <strong>250-500 mL of water at once.</strong> The frequency of drinking depends on the amount of water you need. If you need 2 L per day, you can drink 4 x 500 mL and if you need 5 L per day (which is quite possible when working on a hot day), you can drink 10 x 500 mL.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Drinking 1.5 L of water at once,</strong> once a day, by an adult should not be harmful in terms of water intoxication (<a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228550291_Current_US_Military_Fluid_Replacement_Guidelines\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ResearchGate - click \"download pdf\"</a>), but it is not effective. 1.5 L of water will be quickly absorbed into the blood and will expand your blood volume, which will affect the <a href=\"https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29678-2_677\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">release of various hormones</a>, which will likely result in a loss of at least 0.5 L of water with the urine.</p>\n\n<p>Rationale: If you are otherwise healthy and you urinate frequently (>6 day), you probably consume excessive amount of water in a day or too much at once.</p>\n\n<p>You can learn from personal experience how much to drink to stay well hydrated (no dry mouth or dark yellow urine) and which frequency is suitable for you. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 19920, "author": "MXMLLN", "author_id": 1568, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1568", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In a recent Time magazine article, they reference a 2015 study in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition about recommended water drinking frequency, &quot;<a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/103/3/717/4564598\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index:</a>&quot;</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Sipping water (or any other beverage) a little bit at a time prevents the kidneys from being “overloaded,” and so helps the body retain more H2O, Nieman says.</p>\n<p>The take-home message isn’t that people should drink less water, nor that they should swap out water for other beverages. But for those hoping to stay optimally hydrated, a slow-and-steady approach to water consumption and coupling water with a little food is a more effective method than knocking back full glasses of H2O between meals. “Water is good for you, but you can drown in it too,” Nieman says.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The entire article is worth a read and might drastically change the way the public views hydration: <a href=\"https://time.com/5646632/how-much-water-to-drink/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">&quot;Why Drinking Water All Day Long Is Not the Best Way to Stay Hydrated.&quot;</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3130", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1568/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5201, "author": "Pobrecita", "author_id": 167, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/167", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Is the above result believable?</strong> The results show treatment of symptoms of ED, if the medication stops then the symptoms will come back. So yes the results are believable one could say, but they are not permanent. </p></li>\n<li><p><strong>If yes, what makes Cialis cure Erectile Dysfunction permanently?</strong></p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><a href=\"http://www.cialis.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CIALIS does not</a>: Cure ED, increase a man's sexual desire, protect a\n man or his partner from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV\n or serve as a male form of birth control</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3142/what-makes-cialis-cure-erectile-dysfunction-permanently/5201#comment5136_3142\">@JohnP</a> said Cialis's effects are not permanent and all information on the drug can be found on the official drugs site, cialis.com</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 16532, "author": "EDtreatment", "author_id": 13942, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13942", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Surprisingly, I find this study to be credible.</p>\n\n<p>To understand why, let's start with some background:</p>\n\n<p>Following prostate removal, or radiation treatment for prostate cancer, many men experience severe ED due to damage to nerves and blood vessels. Some men recover the ability to have an erection over time, as tissues heal. </p>\n\n<p>However, because the men are not having regular erections, there isn't enough blood flow into the penis to maintain healthy tissues. For this reason, many urologists will prescribe a daily dose of Cialis (tadalafil) to maintain the health of the penis, and promote healing.</p>\n\n<p>This is an \"off label\" use of Cialis. The urologists are prescribing it for something other than its intended and approved purpose. And the manufacturers cannot claim that it is effective for this purpose, because the FDA has not approved it. </p>\n\n<p>So, the idea that Cialis might encourage healing and regeneration of erectile tissues by maintaining healthy blood flow is well known, despite lack of FDA approvals, or manufacturer claims.</p>\n\n<p>Of course, it would be premature to jump to conclusions based on a single study; it's important to understand how clinical studies work, and especially how they relate to FDA approval for specific uses (in the United States). </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong>Citations</strong></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126086/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Erectile preservation following radical prostatectomy</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485415/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Tadalafil therapy for erectile dysfunction following prostatectomy</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3142", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1312/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3606, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Roughly speaking, it appears that about 30-40% of patients in stage IV will survive for 5 years or more depending on where the cancer originated. <a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/laryngealandhypopharyngealcancer/detailedguide/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer-survival-rates\" rel=\"noreferrer\">This reference</a> provides details. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 24118, "author": "blacksmith37", "author_id": 9688, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9688", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There is a large difference in survival depending on whether the cancer was caused by HPV or ( probably) tobacco/alcohol. The HPV cancers have significantly higher survival rates. I am surprised the ACS information does not point out this difference. I was diagnosed with oral cancer about 9 years ago ( age 74), I had likely had it for a couple years before that, as initially 6 doctors missed the symptoms.Stage IV, chemo,radiation,surgery ( Oct '13) . MDAnderson quickly diagnosed HPV as the cause.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3155", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1309/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3207, "author": "Stefan Scubasteven Lekovic", "author_id": 1636, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1636", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Studies have been made and proven in mice that orally administrated cinnamon extract reduces β-amyloid oligomerization and corrects cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's diseased mice. </p>\n\n<p>But scientist still haven't done enough testing to prove that it actually works for Alzheimer's patients and point out that more testing needs to be made. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4022, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>What you are hearing about is probably based on two articles:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23531502\" rel=\"nofollow\">Interaction of cinnamaldehyde and epicatechin with tau: implications of beneficial effects in modulating Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016564\" rel=\"nofollow\">Orally Administrated Cinnamon Extract Reduces β-Amyloid Oligomerization and Corrects Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models</a></p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>They led to such headlines as </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013539/uc-santa-barbara-scientists-discover-cinnamon-compounds-potential-ability-prevent\" rel=\"nofollow\">UC Santa Barbara Scientists Discover Cinnamon Compounds' Potential Ability to Prevent Alzheimer's</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/27/cinnamon-alzheimers-cinnamaldehyde-epicatechin_n_3333403.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Cinnamon Compounds Could Help Protect Against Alzheimer's, Study Finds</a></li>\n<li>and to NaturalNews even exclaiming <a href=\"http://www.naturalnews.com/036607_cinnamon_Alzheimers_prevention.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Cinnamon beats Alzheimers</a> (and there are a lot of other headlines along those lines) </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>That's a bit of an overreaction to what these studies found. </p>\n\n<p>Study 2 found that in mice, cinammon bark extract led to the formation of less aggregates of amyloid beta proteins, something that occurs in Alzheimer's disease. The mice also showed improvement in cognitive function. Mice are often used as model organism's in Alzheimer's studies, because we have transgenic mice that show symptoms of nerve degeneration. For some reason, this research used a different strain of mice that shows nerve degeneration as early as two months. Usually in Alzheimer's studies in mice, another strain is used that shows symptoms much later. That doesn't need to be a bad thing, just something I found interesting. The authors are optimistic about their study, but do recommend caution:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>These characteristics could be a disadvantage for evaluating drug candidates that are moderately efficacious and could be overlooked when tested in such an aggressive model, as opposed to the common more moderate models which may recapitulate the slower progression of AD in humans. However, (...) dramatically improved their cognitive performance suggests that CEppt may be likewise effective in the more typical AD mice models and in human patients.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The other study, which from what I found received even more press attention, was an <em>in vitro</em> study, so done on cells in a laboratory. In that setting, compounds found in cinnamon reduced the formation of aggregates of the protein tau, which is also involved in the <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrn/posters/ad/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">formation of Alzheimer's</a>. </p>\n\n<p>Basically, both studies suggest that some ingredients in cinammon can reduce two factors that we believe are involved in how Alzheimer's Disease progresses : \naccumulation of the amyloid-β peptide, and formation of neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. </p>\n\n<p>It's promising, but so far, no study in humans has been done and we can't say for certain whether these compounds can slow down or even halt the progression of Alzheimer's. We especially can't say in what doses an effect would occur. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Further sources</strong></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/news/2011/06June/Pages/cinnamon-and-dementia.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">NHS News: Cinnamon treats Alzheimer's ... in mice</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3156", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1309/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3206, "author": "Stefan Scubasteven Lekovic", "author_id": 1636, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1636", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Depression can cause loss of appetite, headaches, constipation and insomnia. This puts obvious stress on the body and can result in weight loss, muscle loss (due to low activity) </p>\n\n<p>But wouldn't go as far as saying it causes direct deformation on the body.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3437, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Mental disorders are often accompanied by physical symptoms. However, it is of course difficult to determine whether this is the mental disorder causing the symptoms or it usually \"co-appearing\" together with other conditions. There are many physical conditions that appear more often in people with certain psychological conditions. Here are a few studies you might want to look at:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>For patients treated in typical care settings, PPS were associated with depression severity. However, patients with mild and moderate depression also exhibited PPS. Clinicians should be aware that PPS are present, and may warrant treatment, across depression severities.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(PPS is \"painful physical symptoms\")</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654?journalCode=icmo20#/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654?journalCode=icmo20\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Major depressive disorder severity and the frequency of painful physical symptoms: a pooled analysis of observational studies</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Subjects with BD had a significantly higher prevalence of MetS when compared to subjects with MDD and non-psychiatric controls</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(MetS: metabolic syndrome, BD: bipolar disorder, MDD: major depressive disorder)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(15)00049-5/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder: Comparison with major depressive disorder and non-psychiatric controls</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Depressed adolescents had a significantly lower reactive hyperaemia index and shorter PTT, suggesting deterioration in vascular integrity and structure. Higher fasting glucose and triglyceride levels were also observed in the depressed group</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(15)30274-3/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of severe insomnia in psychotropic drug-free, Asian outpatients with major depressive disorder.</a></p>\n\n<p>The \"classical\" example is extreme fatigue and insomnia in depressive patients:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Severe insomnia is common in patients with MDD. It is closely related with low educational qualification, subjective depression and anxiety severity, and poor physical health. These findings may implicate the treatment of comorbid MDD and severe insomnia, for example, sleep hygiene education, pharmacological treatment</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(15)30274-3/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of severe insomnia in psychotropic drug-free, Asian outpatients with major depressive disorder</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Fatigue and sleepiness (hypersomnia) are symptoms that are highly prevalent in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/16848671\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder.</a></p>\n\n<p>I think you'll also find much more in the references of these articles, but I'll stop here. Symptoms such as fatigue and insomnia will lead to other physical symptoms, such as <a href=\"http://www.m.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/daytime-fatigue\" rel=\"noreferrer\">heart disease, high blood pressure or stroke </a></p>\n\n<p>Now, in your question you talk about \"physical deformations\" and what I just cited might not qualify as a \"deformation\", especially if you mean things that would be highly visible from the outside. But physical symptoms are often present with mental disorders. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3753, "author": "Ian Ringrose", "author_id": 2080, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2080", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Clearly mental disorders have physical effects. A few examples.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Stress is well known to increase hart rate.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Peptic-ulcer/Pages/Causes.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">Stomach ulcer are often linked with stress</a>.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/ra-stress-response\" rel=\"nofollow\">Arthritis can be linked with stress</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Given that stress can be the outcome of mental disorders, the above examples should be enough to prove there is a link between at least some metal disorders and some physical disorders. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3200", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1631/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3206, "author": "Stefan Scubasteven Lekovic", "author_id": 1636, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1636", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Depression can cause loss of appetite, headaches, constipation and insomnia. This puts obvious stress on the body and can result in weight loss, muscle loss (due to low activity) </p>\n\n<p>But wouldn't go as far as saying it causes direct deformation on the body.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3437, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Mental disorders are often accompanied by physical symptoms. However, it is of course difficult to determine whether this is the mental disorder causing the symptoms or it usually \"co-appearing\" together with other conditions. There are many physical conditions that appear more often in people with certain psychological conditions. Here are a few studies you might want to look at:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>For patients treated in typical care settings, PPS were associated with depression severity. However, patients with mild and moderate depression also exhibited PPS. Clinicians should be aware that PPS are present, and may warrant treatment, across depression severities.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(PPS is \"painful physical symptoms\")</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654?journalCode=icmo20#/doi/abs/10.1185/03007995.2012.748654?journalCode=icmo20\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Major depressive disorder severity and the frequency of painful physical symptoms: a pooled analysis of observational studies</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Subjects with BD had a significantly higher prevalence of MetS when compared to subjects with MDD and non-psychiatric controls</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>(MetS: metabolic syndrome, BD: bipolar disorder, MDD: major depressive disorder)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jpsychores.com/article/S0022-3999(15)00049-5/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder: Comparison with major depressive disorder and non-psychiatric controls</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Depressed adolescents had a significantly lower reactive hyperaemia index and shorter PTT, suggesting deterioration in vascular integrity and structure. Higher fasting glucose and triglyceride levels were also observed in the depressed group</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(15)30274-3/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of severe insomnia in psychotropic drug-free, Asian outpatients with major depressive disorder.</a></p>\n\n<p>The \"classical\" example is extreme fatigue and insomnia in depressive patients:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Severe insomnia is common in patients with MDD. It is closely related with low educational qualification, subjective depression and anxiety severity, and poor physical health. These findings may implicate the treatment of comorbid MDD and severe insomnia, for example, sleep hygiene education, pharmacological treatment</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.jad-journal.com/article/S0165-0327(15)30274-3/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of severe insomnia in psychotropic drug-free, Asian outpatients with major depressive disorder</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Fatigue and sleepiness (hypersomnia) are symptoms that are highly prevalent in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/16848671\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder.</a></p>\n\n<p>I think you'll also find much more in the references of these articles, but I'll stop here. Symptoms such as fatigue and insomnia will lead to other physical symptoms, such as <a href=\"http://www.m.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/daytime-fatigue\" rel=\"noreferrer\">heart disease, high blood pressure or stroke </a></p>\n\n<p>Now, in your question you talk about \"physical deformations\" and what I just cited might not qualify as a \"deformation\", especially if you mean things that would be highly visible from the outside. But physical symptoms are often present with mental disorders. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3753, "author": "Ian Ringrose", "author_id": 2080, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2080", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Clearly mental disorders have physical effects. A few examples.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Stress is well known to increase hart rate.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Peptic-ulcer/Pages/Causes.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">Stomach ulcer are often linked with stress</a>.</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/ra-stress-response\" rel=\"nofollow\">Arthritis can be linked with stress</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Given that stress can be the outcome of mental disorders, the above examples should be enough to prove there is a link between at least some metal disorders and some physical disorders. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3209", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3257, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>My question is, how does scientific community view traditional medicine?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>There is no single view of traditional medicine within a large community. There are some who investigate, some who incorporate traditional medicine into their practices, and some who eschew it. Most simply don't know about it.</p>\n\n<p>_{<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncb/journal/v1/n1/abs/ncb0599_60.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Indirubin, the active constituent of a Chinese antileukaemia medicine, inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.92.10.1582\" rel=\"noreferrer\">A Public Health Agenda for Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine</a>}</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3261, "author": "Atl LED", "author_id": 601, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/601", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>First, I want to agree with <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/3257/1312\">@anongoodnurse</a></p>\n\n<p>There is <a href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/health/2015/04/fda-takes-new-look-homeopathy\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">debate and mixed views</a> inside the \"Western Medical Community\" which is a vast, vast group of people.</p>\n\n<p>I wanted to expand on that by pointing out the US government has put a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">National Institute of Health</a> center together to study what is academically known as \"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)</a>.\" CAM is basically a catch all for what may be a homeopathic or traditional medicine in any particular location, but paired with modern scientific thinking. The name of the NIH center is the \"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a>.\"</p>\n\n<p>I think a very <a href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/research/blog/niche\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">approachable editorial</a> on what exactly they do was written by a previous deputy director. They represent a growing field of research that applies rigorous logic and scientific testing to alternative medicines. In other words, they use \"traditional medicines\" as a starting point to drive new modern interventions.</p>\n\n<p>The general premise goes something like this:</p>\n\n<p>1) Community A has traditionally used [Plant/Intervention] B to address disease or symptoms X, Y, and Z.</p>\n\n<p>2) Some aspect of B may infact be pharmacologically/physiologically active.\n[Note the null hypothesis can also be, and often is, true; that B provides no benefit over placebo or sham operation.]</p>\n\n<p>3) Break down B into it's molecular or procedural components B[1,2,..n]</p>\n\n<p>4) Compare B components to known interventions to make educated guesses as to what really is going on. </p>\n\n<p>5) Test basic components of B, B as a whole, and mixtures of B components (derived from educated guess) to address X, Y, Z, preferably in an <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">animal model</a> first.</p>\n\n<p>6) Refine positive results into traditional medicine drug/intervention M</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Cannabis</a> provides a good example of how this can be done.</strong></p>\n\n<p>NOTE: I make no stance on the legalization of cannabis in the US for recreational use, and could see it go either way. I think that a honest conversation about medical vs recreational use should be had, and that medical uses should not drive something that is desired for recreational uses. Please don't derail this post on merits or demerits of cannabis use.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>The study of cannabis lead to the discovery of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">THC</a> the principal psychoactive component of cannabis. This lead to the discovery of medical benefits of THC, and the ability for physicians to use THC in drug form dronabinol (brand name Marinol).</p>\n\n<p>In our example cannabis would be our [Plant B], nausea and loss of appetite our symptoms X-Y, <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">cannabinoids</a> our components of B, and Marinol the final drug produced M.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong>I include the following note/disclaimer because 1) it shows my point of view on the question asked, and 2) it will hopefully cut of some comments I suspect are likely to come from such a post.</strong></p>\n\n<p>As I'm sure it will come up, it certainly could be true that additional cannabinoids will come up to be medically significant, perhaps in certain combinations, and that may require inhalation as a delivery route. I'm happy for that research to be conducted, and I wait to see what comes out as scientifically valid. </p>\n\n<p>I note that burning and inhaling of a raw plant, with all the chemicals that are produced in the process, is not something I would recommend to any patient. That goes from tobacco, to cannabis, to grass clippings. We have nebulizers to aerosol drugs that need to be inhaled.</p>\n\n<p>This is where taking traditional medicine as a start, and then advancing it to \"Western Medicine\" comes in. The scientific method has born out in pharmacology, and needed active ingredients from plants/animals can be identified, derived, purified, and normalized so that they can be safely and consistently applied in \"Western Medicine\" (which can be called \"traditional\" by the people practicing it). </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3263, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The way science works (or ideally should work) makes any \"views\" an irrelevant issue. What matters is the evidence obtained in favor or against certain ideas. The fact that people practicing traditional medicine don't themselves do rigorous testing of their methods is then irrelevant, as nothing would stop such methods from being tested rigorously by scientists. The main relevant issue is then what anongoodnurse mentions, obviously if within the medical community little is known about some alternative treatment then it won't undergo proper testing.</p>\n\n<p>A complicating factor in testing alternative medicine treatments is the placebo effect. Recent research points out that the placebo effect and the opposite nocebo effect are much more powerful effects than they previously were thought to be <a href=\"http://media.virbcdn.com/files/f8/7367bdd65f204927-PerspectivesNEJMKaptchukMiller.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">see e.g. this article</a>, and <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrySnltOIqA\" rel=\"nofollow\">this BBC horizon documentary</a> and also <a href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02kmqvb\" rel=\"nofollow\">this BBC radio documentary</a>. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3250", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1312/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3270, "author": "jetbackwards", "author_id": 1692, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1692", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Effective lifestyle modifications would include:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Weight loss - excess weight causes pressure on the stomach, overcoming the lower-oesophageal sphincter and pushing acid into the oesophagus</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Abstinence from Alcohol - alcohol irritates the gastric lining causing pain.</p></li>\n<li><p>Stopping smoking - nicotine activates receptors in the stomach wall, encouraging the secretion of acid.</p></li>\n</ul></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Additional recommendations would include stopping non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.</p>\n\n<p>Hopefully that all helps!</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3271, "author": "rcorty", "author_id": 1694, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1694", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>It sounds like you know that some lifestyle modifications have been shown to be beneficial with patients who have mild to moderate GERD and that these interventions are typically preferable to pharmacological intervention. Right on!</p>\n\n<p>The definitive information on management of GERD can be found on <a href=\"http://gi.org/guideline/diagnosis-and-managemen-of-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">the website of the American College of Gastroenterology</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Here is the specific section that you're looking for:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Weight loss is recommended for GERD patients who are overweight or have had recent weight gain. (Conditional recommendation, moderate level of evidence).</p></li>\n<li><p>Head of bed elevation and avoidance of meals 2–3 h before bedtime should be recommended for patients with nocturnal GERD. (Conditional recommendation, low level of evidence).</p></li>\n<li><p>Routine global elimination of food that can trigger reflux (including chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, acidic and/or spicy foods) is not recommended in the treatment of GERD. (Conditional recommendation, low level of evidence)</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>In my personal experience, all three of these are worth trying.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3265", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5200, "author": "Pobrecita", "author_id": 167, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/167", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong><em>I would go with the expiration on the package. If the package says that it can only last till June 2015 or other date, I wouldn't try go very far past that. Also, make sure the package is intact and make sure it looks and smells edible.</em></strong> </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://probiotics.mercola.com/probiotics-faq.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Probiotics can last 18 months</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Unrefrigerated, Complete Probiotics have an 18 months shelf life.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.symprove.com/blog/single/probiotics-shelf-life-and-storage\" rel=\"nofollow\">Probiotics, shelf life and storage</a>, this may or may not be helpful.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/Transparency/Basics/ucm210073.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">It is also interested to note,</a> </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>FDA does not require food firms to place \"expired by\", \"use by\" or\n \"best before\" dates on food products. This information is entirely at\n the discretion of the manufacturer.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 25954, "author": "Alexan", "author_id": 13, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The good news is that expired probiotic capsules won’t hurt you, though they likely won’t give you the probiotic health benefits you were hoping for.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://drruscio.com/do-probiotics-expire/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">All about probiotic shelf life</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3272", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1456/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3359, "author": "freethinker36", "author_id": 1759, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1759", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>To increase weight and be healthy eat plenty of food rich in proteins (black beans, chickpeas, broccoli, potatoes, mushrooms), carbohydrates (Whole grain bread, pasta, cereals) and fat (avocado, olive oil, almonds, walnuts); include supplements and multivitamins in your diet, lift weights (don't do running or cardio) and plan your diet according to your activity level.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gainingweight101.com/gaining-weight-vegetarian-bodybuilding-diet-without-meat/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.gainingweight101.com/gaining-weight-vegetarian-bodybuilding-diet-without-meat/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.peta.org/living/food/top-10-vegan-protein-sources/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.peta.org/living/food/top-10-vegan-protein-sources/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.veggienumnum.com/nutrition/carbohydrates-dietary-fibre/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.veggienumnum.com/nutrition/carbohydrates-dietary-fibre/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/choosing-healthy-fats.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/choosing-healthy-fats.htm</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/fatstable\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/fatstable</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3361, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Unless you are very short, your weight indicates that you are severely underweight, <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">see here for details</a>. If you are indeed underweight, then you should follow the advice given there:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>If you are concerned about being underweight, please seek a trained healthcare provider. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The general advice that comes second to whatever your doctor's advice is, is given on <a href=\"http://www.eatright.org/resource/health/weight-loss/your-health-and-your-weight/healthy-weight-gain\" rel=\"noreferrer\">this page on healthy weight gain</a>. So, you'll need to increase your calorie intake, but make sure you get enough nutrients from all food groups.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3367, "author": "PCARR", "author_id": 238, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/238", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The cardinal rule here is to ensure that you consume more calories than you burn <strong><em>on a daily basis</em></strong>.</p>\n\n<p>You will wish to establish a long-term healthy eating pattern. But in the short-term, I would suggest without hesitation that whatever you choose to eat - place it between two slices of bread and add plenty of cheese.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14707, "author": "Zogota", "author_id": 12362, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/12362", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>These are the most important steps and tips that help you gain weight for those who do not suffer from diseases and health problems:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Eat three main meals during the day, plus two or three snacks between meals, preferably drinking milk or fresh juices with meals or between them to increase calories in the body.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>2 - refrain from drinking water before eating and reduce drinking between meals so as not to lose appetite.</p>\n\n<p>3 - Limit the intake of foods containing unsaturated fats, because they raise the level of insulin in the blood.</p>\n\n<p>4 - Avoid eating vegetables and fruits that contain amounts of water, such as watermelon, orange and squash.</p>\n\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><p>You should gradually gain weight, as 500 calories a day increase your weight by five kilograms a week.</p></li>\n<li><p>Take enough rest every day and sleep for enough hours.</p></li>\n<li><p>Exercise to speed up metabolism, this makes your body needs more calories and therefore needs to eat larger amounts.</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight-fast/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight-fast/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.pickshape.com/how-to-gain-weight/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3278", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1697/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3294, "author": "Fomite", "author_id": 206, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/206", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am going to answer this purely anecdotally based on personal experience having lived in Boston, but spending winter holidays in Colorado, ranging in altitude from ~5000 to 9000 ft.</p>\n\n<p>Assuming our hypothetical persons conditioning remains the same, yes, they'll have a short period of time when they return to sea level when they've got greater stamina due to greater oxygenation. It's a particularly pleasant sensation - for example, I was able to sprint up the large hill that separated the lower and upper part of my campus, while this was manifestly not possible in my \"normal\" shape.</p>\n\n<p>That being said, it tapers off quickly.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3322, "author": "rncardio", "author_id": 1477, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I could not find a report where this has been formally studied but it is highly likely that persons coming to plains after staying at high altitude will feel more energetic, for a few days at least. This is even used by many sports organizations. Quoting from <a href=\"http://anthro.palomar.edu/adapt/adapt_3.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">\"Human Biological Adaptability: Adapting to High Altitude\"</a>: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>On returning to sea level after successful acclimatization to high\n altitude, the body usually has more red blood cells and greater lung\n expansion capability than needed. Since this provides athletes in\n endurance sports with a competitive advantage, the U.S. maintains an\n Olympic training center in the mountains of Colorado. Several other\n nations also train their athletes at high altitude for this reason. \n However, the physiological changes that result in increased fitness\n are short term at low altitude. In a matter of weeks, the body\n returns to a normal fitness level. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Following figure accompanies above description: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/XSuSe.gif\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/XSuSe.gif\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>A number of factors may be responsible for this:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Increased hemoglobin level stimulated by lower oxygen level in air at high altitude</p></li>\n<li><p>Bartsch &amp; Gibbs (<a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/19/2191.full\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/19/2191.full</a>) have documented a number of changes in the body that occur on high altitudes exposure from 1 to several days or weeks as in tourists or trekkers. These changes indicate that several systems (especially heart, lungs, muscles and other tissues) are under stress. There are many other reports also documenting these changes. The relief of this stress on returning to plains will give a sense of greater energy and stamina. </p></li>\n<li><p>The paths in hilly areas are commonly going up and down and it is more exertional than moving around in the plains. Hence, a stay at high altitude often builds exercise capacity. It is like gentle trekking most of the time.</p></li>\n<li><p>Hilly areas generally have lesser pollution than cities in the plains.</p></li>\n<li><p>The temeperature and humidity conditions are generally more pleasant in hilly areas. </p></li>\n<li><p>Psychological factors including relief from anxiety and stress of routine life. It is like one feels rejuvenated after having been on a holiday. </p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Because of above factors one may feel better stamina, at least for some time, after returning from a sojourn at high altitude. </p>\n\n<p>You may also be interested in my answer on how to avoid acute mountain sickness and its complications (<a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3111/avoiding-acute-mountain-sickness-high-altitude-pulmonary-cerebral-edema/3119#3119\">Avoiding acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary &amp; cerebral edema</a>).</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3287", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1701/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 13015, "author": "Tami", "author_id": 9814, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9814", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This question is old, but the answer might help some other people:)</p>\n\n<p>First of all: yes, <a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/20/2292\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">high triglycerides are a risk for CVD.</a><br>\nHowever, there is <a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0201/p246.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">no evidence</a> that treatment of moderately high triglycerides will decrease the rate of CHD for primary prevention in otherwise healthy individuals. The amount of side effects of medication are more important than the very very little gain that might be expected.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 13031, "author": "Sharon Smith", "author_id": 9870, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9870", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. \nSome triglycerides are needed for good health. But high triglycerides might raise your risk of heart disease.</p>\n\n<p>Range of triglyceride levels:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Normal is less than 150. </p></li>\n<li><p>Borderline-high is 150 to 199.</p></li>\n<li><p>High is 200 to 499.</p></li>\n<li><p>Very high is 500 or higher.</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>If you have high triglyceride levels, you possibly have an increased risk for developing heart disease and other health issues.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3300", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3314, "author": "rncardio", "author_id": 1477, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I checked myself and found following agents are useful: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>diuretics (for example frusemide, torsemide): to reduce fluid accumulation in lungs and other parts of body. Other agents such as thiazide and metolazone may be added if response is not adequate.</li>\n<li>morphine: reduces anxiety, distress and diverts blood away from lungs by dilating peripheral blood vessels, especially veins.</li>\n<li>oxygen: should be given only if hypoxia is there; otherwise it can cause vasoconstriction and may be deleterious.</li>\n<li>vasodiators: e.g. nitroglycerin (or isosorbide dinitrate), nitroprusside, nesiritide. Used if blood pressure is not low.</li>\n<li>inotropes: e.g. dobutamine, milrinone, levosimendan. Used if blood pressure is low.</li>\n<li>vasopressors: e.g. dopamine, norepinephrine: only if blood pressure is low and not responding to inotropes.</li>\n<li>low molecular weight heparin e.g. enoxaparin: to reduce risk of deep vein thrombosis</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>As patient stabilizes, agents known to be useful in long term treatment of chronic heart failure are added:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors (e.g. enalapril, ramipril) or ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) (e.g. losartan, telmisartan)</li>\n<li>Aldosterone antagonist: e.g. spironolactone, eplerenone</li>\n<li>Beta-blockers</li>\n<li>Digoxin: especially useful if patients with atrial fibrillation</li>\n<li>Ivabradine: useful in a subset of patients with chronic heart failure.</li>\n<li>Valsartan/sacubitril combination: recently approved; shown to have better response than ACE-inhibitors in a large study.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>These agents have been shown to provide survival benefit in long term to patients with heart failure.</p>\n\n<p>References:</p>\n\n<p>ACCF/AHA practice guidelines: <a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/16/e240.extract\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/16/e240.extract</a></p>\n\n<p>ESC guidelines: <a href=\"http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&amp;-Education/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-and-Chronic-Heart-Failure\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&amp;-Education/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Acute-and-Chronic-Heart-Failure</a></p>\n\n<p>NICE guidelines: <a href=\"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg108\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg108</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 31546, "author": "Dsm", "author_id": 25708, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/25708", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Acetazolamide , a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic that reduces proximal tubular sodium reabsorption , is not a new drug , but has never been used for decompensated heart failure , however , new studies , the main : advor trial , have shown that it can improve the efficiency of diuretics . loop, potentially leading to faster and greater decongestion in patients with volume overload decompensated acute heart failure.</p>\n<p>Reference</p>\n<p>Mullens W, Dauw J, Martens P, et al., on behalf of the ADVOR Study Group. Acetazolamide in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure With Volume Overload. N Engl J Med 2022;Aug 2</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3303", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3308, "author": "wyas", "author_id": 1718, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1718", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Sugar is a fast metabolizing carbohydrate. The main difference after replacing sugar with whole-grain carb sources would be a decrease in the pace of digestion, which is preferable. </p>\n\n<p>Sugar isn't bad, necessarily. It's quite useful for sports because of the high bursts of energy you get while consuming sugar. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4465, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>To clear up a bit of a misconception it appears you may have in your question: All carbohydrates are sugars of some sort, either simple or complex. The difference in the body is <a href=\"http://www.diabetes.co.uk/nutrition/simple-carbs-vs-complex-carbs.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">how long it takes to break them down</a> to be usable as glucose (Body fuel).</p>\n\n<p>To get the answer as to what type you are consuming, you would need to look at the ingredient list, and see what is listed, such as fructose (Simple, fast), high fructose corn syrup (simple, fast), etc. Anything that says sugar, syrup or ends in -ose is likely to be an added sugar of some kind.</p>\n\n<p>If you replace those sugars with oat starch, you are basically replacing sugar with sugar, just in a (most likely) slower digesting form.</p>\n\n<p>My suspicion, however, is that if you say you are eating 440 calories from sugar, and getting that information from food labels, then you are really only counting added sugars, unless you are looking at nutrition facts for raw/cooked vegetables. For example, if you eat a cup of broccoli, you are getting 10g of carbohydrates. 2.5g of that is in simple sugars (fructose/glucose combo), approx 4 g is fiber (undigestible sugar), and another 3.5g of starch (Complex sugar). That makes 6g of sugars, or 24 calories.</p>\n\n<p>As for your base question, if you take out the added/labeled sugars and replace them with slower acting sugars, your energy levels may be slightly lower than after simple sugars, but be a more sustained effect. You may feel fuller for longer as the body takes longer to break down the food, and you may notice it being easier to lose/maintain weight. Each person will react differently. <a href=\"http://www.builtlean.com/2012/05/17/carbohydrates/\" rel=\"nofollow\">This is a decent basic writeup</a> on the subject of carbohydrates.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3307", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5581, "author": "Sean Duggan", "author_id": 31, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/31", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You may actually want to try cutting out the mouthwash. There's some evidence that <a href=\"http://www.newsmax.com/Health/Headline/mouthwash-risk-harm-bad/2014/02/28/id/555321/\" rel=\"nofollow\">the bacteria being killed with frequent use of mouthwash may include the healthy sort that your mouth needs</a>, not to mention that it may dry your mouth out, which will also make your breath worse.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5586, "author": "Coma", "author_id": 3339, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3339", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You might have gum disease (do your gums bleed when flossing?). Go for a checkup with a dentist and ask about a regular or deep cleaning. Usually, a regular cleaning will be done, which will remove most surface bacteria from the gums/teeth. Most people don't know this, but it is important to get regual cleanings by the dentist, at least around once a year. Then the dentist will prescribe a specific antibacterial mouthwash such as perioaid or periogard - it is crucial that you're advised by dentist what specific mouthwash to get and in what concentration. From this point on if you keep up good oral hygiene 99% of problems will be gone.</p>\n\n<p>tldr; get a checkup with a dentist</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10671, "author": "MXMLLN", "author_id": 1568, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1568", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p><a href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3173114/Do-bad-breath-licking-spoon-ditching-high-protein-diet-experts-reveal-tell-mints-just-make-problem-WORSE.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A Daily Mail article</a> listed many causes I had not heard about (not a trustworthy reference, but the interviewed experts seem legitimate):</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Dieting, especially low-carbohydrate diets </li>\n<li>Intense exercising</li>\n<li>Dehydration </li>\n<li>Skipping breakfast </li>\n<li>Ph balance changes in the mouth</li>\n<li>Caffeine, especially coffee </li>\n<li>Alcohol </li>\n<li>Sugary foods</li>\n<li>Flying on a airplane</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3310", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1720/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3339, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>People who sleep less than 6 hours and people who sleep more than 9 hours have been found to have a greater risk of suffering from adverse health effects, <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19645960\" rel=\"noreferrer\">see e.g. here</a>. But one cannot conclude from such observed correlations that changing sleeping behavior will help, this requires one to analyze the cause of these correlations. The way long sleep is associated with increased mortality is not well understood, as mentioned in <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2727192/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">this article</a>: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>It is therefore possible that long duration of sleep might be a consequence of, rather than a causative risk factor for, unrecognized chronic comorbidity, which in turn could explain the higher risk of mortality, particularly mortality from noncardiovascular causes, observed in many studies (1–4). Long sleep duration might represent a useful diagnostic tool for detecting other subclinical or undiagnosed mental or physical comorbidity (13).</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 31179, "author": "Chris Rogers", "author_id": 7951, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7951", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>For the causes of mortality with short and long sleep, the first linked article in @CountIblis' answer (<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00732.x\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Gallicchio &amp; Kalesan, 2009</a>) states that</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The specific mechanisms underlying the association between sleep duration and mortality are unclear.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>However,</p>\n<h2>For short sleep (generally shorter than 7 hours)</h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>A number of experimental studies have shown that short sleep causes potentially adverse endocrinologic, immunologic, and metabolic effects (<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01195.x\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Akerstedt and Nilsson, 2003</a>; <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Knutson <em>et al.</em>, 2007</a>; Spiegel <em>et al.</em>, 2005). For example, Spiegel <em>et al.</em> (2005) showed in a laboratory-based study that restricted sleep among 11 healthy men was associated with impaired glucose tolerance, higher evening cortisol levels, alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity, and a reduction in leptin secretion.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h2>For long sleep (generally longer than 9 hours)</h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Unlike short sleep, long sleep has not consistently been shown to be associated with certain adverse medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, although studies have reported that long sleep is associated with obesity and stroke (<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521773\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Chen <em>et al.</em>, 2008</a>; <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.03.001\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Marshall <em>et al.</em>, 2008</a>). Further, adjustment for health conditions in studies examining the association between long sleep and mortality has not resulted in an attenuation of the association.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<h2>References</h2>\n<p>Åkerstedt, T., &amp; Nilsson, P. M. (2003). Sleep as restitution: an introduction. <em>Journal of internal medicine, 254</em>(1), 6-12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01195.x\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01195.x</a></p>\n<p>Chen, J. C., Brunner, R. L., Ren, H., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Larson, J. C., Levine, D. W., ... &amp; Stefanick, M. L. (2008). Sleep duration and risk of ischemic stroke in postmenopausal women. <em>Stroke, 39</em>(12), 3185-3192. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521773\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.521773</a></p>\n<p>Gallicchio, L., &amp; Kalesan, B. (2009). Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of sleep research, 18(2), 148-158. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00732.x\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00732.x</a></p>\n<p>Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P., &amp; Van Cauter, E. (2007). The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. <em>Sleep medicine reviews, 11</em>(3), 163-178. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002</a></p>\n<p>Marshall, N. S., Glozier, N., &amp; Grunstein, R. R. (2008). Is sleep duration related to obesity? A critical review of the epidemiological evidence. Sleep medicine reviews, 12(4), 289-298. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.03.001\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2008.03.001</a></p>\n<p>Spiegel, K., Leproult, R. and Van Cauter, E. Metabolic and endocrine changes. In: C. Kushida (Ed.) (2005) <em>Sleep deprivation: basic science, physiology and behavior</em>. New York: Marcel Dekker. 293–318.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3333", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1735/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3388, "author": "Brandon", "author_id": 1791, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1791", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Your units of measure are likely \"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre\">diopters</a>.\" If someone needs glasses for <em>reading</em> (because the person is far sighted), then they would be given an prescription with a <strong>+</strong>[digit], and note that each eye could be different (and usually is, at least slightly). An example might be:</p>\n\n<pre><code>left eye: +1.5\nright eye: +0.75\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>If he has a negative number of diopters in his prescription, it just means he is instead near sighted, or <em>myopic</em>: he sees things up close probably pretty well (in the eye with a negative diopter). If both eyes are around -6 diopters (and assuming he doesn't have severe astigmatism on top of this strong near sightedness), he probably needs relatively strong lenses to see distances clearly, and can probably only read an average size font (such as 12-14 points) if it less than a foot (roughly) from his face.</p>\n\n<p>See also: <a href=\"http://www.britannica.com/technology/diopter-optics\">http://www.britannica.com/technology/diopter-optics</a>\nand \"Amplitude of accommodation\" on wikipedia</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3455, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am going to assume with - 6 you mean a measurement of - 6 <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptre\" rel=\"nofollow\">Dioptre </a>. If you are talking about the strength of the glasses he needs, the minus indicates that this eye is nearsighted, a positive value would indicate farsightedness. If that is a measurement of his eyesight, he is farsighted. A measurement of 0 indicates that the eye can adapt to both short and long distances without problems (though corrections may still be necessary, for example for astigmatism). Because of the definition of a Dioptre, there is no maximum/minimum number. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A dioptre (uk), or diopter (us), is a unit of measurement of the optical powerof a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured inmetres (that is, 1/metres). It is thus a unit ofreciprocal length. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>A measurement of -6 is certainly not nothing and will require corrective lenses. It is, however, far from being blind and can be corrected by wearing glasses or contact lenses. For nearsightedness, -6 is where <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia\" rel=\"nofollow\">high-degree myopia</a> begins. </p>\n\n<p>If you are talking about whether he could be considered <a href=\"http://www.idbonline.org/legal-definition-blindness\" rel=\"nofollow\">legally blind </a>, that is a definition that only applies to how much you can see <em>with</em> correction. Since myopia of -6 can be corrected well with glasses, there should be no risk of being defined as legally blind. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3355", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1761/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3387, "author": "freethinker36", "author_id": 1759, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1759", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>According to the websites bellow, it´s a good idea to do the following tests annually at age 50 and beyond (beware of false positives, which \"could trigger a cascade of even more tests, only to discover in the end that you had nothing wrong with you\"):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ol>\n <li>Blood pressure if your blood pressure is borderline high. </li>\n <li>Skin cancer screening (\"It’s important to check your own skin, preferably once a month\")</li>\n <li>Eye exam and vision screening (every 2 years until age 60 and then yearly after that) </li>\n <li>Vitamin D test </li>\n <li>Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) </li>\n <li>Thyroid test </li>\n <li>Prostate cancer screening (\"Screening should be done yearly for men whose PSA level is 2.5 ng/mL or higher, the decision should be made after getting information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening but men without symptoms of prostate cancer who do not have a 10-year life expectancy should not be offered testing\" according to the American Cancer Association; but the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force \"recommends against PSA-based screening\") </li>\n <li>Testicular exam (The American Cancer Society recommends a testicular exam as part of a routine cancer-related checkup)</li>\n <li>For women only: Pelvic exam</li>\n <li>For women only: Breast exam and mammogram </li>\n </ol>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If you have certain peculiarities or high risks other tests should be perform annually as well. </p>\n\n<p>Information was gathered from the following websites: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/guide/milestone-medical-tests-50\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/guide/milestone-medical-tests-50</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.caring.com/articles/medical-tests-men-should-have\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.caring.com/articles/medical-tests-men-should-have</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbers?page=2#1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbers?page=2#1</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer-melanoma/moreinformation/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-skin-exams\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer-melanoma/moreinformation/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-skin-exams</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/who-needs-bone-density-testing\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/who-needs-bone-density-testing</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/remind-me?_ga=1.240642179.1226571050.1444671502\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/remind-me?_ga=1.240642179.1226571050.1444671502</a> </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3411, "author": "rncardio", "author_id": 1477, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Today's issue of New England Journal of Medicine (15th October, 2015) discusses the pros and cons of having annual screening: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1507485\" rel=\"nofollow\">Improving Value in Health Care — Against the Annual Physical</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1508270\" rel=\"nofollow\">Toward Trusting Therapeutic Relationships — In Favor \nof the Annual Physical</a></p>\n\n<p>Hence, there are 2 approaches: </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>There is no need for annual checkup, though healthy practices should be followed and early symptoms should not be ignored.</p></li>\n<li><p>Majority of patients and physicians feel annual checkups should be there and one third of adults in USA get them done. Following simple tests can be done on an annual basis: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Annual consultation with general practitioner for history taking (asking for any symptoms or problems) and physical examination- will include blood pressure as well as checkup for skin, eye &amp; hearing problems. </p></li>\n<li><p>Blood tests: Hemogram (hemoglobin, total &amp; differential white count, platelet count), sugar, kidney function (urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium), liver function (bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase), TSH (thyroid function), lipid profile (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglyceride), vitamin D. All these tests together need only 10 ml of blood and can be done in a day on newer machines; it may be called \"single syringe blood screen\"! (even though vacutainers have replaced syringes for blood sampling at most places)</p></li>\n<li><p>Urine examination: albumin, sugar &amp; microscopic examination</p></li>\n<li>ECG</li>\n<li>Chest X-ray every 5 years</li>\n<li>for women: PAP smear, mammography</li>\n</ul></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Other tests to be considered:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>colonoscopy</li>\n<li>bone density</li>\n<li>prostate specific antigen is not recommended; fecal occult blood is generally indicated if any anemia is found; I am not sure what test is done for bladder cancer screening apart from urine examination mentioned above.</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3384", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3387, "author": "freethinker36", "author_id": 1759, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1759", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>According to the websites bellow, it´s a good idea to do the following tests annually at age 50 and beyond (beware of false positives, which \"could trigger a cascade of even more tests, only to discover in the end that you had nothing wrong with you\"):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ol>\n <li>Blood pressure if your blood pressure is borderline high. </li>\n <li>Skin cancer screening (\"It’s important to check your own skin, preferably once a month\")</li>\n <li>Eye exam and vision screening (every 2 years until age 60 and then yearly after that) </li>\n <li>Vitamin D test </li>\n <li>Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) </li>\n <li>Thyroid test </li>\n <li>Prostate cancer screening (\"Screening should be done yearly for men whose PSA level is 2.5 ng/mL or higher, the decision should be made after getting information about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening but men without symptoms of prostate cancer who do not have a 10-year life expectancy should not be offered testing\" according to the American Cancer Association; but the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force \"recommends against PSA-based screening\") </li>\n <li>Testicular exam (The American Cancer Society recommends a testicular exam as part of a routine cancer-related checkup)</li>\n <li>For women only: Pelvic exam</li>\n <li>For women only: Breast exam and mammogram </li>\n </ol>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>If you have certain peculiarities or high risks other tests should be perform annually as well. </p>\n\n<p>Information was gathered from the following websites: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/guide/milestone-medical-tests-50\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/guide/milestone-medical-tests-50</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.caring.com/articles/medical-tests-men-should-have\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.caring.com/articles/medical-tests-men-should-have</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbers?page=2#1\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/diastolic-and-systolic-blood-pressure-know-your-numbers?page=2#1</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer-melanoma/moreinformation/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-skin-exams\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cancer.org/cancer/skincancer-melanoma/moreinformation/skincancerpreventionandearlydetection/skin-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-skin-exams</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/who-needs-bone-density-testing\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/guide/who-needs-bone-density-testing</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/moreinformation/prostatecancerearlydetection/prostate-cancer-early-detection-acs-recommendations</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/prostate-cancer-screening</a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/remind-me?_ga=1.240642179.1226571050.1444671502\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/remind-me?_ga=1.240642179.1226571050.1444671502</a> </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3411, "author": "rncardio", "author_id": 1477, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Today's issue of New England Journal of Medicine (15th October, 2015) discusses the pros and cons of having annual screening: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1507485\" rel=\"nofollow\">Improving Value in Health Care — Against the Annual Physical</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp1508270\" rel=\"nofollow\">Toward Trusting Therapeutic Relationships — In Favor \nof the Annual Physical</a></p>\n\n<p>Hence, there are 2 approaches: </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>There is no need for annual checkup, though healthy practices should be followed and early symptoms should not be ignored.</p></li>\n<li><p>Majority of patients and physicians feel annual checkups should be there and one third of adults in USA get them done. Following simple tests can be done on an annual basis: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>Annual consultation with general practitioner for history taking (asking for any symptoms or problems) and physical examination- will include blood pressure as well as checkup for skin, eye &amp; hearing problems. </p></li>\n<li><p>Blood tests: Hemogram (hemoglobin, total &amp; differential white count, platelet count), sugar, kidney function (urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium), liver function (bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase), TSH (thyroid function), lipid profile (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglyceride), vitamin D. All these tests together need only 10 ml of blood and can be done in a day on newer machines; it may be called \"single syringe blood screen\"! (even though vacutainers have replaced syringes for blood sampling at most places)</p></li>\n<li><p>Urine examination: albumin, sugar &amp; microscopic examination</p></li>\n<li>ECG</li>\n<li>Chest X-ray every 5 years</li>\n<li>for women: PAP smear, mammography</li>\n</ul></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Other tests to be considered:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>colonoscopy</li>\n<li>bone density</li>\n<li>prostate specific antigen is not recommended; fecal occult blood is generally indicated if any anemia is found; I am not sure what test is done for bladder cancer screening apart from urine examination mentioned above.</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3404", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1812/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3436, "author": "jzx", "author_id": 1287, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1287", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Besides changing the amount of calories you expend or consume there aren't many more options. You might attempt to reduce your stress level. The 1994 paper <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16353426\">Stress-induced cortisol response and fat distribution in women</a> and the 2000 paper <a href=\"http://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2000/09000/Stress_and_Body_Shape__Stress_Induced_Cortisol.5.aspx\">Stress and Body Shape: Stress-Induced Cortisol Secretion Is Consistently Greater Among Women With Central Fat</a> indicated a possible link between elevated cortisol (sometimes called the stress hormone, although that is far from the whole story) and increased abdominal fat distribution. Of course, you may find stress regulation as or even more difficult than finding time to exercise.</p>\n\n<p>However - diet and exercise remains the preferred method of weight loss. Particularly compared to the risks of medication or surgery. Any way you slice it, it takes behavioral changes to make physical changes. Exercise can be a great way to reduce stress, too.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3572, "author": "user19679", "author_id": 2344, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2344", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Losing weight via means of altering your diet will be safest choice, however, that doesn't mean it is your only option. In my opinion, <em>dieting</em> is an incredibly vague term. Ensuring you are eating a balanced diet and eating within your daily needs is better way to put it.</p>\n\n<p>When you consume an excess of calories that your body doesn't need it often stores this fat independently, for future use i.e. as an energy source. <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat\" rel=\"nofollow\">Fat</a>, despite the bad rep, <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6778757\" rel=\"nofollow\">is a very good energy source</a> and is essential in our diets - more specifically in times of (unintentional?) fasting. Is it healthy to use fat as a stable for your energy needs? No. It's all about maintaining a justified ratio of Carbohydrates; fats and proteins that build a stable foundation for a diet. </p>\n\n<p>Consider this when contemplating a weight loss diet: 'In 2005, the “American Journal of Clinical Nutrition” published the results of a study in which subjects who ate <a href=\"http://www.livestrong.com/article/303969-the-protein-fat-and-carbohydrate-ratio-for-losing-weight/\" rel=\"nofollow\">30% protein, 20% fats and 50% carbohydrates</a> felt fuller and ate an average of more than 400 fewer calories daily when compared to subjects who ate a diet of 15% protein, 35% fats and 50% carbohydrates. </p>\n\n<p>The most abundant method for weight loss that is clinically proven, would be obtaining a prescription for <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlistat\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Orlistat</em></a>, aka Alli. Additionally, you will only be able to obtain this medicine if you are truly overweight and if you are have \"fair\" reasoning etc.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.boots.com/diet/guide/medicine-for-obesity\" rel=\"nofollow\">Orlistat</a> belongs to drug class called <em>Lipase inhibitors</em>. Lipase is the in situ enzyme that breaks down lipids (fats), so that they can effectively be absorbed by our body, and hence inhibiting this enzyme allows most of the fat we consume to pass through our digestive system, to be release via excretion in our fecal matter. It would be fair to say that this treatment is in favor of resisting storage/absorption some types of fat more than others. In this case it's <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue#Obesity\" rel=\"nofollow\">visceral fat</a> - fat stored in the abdominal cavity and hence around our major organs. Knowing this, you should be able to comprehend how a physician may deem you suitable for a prescription. If he/she concludes that you are overweight and predisposed to risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, the decision will tilt in your favor.</p>\n\n<p>Edit: Orlistat is the generic name for the \"weight loss\" aid not sold over-the- counter. Alli, is <a href=\"http://www.webmd.boots.com/diet/guide/medicine-for-obesity\" rel=\"nofollow\">orlistat</a> at half its dosage and is sold over-the-counter.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3405", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1812/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3478, "author": "rncardio", "author_id": 1477, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Patients with following features on angiogram have better results with coronary bypass surgery (CABG) than after angioplasty (percutaneous coronary intervetion, including balloon dilatation, stenting etc): </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Left main coronary disease</li>\n<li>Multi-vessel disease in patients with diabetes mellitus</li>\n<li>Triple-vessel disease with left ventricular dysfunction</li>\n<li>Double vessel disease, including proximal left anterior descending artery involvement, and left ventricular dysfunction</li>\n<li>Calcified vessels</li>\n<li>Diffusely diseased vessels</li>\n<li>Highly tortuous vessels</li>\n<li>Ostial lesions</li>\n<li>Bifurcation lesions</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>These features indicate that angioplasty may be associated with greater likelihood of suboptimal immediate result and/or greater risk of complications later on (such as restenosis or the dreaded subacute thrombosis in the treated artery). Hence, bypass surgery is generally advisable in these cases. </p>\n\n<p>References:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/25/e354.full\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/126/25/e354.full</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/96/index.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/96/index.html</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/28/eurheartj.eht296\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/28/eurheartj.eht296</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg126\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg126</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5140, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There have <strong>MANY</strong> trials comparing PCI (intervention during the \"cardiac cath\" procedure) which are well referenced in this <a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/19/1749.full.pdf+html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">guideline</a> update. (Note, the \"Heart Team\" approach mentioned below relies on the combination of the expert opinion of the interventional cardiologist was well as the cardiac surgeon.)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/vjwJS.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/vjwJS.png\" alt=\"Excerpt from the AHA/ACC most recent guideline update\"></a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3409", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3435, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It has already been tested, <a href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jan/18/guardianweeklytechnologysection4\" rel=\"nofollow\">see e.g. here</a>. The best thing to do is to accept that EMF interference does not cause health problems other than via the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocebo\" rel=\"nofollow\">nocebo effect</a>. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3527, "author": "kenorb", "author_id": 114, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/114", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Yes, you can measure that. You can consider using EMF Meter Tester (Electromagnetic Radiation Dosimeter) which can detect electromagnetic radiation around the place of interest. The cheapest one which you can get can measure frequency range between low frequency: 50Hz-400KHz and high frequency: 30MHz-2000MHz which should be enough. It can be used in home electrical equipment, measurement of electromagnetic radiation such as: mobile phone, smart devices, computers, televisions, copiers, fax machines, air conditioners and other power sources of test analysis.</p>\n<p>I had similar issue where I had a lot of cables and power supplies next to my desk and I had slight headaches because of that. I've purchased EMF Meter (<a href=\"http://www.birikimelk.com/img/upload/DT1130.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">DT-1130</a>, similar to <a href=\"http://www.electronicharassment.net/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">NJ-1130</a>) and it was showing very high reading around that area (up to 1m far away from the corner). So I think my multi socket extension was just faulty (or wrongly shielded) and the reading was perfectly fine (zero) when I've switched it off.</p>\n<p>So basically you should test the electric field radiation and if your equipment like computer connect power ground loop well, it would lead electric field radiation to the ground, to shield it, then the test would fail. Besides, metal will shield the radiation.</p>\n<p>Such EMF meters can be found <a href=\"https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=EMF%20Meter&amp;tbm=shop\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">on-line</a>. For more details, refer to manual/instructions provided by manufacturer (e.g. <a href=\"http://www.mrclab.com/Media/Uploads/EMF819SPEC.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">EMF819SPEC</a>, <a href=\"http://www.mrclab.com/Media/Uploads/EMF819SPEC(3).pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">EMF-819</a>) where it's stated:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Persons with electromagnetic implant (e.g. cardiac-pacemaker) are subject to especial danger in some case.</li>\n<li>Claims by some scientists that long term exposure to electromagnetic field may be the cause of childhood leukemia &amp; other forms of cancer.</li>\n<li>Complete answers to any of these and related questions are not currently available. At the present time the most common practice is\nto avoid excess exposure over long period of time.</li>\n<li>Complete answers to any of these and related ”Prudent Avoidance“ as stated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) USA is recommended.</li>\n</ul>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Related studies:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00918.x/full\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Sleep EEG alterations: effects of different pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields</a> - SCHMID – 2011 – Journal of Sleep Research – Wiley Online Library</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Consistent with previous findings, our results provide further evidence that pulse-modulated RF EMF alter brain physiology, although the time-course of the effect remains variable across studies.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</li>\n<li><p>Magda Havas, Ph.D., an eminent researcher in this domain, says:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Symptoms of electrohypersensitivity have been demonstrated at exposures that are a fraction of U.S. exposure guidelines, in part because the guidelines themselves only take into consideration a 30-minute exposure, not chronic exposures.</p>\n<p>Symptoms people experience near cell phone antennas, within a 0.25 mile radius include: fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, irritability, dizziness, depression, visual disruptions, hearing disruptions and much more.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>^{Source: <a href=\"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100426005523/en/Report-Recommends-FCC-Require-Minimum-1500-Feet\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">New Report Recommends FCC Require Minimum 1,500 Feet Setbacks for Wireless Infrastructure near Schools</a> [2010]}</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Related videos:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://youtu.be/DwCs8DoehTU\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">How to measure EMFs from your multi socket extension</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Even something as seemingly harmless as a multi socket extension lead can give off electrical and magnetic radiation. The danger is that such electrical devices can be held in close proximity to your body over long periods of time and over many years.</p>\n<p>Excessive fatigue, stomach complaints, irritability, sleep disturbances, headaches, visual problems, memory loss, dizziness, and cardiovascular disruptions are just some of the symptoms which have been linked to exposure to EMFs. The symptoms from long-term exposure can lead to syndromes such as tumors and cancer.</p>\n</blockquote>\n</li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sIeKRhclQI\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">How to avoid EMF radiation risks from computers, microwaves, cell phones, and other household items</a></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCp4jiBZVvs\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Measuring Magnetic Fields EMF Pollution Under High Voltage Power Line</a></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3429", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1801/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4383, "author": "M.shadow", "author_id": 2616, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2616", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As a Dr I can tell you that this has been accepted by scientific community, so it will affect on your brain, body physiology, metabolisms,behavior and even your gene expression.\nClearly, sleep is not only for the brain but also for the rest of the body.</p>\n\n<p>and there is tons of articles in this field just search in <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/\" rel=\"nofollow\">PubMed</a>.</p>\n\n<p>For example read these may help you:</p>\n\n<p><strong>If you want to read just one article as your answer i recommend to read this one</strong> <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3678519/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Metabolic Consequences in Humans of Prolonged Sleep Restriction Combined with Circadian Disruption</a> examined healthy volunteers over a 29-day period. They were made to sleep less and at varying bedtimes; sleeping patterns similar to those experienced by shift-workers.</p>\n\n<p>They found that the shift-like sleep patterns led to <strong>poorer glucose regulation and metabolism</strong>. The authors explained that eventually, over time, the raised risk of <strong>obesity</strong> and <strong>diabetes</strong> became apparent. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/502825\" rel=\"nofollow\">Review:The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Hormones and Metabolism</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/218642\" rel=\"nofollow\">Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of irregularity in chronic sleep routine</a></p>\n\n<p>(sleep irregularity effect on physiological arousal indexes, psychomotor performance and subjective mood )</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181883/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120095\" rel=\"nofollow\">Effect of sleep deprivation on healing process </a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350389\" rel=\"nofollow\">a review on cortisol level and sleep relation</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656315\" rel=\"nofollow\">review on sleep disturbance and suicide risk</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075236\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sleep deprivation Impact on cognitive performance</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778638/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Effects of sleep deprivation on neural functioning: an integrative review</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11744682\" rel=\"nofollow\">How sleep deprivation affects gene expression in the brain: a review of recent findings.</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/emotions-cognitive\" rel=\"nofollow\">WebMD</a>( interesting facts to read)</p>\n\n<p>They are all valid scientific publication with standard experiments and a lot more articles that proves effect of sleep on behavior and health mental and physical.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5719, "author": "pericles316", "author_id": 1784, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1784", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>Sleep irregularity</strong></p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>In children, values for lower sleep duration were found to be strongly associated with increased metabolic risk.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Although obese children did not display radically different total weekly sleep durations, compared with their normal-weight counterparts, analyses of SV throughout the week revealed that obese children were less likely to experience “catch-up” sleep on weekends and the combination of shorter sleep duration and more-variable sleep patterns was associated with adverse metabolic outcomes. <a href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/2/e345\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source: Sleep Duration, Sleep Regularity, Body Weight, and Metabolic Homeostasis in School-aged Children</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>Adequate sleep each day is noted to be very important for learning and memory.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In the view of many researchers, evidence suggests that various sleep stages are involved in the consolidation of different types of memories and that being sleep deprived reduces one’s ability to learn. Although open questions (and debate) remain, the overall evidence suggests that adequate sleep each day is very important for learning and memory. <a href=\"http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/benefits-of-sleep/learning-memory\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source: Sleep, Learning, and Memory</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>Several sleep hygiene practices are recommended <a href=\"http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/getting/overcoming/tips\" rel=\"nofollow\">here</a> to regulate one's sleep.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><strong>TL;DR:</strong> Adults are recommended to sleep at least for seven hours per night on a regular basis.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Sleeping less than 7 hours per night on a regular basis is associated with adverse health outcomes, including weight gain and obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and stroke, depression, and increased risk of\n death. Sleeping less than 7 hours per night is also associated with impaired immune function, increased pain, impaired performance, increased errors, and greater risk of accidents. <a href=\"http://www.aasmnet.org/resources/pdf/pressroom/Adult-sleep-duration-consensus.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source: Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3448", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1443/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3501, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>No one can prove that quitting smoking <em>doesn't</em> cause frequent bowel movements in a particular individual, but it's not a symptom generally associated with quitting smoking. <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/withdrawal-fact-sheet\">The usual symptoms</a> are:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n<pre><code>Nicotine cravings.\nAnger, frustration, and irritability.\nAnxiety.\nDepression.\nWeight gain.\n</code></pre>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As a former smoker, I would add increased appetite and difficulty sleeping to that list. But as you can see, nothing in the list even hints at gastrointestinal disturbances or changes in bowel habits.</p>\n\n<p>But most important is your mention of blood in the stool. Frequent bowel movements in and of themselves don't cause blood in the stool, nor does quitting smoking. Bleeding somewhere within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is what causes blood in the stool.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.iffgd.org/site/manage-your-health/symptoms-causes/alarm-symptoms\">The possible reasons</a> for blood in the stool are numerous:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>benign and malignant tumors; inflammation such as infectious colitis\n or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); ulcers such as peptic ulcers;\n esophagitis; or a traumatic tear such as may occur in the anus\n (fissure) or the lower end of the esophagus.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The article quoted above goes on to say:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Intestinal bleeding is potentially serious and demands investigation –\n often as an emergency.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Trying to guess what the cause is on an internet forum is impossible since even doctors with intimate access to the patient often have difficulty diagnosing the cause of bloody stools. However, seeing a doctor about the frequent bowel movements and especially the bloody stools is exactly what the person needs to do, and the sooner, the better.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3518, "author": "user5434678", "author_id": 1696, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1696", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>When quitting cigarettes a person will likely increase food/fluid consumption.This is to compensate for the loss of hand to mouth activity each puff you take from the cigarette is now absent from the body's normal activity so a person tends to snake more not knowing that they are not more hungry just pleasing the bodies addictiveness to a hand to mouth movement it has grown used too.So more eating and drinking than normal is the reason for more bowel movement not the lack of nicotine or additives in cigarettes. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3467", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1767/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3482, "author": "Gibado", "author_id": 1858, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1858", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Sperm does not naturally exist in pre-cum since sperm is released at the point of ejaculation. However, both the articles you site are correct in that preexisting sperm already in the urethra could travel out with the pre-cum.</p>\n\n<p>A quote from Teen Clinic on <a href=\"http://teenclinic.org/about/get-answers/ask-us/if-my-boyfriend-and-i-had-unprotected-sex-but-he-pulled-out-far-before-he-could-ejaculate-can-you-still-get-pregnant-i-have-used-a-period-tracker-and-it-says-im-not-fertile-but-i-am-still-stressin/\" rel=\"noreferrer\" title=\"Teen Clinic\">pre-ejaculate</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Although pre-ejaculate does not contain sperm when it is produced, it can pick up leftover sperm in the urethra. This means that pre-ejaculate can contain sperm when it leaves the body, creating a risk for pregnancy. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/can-you-get-pregnant-with-precum/\" rel=\"noreferrer\" title=\"American Pregnancy\">AmericanPregnancy.org</a> also mentions this same thing.</p>\n\n<p>One hygiene tip I've heard to help with this is for the man to urinate after sex to help clean out the urethra of both sperm and as a preventative measure against STDs.</p>\n\n<p>Core Physicians also mentions that</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>You can help prevent UTIs if you: Urinate soon after sex.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11450, "author": "Chizoba Michael", "author_id": 8461, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8461", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Pre-ejaculate or precum is a pre-fluid that a guy releases during the intercourse. This fluid is also popular with name pre- seminal fluid. </p>\n\n<p>This fluid <strong>contains spermatozoa but not so much</strong>. But this spermatozoa is enough to make a girl or woman pregnant. Girls with high fertility rate can get <a href=\"https://thelifesquare.com/pregnant-from-precum-8575481/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pregnant from precum</a>.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3469", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/588/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3502, "author": "Executer", "author_id": 1841, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1841", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Yes, it can.</p>\n\n<p>The \"master clock\" of your body is the <strong>suprachiasmatic nucleus</strong> of the hypothalamus. It receives:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Neuronal input from the retina, through the retino-hypothalamic tract.</li>\n<li>Hormonal input, as the suprachiasmatic nucleus expresses melatonin receptors. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to the absence of light. The pineal gland itself does not contain light receptors, but it received information indirectly: the retino-hypothalamic tract sends the information from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. From there, the information is sent to the intermediolateral column of the spine cord, where there are synapses with pre-ganglionic neurons which also synapse with post-ganglionic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion. The superior cervical ganglion then sends the information through the carotid plexus and to the pineal gland [Retina -> Suprachiasmatic Nucleus -> Intermediolateral Column -> Superior Cervical Ganglion -> Carotid Plexus -> Pineal Gland].</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Through these signals, the suprachiamastic nucleus is capable of setting the circadian clock. In the absence of these input, the internal circadian clock is actually 25,3 hrs long, instead of the usual 24 hrs that our day has. You might want to read the work by <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6780913\">Turek et al.</a> and <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7232967\">Czeisler et al</a>.</p>\n\n<p>Regarding the basics of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, there are good reviews, I recommend an article by Moore RI (Organization and function of a central nervous system circadian oscillator: the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus) or even the book \"Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind's Clock\".</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3504, "author": "Gibado", "author_id": 1858, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1858", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>From personal experience I maintained a sleep cycle of 6 hours a night for most of my 4 year college experience. I was tired initially when I switched to it, but felt normal after a week or 2. Some points to note about my experience:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>The few times I did get a normal 8 hours of sleep I would feel better than normal for the next day or two.</li>\n<li>I noticed decreased functionality in both my physical and mental state, which made tasks harder to do and/or take longer to complete.</li>\n<li>I also learned that increasing water intake and decreasing energy drinks/coffee helped to maintain my energy throughout the day.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Most of the symptoms where manageable until I tried to drop down to 4 hours of sleep and started getting dizzy spells.</p>\n\n<p>I don't recommend doing this as I've experience many of the symptoms of sleep deprivation listed <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation#Physiological_effects\" rel=\"nofollow\">here</a>, most of which are not enjoyable.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3489", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1865/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3544, "author": "supersarenka", "author_id": 1911, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1911", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Answer to first question: \nThere've been conducted medical studies concerning effects of apple eating on lipid profile of hyperlipidemic (having increased concentration of fats in blood) and overweight men. Authors claim that:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Consumption of Golden delicious apple may be increased serum TG and VLDL in hyperlipidemic and overweight men. <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093779/\" rel=\"nofollow\">here's link to the paper</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Studies did not concern healthy people, though. But apple contains fructose so I searched for connections between fructose and triglycerides level and found studies conducted on rats: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Dietary fructose not only increased triglyceride production, but also impaired triglyceride removal. (...) Thus, in the presence of fructose, but not glucose, insulin stimulates triglyceride production. <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3513615\" rel=\"nofollow\">you can read research paper abstract here</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Basing on those informations (assuming that metabolism mechanisms in rat are similar to human mechanisms), I would say that any fruits containing high level of fructose can increase triglycerides in plasma. So if you are fuit lover it will be the best for you to eat those with low level of fructose like kiwifruit, citrus fruits or berries.\nAlso some fruits like plums, prunes, berries, ripe bananas, and the skin of apples (skins only!) are allowed because they contain dietary fiber (look below) so they can be helpful.</p>\n\n<p>Answer to second question:</p>\n\n<p>In order to determine whether some ingredients are helpful or not, you have to carry out studies.\nI found some research papers about ingedients that are helpful in lowering TG level in plasma.</p>\n\n<p>Those ingredients are:</p>\n\n<p>Firstly: Garlic. Author of study \"Including garlic in the diet may help lower blood glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.\"(<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484567\" rel=\"nofollow\">link to the paper</a>) claims that:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Raw garlic had a profound effect in reducing the glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, whereas boiled garlic had little effect in controlling these parameters.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Secondly: Resistant Starch - one of insoluble fiber's components. You can find insoluble fiber in lentils, avocado, green beans, peas, cauliflower, zucchini (courgette), celery, nopal, kiwifruit, tomatoes, potato skins. Generally, high-fiber diet seems to help (<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/453063\" rel=\"nofollow\">studies</a>). Soluble fiber had been found in broccoli, carrots, and Jerusalem artichokes but also in fruits listed above.</p>\n\n<p>Sorry if I forgot about something. \nHope I helped you.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3562, "author": "rncardio", "author_id": 1477, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In this era of <a href=\"http://ebm.bmj.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\">'Evidence based medicine'</a>, there is evidence that fruits and vegetables are good for health and longevity (e.g. the <a href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2804%2917018-9/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow\">Interheart study</a>). However, there is little evidence to choose between different types of food and vegetables. Hence, it is best to encourage different fruits and vegetables, especially those of the current season, rather than choosing or avoiding one or few based on limited data or evidence. </p>\n\n<p>Moreover, <a href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/Good-vs-Bad-Cholesterol_UCM_305561_Article.jsp#.VjHHCOoeuu0\" rel=\"nofollow\">triglycerides</a> are less of a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease (heart attacks, stroke, peripheral gangrene) than many others, including total, LDL and low HDL blood cholesterol. Quoting point number 10 of <a href=\"http://my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/@smd/documents/downloadable/ucm_425989.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">this document</a> from American Heart Association: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>It has not been determined whether lowering triglyceride levels beyond\n LDL cholesterol reduces the risk of heart disease and more research is\n needed to validate triglycerides as an independent risk factor for\n cardiovascular disease</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>It is generally not recommended to start medication to reduce triglycerides unless they are very high (>450-500 mg/dl), though some differ on this. Asians may be more predisposed to ill-effects of triglycerides than others.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3512", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/453/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 14672, "author": "Malady", "author_id": 1818, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1818", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Well, the guy who, for 1 year, ate nothing but seasoned potatoes and potato derivatives, survived... ... Likely his challenge spawned some scientific papers on the subject? Goodnight!</p>\n\n<p>There <em>are</em> other news outlets that covered this, so just look him up for more viewpoints.</p>\n\n<p>He was also using Calcium-fortified Soy Milk for his Mashed Potatoes, and did this with nutritionist help.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/how-man-potato-only-diet-eating-year-weight-loss-50kg-health-lifestyle-a7967536.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/how-man-potato-only-diet-eating-year-weight-loss-50kg-health-lifestyle-a7967536.html</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 14673, "author": "LаngLаngС", "author_id": 11231, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11231", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>These findings are largely correct. We do not necessarily need <em>newer</em> findings to confirm that. If you look back a few years and consider one of largest experiments in this regard it becomes clear that this is not ideal but possible. The Irish have survived as long as they had enough potatoes available. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>[…] [the Irish Potato Famine, because about two-fifths of the population was solely reliant on this cheap crop for a number of historical reasons.]<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Potatoes alone have no fat soluble Vitamins A, D, and no B12. While D might not be a problem in central latitudes because humans may synthesise adequate amounts of this vitamin through sun exposure alone, vitamin A and B12 must be acquired from other sources. The amounts of biotin and of calcium in potatoes is equally quite low. Potatoes are also quite low in essential fatty acids and overall fat content. The protein content is of relatively good quality but with comparably low digestibility and mass. </p>\n\n<p>These deficiencies of potatoes are very well balanced when the diet also contains cow's milk, since <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Nutritional_value\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">it provides all of these \"missing ingredients\" that are generally recognised as essential.</a></p>\n\n<p>Otherwise the potato is quite unusual in its measured content of nutrients:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Carbohydrates:</strong>\n Potato carbohydrates may be classified as starch, non-starch polysaccharides, and sugars.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>What potatoes are best known for: source of energy in the form of starch.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Lipids:</strong>\n The lipid content of potato is low. Galliard (1973) found 0.08 to 0.13% (FWB) in 23 varieties. This range is too low to have any nutritional significance but contributes towards potato palatability (Kiryukhin &amp; Gurov, 1980), enhances tuber cellular integrity and resistance to bruising and plays a part in reducing enzymic darkening in tuber flesh (Mondy &amp; Mueller, 1977).</p>\n \n <p><strong>Organic acids:</strong>\n The major organic acids identified in the potato are citric and malic acids (Jadhav &amp; Andrew, 1977; Bushway et ai, 1984). Others present are oxalic and fumaric (Bushway et al., 1984), chlorogenic and phosphoric (Schwartz et aL, 1962), as well as ascorbic, nicotinic and phytic acids, amino acids and fatty acids. All these contribute to flavour and help to buffer the potato sap (the pH of the tuber is 5.6 to 6.2); the level of some, especially that of malic acid, can be used to indicate tuber maturity. Ascorbic and nicotinic acids influence directly, and phytic acid indirectly, tuber nutritional value (see pp. 45 and 49).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Phytic acid is an anti-nutrient that diminishes the value of the potato and everything eaten with it. Other problematic substances found in potatoes are lectins, glycoalkaloids and proteinase inhibitors.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Pigments:</strong> Anthocyanin pigments in the periderm and peripheral cortex produce totally or partly pigmented skins in potatoes. In some South American varieties, the pigment is so dark that tubers may appear black and others dark purple.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>These secondary nutrients are often touted as very healthy constituents in potatoes. Whether they are or not, in commercially grown potatoes they are almost absent.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Potato flesh may be white or various shades of yellow, depending upon the variety. Yellow coloration is generally due to presence of carotenoid pigments. The major carotenoid identified in 13 German varieties was violaxanthin, followed by lutein and lutein-5,6-epoxide and, in lower concentrations, by neoxanthin A and neoxanthin (Iwanzik et al., 1983); beta-carotene was detected in only trace amounts or was totally absent. One cultivar had an intense yellow flesh colour, but a relatively low level of carotenoids. It is therefore possible that, in some varieties, the yellow colour is due to other, unidentified, pigments as well as to carotenoids. In some places (e.g. Peru) yellow-fleshed varieties are highly prized and command higher prices than those with white flesh.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Varieties differ substantially in their contents. Growing and harvesting conditions influence their value, as do factors like freshness, storage conditions, and how they are prepared and eaten. Most of the most important nutrients are present in potatoes. There may very well be other nutrients missing for something approaching anything like an 'optimal diet', but potatoes already offer a large chunk of what a human typically needs.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>Vitamins:</strong>\n Potatoes are substantial sources of several vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the B vitamins thiamin (B1), pyridoxine (B6) and niacin. Riboflavin (B2), folic acid and pantothenic acid are also present. Small amounts of vitamin E have been reported (Paul &amp; Southgate, 1978). Biotin is present in traces. The vitamin A precursor beta-carotene is absent or present only in trace amounts.\n Factors affecting contents\n Values can vary considerably, as the ranges, determined by different authors, shown in Table 2.10 demonstrate, but relatively little work has been carried out to determine the sources of variation. Different methods of analysis can lead to varying results: Finglas &amp; Faulks (1984, 1985) attributed differences in their determined values for thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and total folate from those previously reported for the potato in food composition tables to analytical methods that were more reproducible than those used earlier.\n The thiamin content of potatoes depends upon variety (Swaminathan &amp; Pushkarnath, 1962; Leichsenring et al., 1951) and location of growth (Leichsenring et al., 1951). Tubers from loamy soil contained more thiamin than tubers from sandy soil, and thiamin content is greatly increased by nitrogen fertilization (Augustin, 1975).</p>\n \n <p>However, although the potato has been shown to be a source of good-quality protein, to have a favourable ratio of protein calories to total calories and to be an important source of vitamins and minerals, its overall value in the diet nowadays is generally greatly underestimated.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Energy value:</strong>\n The potato has a lower average carbohydrate content than do other roots and tubers, and also a comparable fat content (Table 2.2). Raw potato has a somewhat lower average energy content than other raw roots and tubers with 335 kJ (80 kcal) per 100 g. However, the large variation in tuber DM content produces a range of energy contents also, e.g. 264 to 444 kJ (63 to 106 kcal) per 100 g was found for the energy values of North American commercial varieties (Toma et al., 1978fl). The energy content of raw potato is considerably less than that of raw cereals and legumes; however, when cooked, the latter staples absorb large quantities of water, which changes their composition significantly. The potato, when boiled in its skin, retains its energy value almost unaltered. A fairer comparison of the potato and the cereals or legumes, therefore, is either on a dry, raw basis or on a cooked, 'as eaten', basis. […] Bread and tortillas, however, provide substantially more energy than cooked potatoes. […] The potato's low energy density (energy content per gram of food) is advantageous when potatoes are included (without added fat or energy- rich sauces) in diets of the developed world, where obesity, as a state of malnutrition, is found increasingly. In parts of the developing world where diets are energy deficient, this attribute may be a disadvantage, particularly in the diet of infants and small children, whose digestive systems cannot cope with large intakes. Too much potato would be needed to supply all the energy requirements of small children, so they need an energy-rich supplement. […] Although adults would also have to consume large quantities to meet all their daily energy needs, their digestive systems have a greater capacity. Up to 4.5 kg per capita were consumed daily in Ireland in the seventeenth to nineteenth century (Pimental et al., 1975). This would have provided approximately 15.06 MJ (3600 kcal) and 94 g of total protein.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Dietary fibre:</strong>\n Boiled potato flesh has a dietary fibre content similar to that of cooked white rice and a much lower content than that of boiled green plantains or of boiled Phaseolus beans. Potatoes cooked as french fries or chips are a more concentrated source of fibre (Table 2.8). It can be calculated that 100 g of boiled potato supply 1.0, 0.7, and 0.5 times the fibre that can be found in a 35 g 'medium' slice of white, brown or wholemeal bread, respectively; a 25 g packet of chips supplies 1.9,1.4 and 1.0 times the respective bread fibre contents.\n There is no recommended daily allowance (RDA) for dietary fibre at present. It has been suggested (Brodribb, 1983) that about 40 g/day should be consumed to maintain correct colonic function. Recently an ad hoc working party of the NACNE (National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education, 1983) recommended an increase in British dietary fibre intake to 30 g per person per day. When potatoes are consumed in quantity on a regular basis, they make a significant contribution to dietary fibre intake. At present, for example, fresh potatoes contribute 15% of the dietaryfibreintake in British households and rank as a primary source (Finglas &amp; Faulks, 1985).</p>\n \n <p>At present, potato may be seen from the tables to compare favourably on a raw basis with all the listed staples and vegetables in terms of thiamin, riboflavin and niacin, and with most of the vegetables in pyridoxine and pantothenic acid contents. It has a much lower biotin content than the other vegetables, but it may be a comparatively richer source of folic acid than was previously thought. Fresh potatoes may contain 30 mg or more of ascorbic acid per 100 g when newly harvested, with an average value of 20 mg/100 g, although values decline when potatoes are stored, cooked or processed.</p>\n \n <p><strong>Comments on protein contribution from potatoes:</strong>\n Potato protein is of sufficiently high quality for maintenance purposes in adult man and for growth of infants and children. The relatively low digestibility of potato protein is a disadvantage when potatoes are used for feeding to children; potatoes have to be consumed in large quantities to satisfy both protein and energy requirements, a characteristic they share with other root and tuber staples. Potatoes are rarely consumed as the sole source of N in the diets of either adults or children, but it is clear that they can make a valuable contribution to the protein content and quality of a mixed diet, provided present levels of protein in potato are maintained.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Source: <a href=\"http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABD047.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Jennifer A. Woolfe,: \"Potato in the human diet\", Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, New York, 1987.</a></p>\n\n<p>Returning to the Irish experiment with John Reader: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Propitious_Esculent\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">\"Potato. A History of the Propitious Esculent\"</a>, Yale University Press: New Haven, London, 2008: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>\"I have heard [the potato] stigmatized as being unhealthy, and not sufficiently nourishing for the support of hard labour; but this opinion is very amazing in a country, many of whose poor people are as athletic in their form, as robust, and as capable of enduring labour as any upon earth. When I see the people of a country, in spite of political oppression, with well-formed vigorous bodies, and their cottages swarming with children; when I see their men athletic and their women beautiful, I know not how to believe them subsisting on an unwholesome food.\"<br></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This quotes an English survey of the time. While these observations seem to be the result of relatively subjective impressions, there are quite some numbers to back that up:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The population of Ireland more than doubled between 1687 and 1791, rising from 2.16 million to 4.75 million. During the fifty years from 1791 to 1841 another 3.4 million were added, taking the population to 8.15 million. Another 1.75 million emigrated to North America, Scotland, England and even Australia during the same period, which brings the total born in Ireland to nearly 10 million — almost a five-fold increase in 154 years (1687 to 1841). ‘Probably in no other western country has so rapid a rate of natural increase been so long sustained,’ writes the historian Kenneth H. Connell. </p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3524", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1899/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3537, "author": "kenorb", "author_id": 114, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/114", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You may want to try using <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclosing_tablets\" rel=\"nofollow\">plaque-disclosing tablets</a> which can help you to see and give some confidence that plaque is removed completely during brushing and flossing. Plus some <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_mirror\" rel=\"nofollow\">small dental mirror</a> to check hard-to-see areas of your mouth.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3539, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Basically you're asking how to overcome a compulsion you feel about your mouth hygiene. That is no small feat, especially since you're already aware of the problems associated with over-brushing.</p>\n\n<p>In general, obsessive thoughts/compulsive behaviors are differentiated from simple worries by, among other things, being more frequent, distressing, associated with significant feelings (of guilt, unreasonableness, etc), resistance to the intrusive thought or behavior (you resist partially by limiting the number of times you brush), diminished perception of control over the obsession, being time-consuming, and having a significant interference in normal daily living.</p>\n\n<p>My advice for this is to read about coping with OCD and maybe see a therapist who specializes in treating it. It sounds like you can benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or some other treatment modality. You may well benefit from just a few sessions to help you develop specific coping strategies.</p>\n\n<p>_{Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for OCD By David A. Clark}</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3535", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3877, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>I found some data for blood donation, not blood testing, which of course is a higher blood loss. Also, blood tests are often done on patients who haven't had anything to eat yet, while blood donors are told to eat and drink well beforehand. So this may or may not answer your question. </p>\n\n<p>I found two studies of interest. Unfortunately, I can only access the summary of the first one, but in this study, female donors were more likely to faint, but not significantly so:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>female donors, young donors, first-time donors, low-weight donors, and donors with low predonation blood pressure had higher absolute donation reaction rates than other donors. When each variable was adjusted for other variables by regression analysis, age, weight, and donation status (first-time or repeat donor) were significant (p&lt;0.0001), and sex, predonation blood pressure, and predonation pulse were not.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39399219291.x/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow\">A case-controlled multicenter study of vasovagal reactions in blood donors: influence of sex, age, donation status, weight, blood pressure, and pulse</a></p>\n\n<p>In the second study <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943146/\" rel=\"nofollow\">A single-centre study of vasovagal reaction in blood donors: Influence of age, sex, donation status, weight, total blood volume and volume of blood collected</a>, again, female donors fainted more often and the statistical analysis came back as significant. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>As depicted in the table, variables such as female gender in comparison with male [...] all showed significant association with occurrence of VVRs in healthy blood donors. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Interestingly, whether they collected 350 or 450 milliliters of blood showed no significant effect. But your blood test, even at six vials, was with less than 350 milliliters. I think they usually collect less than 20 milliliters per vial. </p>\n\n<p>In summary, at least for blood donations, it seems like there's either no significant effect, or that it's female patients who faint more often. </p>\n\n<p>After your comment to this answer, I'd like to point out that in both studies, weight is correlated with fainting after blood loss. The second study at least only looked at total weight, the two categories being more or less than 55 kilograms, not weight in relation to height. </p>\n\n<p>Young men, who often have just grown a lot without adding much weight, are often underweight or borderline underweight. Unfortunately, both studies weren't large enough to just look at adolescents and young adult men compared to other groups. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9348, "author": "user6868", "author_id": 6868, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6868", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Its because parasympathetic system answers more vigorously in young males, hence the more powerful vasovagal reflex, and more common vasovagal syncopes</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3556", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1922/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 10069, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>The question implies that breastfeeding is an unpleasant and inconvenient thing that should be put up with as long as possible to give a baby \"enough\" benefit, at which time the box can be ticked and everyone can stop. However most families that nurse past 6 months find it a convenient and pleasant thing, so there's no particular pressure to stop.</p>\n\n<p>The Canadian government, in conjunction with the medical association, <a href=\"http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/infant-nourisson/recom/recom-6-24-months-6-24-mois-eng.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">recommends</a> exclusively breastmilk for 6 months, and a mix of \"real food\" and breastmilk after that up to age 2 or longer. The \"or longer\" part is typically determined by how nursing is working for that particular family. </p>\n\n<p>Here is a whole paragraph of studies and sources from that page:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Breastfeeding beyond six months has been associated with a number of positive infant and maternal health outcomes. Breastfeeding longer, in addition to a wide range of other determinants, may have a protective effect against overweight and obesity in childhood (Arenz, Rückerl, Koletzko, &amp; von Kries, 2004; Scott, Ng, &amp; Cobiac, 2012; von Kries et al., 1999). Limited evidence suggests breastfeeding continues to provide immune factors during the first and second years (Goldman, Goldblum, &amp; Garza, 1983; Goldman, Garza, Nichols, &amp; Goldblum, 1982). An observational study suggests breastfeeding to 12 months may protect against infectious illnesses, particularly gastrointestinal and respiratory infections (Fisk et al., 2011). Findings have consistently shown a decreased risk of maternal breast cancer with longer durations of breastfeeding (Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, 2002; Chang-Claude, Eby, Kiechle, Bastert, &amp; Becher, 2000; Brinton et al., 1995). Limited evidence also suggests a protective effect for the breastfeeding mother against ovarian cancer (Luan et al., 2013; Su, Pasalich, Lee, &amp; Binns, 2013; World Cancer Research Fund &amp; American Institute for Cancer Research, 2013). Mothers who breastfeed their older infants and young children also report experiencing an increased sensitivity and bonding with their child (Britton, Britton, &amp; Gronwaldt, 2006; Fergusson &amp; Woodward, 1999; Kendall-Tackett &amp; Sugarman, 1995).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>I recommend not trying to decide before birth how long the baby will nurse. After age 1 it's not only up to the mother, and it's possible a toddler will wean even though the family had planned to keep providing breastmilk for some time more. Committing to \"at least 6 months\" is probably the best strategy to start with.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15005, "author": "LаngLаngС", "author_id": 11231, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11231", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The evidence for a specific timeframe beyond six months is inconclusive. Therefore: When to wean is a personal choice that has to look at the health of both: mother and child. \"Individual infants must still be managed individually.\"</p>\n\n<p>Reference: <a href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/2/635S.full\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: what is the evidence to support current recommendations?</a> DOI:10.1093/ajcn/85.2.635S</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3557", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/601/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3568, "author": "Mars Robertson", "author_id": 1934, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1934", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<h2>Official source of information</h2>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.thehia.org/Resources/PressReleases/HIA-position-CBD-FINAL.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.thehia.org/Resources/PressReleases/HIA-position-CBD-FINAL.pdf</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Hemp seed oil does not contain any significant quantity of CBD. Hemp fiber and seed cultivars contain relatively minimal \n CBD and CBD production from such plants should not be considered a primary product. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<hr>\n\n<h2>More links</h2>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.chronictherapy.co/hemp-oil-vs-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference-2/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.chronictherapy.co/hemp-oil-vs-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference-2/</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Because the plants are related, some unscrupulous sellers of hemp oil are trying to market it for its medicinal value, which is negligible.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mintpressnews.com/hemp-oil-versus-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference/193962/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.mintpressnews.com/hemp-oil-versus-cbd-oil-whats-the-difference/193962/</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Consumers often confuse hemp oil with CBD oil because both are low in THC and contain CBD.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>It took me a while to wrap my head around all these quirks - I'm so detached from the nature :)</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 17501, "author": "LаngLаngС", "author_id": 11231, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/11231", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Hemp oil is made from the seeds of the cannabis plants. These typically contain almost no cannabinoids, like THC or CBD. CBD-oil is any oil, not only hemp oil, enriched with CBD. The industry seems to prefer hemp-oil for that apparently. Ordinary, non-treated hemp seed oil is very low in CBD.</p>\n\n<p>Cannabinoids are found in the stem, leaves and in greatest concentration in the flowering parts of the plant. To repeat: the seeds from which the oil is made do contain CBD, but only in trace amounts.</p>\n\n<p>That means ordinary hemp seed oil does not contain CBD in meaningful quantities. Since hemp seed oil is a valuable source of fatty acids in a very nice relation to one another, it is often considered \"healthy\" on its own. But to get hemp seed oil with CBD, you need to bring the CBD from an external source into the oil. That is possible and seems like a natural choice since CBD is fat soluble and needs a carrier for the consumer to ingest it in meaningful dosage.</p>\n\n<pre><code>Feature Hemp Seed Oil Cannabidiol Oil\nPlant species of origin Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) Industrial hemp \n strains with high CBD content strains with low CBD content (Cannabis sativa) \nParts used to produce oil Hemp seeds Hemp flowers, leaves\nMethod of production Cold pressing CO2 (non-toxic) solvent extraction\nPurified Filtered Yes\nIndependent laboratory Not on THC content, Yes on CBD and THC \nanalysis and certification but on fatty acid profile content\nCannabinoid content Low CBD Rich CBD, Low THC\nFood supplement uses Healthy source of monounsaturated To support general well-being, \n and essential fatty acids relaxing\nDoes it produce a 'high'? No (THC not present in the seeds) No (Guaranteed low levels of THC)\nIs it a legal food supplement? Yes Yes\n</code></pre>\n\n<p>Source for table: <a href=\"https://www.healthspan.co.uk/advice/whats-the-difference-between-hemp-seed-oil-and-cannabidiol-oil-cbd\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">What’s the difference between hemp seed oil and cannabidiol oil (CBD)?</a></p>\n\n<p>The legal advice in that table was quoted as is. It might be different where you live. According to <a href=\"https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/ss/slideshow-cbd-oil\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">WebMD: All About CBD Oil</a> CBD might still be illegal in Idaho, Dakota and Nebraska. Worldwide there might be similarly crazy places. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3567", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1934/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3583, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As <a href=\"http://www.sleep-journal.com/article/S1389-9457%2802%2900237-X/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow\">explained here</a> [1], it is the price we've paid for our ability to speak: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Obstructive sleep apnea is an anatomic illness caused by evolutionary changes in the human upper respiratory tract. These changes include shortening of the maxillary, ethmoid, palatal and mandibular bones, acute oral cavity-skull base angulation, pharyngeal collapse with anterior migration of the foramen magnum, posterior migration of the tongue into the pharynx, descent of the larynx and shortening of the soft palate with loss of the epiglottic–soft palate lock-up. While it is commonly believed that some of these changes had positive selection pressures for bipedalism, binocular vision and locomotion, development of voice, speech and language ultimately became a substantial contributing factor. Here it is shown that these changes are the anatomic basis of obstructive sleep apnea.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Many people who don't have obstructive sleep apnea, will snore as a result of these evolutionary adaptations. You can let your doctor examine your throat, if you feel drowsy during the day you can do a sleep test to see of you suffer from sleep apnea. But snoring in itself doesn't necessarily have to be due to a pathological problem that needs to be treated.</p>\n\n<p>[1] T. M. Davidson, <em>The Great Leap Forward: the anatomic basis for the acquisition of speech and obstructive sleep apnea</em>, Sleep Medicine <strong>4</strong> (2003), 185–194.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5414, "author": "user3410", "author_id": 3410, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3410", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Snoring is the sound produced by vibrating structures of the upper airway, typically during inhalation. Those who have enlarged tonsils, an enlarged tongue or excess weight around the neck are more prone to snoring. When you sleep, muscle tone throughout your body decreases, or becomes hypotonic that results in the harsh vibratory noise.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3581", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1941/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3664, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Telling people not to look information up themselves is indeed very strange. Especially a recently diagnosed patient has lots of questions and won't be able to ask all of them at their appointments (questions coming up between appointments, questions from relatives and friends they want to answer, forgetting to ask things, etc.). </p>\n\n<p>However, searching for information on health issues, <em>especially cancer</em>, on the internet can be problematic. There are a lot of websites around promising quick cures to all kinds of cancer, if only you eat right / use this product they are selling / stop doing a specific thing / etc. This can lead to patients doing things that they shouldn't, like discontinuing treatments. The internet site Science-based Medicine has a lot of articles in their <a href=\"https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/tag/cancer/\">cancer tag</a> debunking such treatments and warning of the dangers. </p>\n\n<p>A much more reasonable approach to this problem would be to provide a patient with trusted sources - pamphlets and such, of course, but also links to websites that can generally be trusted with information about medical treatment, but is accessible to laypeople, like <a href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/resources-for/patients\">the US National Institute for Cancer</a>, or <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/basics/definition/con-20032378\">the Mayo Clinic</a>. For patients a bit younger, the cancer.net website (which is a website by the the American Society of Clinical Oncology) has a list of resources for <a href=\"http://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/young-adults/resources-young-adults\">young adults</a>. They also have information on <a href=\"http://m.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/cancer-information-on-the-internet\">how to evaluate information found on the internet</a></p>\n\n<p>Health care professionals should encourage patients to discuss anything they read and have questions about with a professional. The reality of today is that, even if you tell patients they shouldn't look something up, they likely will. So it's important they know how to evaluate and deal with the information they find. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>studies indicate that 16-64% of patients are using the internet to obtain health information. For the most part, patients perceive the online information to be reliable but maintain a healthy degree of skepticism. Studies objectively evaluating cancer information on the internet indicate that there is reasonable quality, although the language level of many sites is higher than that of the average American, which may limit the utility of the websites </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18259953\">Internet health resources and the cancer patient</a></p>\n\n<p>If your friend wants to and has the energy to, I don't think it would be wrong to push back on this blanket policy. </p>\n\n<p>Studies done regarding this subject find that Internet use makes patients more informed and helps them take a more active role in their health care decisions, which may prevent the feeling of helplessness many cancer patients experience. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Cancer patients’ Internet use for health information at wave one led them to want to be more active participants in medical decision making</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399110005525\">Internet use leads cancer patients to be active health care consumers</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3666, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I agree with @YviDe. There are other possible reasons not mentioned, however.</p>\n\n<p>On the internet, which is not tailored to individuals, there is no way to tell which category of a particular illness you fall into. People can read about the worst case scenario and not know how likely or unlikely it is to apply to them. No one wants a patient with cancer to suffer <em>more</em> than they are already destined to. Most likely, it is an attempt to protect the patient from unnecessary worry.</p>\n\n<p>The flip side of that is that the medical care provider needs to be able to supply all the information the patient needs.</p>\n\n<p>I do acknowledge that there is a lot of good information out there, and the best practice is probably to steer the patient to it specifically. But most often, people are not equipped to evaluate what they read on a medical site. A small but not uncommon example of this is the patient who reads about their medication's <em>possible</em> side effects on a website and decides to stop taking it (or worse yet, stop giving it to their child.) They don't know that the risk-to-benefit ratio should already have been taken into account by the prescribing physician.</p>\n\n<p>A very good case in point is the whole anti-vaccine thing. That could not have happened without the internet.</p>\n\n<p>Finally, physicians don't have the time to address all the quack claims that can be found on the internet about every illness. That might also be a reason to tell the patient to stay away from the internet. If you were a pediatrician, you could attest to how time-consuming it is to talk about vaccines with some parents, regardless of the fact that the person who published the study 1) falsified information, 2) was paid to do it, 3) lost his license to practice medicine because of his unethical behavior 4) no study has ever confirmed his findings and 5) there is copious information on the internet on the benefits of vaccinations.</p>\n\n<p>The internet has not panned out to be the godsend it was first thought it would be.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15553, "author": "user1258361", "author_id": 9695, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/9695", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Because of the sheer number of scams and misinformation.</p>\n\n<p>A few quick searches will turn up tons of \"natural\" or \"alternative\" medicine that doesn't work (in fact, a lot of these scam sites manipulate search rankings to show up on the first few pages). In the context of cancer, these are dangerous for 2 reasons: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>\"Natural treatments\", \"alternatives\", and \"supplements\" are largely exempt from common-sense safety standards and in some cases contain undisclosed allergens or ineffective/poisonous fraudulent substitutions (for a quick example see\n<a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/herbal-supplements-are-often-not-what-they-seem.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/science/herbal-supplements-are-often-not-what-they-seem.html</a>)</li>\n<li>People may see these supplements or advice as a \"miracle treatment\" and stop taking their meds. Or the \"natural alternative\" could have dangerous biochemical interactions when taken with normal meds.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Asking questions on open forums (\"polling the audience\") can quickly get you a lot of misinformed, false, or bad advice just because many people don't know any better.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3598", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1951/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3611, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Currently there are no studies that prove the effectiveness of colloidal silver as a health supplement, despite many claims to the contrary. </p>\n\n<p>The FDA brands it as \"<a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/081799a.txt\" rel=\"nofollow\">generally not recognized as safe</a>\", and that any claims that it has medical effectiveness are \"misbranded\", and could potentially result in litigation.</p>\n\n<p>A couple of other quick sources (soft science in nature) also reiterate the ineffectiveness in relation to the claims, and also outline some of the side effects (Such as buildup in major organs, and eventually possibly tinting the skin, eyes and other surfaces that does not dissipate with cessation of use).</p>\n\n<p>Additionally, there is some evidence that it blunts the effectiveness of certain medications, such as antibiotics.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-779-colloidal%20silver.aspx?activeingredientid=779&amp;activeingredientname=colloidal%20silver\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-779-colloidal%20silver.aspx?activeingredientid=779&amp;activeingredientname=colloidal%20silver</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/colloidal-silver/faq-20058061\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/colloidal-silver/faq-20058061</a></p>\n\n<p>There will be many contrary claims, most of them herbal and homeopathic website related, but I personally would not consider it a safe supplement.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4527, "author": "intcreator", "author_id": 2744, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2744", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Colloidal silver isn't directly harmful in the sense that it won't cause the body to stop functioning properly. As far as health goes, silver has little effect inside the human body for good or for ill.</p>\n\n<p>Some studies do suggest that silver may interact negatively with other medication. I would recommend researching this further if you think it may be a concern.</p>\n\n<p>The particle size isn't so important as the total amount of silver taken over time. No matter how small the particle size, silver will still accumulate in the body. If sufficient amounts of silver are taken into the body (usually this occurs over several months or years), it may cause a condition called <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria\" rel=\"nofollow\">agyria</a>, which is characterized by a discoloration of skin. This condition is usually harmless although probably undesirable.</p>\n\n<p>The bottom line is this: <strong>the risks of using colloidal silver or other sources of silver for medical purposes outweigh the advantages</strong>. I recommend not using colloidal silver but rather opting for traditional modern medicine, which is not only safer but more effective.</p>\n\n<p>Sources:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/colloidal-silver/faq-20058061\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mayoclinic</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/PhonyAds/silverad.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Quackwatch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/silver\" rel=\"nofollow\">National Institutes of Health</a></li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 19952, "author": "Poidah", "author_id": 16700, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/16700", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Overdose of colloidal silver does happen and side effects do happen. </p>\n\n<p>This article about a 26 year old young woman who developed an ashen face, a typical symptom of argyria</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/health/2013/02/27/silver-no-solution-for-skin-ailments#HjvlJ8tst94BIzfb.99\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/health/2013/02/27/silver-no-solution-for-skin-ailments#HjvlJ8tst94BIzfb.99</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3610", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1961/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3615, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There is a potential problem, as <a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-233-olive.aspx?activeingredientid=233&amp;activeingredientname=olive\" rel=\"nofollow\">mentioned here:</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with OLIVE\n Olive seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking olive along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This means that you need to check this out with your doctor. Your doctor can then look into this, considering your medical status and all the medicines you take to determine if there is a problem with using olive leaf extract in your particular case.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3623, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>First, I should say that I think this question should be closed. It's clearly a request for personal medical advice, but apparently no one else shares that view, so I'll go ahead and answer.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>I would not want to reduce it any further.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Then taking a supplement known to lower blood pressure would seem like a bad idea.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21036583\">This study</a> compared the effects of olive leaf extract on BP to an ACE inhibitor:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In conclusion, Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract, at the dosage\n regimen of 500 mg twice daily, was similarly effective in lowering\n systolic and diastolic blood pressures in subjects with stage-1\n hypertension as Captopril, given at its effective dose of 12.5-25 mg\n twice daily.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So olive leaf extract seems to be pretty effective stuff, almost as effective as an ACE inhibitor. Therefore, taking it without first involving the medical professionals you've been seeing up until now probably isn't a good idea.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3614", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1056/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3626, "author": "michaelpri", "author_id": 26, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/26", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Though most people do get surgery to reconstruct their torn ACL, it <em>is</em> possible to regain full ability of your knee without surgery. Just through rehabilitation, you can totally recover from a torn ACL. </p>\n\n<p>In a clinical trial done in 2010,^{<a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0907797\" rel=\"nofollow\">1</a>} two different treatment strategies were given to 121 young, active adults (ages 18-35) who suffered acute ACL injuries. One strategy was rehabilitation with early ACL reconstruction surgery. Most people given this treatment strategy opted for the early surgery (61 out 62). The other strategy was rehabilitation with delayed ACL reconstruction surgery. Of the 59 people treated with this strategy, only 26 people opted to get surgery. The other 36 were healed with just rehabilitation. </p>\n\n<p>Though that trial was meant to find the most effective treatment of torn ACLs, it did display that with physical therapy and time, it is possible to completely recover from a major ACL injury. </p>\n\n<p>There are some situations in which rehabilitation without surgical reconstruction is not very effective for a torn ACL. If other parts of the knee, such as other ligaments, have also been injured, it is recommended that you get surgery. It is also recommended that you get surgery if you are still active, as running, jumping, pivoting, and other activities that give you a higher chance of reinjuring your ACL.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0907797\" rel=\"nofollow\">1: A Randomized Trial of Treatment for Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears</a>}</p>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"http://www.medicinenet.com/torn_acl/page5.htm#what_is_the_treatment_for_a_torn_acl\" rel=\"nofollow\">MedicineNet: What is the treatment for a torn ACL?</a>}</p>\n\n<p>^{<a href=\"http://www.sutterhealth.org/orthopedics/knee/acl-tear-reconstruction.html#nonsurg\" rel=\"nofollow\">Sutter Health: Nonsurgical Treatment for ACL Injuries</a>}</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3636, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Short answer, yes it is possible to have a full recovery without surgery. If the ligament is only torn, it may heal with a careful recovery plan. If it is torn, most of the strategies revolve around strengthening the muscles that also help stabilize the knee.</p>\n\n<p>Most of the links that I would use were already covered in michaelpri's answer, so I would just add a bit. The function of the ACL is to keep the distal (lower) end of the femur from \"sliding\" off the front of the tibia, and to provide rotational stability.</p>\n\n<p>Considering the position of skiing with the knees bent, and weight forward, and the rotation needed in the lower legs for turning (especially if you are a more advanced/mogul style skiier), I would highly recommend you explore the surgical option. In my opinion <a href=\"http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00297\" rel=\"nofollow\">(And that of the AAOS)</a>, that would give you the best chance to reurn to full activity. In addition, there may be other collateral damage to the meniscus and other structures that could be repaired with surgery.</p>\n\n<p>As an aside, I faced the same decision with a complete rupture of the achilles tendon, and opted for surgery. I'm back at full activity, with no after effects.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3617", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1974/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11743, "author": "tealhill supports Monica", "author_id": 5305, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5305", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<h1>Edit: COVID and your laundry</h1>\n<p>If you're worried about SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus) or COVID, you're looking at the wrong post. Instead, please see <a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/12077/how-can-you-disinfect-your-laundry\">a related question of mine</a> and the answer I've posted there. Both the question, and the answer, discuss COVID.</p>\n\n<h1>A scholarly report discusses the matter</h1>\n<p>Some years ago, a scholarly report was published. The report's <a href=\"https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=52\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">&quot;Appendix A&quot;</a> discusses, among other things, how to clean your laundry if there's a risk that it may be somewhat contagious.</p>\n<h1>The advice given</h1>\n<p>The report advises:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Whenever you do laundry, add some <strong>activated oxygen bleach (AOB)</strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>Notes: You can use standalone AOB, or a detergent with AOB included. <a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/12053/if-you-have-fungus-e-g-athletes-foot-its-wise-to-add-activated-oxygen-blea\">This link</a> discusses your options. In the US, <strong>Tide powder</strong> is one good choice. Certain products are probably <strong>not</strong> good disinfectants, including Tide liquid, Tide pods, and OxiClean.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>If possible, also do laundry at <strong>140 °F (60 °C)</strong>.\n<ul>\n<li>Note: This may shrink and/or destroy certain items. <a href=\"https://www.sudsuplaundry.com/understanding-laundry-temperatures-know/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(Source.)</a> Read their care labels.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Use the <strong>regular cycle</strong>. Don't enable &quot;quick wash&quot;, &quot;water saving&quot;, or any other environmentally-friendly options.</li>\n<li>Make sure each item goes through the rinse and spin cycles <strong>at least twice</strong>. Preferably three times.</li>\n<li>It's best to wash items belonging to the infected family member in <strong>separate loads</strong> from everyone else's laundry.</li>\n<li>If you can also dry the items in <strong>sunlight</strong>, this is an extra bonus.</li>\n<li>The report also gives <strong>other advice</strong>; please see <a href=\"https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/system/files_force/publications/Effectiveness_of_laundering_IFHreport_21102013.pdf#page=52\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>.</li>\n</ul>\n<h1>Water temperature</h1>\n<p>In some countries (including the US and certain others), if you want to wash clothing at 140 °F (60 °C), there's a problem.</p>\n<p>An <a href=\"http://bottomlineinc.com/laundry-error-to-blame-for-persistent-athletes-foot-and-toenail-fungus/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">article</a> on the Bottom Line Inc. website states that, in these countries,</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>household water heaters typically are set to 120 °F [50 °C] to minimize the risk of scalding.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>The article suggests three possible workarounds.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>One (<strong>dangerous</strong>) workaround would be to raise your water heater's temperature to 140 °F (60 °C). But this is a dangerously-high setting. <a href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/03/28/175584883/many-hot-water-heaters-set-too-high-upping-burn-risk\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(Source.)</a> It may also be illegal in your jurisdiction. <a href=\"http://inspectapedia.com/plumbing/Hot_Water_Temperature_Laws.php\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(Source.)</a> Water at 120 °F (50 °C) takes 5-10 minutes to cause a third-degree burn; but water at 140 °F (60 °C) takes just 3-5 seconds. <a href=\"http://www.terrylove.com/forums/index.php?threads/honeywell-am-1-thermostatic-mixing-valves-water-heater-tempering.45651/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(Source.)</a> Third-degree burns sometimes kill people. <a href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/28j9zp/eli5_why_when_someone_is_badly_burnt_do_they_die/cibgrh9/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(Source.)</a> Maybe I should email the Bottom Line Inc. and suggest that they revise their article.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Another workaround might be to pour a <strong>kettleful of boiling water</strong> into your top-loading washer shortly before it's finished filling.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>A third workaround is to use a washing machine with a <strong>water-temperature-boosting feature</strong>, &quot;such as the Whirlpool Front-Load Washer with Deep-Clean Steam, model #WFW86HEBW, which can get the water up to 150 °F [65 °C]&quot;.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 21235, "author": "public wireless", "author_id": 1954, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1954", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Bleach was never an option for me due to the discoloring of the fabric, but after several years I've noticed a major improvement using Lysol Laundry Sanitizer:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.lysol.com/products/laundry/lysol-laundry-sanitizer/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.lysol.com/products/laundry/lysol-laundry-sanitizer/</a></p>\n\n<p>Note that you need to let your clothes soak in the product for at least 20 minutes, and the longer the better. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3618", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1954/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3628, "author": "Gene", "author_id": 1801, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1801", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Does your reflux come with certain foods but not others? One often overlooked cause of acid reflux is <em>insufficient</em> acid production in the stomach rather than excess. Sometimes this is caused by malnutrition and sometimes by other imbalances in your intestinal floral. In either case, PPI's would do you no good because what your body really needs is support in acid production rather than suppression of acid production.</p>\n\n<p>If you want to test this possibility, try taking some Betaine HCl (I found mine on Amazon). The results could be painful if you weren't lacking stomach acid in the first place, since now you have even more acid to deal with, but it's a quick way to test/rule out this possibility.</p>\n\n<p>It's also possible your LES just needs time to retain its ability to contract and close itself in order to prevent reflux. For that I recommend some self massage around the abdomen.</p>\n\n<p>I myself never had great success with PPI's and reflux, since my body would just adjust to the inhibitors and produce more acid than before, thereby negating the intended effect. Over time it was improving my digestion that helped (nutrition, enzymes, prebiotic and probiotic support)</p>\n\n<p>Further reading:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://chriskresser.com/what-everybody-ought-to-know-but-doesnt-about-heartburn-gerd/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://chriskresser.com/what-everybody-ought-to-know-but-doesnt-about-heartburn-gerd/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://digestivehealthinstitute.org/2014/07/10/h-pylori-low-stomach-acid-gerd/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://digestivehealthinstitute.org/2014/07/10/h-pylori-low-stomach-acid-gerd/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.therootofhealth.com/heartburn-acid-reflux/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.therootofhealth.com/heartburn-acid-reflux/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.physiciansweekly.com/proton-pump-inhibitors-overuse/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.physiciansweekly.com/proton-pump-inhibitors-overuse/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.health.harvard.edu/digestive-health/do-ppis-have-long-term-side-effects\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.health.harvard.edu/digestive-health/do-ppis-have-long-term-side-effects</a></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9467, "author": "DoctorWhom", "author_id": 6776, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6776", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Only your healthcare provider can help diagnose and treat YOUR situation, so keep working with them on this. </p>\n\n<p>But what I can do is help <strong><em>reflect your own statements back to you.</em></strong> </p>\n\n<p>Regarding the recommendations that your doctor gave you:</p>\n\n<p>(1) You say you're not responding to weight loss - but that you are still 40 lbs overweight. </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>You have reduced your weight, <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23532991\" rel=\"nofollow\">but are still overweight/obese.</a> </p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20025201\" rel=\"nofollow\">Intra-abdominal pressure is associated with reflux. This also includes tight clothes, posture. </a></p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>(2) You say you're not responding to diet - but that it isn't perfect, just a lot better. </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>You mentioned <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/basics/lifestyle-home-remedies/con-20025201\" rel=\"nofollow\">what you eat, but not how much you eat at once, what time of day, your posture</a>. </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>So, can you really say you aren't responding?</strong>\nThese things aren't easy, I completely understand that; <strong>however, sometimes you can't expect to see results unless you follow treatments all the way.</strong></p>\n\n<p>Yes, <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/gimo/contents/pt1/full/gimo21.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">possible factors include anatomic, neurologic, endocrine, infectious, inflammatory…</a> but it's only your healthcare provider that can lead you through a differential diagnosis for your situation. </p>\n\n<p>Your doctor <strong>has already evaluated you specifically</strong> and made <strong>recommendations tailored for you.</strong> Try your best to follow them all the way to see how you respond. And follow up with your provider along the way for guidance.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11847, "author": "Gregorio Litenstein", "author_id": 8186, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8186", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I would first and foremost attempt to lose weight; nevertheless, Endoscopy is not really the the optimal test to diagnose hiatal hernia. You should do a double-contrast Esophagus-Stomach-Duodenal X-Ray.</p>\n\n<p>As for what Gene said re: PPIs, it makes no sense. Their mechanism of action is to inhibit the chemical mechanism that allows the gastric parietal cells to secrete acid (Proton -i.e. ionized hydrogen- Pump Inhibitor).</p>\n\n<p>Regardless, PPIs will never actually cure reflux, just by supressing the acid you prevent complications of ACID reflux (irritation of the esophagus, bruxism, etc).</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/barium-swallow\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Barium Swallow</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.uptodate.com/contents/acid-reflux-gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults-beyond-the-basics?source=search_result&amp;search=hiatal%20hernia&amp;selectedTitle=1%7E1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Acid Reflux Patient Info</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3627", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1980/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3640, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Chronic mouth ulcers are relatively common, especially in young people. It's called apthous stomatitis, affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission. By far, most people with apthous stomatitis are otherwise healthy. </p>\n\n<p>However, when someone presents with recurrent mouth ulcers, one should always inquire especially about the opthalmic, genitourinary and gastrointestinal health of these patients, because (ignoring the first two organ systems) <em>apthous stomatitis is more commonly seen with Celiac Disease and Crohn's disease.</em></p>\n\n<p><strong>Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea</strong></p>\n\n<p>Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): (most common) caused by (?) bowel wall muscle dysfunction\nInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): caused by structural damage to the intestinal mucosa that impairs absorption and stimulates secretion<br>\nMalabsorption syndromes: carbohydrate, bile acid, etc.<br>\nChronic infection: C. diff, giardiasis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, parasites, etc.<br>\nCeliac Disease (wheat/barley/rye protein-induced autoimmune disease)<br>\nEndocrine diarrhea: from hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease, gastrinoma, etc.<br>\nIdiopathic Secretory Diarrhea</p>\n\n<p><strong>Common symptoms associated with chronic diarrhea</strong></p>\n\n<p>In IBS and IBD, the patient <em>typically</em> has crampy, intermittent abdominal pain relieved with bowel movements. In IBD and Celiac Disease, stool often occult heme+. </p>\n\n<p>Malabsorption (eg, lactose malabsorption) and maldigestion (eg, pancreatic insufficiency)is <em>typically</em> associated with onset of diarrhea soon after eating and/or <em>relief with fasting</em>.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>I assume your doctors have already looked for Crohn's (it appears they've looked for signs of Ulcerative Colitis as well.) Endoscopy and colonoscopy may both miss Crohn's, however, because - unlike UC - Crohn's can skip around in the small intestines; though it is most common in the ilium (the terminal portion of the small bowel) and the proximal colon, it can cause ulceration anywhere from the mouth to the rectum. It can come and go with remissions lasting for years, and, interestingly, Crohn's is often accompanied by abdominal pain and feelings of low energy and fatigue, as well as possible weight loss and malnutrition. Celiac Disease can present in a mild form with only unexplained iron deficiency anemia (from malabsorption) to chronic diarrhea with fatigue and weight loss.</p>\n\n<p>Also interestingly, Crohn's responds to anti-inflammatory drugs, though the wrench in this scenario is that NSAIDs usually make it worse, not better.</p>\n\n<p>Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a difficult problem, but there are effective treatments for Crohn's. Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common cause of episodiic diarrhea (sometimes alternating with constipation). IBS can come and go as well.</p>\n\n<p>There are new tests for Crohn's (e.g. fecal biomarkers) and IBS.</p>\n\n<p>If by no food allergies you mean you've had skin testing, then true food allergies have likely not been ruled out, as skin testing is not reliable. Celiac Disease is diagnosed best by positive serology, positive small bowel biopsy <em>and</em> a favorable clinical response to a diet eliminating wheat gluten/gliadin (and perhaps barley and rye as well.) </p>\n\n<p>What can someone with persistent symptoms without a diagnosis do?</p>\n\n<p>First, they can try an elimination diet. A person can do that without seeing a doctor. Also keep a food diary. That's always a good idea with any gastrointestinal problems.</p>\n\n<p>They might talk to their gastroenterologist about different trials. Since you have no definitive diagnosis, a \"step-up\" approach seems more prudent.</p>\n\n<p>_{<a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Irritable-bowel-syndrome/Pages/Causes.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - Causes</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1118165/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">ABC of oral health: Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00950.x/abstract\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Recurrent aphthous ulceration: vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status and response to replacement therapy</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.ccfa.org/what-are-crohns-and-colitis/what-is-crohns-disease/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">What is Crohn’s Disease?</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/definition/con-20032061\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Crohn's disease</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1069074/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Celiac Disease: Celiac Sprue, Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1215/p2259.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac Disease): More Common Than You Think</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=215079&amp;resultclick=1\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Prevalence of Celiac Disease in At-Risk and Not-At-Risk Groups in the United States</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1108430&amp;resultclick=1\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Yield of Diagnostic Tests for Celiac Disease in Individuals With Symptoms Suggestive of Irritable Bowel Syndrome</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v95/n12/abs/ajg20001600a.html\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome</a>}<br>\n_{Almost everything you could possibly want to know about food allergies can be found in one of the <a href=\"http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/foodallergy/clinical/Pages/default.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States</a> at this link.}</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3654, "author": "worthwords", "author_id": 2007, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2007", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Chronic diarrhoea is a surprisingly difficult but interesting subject.</p>\n\n<p>IBD/Behçet's disease would have to be eliminated if ulcers are significant.\nIt's better to do a TFT/Coeliac/HIV test early to avoid unnecessary tests.</p>\n\n<p>Age would be useful. I did a gastroenterology job as a Junior Doctor and we had a few cases of chronic diarrhoea where most investigations are normal.\nOften it was just overflow diarrhoea (i.e constipation is the primary problem)\nWe also diagnosed a few patients with microscopic colitis (only visible on colonic biopsies)- which are thought to be caused by NSAIDS and got better on stopping.\nSo the timing of the NSAIDS may be coincidental - unless the symptoms recur and again responds to NSAIDS.</p>\n\n<p>Eventually, we might test for Pancreatic insufficiency (fecal elastase) and test for bile acid malabsorption.\nLots of potential causes but a gastroenterology referral is what's required if it's troublesome and clearly not IBS.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3630", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1983/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3651, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Currently, there is no definitive way to predict maximum heart rate for a single individual. There are formulae that can give an approximation, but about the only way to get a good estimate on a personal level is to do a maximal treadmill test with monitoring.</p>\n\n<p>As far as the 220-age, that is a bad myth, and wasn't based on a study, but simple observation of 11 different references of both published and unpublished research. This <a href=\"https://www.cyclingfusion.com/pdf/220-Age-Origins-Problems.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">PDF writeup goes through the history</a> of the 220-age origins, and gives some alternate ways to calculate maxHR. However, especially for exercise science, the margin for error is still too large for clinical use, although it may have slightly better use in a non clinical exercise setting.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3655, "author": "rncardio", "author_id": 1477, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1477", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Many recommend the target to be 70-85% of (220-age) value, rather than value itself. See <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise-intensity/art-20046887?pg=2\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mayo Clinic site</a> and <a href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/FitnessBasics/Target-Heart-Rates_UCM_434341_Article.jsp#.Vj7Oo2Meuu1\" rel=\"nofollow\">American Heart Association page</a>. Moreover, trained athletes often have slower heart rates than those who are sedentary. Hence, slower heart rates are often sign of good exertional ability. Some drugs like beta-blockers slow the heart rate and prevent it from reaching target rate on exercise. </p>\n\n<p>Heart rate checking during exercise is more of a value for persons at extremes of exercise abilities, i.e. those who may be just starting an exercise program and those taking part in competitive athletics. Most other persons can simply exercise to the level that causes <a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise-intensity/art-20046887?pg=2\" rel=\"nofollow\">some breathlessness and sweating</a> and that is not causing excessive exhaustion, breathlessness or chest pain. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3648", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1999/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 31093, "author": "Peter Bernhard", "author_id": 21148, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/21148", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>According to internet searches there seems to be no known order. There are no empirical studies to be found using animals, and the issue thus appears a theoretical one.</p>\n<p>In casual understanding the question might refer to the point in time when the heart and brain shut down forever, i.e. when there is no more possibility of resuscitation, which roughly translates to times of cell death in brain (<em>brain death</em>) or heart respectively (<em>no defibrillation possible</em> any more). The <em>second</em> part of this answer deals with this situation, because:</p>\n<p>In much better understanding the questions appears to target the times of the stop of functioning („shut down“) of both organs. The terms &quot;excessive bleeding&quot; in a less evident sense seem to imply that the bleeding must not be thought of as being stopped by help in order to maintain some specific volume of blood for longer times, nor the effects of blood loss healed by resuscitation. These circumstances must be excluded to answer this question.</p>\n<p>The latter situation does not translate to cell death but to</p>\n<p><em><strong>Cardiac arrest</strong></em> of heart opposed to entry into <em><strong>coma</strong></em> of brain</p>\n<p>To paraphrase the question: All other organs excluded except brain and heart, what is first with extreme blood loss: cardiac arrest or coma?</p>\n<p>About <a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/9700/cardiac-arrest-effects-on-blood-pressure\">cardiac arrest</a> see answer to related question on StE: &quot;By definition, cardiac arrest means the heart is not pumping blood.&quot;</p>\n<p>About entry into coma to compare (in time) to cardiac arrest see e.g. related question on StE: &quot;... loss of consciousness from a lack of blood supply to the brain and the <a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/25555/treatment-for-loss-of-consciousness-due-to-lack-of-blood-flow-to-brain\">treatment required</a> after...&quot; Cardiac arrest and coma are both reversible by treatment, however, the question refers to untreated continuous blood loss.</p>\n<p>Sheer logic might answer the question whether coma or cardiac arrest comes first, as by loss of blood the heart, different from the brain, &quot;loses its job&quot;: there is no blood to pump, no substrate of function. However, there are no empirical findings to this simple logic to be found by search.</p>\n<p>According to basic knowledge, massive loss of blood leads to</p>\n<p><em><strong>Hemorrhagic or hypovolaemic shock</strong></em></p>\n<p>See e.g. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000167.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medlineplus</a>:</p>\n<p>&quot;Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working.&quot;</p>\n<p>&quot;Hypovolemic shock is a dangerous condition in which your heart can’t get your body the blood (and oxygen) it needs to function. This happens because you’ve lost a large amount ― more than 20% ― of your blood volume. (…) While your body fights to meet its demand for oxygen, it makes your brain and heart the top priority for receiving oxygen. (…) Stage 4: You’ve lost more than 40% of your body’s blood (more than 2,000 mL or 68 ounces). Your blood pressure is low and your heart rate is high.&quot;, <a href=\"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22795-hypovolemic-shock\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Cleveland Clinic</a></p>\n<p>From what is known about hemorrhagic shock, cardiac arrest is the first effect of blood loss, and cardiac arrest may lead to coma. It is not the other way round:</p>\n<p>&quot;The loss of coronary perfusion pressure adversely affects myocardial contractility; cerebral blood flow decreases, <em><strong>resulting</strong></em> in the loss of consciousness, coma, and eventually death.&quot; <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065003/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Clinical review: Hemorrhagic shock</a></p>\n<p>The mechanism of hemorrhagic shock implies that it is not coma that comes first, inducing cardiac arrest. It is cardiac arrest that induces coma. This causality may be hidden or not explicitly stated as in that situation coma is equivalent to &quot;instant&quot; death. Conversely, again, coma is not the cause of cardiac arrest in hemorrhagic shock.</p>\n<p>With blood volume vanishing and decompensation impossible, the heart enters into the status of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation#:%7E:text=From%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia%20Atrial%20fibrillation%20%28AF,beating,%20which%20become%20longer%20or%20continuous%20over%20time.\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">fibrillation </a>that precedes cardiac arrest. Fibrillation can occur in hemorrhagic shock, but not always does. This may be a matter of &quot;excessive&quot; speed of blood loss, the wording of the question may hint at. There may be no time to switch into fibrillation mode. Considering, on the other hand, slow speed, trickling out while internally bleeding, the question does not appear to inquire about fibrillation not being able to prevent the brain from coma. Fibrillation may not prevent coma for a long time; however, that's not what the question's wording &quot;excessive bleeding&quot; seems to address.</p>\n<p>There may be different grades of oxygene saturation for the heart muscle to avoid arrest, and for the brain nerves to avoid coma. However, my internet searches brought up no data that would specify any saturation rates according to different amounts of blood volume, differentiating brain from heart. There seem to be no empirical studies on excessive blood loss, different oxygene saturation rates corresponding to different volumes of blood.</p>\n<p><em><strong>Hence, the answer is: heart first.</strong></em></p>\n<p><em>Second part of the answer:</em></p>\n<p>What about cell death as irreversible cardiac arrest/irreversible coma?</p>\n<p>To tell from what is known about survival of heart muscle and brain nerve cells in anoxic condition (lack of oxygene), the answer should go:</p>\n<p><em><strong>brain first.</strong></em></p>\n<p>See, e.g. <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001435.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medline</a>:\n&quot;Brain cells are very sensitive to a lack of oxygen. Some brain cells start dying less than <em>5 minutes</em> after their oxygen supply disappears.(...)&quot;</p>\n<p>Conversely, heart cells seem to be able to survive much longer, and reference on what may be profane among professionals cannot easily be retrieved from the internet; from what I found it can be inferred that muscle cells are much less prone to damage in anoxic situations i.e. lack of blood supply (muscle cells are known for <a href=\"https://www.bing.com/search?q=anaerobic%20muscle%20contraction&amp;qs=UT&amp;pq=anaerobic%20muscle&amp;sk=HS1UT5&amp;sc=8-16&amp;cvid=CE45E38C40354825913A130735360293&amp;FORM=QBRE&amp;sp=7\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">anaerobic muscle contraction</a>). I found the following scientific paper from which it may inversely be inferred that heart muscle cells can survive for hours,\n<a href=\"https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.444\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Ganote/Van der Heide</a>, &quot;(...) Control and <em>45-, 75-, or 90-minute anoxic hearts</em> were exposed to hypotonic (200 mOsm/l) perfusion media to induce osmotic swelling. (...). See also, e.g., <a href=\"https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.444\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Goodyer</a> Left ventricular function and tissue hypoxia in irreversible hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock, 1967, and\n<a href=\"https://www.labroots.com/trending/health-and-medicine/6492/heart-oxygen#:%7E:text=Even%20when%20oxygen%20levels%20reached%20just%20ten%20percent,,do%20so%20for%20a%20limited%20amount%20of%20time.\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Kara Marker, Labroots</a>: &quot;Even when oxygen levels reached just ten percent, heart cells continued to produce ATP. They do so by applying a process that doesn’t need oxygen to produce ATP. In this way, heart cells can maintain normal function without adequate supplies of oxygen, but they can only do so for a limited amount of time.&quot; Nerve cells seem to more sensitive to a drop in blood supply, with no possibility of resuscitation.</p>\n<p>Interestingly, the question refers to the fact that the heart, by pumping blood, supplies oxygene to the brain and, at the same time, to itself. Thus, again, sheer logic might answer the question.</p>\n<p>If the heart died second it would be the brain's function to take care of the heart supplying oxygene (by blood, according to premise of reasoning). However, it's just the opposite.</p>\n<p>Funny as this argument may appear, it does contradict and does not confirm the answer given. From sheer logic the answer were: <em>Heart</em> first.</p>\n<p>This paradox cannot be logically solved by referring to the brain supplying vital nervous input to the heart. The phenomenon of <a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/24617/how-do-you-tell-a-brain-dead-patient-from-a-living-one\"> brain death</a> shows: the heart may still beat when brain has &quot;shut down&quot;.</p>\n<p>The mechanism of shock, as the question interestingly brings to the point, in my opinion might have evolved to safeguard the brain's function because the heart in a developmental and evolutionary sense did depend on specific brain cells (&quot;selfish heart), and only in pre-coma situation shuts down first.</p>\n<p>References:</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/15497/what-happens-to-the-heart-during-cardiac-arrest\">StE Question related question</a>: What happens to the heart during cardiac arrest</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3519039/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Bonanno</a>, Hemorrhagic shock: The “physiology approach”</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 31317, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's actually not terribly complicated. The heart will stop first.</p>\n<p>In the scenario you describe, the heart will continue pumping until it runs out of blood to pump, and it may even continue pumping activity after that even though there's no blood to move. This is called pulseless electrical activity (<a href=\"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/161080-overview#:%7E:text=Pulseless%20electrical%20activity%20(PEA)%20is,(See%20Etiology.)\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PEA</a>), previously known as electromechanical dissociation (EMD).</p>\n<p>After blood flow to the brain drops below below levels sufficient to maintain consciousness, the person will fall unconscious. The brain will not be dead but injury may begin occurring. Once blood flow to the heart drops below levels sufficient to keep it functioning, it will stop completely (<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430866/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">asystole</a>) or go into <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">ventricular fibrillation</a>, both of which mean no blood is being pumped and it will be quickly lethal if not treated immediately. At this point, the brain will begin to die.</p>\n<p>The time difference between when the heart stops and brain death occurs is measured in minutes, commonly estimated at about <a href=\"https://www.verywellhealth.com/brain-activity-after-cardiac-arrest-1298429#:%7E:text=When%20cardiac%20arrest%20occurs%2C%20cardiopulmonary,permanent%20brain%20damage%20is%20likely.\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">8 minutes</a>. But the answer to your question is that the heart will stop pumping before brain death occurs.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-future-brain/201810/how-the-brain-can-remain-active-even-when-the-heart-stops\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Additional reading</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3682", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2008/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3790, "author": "Derple", "author_id": 2121, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2121", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In short, because mutations are not defined as specific. </p>\n\n<p>A mutation of any bacteria could be mutation that could be weak or strong. </p>\n\n<p>Weak &amp; Strong would be quantified by our technology, treatments and comprehension of the bacteria. </p>\n\n<p>There are two factors important to understanding the change of the bacteria. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Epigenetic Adaptation (No Genetic Mutation)</p>\n \n <p>Genetic Adaptation (Genetic Mutation and Selection)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Bacteria can acquire large pieces of DNA from other bacteria, viruses and the environment.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><strong>How Does Selective Pressure Impact Antibiotic Resistance?</strong></p>\n \n <p>In order for a gene to remain functional and a part of the bacteria’s\n genome over an extended period, it has to help improve the survival\n and/or competitiveness of the bacteria. If a gene stops being helpful\n it will eventually become non-functional and will be removed from the\n genome. This means that the development and maintenance of antibiotic\n resistance is usually dependent on the bacterial population being\n frequently exposed to non-lethal doses of the antibiotic (note: some\n bacteria are intrinsically resistant to particular antibiotics). This\n process eliminates those bacteria that have lost resistance, and\n increases the percentage of resistant bacteria. In real life, this\n means that antibiotic resistance is likely to emerge in environments\n where bacteria are frequently exposed to antibiotics. On an individual\n level, this means that a person is more likely to develop an\n antibiotic resistant infection from undergoing long-term or\n prophylactic antibiotic treatment, as opposed to short-term antibiotic\n treatments of acute infections. This also means that bacteria may\n lose resistance to antibiotics that are no longer frequently used.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Check out <a href=\"http://thescienceofacne.com/how-do-bacteria-become-resistant-to-antibiotics/\" rel=\"nofollow\">This Article</a> for more information.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3794, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>(This answer is related to my answer on <a href=\"https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/40221/bacteria-resistance-to-natural-antibiotics\">Bacteria resistance to natural antibiotics</a> on the Biology SE) </p>\n\n<p>First of all: When it comes to evolution, Biology doesn't talk of 'strong' and 'weak' , it talks of 'fitness' (\"survival of the fittest\", for example), which is about how well adapted to their environment an organism is. Fitness includes how well it can survive in its environment and how much it can produce vital offspring. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>This seems logical because in ordinary environment, the wild type of virus should be the strongest one. Any mutation of it is to fight back the drug, hence it is not the strongest one anymore</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This is a misunderstanding of evolution. The wild type of a species is not the fittest this organism can be. That it is the wild type just means that it evolved and spread. Something that doesn't evolve can't spread (as an hyperbolic example, it might be advantageous for humans to have wings, but since we didn't evolve it, our wild type doesn't include it). </p>\n\n<p>It also helps to remember that \"the wild type\" is not a uniform thing. There are many genetic variations which we still consider to be the wild type. Even bacteria that reproduce through asexual reproduction are not all the same, even within one host. </p>\n\n<p>In the natural environment of the bacteria you are talking about, an antibiotic resistance confers little benefit because they don't encounter it. So if it evolves, it won't help these organisms survive and would only spread throughout the population by chance. On the contrary, it might even confer a disadvantage - for example, penicillin resistance required producing the protein beta-lactamase. In a penicillin free environment, this might just be a costly extra without a benefit. Over time, it might get lost. </p>\n\n<p>In a human taking antibiotics, however, these bacteria with an antibiotic resistance are indeed fitter and have a survival advantage. Bacteria with multiple resistances even more so. Between bacteria, these resistances can actually be transferred by something called \"transformation\" that involves actually picking up genetic material, so evolving multiple resistances also isn't as uncommon as it may seem. </p>\n\n<p>As for your virus example, without knowing more, I'd guess that the fitness reduction in the more resistant virus strain is probably a side effect of the resistance. Getting more or less fit through evolving resistance to treatment is not, in itself, a difference between viruses and bacteria. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937522/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspxhttp://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?volume=151&amp;page=886\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_27\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">What is fitness?</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3777", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/99/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3895, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>Mosquitos transmit the pathogens that cause malaria, filariasis, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, and dozens of other infectious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002588\">Ross, Macdonald, and a Theory for the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Transmitted Pathogens</a></p>\n\n<p>You already mentioned malaria and West Nile. The others mentioned are:</p>\n\n<p><em>Filariasis</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Lymphatic filariasis is infection with the filarial worms, <em>Wuchereria bancrofti</em>, <em>Brugia malayi</em> or <em>B. timori</em>. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito and develop into adult worms in the lymphatic vessels, causing severe damage and swelling (lymphoedema)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>According to the WHO, about 120 million people worldwide are currently infected. It causes pain and disfigurement. </p>\n\n<p>Filariasis can be cured if treated in time your can also be chronic and lead to lasting health problems. </p>\n\n<p><em>Dengue fever</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of WHO in recent years. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and, to a lesser extent, <em>A. albopictus</em>. The disease is widespread throughout the tropics</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Estimates are that there's about 400 million infections a year, with about 100 million showing clinical symptoms. There is no specific treatment or vaccination, but it is not chronic. </p>\n\n<p>The number of infections is increasing and the WHO estimates that half of the world's population is at risk, with the disease being endemic in 100 countries. </p>\n\n<p><em>Yellow Fever</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The yellow fever virus is an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus, and the mosquito is the primary vector. It carries the virus from one host to another, primarily between monkeys, from monkeys to humans, and from person to person.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Yellow fever can cause high fevers and jaundice. It's responsible for an estimated 30,000 deaths a year, out of 200,000 infections. Numbers are increasing, and about 900 million people live in countries where they are at risk. Yellow fever is not chronic. </p>\n\n<p><em>Rift Valley Fever</em></p>\n\n<p>Transmission through mosquitos isn't the primary source of infection for Rift Valley Fever - it is mostly transmitted through </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>the handling of animal tissue during slaughtering or butchering, assisting with animal births, conducting veterinary procedures, or from the disposal of carcasses or fetuses</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>There's a few more mentioned at the <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/list_mosquitoborne.htm\">CDC list for mosquito-borne diseases</a>, for example:</p>\n\n<p><em>Japanese Encephalitis</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, meaning it is related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This affects 24 countries with about 70,000 cases being treated each year, up to 30 percent of which result in death. Japanese Encephalitis is not chronic. </p>\n\n<p><em>Chikungunya</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The virus is transmitted from human to human by the bites of infected female mosquitoes. Most commonly, the mosquitoes involved are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two species which can also transmit other mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This disease had several large outbreaks in Africa within the last two decades. Since 2005, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar and Thailand have reported over 1.9 million cases. Some patients develop chronic joint pain. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n\n<p>All quotes are from the World Health Organization:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/filariasis/en/\">WHO Filariasis Overview</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/\">WHO factsheet Filariasis</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/\">WHO factsheet Dengue Fever</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/\">WHO factsheet Yellow Fever</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/\">WHO factsheet Rift Valley Fever</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs386/en/\">WHO factsheet Japanese Encephalitis</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs327/en/\">WHO factsheet Chikungunya</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9658, "author": "fahad", "author_id": 7084, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7084", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are a number of diseases which can be spread by mosquitoes. like</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.mtatva.com/en/disease/chikungunya-meaning-diagnosis-and-overview/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Chikungunya</a> is a mosquito-borne viral disease. It is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes. It is also known as Chikungunya virus disease or Chikungunya fever.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.mtatva.com/en/disease/malaria-meaning-diagnosis-and-overview/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Malaria</a> is a disease caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism. This is a mosquito-borne infectious disease. Malaria is contracted by the bite of mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito (the Anopheles mosquito) bites you, it injects the malaria parasites into your blood. </li>\n<li>Typhoid fever is a serious and sometimes life-threatening infection associated with fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The bacteria get deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. It is food and water borne disease.</li>\n<li>dengue</li>\n<li>zika fever</li>\n<li>yellow fever</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3832", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/140/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3895, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<blockquote>\n <p>Mosquitos transmit the pathogens that cause malaria, filariasis, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, and dozens of other infectious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1002588\">Ross, Macdonald, and a Theory for the Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Transmitted Pathogens</a></p>\n\n<p>You already mentioned malaria and West Nile. The others mentioned are:</p>\n\n<p><em>Filariasis</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Lymphatic filariasis is infection with the filarial worms, <em>Wuchereria bancrofti</em>, <em>Brugia malayi</em> or <em>B. timori</em>. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito and develop into adult worms in the lymphatic vessels, causing severe damage and swelling (lymphoedema)</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>According to the WHO, about 120 million people worldwide are currently infected. It causes pain and disfigurement. </p>\n\n<p>Filariasis can be cured if treated in time your can also be chronic and lead to lasting health problems. </p>\n\n<p><em>Dengue fever</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of WHO in recent years. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and, to a lesser extent, <em>A. albopictus</em>. The disease is widespread throughout the tropics</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Estimates are that there's about 400 million infections a year, with about 100 million showing clinical symptoms. There is no specific treatment or vaccination, but it is not chronic. </p>\n\n<p>The number of infections is increasing and the WHO estimates that half of the world's population is at risk, with the disease being endemic in 100 countries. </p>\n\n<p><em>Yellow Fever</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The yellow fever virus is an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus, and the mosquito is the primary vector. It carries the virus from one host to another, primarily between monkeys, from monkeys to humans, and from person to person.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Yellow fever can cause high fevers and jaundice. It's responsible for an estimated 30,000 deaths a year, out of 200,000 infections. Numbers are increasing, and about 900 million people live in countries where they are at risk. Yellow fever is not chronic. </p>\n\n<p><em>Rift Valley Fever</em></p>\n\n<p>Transmission through mosquitos isn't the primary source of infection for Rift Valley Fever - it is mostly transmitted through </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>the handling of animal tissue during slaughtering or butchering, assisting with animal births, conducting veterinary procedures, or from the disposal of carcasses or fetuses</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>There's a few more mentioned at the <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/list_mosquitoborne.htm\">CDC list for mosquito-borne diseases</a>, for example:</p>\n\n<p><em>Japanese Encephalitis</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, meaning it is related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This affects 24 countries with about 70,000 cases being treated each year, up to 30 percent of which result in death. Japanese Encephalitis is not chronic. </p>\n\n<p><em>Chikungunya</em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The virus is transmitted from human to human by the bites of infected female mosquitoes. Most commonly, the mosquitoes involved are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two species which can also transmit other mosquito-borne viruses, including dengue.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This disease had several large outbreaks in Africa within the last two decades. Since 2005, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar and Thailand have reported over 1.9 million cases. Some patients develop chronic joint pain. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Sources</strong></p>\n\n<p>All quotes are from the World Health Organization:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/topics/filariasis/en/\">WHO Filariasis Overview</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/\">WHO factsheet Filariasis</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/\">WHO factsheet Dengue Fever</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/\">WHO factsheet Yellow Fever</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs207/en/\">WHO factsheet Rift Valley Fever</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs386/en/\">WHO factsheet Japanese Encephalitis</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs327/en/\">WHO factsheet Chikungunya</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 9658, "author": "fahad", "author_id": 7084, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7084", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There are a number of diseases which can be spread by mosquitoes. like</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.mtatva.com/en/disease/chikungunya-meaning-diagnosis-and-overview/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Chikungunya</a> is a mosquito-borne viral disease. It is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes. It is also known as Chikungunya virus disease or Chikungunya fever.</li>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.mtatva.com/en/disease/malaria-meaning-diagnosis-and-overview/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Malaria</a> is a disease caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism. This is a mosquito-borne infectious disease. Malaria is contracted by the bite of mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito (the Anopheles mosquito) bites you, it injects the malaria parasites into your blood. </li>\n<li>Typhoid fever is a serious and sometimes life-threatening infection associated with fever caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The bacteria get deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. It is food and water borne disease.</li>\n<li>dengue</li>\n<li>zika fever</li>\n<li>yellow fever</li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3867", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2182/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 9249, "author": "Alexander Eichner", "author_id": 6797, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/6797", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<h2>Here are the sources you can use:</h2>\n\n<p>The main issue is that due to government controls on substances like LSD, <em>very little</em> research ends up being conducted with/about them due to the difficulties and regulations involved. So information about substances like LSD comes from three main sources:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>The few peer-reviewed academic/pharmaceutical studies which make it past Institutional Review and government regulations to be published in a journal</li>\n<li>Content written by \"experts,\" but <em>not</em> peer-reviewed and <em>not</em> processed by an Institutional Review Board and <em>not</em> published in a journal</li>\n<li>Community knowledge and user reports</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>On the first count, here's <a href=\"https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/w/images/5/5c/psychedelic_adverse_effects.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">a link to a literature review article from 1984.</a></p>\n\n<p>On the second count, you can look into the work of Aldous Huxley, George Greer, Ann Shulgin, Myron Stolaroff, Athanasios Kafkalides, and Stanislav Grof.</p>\n\n<p>On the third count, you can check out community forums at reddit, erowid, and bluelight.</p>\n\n<h2>Here's what they generally say:</h2>\n\n<p>You cannot take a toxic dose of LSD, though large doses could put you in a state in which you're life is in danger (e.g. you might accidentally walk off a cliff).</p>\n\n<p>Most if not all reported effects of LSD (after the substance's primary effects have waned) are psychological, ranging from the mundane (e.g. self-discovery, introspection) to the phenomenal (e.g. PTSD, complete personality change). </p>\n\n<p>Some people report experiencing \"flashbacks,\" where they unexpectedly feel like their state of consciousness shifts momentarily back into a psychedelic state. While such reports are popular, they seem relatively rare and unlikely.</p>\n\n<p>Ultimately, not enough users provide a large enough amount of reliable, objective data to say anything definite about long-term effects.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 30780, "author": "Franck Dernoncourt", "author_id": 43, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/43", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The 2022-02-10 study {1} didn't find any risks for LSD microdosing:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>We conclude that within the context of a controlled setting and a limited number of administrations, <strong>repeated low doses of LSD are safe</strong>, but produce negligible changes in mood or cognition in healthy volunteers.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<hr />\n<p>References:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>{1} de Wit, H, Molla, HM, Bershad, A, Bremmer, M, Lee, R. Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose–response study. <em>Addiction Biology</em>. 2022; 27 (2):e13143. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13143\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\" title=\"Link to external resource: 10.1111/adb.13143\">10.1111/adb.13143</a></li>\n</ul>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3884", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/43/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3936, "author": "SamKowald", "author_id": 2163, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2163", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Short: before the knowledge of blood typing transfusions were attempted and near all failed.</p>\n<p>Long: There were many attempted transfusions that were mostly fatal.\nThe first attempted (recorded) transfusions were practise by the Incas.\nSince 1616 when circulation was first detailed practitioners have been attempting to transfusion substances. These include beer urine and animal blood among many others. In the 1800's there were a few successful blood transfusions but fatalities occurred so this research was shut down until Karl discovered blood types. And the first successful transfusion using his know edge was completed in 1907. Blood borne diseases were still pretty much unknown.</p>\n<p>Support Material</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738310/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2738310/</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Artificial-Blood.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Artificial-Blood.html</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3964, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The first recorded blood transfusion was done on dogs in 1665. Two years later, blood was successfully transferred from a sheep to a human. In 1818, James Blundell, an obstetrician, successfully treated a patient with postpartum hemorrhage with her husband's blood. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The main problem that stood in the way of the development of blood transfusion was the tendency for the blood to clot and to block the tubes or apparatus connected to the recipient. In 1873, Sir Thomas Smith of St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, is reported to have successfully transfused blood from which the clot had been removed (ie defibrinated blood). Attempts by Dr James Braxton-Hicks at Guy’s Hospital in 1883–84 to overcome this problem using sodium phosphate mixed with the blood as an anticoagulant resulted in the deaths of the patients</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>About half of the patients died:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>But in 1873, F. Gesellius, a Polish doctor, slowed the transfusion revival with a frightening discovery: More than half the transfusions performed had ended in death. Upon learning this, eminent physicians began denouncing the procedure. The popularity of transfusions once again waned.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Franz Gesellius favored transfusions from animals over transfusions from human to human. But instead, milk and saline transfusions gained in popularity through this discovery. </p>\n\n<p>Even after the discovery of blood groups, it took years until first testing whether the donor and recipient blood matched became standard practice. Until then, transfusions were usually \"direct\" - from one person's vein directly to the recipient. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Pretransfusion testing did not become normal practice until indirect transfusion became popularised by the use of sodium citrate anticoagulation and collection of donor blood, which occurred after 1915.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Sources:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.aabb.org/tm/Pages/highlights.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">Highlights of transfusion medicine history</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.ibms.org/go/nm:history-blood-transfusion\" rel=\"nofollow\">A brief history of blood transfusions</a> (includes references to the first successful blood transfusions) </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102000002#h=6\" rel=\"nofollow\">Blood transfusions - a long history of controversy</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3906", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2198/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3935, "author": "Denn", "author_id": 2165, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2165", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>There's a number of medical reasons to take the pill other than preventing pregnancy : </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Regulating menstruation to avoid having irregular, overly frequent, overly abundant or painful periods, as well as premenstrual syndrome</li>\n<li>Endometriosis</li>\n<li>Polycystic ovary syndrome</li>\n<li>Acne</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://youngwomenshealth.org/2011/10/18/medical-uses-of-the-birth-control-pill/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source</a></p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>Edited because I did in fact understood birth control pills and not prenatal supplementation.</p>\n\n<p>As a vitamin supplementation, it could in theory be used by people who lack certain nutrients, namely folic acid and iron (iron deficiency in particular is common in people who are menstruating). However, the Mayo Clinic doesn't recommend it:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>However, if you're not pregnant and not planning to become pregnant, high levels of certain nutrients over a long period of time may actually be more harmful than helpful.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/prenatal-vitamins/faq-20057922\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source</a> </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4276, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>For most people, no. </p>\n\n<p>Prenatal vitamins usually contain folate acid, some also contain B12, iodine, and/or vitamin D. For deficiencies in the last three, usually, special supplements will be given. </p>\n\n<p>However, certain medications actually mess with the foliate cycle in the body, and require patients to take supplemental folic acid. One of those is <a href=\"http://www.arthritis.org/living-with-arthritis/treatments/medication/drug-types/disease-modifying-drugs/methotrexate-side-effects.php\" rel=\"nofollow\">methotrexate</a>. Some doctors prescribe higher dose folic acid to be taken once weekly, others recommend just taking a folic acid supplement daily - which are usually marketed as prenatal vitamins. Patients taking that often enjoy the irony of taking prenatal vitamins alongside a medication that is actively harmful to a pregnancy.</p>\n\n<p>So it's rare, but possible. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3934", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2220/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 11099, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I am a trained first aider.</p>\n\n<p>I note that this question was asked a long time ago and has never been answers.</p>\n\n<p>The majority of ID/Health alert lockets should indeed be waterproof (this would either the case or the information it contains). Otherwise, it's pretty much useless.</p>\n\n<p>First aiders are trained to look for lockets that have the \"snake on a pole\" or \"SOS\" design prominently in view. Anything over-stylised would be easily overlooked. I guess it might well be obvious, but the information held within an SOS locket needs to be updated as soon the information changes, or it becomes illegible.</p>\n\n<p>I'd also go for a bracelet - as a male first aider, I wouldn't be comfortable looking into a woman's cleavage for a pendant.</p>\n\n<p>Obviously, the key thing is that people who are commonly around you (friends/co-workers) should be aware of your condition and any likely conditions you might have. Background information really does help a first aider, even if they do need to put a little work into confirming what's actually happening.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11119, "author": "fohrums", "author_id": 2223, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2223", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>[<strong>SOLVED_EasilyAccessibleStandardLogoNoGlitter</strong>]</p>\n\n<p>What ever makes the <em>responder</em> identify the situation quickly enough will help in the worst case scenario or for an emergency. So, for my question what type of accessory would make it easier to identify this particular type of situation? <strong>Ideally a bracelet is the best option</strong>. Otherwise, if a bracelet can't be worn then it would be appropriate to use a necklace instead.</p>\n\n<p>Just make sure the I.D.'s design isn't straying too far away from how medical logos are displayed. Since we are talking about a standard procedure the medical logo (<em>or the Snack-on-a-Pole / SOS</em>) must be visible to any peripheral vision.</p>\n\n<p>Thanks to @PETE, I was now able to understand the <strong>importance of speed</strong> to acknowledge responders to take the appropriate action for person(s) in danger. This is because they were able to locate the information needed as-fast-as-possible without any fuss or delay.</p>\n\n<p>Now, I just wonder if people ever considered using a Tattoo for this case....</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 21597, "author": "Lilibete", "author_id": 3378, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3378", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>For people within the United States, there are a number of options for diabetes, especially insulin-dependent diabetes. There are a number of options include custom dog tags, shoe tags, necklaces and bracelets from cheap stainless steel options up to ordering custom engraved options from Tiffany. There are also off-the-shelf options online, at pharmacies and on websites like Amazon that say, Type 1 Diabetes - Insulin Dependent, and are necklaces, bracelets and even a wide variety of silicon bracelets. T1D is universally understood, so anything that can have a monogram would work. </p>\n\n<p>It's now 2020, and the other options emerge if you are on a CGM and/or pump. Those need to be noted, especially if you are passed out and medical professionals need to remove hardware for scans. Especially with the CGMs, there are SOS and medical emergency options with the devices that collect the output that data. The Apple Watch and/or phone have that information available readily for medical professionals. EHR data can also be pulled into the health app for these devices as well. So information that should be available is:</p>\n\n<p>Diagnosis: T1DM\nMedications: Insulin Dependent, Glucagon kit, xyz...\nMedical Devices: CGM, Insulin Pump, etc.\nEmergency Contact: ICE - Name - Phone Number\nMedical Data Source: EHR, Endo, Hospital Group, etc. \nAllergies: Food, Meds, Additives to Meds\nOther Medical Conditions and Meds</p>\n\n<p>I hope that helps you live safe and well with T1D! </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3940", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2223/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3949, "author": "Mark", "author_id": 333, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/333", "pm_score": 4, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In general, no.</p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet\">ketogenic diet</a> is one where carbohydrates are eliminated and protein is restricted, to force the body to obtain its energy from the metabolism of fatty acids and ketone bodies, rather than the normal method of glucose metabolism. It is used primarily to treat otherwise-intractible epilepsy, and to a lesser extent, to deal with certain metabolic disorders.</p>\n\n<p>Long-term side effects of the diet in children include <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064531\">poor bone development</a>, <a href=\"http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/dietary-therapies/ketogenic-diet\">stunted growth, and kidney stones</a>. In short, it's not something you should be subjecting a child to without a strong medical reason to do so, under the supervision of a doctor.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3955, "author": "Thawn", "author_id": 2232, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2232", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I highly advise against such a restrictive and one-sided diet for a child! For children a balanced diet is important both for their physical and mental development. This means that malnutrition can cause permanent damage to both the mental and physical health of children.\nSee for example <a href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-4-31.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">this research article</a> describing cognitive and physical retardation as a results of protein malnutrition in children. In contrast, the effects of malnutrition in adults are much less severe and more easily reversed.</p>\n\n<p>A ketogenic diet puts particular stress on the neural development (and the brain as a whole), because neurons mainly metabolise glucose. Quoting <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain\" rel=\"noreferrer\">the Wikipedia article about the brain</a>: The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose. This is also the reason why a ketogenic diet is used to treat some forms of epilepsy, because there the energy deprivation helps reduce the chance of the neurons firing too much and causing a seizure.\nThe effect of a ketogenic diet is again particularly strong in children because they use up to 40% of their total energy for the brain, while an adult uses only 20% of their energy for the brain. </p>\n\n<p>Finally, it is simply impossible to properly compensate for a one-sided diet with food supplements. Very often, the uptake of a mineral or vitamin critically depends on the food that we eat together with the nutrient. Evolution has simply not prepared us for the uptake of pure nutrients in the form of pills! Examples where we know these relationships are:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin E can only be taken up together with fatty food.</li>\n<li>Calcium can only be integrated into bones well if there is no shortage of vitamins D and/or K</li>\n<li>Zinc can only be absorbed well together wit protein.</li>\n<li>And many more (both known and unknown)...</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3959, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Your have three questions in one now:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Is a ketogenic diet appropriate for a one year old? </li>\n<li>Is a carbohydrate reduced diet appropriate for a one year old? </li>\n<li>Is milk really necessary for a one year old, or can I replace it with something else? </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>Milk</strong></p>\n\n<p>Milk is a very obvious nutritional choice for a small child. You mention that your child has been drinking formula so far, so the switch to cow milk makes sense. Milk is an excellent source of calcium, which kids need a lot of to promote growth. In many countries, it is also fortified with vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption. </p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1101/p1527.html\">Guidelines of the American family physicians</a> recommends two or three servings (cups = approximately 600 milliliters in total) per day, to get around 700 milligrams of calcium. Except for fortified foods, <a href=\"http://nof.org/articles/886\">dairy really is a very good source for calcium</a></p>\n\n<p>Can it be replaced? Sure. There's children who are lactose tolerant or get eczema, for example, who can't have milk. Should you, with no physical reason to? I'd say no. For one thing, getting enough calcium without dairy really isn't all that easy, especially for a one year old. Two cups of milk are much easier to get into a toddler than 350 grams of broccoli. </p>\n\n<p>Also, for the purpose of reducing carbohydrates, reducing milk intake is a weird choice. That 600 milliliters of milk has about 30 grams of lactose (the only carbohydrate in milk). That 350 grams of broccoli to replace it has about 25. Complex carbs instead of a disaccaride, but if you are concerned about carbohydrates, milk is just really not a bad choice anyway. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Carbohydrate-reduced diet</strong></p>\n\n<p>I don't think anyone would tell you to give your daughter pasta, rice, and nothing else. A child's diet should be balanced, so of course she can have lots of other things - vegetables, meat, etc. Without knowing what exactly you mean with a diet low in carbohydrates, it's hard to say for sure, though. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Ketogenic diet</strong></p>\n\n<p>Someone else already linked to the study <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064531\">Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet</a>. The important part here is that this occurred even despite the children receiving calcium and vitamin D supplements and reducing their medication. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>This study describes progressive loss of BMC in both the whole body and spine in children with IE treated with KD. These findings persisted after correction for both age and height. The decline in BMC occurred despite prescribed vitamin D and calcium supplementation and with a reduction in the number of AEDs used.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Most studies are of course done in kids with epilepsy - deviating from the recommended diet for children in such an extreme way is only done in studies where the benefits may outweigh the risks. Everything else is not defendable in front of an ethics committee. </p>\n\n<p>However, in these studies, epileptic children on such a diet are compared to epileptic children on a normal diet. Differences between the groups are thus attributed to the diet. </p>\n\n<p>Other problems associated with ketogenic diets in children are <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004670000443\">kidney stones</a>. </p>\n\n<p>Even in epileptic children, the ketogenic diet, despite its success, is only recommended <a href=\"http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/dietary-therapies/ketogenic-diet\">after several medication options fail</a> and includes regular checkups with a medical professional. </p>\n\n<p>I think it helps to remember what ketogenesis <em>is</em> - fatty acid breakdown it order to get the body the energy it needs. That breakdown can lower the pH in the blood, leading to keto acidosis, which is dangerous. In a child, with a low body mass and a high energy need because of growth, this at least sounds very dangerous. </p>\n\n<p>In summary, <strong>do not</strong> do this unless necessary. There is potentially no benefit at all, and a risk a parent should not be take on without medical need and supervision. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3942", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2229/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3949, "author": "Mark", "author_id": 333, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/333", "pm_score": 4, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In general, no.</p>\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_diet\">ketogenic diet</a> is one where carbohydrates are eliminated and protein is restricted, to force the body to obtain its energy from the metabolism of fatty acids and ketone bodies, rather than the normal method of glucose metabolism. It is used primarily to treat otherwise-intractible epilepsy, and to a lesser extent, to deal with certain metabolic disorders.</p>\n\n<p>Long-term side effects of the diet in children include <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064531\">poor bone development</a>, <a href=\"http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/dietary-therapies/ketogenic-diet\">stunted growth, and kidney stones</a>. In short, it's not something you should be subjecting a child to without a strong medical reason to do so, under the supervision of a doctor.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3955, "author": "Thawn", "author_id": 2232, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2232", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I highly advise against such a restrictive and one-sided diet for a child! For children a balanced diet is important both for their physical and mental development. This means that malnutrition can cause permanent damage to both the mental and physical health of children.\nSee for example <a href=\"http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1744-9081-4-31.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">this research article</a> describing cognitive and physical retardation as a results of protein malnutrition in children. In contrast, the effects of malnutrition in adults are much less severe and more easily reversed.</p>\n\n<p>A ketogenic diet puts particular stress on the neural development (and the brain as a whole), because neurons mainly metabolise glucose. Quoting <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain\" rel=\"noreferrer\">the Wikipedia article about the brain</a>: The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen-dependent metabolism of glucose. This is also the reason why a ketogenic diet is used to treat some forms of epilepsy, because there the energy deprivation helps reduce the chance of the neurons firing too much and causing a seizure.\nThe effect of a ketogenic diet is again particularly strong in children because they use up to 40% of their total energy for the brain, while an adult uses only 20% of their energy for the brain. </p>\n\n<p>Finally, it is simply impossible to properly compensate for a one-sided diet with food supplements. Very often, the uptake of a mineral or vitamin critically depends on the food that we eat together with the nutrient. Evolution has simply not prepared us for the uptake of pure nutrients in the form of pills! Examples where we know these relationships are:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin E can only be taken up together with fatty food.</li>\n<li>Calcium can only be integrated into bones well if there is no shortage of vitamins D and/or K</li>\n<li>Zinc can only be absorbed well together wit protein.</li>\n<li>And many more (both known and unknown)...</li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 3959, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Your have three questions in one now:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>Is a ketogenic diet appropriate for a one year old? </li>\n<li>Is a carbohydrate reduced diet appropriate for a one year old? </li>\n<li>Is milk really necessary for a one year old, or can I replace it with something else? </li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><strong>Milk</strong></p>\n\n<p>Milk is a very obvious nutritional choice for a small child. You mention that your child has been drinking formula so far, so the switch to cow milk makes sense. Milk is an excellent source of calcium, which kids need a lot of to promote growth. In many countries, it is also fortified with vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption. </p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/1101/p1527.html\">Guidelines of the American family physicians</a> recommends two or three servings (cups = approximately 600 milliliters in total) per day, to get around 700 milligrams of calcium. Except for fortified foods, <a href=\"http://nof.org/articles/886\">dairy really is a very good source for calcium</a></p>\n\n<p>Can it be replaced? Sure. There's children who are lactose tolerant or get eczema, for example, who can't have milk. Should you, with no physical reason to? I'd say no. For one thing, getting enough calcium without dairy really isn't all that easy, especially for a one year old. Two cups of milk are much easier to get into a toddler than 350 grams of broccoli. </p>\n\n<p>Also, for the purpose of reducing carbohydrates, reducing milk intake is a weird choice. That 600 milliliters of milk has about 30 grams of lactose (the only carbohydrate in milk). That 350 grams of broccoli to replace it has about 25. Complex carbs instead of a disaccaride, but if you are concerned about carbohydrates, milk is just really not a bad choice anyway. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Carbohydrate-reduced diet</strong></p>\n\n<p>I don't think anyone would tell you to give your daughter pasta, rice, and nothing else. A child's diet should be balanced, so of course she can have lots of other things - vegetables, meat, etc. Without knowing what exactly you mean with a diet low in carbohydrates, it's hard to say for sure, though. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Ketogenic diet</strong></p>\n\n<p>Someone else already linked to the study <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064531\">Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet</a>. The important part here is that this occurred even despite the children receiving calcium and vitamin D supplements and reducing their medication. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>This study describes progressive loss of BMC in both the whole body and spine in children with IE treated with KD. These findings persisted after correction for both age and height. The decline in BMC occurred despite prescribed vitamin D and calcium supplementation and with a reduction in the number of AEDs used.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Most studies are of course done in kids with epilepsy - deviating from the recommended diet for children in such an extreme way is only done in studies where the benefits may outweigh the risks. Everything else is not defendable in front of an ethics committee. </p>\n\n<p>However, in these studies, epileptic children on such a diet are compared to epileptic children on a normal diet. Differences between the groups are thus attributed to the diet. </p>\n\n<p>Other problems associated with ketogenic diets in children are <a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004670000443\">kidney stones</a>. </p>\n\n<p>Even in epileptic children, the ketogenic diet, despite its success, is only recommended <a href=\"http://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/dietary-therapies/ketogenic-diet\">after several medication options fail</a> and includes regular checkups with a medical professional. </p>\n\n<p>I think it helps to remember what ketogenesis <em>is</em> - fatty acid breakdown it order to get the body the energy it needs. That breakdown can lower the pH in the blood, leading to keto acidosis, which is dangerous. In a child, with a low body mass and a high energy need because of growth, this at least sounds very dangerous. </p>\n\n<p>In summary, <strong>do not</strong> do this unless necessary. There is potentially no benefit at all, and a risk a parent should not be take on without medical need and supervision. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3966", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2244/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 3981, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>This is really interesting, and really difficult. </p>\n\n<p>First, let's get <strong>Miracle Mineral Supplement</strong> out of the way. There is a lengthy article on this up on the blog \"Science-based Medicine\" called <a href=\"https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bleaching-away-what-ails-you/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Bleaching away what ails you</a>. That article is quite good, but uses strong language, so it isn't for everyone. It describes the rhetoric around MMS, especially in regards to how it's used on autistic children. </p>\n\n<p>First of all, what is MMS? It's diluted sodium chlorite, a bleach. And the person who sells it <a href=\"http://miraclemineral.org/the-author/authors-message\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">claims</a> it basically cures anything. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Well, it overcomes colds in an hour or so, overcomes flu in less than 12 hours, overcomes pneumonia in less than 12 hours, cures more cancer than any other treatment by hundreds of times, cures hepatitis A, B, and C. It cures appendicitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and a hundred other diseases.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>That alone should be enough to make anyone skeptical. The flu is a viral infectious disease of the respiratory tract. Rheumatoid arthritis is an incurable autoimmune disease. Appendicitis is an inflammation of the bowel. These are wildly different things, and that's not counting the \"hundred other diseases\". The two probably most potent medicines we have, antibiotics and steroids, don't even claim to be effective for all of these. </p>\n\n<p>As a bleach, MMS can cause serious complications. The Food and Drug Administration in the United States <a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm220756.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">strongly warns people not to use it</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>FDA warned consumers not to consume or use Miracle Mineral Solution, an oral liquid solution also known as \"Miracle Mineral Supplement\" or \"MMS.\" The product, when used as directed, produces an industrial bleach that can cause serious harm to health. The product instructs consumers to mix the 28 percent sodium chlorite solution with an acid such as citrus juice. This mixture produces chlorine dioxide, a potent bleach used for stripping textiles and industrial water treatment. High oral doses of this bleach, such as those recommended in the labeling, can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and symptoms of severe dehydration</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The government agency \"Health Canada\" <a href=\"http://www.cbc.ca/beta/news/health/health-canada-warning-stop-using-miracle-mineral-solution-immediately-1.2804787\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">has seized MMS from a supplied selling it</a></p>\n\n<p><strong>MMS and autism</strong></p>\n\n<p>Does MMS cure autism? Science doesn't usually say \"we are 100 percent sure this doesn't happen\". But in this case, it's probably pretty close. </p>\n\n<p>All that the belief is based on are anecdotes, there are no scientific studies on this at all. There is also no proposed - MMS is a disinfectant, but autism isn't caused by an infection. </p>\n\n<p>Autism doesn't stay constant. For example, there is a question here on Health.SE about autism and fever - <a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3302/why-do-80-of-children-with-autism-appear-to-improve-when-they-have-a-fever#\">autism symptoms improve when patients have a fever</a>. </p>\n\n<p><strong>Treatment of autism</strong></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Autism spectrum disorder is a wide field of syndromes</a>. From high-functioning individuals to people who need constant caregiving. There are no cures. </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Treatment includes various options.</a></p>\n\n<p><em><a href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo/Pages/medication-treatment.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Medication</a></em></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Currently, there is no medication that can cure ASD or all of its symptoms. But in many cases, medication can help treat some of the symptoms associated with ASD, especially certain behaviors.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>These behavioral issues are, for example, anxiety, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity and loss of focus, seizures (which one third of people with autism have), etc. </p>\n\n<p>There are studies being done on more treatment options, for example on whether <a href=\"https://www.autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/researchers-launch-study-oxytocin-nasal-spray\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">oxytocin could help</a>. </p>\n\n<p><em>Behavioral Therapy</em></p>\n\n<p>Behavioral therapy is a big focus in the treatment of autism. Much of this is focused on children. I'm just going to link to and summarize a few of the resources on this. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>A notable treatment approach for people with an ASD is called applied behavior analysis (ABA). ABA has become widely accepted among health care professionals and used in many schools and treatment clinics. ABA encourages positive behaviors and discourages negative behaviors in order to improve a variety of skills. The child’s progress is tracked and measured.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">CDC - Treatment of ASD</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Scientific studies have demonstrated that early intensive behavioral intervention improves learning, communication and social skills in young children with autism. While the outcomes of early intervention vary, all children benefit. Researchers have developed a number of effective early intervention models. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Autism Speaks - How is Autism Treated</a></p>\n\n<p><em>Other Treatments</em></p>\n\n<p>Two other often mentioned treatments for ASD are dietary changes, especially a gluten free diet, and chelation. </p>\n\n<p>A Cochrane review titled <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010766.pub2/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Chelation for autism spectre disorder</a> summarizes:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>no clinical trial evidence was found to suggest that pharmaceutical chelation is an effective intervention for ASD. Given prior reports of serious adverse events, such as hypocalcaemia, renal impairment and reported death, the risks of using chelation for ASD currently outweigh proven benefits</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As such, chelation shouldn't be used. </p>\n\n<p>Another, titled <a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003498.pub3/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Gluten- and casein-free diets for autistic spectrum disorder</a> summarizes the research on the most popular dietary restriction:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Research has shown of high rates of use of complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) for children with autism including gluten and/or casein exclusion diets. Current evidence for efficacy of these diets is poor. Large scale, good quality randomised controlled trials are needed.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><strong>Cure</strong></p>\n\n<p>I wrote before that autism can't be cured. However, </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Growing evidence suggests that a small minority of persons with autism progress to the point where they no longer meet the criteria for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Since the diagnosis of autism isn't based on the presence of a virus or something, therapy and treatment can actually mean a person progresses to the point of no longer meeting all diagnostic criteria. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4661, "author": "squigbobble", "author_id": 2741, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2741", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The closest thing I'm aware of as a cure for autism is Early Intensive Behavioural Therapy. The idea behind it is to train the autistic child in basic social behaviours within the timeframe that they would normally be acquiring them, from 0-5 years. </p>\n\n<p>As far as I'm aware it's ineffective after the age of 5 because the parts of the brain that it's meant to train will have been pruned by the normal synaptic pruning mechanism, making it much harder for the child to develop the social skills as there's no longer a part of the brain that's 'primed' to handle that task.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076956\" rel=\"nofollow\">PubMed article about EIBI</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 15706, "author": "john doe", "author_id": 13246, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/13246", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Autism has multiple causes. One major cause (covering ~75% of patients) is a person making folate receptor alpha antibodies (FRAA). They can suffer from cerebral folate deficiency(CFD) and autism.</p>\n\n<p>A milk-free diet is known to help in this case by reducing FRAA antibody levels.</p>\n\n<p>Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578948/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578948/</a></p>\n\n<p>A milk-free diet downregulates folate receptor autoimmunity in cerebral folate deficiency syndrome\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715943/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715943/</a></p>\n\n<p>Another treatment is the use of folinic acid (not to be confused with folic acid) to restore folate levels in the brain.</p>\n\n<p>Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial\n<a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/mp2016168\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.nature.com/articles/mp2016168</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3972", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4030, "author": "Inesophet", "author_id": 2302, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2302", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Different kinds of Melanin. the one on the Lips Genitals and nippels is Pheomelanin. While the one in hair and skin is Eumelanin. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4599, "author": "Dave Liu", "author_id": 140, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/140", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Inesophet actually had a good answer there, and I'll expand on that. </p>\n\n<p>Pheomelanins impart a pink to red hue, depending upon the concentration. They are particularly concentrated in the lips, nipples, glans of the penis, and vagina.</p>\n\n<p>Meanwhile, there are two types of eumelanin: brown eumelanin and black eumelanin—which chemically differ from each other in their pattern of polymeric bonds. A small amount of black eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments causes yellow (blond) color hair.</p>\n\n<p>Optional Reading: <a href=\"http://www.fasebj.org/content/5/14/2902.full.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.fasebj.org/content/5/14/2902.full.pdf</a></p>\n\n<p>Sources:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;object=CPD-12380\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;object=CPD-12380</a>\n<a href=\"http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;object=CPD-12379\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.metacyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND&amp;object=CPD-12379</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3986", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2360/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4808, "author": "GGA", "author_id": 2311, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2311", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's very difficult to give a percentage of risk increase regarding an exposition of 15-30 minutes a day.</p>\n\n<p>For example, i can stay 15-30 minutes with some colleagues (3 or 4) in a garden, a very open space, each of them smoke only half a cigarette so my exposure will be relatively small. I can also make a break of 15-30 minutes with 10 colleagues in a small place and each of them meanwhile smokes two cigarettes.</p>\n\n<p>Risk increase are defined by big epidemiological study that measure the incidence of pathologies over the time, it's a pooled value and it's very difficult to account only for smoke exposition since every human is different and there are a lot of factors.</p>\n\n<p>Since it's difficult to give you a precise risk i'll give you my honest personal opinion: seconhand smoke is harmful as well reported in literature, why do i have to take even a very small risk for a chronic exposition because of a bad habit of my colleagues?</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11130, "author": "Yesh", "author_id": 8133, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8133", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Your question has no correct answer. It is up to take the pain for a gain. What I would do is look for other times when I can build rapports.</p>\n<p>However, studies show that non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.</p>\n<p>Risk on respiratory system: asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.\nOther risks: lung cancer, heart disease and stroke.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking#Effects\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Passive smoking effects</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/443/8133\">A good explanation from SO</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/#autoimmune\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Risk of autoimmune disease</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Below Quotes are from the fact sheet</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>It is estimated that secondhand smoke caused nearly 34,000 heart disease deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States.</p>\n<p>Secondhand smoke exposure caused more than 7,300 lung cancer deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States</p>\n<p>Since 1964, approximately 2,500,000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>If each cigarette lasts for 6 mins, if you inhale even 5% of smoke passively (which is very less than the real scenario) from each smoker.</p>\n<p>If you stand with 2 smokers for 24 mins in a day,\n2 smokers x 6 mins x 5% x 4 times = 240% per day i.e equivalent of 2.4 cigarette smokes.</p>\n<p>So in short <strong>Yes, it is highly risky</strong></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3991", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2259/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4808, "author": "GGA", "author_id": 2311, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2311", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's very difficult to give a percentage of risk increase regarding an exposition of 15-30 minutes a day.</p>\n\n<p>For example, i can stay 15-30 minutes with some colleagues (3 or 4) in a garden, a very open space, each of them smoke only half a cigarette so my exposure will be relatively small. I can also make a break of 15-30 minutes with 10 colleagues in a small place and each of them meanwhile smokes two cigarettes.</p>\n\n<p>Risk increase are defined by big epidemiological study that measure the incidence of pathologies over the time, it's a pooled value and it's very difficult to account only for smoke exposition since every human is different and there are a lot of factors.</p>\n\n<p>Since it's difficult to give you a precise risk i'll give you my honest personal opinion: seconhand smoke is harmful as well reported in literature, why do i have to take even a very small risk for a chronic exposition because of a bad habit of my colleagues?</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11130, "author": "Yesh", "author_id": 8133, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8133", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Your question has no correct answer. It is up to take the pain for a gain. What I would do is look for other times when I can build rapports.</p>\n<p>However, studies show that non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.</p>\n<p>Risk on respiratory system: asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.\nOther risks: lung cancer, heart disease and stroke.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking#Effects\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Passive smoking effects</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/443/8133\">A good explanation from SO</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/#autoimmune\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Risk of autoimmune disease</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Below Quotes are from the fact sheet</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>It is estimated that secondhand smoke caused nearly 34,000 heart disease deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States.</p>\n<p>Secondhand smoke exposure caused more than 7,300 lung cancer deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States</p>\n<p>Since 1964, approximately 2,500,000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>If each cigarette lasts for 6 mins, if you inhale even 5% of smoke passively (which is very less than the real scenario) from each smoker.</p>\n<p>If you stand with 2 smokers for 24 mins in a day,\n2 smokers x 6 mins x 5% x 4 times = 240% per day i.e equivalent of 2.4 cigarette smokes.</p>\n<p>So in short <strong>Yes, it is highly risky</strong></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3995", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/582/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4808, "author": "GGA", "author_id": 2311, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2311", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's very difficult to give a percentage of risk increase regarding an exposition of 15-30 minutes a day.</p>\n\n<p>For example, i can stay 15-30 minutes with some colleagues (3 or 4) in a garden, a very open space, each of them smoke only half a cigarette so my exposure will be relatively small. I can also make a break of 15-30 minutes with 10 colleagues in a small place and each of them meanwhile smokes two cigarettes.</p>\n\n<p>Risk increase are defined by big epidemiological study that measure the incidence of pathologies over the time, it's a pooled value and it's very difficult to account only for smoke exposition since every human is different and there are a lot of factors.</p>\n\n<p>Since it's difficult to give you a precise risk i'll give you my honest personal opinion: seconhand smoke is harmful as well reported in literature, why do i have to take even a very small risk for a chronic exposition because of a bad habit of my colleagues?</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11130, "author": "Yesh", "author_id": 8133, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8133", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Your question has no correct answer. It is up to take the pain for a gain. What I would do is look for other times when I can build rapports.</p>\n<p>However, studies show that non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.</p>\n<p>Risk on respiratory system: asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.\nOther risks: lung cancer, heart disease and stroke.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking#Effects\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Passive smoking effects</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/443/8133\">A good explanation from SO</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/#autoimmune\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Risk of autoimmune disease</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Below Quotes are from the fact sheet</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>It is estimated that secondhand smoke caused nearly 34,000 heart disease deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States.</p>\n<p>Secondhand smoke exposure caused more than 7,300 lung cancer deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States</p>\n<p>Since 1964, approximately 2,500,000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>If each cigarette lasts for 6 mins, if you inhale even 5% of smoke passively (which is very less than the real scenario) from each smoker.</p>\n<p>If you stand with 2 smokers for 24 mins in a day,\n2 smokers x 6 mins x 5% x 4 times = 240% per day i.e equivalent of 2.4 cigarette smokes.</p>\n<p>So in short <strong>Yes, it is highly risky</strong></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/3998", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2268/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4808, "author": "GGA", "author_id": 2311, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2311", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It's very difficult to give a percentage of risk increase regarding an exposition of 15-30 minutes a day.</p>\n\n<p>For example, i can stay 15-30 minutes with some colleagues (3 or 4) in a garden, a very open space, each of them smoke only half a cigarette so my exposure will be relatively small. I can also make a break of 15-30 minutes with 10 colleagues in a small place and each of them meanwhile smokes two cigarettes.</p>\n\n<p>Risk increase are defined by big epidemiological study that measure the incidence of pathologies over the time, it's a pooled value and it's very difficult to account only for smoke exposition since every human is different and there are a lot of factors.</p>\n\n<p>Since it's difficult to give you a precise risk i'll give you my honest personal opinion: seconhand smoke is harmful as well reported in literature, why do i have to take even a very small risk for a chronic exposition because of a bad habit of my colleagues?</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11130, "author": "Yesh", "author_id": 8133, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8133", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Your question has no correct answer. It is up to take the pain for a gain. What I would do is look for other times when I can build rapports.</p>\n<p>However, studies show that non-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.</p>\n<p>Risk on respiratory system: asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.\nOther risks: lung cancer, heart disease and stroke.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking#Effects\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Passive smoking effects</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://health.stackexchange.com/a/443/8133\">A good explanation from SO</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/health-effects/smoking-health/#autoimmune\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Risk of autoimmune disease</a></p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Below Quotes are from the fact sheet</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>It is estimated that secondhand smoke caused nearly 34,000 heart disease deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States.</p>\n<p>Secondhand smoke exposure caused more than 7,300 lung cancer deaths each year during 2005–2009 among adult nonsmokers in the United States</p>\n<p>Since 1964, approximately 2,500,000 nonsmokers have died from health problems caused by exposure to secondhand smoke.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>If each cigarette lasts for 6 mins, if you inhale even 5% of smoke passively (which is very less than the real scenario) from each smoker.</p>\n<p>If you stand with 2 smokers for 24 mins in a day,\n2 smokers x 6 mins x 5% x 4 times = 240% per day i.e equivalent of 2.4 cigarette smokes.</p>\n<p>So in short <strong>Yes, it is highly risky</strong></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4003", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1983/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5882, "author": "Ramyar ", "author_id": 3748, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3748", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>usually in hypothyroidism eyebrow-thinning happens!which means eyebrow partial hair loss.\nyou can read more:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/endo-meetings.2016.THPTA.2.SUN-264\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/endo-meetings.2016.THPTA.2.SUN-264</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26457693\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26457693</a></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10447, "author": "Ubiquitous Student", "author_id": 7395, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7395", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The condition that you're asking about is called in the professional terminology: \"<strong>madarosis</strong>\" (but see the picture that I attached). As many proffessional books states, it's common in hypothyroidism, and they don't say it about hyperthyroidism. Then it make sense that it's not <em>common</em> in hyperthyroidism. But in medicine always can be exceptions. </p>\n\n<p>Regarding to the side effect of carbimazole, according to <a href=\"http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/methimazole/madarosis/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this source</a> which rely on FDA report, there is no such side effect of carbimazole, and obviously it is not common as well. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>\"Could Methimazole cause Madarosis? - from FDA reports</p>\n \n <p>There is no Madarosis reported by people who take Methimazole yet. We\n study 2,148 people who have side effects while taking Methimazole from\n FDA. Find out below who they are, when they have Madarosis and more.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Bibiligraphy: </p>\n\n<p>1) Thyroid Disorders with Cutaneous Manifestations (p.129) </p>\n\n<p>2) Illustrated Synopsis of Dermatology &amp; Sexually Transmitted Diseases (p.384)</p>\n\n<p>3) <a href=\"http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/methimazole/madarosis/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/methimazole/madarosis/</a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/krG3G.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/krG3G.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/576mb.png\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/576mb.png\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4023", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1767/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4093, "author": "JohnP", "author_id": 64, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/64", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>tl; dr - The answer is yes, clinically you can react to having your blood pressure (BP) taken by having an abnormally high reading.</p>\n\n<p>What you are describing is called \"white coat syndrome\" or \"<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_coat_hypertension\">white coat hypertension</a>\". However, from what I've found, it's not often accompanied by tachycardia (Increased heart rate). I did find a good discussion on this, and some of the ways that they determined if a person had WCH or true hypertension <a href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/98/18/1834.full\">in this article from the AHA</a>. It discusses the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over clinical monitoring.</p>\n\n<p>I would encourage you to try to find some way to get a true blood pressure reading, as if you are truly hypertensive, the morbidity factors increase, and there are medications that can help reduce it.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 10742, "author": "quietmedic", "author_id": 7878, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/7878", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Of course. Just to expand a bit on why...psychological stress causes activation of an adrenal (fight or flight) response, which translates to increased release of adrenaline (epinephrine), and other circulating hormones. It's that \"rush\" you feel in your belly when you get stressed, surprised or shocked (which is where your adrenal glands are, anyway). Physiologically, adrenaline and other hormones directly induce faster pulse, and stronger heart squeeze, which of course translates to a higher blood pressure.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11105, "author": "user48956", "author_id": 1475, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1475", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>My understanding is that psychological stress is known to have short term (transient) effects on raising blood pressure, but there's less evidence that psychological stress is a risk factor for hypertension (high blood pressure for a long period of time). </p>\n\n<p>Here's a meta-study of other studies:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Acute stress promotes transient elevation of blood pressure, but there\n is no consistent evidence that this effect results in hypertension.\n <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v23/n1/abs/jhh200874a.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v23/n1/abs/jhh200874a.html</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As @JohnP says, doctor's office blood pressure is known to be a suboptimal test of hypertension. Its a single sample, and also it may show up higher (as in the case of the White Coat Effect), or lower (as in the case of Masked Hypertension) than normal. Better determinations of hypertension can made by either wearing an \"ambulatory blood pressure\" cuff for 24h, or by making many readings with a home BP monitor (in which case your must carefully follow the instructions, be sitting, rested and keep you arm at the correct height). Bear in mind however, that readings from ambulatory and home BP devices are not directly comparable to the same BP values seems in your doctor's office. Different values correspond to the same risk (lower BP values are generally used to determine hypertension when the readings are made out of the doctor's office).</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/xcVhP.gif\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/xcVhP.gif\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>In the above image, \"home\" is the sitting self test, 24h is the \"ambulatory\" (while active) average, and nighttime and daytime are the averages of the ambulatory monitor when when asleep/awake. Its important to know there's generally (very!) large difference in risk between the same home and office readings.</p>\n\n<p>The fact that your BP returns to truly excellent levels may a good indicator in that your body is reacting appropriately to demands. That said, if you have prolonged high BP (due to stress or otherwise), you should be concerned.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4024", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2298/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4034, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 5, "selected": true, "text": "<p>TSH has a quite important circadian rhythm. </p>\n\n<p>Most of the original research on it is not freely accessible, as open access wasn't really a thing when these studies were done, in the 80s, but this one is freely available: <a href=\"http://www.clinchem.org/content/42/1/135.abstract\">Physiological variations in thyroid hormones: physiological and pathophysiological considerations</a>. There is a section on circadian and seasonal rhythm and a table with some values. Quoting from the paper:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>There is a clear circadian variation in circulating TSH concentrations in animals and in humans. TSH concentrations are low during the daytime, increase in the evening, and peak shortly before sleep. Amounts decline slowly during sleep. Table 3 summarizes studies of mean, nadir, and peak serum </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>They also mention that the nocturnal TSH secretion is weakened in people with hyperthyroidism. </p>\n\n<p>A chart is available in figure 2 of the paper <a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1556407X07000331\">Modulation of Endocrine Function by Sleep-Wake Homeostasis and Circadian Rhythmicity</a></p>\n\n<p><em>Hyperthyroidism</em></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2500558\">Significance of latent hyperthyroidism</a> is another study from the 80s on this. They found a significant circadian rhythm in normal (euthyroid) patients, but a suppressed rhythm in subjects with hyperthyroidism, the suppression getting stronger the worse the hyperthyroidism is:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The circadian rhythm in latent hyperthyroidism is distinctly suppressed and in overt hyperthyroidism totally. Whereas in latent hyperthyroidism pulsatile secretion is extant, in overt hyperthyroidism the TSH pulses are absent. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><em>Hypothyroidism</em></p>\n\n<p>The same is basically observed in hypothyroidism, see, for example <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11201856\">Diurnal thyrotropin secretion in short-term profound primary hypothyroidism: does it ever persist?</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>In conclusion, diurnal rhythmicity in serum TSH levels was abolished in a uniform cohort of patients with short-term severe primary hypothyroidism.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>or <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1286520\">Circadian changes in pulsatile TSH release in primary hypothyroidism</a>. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The nocturnal TSH surge was absent in six out of nine patients with overt primary hypothyroidism. </p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>The circadian rhythm is weaker, different, or even absent. </p>\n\n<p>While I have always had doctors recommend having TSH done in the morning, without eating beforehand, <a href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/heart/diagnostics-testing/laboratory-tests/thyroid-blood-tests\">this doesn't seem to be a general suggestion</a>. However, it's at least desirable to always have them <a href=\"http://www.thyroiduk.org.uk/tuk/diagnosis/getting_diagnosis.html\">done at the same time of day, to make values comparable</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>TSH has a circadian rhythm (24 hour cycle) and levels peak between midnight and 6am. T3 has a similar circadian rhythm. It is therefore a good idea to have your thyroid tests done at the same time of day each time as your levels may differ at different times of the day.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><em>Word explanation</em>:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>primary hypothyroidism means that the hypothyroidism is caused by a thyroid disorder itself </li>\n<li>secondary hypothyroidism is hypothyroidism caused by, for example a problem in the part of the brain controlling the thyroid) </li>\n<li>an euthyroid patient has normal thyroid function </li>\n<li>latent thyroid problems are those that are detected in lab tests, but don't show symptoms yet</li>\n<li>subclinical is the reverse: showing symptoms, but blood tests have no significant results </li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4506, "author": "jwdietrich", "author_id": 2721, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2721", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>TSH concentration is subject to both circadian variation (i.e. a rhythm with a period of one day) and ultradian variation (i.e. faster oscillations).</p>\n\n<p>This fact is illustrated by the following figure:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/pkguJ.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/pkguJ.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>This illustration was generated by computer simulations. Model 4 integrates long and ultra-short feedback control of TSH release. The pattern generated by this fourth model is identical to that of natural time series, as proved by two methods to calculate fractal dimensions [Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. <a href=\"http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177/abstract\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Homeostatic Control of the Thyroid-Pituitary Axis: Perspectives for Diagnosis and Treatment</a>. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 Nov 20;6:177. doi: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00177\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">10.3389/fendo.2015.00177</a>. PMID <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26635726\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">26635726</a>; PMCID <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653296/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PMC4653296</a>].</p>\n\n<p>The following figure illustrates TSH pulsatility over three weeks in the evolution of non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) or thyroid allostasis in critical illness, tumours, uremia and starvation (TACITUS).</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/prPAh.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/prPAh.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></a></p>\n\n<p>This time series was again created by numeric simulation, but it is identical to observations of real patients [Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. <a href=\"http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtr/2012/351864/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis</a>. J Thyroid Res. 2012;2012:351864. doi: <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/351864\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">10.1155/2012/351864</a>. Epub 2012 Dec 30. PMID <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23365787\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">23365787</a>; PMCID <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23365787/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">PMC3544290</a>.].</p>\n\n<p>All time series were created with <a href=\"http://simthyr.sourceforge.net/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">SimThyr 3</a>.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4027", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/550/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4177, "author": "Sympa", "author_id": 1309, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1309", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Side effects frequency narrative words are defined by the council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences. See slide 10 of this <a href=\"http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/trainingcourses/definitions.pdf\">presentation on the subject</a>. As shown, \"Very common\" means equal to or greater than 10% [of the patients tested for that drug]. \"Common\" or \"frequent\" means more than 1% but less than 10%. \"Uncommon\" or \"infrequent\" means between 1 per 1,000 and 1%. Rare means equal to or more than 1 per 10,000 but less than 1 per 1,000. Very rare means less than 1 per 10,000. </p>\n\n<p>In turn, for any specific drugs the above metrics are derived, not by doctors, but by specialized clinical trials statisticians conducting clinical trials of such drugs. Clinical trials are conducted by separating patients into at least two groups. One control group just takes a placebo. The test group takes the drug. This type of study is sometimes called randomized double blind placebo control study. This process is further described in this <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3505292/\">paper</a>. You conduct the clinical trial for a certain period of time. And, then you observe the frequencies of side effects using the semantic as described above. Granted, the statisticians deal with the actual precise numbers and are not satisfied by using narrative categories instead of calculations. </p>\n\n<p>Next, the statisticians will compare the frequency of side effects between the Control group and the Test group. And, they pay much attention where the Test group's side effects are much larger than for the Control group. And, they measure whether that difference is real and not due to just randomness. The latter (probability that occurence is just random) is captured in a probability called a p-value. If that p-value is less than 0.05, the side effect is deemed to be statistically significant (and greater than for placebo).</p>\n\n<p>In the US, the mentioned clinical trials are submitted for assessment and drug approval or denial to the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). In Germany, such clinical trials are submitted to Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte <a href=\"http://www.bfarm.de/EN/Home/home_node.html\">BfArM</a>.</p>\n\n<p>If you are interested on the subject, the BfArM website has most probably some very interesting information.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4195, "author": "drFayyaz", "author_id": 2443, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2443", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>To answer this question, I think it would be better to know how a drug gets into the market. There are a number of trials done on a drug before it is approved for general/commercial use. These are </p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><em>In-vitro</em> studies</li>\n<li>Animal studies</li>\n<li>Phase 1</li>\n<li>Phase 2</li>\n<li>Phase 3</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p><em>In-vitro</em> and animal studies are done to evaluate the mechanism and efficacy of a specific drug while Phase 1, 2 and 3 trails determine (or rather estimate) the efficacy and adverse-effects of the drug in clinical trails done on real patients/volunteers with increasing sample size. \n<br><strong>Phase 3</strong> trails are the largest and usually the last trails before a drug is approved for routine clinical prescription. The sample size in these trails varies considerably depending upon the prevalence and nature of the disease for which the drug is being developed. For example, around 15000 children were included in phase 3 trails for the new vaccine currently under consideration against malaria. For diseases like cancer the sample size is likely to be smaller.\n<br>Most of the time the sample size in these trails is inadequate to catch all the possible adverse effects of a drug. It will however, bring the common ones to light. To counteract the issue of relatively rare adverse effect, another kind of trail is in use, often called phase 4 or <strong>post-marketing surveillance</strong> in which the physicians report any hitherto unknown adverse effects of the drug to the regulation authorities after the drug has been approved for commercial use. If these adverse effects are deemed serious, the drug may be recalled from the market and banned from further use (as was the case with <em>Rofecoxib</em>, and several other drugs).<br>\nI hope it helps you understand the concept at least a bit.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4041", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4145, "author": "LDW", "author_id": 2374, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2374", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This is very common for stomach sleepers. <a href=\"http://greatist.com/happiness/best-sleep-positions\" rel=\"nofollow\">One of the many articles</a> out there says: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Resting on the tummy is widely regarded as the worst sleeping position. It flattens the natural curve of the spine, which can lead to lower back pain</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>You can try sleeping in a different position.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5625, "author": "Benjamin Smith", "author_id": 3529, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3529", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I have had back pain (mid to upper) as well as related pain issues for a few years now. I <em>cannot</em> sleep without some sort of lumbar support any more, and I have a pillow I use every night.</p>\n\n<p>I previously used to roll up a small-ish towel and place it directly under my back for lumbar support, I did this for several years. I have since moved on to pillows dedicated to this use case (NOT affiliate links):</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B00L8C290S\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.amazon.com/Lumbar-Support-Pillow-Sleeping-Sitting/dp/B00L8C290S</a> – a bit small, but this is my primary lumbar support while sleeping</li>\n<li><a href=\"http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/B001AFDAX8\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.amazon.com/Carex-Health-Brands-P10700-Pillow/dp/B001AFDAX8</a> – too big for lumbar support, but I use this for under my legs or neck from time to time</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>This is what has helped me, but of course, YMMV.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5644, "author": "Sunny Onesotrue", "author_id": 3545, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3545", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I think it's worth mentioning, that the mattress you use should fit your sleeping position - as well as your cushion.</p>\n\n<p>The way you sleep (back, side, belly) influences the need for individual support or softness in the different areas of your body.\nFor example, people (esp. women) who sleep on their stomach and use a mattress that is too soft in the belly region, often experience backpain, because the lower back is in a hyper-lordothic position (sorry if the term is not correct, I'm not a native-speaker - I think hollow-back is also a word for it). Also those people shouldn't use a cushion, that is too high for the same reason.\nSo every sleeping position has special problems and individual needs.</p>\n\n<p>If your sleep is not relaxing, it impairs your quality of life. If you already experience pain, your body signals you to change something. As a physical therapist I'd recommend you to get informed in a local store, that sells mattresses and maybe is into health and fitness stuff.</p>\n\n<p>Furthermore you can start doing sports like yoga, pilates, muscle training (core stability) to further improve your health and prevent increasing pain.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4043", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2314/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5749, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3662288/\" rel=\"nofollow\">shown here</a>, a high carb, low fat diet is going to significantly reduce the chance of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease provided you get your carbs from healthy sources like e.g. whole grains, brown rice etc. Now, there are many studies that show a clear benefit to eating a low carb diet for obese people, and people who have (pre)diabetes. But here the focus is on weight loss and improved blood sugar levels, which are not relevant health indicators for people who are healthy to begin with.</p>\n\n<p>General arguments for a carb based low fat diet are given <a href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&amp;v=Z6N8CJ_Wy9c\" rel=\"nofollow\">here</a>.\nThe evidence for benefits w.r.t cardiovascular disease is presented <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6pLRdawBw0\" rel=\"nofollow\">here</a>.</p>\n\n<p>The basic point made in these more general and less rigorous arguments is that a natural diet for humans is a plat based diet, all the fats in our diets should then come from the plants we eat. Oils are refined calories with low nutritional value, they should be avoided. We are genetically adapted to live on such a diet where the calories from fats will be of the order of 10%.</p>\n\n<p>If you then put this to the test, study populations who live on such a diet and consider the health of the population, the fraction of the population who are obese, suffer from diabetes, heart disease etc. then what you find is that these levels are not a factor 2 lower, not a factor 10 lower, but typically more than a factor 100 lower. Take e.g. <a href=\"http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/5/1231.full\" rel=\"nofollow\">this study</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Shaper started with the observation as a clinician in the 1950s that coronary heart disease in the African population in Uganda was almost non-existent, and this appeared to be confirmed by necropsy studies. On the other hand, coronary heart disease appeared to be a major problem in the Asian community in Ugandawith a high proportion of deaths attributed to coronary heart disease.</p>\n \n <p>Though Shaper and Jones did not appear to collect detailed dietary data from individuals in the study apart from identifying vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the Asian group, they presented descriptions of dietary patterns then prevalent in African and Asian communities around Kampala. They cited reports from other studies indicating relatively low meat and fat intakes (∼16–20 g a day) in the African communities, with possibly up to 40 g fat a day in more well-to-do families. With estimated intake of 2000 calories per day, this would be ∼10–20% of total caloric intake. In contrast, though Asian communities comprised Hindus who were largely lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and Muslims who had meat, fish and poultry in their diets, it was estimated that fat and oils provided a large proportion, ∼30–40%, of total caloric intake in the Asian community, whatever the religious or dietary group.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Such results have been replicated in many other studies. Only a few small scale intervention studies have been done. It's obviously extremely difficult to put people on a diet that's so extremely different from what they are used to eating.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 8734, "author": "Jan", "author_id": 3002, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3002", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Diet high in whole-grains (\"slow-release carbohydrates\") was associated with a decreased risk of diabetes 2, according to 2 systematic reviews of studies:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17760498\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source 1</a> (PubMed)</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Whole grain intake is inversely associated with risk of type 2\n diabetes.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098118\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source 2</a> (PubMed)</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>...consuming three servings of whole grain foods (45 g of whole grain\n ingredients) daily would induce a 20% relative reduction in the T2D\n risk as compared to consuming a half serving (7.5 g of whole grain\n ingredients).</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>In some studies, high intake of sugar was associated with diabetes type 2, but it is not clear if it is high sugar intake or high calorie intake that was actually associated with diabetes 2.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15328324\" rel=\"nofollow\">Source 3</a> (PubMed)</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a\n greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development\n of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories\n and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.</p>\n</blockquote>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4055", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1042/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5870, "author": "Ramyar ", "author_id": 3748, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3748", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>as a medical doctor I have not seen such a phenomenon !your ability as a professional guitarist can be affected by working with such devices due to the fact that these device may increase the muscular tones ! but it does not related to CTS.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 17671, "author": "Modjtba", "author_id": 14928, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/14928", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>i agree with Ramyar, since CTS is the result of nerves in the wrist area (on the palmar side) being stuck and under pressure due to direct and prolonged pressure (while using mouse, keyboard, etc.-but most cases are idiopathic) and narrowing of the tunnel through which the nerve passes(due to thickening of the sheaths, tendons etc. as a result of constant pressure on the spot) and finally damage to the nerves; any activity helping to widen the canal and to lift the pressure off the nerves in a suffice proper interval, to stretch tendons and also at the same time, to strengthen the muscles supporting wrist- both flexors and extensors- will most probably help counteract the pathophysiology of CTS.(exercises with tools like powerballs which provide pressure outwards so they help stretch your wrist while also strengthening it and the muscles (flexors) that support it by squeezing the ball ,and etc.- but should keep in mind that you also need to strengthen your extensors too, and to avoid direct and high pressure to the base of your palm and the wrist) BUT!!! you should always be careful about any exercise you are going to do with delicate parts like your wrist, and if you are suffering or are concerned about your wrist, you'd better pay a visit to your doctor for proper evaluation and counseling. if you hurt your wrist or your median nerve passing through carpal tunnel, it will take quite a while to fully recover if any recovery.\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668198/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668198/</a>\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820891/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820891/</a>\nthere are also findings that disprove any of such discussions\n<a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072780/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072780/</a></p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4095", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2350/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4822, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If observing surgery might cause you to faint then there are two things you can do:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p>Avoid observing surgeries.</p></li>\n<li><p>Desensitize yourself with videos and photos of surgeries in a controlled environment where fainting won't injure you or disrupt an actual surgery.</p></li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>Number two is quite easy to accomplish in this era of the internet*. There are thousands of videos and photos online to choose from, and as anyone with experience in medicine, emergency services, or combat will tell you, you <em>will</em> get used to seeing it and the autonomic response that causes you to faint will dissipate over time. However, if your reaction is so strong that fainting is a real possibility, you might want to consider visiting a psychologist for <a href=\"http://www.simplypsychology.org/Systematic-Desensitisation.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">desensitization therapy</a>. </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><em>I would advise avoiding the so-called \"gore sites\" and sticking to real medical procedures on youtube and the like. The gore sites can be far, far worse than you might be prepared for.</em></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4824, "author": "Pobrecita", "author_id": 167, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/167", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p><em><strong>How to Avoid Fainting During Surgery?</strong></em></p>\n<p>Fainting during surgery can be caused by the situations outlined below. Below are solutions, as well.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Standing to long. When observing a surgery you may be asked to stand for long periods of time which can cause inadequate blood flow to the brain.</li>\n</ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p>This pooling lowers the blood pressure and the amount of blood the\nheart pumps to the brain. <a href=\"http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/symptoms-of-heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/dizziness-or-light-headedness-when-standing-up\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Merck Manuals</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Solutions are: Sitting if possible, moving around as much as possible and not standing completely still. Some conditions can make this fainting a greater risk so know if you have hypovolemia, a heart disorder or defect, etc.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower blood sugar from not being able to eat a adequate amount. Before the surgery you may be anxious, under stress, or etc. This can cause you to not consume enough food or not consume the right foods. This can lead to <a href=\"http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/blood-glucose-control/hypoglycemia-low-blood.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">hypoglycemia</a> and low energy levels.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Solutions: Eat a adequate meal, and maybe a snack before. If your going to get squeamish before and may vomit try eating the meal a bit before and try to calm down. Test your blood sugar before if possible and know your signs of hypoglycemia.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Disturbing images. Surgery can be quite disturbing to some people and some people are scared of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_phobia\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">blood</a> and <a href=\"http://common-phobias.com/tomo/phobia.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">surgery</a>. If this is the case, watching surgery may not be the right thing for you, unless you fix these circumstances before. You can try to watch surgeries under controlled circumstances to help you be less afraid.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-fainting-basics\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">From WebMD.com:</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Some people have a problem with the way their body regulates their\nblood pressure, particularly when they move too quickly from a lying\nor sitting position to a standing position. This condition is called\npostural hypotension and may be severe enough to cause fainting.</p>\n<p>Hyperventilation. If you become intensely anxious or panicked and\nbreathe too quickly, you may feel faint from hyperventilation (taking\nin too much oxygen and getting rid of too much carbon dioxide too\nquickly).</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>You can <a href=\"http://www.wikihow.com/Stop-Hyperventilatings://www.google.com/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">stop Hyperventilation</a> by taking deep breathes and trying to calm down. Also, not looking directly at what is going on may help.</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://www.healthline.com/symptom/fainting\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Fainting Causes:</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>fear or other emotional trauma. severe pain. a sudden drop in blood\npressure. low blood sugar due to diabetes or from going too long\nwithout eating. hyperventilation (rapid, shallow breathing)\ndehydration. standing in one position for too long.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Going off of this some other advice is to hydrate appropriately(64 ounces of water a day on average), don't take any unnecessary drugs and take drugs prescribed as prescribed.</p>\n<p>For those watching videos take measures to take breaks, sit comfortably, don't stare at the screen for to long and use sound control to not have the sound blaring in your ears. Also, stand carefully after sitting for a long time and make sure you can mute or stop the video if things become to much.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4096", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/43/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5084, "author": "Chris", "author_id": 3162, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3162", "pm_score": 2, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Your question can basically be extended to all studies related to statistics. In simple terms you are generally looking for a relationship (e.g. between an increased number of deaths and air pollution levels). Of course finding such a relationship ALONE doesn't tell you anything about cause and effect. Even if you are only looking at deaths from diseases known to be linked to air pollution, you have to come up with a way to show that these factors depend on each other - that they are correlated.</p>\n\n<p>Usually, you look at some sort of control group that will have almost all the exact same characteristics as the test group, except obviously for the one you actually care about. The more similar the two groups are, the better of course - ideally if you could find two identical cities, with identical people - with the only difference being the air pollution, then you could show a cause and effect easily. Since this will be very difficult to achieve, you instead have to use some <strike>sophisticated</strike> statistical methods to study correlation of your variables. You can start reading about those methods here: <a href=\"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence</a></p>\n\n<p>So, as long as those studies you refer to follow common statistical procedures, which I will assume they did, then yes, you could staticstically show a relationship and argue that X-many more people died from an increased in air pollution.</p>\n\n<p><strong>[EXTENSION]</strong></p>\n\n<p>One of the studies in the link you provided is referring to a Research Letter in Nature (one of the most highly regarded scientific journals out there): <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7569/full/nature15371.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7569/full/nature15371.html</a></p>\n\n<p>[Lelieveld et.al] are using a: </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>global atmospheric chemistry model to investigate the link between\n premature mortality and seven emission source categories</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>They are using a </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>sensitivity study that accounts for differential toxicity</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>They are focusing on</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>mortality related to PM_2.5 and O₃</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>and</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So, basically, they build a global model that will be able to correlate higher particle toxicity values with the number of deaths in different regions. They also talk about a sensitivity study, which will test if any change of specific variables may have extreme effects on their model.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Our calculations of air pollution related mortality are based on the method of the global burden of disease [...] applying improved exposure response functions that more realistically account for health effects at very high PM_2.5</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Of course it is just a <strong>model</strong> and not the reality, so the accuracy of their results will depend on the accuracy of this model, which is explained in more detail here: <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23245609\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23245609</a></p>\n\n<p>Overall, this actually isn't so much of a direct study with X number of participants. Nobody actually collected health information from participants, but they are using previously generated information (from the World Health Organisation) on toxicity response the effects of air pollution onto a global level. I assume the WHO has collected thousands of samples and analysed clinical trial that do what I mentioned earlier - they study the effect of a particular change in your environment onto your health. So, by now knowing that O₃ is actually actually reducing your life expectancy by X percent, they can make the aforementioned conclusions.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 26140, "author": "atreeon", "author_id": 17422, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/17422", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Ella Adoo Kissi-Deborah coroner's inquest determined that she died after an asthma attack that was caused by air pollution. Air pollution is what is on her death certificate.</p>\n<p>The coroner's inquest in the death of Ella Adoo-Kisi-Deborah involved two of the leading respiratory consultants in the UK (Professor Sir Stephen Holgate &amp; Professor Jonathan Grigg) who gave information.</p>\n<p>Fairly unique to asthma sufferers, Ella was not allergic to anything; she had many allergy tests that returned negative. Local authority air quality monitoring data showed that the air quality where Ella lived breached EU and UK air quality legal levels. She was also tested for respiratory infection.</p>\n<p>Asthma is caused only by allergens, dirty air or respiratory infections only (Holgate). Both respiratory infections and the allergens were ruled out. Dirty air was found where she lived, at her school and on her commute. Therefore dirty air was the most likely likely cause of her fatal asthma attack because there was no other reason.</p>\n<p>Tissue samples were also analysed. There have been air pollution chamber studies that show that the airway contracts in some asthma patients when they breathe in air pollution.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4125", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2369/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4196, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Please note that the pain scale is usually used to evaluate the <em>efficacy of treatment</em>. As long as the pain is responding to treatment, there need not be objectivity <em>per se</em>. </p>\n\n<p>Was it a '7' on arrival? is it a '2' after a couple of doses of an analgesic? (if so, Great! Can we safely get it to a '1' or '0'? Did it spike to a '5' today? Why might that be? Is there something the team is missing that is causing the pain to be poorly controlled?) </p>\n\n<p>This is the goal of the pain scale. For this reason, there is no <em>need</em> for objectivity.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Can pain be objectively measured, therefore reported?</strong></p>\n\n<p>The intensity of pain (as you have mentioned) is often left to the patient to describe on a scale of 1-10, or a visual analogue of faces. There is nothing objective about these methods, nor can there be, because pain is not objective; it is subjective.</p>\n\n<p><strong>Pain is subjective</strong></p>\n\n<p><em>Pain</em> is a subjective experience; you cannot tell with certainty how much pain your fellow human is experiencing, which is why we <em>ask</em> people; they then can tell us. Pain relief (both physical and emotional) is a significant part of medicine, yet we still have \"pain scales\" for self-reported pain, one of the more common ones being the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale:</p>\n\n<p><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/UEnH8.jpg\" alt=\"enter image description here\"></p>\n\n<p>To try to accurately assess pain (which is still <em>subjective</em>), a patient's scale should be interpreted by a caregiver using examples <em>appropriate to that patient</em> (If the person has had severe kidney stones, for example, the examiner can use that as a \"10\".) </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>...the worst pain I ever had was a kidney infection where I eventually passed out. If I take that as a 10, very few things even get to a 7 ;-) which is why I am asking. So you're basically saying physicians expect a high number much earlier than that?</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>No, we don't expect a lot of 8/9/10s on the scale. We hope it will be used exactly as you have described: in many cases, 10 is described by a caregiver as \"the worst pain you ever had.\" If the patient has never had severe pain before (kidney stones, childbirth [for most], etc.) the pain has to be imagined.</p>\n\n<p>Left to their own devices, a patient might look like a 6, but be reporting a 10. In this case, a nurse must try to ascertain their actual level of their pain. But still, it is their pain, and how it is felt differs from person to person, which is why no objective criteria can be assigned the pain scale.</p>\n\n<p>_{<a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/102/36/12950.full\" rel=\"noreferrer\">The subjective experience of pain: Where expectations become reality</a>} </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4197, "author": "neerajt", "author_id": 1658, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1658", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The Numerical Rating Scale (<a href=\"http://www.webcitation.org/6Ag75MDIq\">NRS - 11</a>) may be the easiest one to relate to. Between ranges can be looked at pretty objectively, but within ranges is more subjective. </p>\n\n<p>Rating: Pain Level</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>0: No Pain</li>\n<li>1 – 3: Mild Pain (nagging, annoying, interfering little with ADLs)</li>\n<li>4 – 6: Moderate Pain (interferes significantly with ADLs)</li>\n<li>7 – 10: Severe Pain (disabling; unable to perform ADLs)</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><em>ADLs are activities of daily living.</em></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5373, "author": "Lilibete", "author_id": 3378, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3378", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I'll give two perspectives: 1) human factors engineer and 2) chronic pain patient. </p>\n\n<p>1) When trying to objectify a subjective item like pain, a common set of tasks are applied to level the field and serve as a reference against which to measure. A common scale is called the <a href=\"https://engineering.purdue.edu/~andrisan/Courses/AAE490A_S2010/Buffer/HCooper.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow\">Cooper-Harper scale</a>. I have used it to quantify a pilot's ability to complete tasks like landing, hovering around an airport and turning. In the case of pain, neerajit mentions activities of daily living, and those would include dressing, urinating and having bowel movements, maintaining communications, having a stable mood, eating, drinking, etc. When assessing pain, a 4-6 might interfere with the ability to do the task even significantly, but it probably would not cause deterioration of the patient's health. These scales work much better for acute pain or how pain responds to treatment in an acute setting to treatment. For chronic pain, a scale is applied like this one, <a href=\"http://probaway.com/MetaScales/Pain/Pain.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Scamahorn's Pain Scale</a>, but it is applied more to how much the pain interferes with activities over say the previous two weeks overall. How does it affect overall quality of life, relationships, ability to work, walk, do housework, socialize, etc. This brings me to perspective #2.</p>\n\n<p>2) Pain and experiencing the sensation of pain can be scary for someone who never experiences; the same can be true for the opposite. What I mean by that is people who are in pain and who experience it regularly do not necessarily know that their experience is different, and they learn to work within the experience of pain. </p>\n\n<p>To measure my experience of being in pain and experience too strong of sensations, I had to have people point out to me that what I experience is not what everyone else experience. I do NOT experience it the same way. In my case, this awareness was realized because I felt so much frustration in the amount of effort it took in order to accomplish similar work compared to what I used to be able to do or as compared to my colleagues. This measure is also relative because it is only against a small subset. </p>\n\n<p>Another measure that I use for my own pain is the amount of discomfort that I see my colleagues or even my own doctors in when they watch me in pain. I personally find this fascinating because most of the time, I am really just trying to get something done while pushing through. I can be just as distracting or more for them as it is for me. </p>\n\n<p>These are my two different ways to attempt to objectify a very subjective experience. A good post-script attempt to this objectification would be to somehow quantify via black-white contrast the patient's pain experience through them drawing it. When I look at Pain Art, it tends to be very raw with high contrast, and the ultimate measure for a 10 on a 0-10 scale would be no drawing at all because the patient couldn't do it. That is my afterthought.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4169", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4214, "author": "Václav", "author_id": 1654, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1654", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes, working on night shift for six days surely may have permanent health effects. But it is very related to age, gender and some other conditions.</p>\n\n<p>If it happens very rarely, effects will be probably mostly temporary. But if this happens often, effects may get to be permanent very easily.</p>\n\n<p>But effects are very random. Two main effects will be higher blood pressure and wrong volume of hormones. Secondary effect may be that illnesses and conditions may get worse.</p>\n\n<p>More information on:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/shift-work\" rel=\"nofollow\">WebMD.com</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/6/E682\" rel=\"nofollow\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>... and there would be some other sources, but I could write only two - at this time.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4226, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This answer is more speculative than I like my answers here to be, but I think it still has some value. </p>\n\n<p>It is highly unlikely that a single six-day period of working the night shift will have a permanent negative effect. </p>\n\n<p>The problem is, this can't really be proven, and that is twofold. </p>\n\n<p>First, pretty much all studies on the subject are either done on long-term effects on people who are working like this for a long time (shift workers), or they are done on people temporarily exposed to this, and with no follow-up on permanent effects. </p>\n\n<p>Examples for the first type:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082105/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders - An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review</a>, a review on the effects of shift work on sleep </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://m.oem.bmj.com/content/58/11/747.short\" rel=\"nofollow\">Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27 485 people</a> - study on whether obesity and metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in shift workers </p>\n\n<p>Examples for the second type: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://m.pnas.org/content/111/6/E682\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mistimed sleep disrupts circadian regulation of the human transcriptome</a> - study measuring the short-term effects of delayed sleep on gene expression. No conclusions can be drawn for the long-term effects. </p>\n\n<p>And second, this kind of study is also not really feasible. A lot of people go through a short or even medium term period of delayed sleep or even sleep deprivation in their lives. Think of, for example, students studying for exams not sleeping enough for a week or two. Patients receiving medication with the side effect of insomnia. Parents not sleeping enough for weeks, months, or even years. Teenagers partying late for several days in a row. </p>\n\n<p>Getting a control group for such a study would be hard to impossible - I'd go as far as suggesting that by the time someone is 40 or 50 years old (so that we could compare long-term effects), almost nobody would even qualify as a control group subject who had never experienced sleep deprivation or delayed sleep for more than two days or so. </p>\n\n<p>There are long-term effects of long working hours (12 hours is long) and shift work, but that is really another question and six days is unlikely to cause any of them. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4173", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2424/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4214, "author": "Václav", "author_id": 1654, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1654", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes, working on night shift for six days surely may have permanent health effects. But it is very related to age, gender and some other conditions.</p>\n\n<p>If it happens very rarely, effects will be probably mostly temporary. But if this happens often, effects may get to be permanent very easily.</p>\n\n<p>But effects are very random. Two main effects will be higher blood pressure and wrong volume of hormones. Secondary effect may be that illnesses and conditions may get worse.</p>\n\n<p>More information on:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/excessive-sleepiness-10/shift-work\" rel=\"nofollow\">WebMD.com</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/6/E682\" rel=\"nofollow\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>... and there would be some other sources, but I could write only two - at this time.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4226, "author": "YviDe", "author_id": 1830, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1830", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>This answer is more speculative than I like my answers here to be, but I think it still has some value. </p>\n\n<p>It is highly unlikely that a single six-day period of working the night shift will have a permanent negative effect. </p>\n\n<p>The problem is, this can't really be proven, and that is twofold. </p>\n\n<p>First, pretty much all studies on the subject are either done on long-term effects on people who are working like this for a long time (shift workers), or they are done on people temporarily exposed to this, and with no follow-up on permanent effects. </p>\n\n<p>Examples for the first type:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2082105/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders - An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review</a>, a review on the effects of shift work on sleep </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://m.oem.bmj.com/content/58/11/747.short\" rel=\"nofollow\">Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27 485 people</a> - study on whether obesity and metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in shift workers </p>\n\n<p>Examples for the second type: </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://m.pnas.org/content/111/6/E682\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mistimed sleep disrupts circadian regulation of the human transcriptome</a> - study measuring the short-term effects of delayed sleep on gene expression. No conclusions can be drawn for the long-term effects. </p>\n\n<p>And second, this kind of study is also not really feasible. A lot of people go through a short or even medium term period of delayed sleep or even sleep deprivation in their lives. Think of, for example, students studying for exams not sleeping enough for a week or two. Patients receiving medication with the side effect of insomnia. Parents not sleeping enough for weeks, months, or even years. Teenagers partying late for several days in a row. </p>\n\n<p>Getting a control group for such a study would be hard to impossible - I'd go as far as suggesting that by the time someone is 40 or 50 years old (so that we could compare long-term effects), almost nobody would even qualify as a control group subject who had never experienced sleep deprivation or delayed sleep for more than two days or so. </p>\n\n<p>There are long-term effects of long working hours (12 hours is long) and shift work, but that is really another question and six days is unlikely to cause any of them. </p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4237", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2475/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4261, "author": "JKA99", "author_id": 2489, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2489", "pm_score": 1, "selected": true, "text": "<p>tl;dr - No, not really. HIV is different. No, use what is best (or best assumption based upon symptoms, finding, etc.) for infection.<br><br>\nYou are asking several questions.<br>\nTB is a very tough bacteria to treat taking many months of therapy for two main reasons:<br>\n1. It replicates very slowly. Preventing replication is one major area where antibiotics are effective. Slow replications makes stopping this process take longer as it is difficult to completely break the chain to reproduction.<br>\n2. It has the ability to encapsulate itself against the environment making it more difficult to get antimicrobials to penetrate and fight the infection.<br>\nThis is the simple explanation for why \"hitting it\" at every angle is the best mode of attack, especially in a situation where you have multi-drug resistance and are forced to use what would normally be \"second line\" agents.<br><br>\nThat being said, Successful eradication should lead to minimal additional drug resistance as all bacterial containing genes that allow for drug resistance to be wiped out and preventing them from being passed along to develop further resistances.<br>\nHIV is treated with HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) to attack the virus at various modes of replication <em>and</em> entry into the cells. Another example of hitting it at every angle. One strategy utilized in HAART is to use medications <em>specifically</em> for their drug interactions. Retrovir is utilized to increase the drug levels of other agents which allows for utilization of lower dosages. Lower doses = reduced side effects (typically).<br>\nLastly, with a generic infection, overkill is simply overkill. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics is considered better utilization of every possible antibiotic available. More medications means more side effects, increased risk of drug-drug interactions, and cost. Medicine typically follows the path of empiric (best estimation of pathogen and course of treatment for it), followed by a culture to determine exact pathogen, then specific treatment of that pathogen.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4287, "author": "Abdisalam", "author_id": 2511, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2511", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Hitting infectious agents with every potentially effective treatment is not recommended as there are best practices and guidelines that are usually available for most clinical situations that you are likely to encounter. However, in the remote event that you've become a pioneer and find yourself treading uncharted seas, you will probably be at liberty like most pioneers to adapt to the situation as a clinician and guided by sound knowledge of microbiology and pharmacology you will be able to eliminate your patient's pathology and restore their physiology.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4238", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1746/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4252, "author": "Community", "author_id": -1, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In regards to your psychologist, remember that it often takes time before you find one that suits you. Perhaps this one simply isn't suitable?</p>\n\n<p>Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an effective non-drug treatment for ADHD. Ask your psychologist about it. </p>\n\n<p>ADHD is postulated to relate to a \"deficiency\" of two chemicals within a particular region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex. Stimulant medications such as Ritalin boost the levels of these chemicals to within a \"normal range\". This is why medication is so effective. Perhaps you would consider medication?</p>\n\n<p>I hate to sound harsh: ADHD is a neurodevelopment disorder. As such, ADHD cannot be \"fixed\", only managed.</p>\n\n<p><strong>References</strong></p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16961428\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16961428</a>, Mechanism of action of agents used in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.</li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4255, "author": "Wayne Werner", "author_id": 2485, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2485", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>As aduckinthewinter mentioned, ADD/ADHD is not something that can be fixed - just managed. I wouldn't worry at all about trying to \"fix\" your ADD/ADHD, just understand it and work with it.</p>\n\n<p>Some <a href=\"http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/612.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">experience hyperfocus</a> if you do, learn to tap into it.</p>\n\n<p>Also make sure that you're getting proper sleep and nutrition. You might try an <a href=\"http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/859-4.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">elimination diet</a> to see if you have foods that trigger your inability to focus (you know, like sugar and caffeine).</p>\n\n<p>Pay attention to your body - is there a time during the day that you have better focus? Morning? Night? Midday? Right after a nap? Does music help you focus? Distract you? Software development is actually a creative discipline - and while you do need to be able to focus when you're laying down code, there are a lot of times when you <em>need</em> creativity - even more so in the web sphere.</p>\n\n<p>My personal philosophy is that our society (especially in America) is entirely too bent on making everyone \"average\". We are intolerant of behaviors and attitudes that stand out - unless of course they're at the head of a large organization or are really popular/entertaining. I think that causes a lot of problems with the mental health of a lot of people - in your case it seems like you feel broke and need fixing. In your words:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>I want to get rid of it totally</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Why not embrace who you are? Learn what your strengths are and how to use them to your advantage. Learn what your weaknesses are and how trick them into working for you. Like maybe spending a ton of time answering questions on the StackExchange network ;)</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4249", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2483/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5186, "author": "Lucky", "author_id": 613, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/613", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Before we discuss safety, I wouldn't agree that these two work 'equally well'. While ranitidine (a histamine 2-receptor antagonist - H2A) is a medicine with good efficacy, studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors - PPI (such as omeprasole) are more efficient. (1, 2)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926494\" rel=\"noreferrer\">One of these studies</a> concludes:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Maintenance treatment with omeprazole (20 or 10 mg once daily) is superior to ranitidine (150 mg twice daily) in keeping patients with erosive reflux esophagitis in remission over a 12-month period.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As for safety, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division in a Systematic review of PPI and H2A in GORD states that:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>The rate of occurrence of study withdrawals because of drug-related adverse events is shown [...]. For PPI, the rate of adverse event withdrawals was 2.5%, and for H2A it was 4.2%. This tendency for fewer adverse event withdrawals with PPI was significant - relative risk 0.61 (0.41 - 0.91). The NNH was 50 (26 - 251). <strong>This means for every fifty patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with a proton pump inhibitor, one will not have a serious treatment-related complication who would have done had they been treated with a H2A.</strong></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>This refers only to serious complications. Detailed lists of possible side effects and their frequencies for each medicine can be found in their respective summaries of product characteristics - SPCs. (4, 5)</p>\n\n<p>(Edit: For long-term effects and risks, many years may pass until they are discovered, which is why safety of medicines is constantly being re-assessed, especially through pharmacovigilance system. There have been some very recent studies showing that there might be additional long-term risks associated with use of PPIs, as explained in Count Iblis's answer).</p>\n\n<p>However, <strong>in pregnancy</strong> ranitidine and other H2As have been categorised as class B medicines, whereas omeprasole has been categorised as class C medicine, the second being based on effects shown in animal studies. There is more data on safety in pregnancy obtained from humans for ranitidine than for omeprasole. Class B is regarded as safer than class C. Other PPIs are categorised as class B. (6)</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p><strong>Ultimately, the choice of medicine should be up to your physician, who knows the specifics of your condition and your overall health status.</strong> What's more, if the condition persists (you inquired about long term use) a medical doctor should follow your condition and the treatment progress. </p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910310\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Effectiveness and costs of omeprazole vs ranitidine for treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease in primary care clinics in West Virginia.</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7926494\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Omeprazole or ranitidine in long-term treatment of reflux esophagitis. The Scandinavian Clinics for United Research Group.</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/bandopubs/gordf/gord.html#Heading33\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Systematic review of PPI and H2A in GORD</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/23245#UNDESIRABLE_EFFECTS\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Ranitidine SPC</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24226#UNDESIRABLE_EFFECTS\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Omeprasole SPC</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/515100_5\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Review Article: The Management of Heartburn in Pregnancy</a></p></li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5187, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Recent research results point to serious adverse health risks with the long term use of PPIs. These medicines increase the risk of <a href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0124653\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">heart disease</a>, increase the risk of <a href=\"http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2487379\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">dementia</a> and <a href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2481157\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">chronic kidney disease</a>. These adverse effects have only recently been found. The association with heart disease used to be controversial, but recently obtained evidence points to a solid causal link. The <a href=\"http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/early/2016/04/19/CIRCRESAHA.116.308807\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">results of a very recent experiment</a> on cell cultures suggests that these side effects are due to PPIs interfering with endothelial function. </p>\n\n<p>As mentioned in Lucky's answer, PPIs work better than H2As, so the decision which medicine to use must be based on a solid risk assessment by your doctor. The current evidence suggests that at least the PPIs should no longer be prescribed, except to prevent life threatening problems such as intestinal bleeding.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4294", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/453/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4375, "author": "Atl LED", "author_id": 601, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/601", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>First, it is unlikely that the fecal matter was in fact pathogen-laden, but as a general statement should be treated as such. Further pathogens that would be in fecal mater are mostly transmitted through the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal-oral_route\" rel=\"nofollow\">fecal-oral route</a>. That's why on an individual case you have little to worry about without any symptoms, but as a general case we wouldn't recommend going around taking big sniffs of feces (I'm enjoying the ad campaign for this in my head). </p>\n\n<p>But you mention \"vomit, etc,\" and it's worth pointing out there are pathogens that can infect through the respiratory tract from infectious fluids. This is mostly limited to things that can infect both your GI tract and respiratory tract, and that's not a long list (<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virus#Replication_cycle\" rel=\"nofollow\">EBV</a> is a good example). Further \"smelling something\" with an infectious respiratory virus (rhino, influenza, etc) can certainly cause an infection. I would highly discourage sniffing used tissues.</p>\n\n<p>A bigger concern are pathogens like <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus\" rel=\"nofollow\">norovirus</a> which are so infectious, possibly down to 10 virions to cause infection (instead of 1000s or more), that it could enter your oral tract without your even knowing it.</p>\n\n<p>Even if it was infectious, there's really nothing to be done until symptoms arise that can be treated. Do feel free to discourage sniffing feces if that doesn't seem to be a self-correcting behavior.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4376, "author": "neerajt", "author_id": 1658, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1658", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Good question. The answer is <strong>no</strong>, not in this case. </p>\n\n<p>In order to understand why, it will help to talk about the different ways pathogens enter the body:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#two\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Direct contact</em></a> - touching an infected person</p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#three\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Indirect contact</em></a> - touching something an infected person touched</p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#four\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Droplet contact</em></a> - infected droplets touching mucosal surfaces of eye, nose, mouth</p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#five\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Airborne transmission</em></a> - contact with dust/air particles containing infectious agents</p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#six\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Fecal-oral transmission</em></a> - ingesting contaminated water or material</p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca/faq/transmission.shtml#seven\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Vector-borne transmission</em></a> - pathogens carried by a host animal, and transmitted through any of the above methods</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Picking up the fecal matter and smelling it raises concerns about direct contact, vector transmission and airborne transmission. As Atl LED mentions, the pathogens in feces are normally transmitted through the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal-oral_route\" rel=\"nofollow\">fecal-oral route</a>. The fecal-oral route requires that the pathogen enters the digestive tract, which won't happen by smelling. Nevertheless, it can be classified as risky behavior, and is not recommended.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4361", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2590/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4394, "author": "Nachmen", "author_id": 2451, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2451", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I can't bring a source but I can tell you why people whom I know, cut them off. It could be two reasons one: It's harder than the rest of the tomato, they don't want to eat it Two: It could be that there is residue of chemical's from pesticides (maybe). But it doesn't have a risk as the tomato itself. This was the connection to the source, like the navel.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4395, "author": "Atl LED", "author_id": 601, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/601", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As long as you haven't used any pesticides or other chemicals on the plant, they are safe to eat. For the record, so are many species of grass. </p>\n\n<p>However, it probably doesn't have much in the way of nutritional value, and I know for a fact that it doesn't taste very good (personal experience on wondering if it would make a good tooth pick).</p>\n\n<p>The stem (secondary growth I believe being discussed here) has more<a href=\"http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/Tomato/Stems/TLS.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(1)</a> xylem<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(2)</a> than other parts of the plant:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPQf0.gif\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/FPQf0.gif\" alt=\"Diagram of late stage secondary stem growth in tomatoes\"></a> </p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/Tomato/Stems/secstem3.html\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">(3)</a></p>\n\n<p>Quite simply, there are less rough ways to get non-soluble fiber. I imagine with a good deal of cooking to denature the structure of the stems might lead to something more palatable.</p>\n\n<p>The biggest health concern would probably be for your teeth as eating tough and rough foods will lead to <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240350\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">much greater wear</a> on your teeth (specifically <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_%28dental%29\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">abrasion</a>).</p>\n\n<p>Do let us know if you come up with some good recipes.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4409, "author": "velop", "author_id": 2627, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2627", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I read the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato#Consumption\" rel=\"nofollow\">article of Wikipedia</a> which states that Tomatoes contain low amounts of tomatine and solanine. So it's propably not unhealthier than drinking one or two glases of wine each day.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4393", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2627/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4589, "author": "Dave Liu", "author_id": 140, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/140", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Scientists still aren't sure, but <strong>it seems carbohydrates may be easily converted into fat, depending on the form, or promote fat storage through stimulating insulin.</strong></p>\n\n<p><em>Nutrition Science and Applications (2nd E)</em> by Smolin and Grosvenor, in Chapter 4, page 140 covers this question well.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Carbohydrates in and of themselves are not “fattening.” They provide 4\n kcalories per gram compared with 9 kcalories per gram provided by fat.\n In fact, it is the fats that we often add to our high-carbohydrate\n foods that increase their kcalorie tally. A medium-sized baked potato\n provides about 160 kcalories, but the 2 tablespoons of sour cream you\n add brings the total to 225 kcalories...</p>\n \n <p>Any energy source consumed in excess of requirements can cause weight\n gain ... even though carbohydrates are not [as] high in kcalories\n [compared to fat], <strong>the type of carbohydrate affects the impact that\n carbohydrates have on body weight</strong>.</p>\n \n <p>Fructose metabolism in the liver favors fat synthesis, which in part\n contributes to fat production. Studies in mice indicate that dietary\n fructose produces a greater increase in body fat than the same amount\n of sucrose [1]</p>\n \n <p>The rationale behind consuming a low carbohydrate diet for weight loss\n is that <strong>foods high in carbohydrate stimulate the release of insulin,\n which is a hormone that promotes energy storage</strong>. It is suggested\n that the more insulin you release, the more fat you will store.\n High-glycemic index foods, which increase blood sugar and consequently\n stimulate insulin release, are therefore hypothesized to shift\n metabolism toward fat storage. <strong>Low-carbohydrate\n diets... cause less of a glycemic\n response and less insulin release, which is suggested to promote fat loss</strong>.\"</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>So there is the possibility that carbs aren't actually that fattening by themselves. It could be just that people eat a lot of fat with their carbs. On the other hand, some studies seem in indicate that high-energy intake through sugary drinks, desserts, and large quantity consumption play a role in fattening. \n<br></p>\n\n<p>[1] US Dept. of Health and Human Services. US Public\nHealth Service. Oral Health in America: A Report of the\nSurgeon General. Rockville, MD: National Institutes of\nHealth, 2000</p>\n\n<p><br>\n<br></p>\n\n<p>The following links may provide more insight. They suggest that carbohydrate intake is indeed correlated with obesity:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/low-carbohydrate-diets/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/low-carbohydrate-diets/</a>\n<a href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303#t=articleDiscussion\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303#t=articleDiscussion</a>\n<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735432\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735432</a><br>\n<a href=\"http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1900694\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1900694</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4863, "author": "Count Iblis", "author_id": 856, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/856", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The reason why some people say this is because consuming carbs causes insulin levels to rise and insulin inhibits fat metabolism. In the opposite case when type 1 diabetic patients don't take insulin (e.g. when they are ill and not eating well), they are at risk of <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">diabetic ketoacidosis</a>. This is caused by the fat metabolism going in overdrive due to lack of insulin, the waste products poisoning the body as a result.</p>\n\n<p>However, the mere fact that there exists such a mechanism is not proof that it has a relevant role to play in energy management of the body. There is no clear evidence in favor of low fat or low carb diet for weight loss from trials. Also any result from a trial has to be evaluated on whether the observed weight loss is sustainable. Take e.g. <a href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/health-31763205\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this study comparing low fat to low carb diet:</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Cardiologist Dr Aseem Malhotra was concerned about the health impact of such a low-fat diet.\n \"The total fat intake of 7% is way too low for this to be sustainable and would likely lead to nutritional deficiencies for the essential fatty acids and the fat soluble vitamins.\n \"For the best health, even in the short term, eat real unprocessed foods, concentrate on good nutrition and stop counting calories!\"</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As pointed out by Paparazzi in the comments, we also have to also note that whole grains won't lead to a large insulin spike as simple carbs. Also, simple sugars such as fructose are not going to lead to a sharp insulin spike when consumed from whole foods such as fruits compared to when consumed in refined form, as <a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHEJE6I-Yl4\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">pointed out here</a>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 11385, "author": "John", "author_id": 5266, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5266", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p><em>Note: This explanation does not concern itself with body health, wellbeing, the ability to follow/sustain the diet short/long term, impact to nervous system or the psychological impact of satiety that low-carb diets can offer. It only concerns itself with the imaginary scenario of two identical subjects following the same total calorie diet but with macro-nutritional differences.</em></p>\n<hr />\n<h1>Are Carbohydrates fattening?</h1>\n<p>The question asks if carbohydrates lead to more fatty mass gain than the other macronutrients: fat and protein (and alchohol), if consumed at the same calorie level.</p>\n<p>To put it another way: <strong>For weight change, does the macro-nutritional profile of a diet affect the rate and total amount of fat mass gained?</strong></p>\n<p>The common tautology employed by people proving that macro-nutritional profile is not important when it comes to weight loss is &quot;a calorie is a calorie&quot;.</p>\n<h1>Evidence For, or &quot;A calorie is a calorie&quot;</h1>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/myncbi/1Luq1wkRjtrQ8/collections/52134261/public/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Several metabolic ward studies have shown that there is no difference in weight loss when protein intake was held constant.</a></strong> If you're really looking for a metabolic advantage through manipulating macronutrient, you'd be far better off putting your money on protein. There's actually some evidence that higher intake levels do convey a small metabolic advantage.</p>\n<p>Unsurprisingly, the studies into macronutrient impact on mass change are numerous but by no means perfect. One has to cast a very critical eye over all the conflicting evidence (and mud-slinging) and make their own decision.</p>\n<p>A good meta analysis of the above tautology by the well-respected Buchholz AC &amp; Schoeller DA. concluded that:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>...Neither macronutrient-specific differences in the availability of dietary energy nor changes in energy expenditure could explain these differences in weight loss. Thermodynamics dictate that a calorie is a calorie regardless of the macronutrient composition of the diet...</p>\n<p><em>Buchholz AC, Schoeller DA. <a href=\"http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=15113737\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Is a calorie a calorie?.</a> Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):899S-906S.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This referenced a ward study (amongst others which also concluded the same):</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Both the high-carbohydrate and high-protein groups lost weight (-2.2+/-0.9 kg, -2.5+/-1.6 kg, respectively, P &lt;.05) and the difference between the groups was not significant (P =.9).</p>\n<p><em>Sargrad KR, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Boden G. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800559\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Effect of high protein vs high carbohydrate intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.</a> J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(4):573-80.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>To continue the evidence-train for there being no win in carbs-vs-fat:</p>\n<p>In a 2003 study by Bravata DM, et al. the conclusion was that nutritional-profile really doesn't affect total weight change at a significant level.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for or against the use of low-carbohydrate diets. [...] Among the published studies, participant weight loss while using low-carbohydrate diets was principally associated with decreased caloric intake and increased diet duration but not with reduced carbohydrate content.</p>\n<p><em>Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, et al. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12684364\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review.</a> JAMA. 2003;289(14):1837-50.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A 2009 study directly comparing the weight loss &quot;fad&quot; diets concluded that provided you reduce calories, the method you do this is not of importance:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize.</p>\n<p><em>Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19246357\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates</a>. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(9):859-73.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A 1996 study also concluded the same thing:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>The results of this study showed that it was energy intake, not nutrient composition, that determined weight loss in response to low-energy diets over a short time period.</p>\n<p><em>Golay A, Allaz AF, Morel Y, De tonnac N, Tankova S, Reaven G. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561057\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets.</a> Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(2):174-8.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>An Australian study put them head-to-head over 12 months and didn't find a large difference:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Under planned isoenergetic conditions, as expected, both dietary patterns resulted in similar weight loss and changes in body composition. The LC [low carbohydrate] diet may offer clinical benefits to obese persons with insulin resistance. However, the increase in LDL cholesterol with the LC diet suggests that this measure should be monitored.</p>\n<p><em>Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19439458\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo.</a> Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1):23-32.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A 2010 study went a step further and did a 2-year study across over 300 participants; patients lost an average of 7 kg or 7% of body weight, and no differences between the 2 groups were found:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Successful weight loss can be achieved with either a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet when coupled with behavioural treatment.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/PONTI.jpg\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\"><img src=\"https://i.stack.imgur.com/PONTI.jpg\" alt=\"clearly no difference\" /></a></p>\n<p><em>Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20679555\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial.</a> Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(3):147-57.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Taking a different view and looking at weight gain, there are fewer studies but the evidence points to the same outcome.</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>There was no significant difference in fat balance during controlled overfeeding with fat, fructose, glucose, or sucrose.</p>\n<p><em>Mcdevitt RM, Poppitt SD, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice AM. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919929\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or fat in lean and obese women.</a> Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(2):369-77.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This can be also seen in this small 2000 study:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>...fat storage during overfeeding of isoenergetic amounts of diets rich in carbohydrate or in fat was not significantly different, and carbohydrates seemed to be converted to fat by both hepatic and extrahepatic lipogenesis</p>\n<p><em>Lammert O, Grunnet N, Faber P, et al. <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11029975\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Effects of isoenergetic overfeeding of either carbohydrate or fat in young men.</a> Br J Nutr. 2000;84(2):233-45.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>A important point to note is that dietary fat <em>is</em> what is stored as bodily fat, when a caloric excess is consumed. For dietary carbohydrate to be stored as fat then they must undergo a conversion through 'de novo lipogenesis' which will occur when the carbohydrate portion of someone's diet alone must approach or exceed ones total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). You can read more <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10365981\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a></p>\n<p>In addition, for a comprehensive primer on insulin and how it functions please check out <a href=\"http://weightology.net/weightologyweekly/index.php/free-content/free-content/volume-1-issue-7-insulin-and-thinking-better/insulin-an-undeserved-bad-reputation/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">this post</a> on weightology which is summarised in layman on reddit by /u/ryeguy, <a href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Fitness/comments/j853z/insulin_an_undeserved_bad_reputation_plus_notes/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">here</a>.</p>\n<h1>Evidence Against, or &quot;A calorie is not just a calorie&quot;</h1>\n<p>I cannot find evidence to support the opposite viewpoint. However there is criticism of the studies done these are found in the &quot;Dear Sir&quot;'s in the ASfCN/</p>\n<p><a href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/5/1445.1.long\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A post</a> by Anssi H Manninen is critical of a Bravata study:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. JAMA 2003;289:1837-50.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>She states that:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>...In the true low-carbohydrate group, the mean weight loss in trials was 17 kg, whereas in the higher-carbohydrate group it was only 2 kg. Oddly, the authors did not consider this significant. Only by intermingling the results of trials of low- to medium- and high-carbohydrate diets could the authors have reached the misleading conclusion quoted above.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/80/5/1445.2.long\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">In another article Richard Feinman and Eugene Fine</a> dispute the assertation of &quot;a calorie is a calorie&quot; using the first law of thermodynamics by stating that the second law must also be taken into account.</p>\n<h1>Conclusions</h1>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>What should I eat for weight loss?</strong></p>\n<p><em>Eat less.</em> Different diets can make this easier, so pick whichever one\nbest fits your lifestyle. Ultimately, you need to reduce your caloric\nintake.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://examine.com/nutrition/what-should-i-eat-for-weight-loss/</a></p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Many diets, fad or not, do work. This is mainly because they reduce calories.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 24068, "author": "FATEH ALIYEV", "author_id": 19937, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/19937", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Carbs are not necessarily fattening as many studies comparing low carb diets to one recommended by the FDA with a higher calorie content going to carbs, have found negligible differences in fat loss. Of course, there is another side to the story. The synthesis of adipose tissue is regulated by the level of sugar in the blood, or rather the level of insulin. The reason that the fat loss in a low carb diet is often negligible unless going from a diet of an extreme amount of carbohydrates to one with close to none at all is the fact that all the other sources of energy that your body uses are first converted to sugar. This means that once a person has adapted to a diet of low carbohydrates, their body starts converting fat into sugar. This again balances the scale and makes it slightly harder to lose weight. This is the reasoning behind carb reloading. While this means that carbohydrates can bring your weight up when consumed in high quantities, they are often okay in smaller ones. This, of course, depends on person to person and you should try to try out different diets to find the best fit. If a low-carb diet helps you stay healthy, go give it a shot.</p>\n<p>There is also another part of the story. The consumption of processed carbohydrates, esp. sugar raises the blood sugar in the blood significantly and over a small period. This can lead to insulin resistance, diabetes, and other insulin-related diseases. Therefore, while carbohydrates might not have anything to do with your beer belly or large waistline, the consumption of processed carbohydrates should generally be avoided as they can be the cause of insulin-related diseases, even though they may not have to do anything to do with your waistline.</p>\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096021/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096021/</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31098615/?from_term=low+carbohydrate+diet&amp;from_filter=pubt.clinicaltrial&amp;from_filter=pubt.randomizedcontrolledtrial&amp;from_page=3&amp;from_pos=1\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31098615/?from_term=low+carbohydrate+diet&amp;from_filter=pubt.clinicaltrial&amp;from_filter=pubt.randomizedcontrolledtrial&amp;from_page=3&amp;from_pos=1</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148063/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148063/</a></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 29339, "author": "personal_cloud", "author_id": 24330, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/24330", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Easy question. Carbs are fattening because</p>\n<ol>\n<li>they are not satisfying (making you eat more),</li>\n<li>they cause erratic blood sugar, which raises insulin (the fat production hormone), and</li>\n<li>they train your metabolism away from fat burn.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Articles on <a href=\"https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/fat-adapted\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Fat Adaptation</a> and <a href=\"https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/carb-addiction\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Carb Addiction</a> (two sides of the same coin) go over these effects in more detail.</p>\n<p>Disclaimers: Carbs are recommended for <a href=\"https://www.livestrong.com/article/379222-what-are-good-carbs-for-weight-lifting/\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">strength training</a>. Some researchers even question carb addictiveness itself. Although <a href=\"https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/29398/carb-deficiency-pathology-association-in-sedentary-people\">no carb deficiency pathology association has been found in sedentary people</a>, the research is ongoing.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4426", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/385/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4453, "author": "cloudnyn3", "author_id": 2675, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2675", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It can. It depends on your skin type. Anatomically, everyone is different. I've seen it work quite well and not so well other times. \nFor the most part it does work. It's compound and gentle nature and nurture of your dermis is what allows it to heal the outer layer of your skin.\nVitamin E is what most people refer to in scar healing. Cocoa butter is another over the counter remedy for this as well. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5670, "author": "Pobrecita", "author_id": 167, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/167", "pm_score": 3, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Yes. It is used as a gel.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.m.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-607/aloe\" rel=\"nofollow\">WebMd.com</a></p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Aloe seems to be able to speed wound healing by improving blood\n circulation through the area and preventing cell death around a wound.</p>\n \n <p>It also appears that aloe gel has properties that are harmful to\n certain types of bacteria and fungi.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Aloe - <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025519/\" rel=\"nofollow\">ncbi.nlh.nih.gov</a>: </p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><p>anti-inflammatory </p></li>\n<li><p>skin soothing</p></li>\n</ul>\n\n<p>Aloe Vera has been shown effective on scars <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257949/\" rel=\"nofollow\">here</a>.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4450", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2674/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4461, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 4, "selected": true, "text": "<p>Creases form all over your body. Once they do, there is really very little that can be done for them. If you doubt this, consider how much money is spent on cosmetic surgery every year just for facial creases. They can be filled with collagen or other substrate, they can be stretched, the muscles around a crease can be relaxed, decreasing the depth of the crease (this is how botox works), but the crease is there.</p>\n\n<p>Very fine creases (or wrinkles) can be diminished by contact irritants (e.g. retinoic acid preparations, vegetable acids, and other preparations) which cause mild edema (stretching the skin) and reactive skin changes which in toto reduce the appearance of wrinkles.</p>\n\n<p>Obesity normally causes deepening of normal skin folds and the creation of deep skin folds from superficial ones (for example truncal-abdominal skin-folds.) Once this process occurs, the structure of the skin itself is irreversibly changed. If very prominent (for example after weight loss in the morbidly obese), surgery can be done to remove the excess skin and the fold itself (but a scar will replace it).</p>\n\n<p>Aloe vera will not help. However, moisturizers may diminish their appearance a bit, as will good posture.</p>\n\n<p>_{<a href=\"http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/211166\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Topical Retinoic Acid for Photoaging: Clinical Response and Underlying Mechanisms</a>}<br>\n_{<a href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1381/096089200321593959\" rel=\"noreferrer\">Dermolipectomies Following Weight Loss after Surgery for Morbid Obesity</a>}</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 29306, "author": "Beautymedi", "author_id": 24211, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/24211", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>It depends on the depth of the creases, however if they are finer then they should be correctable using Hyaluronic Acid fillers. <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/fda-approved-dermal-fillers\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/aesthetic-cosmetic-devices/fda-approved-dermal-fillers</a></p>\n<p>That said, if you are talking about large body folds of fat, then a filler will likely not be an option as the folds would still continue to put pressure onto the folds.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4451", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2674/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4590, "author": "Dave Liu", "author_id": 140, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/140", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>\"Snoring occurs during sleep when soft tissue in the upper airway vibrates as you breathe.\"</strong> (1) Typically, this will happen because the passage way for air narrows and the air rubs against the tissue in passing, similar to what happens to your lips when you blow a raspberry.</p>\n\n<p>It's actually common in men, but can also occur frequently in women, especially during pregnancy and after menopause. <strong>Obesity, age, nasal obstruction, sickness, alcohol, smoking, and even position possibly increase the risk of snoring, and may also contribute to the intensity of your snores.</strong></p>\n\n<p>One of the most important risk factors is obesity, and in particular having a lot of fatty tissue around the neck.</p>\n\n<p>The Sleep Foundation (2) notes: That the normal aging process leads to \"the relaxation of the throat muscles, thus resulting in snoring.\"</p>\n\n<p>Your personal anatomical shape could play a part too. Enlarged tonsils, nasal polyps, or deviated nasal septum could narrow the throat during sleep and also lead to snoring.</p>\n\n<p>Inflammation of the throat, due to a disease or otherwise, would also cause the throat to narrow, and may cause snoring.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Sleep position, such as sleeping on your back, may lead to snoring in\n some people. Alcohol is a potent muscle relaxant and its ingestion in\n the evening will cause snoring. </p>\n \n <p>Muscle relaxants taken in the evening may lead to or worsen snoring in\n some individuals.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Possibly any one of these or a combination of them may be contributing to the intensity of your snores, or it could be something else too, but these tend to be the most common causes of snores.</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li><p><a href=\"http://www.aadsm.org/snoring.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.aadsm.org/snoring.aspx</a></p></li>\n<li><p><a href=\"https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/other-sleep-disorders/snoring\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-disorders-problems/other-sleep-disorders/snoring</a></p></li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 5412, "author": "Maria Bertinelli", "author_id": 3408, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3408", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Snoring is a common condition that can affect anyone. There are many factors, such as the anatomy of your mouth and sinuses, alcohol consumption, allergies, a cold, and your weight, can lead to snoring. Try these natural solutions and lifestyle changes, which may help you stop snoring- Change Your Sleep Position, Lose Weight, Limit alcohol consumption, Use anti-snoring sprays.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4474", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/620/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4696, "author": "Arsak", "author_id": 2159, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2159", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Yes, there are ways.</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li>First, make sure the stomach is not squeezed by a tight belt or similar. </li>\n<li>One can support gas movement by massaging the belly. </li>\n<li>Since some gases tend to move upwards, changing one's position in a way that the exit is elevated can help (<em>e.g.</em> doggy style).</li>\n<li>Some herbs also help a bit, for example a spoon of caraway filled with hot water in a cup and drink after 5-10 mins.</li>\n<li>A hot-water bottle reduces the cramps.</li>\n</ul>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Patients_Visitors/pcs/nutrition/services/healtheweightforwomen/special_topics/intelihealth0504.aspx\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Patients_Visitors/pcs/nutrition/services/healtheweightforwomen/special_topics/intelihealth0504.aspx</a></p>\n\n<p>for infants:</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/infant-gas\" rel=\"noreferrer\">http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/infant-gas</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4793, "author": "neerajt", "author_id": 1658, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1658", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>In addition to the home-remedies suggested by Marzipanherz - the warm bottle is a good one - there are pharmacological therapeutic options out there.</p>\n<p><strong>Gas-X, Mylicon, others</strong> ^{<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simethicone#Availability\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">1</a>}</p>\n<p>Simethicone (an inert mixture of polymers stabilized with silicon dioxide)</p>\n<p>Gas can become trapped in small bubbles in the gut. Simethicone is known for its ability to collapse bubbles by forming a thin layer on their surface.^{<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8083482\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">2</a>} This decreases the volume of gas in the GI tract, but it's unclear if this has a therapeutic effect.</p>\n<p><strong>BEANO</strong></p>\n<p>(alpha-galactosidase preparation)</p>\n<p>Another option is to diminish the creation of new gas if your gas is being caused by a particular kind of food, in this case, foods containing the trisaccharide raffinose.^{<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinose\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">3</a>} Foods containing raffinose include things like beans, cabbage, brussels, sprouts. We can't digest this on our own, so it ferments in our stomachs and causes gas. The compound α-GAL in BEANO breaks raffinose down to galactose, which we can digest.</p>\n<p>References</p>\n<p>1: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simethicone#Availability\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">A more comprehensive list of simethicone containing drugs</a></p>\n<p>2: <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8083482\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Mechanism of antifoaming action of simethicone.</a></p>\n<p>3: <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinose\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer\">Wikipedia: Raffinose</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 12041, "author": "user232841", "author_id": 8993, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8993", "pm_score": 1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>You should try with Mint leaves and peppermint tea that's will help you a lot , but try with natural leaves not the one that sell in the store</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4505", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4566, "author": "Fomite", "author_id": 206, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/206", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>As a practicing epidemiologist, I'm actually a little puzzled as to the down-votes for this. The difference between an outbreak and an epidemic is pretty subtle, and neither is all that terribly well defined.</p>\n\n<p>The answer: There's not much of a difference.</p>\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html\">CDC</a> agrees with me:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Occasionally, the amount of disease in a community rises above the\n expected level. Epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the\n number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that\n population in that area. Outbreak carries the same definition of\n epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>In practice, I'd argue that an outbreak is, as they mentioned, a somewhat smaller-scale phenomena. I'd talk about an outbreak of norovirus at a university, while I'd say a state, large city or country was having an epidemic. </p>\n\n<p>I'd also say that, for very low levels of disease, it's possible to have an outbreak without an epidemic. For example, in a paper I wrote, I characterized the cases of disease in a population as \"Low-level endemic spread, punctuated by periodic, short-lived outbreaks\". These outbreaks were on the scale of less than a dozen people, so I'd really have a hard time calling it an epidemic, but again, this is referencing the idea that \"outbreak\" refers to a somewhat smaller geographical scale.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4578, "author": "user2756", "author_id": 2756, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2756", "pm_score": 0, "selected": false, "text": "<p>An outbreak is the sudden occurrence of a\ndisease in a community, which has never\nexperienced the disease before or when cases\nof that disease occur in numbers greater than\nexpected in a defined area. The current Ebola\nscenario in West Africa started as an\noutbreak, which initially affected three\ncountries.\n So what exactly is an epidemic? It is an\noccurrence of a group of illnesses of similar\nnature and derived from a <strong><em>common source</em></strong>, in\nexcess of what would be normally expected in\na community or region. A classic example of\nan epidemic would be Severe Acute\nRespiratory Syndrome (SARS). The epidemic\nkilled about 774 people out of 8,098 that were\ninfected. It started as an outbreak in Asia and\nthen spread to two dozen countries and took\nthe form of an epidemic. The same is true for\nEbola, which is now being termed an\nepidemic .</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4538", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2756/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4573, "author": "Lucky", "author_id": 613, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/613", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>The range where the content of the active substance varies by 60% is way to wide in every country.</p>\n\n<p>In most of the world's <a href=\"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pharmacopoeia\">pharmacopoeias</a>, both national and international, the allowed variability in the amount of the active substance can be tested either as <strong><em>uniformity of mass</em></strong> or, if the amount of labeled substance is lower than a certain predefined value, as <strong><em>uniformity of content</em></strong>. For certain dosage forms, testing the uniformity of content is a must, no matter the labeled mass of the active substance (e.g. soft capsules filled with emulsions, suspensions or gels).</p>\n\n<p>Pharmacopeias prescribe the testing procedure and the acceptance criteria. Appropriate regulatory authority requests those pharamcopoeial criteria to be met.</p>\n\n<p>As for the <strong>uniformity of mass</strong>, in the European Pharmacopoeia, Ph. Eur. 7.0. (the newest that can be accessed via browser search) the test is given in the monograph <a href=\"http://180.168.103.34:7947/zl/EP7/20905E.PDF\">2.9.5. Uniformity of mass of single-dose preparations</a>. </p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><em>Weigh individually 20 units taken at random or, for single-dose preparations presented in individual containers, the contents of\n 20 units, and determine the average mass. <strong>Not more than 2 of\n the individual masses deviate from the average mass by more\n than the percentage deviation shown</strong> in Table 2.9.5.-1 <strong>and none\n deviates by more than twice that percentage</strong>.\n For capsules and powders for parenteral administration,\n proceed as described below.</em> [emph. mine]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Content mass of capsules and powders for parenteral administration is weighed by difference (the whole preparation is weighed, than the empty shell/primary package and the difference is the content mass).</p>\n\n<p>The table mentioned states that for tablets, e.g:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <ul>\n <li>average mass is 80 mg or less (allowed) percent deviation is 10</li>\n <li>average mass is more than 80 mg and less than 250 mg percent deviation is 7.5</li>\n <li>average mass is 250 mg or more, percent deviation is 5</li>\n </ul>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>As for the <strong>uniformity of content</strong>, the same source (Ph. Eur. 7.0.) gives the test in the monograph <a href=\"http://180.168.103.34:7947/zl/EP7/20906E.PDF\">2.9.6.Uniformity of content of single-dose preparations</a> where, again, the test and acceptance criteria vary by dosage form. To take tablets as an example, we can look at \"test A\" (for tablets, powders for parenteral administration, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for injection):</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p><em>The preparation <strong>complies</strong> with the test <strong>if each individual content is between 85 per cent and 115 per cent of the average content</strong>. The preparation <strong>fails to comply</strong> with the test <strong>if more than one individual content is outside these limits or if one individual content is outside the\n limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content</strong>.\n If one individual content is outside the limits of 85 per cent to\n 115 per cent but within the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent,\n determine the individual contents of another 20 dosage units\n taken at random.The preparation complies with the test if not\n more than one of the individual contents of the 30 units is\n outside 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the average content and\n none is outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the\n average content.</em> [emph. mine]</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>As for the other countries, the European pharmacopoeia also gives the test for <a href=\"http://180.168.103.34:7947/zl/EP7/20940E.PDF\">Uniformity of dosage units</a> in monograph 2.9.40. This test (or most of it) was harmonized between the three pharmacopoeias Ph. Eur. (European), USP (for the US) and JP (Japanese). This test is slightly more complicated than the previous, because it calculates the <em>acceptance value</em> based on the mean of the measured samples, standard deviation of these measurements and a coefficient based on the number of measurements. There are 6 different cases of this formula, but the simplest one is where the acceptance value is the standard deviation multiplied by the given coefficient. <strong>This value should not be greater than 15% of the prescribed content</strong>. </p>\n\n<p>Regulatory authorities in these countries acknowledge this harmonisation, see the documents issued by <a href=\"http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500002775.pdf\">EMeA</a> and <a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm085364.pdf\">FDA</a>.</p>\n\n<hr>\n\n<p>So, finally, which of these is to be used in Europe? EMeA <a href=\"http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/quality_qa_part1.jsp&amp;mid=WC0b01ac05801bf0c2#section9\">states</a>:</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>[...] <em>the decision on what approach to take is left to the applicant.</em></p>\n \n <hr>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>In the U.S. most of the tests are harmonised, and all are given in the USP, monograph <a href=\"http://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/USPNF/2011-02-25905UNIFORMITYOFDOSAGEUNITS.pdf\">905 Uniformity of dosage units</a>.</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4574, "author": "Ouch_MyEyes", "author_id": 2764, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2764", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Country - United States</p>\n\n<p>While theoretically possible, a consistent variance of 30% is highly unlikely and it is probable that the actual variance will vary from brand to brand, as well as from production facility to production facility, as well as from batch to batch. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) mandates a high standard of quality for inspection and adjusts its actual allowed variance based on multiple criteria, including the severity of the effects of a discrepancy in dosage. </p>\n\n<p>Variability is viewed through two perspectives. The rate of absorption and the extent of absorption. These two rates are compared to associated brands of similar medications and within that a difference of 20% is considered significant by the FDA and so a range of approximately 80% to 125% is used for the acceptable window. While this does suggest that a medication can vary by 45% from another brand, the FDA requires that the ratios of the rate and extent both fall within the window as well as a 90% confidence interval to be considered equivalent to another brand. Although theoretically any can vary by a large percentage, if these requirements are met then the practical effect by variance will remain low. Typically, the actual percentage of difference is closer to 10%.</p>\n\n<p>Some further reading:</p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/762343_3\" rel=\"noreferrer\">An interview on bioequivalence with Dr. Robert Howland, MD</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/drugs/resourcesforyou/consumers/buyingusingmedicinesafely/understandinggenericdrugs/ucm167991.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">FDA - A pamphlet on the effects of generic drugs versus brand names</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4137B1_07_Nomenclature.htm\" rel=\"noreferrer\">FDA - A docket explaining terms and procedures for comparison of similar medications.</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/slides/4034S2_07_Haidar.ppt\" rel=\"noreferrer\">FDA - A rather terrific powerpoint on variance regulations in the U.S. as well as the criteria used by other countries. It also has a few graphs demonstrating the allowed window of 80%-125%</a></li>\n</ul>\n" }, { "answer_id": 31234, "author": "Narusan", "author_id": 8212, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/8212", "pm_score": 3, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Generic drugs do not need to conduct the same phase-3 clinical trials as the initial registration studies, instead they have to meet a few requirements (same active ingredient, same drug concentration etc.) and then show <strong>bioequivalence</strong>.</p>\n<p>Lucky has already provided a good overview regarding the accuracy of the concentration of the active ingredient. Rather more important, and where the +/-30% misconception comes from, is the bioequivalence; meaning how much of the active ingredient ends up in the system of the individual.</p>\n<p>The criterion for approval of a generic drug by <a href=\"https://www.fda.gov/media/70958/download\" rel=\"noreferrer\">the FDA</a>, <a href=\"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/guideline-investigation-bioequivalence-rev1_en.pdf\" rel=\"noreferrer\">the EMA</a>, the TGA and WHO is that the 90% confidence interval of all key pharmacological parameters (maximum blood concentration, total blood concentration) must lie within 80% to 125% of the original drug.</p>\n<p>This is where the +/- 30% misconception comes from. However, as this is a confidence interval, it does not mean that the average of the data can be +/-30% of the original drug - as there is variation in human data even the identical drug will have a larger confidence interval than its average.</p>\n<p>In fact, the average difference of key pharmacological parameters between approved branded and generic drugs has been assessed retrospectively, <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19776300/\" rel=\"noreferrer\">and is around 4%</a>, which is similar to batch differences within the same drug.</p>\n<p>Only 3% of drugs had an average difference larger than 10%, and those are drugs where a large intra- and interindividual variety is known (ibid.)</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4570", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/453/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4579, "author": "Rana Prathap", "author_id": 37, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/37", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>There may be multiple reasons why your doctor advised you to move around after a surgery.</p>\n\n<p>One common theme that most surgeons follow is to avoid deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Post surgery, if the patients are bed ridden for too long, blood tends to accumulate in their calf muscle where there is a secondary blood pump that is active only if those muscles are working. Pooling of blood in the calf muscles increases the risk of formation of clots there, and these clots may be sent to lungs causing pulmonary embolism. Acute pulmonary embolism is a potentially life threatening state, and requires immediate treatment. So if the patient is at risk for developing pulmonary embolism before the surgery, the doctor would want to get in you on your feet as soon as possible. But if the patient is having too much difficulty while walking then there are equipment like calf massagers that does the job. Also, getting the patient on feet early creates a positive attitude and has shown to <a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24646333\" rel=\"nofollow\">improve and speed up recovery</a> in patients. </p>\n\n<p>That said, there are conditions where the doctor would want you to do absolute bed rest, such as the conditions where there is increased risk of suture getting ripped due to increased abdominal pain. So if you have too much discomfort, then that is something that you would want to discuss with your doctor. </p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4584, "author": "anongoodnurse", "author_id": 169, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/169", "pm_score": 5, "selected": true, "text": "<p>This is a broad question, but here are just a few major things to take into consideration after a surgical procedure. Early mobility has been shown for many years to be a major predictor of postoperative outcome, even in something like a hip fracture, where you would think rest was mandatory. The rapidity with which one returns to preoperative levels of independence in activities of daily living decreases postoperative morbidity and optimizes psychological well-being.</p>\n\n<p>Complications of \"resting\" </p>\n\n<p>Postoperative pulmonary complications, specifically atelectasis and pneumonia, are the leading cause of postoperative morbidity and death. Confinement to bed is a very serious risk factor for atelectasis and pneumonia. After surgery - especially upper abdominal surgery - sufficiently deep breathing needed to prevent some degree of pulmonary compromise is painful. If you're up and moving, you will (voluntarily and involuntarily) be taking more and deeper breaths than you will at rest (characterized by shallower respirations), especially if you're on pain medications.</p>\n\n<p>Venous stasis and thromboembolism commonly occur postoperatively in patients who remain immobile. This is largely preventable with simple ambulation. It hurts to walk around after surgery, to be sure, but it's a lot better than suffering from a largely preventable pulmonary embolism.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>All efforts should be made to enforce postoperative movement, which is possible with adequate pain relief.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Loss of strength</p>\n\n<p>Bedrest results in loss of muscle mass and progressively more weakness. While it's not as great a consideration in younger adults as older adults, it is still considerable and, again, is largely preventable. Moving improves strength recovery, appetite, decreases stress, and overall increases feelings of well-being.</p>\n\n<p>Pain Medications</p>\n\n<p>Opioid medications usually given perioperatively can slow your bowels to almost a stand still (it's called <em>ileus</em>) and can result in painful gas buildup and constipation. Moving, and to a lesser extent dietary changes, encourage the bowels to be less sluggish, as does a switch to non-opioid pain medications.</p>\n\n<p>Why \"rest\"? </p>\n\n<p>Most people think healing is impaired by early movement after surgery. While this is true of some surgeries, it is far from true for all of them. When the risk of resting outweighs the benefits, the goal is to get patients moving.</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/basics/definition/con-20034847\">Atelectasis</a><br>\n<a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147956305800044\">Postoperative atelectasis and pneumonia</a><br>\n<a href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1119685/\">Management of patients in fast track surgery</a></p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4614, "author": "Kate Gregory", "author_id": 400, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>I have accepted an answer, but want to add one of my own with some more details I have observed as I go through the process (it's Day 5 today.)</p>\n\n<p>First, this is <strong>something you can do</strong> to help yourself feel better. Compared to lying in bed, in pain, bored, possibly lonely and scared, and not sure what happens next, just waiting to get better. Giving you something you can do that will improve yourself will, in and of itself, improve you, even if nothing physiological was happening.</p>\n\n<p>Second, it really does work. The vast majority of the pain and effort is simply in getting onto your feet. I noticed quite dramatically that once I had taken 5 or 10 steps I began to feel much better. My pain went down, my strength went up. I am not sure if that was because of increased heart rate and respiration, or the venous return from walking, but there was unmistakably an improvement simply from walking. Several times I would complete the walking distance I had set myself and want to do double or triple that because it was making me feel better.</p>\n\n<p>Third, while you are lying in bed everything is insanely difficult. To reach over and get your drink might involve 10 or more different movements, each of which hurt. Just shifting your weight a little or moving an inch or two to one side you have to fight gravity, drag your body against the bed, etc. Blowing your nose, drinking, changing an uncomfortable position - these things are too hard to do. But when you're vertical, it's far less work to lean a little or turn a little. So you look after your needs better. That means you're less likely to be dehydrated, or to have a coughing fit from stuff you snuffled and swallowed that you should have blown out, or to hurt from lying the wrong way for an hour. This is even more important at home where you don't have beds that can lie you up and down, or tables that swing over the bed to keep things within reach.</p>\n\n<p>Fourth, as with my previous abdominal surgeries I notice that I often need to pee without feeling that sensation of needing to pee at all. Since I'm up and moving anyway, I can stop by the toilet and see if I need to go. Invariably I feel much better, with a huge reduction in pain and improvement in movement, once my bladder is empty. But I hadn't felt an urge that would have pushed me to go through the pain of standing up to deal with it.</p>\n\n<p>Fifth, if this is the norm, especially in the hospital, it makes it easy to spot people who are not recovering at the expected pace. If everyone just lies in bed for 5-6 days waiting to get better, some of them will be majorly ill but you might not notice. If everyone gets up and walks around, the one who can't will stick out like a sore thumb and their infection or whatever will be noticed hours or even days sooner.</p>\n\n<p>While I am still not clear on the exact mechanism that makes this work, I can report that it really does work, on a very small time scale. If you feel awful, getting up and walking for one minute can make you feel better. I still find this counter-intuitive but am pleased that it's standard procedure where I (and my relative) live, because it's clearly helpful.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4577", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/400/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 5981, "author": "Shona", "author_id": 3815, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/3815", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Don't use chemical products use natural products . Take medical advice not online . A doctor can tell you which natural oils or shampoos you can use depending on you skin type .</p>\n" }, { "answer_id": 7207, "author": "Simon Philipp Schmidt", "author_id": 5023, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/5023", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p><strong>Hair is Protein.</strong></p>\n\n<p>(and not only micronutrients)</p>\n\n<p>Not only muscles but also hair, and nails require sufficient amout of protein for healthy growth.</p>\n\n<p>I'd consult you to take an overall Vitamin/Mineral pill once a day (the ones that have everything known as vitamins and minerals inside to be sure you have sufficient micro nutrients ----- but as well keep good care of your protein intake! You may use any source of extra protein like powders or take amino acid - pills. &lt;-- theese guys rock.</p>\n\n<blockquote>\n <p>Intake should be about 1,1 gram protein powder per kg bodymass.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\n<p>Advantage of the amino acid - pills is: Your body doesn't net to detoxify the cellcore dna which is left in the protein powder. In the amino - acid pills - it isnt :)</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4583", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/2790/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4608, "author": "jzx", "author_id": 1287, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1287", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Unless there have been animals around it recently, it's unlikely there are any viruses on it. As for bacteria, or more specifically <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_spore\" rel=\"nofollow\">bacterial <em>spores</em></a>, wet heat is a far better sanitizer than alcohol. A half hour at a full boil should kill anything particularly nasty, like clostridium tetani.</p>\n\n<p>If you want absolute peace of mind this should do the trick, although I'm not sure if that handle will make it through this process:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Scrub off any large debris.</li>\n<li>Put it in an <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave\" rel=\"nofollow\">autoclave</a>. If you don't have an autoclave, a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cooking\" rel=\"nofollow\">pressure cooker</a> should do the trick.</li>\n<li>Run the device according to the directions. It's pressurized steam, after all, you don't want to blow up or burn up.</li>\n<li>Wait for it to cool, then use as normal.</li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4621, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If it hasn't been in a mouth for years, then it's <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">already largely free of bacteria and viruses</a>. It's just bare plastic and metal, neither of which can sustain pathogen growth. Any bacteria on that pick from the last time it was in your mouth are almost certainly long since dead.</p>\n\n<p>So just wash it in soapy water and it should be fine. There is no need to boil or sterilize it unless you suspect it's been in contact with infectious material (eg, feces) or you're a practicing dentist and will be using it on patients.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4605", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/447/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4608, "author": "jzx", "author_id": 1287, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1287", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Unless there have been animals around it recently, it's unlikely there are any viruses on it. As for bacteria, or more specifically <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_spore\" rel=\"nofollow\">bacterial <em>spores</em></a>, wet heat is a far better sanitizer than alcohol. A half hour at a full boil should kill anything particularly nasty, like clostridium tetani.</p>\n\n<p>If you want absolute peace of mind this should do the trick, although I'm not sure if that handle will make it through this process:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Scrub off any large debris.</li>\n<li>Put it in an <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave\" rel=\"nofollow\">autoclave</a>. If you don't have an autoclave, a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cooking\" rel=\"nofollow\">pressure cooker</a> should do the trick.</li>\n<li>Run the device according to the directions. It's pressurized steam, after all, you don't want to blow up or burn up.</li>\n<li>Wait for it to cool, then use as normal.</li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4621, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If it hasn't been in a mouth for years, then it's <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">already largely free of bacteria and viruses</a>. It's just bare plastic and metal, neither of which can sustain pathogen growth. Any bacteria on that pick from the last time it was in your mouth are almost certainly long since dead.</p>\n\n<p>So just wash it in soapy water and it should be fine. There is no need to boil or sterilize it unless you suspect it's been in contact with infectious material (eg, feces) or you're a practicing dentist and will be using it on patients.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4618", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/927/" ]

[ { "answer_id": 4608, "author": "jzx", "author_id": 1287, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1287", "pm_score": 2, "selected": false, "text": "<p>Unless there have been animals around it recently, it's unlikely there are any viruses on it. As for bacteria, or more specifically <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_spore\" rel=\"nofollow\">bacterial <em>spores</em></a>, wet heat is a far better sanitizer than alcohol. A half hour at a full boil should kill anything particularly nasty, like clostridium tetani.</p>\n\n<p>If you want absolute peace of mind this should do the trick, although I'm not sure if that handle will make it through this process:</p>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Scrub off any large debris.</li>\n<li>Put it in an <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave\" rel=\"nofollow\">autoclave</a>. If you don't have an autoclave, a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cooking\" rel=\"nofollow\">pressure cooker</a> should do the trick.</li>\n<li>Run the device according to the directions. It's pressurized steam, after all, you don't want to blow up or burn up.</li>\n<li>Wait for it to cool, then use as normal.</li>\n</ol>\n" }, { "answer_id": 4621, "author": "Carey Gregory", "author_id": 805, "author_profile": "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/805", "pm_score": -1, "selected": false, "text": "<p>If it hasn't been in a mouth for years, then it's <a href=\"http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/how-long-do-bacteria-and-viruses-live-outside-the-body.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\">already largely free of bacteria and viruses</a>. It's just bare plastic and metal, neither of which can sustain pathogen growth. Any bacteria on that pick from the last time it was in your mouth are almost certainly long since dead.</p>\n\n<p>So just wash it in soapy water and it should be fine. There is no need to boil or sterilize it unless you suspect it's been in contact with infectious material (eg, feces) or you're a practicing dentist and will be using it on patients.</p>\n" } ]

[ "https://health.stackexchange.com/questions/4620", "https://health.stackexchange.com", "https://health.stackexchange.com/users/1980/" ]