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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses how Parisians behave in ways that foreigners find hard to understand. They are aggressive, ill mannered, and hostile. In addition, they are harsh and vulgar.

The text discusses how Parisians behave in ways that foreigners find hard to understand. They are aggressive, ill mannered, and hostile. In addition, they are harsh and vulgar.

Adjusting to the Parisian Culture and Behavior Critical Essay Parisians behave in ways that foreigners find hard to understand. They are aggressive, ill mannered, and hostile. In addition, they are harsh and vulgar. This is evident from an example of a conversation between the writer’s husband and a dog owner. Parisians speak impolitely or in high tones. Their main objective is to get things done even if ways of doing them result in disputes or hatred. Parisians love disputes and conflicts. Dogs are the most common source of disputes in Paris because they cause disturbances in places such as restaurants. Another source of quarrels is cars. Parisians have unique driving habits that are irritating and inappropriate. For example, they smoke, make phone calls, and file their nails while driving. They park their cars anywhere thus inconveniencing other motorists. Their attitude towards money is unique. Parisians believe that money can buy anything they need. Parisians believe in revenge. In the article, examples of motorists who seek revenge against each other for reasons solvable through dialogue are easily identifiable. Their aggressive and hostile nature encourages them to retaliate. Other inappropriate driving habits exhibited by Parisians include banging cars during parking, making sudden turns on the road, disobeying traffic rules, and driving recklessly. Parisians do not respect each other especially when queuing. Many people try to jump ahead of others. They ensure that they receive service first even though they found other people on the queue. This phenomenon is common with silent pushers who silently push people from behind. Another queer behavior is manner of speech. Parisians talk faster and rarely mean what they say. They use coded language to say things whose meanings are different from the literal interpretation of words used. Parisians have favorite subjects that they talk about. One of them is real estate. Common topics include value of apartments and appreciation of rent. People from different nationalities adjust differently to the Parisian culture. For example, Japanese experience culture shock mainly because of language barrier. In addition, they are baffled by Parisians’ mode of communication. They talk fast and usually interrupt conversations. Japanese are not pleased with Parisians’ sense of humor that involves making fun of other people. They have rapidly changing moods that make it difficult for people from other countries to handle them. Japanese feel guilty whenever Parisians get angry. Business meetings are messy and unsystematic because there is no talking order. Parisians focus on principles while Japanese focus on pragmatism. Harpal discusses behaviors of Parisians using examples. His approach is appropriate even though it does not capture all aspects of behavior discussed in the chapter. Examples provided give the reader an opportunity to decipher the behavior of Parisians through actions of people involved in disputes. His opinion at the end of the discussion is commendable and displays full understanding of the chapter. Chelsea gives a detailed discussion of all aspects of Parisian behavior covered in the chapter. She discusses driving habits, mode of speech, queuing habits, and communication habits. The discussion gives the reader an opportunity to understand Parisian behaviors under different settings and circumstances. She captures all the aspects of Parisian behavior discussed in the chapter. Use of examples makes the discussion more appealing and easy to understand. Her opinion at the end of discussion is commendable and a good way of concluding her discussion.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Public and private families are both important in understanding family dynamics.Public and private families are both important in understanding family dynamics. Public families are those that are visible to the outside world and include families that are related by blood or marriage. Private families are those that are not visible to the outside world and include families that are related by choice or not related at all.

Public and private families are both important in understanding family dynamics. Public and private families are both important in understanding family dynamics. Public families are those that are visible to the outside world and include families that are related by blood or marriage. Private families are those that are not visible to the outside world and include families that are related by choice or not related at all.

“Public and Private Families: An Introduction” and “Public and Private Families: A Reader” by Andrew Cherlin: Summary Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction to the Sociology of Family 2. A History of Family 3. Coupling 4. Family Formation 5. Reference List Introduction to the Sociology of Family Cherlin states that public goods are things that people may enjoy without their contribution in the production process or acquisition (Cherlin, 2013a). According to him, families are public goods because they fit the definition. Some members enjoy them without having to pay. Private goods are those that the owners can exercise their private rights. Therefore, families also fit the above definition according to Cherlin (2013a). Methods of data collection during research on families include surveys and observational studies (Cherlin, 2013a). Surveys are sometimes involving and expensive to carry out. On the other hand, a disadvantage of observational studies is the bias that the researcher may have. The 1950s were anomaly for demographic trend in that the traditional choices of occupation, marriage, and children were constrained, with the series of traditional family roles being questioned (Cherlin, 2013a). According to Cherlin, the trend after the 1800 was earlier marriages, fewer divorces that had a high fertility rate, with the 20 th century having later marriage, increased cases of divorce, and single parenthood (Cherlin, 2013a). A History of Family Functions for the traditional families according to Cherlin include emotional support for the adults, socialization for children, and childbearing (Cherlin, 2013b). The Hispanics, Black Americans, and the American Indians are some of the minority groups in the US. The family pattern for the Blacks includes high fertility rates compared to the average Americans, with the Indians and the Hispanics also displaying the same (Cherlin, 2013b). They also have lower divorce rates and single parenthood. The types of marriages that exist in the US are as a result of the different cultures. They include monogamous, polygamous, open marriages, and interracial marriages (Cherlin, 2013b). Cancian’ data collection methods were observational and from secondary sources (Cherlin, 2013b). Traditionally, ties that bound people in marriage and love were different from the current day. Emotional intimacy, love, and personal choice are the main reasons for marriage. People are allowed to make their own choices when entering a union according to Coontz (Cherlin, 2013b). The industrial revolution brought about changes in family functions and ideologies. Interracial marriages became common with the family transforming into a tool for comfort and love. The fertility also improved with more children per marriage and restrictions being made to govern marriage. Coupling Charlin states that sexual identities are new and that they are determined by the society (Cherlin, 2013b). This means that the various roles of the individual determine their sexual identity in a given society, with this being different from the traditional outlook on the sexual identity. Sexual activity outside marriage has largely been accepted in many societies today, with some of the factors contributing to the change in opinion being the societal view of marriage. More people are increasingly losing the original intention of marriage, with the marriage laws being negligent on the same. There is a higher likelihood of younger women who bear children to have a greater risk of poverty. Some of the reasons include their dependence on other people for food, their inexperience at taking care of a family, and the low qualifications that they may possess to secure a source of income (Jor’dan, Wolf, & Douglass, 2012). They are also more likely to stop education and end up not qualifying for important and paying jobs. Some of the changes in the college dating trends that Cherlin states include the increased number of teenage pregnancies, reduced age of sexual debut, and the reduced age of marriage (Morris, 2013). College students are dating at an earlier age, with the sexual activity reported to be high among these students. Cherlin continues to state that marriage is still an important part of our society (Cherlin, 2013a). Some of the reasons for this include the ability of people in marriages to experience more support compared to those who are not. Marriage is also important in that the couple can contribute to the growth of the economy through the provision of workforce that also allows emotional comfort. The marriage market can be compared to the labor market in a number of ways (Morris, 2013). Labor markets are meant to benefit individuals contributing to the same, and so is the marriage market. Both also have profits and losses. The participants are answerable to the other partner. There are also laws governing the two institutions. The laws are meant to streamline them. Schwartz and Rutter explain the sociological and evolutionary psychological perspectives behind child bearing in families (Cherlin, 2013a). The main reasons are those passed on from generation to generation including for posterity and to ensure continuity of the species. Other reasons for childbearing include the desire for personal fulfillment and companionship (Garst et al, 2013). A society often constructs sexuality. An example includes the age at which people are allowed to engage in sex. Different societies have different ages based on the adult age for that society. Rape in marriage is also another value that has recently been outlawed in certain societies. However, some societies have no consideration since the partners have such rights if they are married. Some of the reasons for prolonging cohabitation instead of marriage for some couples include the poor resources that they may have, unstable careers, difficulty in getting to know each other, and religious factors (Cherlin, 2013b). Man is considered the traditional breadwinner in marriages. This influences the decision of some of the couples who are dating to enter the marriage institution. When the man in a relationship secures a good career, the lady considers this to be a secure future in which to bring up children and/or support the family, and hence the need to get into marriage. On the other hand, men who do not have secure careers are not considered able to bring up a family. Cohabitation for couples involves living together in the same house even without marriage. Some couples may choose to live apart while together due to the societal view of marriage once couples start living together. Other reasons include the difference in carriers and the desire to abstain from sex until marriage. The size of an ethno racial group is a significant factor determining the prevalence of intermarriage and segregation. Larger groups are more likely to intermarry with other groups while the smaller groups are more likely to segregate themselves with the desire to maintain their identity, which may be under threat from intermarriage (Morris, 2013). Larger groups also have a higher likelihood of interaction with other groups. Some of the factors influencing who we could couple with include character, occupation, age, race, language, and personal preferences among others. Family Formation Children and parents have a special relation. According to Cherlin, parents are supposed to train their children on the various responsibilities, provide food and shelter for them, as well as providing love and care (Cherlin, 2013a). Adoption has changed in the US, with the adoption laws making it easier for parents to adopt local and foreign children. The children in the US are better than they were before based on the way they receive the best of education, medical care, and social support. They are also protected by the various local and international laws. Young women’s view of marriage in “unmarried with Children” is described as being negative. These ladies prefer getting children and bringing them up alone (Cherlin, 2013b). This affects their life choices. They end up getting pregnant at an early age. The most effective strategy for attenuating the probability of pregnancy in these teen is the provision of basic education. Fragile families according to McLanahan are those that are on the verge of collapsing and/or without the family bond (Cherlin, 2013b). Two significant differences between the married and unmarried today include the social fulfillment and the ability to bring up families and/or withstand stresses. Childhood and the road to adulthood have significantly changed over the last few decades. Children are increasingly exposed to the adult materials at a younger age, with sexual debut also being lower (Davies, & Robinson, 2013). The traditional responsibilities in the road to adulthood have also reduced. Birth control has contributed to the formation of smaller family units, with people being able to plan for family size (Bogenschneider et al., 2012). This has been beneficial in planning for the available resources. Reference List Bogenschneider, K., Little, M., Ooms, T., Benning, S., Cadigan, K., & Corbett, T. (2012). The Family Impact Lens: A Family-Focused, Evidence-Informed Approach to Policy and Practice. Family Relations, 61 (3), 514-531. Cherlin, J. (2013a). Public and private families: an introduction . New York: McGraw-Hill. Cherlin, J. (2013b). Public and Private Families: A Reader, 7th Ed. New York. McGraw-Hill. Davies, C., & Robinson, H. (2013). Reconceptualising Family: Negotiating Sexuality in a Governmental Climate of Neoliberalism. Contemporary Issues In Early Childhood, 14 (1), 39-53. Garst, A., Baughman, S., Franz, K., & Seidel, W. (2013). Strengthening Families: Exploring the Impacts of Family Camp Experiences on Family Functioning and Parenting. Journal Of Experiential Education, 36 (1), 65-77. Jor’dan, R., Wolf, K., & Douglass, A. (2012). Strengthening Families in Illinois: Increasing Family Engagement in Early Childhood Programs. Young Children, 67 (5), 18-23. Morris, K. (2013). Troubled families: vulnerable families’ experiences of multiple service use. Child & Family Social Work, 18 (2), 198-206.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Sun King Brewing Company is a small, family-friendly business that has an inspiring story behind its founding. The company has an aggressive marketing strategy that works wonders for it.ThreatsThe size of the company limits its effectiveness as employees tend to be overworked. A person like Clay Robinson carries out multiple duties such as public relations, marketing, delivery, supplies and equipment management, and even plays the role of a janitor. While multitasking may endear locals to the

Sun King Brewing Company is a small, family-friendly business that has an inspiring story behind its founding. The company has an aggressive marketing strategy that works wonders for it. Threats The size of the company limits its effectiveness as employees tend to be overworked. A person like Clay Robinson carries out multiple duties such as public relations, marketing, delivery, supplies and equipment management, and even plays the role of a janitor. While multitasking may endear locals to the

Sun King Brewing Company Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Strengths 2. Weaknesses 3. Opportunities 4. Threats 5. Works Cited Strengths Sun King Brewing Company is a small, family-friendly business. The co owners of the company have an inspiring story on how they started it. Dave Colt and Clay Robinson were restaurant workers who had a passion for brewing beers. They also wanted to provide the people of Indiana with a home brew that grew their local economy. These stories inspire many locals to purchase their products and stay true to their brand. The company has an aggressive marketing strategy that works wonders for it. It holds promotional tours and has a discount Friday, where clients get to sample free beer. Furthermore, the business has a strong public relations policy. It participates in several community events and builds a lot of clout amongst local buyers. In this Brewery, the business culture is quite homey. Employees feel like they are part of something special as they are treated with respect. The organization has also garnered the reputation of being one of the best places to work in Indiana. The company offers life and disability insurance. It also gives workers free meals at least thrice weekly and pays them relatively well. The key strength in the firm’s product is its freshness. Sun King sells its product to individuals within Indiana, so beer gets to them in a fresh state. This approach is in line with many people’s preferences for organic and freshly made goods. Additionally, the firm is highly creative as it sells a diverse array of specialty beers. The co-founders strive to use a meticulous process that yields consistent products (Yelp 6). Weaknesses The size of the company limits its effectiveness as employees tend to be overworked. A person like Clay Robinson carries out multiple duties such as public relations, marketing, delivery, supplies and equipment management, and even plays the role of a janitor. While multitasking may endear locals to the co owner, it undermines his effectiveness in carrying out all the jobs effectively. This explains why the rate of growth of the company is rather slow. Some of their beer brands are not popular in the state. A number of customers that have tasted brands like ESB and Wee Mac assert that they are overwhelming. The company finds it difficult to strike a balance between the diverse arrays of tastes within its target market. In an effort to appeal to a larger client base, the organization has made some of its beers bland. The product packaging is also a subject of intense debate. Some of the buyers would like to buy the beer in pints but do not have such an opportunity. Growler fillers are a great way of marketing the product but to keep customers loyal to the organization, it needs to make the beer available in more portable packages. Opportunities Beer making can always be improved upon. A series of ingredients such as yeast or malt could be changed in order to make the product more appealing. Some clients may take Sun King beer for its sentimental value rather than its actual taste. In fact, a series of Indiana natives feel that the Brewery does not make the best beer in the state. Since it is relatively small, the organization can continue to experiment and establish a beer that many locals appreciate and love. Additionally, the company has often worn awards for its specialty beers, but the firm’s flagship brands are not as appreciated. Therefore, it needs to improve the taste of its flagship brands as this will elicit positive responses from consumers. The organization ought to consider what its top competitors make and borrow some ideas from them. Sun King’s operating hours are inflexible and unsound for a Brewer. The organization closes during the holidays, after 5pm as well as on Sundays. While these working hours may apply to organizations that do not focus on leisure, the same is not true for Sun King. Craft beer needs to be delivered when fresh, so making it available throughout the weekend is imperative. The firm needs to consider opening on Sundays and closing on Monday. Alternatively, it needs to have a shift system that will make it more flexible. Threats Companies like Upland, which boast of having created the craft beer industry in Indiana, may step up their campaigns on the basis of this advantage. Currently, Sun King is one of the most heavily marketed craft beer makers. It needs to keep up with this momentum if it hopes to maintain its position. Such competitors could reclaim their place as pioneers and thus outsmart Sun King. The option of offering company tours can be borrowed by other competitors as it requires nothing special. Other breweries have larger spaces to accommodate visiting clients and may also offer satisfactory customer service. This may take away some buyers from Sun King. Price is one of the key competitive advantages for the Brewery. It offers its house growlers for $5 and then sells them at $6.50 in other premises (Yelp 6). This approach has made the company’s offerings the most affordable craft beers in the state. However, competing on price always makes a business susceptible to price wars. Its competitors may decide to take it on, and they might win due to economies of scale. Works Cited Yelp. Sun King Brewing . 2013. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The Airbus case is a perfect example of how the MTP model can be used to ensure success in a high risk investment.The Airbus case is a perfect example of how the MTP model can be used to ensure success in a high risk investment.

The Airbus case is a perfect example of how the MTP model can be used to ensure success in a high risk investment. The Airbus case is a perfect example of how the MTP model can be used to ensure success in a high risk investment.

Supply Chain Management Techniques Research Paper Introduction One of the most outstanding innovations in the contemporary corporate management is supply chain management. Innovation, unlike the prior management techniques embraces the management of all players in the supply chain right from the supplier of the raw materials to the distributor. This change in management techniques has proved worthwhile in helping organizations to produce goods and services at a cost efficient mechanism and ensuring satisfaction of the consumer by availing the product and services when and where they are wanted. This paper pays a review of the various techniques in supply chain management with case studies of organizations that have successfully implemented the technique. Background: The Airbus case An official commitment of Airbus to develop and launch the A380, a 555-seat superjumbo plane, at a cost of $11.9 billion, which represented more than 70% of Airbus’ total revenues in 2000, represented a high risk investment. Following this commitment, Boeing, a competitor in the industry, cancelled, for the second and last time the project to develop and laugh a similar product, the stretch jumbo (Cole 23). This came regardless of the fact that Boeing was in a better financial problem to finance the project compared to the Airbus. As per the forecasts, the project proved to be success. With such success, the case ushers the manager into a new dimension in rethinking strategic planning. What lessons can the contemporary manager learn from this case? The MTO model The primary note in this case is the fact that though manufactured in different places across the Europe, the final assembly of these parts took place in two locations. From this information, it is evident that the managements’ choice of supply chain model was make to order. Now the question is, why this choice. First, MTO offers the organization much lower cost options especially concerning opportunity cost, Depreciation, staffing and warehouse costs (David 403). Furthermore, the model works well for customers products and in this case, since each of Airbus’ planes requires customization according to specific customer requirements, the model presents the perfect opportunity for the management. Further, considering that the production of the planes is not on mass basis, which would give the company a chance to explore other models, MTO the better model choice for the company. Leave alone the low demand, the other explanation for the choice of this model is the risks to which the investment exposed the company (David 405). Such high-risk investment, just like Airbus’, would best adopt the MTO model to secure the company and shield it from this exposure. Besides all this, the industry in which the company operates, the aviation industry, experience many technological changes within short periods and thus, the company stands a chance that these technology changes may rule the project obsolete before completion. For this reason, the MTO model passes as the best choice given that it offers the company an opportunity to follow technological changes and thus securing the product front obsolesce. The EOQ model Another very important consideration that every manager has to make is the consideration of how to place orders of raw materials. The planning of raw materials inventory is a quite daunting task for the manager. One of the considerations is whether to place bulk orders or to order small batches repeatedly. Though many might consider the consideration discretional, in practice, the process gives the management an opportunity to create value (Weiss and Gershon 136). In almost all cases, ordering big batches and maintain and inventory is far much economical as compared to small purchases. For a better understanding of this very important decision, a closer study of SILOG shades more light on the subject. The company places most of its orders in bulk by road transport and small batches by air in case of emergencies. This bulk ordering is associated with high warehousing costs. However, the longer lead-time for SILOG has helped it combat this challenge. By the time of new arrivals, the company has converted most of the raw material inventory to finished goods and therefore there is enough space. Besides this, the large inventory secures the company from running out of stock in case of emergencies like for example during the time of the volcano. The other consideration that is of interest when making this decision is the cost factor. It is more expensive to transport smaller quantities many times than transporting large quantities for less time (Weiss and Gershon 136). This is because the cost of transport is rather a function of the distance and means of transport than quantity. Therefore, transporting bulk by road or sea is more cost efficient than transporting small batches by air. Safety Stock Level Maintaining a safety stock level is an important consideration if the management has to avoid stock outs in case of non-constant demand (Krupp 26). Supposing a company faces a non-constant demand characterized by a normal distribution with a mean value of D units per month. Using this value, the manager can calculate the order size Q in the EOQ model and calculate the probability of experiencing stock out if a safety stock level is not in place (Krupp 26). Where, Z: Number of Standard deviations corresponding to Service level probability δ: Standard Deviation of Demand during lead-time. In case there is no safety stock, the value of Z is zero. Therefore, the reorder point R = LT X D. Hence, the service level equals the probability of having no stock outs. The implication is that there is a 50% probability of incurring stock outs if there is no safety stock. Measuring performance The first reason why individual performance in the Beer Game does not constitute the final grade is the interdependencies across all the activities in the supply chain. Thus, the decision in one stage cannot fix or break the chain and therefore, it is crucial to view and evaluate the process as a whole as opposed to the individual activities (Lee et al. 96). The butterfly effect, in the chaos theory, is a term that explains this. The theory proposes that, in any dynamic system, small initial differences may, over time, lead to large unforeseen consequences. Secondly, the way of carrying out the Beer Game is a hurdle in that it forbids communication among the various departments in the supply chain. This is the greatest of all challenges since communication is a very important took in making work easier and improving on quality besides making information clear (Tempelmeier 346). Thus, in forbidding communication, the game opens a great chance for error since most decisions are on speculation. Lastly, the beer games’ design was to imbed the Bullwhip effect. In addition to the inhibition of communication mentioned above, the beer game leads to Bullwhip effect in several other ways. The design of the supply chain is such that it allows longer lead-time, which in turn aggregates the bullwhip effect (Lee et al. 96). The final is local optimization. The combination of these factors provide an incentive for individual players to hold back orders and only place aggregate orders, which in turn aggravates the problem of demand forecasting because of the little information regarding actual demand which ultimately affect batch orders by unnecessarily inflating their prices. Historical demand and R square From the historical data of SILOG, there are five seasons explicit in the information. This kind of seasonality has a certain implication, which is, the data points around the trend line obtained through regression analysis will be at wider span, thus giving an explanation as to why the R square in this data set are rather low (around 0.64). However, removing the seasons explicit in the data brings the data points closer to the trend line, and hence the R square will get higher to around 0.94. Multi-process manufacturing While there exist not a single, and articulate reason as to why the manufacturing process may adopt various processes, there may be some arguments in support of this fact. In general, some reasons for multi-process manufacturing may include the specialty and customization of the product itself whereby it is impossible to manufacture it in another way. Other reasons might include the order size and the repetitiveness of demand (Pettersen 134). Another reason relates to the cost of manufacturing, whereby one option is less costly compared to the others. A review of some of the manufacturing processes, and why they are used will help shade more light into the matter. Broadly, some of the production systems include the pull and the push systems. The push systems, majorly characterized by Just-in-time (JIT) technology, require the absence of inventory because it represents a cost burden. Some benefits of such system include reduced WIP, reduced space and re-works, improved communications and improved defects detection (Pettersen 135). Further, it promotes shorter lead times, and is Less reliant on forecasts. The push production systems on the other hand use the Material Requirements Planning (MRP) technology. The system encourages the availability of inventory to support the smooth running of the production process, and further allows managers to control the process. This system therefore promotes economies of scale both in purchasing raw materials and in the production. However, this system mainly allows for the planning and completion of complex assemblies as the delivery of sub-components is only by scheduled need. Further, considering some specific processes and the reasons and the situations in which they are preferred is important. The first process is Mass production. This process is favored in cases where the product is highly standardized and therefore, production is on a single flow of one long process with each product identical to the other. This process has two main advantages, which include the fact that the production process is fast and that the process uses raw materials efficiently (Pettersen 138). However, this process has it shortcoming too. The high rate of production equal relies on all machines. The breakdown of one machine translates to a complete breakdown of the process. Secondly, the malfunctioning of any of the machines implies defects on all the units produced until find out that one of the machines is malfunctioning. Another process is batch production. In this case, the unit g through the production process in clear groups, which can be either dozens, hundreds or otherwise as planned and each batch is operated on as a whole. The greatest of all advantages is that it allows efficient use of equipment by moving batches around in patterns to different areas of special. In addition, the process reduces potential losses from failure of equipment since only a single batch fails (Pettersen 136). However, the process of identifying the ideal batch size requires a lot of analysis and might take a lot of time and secondly, the process may raise the costs of management given its complexity. Another process in this case is Job order production. In this case, the complexity of the product requires the production of a single product at a time and a combination of specific skills among the employees working on the product. This kind of production tends to use general-purpose machine and the workforce end up developing various skills (Liker 34). The disadvantage is that set up costs are relatively higher and raw materials are varied and relatively expensive. The last production process under scrutiny in this paper is Flow production. The process of this process aligns itself to the demand of the product. It borrows concepts from JIT where it produces according to demand forecasts, production lines for families of products, pull material using kanbans, back flush material and costs upon completion (Gilliland 67). The advantages of this include that it reduces inventories and guarantees efficient use of machinery leave alone reducing customer response time and easing the shop floor activities. HP DeskJet Printer Vs LEGO Pieces Despite the differences inherent in the above-mentioned cases, the two cases are similar in several ways. The first similarity lies in the interdependency of the processes in the supply chain and therefore a failure in any of the processes would mean a breakdown of the whole supply chain; in LEGOs’ case, all products were faulty. Secondly, the cooperation and communication breakdown within the supply chain lead to many problems. In the case of HP, each department had a different approach to the problem and did not reach consensus in the beginning just like LEGO. However, the opening of communication in stage two improved cooperation and thus improved the corporate results. Further, the forecasting system in both organizations had failed. This is highly evident in the HP case whereby some sites had stock outs and others had extra stock of the same items. In the case of LEGO, there was no forecasting system but it heavily depended on personal opinion, more precisely the choice of color when the demand was unknown. Both companies had a form of change with HP trying to change its system to pull while LEGO mainly used both push and pull in stage one and two respectively Finally, both company suffered customization issues. In HP case, assigning the alignment of power supplies and specific language catalogues to the distribution centers instead of the factory helped them have faster response time to customer demand where in LEGO case changing packaging methodology and shipping the product before the beam maker and doing that in the end could also have shown better outcomes. Lessons from 7-Eleven case Effective management of the supply chain is an important tool for the success of any organization and this is no different for 7-Eleven, which by effectively managing the supply chain succeeded. One of the lessons includes the choice of the location for their stores. Placing their stores close and adjacent to each other helped them drive away competition due to their heavy presence and secondly, the closeness of their store reduced the supply costs. Secondly, the company chose to cook the food they were supplying from without the site. Cost wise, it would cost much to cook in the store since this would require huge amount of money. More also, it would shift their main selling advantage, while guaranteeing the same tier of quality food in this case would be another hard thing to manage. Therefore, preparing food off site was the best choice given the well-organized supply chain. Another important lesson is the role of Distribution Center Module. This reduces costs since they did not have to maintain inventory and thus reduced distribution costs a great deal. Finally yet important is the role of a well constructed Information Technology Systems (ITS). 7-eleven has an excellent communication network such that the flow of information remains uninterrupted and unhindered. This allows real time visibility and besides these, it promotes the decision-making capacity as concerning inventories. Further, the consideration by the company to adopt RFID technology will greatly improve their efficiency and effectiveness in supply chain related matters. Lessons from the Beer Game experience From Beer Game experience, it is clear that the activities in the supply chain are interrelated, and are dependent on each other therefore, the performance of a single part cannot be measured in the absence or other related activities. Therefore, it is evident that the cause of supply chain failure is majorly internal inefficiencies rather than external factors. Further, communication, visibility and information exchange is an important aspect that is crucial for the success of the supply chain since a failure in any of these contributes to the whip effect. In addition to these, the game brings the desired attention to the complexity of demand forecasting in that it is more than what comes in and what goes out. Again, the game highlights the importance of a pull system rather than to make stock. Finally, it brings the understanding that lags are a major cause of problems in the supply chain and thus it is important to have them reduced as much as possible. Lessons from simulator SILOG The simulator SILOG also offers many important lessons from which both students and managers can learn. One is the importance of demand forecasting. The forecasts of demand help the manager decide the level of production at every location and how much to supply for every location. In addition, the case highlights the importance of having and maintaining safety stock to prevent stock outs in cases of emergency besides highlighting the importance of forward planning. Considering the air transport choice in emergency cases helps us understand the priority that managers must accord to customer demands as opposed to reducing transport costs. In addition, it highlighted the possibility of the requirement of holding more inventories in order to meet the requirements of the customer. In this case, the management chose to expand its inventory store as opposed to renting some extra space. This therefore represents a long tern solution to the problem, which is more cost effective than renting, especially if the renting space is away from the production site. Finally, from this case it is clear that the management can increase customer service through management of orders and supplies. Conclusion Throughout the discussion on this paper, the role of the supply chain is clear. Any organization that endeavors to meet its customers’ needs must appreciate the role of the supply chain in ensuring the satisfaction of the customers. This paper further highlights the pillars of an excellent supply chain. Information is one of these pillars. At every level in the supply chain, the management must encourage and promote sharing of information. More so, the management must understand the interdependencies within the supply chain, which means that the performance of the whole network is dependent of the performance of all the stages. The discussion also reveals the pillar of technology in improving the communication and information sharing within the supply chain. Lastly, the discussion brings the important understanding of the considerations that managers have to consider when choosing a particular system of production by highlighting the several advantages and disadvantages of the various systems of production. Works Cited Cole, Jeffrey. “Airbus Prepares to ‘Bet the Company’ as It Builds a Huge New Jet.” The Wall Street Journal 11 March 1999: 23-34. Print. David, Frederick R . Distribution, Planning and Control: Managing in the Era of Supply Chain. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999. Print. Gilliland, Michael. “Is Forecasting a Waste of Time?” Supply Chain Management Review August 2002: 56-78. Print. Krupp, James. “Measuring Inventory Management Performance.” Production and Inventory Management Jour nal, Dec 1994. Print. Pettersen, Johnson. “Defining lean production: some conceptual and practical issues.” The TQM Journal , Feb 2009: 127-142. Print. Weiss, Howard and Mark Gershon. Production and Operations Management . Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1989. Print. Lee, Hau, Padmanabhan, Van den and Whang Seungjin. “The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains”. Sloan Management Review May 1997: 93–102. Print. Tempelmeier, Henry. Inventory Management in Supply Networks: Problems, Models and Solutions. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2006. Print. Liker, Jeffrey. The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World’s Greatest Manufacturer . London: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The world has come to embrace technology, and learning institutions are currently finding it very important to use this technology to support learning and leadership. For this reason, many learning institutions have been making an effort to integrate the use of technology into their system. This research seeks to redesign the approach that can be taken in implementing technology in learning and leadership process in a school setting. The focus is on a higher learning institution with a school of computing and informatics. The school has an intake of about 60

The world has come to embrace technology, and learning institutions are currently finding it very important to use this technology to support learning and leadership. For this reason, many learning institutions have been making an effort to integrate the use of technology into their system. This research seeks to redesign the approach that can be taken in implementing technology in learning and leadership process in a school setting. The focus is on a higher learning institution with a school of computing and informatics. The school has an intake of about 60

Supporting Learning and Leadership with Technology Essay The world has come to embrace technology, and learning institutions are currently finding it very important to use this technology to support learning and leadership. For this reason, many learning institutions have been making an effort to integrate the use of technology into their system (Spiro, 2011). This research seeks to redesign the approach that can be taken in implementing technology in learning and leadership process in a school setting. The focus is on a higher learning institution with a school of computing and informatics. The school has an intake of about 60-80 students per year, and as the head of ICT department, I have the responsibility of ensuring that this institution develops an appropriate program that can be used to support learning and leadership with the use of technology. Given the fact that the school has about twenty teachers, and six technologists, it is in a prime position to implement this strategy. The Instructional Design Principle that would be used in this case is based on ADDIE Model. The choice of this model is based on its popularity in this field, and ease of implementation. The first stage when using this theory is to analyze the needs. This would involve determination of current organizational needs at this institution and performance gaps (Barone & Hagner, 2001). This would help in determining what needs to be fulfilled using this new approach. The need has already been identified as the desire to use technology to support learning and leadership within this organization. The next stage would be to design objectives. At this design stage, I will develop new learning objectives based on the use of technology to support learning and leadership. The learning objective is to use technology to support learning and leadership within this institution. The training plan would focus on how to make learners and the teaching staffs discover the best way of using technology in their daily academic activities. The design will also involve developing an evaluation program that would determine the level of success in using technology to support learning and leadership. The third stage will be the development of the course. This stage comes when it is already clear what is needed in this project and how it should be achieved (Garland & Tadeja, 2013). When developing this course, care will be taken to ensure that it is can be implemented based on the current capacity of the learners, the staff, and the available instruments. When developing the course, it is also important to determine some of the possible challenges that could be met at the implementation stage. Such challenges as possible resistance from older members of the staff, slow learning pace of the students, failure of the equipment and the associated costs must be clearly defined so that mitigation measures can be determined (Grünig & Kühn, 2005). The fourth stage would be to implement the developed course. The learners and other members of the staff would get directly involved in the use of technology to support learning and leadership. Learners will be involved in active participation in this process in order to achieve the desired success. The last stage will be the evaluation. The evaluation will also involve determining how successful the program has been implemented, and how the challenges were mitigated. The evaluation will seek to determine the level to which technology shall have supported learning and leadership within this organization. References Barone, C. A., & Hagner, P. R. (2001). Technology-enhanced teaching and learning: Leading and supporting the transformation on your campus . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Garland, V., & Tadeja, C. (2013). Educational Leadership and Technology: Preparing School Administrators for a Digital Age . New York: Routledge. Grünig, R., & Kühn, R. (2005). Process-based strategic planning . Berlin: Springer. Spiro, J. (2011). Leading change step-by-step: tactics, tools, and tales . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Surrealist and experimental photography are two techniques that were popularized in the early twentieth century. They both focused on creating abstract forms of art that shaped the history of photography. While surrealist photography was based in Paris and focused on capturing a world away from reality, experimental photography introduced graphics and especially photography to the commercial field and helped to propagate the commercial boom of some social vices. example, cigarettes.

Surrealist and experimental photography are two techniques that were popularized in the early twentieth century. They both focused on creating abstract forms of art that shaped the history of photography. While surrealist photography was based in Paris and focused on capturing a world away from reality, experimental photography introduced graphics and especially photography to the commercial field and helped to propagate the commercial boom of some social vices. example, cigarettes.

Surrealist Photography and Experimental Photography Compare & Contrast Essay The two photographic techniques that are highlighted extensively are surrealist photography and experimental photography. These two techniques showcase objects in an in-depth manner, concentrating specifically on the surroundings of the image and creation of an abstract form of art that shaped the history of photography. These two photographic techniques started in the early twentieth century and have been instrumental in the radical growth that has been seen in photography. Surrealist photography has its roots in Paris and is based on the attempts to capture a world away from the reality. Surrealists were instrumental in expressing a deeper connection to the inner self and emphasized on the imagination. Surrealism demonstrated a high affinity to the unconscious and desires that were attached to that. This practice found its core expressionism in photography as in essence, and photography can be likened to the moving out of the ordinary world to another realm. Photographers like Man Ray, Gyula Halasz, Hals Bellmer and Raoul Ubac were some of the critical photographers who experimented with this kind of photography. Their photography featured unlikely interactions between standard objects and other times grotesque ones. Due to the tonal variations and reversal of the conventional photography methods, they came up with artwork that is bordering on the mundane. Most of the surrealist photographers both refer to psychological distortions and scenic creation that is a twisted view of events as well as alluding to the primitive state. Apart from these odd innuendos, they sometimes showed a penchant for sexuality and sensual scenery. Surrealist photographers collaborated extensively and their abstract art was not only portraying objects in thought-provoking stance, but they also had an affinity for the socially unbecoming like the Paris de Nuit (Paris by night) which was a depiction of prostitution. On the other hand, experimental photography introduced graphics and especially photography to the commercial field concentrates on advertising. The original photographers who started this trend came up with images that showcased modernism and they were very instrumental in social appreciation of products that were considered sophisticated. Thanks to this art form, the commercial boom of some social vices for example, cigarettes was propagated. Also, like the surrealist photography, they had a partiality to sexuality, but where the surrealist concentrated in distorting as well as painting the female form in a bad light, the experimental photographers took to depicting the female form in an erotic manner. At this instance, in history, photography was being used to influence social behavior and culture. However, the various European nations saw this as an opportunity to paint their individual agendas in a not only selling of products but also political propaganda. Photography at this time extended to include a whole level of sophistication and this was seen in the various advertising campaigns that were run, for example, photographer Maurice Tabard’s Dunhill cigarette advertisement. Photography took a turn for the better with its influence in the film industry with technological advancement directly attributable to experimental photography. Experimental photography was most influential in terms of the influence of public perception, but surrealist photography is to be given credit in the capturing of spur-of-the-moment expression. There is a clear contrast in the two, but they both elicit a superior conjecture of creativity and have both been very influential in the direction that photography has taken.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay compares and contrasts two sustainability metrics, the Thring sufficiency concept and the Bellagio principles for sustainable development. It notes that the two approaches have a lot in common, but the Bellagio principles are more comprehensive and detailed.

The essay compares and contrasts two sustainability metrics, the Thring sufficiency concept and the Bellagio principles for sustainable development. It notes that the two approaches have a lot in common, but the Bellagio principles are more comprehensive and detailed.

Sustainability Metrics: Thring and Bellagio Principles Report (Assessment) Sustainability has been a topic of heated debate for decades. People, officials, policy makers, educators all strive for sustainable future, though there are a few people who can really follow sustainable principles. Notably, there are numerous sustainability principles and approaches which have been developed by different people. Though, none of the approaches has been chosen as the one to follow. It is necessary to note that there are several sustainability metrics which can help chose the most appropriate approach. This, in its turn, can help people adopt the most efficient sustainability approach. It is possible to illustrate evaluation of sustainability metrics by comparing and contrasting two widespread approaches. The Thring sufficiency concept and the Bellagio principles for sustainable development will be compared. In the first place, it is necessary to note that the two approaches have a lot in common. For instance, the Thring sufficiency concept provides a particular scale of sustainable consumption (Tester et al., 2012). Hence, sustainable consumption presupposes sufficient amount of product (food, energy, services, etc.) that ensures high quality of life without unnecessary excess which often leads to numerous issues. Likewise, the Bellagio principles of sustainable development presuppose evaluation of possible negative as well as positive consequences of people’s activities (Tester et al., 2012). These principles are close to the Thring sufficiency concept. More so, it is possible to state that the Bellagio principles can be implemented with the help of the concept developed by Thring. Furthermore, according to both approaches responsibility should be shared among individuals and governments. Each individual as well as the government should follow the principles of sustainability, which is the key to success. Apart from similarities, the two approaches also differ in many ways. One of the most significant differences is that the Bellagio principles are more comprehensive and detailed. Thus, these principles can be seen as a plan to follow to achieve sustainability in all aspects of people’s lives (Tester et al., 2012). In contrast to the Bellagio principles, the Thring concept can be regarded as a specific way to identify sustainable practices in this or that sphere. There is no description of possible ways to achieve sustainability in the sphere. To illustrate possible use of both approaches and their difference, it is possible to consider such issue as urban transportation. According to the Thring concept, it is clear that urban transportation should suffice for all inhabitants of the area to access urban facilities. When there is insufficient transportation, public transport will be overcrowded and lots of people will be unable to access certain destinations which can negatively affect the development of the area as qualified employees will be unable to access their working places. On the other hand, too much transportation leads to increase in emissions and the necessity to build roads which is associated with additional (considerable) energy consumption. Thus, a possible solution is to provide sufficient public transportation which will make private vehicles unnecessary. People will be able to use public transport to get to their working places. Admittedly, this is possible when the government as well as every individual can accept the sustainable approach. This solution can be applied if people focus on the good for all rather than on personal benefits. When it comes to the Bellagio principles, the issues concerning urban transportation can be solved with the help of a comprehensive plan. First, the city government will set clear goals, e.g. to develop sufficient urban transportation system. Then, the officials will implement holistic approach and make sure that all essential of the problems are included in the discussion. For example, such aspects as availability of transport, environmental consequences, cost-effectiveness, etc. will be highlighted. The government will also assess the present state of the urban transportation system. After that, the government will develop specific timelines for each stage of the plan, e.g. timelines for development of efficient routes, production and provision of vehicles, etc. According to the Bellagio principles for sustainable development, it is essential to assess implementation of the plan. Thus, supervisors will assess the changes. For instance, the supervisors will trace the number of private vehicles, the number of people using public transport, the amount of emissions, the degree of satisfaction, etc. Besides, it is crucial to ensure openness of the assessment. Therefore, people should be able to access reports on implementation of the plan. These can be online reports which are updated regularly. More so, there should be place for commentaries or different forms of feedback as people should be able to participate in the process as well. This will contribute to effective communication. It is also necessary to note that communication should be transparent and plan developers as well as conductors should understand goals set, timelines developed and approaches which can be used. It is also important to make sure that all groups of stakeholders involved can participate in the process of the plan development. Officials, employees, entrepreneurs, unemployed people should all take part in the discussion. Finally, the government should be totally responsible for the implementation of the plan and encourage individuals to share their vision. In conclusion, it is possible to note that the two approaches mentioned above are effective when combined. Thus, the Bellagio principles for sustainable development can be the basis and the Thring sufficiency concept can be used at the stage of evaluation and assessment. Reference List Tester, J.W., Drake, E.M., Driscoll, M.J., Golay, M.W., & Peters, W.A. (2012). Sustainable energy: Choosing among options . Cambridge, MA: Mit Press.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The report discusses the importance of communication within organizations and how CRM software can help to improve customer service. It also looks at the benefits of CRM for organizations and how they can use it to make informed decisions.

The report discusses the importance of communication within organizations and how CRM software can help to improve customer service. It also looks at the benefits of CRM for organizations and how they can use it to make informed decisions.

Swansea Metropolitan and University of Wales: Trinity St Davids Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System 3. Elements and Benefits of CRM 4. Principles of Big Data and metrics 5. Benefits of Big Data to the University 6. Ethical and Legal Issues 7. Conclusion 8. References Introduction Communication within organizations is vital for full attainment of goals and objectives to enhance customer satisfaction in terms of service experience. Company interactions with customers involve applying different methods that ensure that customers’ pieces of information reach the sales department. Since this communication process involves many people, it requires appropriate management to guarantee best customer service to the present and future customers. Currently, organizations are adopting the use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software to improve quality of their service provisions to their clients. The software helps in organizing and tracking contacts of both the present and future customers. Just as other online applications, the software minimizes logistical requirements and time wastage since all employees in every department can view a customer’s information and respond appropriately (Murray 2013). At the same time, a customer will obtain timely response from the necessary departments hence saving productive time. The Database Management System that Swansea Metropolitan University and the University of Wales: Trinity Saint Davids included in their system will ease the logistics required in communicating to and managing their students. The report expounds on the benefits that will accrue to the two institutions after adopting CRM, especially in decision-making processes. In addition, it will discuss the principles of Big Data and metrics and examines the gains that the University of Wales is likely to realise in adopting CRM. Finally, the treatise will expound on the ethical and legal implications that may face the institution for storing students’ data for future marketing purposes. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System Organisations interact with customers in three main ways: back office operations, front office contacts, and business contacts. In marketing, business contacts is where a company’s workforce intermingles with suppliers and customers through trade associations and various industry activities (Malhotra & Birks 2007). Front office contacts entail straight connections that company workers have with dealers and consumers through mails and phone messaging. On the other hand, back office operations are sequences that aid phone call and e-mailing services such as marketing, promotion, and investment relations. The use of CRM pays more focus to customers thereby enabling organizations to attract and retain customers through better service provisions, understand their customers, cut cost of managing customers and increase profit maximization. For successful service provision, CRM has different components such as campaign management, sales force automation, and customer service. Further, the process allows firms to communicate to their customers on marketing activities, sell goods and services to customers, and handle after-sales service necessities for customers. Markedly, the Customer Relationship Management software stores all communications with clients as they transpire so that any company worker can retrieve it in future in case need arises. Sales force automation component eliminates instances of effort duplication hence increasing efficiency. Moreover, it expands sales opportunities for current and new customers and even makes it possible for employees not in the sales department to access customers’ recent data easily. In essence, the element improves customer services, as all employees are aware of consumers’ current contact information. When sales representatives get prospective clients, they often use a given set of decisive factors that centre at a drive of attracting new businesses. In the campaign process, the targeted customers receive inducements inform of special sales terms and marketing resources (Murray 2013). This Customer Relationship Management element takes into account all promotion trends, customers’ feedbacks and ultimate scrutiny from the initiative. Elements and Benefits of CRM CRM software has enhanced levels of business-customer engagement in its ability to manage contract wins, business contacts, and client’s information (Malhotra & Birks 2007). Customer Relationship Management provides organisations with customers’ business information, which enables them supply products and services that meets customers’ needs. For that reason, CRM solutions enhance customer satisfaction. Additionally, the system allows effective cross-sell, up-sell, and provision of better customer services. Notably, organisations that understand the behaviours of their clients are highly likely to attract and retain current customers in the process. Advancements in technology has presented numerous challenges to companies in identifying the tastes and preferences of a target market and completely altered consumers buying behaviours thus forcing them to use new ways of reaching their present and prospective customers. An effective CRM solution helps business leaders in making prudent and insightful decisions. At the University of Wales: Trinity St Davids, the management will be able to understand the nature and dynamics of their students. For instance, the management will be able to save data of students applying for first year courses thus offering effective platforms for the academics department to identify the students’ potentials and levels of interest in allocating the courses. Further, since the software allows for real time access of data in the dashboard, the university will be at an advantaged position to make right decisions at the right time. A marketing decision-maker having customers’ data at real time is able to monitor expected performances versus the actual results thus driving the marketing return on investments (Galligan 2012). The University will be able to process students’ requests and complaints in real time through the CRM dashboard. Evidently, the software reduces the costs of addressing students’ concern, as the administration will easily identify better processes at the contact centres. It makes student management easy since the administration can solve students’ issues on their first call given more in-depth data on the dashboard. Students’ service provision within the university will be quick and timely given that the administration will have students’ data in real time and even mitigate potential threats to students’ satisfaction. The CRM system will also improve the rate at which the university will carry out course-selection for the new students, which will enable it gain competitive advantage over other institutions in Wales and England. When the university departments are able to work together, they will not only have great insights into the objectives of the institution but also develop effective marketing strategies (Wilson 2006). Principles of Big Data and metrics Businesses that can handle Big Data are more likely to be competitive than their competitors who cannot (Hayes 2012). This concept involves bringing together vast quantities of data, analyzing and processing them to extract valuable information. When Swansea Metropolitan University and the University of Wales: Trinity Saint David merged, it is evident that there are abundant data that need re-organization and analysis for the benefit of the institutions. Since the two institutions have different management systems, data integration into a single system will be a challenging task, but through data federation and information integration, it will be possible. Here, data reside where they have been, instead of moving them to other applications. Big data involves fast analysis of varied and massive data that reflect on reality to gain the trust of other users. One has to understand first the reasons for acquiring Big Data. In other words, one has to know its importance and substantiate how he/she intends to extract valuable information from Big Data. This process will enable one to make substantial decisions regarding the functions of a business. For effective communication, a well-engineered and harmonised reporting system that removes information overload that can cause confusion for users is necessary. Data minimization is also a key principle of Big Data. This principle ensures that everybody get full data that they need for their work and not in excess of that (Hayes 2013). Data protection prevents exploitation and accessibility by unauthorised parties. Data in the university’s database are extremely sensitive and requires maximum protection for use in a specified purpose. In addition, a functional reporting system where the validity of information is not in doubt and set operational goals maximise customer satisfaction. For better services, organisations need to train their employees so that they can answer customers’ questions successfully. The process of data integration should be customer-centred to enable organisations create impact on their customers. In higher education, Big Data can focus on areas of student progress, institutional finance and budgeting, and resource optimisation. Benefits of Big Data to the University The University of Wales: Trinity St Davids stands to benefit immensely from developing Big Data Networks. For instance, the collected data will assist in addressing strategic issues, such as institutional finance management and budgeting. When the university hosts data at one point all employees can access it thus enhancing accountability and transparency in areas where funds are used. As a result, the university’s overall management will have clean sheets on financial management hence making it register positive image to current and prospective students. Other areas that the institution will preserve its data include enrolment management, progress of strategic plan, student learning, library, research advancement, procurement and faculty teaching and research performance. The University of Wales: Trinity St Davids will also be able to understand the demographics and behaviours of its students, as all students will be in the Database. Notably, the entire university department will have full access of students’ details, such as characters, ages, religious affiliations, and nationalities. Essentially, the development will assist the institution in monitoring its students with ease. Additionally, Database Management System will benefit the university by optimising use of resources. This is possible since all departments will be monitoring and evaluating the expected results from all resources within the institution. Scrutiny of resources across all university departments will improve the usability and productivity of resources (Javalgi, Martin & Young 2006). The initiative will also enable the university to recruit many students at ago, as the process will not only automate all courses but also improve the relationship between new students and the university administration. In sum, the system will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the university services. Ethical and Legal Issues In attempting to use customers’ data in marketing, the University of Wales: Trinity St Davids will be contravening the policy of individual privacy (Chisnall 1997). Since the institution may apply business-to-consumer marketing as a way of enticing other students to join its courses, the privacy concern is less clear on the context of internet development. Personal data like address, social security numbers, age, likes and dislikes are key concerns to customers. In the UK, the revised 1998 Data Protection Act helps in protecting personal data and marketers ought to be consistent with privacy law whenever they are marketing their products and services via the internet (Ethical Constraints n.d.). In addition, the University of Wales: Trinity St Davids will not be able to control those who will access the data, as it will be difficult to identify end-users. However, the institution can plant cookies in on the end-users computers to enable websites identify them. The university should also get the consent of the students to transfer data ownership to third parties. On the legal front, citizens expect their personal data and resources to keep them safe and secure. The Data Protection Act (DPA) assists in giving evidence in a legal proceeding involving unlawful sharing of personal data. The university will have to document the need for sharing data with other prospective consumers, information to share and the means of sharing it to avert situations of privacy violations (Ethical Constraints n.d.). Since the Welsh Government encouraged the need for higher institutions to adopt CRM, this does not guarantee the university to share customers’ information under a public sector as per the provisions of section 22 of the DPA. Conclusion The university’s option of adopting the use of CRM in its services presents numerous benefits its ways of handling students’ services and in its overall management. For long-term benefits, the institution should use widely packaged customer database management software applications since they are flexible and indispensable in meeting current marketing needs (Myers 2013). Moreover, rapid and flexible software will increase the security of customers’ data thus enhancing clients’ loyalty to the institution. On marketing, the university should comprehend the provisions of the DPA to help it in differentiating between readily available data and others that are under copyright protection. References Chisnall, P. 1997, Marketing research (5th ed.), McGraw-Hill, London. Ethical Constraints, Internet Studies. Web. Galligan, F. 2012, Altmetrics for Librarians and Institutions: Part II, Content Management Services for Libraries and Publishers. Web. Hayes, B. 2012, Big Data has Big Implications for Customer Experience Management | Business Over Broadway, Business Over Broadway: Transforming Business Through Customer Insight. Web. Hayes, B. 2013, Big Data has Big Implications for Customer Experience Management , The Big Data Hub | Understanding big data for the enterprise. Web. Javalgi, R., Martin, M., & Young, R. 2006, ‘Marketing research, market orientation and customer relationship management: a framework and implications for service providers’, Journal of Services Marketing , vol. 20. no. 1, pp. 12-23. Malhotra, N. K. & Birks, D. F. 2007, Marketing research: an applied approach (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow, England. Murray, M. 2013, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Logistics. Web. Myers, R. 2013, Legal and Ethical Issues in Obtaining and Sharing Information, Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP. Web. Wilson, A. M. 2006 Marketing research: an integrated approach (2nd ed.), Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow, England.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: SWOT analysis is a matrix whose elements can be broken down into Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. In the analysis, the aforementioned elements, which happen to be present in any business, product, or place, are looked at and decisions made regarding the same.

SWOT analysis is a matrix whose elements can be broken down into Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. In the analysis, the aforementioned elements, which happen to be present in any business, product, or place, are looked at and decisions made regarding the same.

SWOT Analysis of Every Business Report SWOT analysis is a matrix whose elements can be broken down into Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. In the analysis, the aforementioned elements, which happen to be present in any business, product, or place, are looked at and decisions made regarding the same. SWOT analysis majorly entails determining the external and internal factors of a project or business venture and consider their favourability. From the comparisons of the internal and external environments, a strategic fit is arrived at. For instance, with the help of SWOT analysis, a business is able to operate in a competitive market environment. The elements of the SWOT matrix stand for the following Strengths : These are the features of the business or project that give the latter competitive advantage over other businesses in the market. They could include assets, human resource, technological resources and prospects, just to mention a few. Weaknesses: These include features of the business that place it at a disadvantaged position over the other businesses in the market. Weakness could include high employee turnover, unsolved legal disputes, and business restrictions, among others. Opportunities: These are features that the business has its disposition, which could be exploited to its benefit. Mergers and acquisitions are examples of opportunities. Threats : These are elements in the external environment that could have a negative impact on the performance of the business. Currency fluctuations are an example of a threat in the business environment. The four elements of the SWOT matrix are classified into two broad groups of internal and external factors. Strengths and weaknesses fall into the class of internal factors of the organisation, while opportunities and threats are manifested in the external environment. The external factors mainly entail matters of the macroeconomy, socio-cultural, law, and changes in the market environment. In most cases, businesses have no control of the external factors and the only way of dealing with them is by safeguarding or shielding the business or projects from the impact of the external factors. Internal factors mostly entail matters that can be controlled by the business management. The application of SWOT analysis is diversified ranging from projects, profit-making and non-profit making organisations, sole-entrepreneurship, and companies, among others. It is of significance in decision making, especially in cases where the objectives are defined. In addition to this, SWOT analysis can be used in preventing organisational crisis through proper planning of both the internal and external environment. For instance, when an organisation is under financial distress, it could use SWOT analysis to identify the affected opportunities and have a pre-crisis plan to prevent the organisation from losing its opportunities. Finally, yet importantly, SWOT analysis is crucial in providing recommendation for project studies and surveys. It is an indicator of the viability of the study or survey. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that SWOT analysis is an important management tool in any organisation. The strategic plans and decisions arrived at after a SWOT analysis help in the achievement of organisational goals and objectives. Despite its significance, SWOT analysis just like any other tool of management, has faced a lot of criticism regarding its performance and application. For instance, SWOT analysis has the drawback of prioritisation and compilation of the factors in the various categories. With this weakness, it becomes difficult to analyse wrongly categorised factors and come up with solutions.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : A strong organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees are committed to their work and discharge their duties with little or no supervision while a weak organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees have little commitment to their duties and are closely supervised.The importance of a cohesive organizational culture is discussed in a case study on a San Diego based organization called Synaptic, which is faced with management challenges. The challenges have led to poor working relationship between two key departments, namely the Information Management (IM) and computational scientists departments. The main cause of the misunderstanding is poor organizational culture; which does not promote cohesiveness and harmony between various organizational departments. As a consultant, I would recommend that the organization adopts a cohesive organizational culture and reduces the centers of power.

A strong organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees are committed to their work and discharge their duties with little or no supervision while a weak organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees have little commitment to their duties and are closely supervised. The importance of a cohesive organizational culture is discussed in a case study on a San Diego based organization called Synaptic, which is faced with management challenges. The challenges have led to poor working relationship between two key departments, namely the Information Management (IM) and computational scientists departments. The main cause of the misunderstanding is poor organizational culture; which does not promote cohesiveness and harmony between various organizational departments. As a consultant, I would recommend that the organization adopts a cohesive organizational culture and reduces the centers of power.

Cohesive Organizational Culture Case Study Introduction This assignment is a case study on the importance of a cohesive organizational culture. The case study is based on a San Diego based organization called Synaptic, which is faced with management challenges. The challenges have led to poor working relationship between two key departments, namely the Information Management (IM) and computational scientists departments. The main cause of the misunderstanding is poor organizational culture; which does not promote cohesiveness and harmony between various organizational departments. As a consultant, I would recommend that the organization adopts a cohesive organizational culture and reduces the centers of power. Discussion Organizational Culture An organization is a group of people who work together with coordinated efforts to achieve certain objectives or goals. Organizational goals and objectives are of various categories and it is this variation of the goals and objectives which classify organization into three main categories namely profit-making, service-based and social responsibility based organization. Organizational culture is a very important aspect in any organization which aspires to realize its vision and mission. The reason is that organizational culture determines whether the organization is able to work together towards the realization of its vision. Organizational culture is closely related to organizational structure in that the manner in which decisions are made by the top management influences the relationship between the top management and the other employees, which consequently determines the culture of the organization (Project management institute, 2013, p.78). Organizational culture is learned implicitly through interactions within an organizational setting. The employees learn it through imitating other employees. This imitation happens unconsciously due to the human instinct to adopt behaviors which make him or her fit in the social environment which he or she finds himself or herself in. Through communication and interaction with each other, employees come up with unique ways of relating to each other as they go about their duties. Employees also learn organizational culture through conditioning and reinforcement. If for instance, a certain behavior is rewarded by the management of an organization, the employees tend to perfect that behavior which eventually becomes part of their culture (Project management institute, 2013, p.78). Likewise, if a certain behavior is negatively sanctioned by the management, then the employees will tend to avoid it, thus becoming one of the don’ts in the organization. A strong organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees are committed to their work and discharge their duties with little or no supervision while a weak organizational culture is found in organizations where the employees have little commitment to their duties and are closely supervised so as to discharge their duties effectively. Organizations vary greatly in terms of their mission, vision, objectives, resource base philosophy and coverage. Due to this, each and every organization must cultivate a culture which is unique to itself so as to achieve its mission and objectives. This means that what may be considered as values or norms in one organization may not be considered as such in another organization. However, despite these variations and differences, there is importance of having a cohesive organizational culture regardless of the organizational structure, mission and objectives. Why Synaptic Needs a Cohesive Organizational Culture One reason is because organizations are managed by people for the benefit of people. All employees in all organizations are social beings complete with needs, feelings and emotions. In many countries for instance, it is almost impossible to separate personal life and work among employees, which calls for an integration of employees lives with their work environment so as to make work both satisfying and enjoyable as well as a means of realizing happiness and fulfillment in one’s life (Heldman, 2011, p.37). But what is a cohesive organizational culture? Many organizational researchers agree that a cohesive organizational culture is one in which all members of an organization hold to similar beliefs and values which glue them together as an organization. These beliefs and values may be implicit or explicit to the organization. In this kind of a culture, what matters most is the commitment of each and every member of the organization to these beliefs and values (Keshavarzi, 2007, p.152). For example, an organization may value hard work, honesty and teamwork and believe in transparency, utmost good faith, ethics and morality. A cohesive organizational culture has got many benefits. One benefit is that it leads to high motivation among the employees because they share common beliefs and values. When employees are highly motivated, there is minimal use of resources in their supervision which in turn increases their productivity because to them, what matters most is the good of the organization as a whole but not personal good. Another benefit of cohesive organizational culture is that it facilitates the alignment of organizations for the achievement of their objectives, mission and vision without much difficulty. The reason is that the employees are not only fully aware of the mission, vision and objectives, but have also internalized them, thus making them to work hard to achieve them. This makes them more motivated to accomplish the set organizational goals, targets or objectives. Strong organizational culture also boosts organizational efficiency because of the internalization of what is required of each and every employee. The sharing of values and beliefs creates a good working environment free from any kind of confusion, ambiguity or lack of understanding among the employees, which apart from increasing efficiency also saves on time wasted when things seem not to move in the right direction because the employees are able and free to consult each other without the fear of victimization or intimidation especially by the senior managers. Employees also portray good behavior at work because they know what is right to be done and what is not right. Furthermore, strong organizational culture leads to cohesion among various departments of an organization which leads to harmonization of all organizational procedures, policies and practices in each and every department. This cohesion leads to proper utilization of organizational resources without sabotage as well as sound, logical and relevant polices on how to coordinate organizational activities in a manner that would maximize the organizations’ chances of realizing their mission and vision. Cohesion among various organizational departments also leads to the sharing of information by various departments which increases the employees’ levels of understanding of how various departments work. This is very important because it enables employees to multitask, especially in times when staffs in some departments are not available. For example, the understanding of administrative issues in the organization by the head of accounting department may make him or her work on behalf of the head of the administration department when he or she is not present. Strong organizational culture enhances control, good coordination and consistency within an organization. The reason is that the employees and the management are in good terms and thus are able to agree informally on various procedures and practices without compromising the quality of services offered. This saves on time because employees implement the changes which they find necessary without having to wait for bureaucratic board meetings and discussions to approve even the slightest change in procedures or practices. Lastly, not the least, cohesive organizational culture enhances teamwork, group leadership and collaboration of the employees in various tasks. This is of crucial importance to organizations because it opens the room for employees’ creativity, innovativeness and openness to positive criticism which makes work not only enjoyable, but also enriched with a multiplicity of ideas. This, in turn, leads to increased achievement levels by the organization as opposed to situations in which employees’ creativity and innovativeness are not entertained by the management of the organizations. Conclusion As a consultant, therefore, I would advise the top management to ensure that all members of the organization are working towards the same goal. I would also recommend that the organization reduces the centers of power. Based on the organizational chart, it is evident that the organization has many centers of power and that is why there is poor coordination of the departments. If for example, the organization could have just one director in charge of information and communication technology, then the wrangles witnessed before would not happen again. For the organization to solve the problem once and for all, therefore, it needs to embrace cohesiveness and have few centers of power. References Heldman, K. (2011). PMP Project Management Professional exam study guide , (6th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keshavarzi, H. A. (2007). The effect of organizational culture on knowledge sharing behaviourin the auto industry in Iran. Unpublished doctoral dissertation , London, UK: Aston University. Project Management Institute. (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide) (5th ed.). Newton Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses two ways to enjoy a Promenade by comparing two different versions of the famous Promenade excerpt from Mussorgsky's "Pictures at an Exhibition" and Ravel's "She's Leaving Home". The first way is to appreciate the beauty of the music, while the second way is to use the Promenade as a tool for personal growth.

The text discusses two ways to enjoy a Promenade by comparing two different versions of the famous Promenade excerpt from Mussorgsky's "Pictures at an Exhibition" and Ravel's "She's Leaving Home". The first way is to appreciate the beauty of the music, while the second way is to use the Promenade as a tool for personal growth.

Takeaway Listening Test: The Sounds of Music Report (Assessment) The Many Variations of “Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra” There are many ways to perform Britten’s Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (Britten, n. d.). Indeed, the composition allows for several variations, with a new element added to its atmosphere. Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra can be seen as a quiet moment of admiration, an inspiring and exciting experiment, etc. – the list goes on. However, there are two worth taking a closer look at. In the first version, the violin plays the first part, whereas a trombone and drums appear in the background, setting a very specific atmosphere. The second version features violins once again; however, this time, the background is provided by clarinetists, which makes the composition smoother. It could be argued that the second version of the composition Two Themes of Ravel’s “Bolero”: Between the Diatonic and the Sinuous Ravel’s Bolero is one of the rare cases when each of the two alternatives that a composer comes up with sounds equally amazing. Each setting a unique tone for the composition, both themes are used in each version; however, one of them is always downplayed, whereas the other one comes out in full blue, which leaves a unique impression. In the first part, which is played with the help of a clarinet, the diatonic approach is used, with every single note belonging to the same octave (Ravel , n. d.). The second part, in its turn, features a flute and introduces the audience to the B Theme, with obvious sinuous elements and the introduction of flattened notes. “Pictures at an Exhibition”: Two Ways to Enjoy a Promenade The excerpts provided, “Pictures at the Exhibition” by Mussorgsky and Ravel offer a unique aesthetic experience by allowing comparing two different versions of the famous Promenade excerpt (Mussorgsky & Ravel, 2012, 17 March). It seems that the second variant reflects the idea of the composition in a more accurate way. Judging by the name of the composition, the music should reflect the impressions of a person who is attempting to analyze his or her impressions and, perhaps, make a very personal revelation. Therefore, the latter version, where the triumphant notes are downplayed and smooth clarinet sounds come to the forth, seems more appropriate. The Structure and Meaning of “She’s Leaving Home”: The Time to Part “She’s Leaving Home” (The Beatles, n. d.) has a traditional verse-chorus-verse-chorus-bridge-chorus (A – B – A – B – C – B) structure. The instruments used in the song are violin, viola, cello, double bass and harp, the harp solo being a rather unusual element of the song. Telling a story of a young runaway girl, it creates a very moving atmosphere, with the back vocals getting the feelings of the parents across. A Journey into the Place Called Imagination: Song Analysis “Imagination” is one of those songs that stand out on their own despite containing the elements that seem to have worn out their welcome a long time ago. It is the combination of these elements that works so well and makes the song unique and appealing to an average music lover. For example, the complex (A – B – C – B – D – E) structure of the verse: “Heaven – try – us – sky – people – today” (Lennon, n. d., p. 1) works especially well when combined with a relatively simpler (A – B – C – B) chorus structure : “dreamer – one – us – one” (Lennon, n. d., p. 1). The macro-structure of the song is quite unusual as well, the key components being arranged in the following way: verse – verse – chorus – verse – chorus. A very optimistic song about the supposed paradise, “Imagine” can also be viewed through critical goggles. On the one hand, Lennon’s idea of a place where one can see “all the people sharing all the world” (Lennon, n. d., p. 1) is rather good. However, living in paradise means that there will be nothing more to strive for in terms of morality, which is quite a questionable goal. Whenever there is development, there will always be new dilemmas to solve, which mean that it is necessary to be able to solve these problems, which is quite a problem for a man living in a perfect world and, therefore, completely unprepared for complex issues. Reference List Britten, B. (n. d.) Young person’s guide to the orchestra (an extract). MP3 file. Lennon, J. (n. d.). Imagine . A PDF file. pp. 1–3. Mussorgsky, M. P. & Ravel, M. (2012, 17 March). Pictures at an Exhibition. YouTube. Ravel, M. (n. d.) Bolero (an extract). MP3 file. The Beatles (n. d.). She’s Leaving Home . MP3 file.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay examines the skills and competencies of an intern in the field of marketing. The center hired the intern because the marketing project aimed at increasing sales. The center examined qualities of the intern including expertise, professional qualifications, abilities, and attitudes. The psychometric indicators employed include expertise, professional qualifications, abilities, and attitudes.

The essay examines the skills and competencies of an intern in the field of marketing. The center hired the intern because the marketing project aimed at increasing sales. The center examined qualities of the intern including expertise, professional qualifications, abilities, and attitudes. The psychometric indicators employed include expertise, professional qualifications, abilities, and attitudes.

Talent Management in Hype Center Report (Assessment) Introduction Hype Center is a marketing firm that undertakes marketing of domestic items such as perfumes, lotions, and medicated soap. Since the center is a small marketing firm that started its operations on July 2013, then it still requires more employees. Recently, the firm embarked on a search for qualified employees. The firm then put the candidate under a three-month probation period. During the probation, the intern would work with three other employees of the center as a team. The firm hired the intern because the marketing project aimed at increasing sales. Therefore, the center examined qualities of the intern. The psychometric indicators employed include expertise, professional qualifications, abilities, and attitudes. As a human resource officer, the firm tasked me to review staff performance and compile a report. Therefore, the report examines the skills and competencies of the intern in the field of marketing. Literature Review Human resource managers usually examine a number of qualities and attributes that potential employees have before recruiting them. Among other attributes, human resource managers expect an employee to have the ability of working with others in a productive and harmonious manner. Furthermore, the human resource department expects individuals to demonstrate good self-monitoring abilities. The abilities enable employees to regulate their behaviors and effectively accommodate different social challenges that individuals comes across in the workplace (Bikhchandani, 2002). Thus, the individual can adapt and work harmoniously and productively with other team members who have different personalities. Talents are essential in the marketing aspect of the company. According to Terracino (2005), employees should also have the social intelligence as it enables them to respect the opinions of other employees. In addition, Marchioni (2009) states that a candidate must be goal oriented, very thoughtful of others, have good self-control on impulses, be organized, and mindful on the marketing details as demonstrated in conscientiousness personality trait. The conscientiousness personality trait is one of the big five personality traits also known as the big five locators. This makes it easy for individuals to influence other team members, as well as target consumers assertively. Competent marketing skills enable marketers to convince customers on the validity of the products, and increase sales. Additionally, the human resource department expects an employee to have intrinsic style of interaction, which is one of the four styles of interactions styles. Berens (2008) notes that the interaction style enables individuals to understand and work with teams and perform well. The individual value contributions enable employees make consultations before deciding on a course of action (Snyder, 2000). Moreover, team members amass information and other points of view so that they can use them to make informed decisions. In this style of interaction, the individuals are calm, patient, and quiet, and thus can produce, sustain, define, and clarify issues objectively. Consequently, these indidviduals believe that for a project to succeed, it should take a reasonable period of time. Therefore, the interaction style enables an individual communicate ideas, opinions, and suggestions using clear and appropriate way inline with the relevant audience or authority. Data Self-monitoring Results Your score is 50, on a scale of 0 (low self-monitor) to 100 (high self-monitor). You are neither a high nor low self-monitor. Big Five Locator Results Interaction Styles Based on the results of the ISAT, you are an energizer ! Full of persuasive energy, energizers are natural people. You know how to strike up a conversation and keep it going. Jung Type Results You are a natural leader. You are a confident and original thinker, and believe strongly in yourself. You are a strong individualist who seeks new angles or novel ways of looking at life. In general, you are an extremely capable and intelligent individual who strives to do their best and continue to move in a positive direction. Findings On the results of the self-monitoring test, the intern neither scored 50%, which means that the intern is neither low nor high self-monitor. Since the intern possessed such self-monitoring skills and social intelligence, then the intern was able to respect the opinions of other team members and react in a suitable manner to different workplace challenges. The individual was also able to employ self-control, organization, and marketing skills on the team members, as well as target consumers. Regarding the big five locator, the results show that the intern scored 68, 83, 60, 45, 45, and 18 in extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness respectively. The high level of extraversion and conscientiousness implies that the intern is outgoing and conscious of what is happening in the workplace. Furthemore, the intern demostrated high levels of understanding on matters concerning production, sustainability, difinition, and clarification of marketing issues. The intern also valued consultation, this was evident from the intern’s nature of asking for the opinions from other team members before making a decision. While working with the team of four members i noticed that the intern synthesised opinions and suggestion from the team members before using the information to make a wise decision. Consequently, the intern was determined that in the firm would achieve the required targets in terms of growth and sales. The intern also demonstrated good communication and interpersonal skills evident from the manner in which the individual presented opinions, ideas, and issues to team members and superiors. In the interaction style results, the intern demonstrated energizer style of interaction of the persuasive energy. The persuasive was evident from the cheerful and welcoming nature of the intern. Additionally, the intern was outgoing and valued teamwork in the acheivement of positive results. In other words, the intern was goal oriented and objective. Moreover, the individual possesed patience and was calm at all times irrespective of the team and workplace challenges. The intern appeared as having natural abilities of leadership as demonstrated by the Jung type indicator. Moreover, the Jung type indicator showed that the intern is a great thinker with intelligent abilities to move in the positive direction. The intern can easily adapt to the workplace, and thus able to work well with other team members who have different personalities in a creative and pleasant way. Furthermore, the individual had social intelligence and good self-monitoring abilities. Conclusion Hiring the right person is vital for any organization. However, many organizations are not effective in hiring employees, and thus, they end up hiring wrong employees. Hiring of wrong employeers lowers the perfomance of the firm. According to this context Hype Center should employ good and qualified individuals who have the relevant competencies. When the right person is hired for the job, the firm will have little time and resources spent on the indidividual in the aspect of training. Therefore, it is fundamental for the firm to put the right policies and practises in place. The policies help the firm employ the right individuals who are productive and useful. It is important that the firm gets individuals who have good interpersonal skills and good working skills. Give that the firm is a marketing firm, potential employees should have the right skills required in persuading and influencing target clients so that the firm can grow and increase its sales. Reccommendations Policies should be instituted by the center because it enables the firm get the right people for the right job. If the center employ incompetent individuals, it will incur huge losses due to poor performance. The instituted policies should ensure that only employees who have essential knwoldge and skills serve the center. Among other skills, good interpersonal skills are fundamental as they enable individuals to work well with employees and clients. Moreover, they enable individuals to understand and appreciate various personalities of other employees. Additionally, the firm should use the policies in the recuitment of employees who understand the significance of self monitoring and social intelligence. Self-intelligence makes the employees have good communication and interpersonal skills. Thus, self-intelligence is key in acheivng growth of the firm as it makes employees respect other employees and target consumers, as well as overcome workplace challenges. Furthemore, the firm should hire individuals who can persuade and convince customers to buy products, and thus increase the volume of sales. Employees who have the right qualifications and personalities quickly adapt new challenges of the workplace. Therefore, it is important for the firm to have the right employees who can work collectively with other employees and achieve the objectives and goals of the firm. The right individuals are beneficitial to the center because the human resource department will just regulate and accommodate different temperaments. In addition, it is important for the firm to hire right idividuals who have self-control, organization skills, and good marketing skills. Moreover, the firm should hire individuals who can consult before making decisions,and those who have relevant styles of interaction. Since good interaction styles enables individuals to produce, sustain, define, and clarify issues, it is essential for the center to hire employees with these skills. References Berens, V. (2008). Understanding Yourself and Others. New York:Telos Publishers. Bikhchandani, S. (2002). A Theory of Fashion,Custom ,and Cultural Change as Informational Cascades. Journal of Political Economy, 100 (5), 992-1026. Marchioni, M. (2009). The Self Monitoring Scale. London: Macmillan Publishers. Snyder, M. (2000). Self Monitoring Appraisal and Reappraisal. Pyschological Bulletin , 126 (4), 530-555. Terracino, A. (2005). Universal Features of PersonalityTraits from the Observer Perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Pyschology, 88 (6), 547-561.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text discusses the issue of Tanzania and the local communities, and how the implementation of social order has seen some positive results, but the vicious cycle of negativity still continues. It also talks about how the community that is shown does not have the necessary tools, both moral and physical, to enhance their interaction with the environment, and how this affects them in terms of health and family life.

The text discusses the issue of Tanzania and the local communities, and how the implementation of social order has seen some positive results, but the vicious cycle of negativity still continues. It also talks about how the community that is shown does not have the necessary tools, both moral and physical, to enhance their interaction with the environment, and how this affects them in terms of health and family life.

Tanzania and the local communities Analytical Essay Even though the modern world has many advances and developments, there are still places that require help in social and personal lives of people. One of such places is Tanzania and the local communities. Implementation of social order has seen some positive results, but the vicious cycle of negativity still continues. The community that is shown does not have the necessary tools, both moral and physical, to enhance their interaction with the environment. Everything begins with the social make-up and lack of knowledge in survival and family matters. Because families have a lot of children, they must increase their resources and provide for a greater amount of people. As such, they are forced to cut down more wood in order to prepare more food. Also, the abuse of the sea is shown through over fishing. People use dynamite and poison to catch as much fish as possible, as the local population is on a constant grow ( Healthy People Healthy Environment ). Slowly, the nature is getting deprived of its resources and does not have time to restore itself. As mentioned in the “Vicious Circles”, these sorts of conditions are evident in many parts of the world. The poorer countries do not have a strong infrastructure, thus they have to rely on agriculture to support their communities. As a result, droughts become predominant in a location ( Vicious Circles ). Unfortunately, it is a process that leads to more problems. Even if a small area of the forest or other plantation is made unusable, it will spread to the nearby areas. The circle continues when people begin suffering from health problems ( Vicious Circles ). Children require proper nutrition and because parents are unable to adequately cook the food or simply provide enough, children’s organisms become weakened and susceptible to illness. The close interdependence between economic factors, environment, the use of resources and social set-up, are all parts of the system that drag each other down. Even the makeup of social values and norms was very weakened by the abuse and absence of development. The fact that women had no rights and could not own a business brought about unnecessary hardships. They were deprived of an opportunity to find any other way to support and contribute to the family matters ( Healthy People Healthy Environment ). One of the innovations that were brought about to the home scene was the use of a more efficient stove. Previously, more wood had to be chopped and used to start the fire. Also the smoke was being inhaled in great quantities. With the new stove, the amount of used wood was cut down more than in half, and the amount of smoke was minimal. This led to bettering families’ health and providing more food. As it now took less time to cook, the people could organize other parts of their community ( Healthy People Healthy Environment ). The education provided for an effective managing of medication and contraception; it taught people to plan ahead. The mere fact that they were participating in communal meeting and had a chance to voice their opinions and listen to others, created a unity that was much needed. People got a chance to learn from each other and this is evident from their testimony. The social programs and volunteers who took part in the changes added optimism and hope. Even though there are advantages and the life of the people is getting better, they are still limited by the country’s resources and political make-up. It took many years for a certain regime to get set up and become supported by those in power. Unsafe water quality and food that had little nutritious value had affected the genetic information of the population. This led to the organism being predisposed to certain weaknesses. An article titled “Global challenges in water, sanitation and health” provides an example of the amount of water that was in the past and what is happening as of right now. Water is key to survival and in the dry areas of the planet, they are increasing in size. From the diagram it is possible to see that Tanzania is one of the affected areas, so the problem will not go away easily, perpetuating the cycle. Another problem is that irrigation and the reuse of water requires technology. In order for the technology to evolve or at least be transported to hard to reach areas, financial resources are needed (Moe & Rheingans, 2006). All the current efforts are going towards people and communities that are experiencing most immediate threat. This is where money is needed most, so it would be difficult to plan years ahead and implement new techniques and technology. A moral part of the problem is that people are realizing that things are not changing fast enough. Even though they are trying, there are many factors at play that slow the process down. Many things that are absolutely out of their reach are environmental changes and distribution of world resources. With the increased use of fuels and inability to find a resource that would be cheap and accessible to all, remote places have no choice but to drag behind. An interesting point is brought up in an article by Michael Ross titled “The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor”. Africa is sited as one of the major countries where the natural resources have been taken advantage of to the benefit of those with wealth and power. Precious metals and drug trafficking add to the problem, and the needed finances are pocketed by the grim side of the nation. Also, since the continent is so vast and decontrolled by a central system, African states have a problem organizing a unified action (Ross, n.d.). Currently, there are technologies that have already proven to be important in clean energy production. Electric power and other energy sources have shown great potential. Nuclear energy may be much more beneficial to people and environment but it must be used with great care. All these problems make innovation slow and unattainable. References Healthy People Healthy Environment . Web. Moe, C. & Rheingans, R. (2006). Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. Journal of Water and Health . Web. Ross, M. The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor. Web. Vicious Cirle. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: This essay explores the primary and secondary sources of tax law, substantial authority and the roles of the courts and internal revenue service in interpreting and applying the sources of tax law.The essay explores the primary and secondary sources of tax law, substantial authority and the roles of the courts and internal revenue service in interpreting and applying the sources of tax law.

This essay explores the primary and secondary sources of tax law, substantial authority and the roles of the courts and internal revenue service in interpreting and applying the sources of tax law. The essay explores the primary and secondary sources of tax law, substantial authority and the roles of the courts and internal revenue service in interpreting and applying the sources of tax law.

Tax Law Sources: Substantial Authority and Courts Essay Introduction Tax return position is a position about which a receiver of tax services has an understanding of all material details in a tax return and on the foundation of those details has decided that the position is suitable (Murphy & Higgins, 2009). This essay explores the primary and secondary sources of tax law, substantial authority and the roles of the courts and internal revenue service in interpreting and applying the sources of tax law. Primary sources of tax law Primary sources of tax law consist of the law itself which is formed by a government division and is expressed in constitutions, statutes, court decisions, administrative systems and resolution. Primary sources are considered to be moderately more significant as compared to secondary sources. The sources include statutory sources, administrative sources and judicial sources. Statutory sources or statutory authority includes the constitution, tax treaties and tax laws. The establishment of treaties with other nations and the power and authority to collect and impose taxes are the responsibilities of the constitution. Administrative sources on the other hand include the diverse verdict of the treasury and internal revenue service (IRS) which are issued in the form of regulations, revenues and rulings. Finally, judicial sources consist of the consolidated verdicts of the courts on tax affairs (Smith, Raabe, & Maloney, 2012). Secondary sources of tax law Secondary sources of tax law are usually writings concerning the law. The sources are crucial in the advancement and proper comprehension of the law. Secondary sources include articles, journals, newsletters, treaties and textbooks. Secondary sources are quite superior as compared to primary sources but they are useful in discovering, examining and assessing primary sources. Secondary sources are normally utilized as a preliminary for research especially when primary sources are unavailable, uncertain or not beneficial. Substantial authority Substantial authority is usually used as a criterion for preparation of tax. Substantial authority is a situation that is sufficiently unveiled in the taxpayer’s return, and for which there is a logical basis. A situation is deemed to have substantial authority when the power of the authorities sustaining the position is significant in relation to the power of authorities sustaining differing treatment. All tax treatment of the position, including sources opposing to the position are used in establishing the continuation of substantial authority. The significance given to an authority relies on its applicability, influence and the document category offering the authority (Dickinson, 2008). The role of the courts and IRS in interpreting and applying tax law sources The Internal Revenue Service is an influential body in many areas apart from its administrative roles. Being the protector of the revenue of the nation, the Internal Revenue Service is responsible for ensuring that the most notorious practice of tax avoidance is stopped. Tax payers and their advisors have devised various techniques of tax defaulting. The internal revenue service in turn has put in place policies to help in closing the loopholes that taxpayers have noticed and misused. Moreover, the internal revenue service is also responsible for revenue collection and law administration. In order to ensure effective and efficient revenue collection, internal revenue service placed the taxpayers on a pay as you earn technique. In addition, it is the role of internal revenue service to make available documents that are designed to assist the taxpayer in complying with the laws of taxation (Murphy & Higgins, 2009). In the event of a disagreement between the taxpayer and the internal revenue service on the interpretation and application of the code, the issue may have to be settled in the court of law. The court helps the taxpayer in interpreting the statutory requirements and administrative statements issued by the internal revenue service. The decisions of the court in a dispute are considered official interpretations and applications of sources of tax law. Therefore, the decision represents primary authority which is deemed superior. In addition, it is the responsibility of the court to determine the facts of a dispute and then interpret and apply the appropriate law. Conclusion From the research, it is evident that tax laws are formulated using both primary and secondary sources. Although it is said that primary sources are more superior to secondary sources, secondary sources help a great deal especially when primary sources are unavailable, unclear and unfavorable. In order for tax laws to be followed strictly, the government has put in place bodies to help in the compliance of tax. The courts and the internal revenue service work hand in hand to ensure effective and efficient compliance with the laws of taxation. It is evident that taxpayers occasionally try to evade the payment of taxes. This situation is corrected by the internal revenue service by ensuring that all loop holes that encourage tax evasion are sealed. Moreover, the court also helps the taxpayer in situations where they feel exploited by those who collect taxes. With the presence of the courts, the taxpayer feels protected and is sure to pay only what is necessary, no more and no less. Reference List Dickinson, M. (2008). Federal Income Tax. Chicago: CCH Group. Murphy, K., & Higgins, M. (2009). Concepts in Federal Taxation. Ohio: South Western Cengage Learning. Smith, J., Raabe, W., & Maloney, D. (2012). South-Western Federal Taxation. Ohio: Cengage Learning.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The process of making moral judgment is guided by rational principles, which are based on teachings of Jesus and Kant. According to Jesus, people should not judge others lest they be judged too. The principle is usually misinterpreted to mean that it is wrong to make any moral judgment. Jesus urged people to do to others the things they would want done for them too.Kant's principle required people to act in ways that allow the maxim of their will comply with establishment of the universal

The process of making moral judgment is guided by rational principles, which are based on teachings of Jesus and Kant. According to Jesus, people should not judge others lest they be judged too. The principle is usually misinterpreted to mean that it is wrong to make any moral judgment. Jesus urged people to do to others the things they would want done for them too. Kant's principle required people to act in ways that allow the maxim of their will comply with establishment of the universal

Teachings of Jesus and Kant Exploratory Essay The process of making moral judgment is guided by rational principles, which are based on teachings of Jesus and Kant. According to Jesus, people should not judge others lest they be judged too. The principle is usually misinterpreted to mean that it is wrong to make any moral judgment. Jesus urged people to do to others the things they would want done for them too. Individuals who follow the principles of Jesus regard the rule as universal and golden in making moral judgments (Barry & Shaw, 2013). Jesus also summarized His principles of moral decision making by requiring people to love God with all their heart and love their neighbors as they loved themselves. According to the rules by Jesus, there is no need of fixing rules to guide moral judgments because when people are guided by love for each other they do the right things (Barry & Shaw, 2013). According to Kant’s principle, people should act in ways that allow the maxim of their will comply with establishment of the universal law. However, the principle contradicts the rule by Jesus that people should not judge others. According to Jesus, people should only do to others the things that please them. Nevertheless, the two principles are compatible because they are governed by the practical reason of respecting God and humanity (Barry & Shaw, 2013). Self-interest is another principle that guides moral behavior but people misunderstand self-interest to mean being selfish. It is possible for one to be governed by self-interest and be moral. The only challenge arises when individuals from different communities with different beliefs interact. Studies have shown that all human behaviors are guided by self-interest. For example, when an individual donates blood it would be perceived as though the donor is selfless. The donor achieves self-interests of feeling good, relieve of guilt and self-esteem. Self-interest is absolute because no one can escape it in what he or she does as demonstrated in the aspect of donating blood. Self-interest is relative in determining moral behaviors because people do things guided by their genetic make-ups and surrounding environment. The role of the environment depends on the interaction of children with their parents and culture (Barry & Shaw, 2013). For example, on the story of the Good Samaritan a person was beaten up by robbers and left at the roadside. Among the three people who found him, two did not do anything to help the person but one who was the Good Samaritan behaved differently. Without judging, whether the Good Samaritan was right or wrong people may have different perception on his decision. Depending on the genetic make-up and influence of environmental background, some people may argue that the Good Samaritan behaved compassionately while others may regard him as a bleeding heart. Some people may also perceive him as having a hidden agenda. Therefore, whether a person behaves morally or not is dependent on how he or she views the situation, which is self-interest (Barry & Shaw, 2013). Altruism refers to when one does something to benefit others, which include assisting, consoling, sharing resources and practicing teamwork. When a person acts altruistically, he or she does not expect external rewards. However, altruism motivates other people to behave in a way that improves the welfare of other people. Therefore, a person who behaves altruistically cannot be regarded as immoral (Barry & Shaw, 2013). References Barry, V. & Shaw, W. (2013). Moral issues in business (12th ed.) . Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the role of instructional design principles and theory on the ability to make rational decisions regarding leadership and learning.The essay discusses the role of instructional design principles and theory on the ability to make rational decisions regarding leadership and learning. Instructional design principles provide model leadership and education due to their capacity to combine practical and abstract skills as the learners work in cooperation. When presented in several media and viewpoints, information on instruction is likely to last longer.

The essay discusses the role of instructional design principles and theory on the ability to make rational decisions regarding leadership and learning. The essay discusses the role of instructional design principles and theory on the ability to make rational decisions regarding leadership and learning. Instructional design principles provide model leadership and education due to their capacity to combine practical and abstract skills as the learners work in cooperation. When presented in several media and viewpoints, information on instruction is likely to last longer.

Instructional Design Principles and Theory Analytical Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Influence of Instructional Design Principles and Theory 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Instructional design is the usage of a methodical style to provide a solution to an instructional challenge. It starts with the identification of the challenges facing learners and then establishes whether an instructional method provides the most efficient solution (Wagner, 2011). Such solutions apply appropriate technology and theoretical approach to learning. This essay undertakes an evaluation of the role of instructional design principles and theory on the ability to make rational decisions regarding leadership and learning. The Influence of Instructional Design Principles and Theory Leadership is geared towards the conception of ideas for the future, formation of calculated priorities and building an atmosphere of trust between and inside organizations. Good leadership is a progressive development and requires inspirational influence and the ability to attract a loyal following. Implementation of technology in education, particularly the use of computers and related technology has witnessed rapid growth. The use of such material penetrates all aspects of human life (Wagner & Ice, 2012). Instructional design principles provide model leadership and education due to their capacity to combine practical and abstract skills as the learners work in cooperation. When presented in several media and viewpoints, information on instruction is likely to last longer. The instructional designers play an important role in curriculum development as they have the necessary skill-set in educational theory and strategy. The designers of instructional materials offer institutions with an opportunity for consistency and continuity in the enhancement of courses. An instructional design program aids in the creation of relevant online courses. Research outlook moved from investigating the constitution of course resources to establishing the cognitive status of the student ( Reinventing society in the wake of big data , 2012). Today’s education is more interested in developing what the student already knows than the makeup of the curriculum. Consequently, technology bridges individual knowledge and formal instruction. Technology ought to be adequately accommodating to adjust to the learners’ current instructional requirements. Therefore, an effective educator is capable of recognizing and correcting the misconstruction and confusion of his students. In case of challenges to learning, instruction founded on technology ought to be accommodating and should adjust to the knowledge and life of students. In a classical sense, learning demands that students devote substantial effort in their undertaking ( Reinventing society in the wake of big data , 2012). Since the use of technology improves interaction, this form of instruction boosts learning. An instructional design system enables learners to reclaim knowledge and acquire new information using interesting and varying instruments. A student who embraces this form of learning system can conduct research and create original material. In this way, instructional design systems create academic independence and multiple approaches when solving problems. Leadership roles demand that a person should be able to employ quick, critical thinking (Paul & Elder, 2006). When faced with a dilemma that requires fast and responsible action, a leader must take the first initiative to lead the rest in seeking a solution. Thinking that entails scrutiny, assessment, creativeness and reflection is the forte of instructional design system of learning. The capacity to provide solutions to difficult problems is an essential requirement of effective leadership. Since leaders face frequent moral dilemmas, effective leaders serve as role models in their behavior. Effective learning systems ought to enable learners to make good decisions based on critical thinking since issues of morality are all about choice of action. A good learning model, therefore, should build a sense of moral responsibility in learners. The following is a sample material I generated to reflect how instructional design works. Its color and design help attract and retain the learner’s attention. Conclusion Educational institutions and stakeholders should join forces to encourage a culture of effective learning and leadership since technology perpetually alters teaching and learning. Educational stakeholders are expected to improve the value of education and methods of teaching using instructional design systems to provide an alternative way of teaching and learning that is efficient and fun. References Reinventing society in the wake of big data . (2012). Web. Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and your life (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Wagner, E. (2011). Essay: In search of the secret handshakes of ID. The Journal of Applied Instructional Design, 1 (1), 33-37. Wagner, E., & Ice, P. (2012). Data changes everything: Delivering on the promise of learning analytics in higher education. Educause Review , 33-42.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Technology is important in information mining as it helps to ease data mining.Technology is important in information mining as it helps to ease data mining.

Technology is important in information mining as it helps to ease data mining. Technology is important in information mining as it helps to ease data mining.

Technology in Information Mining Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Overview of the technological revolution and information mining 3. Information technology and data mining 4. Negative attributes of technology and information mining 5. Conclusion 6. List of References Introduction A substantial number of people in the contemporary society argue that technology is critical for transferring and sharing information. The argument comes from the fact that technology speeds up the pace at which information is either transferred from one source to another or the speed at which information can be accessed by different individuals (Taniar & Chen, 2011, p. 79). Therefore, the role of information technology in the modern society cannot be overemphasized. However, there are a number of arguments that denote the demerits of information in information mining. Such arguments are used to criticize the manner in which technology is used as far as the transfer of information is concerned. In this paper, it is argued that technology has resulted in efficiency and effectiveness in the performance of organizations by easing data mining. This paper explores the essence of technology in information mining. The paper presents arguments from a dual perspective; the importance of technology is information mining and the hitches that are witnessed when it comes to deploying technology in information mining. Overview of the technological revolution and information mining The present society is highly characterized with transformation in information technology. Transformation in information technology is incremental in nature; it results in changes in modes of communication and information transfer through innovation and invention of information technology tools. The computer technology, which was developed many years ago, has resulted in a revolution in information technology. It is important to note that computer technology keeps evolving, thereby providing newer and more sophisticated capabilities to retrieve and process data for the sake of coming up with sets of information that can be easily comprehended and elicit a positive move for organizations and individuals. The current society harbours more technology tools than any other time witnessed in the revolutionary history of the world. Technology changes at a quick pace, meaning that more sophisticated forms of information technologies and technology tools are developed and render the prevailing tools and technologies outdated (Han, Kamber, & Pei, 2011, p. 3). There are different data mining tools that have been developed to help in manipulating data. An example is the Oracle Data Miner represented in the figure below. Figure 1.0: A representation of the Oracle Data Miner work flow GUI, which speeds up the development and deployment of different predictive analytics methods. Source: Oracle, n.d., p. 1 It is critical to note that the idea behind development and continued innovation in information technology is to ease the pace at which people and organizations can access required data and process information. This is transferred to the target or destination through the same technology. Therefore, it becomes quite daunting for both individuals and organizations to access vital data and process information without technology. Information processing aids in quickening the pace at which organizational functions are discharged, thereby enhancing organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Techniques of data mining and processing have been established, courtesy of the presence of technology and technology tools that are used as the main platform for processing and transfer of information. The rudimentary forms of information mining were the main impediments to the enhancement of functions as they resulted in delays in extraction and processing data, which implied delays in the development of meaningful information. It has become easy to retrieve and classify data from wider databases though the use of computer technology, thereby easing processing and provision of information to people (Han, Kamber, & Pei, 2011, p. 5). Information technology and data mining What comes to the mind when talking about technology in relation to information are the changes in the methods of information extraction from different databases and processing of the data in order to come up with meaningful information. All this falls under information mining. It is important to note that the changes that have been witnessed in information technology have seen the adoption of modern and more efficient forms of data mining and processing as opposed to the old forms of information processing that were tiresome and inefficient. Computer science is in itself a set of knowledge that enhances the capability of people to use computers and computer technologies for retrieving, transforming and classifying information using the available data. While such functions can be done without the use of computers, the pace at which it is done is quite low and can cause a lot of delays and inefficiencies. Computer science has resulted in the development of efficient hardware and software technologies that aid in the gathering of data from wider databases. Statistical data algorithms and sophisticated data search engines have been developed, courtesy of the increased investment in the global information technology industry. The algorithms and data search engines that are developed by the computer scientists help in discovering new meanings in the prevailing data through faster extraction of information from the large databases (Taniar & Chen, 2011, p. 78). It is pleasing to see the diversity with which technology has been applied in different forms of organizations and departments, and how it helps to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness in terms of delivery and discharge of the functions and mandates of organizations. Technology has been highly deployed in companies to help foster business intelligence activities. These activities revolve around access to business information by firms through acquisition and processing of important data that is related to business competition within and outside the industry in which firms operate (Adhikari & Rao, 2008). Other organizations that have highly deployed technology in enhancing information mining include academic institutions, security and intelligence organizations and development agencies among others. Most organizations are broadening their activities as part of the strategies of enhancing their competitive levels. Therefore, such organizations often have different databases that are distributed over different parts. The multiplicity of databases results in the need for networking options to aid in the synthesis of data from the different databases. It becomes easy for these firms to access data from regional databases before processing the data to produce standard information that can be adopted by different subsidiaries. Different models have been developed in order to aid firms in exploring multiple databases (Adhikari & Rao, 2008, p. 61). Education is one of the most vital resources in the modern society. It is imperative for governments to support educational institutions as a means of ensuring that the required skills in the market are attained. A substantial number of educational institutions in the world today have adopted different attributes of technology in fostering education (Osorio, Tatnall & Visscher, 2005, p. 3). The trends of technology in education are evident in education research by academic institutions through deployment of data mining techniques. The other trend involves the direct deployment of technology in learning; for instance, the development of online academic programs and use of technology tools like the iPads, iPods, tablets, and laptops by students and teachers (McLester, 2008, p. 14). Negative attributes of technology and information mining One question that has been raised concerning deployment of technology in information mining concerns the ability to secure information using the digital technologies. Information security is vital, yet there are a lot of problems that have been witnessed by a substantial number of organizations due to the inability to secure information. Part of the problems of security of information is the freedom to search and use information and the subsequent sharing of information by different parties. Even the mere presence of rules governing the privacy of information has proved to be inefficient in governing data mining (Lehdonvirta, 2010, p. 883). The problem of data privacy and security is quite expansive owing to the sets of practices that are involved in the storage and flow of information using technology. It is quite daunting to establish and sustain trust between technology vendors and end users since the vendors and suppliers access all pieces of information that are transferred through the systems that they develop and supply to the users. The wars between technology system suppliers and the users are quite prevalent in medical and other organizations where confidentiality is highly desired. Whether confidentiality can be guaranteed in such organizations is a question that attracts further research on the modalities of securing information (‘Supplier accused over data switch’, 2006, p. 16). However, it is important to note that information scientists have been working on technologies that are critical in patenting or securing information, mostly information that is shared by different organizations on similar databases. An example is the VTT Data Mining Tools. Figure 1.1: Aureka: Basic data for Fraunhofers patent portfolio. It entails all information and patents filed from 1995. Source: Ruotsalainen, 2008, p. 49. Conclusion It is imperative to conclude that technology is important as far as transformation in data processing and information transfer is concerned. Going forward into the future, security, ease in data access and profiling are likely to be easier. However, this is likely to be equally accompanied by a lot of breaches in data access and transfer, thereby reducing the benefits of technology in data mining. List of References Adhikari, A & Rao, P 2008, ‘Synthesizing heavy association rules from different real data sources’, Pattern Recognition Letters , vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 59-71. Han, J, Kamber, M, & Pei, J 2011, Data mining concepts and techniques , Elsevier Science, Burlington. Lehdonvirta, V 2010, ‘Online spaces have material culture: goodbye to digital post-materialism and hello to virtual consumption’, Media, Culture & Society , vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 883-889. McLester, S 2008, ‘Top 10 tech trends’, Technology & Learning , vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 14-18. Oracle n.d, Oracle Data Mining . Web. Osorio, J, Tatnall, A & Visscher, A 2005, Information technology and educational management in the knowledge society: IFIP TC3 WG3.7, 6th International Working Conference on Information Technology in Educational Management (ITEM), July 11-15, 2004, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain , Springer, New York, NY. Ruotsalainen, L 2008, Data mining tools for technology and competitive intelligence . Web. ‘Supplier accused over data switch’ 2006, Pulse , vol. 66, no. 40, pp. 16-16. Taniar, D & Chen, L 2011, Integrations of data warehousing, data mining and database technologies: innovative approaches , Information Science Reference, Hershey, PA.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The purpose of the research is to conduct a scholarly research on whether or not the leadership laws postulated by John Maxwell in his book The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership can be applied to aid in the incorporation of ICT technology in teaching and learning.The research will seek to determine the applicability of the leadership laws including those postulated by John Maxwell in his book The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership in aiding to facilitate the incorporation of ICT technology in teaching and learning.

The purpose of the research is to conduct a scholarly research on whether or not the leadership laws postulated by John Maxwell in his book The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership can be applied to aid in the incorporation of ICT technology in teaching and learning. The research will seek to determine the applicability of the leadership laws including those postulated by John Maxwell in his book The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership in aiding to facilitate the incorporation of ICT technology in teaching and learning.

ICT Incorporation in Education: Leadership Laws Applicability Proposal Technology is a subtle tool for enhancing the effectiveness of various societal systems. In education systems, integration of ICT technology may incredibly aid in shifting learning from the teacher-centered to the student-focused one. In this context, integrating ICT technology into learning coupled with teaching calls for school leaders to focus their strategic leadership efforts on organizational improvement (Kozma, 2005). Arguably, this process requires technology leadership. In this perspective, this paper proposes a research project seeking to determine the applicability of leadership laws including those postulated by John Maxwell in his book The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership in aiding to facilitate the incorporation of ICT technology in teaching and learning. Leadership within technology constitutes one of the magnificently essential issues that may result in effective implementation of ICT technologies in schools. The responsibility of this leadership falls in the realm of school leaders who constitute head teachers. School leaders have a noble role to lead organizational change through setting of visions, objectives, and initiatives of developments that deploy ICT to induce pedagogical changes within schools (Kozma, 2005). Within the last decade, a gap has existed in ICT support and leadership in schools. Head teachers have shunned away from taking proactive roles in the leadership of ICT technologies in schools often leaving this noble role to small groups of teachers together with people falling in the realm of middle management (Akbaba-Altun, 2006). The general assumption is that investments into expensive software and hardware are the symbols of schools’ adoption of technological sophistication. This implies negating of the roles that leadership plays in making the ICT technologies effective in teaching and learning. This argument is directly congruent with the argument that even though investment in ICT infrastructure is critical, effective ICT technology leadership is equally crucial for successful ICT projects implementations (Hinostroza, Guzmán, and Isaac, 2002). Consequently, strategic leadership is central in ensuring long-term improvements in schools. Essentially, the negation of technology leadership reduces the utilization of most of the time available for school leaders in making decisions on heavy investments on ICT infrastructures as opposed to integration of the school curriculum with the technology. The implication here is that leadership comes second after investment in technology. This opposes Maxwell’s law of leadership that claims that excellent leaders work on a daily basis enhancing their leading skills (Maxwell, 2007). These are some differences between the approach of ICT technology integration in schools and Maxwell’s approach to leadership. As a result, the purpose of the research is to conduct a scholarly research on whether incorporation of Maxwell’s approaches to leadership in ICT curriculum integration in schools may help in making the ICT leadership a continuous process, as opposed to being intermittent in Australian schools. The main approach or procedure of this research is to garner data based on the existing cords between ICT integration in learning, teaching, and leadership of Australian schools. In this endeavor, the research conducts focused-group interviews on the strategies of leadership adopted by various school heads on the deployment of ICT in influencing and enhancing teaching and learning. The participants of the research are drawn from both governmental and nongovernmental schools in Australia. These participants are leaders of education in schools. The focused-group interview questions are designed in such a way that they take into account the twenty-one proposed laws of leadership postulated by Maxwell in his book The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership . To orient the mind of the interviewee into the focus of the research, printed interview questions have the key words ‘ICT’ and ‘school curriculum’. The subjects are then requested to give a response to these questions by typing in responses in computers provided to them. These computers are linked to the database of the interviewer where the responses are stored for subsequent analysis. This research project is laid on the foundation that for success of any change in schools’ leadership, leadership employing the top-down approach proposed by Kottler, is not necessary. Consequently, the research is valuable in the sense that it can give different paradigms of facilitating change in schools through the exploitation of advantages resulting from full integration of ICT in Australian educational curriculum. It is of paramount importance that the research may form a substantial link between the contributions of Maxwell’s law on leadership circles in helping enhance ICT technology integration with curriculum in schools. In this context, the research can lay the premises behind the concepts of distributed leadership by school heads in making sure that teachers are engaged in the process of making ICT policies in schools. The argument here is that teachers need to form inner circles to enlace the leadership that heads teachers to give in the integration on ICT technology in the curriculum. In this regard, adoption of concepts of inner circles would disband the existing hierarchical structures that have existed in school’s leadership approaches, particularly in government schools. This way, it is possible for teachers to alter their self reliant, isolated and silent beliefs, interaction, and pattern of altitudes to become innovative, collaborative, and adaptive in nature (Akbaba-Altun, 2006). This change is possible since teachers get involved in all aspects and processes of decision-making. This means that leadership that is required to help in integration of ICT in schools’ curriculum rests on the approaches of network leadership besides embracing perspectives of leadership circles. Several factors among them being time and financial constraints, will act as constraints for this research. The implication here is that it is crucial to define and schedule research activities with anticipated completion dates. It is necessary to provide mechanisms of evaluating the process of the research so that appropriate strategies can be taken when certain activities lag behind the anticipated time of completion. The first activity is preparation and coding of interview questionnaires. This activity is expected to take three days due to the extra task of printing. The next activity is preparation of a database for garnering the data. Due to the need to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed database so that no bugs may result into affecting the data processing, ardent time is required to execute this noble activity. This activity will take two weeks. During this time, the researcher will create data to test the data processing system so that debugging can be done before actual data is processed using the system. The third activity is to prepare and avail the research tools including computers. These tools are readily available in various schools in which the focused grouped will be gathered for the research. Consequently, this activity will take two days. The most essential activity is the collection of data. Since all participants will be invited to assemble in a central place, data collection can be done within a day. Lastly, data analysis and preparation of the report for the research will be conducted within a month. All these activities and durations are summarized below. Activity Duration Preparation and coding of interview questionnaires 3 days Preparation of a database 2 weeks Preparation of research tools 2 days Collection of data 1 day Data analysis and preparation of the report 1 month Reference List Akbaba-Altun, S. (2006). Complexity of Integrating Computer Technologies into Education in Turkey. Educational Technology and Society, 5 (3), 367- 380. Hinostroza, E., Guzmán, A., & Isaacs, S. (2002). Innovative uses of ICT in Chilean Schools. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18 (2), 459-469. Kozma, R. (2005). National Policies that Connect ICT-Based Education Reform to Economic and Social Development. Human Technology, 5 (4), 358-367. Maxwell, J. (2007). The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership . Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses how a person's flag desecration during a political demonstration is protected by the First Amendment.The court ruled that, because the burning of the flag did not in any way breach the peace of the state, the state's interest in preserving the flag's image as a nationhood symbol could not warrant criminal punishment of the respondent.

The essay discusses how a person's flag desecration during a political demonstration is protected by the First Amendment. The court ruled that, because the burning of the flag did not in any way breach the peace of the state, the state's interest in preserving the flag's image as a nationhood symbol could not warrant criminal punishment of the respondent.

Case Brief on Texas v. Johnson Case Study Table of Contents 1. Procedural 2. Rule 3. Analysis 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited Facts: The defendant in this case, Gregory L. Johnson, participated in demonstrations that some Americans had organized to protest the policies of some Dallas-based corporations, and the Reagan administration in general. The demonstrations were held at the same time as the 1984 Republican Convention that was also held in Dallas. The demonstrators marched the city of Dallas with the event culminating in the respondent’s public flag desecration. As he desecrated the flag, no threatening was done on anyone and no physical injuries occurred. However, the desecration of the flag offended a number of witnesses. Procedural History: The trial court found the defendant guilty of violating a Texas statute by desecrating a venerated object. The decision was affirmed by the State Court of Appeals. The defendant appealed in the Court of Criminal Appeals in Texas. Issue: Did the desecration of the flag by the defendant amount to expressive conduct, permitting the respondent to enjoy First Amendment protection? Did flag preservation as a nationhood symbol justify the respondent’s conviction? Rule The Court of Criminal Appeals in Texas reversed the earlier ruling that Johnson was guilty of desecrating a venerated object. The State of Texas agreed that the conduct of the respondent was expressive in nature. The flag was burned during a political demonstration, which proved its expressive nature. The First Amendment protects such rights. The court also held that the restriction of the defendant’s expression by the state was content-based. Therefore, the preservation of the flag as a symbolic object by the state must be exactly scrutinized. The State is interested in taking proper care of the flag, but this does not require the state to criminally punish protesting people who desecrate the flag. Therefore, the interest of the state in the preservation of the flag as a nationhood symbol does not warrant the conviction of the respondent because it is inconsistent with the Constitution’s First Amendment. Analysis The fact that the respondent burned the flag as a political event was taking place in Texas led to the confirmation that his action was expressive in nature. The defendant burned the flag solely to express a political message and thus his action was protected by the First Amendment. Additionally, the court decided that, because the burning of the flag did not in any way breach the peace of the state, the state’s interest in preserving the flag’s image as a nationhood symbol could not warrant criminal punishment of the respondent. Conclusion Yes, flag desecration done as part of a demonstration that is held on the same day as a political event amounts to expressive conduct. The First Amendment allows such conduct. No, the state is interested in ensuring the flag is preserved as a nationhood symbol but this does not mean that it should punish demonstrators who desecrate the flag without jeopardizing the state’s peace. Additionally, there was another statute on breaches of peace, which could have been utilized in preserving the state’s peace without criminally punishing the respondent. This case drew battle lines between Congressmen who advocated for Constitutional amendment to allow restraints on desecration of flags and Congressmen who thought that the issue needed to be solved with new legislation, and without amending the Constitution. Works Cited Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 109 S. Ct. 2533, 105 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1989)

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The 2008 financial crisis was caused by the housing and monetary policies of the Clinton administration. The policies eased the credit requirements on loans it purchased from lending institutions, which led to the collapse of two giant mortgage companies.

The 2008 financial crisis was caused by the housing and monetary policies of the Clinton administration. The policies eased the credit requirements on loans it purchased from lending institutions, which led to the collapse of two giant mortgage companies.

The 2008 Financial Crisis Analytical Essay The housing and monetary policies are the key causes of the 2008 economic crisis. Two main mortgage firms, the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Corporation eased the credit requirements on loans it purchased from lending institutions. In September 2008, the two giant mortgage companies faced the danger of bankruptcy as they had guaranteed close to half of the total mortgages in the US. The Clinton administration came up with the idea of making poor citizens and low-income consumers own homes. As a result, banks were under pressure to lend to minorities and low-income consumers who even had no security for the loans (White par. 1). Notably, some of the borrowers who accessed the sub-prime loans had poor credit ratings, did not make down payments for homes, and had no verifiable assets. So misguided were the housing policies that unqualified borrowers could access mortgages with the support of the federal government. After the banks and other lending institutions had loaned the low-income earners, the prices of houses peaked and turned down completely. At this point, borrowers who had inadequate capital compared to their debt started to default the repayment of mortgages (FRONTLINE). Notably, these categories of borrowers were propelled to borrow with the hope of increased prices of houses in the future to repay the mortgages or sell their properties at high prices. This was not to be as prices of essential products went down too. The occurrence led to rise in the number of defaulters on nonprime-mortgages. The increased numbers of toxic mortgages made investment banks lose trillion of dollars. The rest of the Wall Street felt the effect with Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke making critical moves to salvage the Bear Stearns Investment Bank, which had remained the subject of rumours that it would be falling soon. Bear Stearns’s stock had slumped to a low of $57 from $171 thus making it clear that something had to be done to contain the situation. The then Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson had to try out different approaches to rescue the entire financial market from the crisis. At one instance, he persuaded the federal government to provide the Treasury with $700 billion for buying the high-risk mortgage securities. Rumours in the financial market are fears that market players have towards operations of a firm. For instance, market manipulators and short sellers can spread false information about the nature and operations of a company. The financial market deals in monetary issues and some of the institutions include Bear Stearns Bank, AIG Insurance Company, Lehman Brothers and Fannie Mae Corporation. Bear’s chief executive, Alan Schwartz blamed falsehood on the loss of liquidity of $10 billion in one working day (“Bank Chief Blames Rumours for Bear’s Collapse” par. 4). This happened as customers, trading partners, and investors fled after listening to rumours and market manipulation from competitors. However, JP Morgan Bank salvaged Bear from collapsing after the Federal Reserve accepted to stand behind the institution with $30 billion of public funds. So intense was the crisis that the failure of Bear almost led to the collapse of the entire financial market. Clearly, from the occurrence of the 2008 financial crisis, rumours can be detrimental especially if they are false. Moral hazard is a situation where a party to a deal becomes dishonest as per the terms and conditions of the deal. In the case of assisting Bear not to go out of business, JP Morgan had a deal with Bear to buy the institution at $2 per share; however, mass outrage from shareholders made the firm raise the price to $10 per share. The initial price of $2 per share was meant to avoid scenarios of rewarding investors in a failed business. The principle prevents a situation where firms, which have been responsible for their downfall, receive financial support from the federal government. On the other hand, systematic risk entails the fall of an entire market. The fall of Bear Sterns followed by the collapse of the giant mortgage firms of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Corporation and finally Lehman Brothers Investment Bank, represents a clear example of systematic risk in the entire financial market (Moseley par. 8). Critics argue that moral hazard promotes systematic risk as it can encourage other firms to engage in malpractices with the aim of receiving aid from the Federal Reserve. The 2008 financial crisis made policy makers alter their opinions on free trade. Firstly, they agreed that the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are inadequate to the current dynamic and global economy. As a result, policy makers in both government and private institutions prefer regional free trade agreements as a way of making up for rules that have been missing in the multilateral trade option. With the Doha negotiation in force, multilateral trading system is losing its relevance in the international trade (United Nations). The financial crisis revealed that the state of overdependence on one nation by developing nations is extremely dangerous for the current global, dynamic, and unpredictable economy. Works Cited Bank Chief Blames Rumours for Bear’s Collapse. Mailguardian . Mail & Guardian Online, 6 Apr. 2008. Web. Frontline. ” Inside The Meltdown.” PBS: Public Broadcasting Service . WGBH Educational Foundation, 8 Feb. 2009. Web. Moseley, Fred. “The U.S. economic crisis: Causes and solutions.” International Socialist Review – ISSUE 81 January-February 2012 . International Socialist Organization, 8 Apr. 2009. Web. United Nations. “International Trade After the Economic Crisis: Challenges and New Opportunities.” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD, 5 Aug. 2010. Web. White, Lawrence H. “Housing Finance and the 2008 Financial Crisis | Downsizing the Federal Government.” Downsizing the Federal Government . Cato Institute, 5 Aug. 2009. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The 457 Visa Programme in Australia Report discusses the implications of the 457 plan in the construction industry and goes further to recommend the industry's levels of involvement in the programme. The report also offers suggestions on how to adjust the organizational behaviour in order to accommodate the interests of the immigrants without compromising on the firms' productivity. Lastly, the treatise evaluates both the long and short-term risks that this visa programme has in the construction industry.

The 457 Visa Programme in Australia Report discusses the implications of the 457 plan in the construction industry and goes further to recommend the industry's levels of involvement in the programme. The report also offers suggestions on how to adjust the organizational behaviour in order to accommodate the interests of the immigrants without compromising on the firms' productivity. Lastly, the treatise evaluates both the long and short-term risks that this visa programme has in the construction industry.

The 457 Visa Programme in Australia Report The Australian Government introduced the concept of 457 visas in order to limit the number of immigrants into the country. Australia had witnessed an increasing number of migrants occupying various job positions before the second half of the 1990s. Markedly, the government moved in to ensure that employers give priorities to Australian citizens during job recruitments. Of late, this issue has been a controversial topic with the government’s increased sanctions and stringent measures, which has made the program an expensive venture for business owners. The government added additional cost in sponsoring a 457 immigrant. For example, employers have to meet the costs of recruitment, provide equal terms and conditions, meet the cost of return travel, and meet nomination and sponsorship costs. These new adjustments took effect on 1 st July 2013 amidst opposition from companies that had relied heavily on the cheap labour from the 457 visa immigrants. Businesses, especially in non-metropolitan areas have been relying on this group of immigrants to run their activities since most Australian citizens prefer working in towns. This report discusses the implications of the 457 plan in the construction industry and goes further to recommend the industry’s levels of involvement in the programme. The discourse also offers suggestions on how to adjust the organizational behaviour in order to accommodate the interests of the immigrants without compromising on the firms’ productivity. Lastly, the treatise evaluates both the long and short-term risks that this visa programme has in the construction industry. According to Elliott 2013, the federal government believes that companies have been misusing the 457 Visa Programme by not only recruiting cheap foreign workers at the expense of the local workers, but also retaining them beyond their period of stay as per the visa requirements. The constructions, mining, and tourism industry have been the great beneficiaries of the programme since they reduce the cost of management and maximises on profit making as a way of gaining competitive advantage over their competitors in the market (Gamble & Thompson 2009). Organisations tend to minimise their expenses by capitalising on cheap labour to continue operating at high levels of working capital. Evidently, the move by the federal government to add terms and conditions to the scheme presents vast challenges to the management in the key industries, which have relied on foreigners to run their services. If the government insists on recruiting locals at the expense of immigrants, companies will have to pay high wages and salaries in order to remain operational. From economists’ point of view, when a company changes from low-wage workers to high-wage workers, it will decrease the demand on labour to maintain the daily operations (Krugman & Wells 2006). Consequently, companies will hire a few workers and extend their working hours as a way of compensating the normal time with the foreign workers. In essence, these radical reforms will not decrease locals’ unemployment rate given that the companies will absorb sizeable number of employees that they can sustain. The skilled local personnel will have to increase the amount of labour supply in their respective places of work. From the aforementioned implication, it is clear that the Management Foundations Construction Company will experience employees’ shortage given the nature of the work. Building of houses and apartments also requires unskilled labourers, which most Australian citizens do not prefer. In the construction industry, the 457 visa reforms will result in low development outputs since most employees will be locals. In addition, Management Foundations Construction Company will experience low competitive advantage in Sydney, Melbourne, Bourke, and Dubbo if other firms opt not to adopt the government reforms on employment policy. Notably, not all jobs are the same; some are risky while others are safe, some require manual labour while other require expertise, and some offers more flexibility while others offer less. For example, the construction and mining industry has many risks; therefore, it should be on employee’s willingness to work in such environment. These changes will hit the construction industry since skilled Australians will not accept low wages for manual jobs at the construction sites. Over the years, the 457 visa programme workers have benefitted the government in terms of revenue submission thus playing crucial roles in developing the Australian economy (Bartlett 2013). The government should note that businesses in the current world have to outsource part of their services from other nations, human labour included. The government’s demand for employers to prove their inability to find a local staff before opting for temporary migrant workers is prejudiced. The entire concept of 457 Visa Programme adds more burden and cost to employers. Some companies may decide to shift their operations to other countries like India and Philippines where cheap and reliable labour is a guarantee. If companies adopt such moves, Australian workers will be redundant in the job market. For instance, IBM has recently shifted its job market overseas and even expanded its 457 Visa Programme to maintain their profit levels at lower operational costs. IBM opted for this move citing the outcomes of an internal research that showed that Australian locals are 40% more expensive than their overseas counterparts are (Howe 2013). It is always the need of all profit-making firms to operate at low costs in order to get high returns on investment. When these restrictions deny firms such strategic opportunities, they often look for other cheaper options provided they achieve the set objectives. Numerous policy changes in the 457 Visa Programme imply that employers will not have variety of applicants to consider in offering job opportunities. In the IT industry, employability does not only rely on qualifications, but also on technical skills, willingness attitude to work and vibrant work ethics (Pennington 2013). There are high possibilities of companies absorbing locals who are only after high salaries at the expense of their willingness to deliver on the objectives. Consequently, Australian Companies will not produce quality products albeit high expenditures hence losing trust in the global market. At the same time, the companies will submit low tax returns to the federal government, which will result in low economic development due to poor quality services from the government. This move represents the government’s indirect way of reducing competition within the Australian market. In the end, there will be low creation of opportunities and innovation owing to low competition from the locals. Reforms in the 457 Visa Policies imply governments fear for foreigners, and in employment terms, it represents acts of discrimination in terms of nationality and race. This act of demonising asylum seekers puts Australia in bad light in terms of international relations. In the reforms, applicants applying for a 457 Visa after 1 st July 2013 have to table satisfactory evidence to prove the need for the visa (Hugo 2013). Given the aforementioned implications, the board of Management Foundations Construction will have to analyse the technicality of all their jobs in order to determine if there is need for foreign workers. Since the company operates in Bourke, which is a local town, the 457 programme is essential to the operations of the construction company. Factually, locals prefer securing jobs in metropolitan areas to non-metropolitan areas like Bourke. Other locations like Melbourne, Sydney, and Dubbo are metropolitan areas that favour the employment of locals. Even though the government views the visa programme as a threat to locals in terms of securing employment, the culture of its citizens necessitates the need for foreigners in other working areas (Stockwell 2013). The government should involve the board in the 457 programme when the company intends to hire unskilled employees. Since other immigrants have earlier violated the terms of the policy, the company will be able to monitor the actions of its foreign employees in order to take responsibility for any occurrence. For that reason, the company should engage the government in understanding the need for employing temporary migrant workers albeit the repercussions that the immigrants have brought in the job market. The tightened conditions will make the company lose competitive advantage in the construction industry. Government data has it that over 10, 000 visas were of the 457 programme in the 2013 financial year, and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been on the rise with the increase in the number of immigrants (Elliott 2013). Notably, the programme has allowed Australia to tap skilled foreign employees into its market as the economy dictates. On the other hand, the government should recognise the important roles that these immigrants have played in sustaining the economy; therefore, should not act ruthlessly in handling them (Robbins, Campbell, & Judge 2010). Further, the construction company ought to advice the government on the intended return on investments that foreign employees have been providing in their capacities. The Management Foundations Construction Company be involved in the 457 programme during the legislation of the policy. The whole issue has been a controversial debate, attracting likes and dislikes of equal measure. As a result, such industries should have representatives in the Committees of Australian Immigration Department so that the government can consider their interests in employability. The raging debate makes it necessary for the involvement of the Management Foundations Construction in order to make decisions that will affect their operations positively. In areas like Sydney and Melbourne, locals can easily accept job offers as opposed to the Northern town of Bourke. Organisational behaviour touches on the thinking, feelings and actions of human beings in a given setting (French & Schermerhorn 2008). Organisational culture affects the performance of a company, and with the government’s involvement in the 457 programme, the CEO of the Management Foundations Construction should create and adopt a managerial style that accepts and appreciates diversity. Several firms reveal the benefits of employing immigrants in other sectors in the economy. In connection to this, the CEO should create laws that prohibit discrimination at the workplace in order to reap from the pool of talents in foreigners. If the construction firm can manage diversity, it is clear that immigrant workers will feel secure and valued hence motivating them to work towards achieving the company’s key strategic objectives (Gamble & Thompson 2009). Besides, local employees will learn to accommodate their foreign counterparts in management and other processes within the firm. This trend enhances unity among workers thus reflecting on productivity of the firm. For sustainable development, resolution of interpersonal conflict is significant in addressing the challenge of the 457 programme. The management should include a structure that accommodates the interests of immigrants as this makes employees feel worthy. Additionally, the company should perform uniform rewards for its outstanding employees irrespective of originality. A discriminatory-free environment and openness increases employees’ trust thus resulting in increased productivity. The concept of sustainability arises when the construction firm absorbs employees that it can meet their cost with ease and recording favourable returns from all the engagements. In addition, the organisation can improve communication between the subordinates and superiors so that immigrant workers can express their dissatisfaction at any time. A good organisational climate promotes performance as employees feel inspired and motivated hence increasing their overall participation (Muondo 2013). The construction industry will easily benefit from varied pools of employees that the 457 Visa Program guarantees. Given that most foreign workers come from developing countries like India and Philippines, companies will spend fewer funds in managing foreign employees than local employees (The Government’s misguided crackdown on 457 visas 2013). In this aspect, companies like Esanda Financial Services and Promina Group Insurance will record higher profits than when they could have absorbed all locals. This form of outsourcing, in long-term perspective, results in massive growth of companies thus dominating their fields of operation. Cheap and skilled labour also translates to quality service provision. For example, if Promina Group Insurance commits minimal funds to pay its employees, it implies that excess funds will remain as working capital. A high level of liquidity will enable the insurance company to re-insure its services and even offer variety of cover for the public (Clancy 2013). At the same time, cheap labour at Esanda Financial Services will allow the firm to offer more financial products to its customers hence developing trust among the customers. Even though cheap labour from immigrants of 457 Visa Scheme is beneficial both in the short and long-term perspectives, there are possible risks that come with allowing such immigrants to dominate the job market of a country (Carisbrooke 2012). Since national firms offer promotions in terms of experience and technical knowhow of an individual, most Australian firms risk losing the managerial positions to foreigners who are extremely aggressive in their lines of duties. In line with this, Australian citizens and the federal government will not have full control of their local firms, which immigrants will have dominated. Some immigrants also changes the terms of the 457 Visa Program and end up staying in Australia illegally. Markedly, not all Australian citizens are expertise; therefore, they can work in informal jobs, but since the ready-to-work immigrants will have occupied such positions, majority of the locals will be jobless. Unchecked immigration can also result in production of low quality products as majority of some firms will absorb low-salaried employees in order to cut on cost of management. When this occurs firms will not be open to competitions from the global arena given that most of immigrant workers are only after wages at the expense of the company’s growth. A food and beverage company like Dick Smith Foods can risk producing low quality foods to its customers and even lose the country’s trust since most of the clients are locals. If the government does not check the migration trends, there may be revolution and mass actions from the jobless locals who feel neglected by their own companies. Although the Labour government is fast at reforming the 457 Visa Programme, it should come out clearly on the problems that it experience with the scheme. References Bartlett, A. 2013, The Gillard and Hanson accord on 457 visas is a dangerous development , On Line Opinion – Australia’s e-journal of social and political debate. Web. Carisbrooke, P. 2012, Are 457 visa-holders being exploited? | SBS News, SBS – Special Broadcasting Service . Web. Clancy, R. 2013, Industry organisations oppose new Bill on 457 visa changes , Living and Working in Australia Forum With Immigration and Travel Information. Web. Elliott, J. 2013, At-a-glance: 457 visa holders in Australia | SBS News, SBS – Special Broadcasting Service. Web. French, R., & Schermerhorn, J. R 2008, Organizational behavior, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Gamble, J., & Thompson, A. A. 2009, Essentials of strategic management: the quest for competitive advantage, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston. Hopkins, I. 2013, Are you ready for 457 visa changes? , Human Capital Magazine – HR News, Human Resource Management. Web. Howe, J. 2013, 457 visas and skills shortages , SMH News Online – Australian, Business & World News . Web. Hugo, G. 2013, Explainer: 457 visas in Australia, The Conversation : In-depth analysis, research, news and ideas from leading academics and researchers. Web. Krugman, P. R., & Wells, R 2006, Economics, Worth Publishers, New York. Muondo, R. 2013, Organizational behavior, Kogan Page, London. Pennington, S. 2013, 457 visa workers are skilled, industrious and available : employers, The Age – Business, World & Breaking News | Melbourne, Australia. Web. Robbins, S. P., Campbell, T. T., & Judge, T. A 2010, Organizational behavior, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow. Stockwell, S. 2013, Changes to 457 visa program criticised – ABC Rural (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), ABC. Web. The Government’s misguided crackdown on 457 visas 2013 , Independent Australia . Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text explores how the United States government attains advanced community planning in response to the potential threat of terrorism. It is argued that most governments prioritize their policies according to urgency and relevance when dealing with a potential threat of terrorism.

The text explores how the United States government attains advanced community planning in response to the potential threat of terrorism. It is argued that most governments prioritize their policies according to urgency and relevance when dealing with a potential threat of terrorism.

The Advanced Community Planning in Response to the Potential Threat of Terrorism Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Analysis 3. Recommendations 4. Conclusion 5. Reference List Introduction Community planning essentially involves the use of political and technical planning techniques as means to ensure the development and protection of the community in question. The technical angle includes building dwellings that cater for the resident population’s housing, infrastructural, and security needs sufficiently, while the political angle involves the development and implementation of policies that foster and promote the wellbeing of the population (Kelly & Becker, 2009). Although most governments do their best to ensure proper, efficient, and effective execution of these aspects, external forces sometimes create challenges. One such challenge is the threat to national security by external elements and terrorism is one such element. Terrorism is the use of random acts of violence on civilian populations as part of a war strategy. Such use of terror primarily applies in war situations between combatants as a means to reduce or end attacks from opponents. Although the international community frowns on the use of terror on civilian populations as a war strategy, some people still employ this cowardly method. However, circumstances have changed in the past decade. Nowadays, some individuals and groups use terrorism as a means of forcefully attaining power, thus creating the need to incorporate advanced community planning measures that respond to the potential threat of terrorism (Mazetti, 2013). A case study of the United States reveals how the government attains such planning as explored in this paper. Analysis When dealing with a potential threat of terrorism, certain factors came into play. In essence, response to terrorism comprises three phases, viz., pre-attack measures, measures applicable during attacks, and post-attack responses. Pre-attack measures entail the prevention of terrorist activities within a territory and reduction of a community’s vulnerability. During attacks, governments mainly focus on reducing panic and mitigating the effect of a terror attack while post-attack measures involve increasing a community’s adaptation to post-terror aftermath. One of the main factors that affect the paths that governments choose in advanced community planning in response to terror threats is the assessment of government policies. Most governments prioritize their policies according to urgency and relevance. For instance, governments that rely mainly on international trade to support their economies, implement policies that support such trade while protecting their interests. In the same way, most governments consider national security a pertinent matter that requires appropriate policies to ensure efficiency in execution without creating huge dents in their expenditure. Most governments also divide budget allocations for security between internal and external security depending on perception of threat and government stability (Mazetti, 2013, p.56). However, terrorism complicates perception of threat due to its characteristic unpredictability. As mentioned earlier, terrorism traditionally involved attacks from outside forces as part of ongoing wars. Although the objective for terror attacks and their execution largely remain the same, reasons for such attacks have changed to include theft, plain vengeance, and control of territories. This aspect requires governments to assess their security policies equally, both internal and external. Through such assessment, governments may then take appropriate steps to modify weak policies and create additional ones where necessary (Scahill, 2013). For instance, in 2001, the United States experienced two simultaneous terror attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center on September 11. The infamous Islam extremist group, Al Qaeda, claimed responsibility for the attacks by stating that they served as a response to the United States’ involvement in Arab countries. The government formed the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as part of its response to increase protection on its territory. The department’s main objective was to enhance the country’s internal security, thus leaving other security forces such as the army to handle external security. The second main factor that governments consider is the community. Advanced community planning requires the inclusion of the community in question as a party to the problem and possibly the solutions. Social norms that form a key element in the everyday life of each community determine the type of strategies that governments develop and methods of execution (Heywood, 2011, p.67). For instance, implementing curfews on a community that prides itself on its nightlife experiences is a measure in futility, as it would require every individual to restructure routines that form a major part of his or her life. Proper analysis of social behavior is thus necessary when establishing measures and policies that suit the community. Factors such as diversity of cultures and vulnerabilities specific to certain groups in the community are relevant in establishing appropriate protection from terror attacks and responses after attacks. The United States, as a country, hosts people from diverse cultural and religious backgrounds. The 9/11 attacks left Muslim communities in the U.S. vulnerable to persecution, thus requiring more government protection (Marshall, 2012). Similarly, targeting the Pentagon and the World Trade Center created the impression that the terrorists had high profile members of the American society in mind as main targets. This aspect thus meant that politicians and political meetings created target areas for terror attacks hence prompting additional security every time such meetings occurred. The American government also noted crowded venues as favorite targets for terror attacks. In response to these observations, the government made policies that enhanced security checks on such venues without interfering with the activities that form the main attraction for people to the venues. For instance, the Department of Homeland Security initiated a program that enables the department to go through passenger information as a means to identify high-risk travelers without inconveniencing them on the actual day of their flight. Through liaison with the airport authorities, the department gets passenger information in advance, thus enabling it to take appropriate action in time. The department also strives to ensure secure flights by providing airport authorities with lists of suspects on terrorist watch lists. Airport personnel crosschecks the names on the list with those of passengers boarding flights before issuing boarding passes (Department of Homeland Security, 2013). Analyzing the community also enables the government finds appropriate ways in which individuals can participate as part of the planning without compromising civilians’ security. Acts of terror vary in nature from kidnappings to creating homemade explosives. Allowing community members to participate, albeit mostly anonymously, allows the government to have a broader scope on surveillance activity without creating spikes in expenditure costs (Sanoff, 1999). It also reduces the vulnerability of residents by giving them an avenue to protect themselves without endangering their lives. Such community policing techniques are indiscriminate and increase protection to community members regardless of their occupation or types of venues they visit. The main reason for involving community members is that as people interact, they sometimes obtain information that may not be easily available to the authorities. People also tend to witness activities in their everyday lives that appear suspicious and bear the potential to be valuable to security officials. Since security officers cannot be everywhere at once, giving members of the community an opportunity to forward valuable information on suspicious activity goes a long way in countering terror attacks. Trade routes and immigration corridors form some of the most famous crossing points for external terrorists to invade a country. The Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative is one of the ways through which the American government strives to involve its citizens. The government trains federal and national law enforcement officials to recognize and report suspicious activity using standardized recording methods and sharing reports with other law enforcement authorities. Thirdly, the versatility of the nature in which terrorism occurs forms another factor that greatly influences the nature and intensity of response by a country’s security team. Originally, people commonly thought that terrorism was an external threat with international reach. However, the perspective has changed due to incidents of country residents participating in terrorism activities through the formulation of attack plans, training attackers, financing such attacks, and volunteering as attackers. Currently, the main threat to the U.S. in terms of terrorism, viz. Al Qaeda, comprises Islamic extremists from all over the globe, including individuals from unlikely places such as the United Kingdom (Mazetti, 2013). For instance, Samantha Lewthweite, a British national, attracted the international spotlight over suspicion of being the mastermind behind an attack on an upscale mall in Kenya on September 21 this year, which left more than sixty people dead and over a hundred and fifty injured. The woman, who is known to the world as “The White Widow” is one of the individuals on America’s blacklist for terrorist activities all over the globe. This example is proof of the versatile nature of terrorism as a phenomenon and the unlikely link between an attacker and a victim. In addition, weapons of choice vary according to the nature and level of harm that the terrorists desire. Such examples prove the need for countries to formulate and enforce community-planning responses that possess similar versatility and possess room for adaptability. The Department of Homeland Security has a Visa Security Program that works by sending specialized agents abroad where the agents patrol high–risk visa activity posts and identify terrorists and possible terror threats before they reach the U.S. The Visa Program is a legal yet unconventional method that exhibits versatility and adaptability owing to the mobility of the agents. The Visa Program also provides local law enforcement authorities with information on possible terror threats with possible links to individuals at the high-risk posts, thus unearthing possible terror networks (Department of Homeland Security, 2013). The main challenge with the methods that governments choose to address the various factors lies in the versatility of terrorism as a phenomenon. Constant changes in terror strategies and results require governments to accept the possibility of constant revision and possible enhancements in countering the same. The plans also vary according to various regions depending on the existing population in the region. Although this aspect mainly requires government authorities to be thorough in their research on the issue, the costs for the same are hefty, and thus they present possible consequences on other sectors of the economy. For instance, the United States’ cultural diversity requires the government to implement policies that cater for various communities that coexist in the American society. In dealing with this issue, the government authorities in play use convergence, which is a technique that involves control of security issues at the federal level before sharing pertinent information with authorities from other regions and forming a common pool of information for national application. The method is efficient, cost-effective, and it caters for the needs of individual communities in the American society appropriately. However, there is a possibility of surprise attacks, which keeps community-planning agencies alert in terms of security. Secondly, the implementation of measures that cater for the aftermath of terror attacks in terms of disaster preparedness creates a policy issue. It is difficult for any government to factor in the extent of the damage that a terror attack is likely to cause and employ adequate measures that cater for the same. As a result, the effect of terrorist activities largely remains significant. The international dimension of the vice also limits the level of preparedness that a country may have at any given time. Most governments have centers of representation outside their territories in the form of consulates and embassies. It is the job of governments from such countries to ensure that their representatives receive adequate protection from acts of terrorism through cooperation with law enforcement agencies from the host country. However, such a role requires dependence on another country’s security detail and may thus have shortcomings. In 1998, the Al Qaeda terror group bombed the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, thus leaving some American citizens injured and others dead, alongside citizens from the host countries and visiting guests to the embassies from other states. One of the ways through which the United States government has tried to limit the reoccurrence of such incidents is the establishment of grant funding. Money from the grant enables the government to boost preparedness coupled with procuring equipment and facilities for use during an attack and covers recovery measures after an attack even outside the territory through assisting host nations to enhance their own security measures. Recommendations Community education is one of the ways that a government can reduce its people’s vulnerability and increase adaptability after terror attacks. It would also afford civilians knowledge on how to behave during attacks to give law enforcement agencies maximum space to deal with terror situations. Although most governments try to cover all bases and avoid the uncertainty that community involvement creates, such involvement may prove priceless with regard to obtaining tips in the right direction on matters concerning terror attacks. It would also make it easier for the government to obtain help from civilians in situations that require the advantage of numbers. Secondly, by developing policies that allow adaptability in situations that necessitate the same, most governments would negate the need for constant policy review. Enacting policies specific to the issue, such as anti-terrorism legislation, narrows down the breath of operation that a government would require when reviewing policies. Governments would only need to deal with policies specific to the problem, unlike most cases where an interrelation between separate policies exists. Lastly, governments need to allocate sufficient funding to disaster preparedness, including terrorism specific programs. Like the American government’s outlook, such programs may focus on projects within a country’s territory as well as programs abroad. This aspect ensures that the government applies specialization by dividing issues into smaller units for efficient and effective response. Conclusion Advanced community planning measures depend on the nature of potential terror attacks and effects of the same on the society. Involving the community in advanced community planning programs in response to the threat of terrorism lets citizens and residents play their part in assisting the government in dealing with the menace. However, governments have the prerogative to ensure that their policies address the versatile nature of terrorism and evolve as the potential threats evolve in form. Reference List Department of Homeland Security. (2011). Preventing Terrorism and Enhancing Security: Implementing 9/11 Commission Recommendations. Web. Heywood, P. (2011). Community Planning: Integrating Social and Physical Environments. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Kelly, E., & Becker, B. (2009). Community Planning: An Introduction to the Comprehensive Plan. Covelo: CA: Island Press. Marshall, P. (2012). The Big Bamboozle: 9/11 and the War on Terror. Seattle, WA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Mazetti, M. (2013). The Way of the Knife: The CIA, A Secret War at the Ends of the Earth. New York, NY: Penguin Press. Sanoff, H. (1999). Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Scahill, J. (2013). Dirty Wars: The World is a Battlefield. New York, NY: Nation Books.

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Write an essay about: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was a stimulus package introduced by the Obama administration in 2009. The act was designed to stop the recession through creation of jobs and to spur investment, effectively increasing output. While most of the arguments for or against the ARRA have been partisan, there is consensus that the net effect of the actRAs has been positive when measured against the common parameters that are used to gauge economic growth.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was a stimulus package introduced by the Obama administration in 2009. The act was designed to stop the recession through creation of jobs and to spur investment, effectively increasing output. While most of the arguments for or against the ARRA have been partisan, there is consensus that the net effect of the actRAs has been positive when measured against the common parameters that are used to gauge economic growth.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Success 2. Jobs 3. GDP expansion 4. Conclusion 5. References Since the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s, the United States’ economic clout has been rising in an unprecedented rate, remaining virtually unchallenged till the late stages of the 21 st century’s first decade. The US’s financial system by virtual of its sophistication and size is the engine of the world economic system, a fact that was evident in the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent recession that rippled through the world economic system. In the wake of the crisis, the new administration of President Barrack Obama took over and continued economic resuscitation efforts started by former President Bush. Among the many initiatives undertaken by the current administration was the introduction of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) that President Obama signed to law in 2009. The stimulus package as it was popularly referred to was, mainly intended to stimulate the American economy through both individual and corporate tax breaks, advancement of employment benefits through expansion of the social welfare program and increased domestic spending mainly in infrastructure, energy, environment and research. Since the enactment of the act, a lot has taken place economically and different economic experts differ whether or not the act achieved its targets. To arrive at a comprehensive conclusion with the above assertion in mind, it is important to examine closely the main objectives as they were outlined by President Obama and fellow Democrats when selling the idea to the public. One of the objectives of the ARRA was to stop the recession through creation of jobs and to spur investment, effectively increasing output. Simple economics say that increased output can only be measured through overall gross domestic product growth. Most of the arguments for or against the ARRA have been partisan, based on party lines. Regardless of what one feels about ARRA, there is one aspect of the whole picture that we cannot clearly point out. Had the country taken a different path from that of ARRA, what could have been the result? The lack of counterfactual information deprives the clean bill of health that a supporter of ARRA would give it (Page, 2011, p. 81). Nevertheless, an objective independent minded economic analyst will agree that ARRA’s net effect has been positive when measured against the common parameters that are used to gauge economic growth. Before delving further on what has changed since its ARRA’s passage, it is important to note that there is a big possibility that the economists advising the president prior to the drafting of the ARRA bill grossly underestimated the economic conditions during the financial crisis. In fact, there is consensus that the general economic outlook was far worse than initially thought. This perhaps explains the reason why there was a spike in unemployment and economic contraction in the aftermath of ARRA’s passage. Success There have been numerous reports and studies since ARRA was enacted. They include those from government, the congressional budget office and other independent institutions. While there may not be any consensus on the various aspects of the reports, the collective conclusion has been that the recession ended in 2009 (Romer, 2011, p. 53). In fact, the effects of the fiscal stimulus have been so pronounced to the point that the economy reported a 3.4% gross domestic grown in 2010, lowering the unemployment rate by one and half percentage points and adding approximately 2.7 million jobs to the economy ( Mihm, 2011, p. 63 ). Given the sustained economic growth experienced in subsequent years, the number of jobs created since then has more than doubled (Goldstein, 2012, p.21). The above, regardless of the perspective from which anyone looks at it, is an indication of the success of ARRA. Jobs When the new Obama administration came into office, the US was losing an average of 800,000 jobs every month. The White House Council of Economic Advisers, though working at the behest of the president, is a competent body that also works for the tax payer and has a duty to tell the truth to the people especially concerning the economic outlook. By 2011 according to the council, ARRA had created or saved 3.6 million jobs (Goldstein, 2012, p.32). State governments had expanded their payrolls by almost 40,000 mainly through the stimulus funds they were receiving from government. Though the unemployment rate was stubbornly high in the years leading to the 2012 election, it has since fallen to sustainable single digit levels, a move that has cast a positive outlook on the general employment situation. Economists suggest a job creation rate of over 225,000 to ensure sustainable growth. Though the numbers have hardly reached that level consistently, every month since 2010 has seen positive job creation numbers a pointer to sustained economic growth momentum thanks to ARRA (Goldstein, 2012, p.35). GDP expansion Job creation and a consistently low unemployment rate are some of the major indicators of an economy in the right direction. Job growth is primarily determined by expansion of the gross domestic product. A contracting GDP indicates falling output, meaning less people are engaged in meaningful employment. That is what happened when President Obama took office in 2009. Contraction of GDP continued till 2010 when it showed signs of recovery thanks to initiatives like ARRA. It is important to note that ARRA rode on a $ 787 billion bill. This is a significant amount of money that when injected to the economy through increased spending on programs such as infrastructure and tax cuts creates real economic benefits. The net benefit when all factors are held constant is very significant and there is no doubt they were among the factors that propelled the economy out of the recession. It therefore makes sense to argue that ARRA made it possible for the economy to expand sooner than projected. Conclusion As pointed out earlier, there is no telling what could have happened if the Obama administration had taken a different path in restoring the economy. However, it is also important to acknowledge that ARRA is the basis of the recovery and economic growth momentum that the country is experiencing at the moment. Regardless of one’s political leaning, it is important to acknowledge the importance of the actions that the Obama administration took especially on the extension of aid by the federal government to the local and state authorities as well as through increased spending. There is no doubt that more could have been done to pull the country out of the recession faster than it happened. In fact there is more that can be done to accelerate the economic recovery. However, credit has to be given to ARRA for providing the platform on which the current economic growth is riding on. References Goldstein, M. (2012). Recovery Act: Preliminary Observations on the Implementation . Los Angeles: Lippincot. Mihm, C. (2011). Recovery Act : States’ and Localities’ Use of Funds . New York, NY: Diane Publshing. Page, B (2011). Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . New York, NY: Routledge. Romer, C. (2011) Economic Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. New York, NY: Penguin Books.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: "The Approach to Implementing or Executing Strategic Plans"This text discusses the importance of quality improvement deployment and organizational change in monitoring the efficiency and proactive organizational culture in line with the objective, goals, and mission of such an organization. It also offers a practical approach towards improving communication and service delivery to enhance acquisition, dissemination, and sharing of knowledge on efficiency within an organization.

"The Approach to Implementing or Executing Strategic Plans" This text discusses the importance of quality improvement deployment and organizational change in monitoring the efficiency and proactive organizational culture in line with the objective, goals, and mission of such an organization. It also offers a practical approach towards improving communication and service delivery to enhance acquisition, dissemination, and sharing of knowledge on efficiency within an organization.

The Approach to Implementing or Executing Strategic Plans Evaluation Essay Summary Quality improvement deployment and organizational change are critical in monitoring the efficiency and proactive organizational culture in line with the objective, goals, and mission of such an organization. Quality improvement facilitates sustainability and optimal use of resources in service delivery. The plan incorporates organization culture and production-delivery mixes that correlate to the quality of output in service delivery achieved between service delivery and customer satisfaction. This quality improvement and change management plan report offer a practical approach towards improving communication and service delivery to enhance acquisition, dissemination, and sharing of knowledge on efficiency within an organization. Detailed Description Knowing how to improve quality is crucial in the growth of an organization. In fact, consumers normally go for products that performed best. Besides, quality improvement will serve the organization’s needs to improve on performance, durability, maintain economic viability, maintain visual and aesthetic appeal, maintain superiority in service delivery, and keep good reputation due to quality assurance. Thus, quality improvement deployment and organizational change action plan present an action plan that would facilitate the organizations gain in long term operations is value and quality improvement. The success puzzle for quality improvement and organizational change implementation management strategy delivery operates on the periphery of the soft skills involving the timeless vision of organizational principles. Besides, defining value of the business, determining requirements, clarifying the vision, building teams, mitigating task, resolving issues, and providing direction complete the response projections which shall be addressed in the proposed quality service delivery system. Quality planning is an important policy that aims to promote long term success in business objectives. Furthermore, quality planning focuses on benchmarking of efficiency of the operations and service delivery initiative, accreditation initiative, and staff performance and skills assessment initiative which this chapter will endeavor to expound on. Managing Action Plans through the Project Portfolio Management Software Through supplementary implementation of project management and project leadership skills, the culture of teamwork and common purpose will eventually climax in successful project execution. Reflectively, the Project Portfolio Management Software is a success measuring tool for cross-platform review of the entire procedures and stages of project implementation. This tool has an application which monitors resources of the project, time allocation and completion tracking. Since it is flexible in creating project tracking charts, this tool is necessary for communication and promotion of the project deliverable variables since it classifies each according to the stages, time frames, and milestones. In implementing this project effectiveness tracking tool, soft skills come in at the point of relevance and procedural adjustments that might be needed following the series of project management dynamics. Specifically, this tool is relevant in a workplace environment in tracking and managing time frame allocated for each project milestone since it can be modified to address changes that might occur in each stage of project management. The other critical tool that may be used in tracking the effectiveness of a project is the risk register application in the Project Portfolio Management Software. This application forms part of the online project tracking tool since it provides project risk tracking evaluation from time to time. Through status updates, the risk register application facilitates the various project management schedule workouts through offering the much-needed communication between the potential risks and mitigation strategies for the same. As a result, conflict of interest in executing the deliverable variables will be minimized since the coordination bridge is assured by the project risk register application. In a practical project management environment, the risk register is applied in designing an encoding-decoding channel of communicating potential risks and reviewing project dynamics at minimal risk level. Thus, through application of the soft skills possessed by the human input in project management, these tools would offer appropriate progress tracking devises necessary in successful project execution. Control as part of Strategic Management Quality control is commonly utilized to promote quality of business products through the six sigma control which has the capability to develop high quality of products by reducing defects. Internal control is a systematic measure that is instituted by an organization to maintain efficient and cost-effective operation matrix. Further, internal controls aid in safeguarding assets and resources of an entity helps in deterring and detecting errors, fraud and theft, ensure accuracy and completeness of its accounting data. Also, they produce reliable and timely financial and management information and ensure adherence to its policies and plans. Therefore, it is important that to have effective internal controls within an organization to ensure efficiency. Control Activities The main control activities in the control matrix of strategic management are the input and output tracking. These activities occur at the micro and macro levels of strategic management. The activities are influenced by environmental, internal and external factors in the project management strategy. Reflectively, the process captures organization chart, status reports, process map, compliance requirements, review structure, activities, dates, and resources employed within a specified period through benchmarking. The benchmarking initiative involves streamlining control activities to ensure efficiency via a proactive quality mitigation channel that reports progress of the intended quality improvement system.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The Arab Spring and Morocco essay examines the peculiarities of the protest movement in Morocco. The author argues that the political system in Morocco can be described as a hybrid regime. On the one hand, in this country King Mohammed VI can be described as the main decision-maker whose authority cannot be limited or questioned. So, one can say that Morocco has an autocratic government. However, on the other hand, this system enables some participation of individuals in the public life of the country.

The Arab Spring and Morocco essay examines the peculiarities of the protest movement in Morocco. The author argues that the political system in Morocco can be described as a hybrid regime. On the one hand, in this country King Mohammed VI can be described as the main decision-maker whose authority cannot be limited or questioned. So, one can say that Morocco has an autocratic government. However, on the other hand, this system enables some participation of individuals in the public life of the country.

The Arab Spring and Morocco Essay A wave of demonstrations and protests, which is known as the Arab Spring affected a great number of countries such as Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, or Syria. They led to the downfall of several autocratic regimes. To some degree, this social upheaval affected Morocco. However, the political regime of this state was able to withstand this turmoil. The article written by Thierry Desrues is aimed at examining the peculiarities of the protest movement in Morocco. However, this work can also show why the Arab Spring did not undermine the monarchy in Morocco. In this case, one should focus on the attempts of the government to reach some compromise with protesters and the absence of a single alternative to the authoritarian regime. Additionally, it is important to remember that the oppression of protesters diminished the influence of demonstrations. Finally, this movement was not supported by every member of the community. So, Thierry Desrues’ article can be important for understanding the nature of the political movement in Morocco. This source is also helpful for describing the long-term implications of the Arab Spring for this country. These are main questions that should be discussed more closely. First of all, the author points out that the political system in Morocco can be described as a hybrid regime. On the one hand, in this country King Mohammed VI can be described as the main decision-maker whose authority cannot be limited or questioned. So, one can say that Morocco has an autocratic government. Such a situation could be observed in other African countries. However, at the same time, this system enables some participation of individuals in the public life of the country. For instance, in 2005, the policy of reducing poverty was implemented by associative networks (Desrues 413). These local organizations had the authority to decide in which way the financial resources could be used. To a great extent, this policy was helpful for creating an illusion that people could take part in the political life of a country. So, this is one of the issues that Thierry Desrues wants to explore in this text. It seems that this discussion can throw light on the complexities of the social and political life in this country. This policy helped the government to reduce the tensions within the society. Furthermore, it is important to mention that the protest movement in this country was represented by very different groups. In particular, one can speak about leftist parties such as Unified Socialist Party, the supporters of student unionism, human rights organizations, Islamists, and many others (Desrues 415). In other words, they did not have a common political agenda. Many of them did not try to overthrow the political regime of the country. Some of them only wanted to promote the rights of Amazigh people, while others supported the idea of gender equality (Desrues 418). Yet, they were not necessarily opposed to the form of government which emerged in this country. This is one of the reasons why they did not provide a valid alternative to the monarchical rule of King Mohammed VI. Overall, Thierry Desrues is able to identify the reasons why the regime could withstand this upheaval. Such an explanation seems to be quite feasible. Additionally, the author of this article points out that Mohammed VI was able to respond to the political unrest in this country. Much attention should be paid to the constitutional reform which was carried out right after the protests (Desrues 418). For instance, this reform increased the authority of the parliament in this country. Moreover, these changes in the legislation were supposed to address the concerns of many people. One should pay attention to such problems as the discrimination against Amazigh people or gender inequality (Desrues 418). It should be mentioned that in Morocco, monarchical rule still exercises strong influence over the legislative and executive power. However, this constitutional reform was perceived as the intention of the state to comply with the demands of the society. To a great extent, Thierry Desrues shows that the representatives of the political regime proved to be more flexible than other authoritarian leaders. This flexibility helped the government to avoid a possible downfall. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Apart from that, it is important to mention that the opposition to the monarchical rule was partly suppressed through intimidation, home visits, and arrests of people (Desrues 420). This strategy of the government prevented many people from joining demonstrations and protests. Nevertheless, it is important to remember the government did not try to escalate violence against the protestors. Apart from that, there were people who objected to the radical political transformation of Morocco. They had confrontations with the protesters (Desrues 420). This is another issue that can be singled out. In this article, the author shows various members of the Moroccan society had different views on the development of the government. They did not support the idea of a radical change in the political regime. This detail is important for explaining the peculiarities of the Arab Spring in the country. Very often, researchers speak about the so-called “Moroccan exception”, when they speak about the impact of political upheavals on this country (Desrues 422). As a rule, this term implies that the Arab Spring did not manifest itself very strongly in Morocco. However, one should not suppose that no goals were achieved. In particular, political activists were able to legitimize social and political change within the country. This transformation is important for empowering the citizens of Morocco. Furthermore, this outcome can be regarded as a form of success because the Moroccan society was able to avoid such pitfalls as continuous violence or even military conflicts. It is quite possible that the gradual evolution of this society can contribute to the improvements in the lives of people. This is one of the details that should be distinguished. On the whole, the examples which Thierry Desrues provides can explain why the Arab Spring did not result in the overthrow of the monarchical rule in Morocco. One should consider such factors as the hybrid nature of the political regime in this country; 2) the willingness of the government to make concessions to the public; 3) the absence of a single political agenda; and 4) the actions of the police force and the opposition to protestors. These are the main issues that can be identified. It is possible to say that Thierry Desrues’ article can be helpful for the examination of the political and social transformation in Morocco. This is why it should not be overlooked by the readers. Works Cited Desrues, Thierry. “Mobilizations in a hybrid regime: The 20th February Movement and the Moroccan regime.” Current Sociology 61.4 (2013): 409-423. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The Art of Being Lonely: a Portrayal of the Lives of Chinese Women of the Post-WWII Generation

The Art of Being Lonely: a Portrayal of the Lives of Chinese Women of the Post-WWII Generation

The Art of Being Lonely: a Portrayal of the Lives of Chinese Women of the Post-wwii Generation. Wang Anyi’s ‘the Song of Everlasting Sorrow’ Analysis Critical Essay Because of their being not ready for the shift from a WWII to the post-WWII environment and the change in values, Chinese women were highly susceptible and extremely vulnerable to the lures of the “New Shanghai,” which led the main character of Wang’s novel The Song of Everlasting Sorrow: A novel of Shanghai , Wang Qiyao, to the bitter realization of the fact that in any kind of relationship, be it between the ones in love with each other or between relatives, both parties are doomed to mutual misunderstanding and eventually being used, which means that at the end of the day, every single human being is lonely. One of the many faces of loneliness, or, to be more exact, the necessity to comply with the false morals of the post-war Chinese society, shows clearly that, by trying to subvert to a new definition of freedom and equality without even questioning its meaning, people were trying to make up for the void inside. Mentioned at the very beginning of the novel, these false morals, however, do not portray the post-40s Chinese world as something to be shunned or ashamed of; instead, Anyi clarifies delicately that the give misconception stemmed from the clash of the Chinese culture and the European one. Nevertheless, the air of misunderstanding that contributes to distancing the characters from each other even more is expressed in a very graphic manner: “One exalts Ibsen’s Nora as a spiritual leader for having the courage to leave home while deep down inside idolizing Oriole in The Western Wing , who finds a strong man she can depend on for the rest of her life” (Anyi 15). Truly, one should not jump to conclusions concerning the mendacity of the post-war society; instead, the given phenomenon can be viewed as the willingness to comply with the progress of the West while trying to retain the traditional Chinese values. As a result, the Chinese people of the 1940s–1950s were luring themselves into thinking that they can live a better, more exciting and luxurious life according to the elitist standards of the New Shanghai, while not being able to part with the ideas that they had learned at their mother’s knees and have been living their entire life according to. Trying to follow the fashionable fads and finding that the latter offered them nothing but emptiness and false expectations, the Chinese people felt betrayed and lonely. Speaking of the characters, neither the lead one, i.e., Wang, nor any of the supporting ones escape the clutches of lonesomeness. The given idea can also be traced in the story of some characters. For example, the following description of Mr. Cheng pretty much incorporates the history of the Chinese people’s fascination and the following disappointment in the distant 1940s: “In the 1940s photography was still a modern hobby, which naturally made Mr. Cheng a modern youth. […] He was fickle in his interests, always tiring of the old and moving on to the new” (Anyi 78). The desire to follow the trend instead of relying on the traditional values leaves one roaming in search for another fad, feeling finally devoid of any substance. Needless to say, the atmosphere of rivalry and cunningness that the Hollywood is shot through does not give many reasons to hope for the characters to get more in tune with each other, either. By stressing the vulgarity of the Hollywood morals, as well as the shallowness of its actors and actresses, Anyi explains that the glamorous New Shanghai, which was practically trying to recapture the specifics of the Western culture, simultaneously paying zero respect to the traditional Chinese one, made the distance between the Chinese people even greater. As Anyi put it, “He [Mr. Chang] especially despised Hollywood movies and the women in them, who displayed nothing but feminine shallowness. Those Hollywood actresses were not fit to hold a candle to men playing female roles in Peking operas” (Anyi 108). Splitting into the traditional rural and the highly modernized urban parts, the Chinese community was becoming more disintegrated, which resulted in people distancing from each other. It can be argued, though, that Anyi portrays a number of moments in which her characters interact with each other rather successfully; moreover, they seem to be completely in tune with each other and appear to be forming close friendship. However, at the end of the day, most of these relationships turn out to be based on the needs of one of the characters. Another argument against the idea of depressing theme filling Anyi’s work is that the author portrays very convincing development of relationships that are typically looked down at and even mentioned with a pinch of irony, e.g., friendship between two women. However, these relationships often turn out to be based on something as low as gossip: “If the longtang of Shanghai could dream, that dream would be gossip” (Anyi 9). Finally, it can be argued that the novel portrays not only the relationships in which one of the parties is necessarily the love interest of another one, but also the ones in which a man and a woman form a friendship, which is a rather original solution. Indeed, whenever seeing a female and a male character spending at least a chapter of a book having a talk, the readers will inevitably think them to be enamored with each other. To her credit, Anyi breaks this obnoxious cliché by showing that the relationships between Mr. Cheng and Wang can take an unexpected turn and that there might be a strong emotional connection between them: “’If I had a sister… and were able to choose what she was like,’ said Mr. Cheng. ‘I would pick someone just like you’” (Anyi 93). However, the charming atmosphere of mutual trust and the reconciliation between two kindred spirits is shattered by the fact that they will actually never be able to become more than acquaintances. The last and the most important, in this conversation, one of the characters is far from being as serious as another; unlike Mr. Chang, Wang considers the atmosphere “playful” (Anyi 93) enough not to take Mr. Cheng’s words as something important. Thus, the given scene is shot through with the idea of loneliness as the only possible escape for the people of the post-WWII era. Therefore, every single sentence of Anyi’s novel rings with the idea of loneliness as the only option for the Chinese women of the post-WWI China, with its empty luxury and pointless attractions, which stress the distance between people taking part in it even more. Reminding of the fleetingness of life and the fact that reaching complete understanding between two people is practically impossible, Aniy’s novel offers its readers a bitter reconciliation with their fears. Works Cited Aniy, Wang. The Song of Everlasting Sorrow: A Novel of Shanghai . n. d. Web.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The article discusses a recent agreement between the United States and China on pollution and climate change. The agreement calls for stricter measures to be taken in order to ensure that the existing standards on pollution are observed.

The article discusses a recent agreement between the United States and China on pollution and climate change. The agreement calls for stricter measures to be taken in order to ensure that the existing standards on pollution are observed.

U.S., China Agrees on Climate Steps to Curb Emissions by Howard Schneide Essay The article U.S., China agrees on climate steps to curb emissions by Howard Schneider highlights a detailed analysis on current climate development. The article was published on The Washington Post. The author gives the details of the recent agreement between the United States and China on pollution. The agreement between the two countries was to oversee that the existing standards on pollution were observed under strict measures. The pollution standards to be observed in the new agreement involved emission from trucks, green houses and buildings. From the article, it is clear that the agreement by the two counties was preceded by a report from global warming experts. Initially, the two governments had taken an initiative of appointing officials to conduct research and investigation on how to curb global warming and pollution. Environmental activists perceive this progress as a potential solution towards having a global perspective on global pollution and climatic change. A report from the appointed officials indicated clearly that carbon emission still remained a huge threat to pollution reduction and climatic change. Like many other experts in the environment and climate, the officials agree that the reduction on carbon remains the core solution towards reducing pollution and solving the global warming puzzle. In this respect, the officials agree that the cost of this initiative and necessary technology required remains a challenge. To put this issue into perspective, both China and the United States have agreed to use large-scale projects aimed at reducing carbon emissions. The large-scale projects will involve advanced technology to retain and capture carbon in the atmosphere. According to the author, the two governments aimed to introduce practical strategies and policies that will oversee pollution reduced significantly in years to come. The pollution by hydro-fluorocarbons has been a core issue among the industrialized countries like the United States and China. Both countries acknowledge the fact that they are the largest emitters of pollutants. The two countries have been accused by other countries of leading in emission of greenhouse gases. In this respect, working together by the two countries is a significant progress in safeguarding the global environment. At least, the act of the two countries can be viewed by other countries as a positive step towards environment conservation and curbing global warming. From an environmentalist perspective, the priorities of the two countries can be described as pragmatic. This is based on the fact that the two countries know that the emission of sooty carbon by heavy trucks is prevalent. This is one of the major issues in China, which is striving to become a leading economy in the world. On the other hand, the United States is facing problems with its building developments and the associated inefficiency. Environmentalists assert that the two countries will need more than an agreement. Hard work by technocrats and environmental experts in reduction of carbon emission in the two countries is essential. In conclusion, the two countries agreement has also opened a bilateral talk on the cyber-espionage issue. The two countries have been in diplomatic conflict over cyber attacks by China directed against American companies. The two countries are the leading economies in the world and their combined efforts in either environmental or trade issues can be a huge step in progressing globalization. One important lesson from the two countries is that pollution, environment conservation and global warming are a collective responsibility for all countries. Works Cited Schneider, Howard. U.S., China agrees on climate steps to curb emissions . The Washington Post . n.d. Web.

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Write an essay about: The Bible among the Myths by John N. Oswalt is among the best apologetics of the recent times. The book seeks to debunk the ideas, which secular scholars have been propagating in the recent years, that the Old Testament chapters of the bible are part of the Ancient Near East Mythology.In essence, what Oswalt does in this book is to show that any arguments linking the Old Testament with the Ancient Near East Mythology are misguided. In so doing, Oswalt endeavors

The Bible among the Myths by John N. Oswalt is among the best apologetics of the recent times. The book seeks to debunk the ideas, which secular scholars have been propagating in the recent years, that the Old Testament chapters of the bible are part of the Ancient Near East Mythology. In essence, what Oswalt does in this book is to show that any arguments linking the Old Testament with the Ancient Near East Mythology are misguided. In so doing, Oswalt endeavors

The Bible among the Myths Essay (Book Review) Introduction The Bible among Myths by John N. Oswalt is among the best apologetics of the recent times. The book seeks to debunk the ideas, which secular scholars have been propagating in the recent years, that the Old Testament chapters of the bible are part of the Ancient Near East Mythology. In essence, what Oswalt does in this book is to show that any arguments linking the Old Testament with the Ancient Near East Mythology are misguided. In so doing, Oswalt endeavors to make it plain to readers that literature from such scholars is misleading. In a bid to achieve this goal, Oswalt chooses to approach the book from a polemical viewpoint to convey his point. His introductory argument anchors on the assertion that in the last five decades much has not changed insofar as the content of the Old Testament is concerned, yet the perception of scholars has radically changed in the same duration (Oswalt 2009, 11-12). Currently, most scholars have lost esteem for the Old Testament, and to them, it is just another Ancient Near East myth. Some scholars consider the Old Testament as ‘remarkably similar’ to Ancient Near East mythical literature associated with other Semitic religions that originated from the Ancient Near East. Oswalt dispels this assumption by going to great depths to explain what a myth is in a bid to exclude the Old Testament from such definitions. Oswalt accomplishes this task in the first section of the book, viz. the first five chapters, which explore the Old Testament alongside the Ancient Near Eastern myths to bring out the contrast between the two. The second section of the book analyses the Old Testament from a historical perspective and eventually concludes that the bible is a historical account to a certain extent. Chapter 1 The first chapter opens with an assertion that the bible is a key contributor to the Western world’s perception of reality. The importance attached to the Bible’s contribution in this sense stems from the fact that it greatly influenced ancient Greek philosophy and it continues to influence the perception of the world to date. The influence of the Greek thought on contemporary world perception is explored. The most illustrious aspects of ancient Greek thought that are inherent in the manner in which we perceive the world today are, according to Oswalt, the notion that human beings live in a universe and not a polyverse (Oswalt 2009, 21). Oswalt endeavors to show how the Greek pattern of thinking fits in with the biblical perspective of the same. Therefore, he explores the Hebrew perspective of the same issue. He notes that the Hebrew descendants were monotheists whose principal belief was that there is only one supreme God, who doubles as the creator of the universe. God revealed himself and his will to humankind, and thus humanity is expected to obey the will and be rewarded or defy it and face punishment. The notion of the integration of the Greek philosophy and biblical principles in today’s worldview manifests in the fact that the Greeks believe in the law of non-contradiction, which fits in well with the Jewish idea that God set himself apart from his creation (Oswalt 2009, 25-26). Oswalt thus notes that logic or rational thinking, which the Greek are credited with as the originators, only came to be after humanity’s acknowledgement of God as the sole creator of the universe. Oswalt refutes the emerging belief that logic and science can prosper without religion by arguing that the only thing that the two can deliver to humanity is destruction. He notes that Hiroshima and the Buchenwald concentration camps are the best humanity can achieve through logic and science alone. Chapter 2 In the second chapter of the book, Oswalt embarks on a mission to set the bible apart from myths by presenting different scholars’ definition of the term and trying to find the definition that suits the bible most. He starts by pointing out the reductionist viewpoint, which has been assumed by scholars towards the bible since the 1960s. In an attempt to prove that the bible is unique and cannot be equated to Ancient Near Eastern myths, Oswalt examines different definitions of the term ‘myth’. He carefully examines three definitions of the term and proceeds to show why the bible does not fit with each of the definitions. Specifically, the first definition claims that the most outstanding feature of a myth is the falsity of the narrated occurrence or deity in the narrative (Oswalt 2009, 33). The distinctive feature of the second definition is that it notes that truth in a myth is relative so that if many people think the myth is true then it is truer than otherwise. In the third definition, events in myths are neither right nor wrong (Oswalt 2009, 38). All the three perspectives of a myth espouse the idea of continuity, which claims that all matter in the universe is the same thing. The example employed in the book to explain this idea is that of a man and a tree being the same thing both physically and spiritually. The fact that the underlying principle is the idea of continuity behind the myths leads Oswalt to define myth in his own way as ‘continuity’. Oswalt thus notes, “Myth exists to actualize continuity” (Oswalt 2009, 45). From such a position, he is in a position to explicitly outline the intrinsic characteristics of the Christian and pagan perspectives of the world later in the book. Chapter 3 The third chapter is dedicated to explaining the philosophy of continuity deeply to give clear concept of its assertions as well as Oswalt’s beliefs insofar as the idea is concerned. All myths have, at their heart, the concept of continuity in which humanity, nature, and the divine are all part of one another. There is an interconnectedness, which links the physical, the spiritual, and the divine such that their existence is a circular continuum. Continuity is thus a worldview whose essence is mythical thinking. Oswalt analyses continuity with the intent of articulating its aspects in relation to religious thought. He notes that continuity, if approached from the perspective of a worldview, has numerous effects. Chief among the effects is the idea of associating some natural signs with certain phenomena (Oswalt 2009, 50-56) that if a certain sign manifests in nature, it symbolizes the arrival or departure of some phenomena. As an example, he tries to point the link between floods, plagues, and weather patterns among others with reality. Another good example that shows the effect of continuity is given by the use of magic to manipulate the universe in one way or another. Oswalt gives several other effects of continuity, and in essence, his argument is that myth is nothing, but a way of looking at reality. He proceeds to delineate definitive features of myths. Among them, all, but a few myths, share the idea that there are numerous gods. Chapter 4 In this chapter, attention shifts from examining the features of myths to examining the features of the bible. In essence, Oswalt moves from the continuity worldview to give a biblical worldview, which he calls transcendence. The main idea behind transcendence is that God exists apart from the universe and there is no continuity between the physical and spiritual planes. According to Oswalt, transcendence manifests in everything that the bible highlights about reality and he explains the distinctive features of the Old Testament such as monotheism, iconoclasm, and the value attached to humankind coupled with the origin of acceptable ethical standards (Oswalt 2009, 64). A key feature of the bible that emerges from the description is that apart from the bible religion, viz. Christianity, all other religions are polytheistic except Judaism and Islam whose origin is accounted for in the bible. Thus, the key feature of the Old Testament in this respect is that Yahweh is the one and only God. This feature also applies to the rest of the bible. A different key feature of the bible is that before the universe came to be, God already existed. Thus, God created anything that exists in the universe out of nothing, which is a distinguishing feature of the bible. Another distinguishing feature of the bible in chapter four is that humanity is held in high esteem unlike in myth where humans are lowly creatures. This assertion by Oswalt fits in with the idea that man was created in the image of God and he was given authority over all creation. Several other features of the bible are described, but all of them point to the idea that transcendence underpins every distinguishing feature of the bible. Chapter 5 Oswalt proceeds with his argument on why the bible is not a myth. This pursuit compels him to explore the ethical standards demanded of humanity in an attempt to show that the Ancient Near East and other secular world perceptions. Therefore, he expounds the concept of ethics from the perspective of the Ancient Near East and other secular worldviews. Oswalt notes that these worldviews held two distinct standards of ethics. Of these two, the first standard delineates how humankind should interact with its own. Concisely, it defines what is expected of every individual insofar as relating with one another is concerned. The other standard of non-biblical ethics explained how humankind was supposed to relate with numerous gods, which myths claim to exist. Every god had a particular way in which humanity was supposed to approach him/her and carry out his/her instructions. This aspect sets the bible apart from myth completely because in the bible, God set a single standard of ethics for humanity. The standards that were expected of humankind when Christianity began are the same standards expected of humanity today because the God of today is the same God that existed even before he created anything (Oswalt 2009, 85-87). The idea of same ethical standards for all humanity leads Oswalt to compare the similarities that exist between Israelites and non-Israelites. He outlines a number of areas, which exhibit similarities between the two groups, but he is quick to point out that such similarities are a matter of coincidence. He does not believe that such similarities were intended to exist between the two groups. His main point as he closes the first section is that the bible’s perspective is unique and distinct from other perspectives and thus it is not a myth. Chapter 6 The second section of the book begins with this chapter. The gist of Oswalt’s argument in this section is the historicity of the Old Testament. He is keen to note that the widely accepted historical ideology came from the bible. In a bid to prove this argument, he begins by examining the definition of history. Though there are several definitions, he examines them and coins his own, which he believes is the best. The theme of his definition is that for a text qualifies as history, it has to focus on human activity in “time and space, exist for the purpose of human self-knowledge, attempt to be an accurate account, and include an attempt to evaluate” (Oswalt 2009, 113). With this definition in place, he proceeds to examine other ancient pieces of writing. His intention is to point out that the writing may be insightful in giving an idea about ancient culture and other aspects of life, but clearly, they meet the criteria for qualification as history. The different ancient forms of writing are listed and the purpose for each of them outlined, but all of them are found to fall short of qualifying as history because they distort the true account of events or they unnecessarily focus on particular individuals at the expense of many among other reasons. Oswalt then proceeds to point out how the bible is different from other forms of ancient writing. He endeavors to prove that the bible fits into the definition of history he coins because the bible, unlike other forms of ancient writings, depicts humans as fallible characters who have notable flaws inherent in the human nature (Oswalt 2009, 124-127). He uses the outstanding example of King David who is hailed as the greatest king in the bible, but he committed adultery and murder of a woman’s husband. Chapter 7 In this section, since the author has already concluded that the bible is history, he sets out to dispel the arguments leveled against the historical nature of the bible. He notes that some of the issues that have cast doubt on the bible’s historicity include revelations and supernatural events, which were associated with the Israelites. Oswalt proceeds to note that God was keen on ensuring that Israelites recorded true accounts of their experiences. The main point that comes out here is that the bible points out clearly that God has made everything that is known to humans known via human-historical experience. Oswalt is keen to point out to the reader that the bible is an accurate account of the past. The idea of accuracy and history features in his definition of history earlier in the book. According to him, accuracy is one of the key yardsticks for determining what is historical and what is not. Thus, in the case of the bible, God preternaturally manifested his being to the Jews to make sure that whatever they chronicled was a true record of what they had seen and heard. This aspect, according to Oswalt, qualifies the bible as historical despite the criticisms leveled against it. He is also careful not to touch on biblical passages, which would discredit his argument on the historicity of the bible. Chapter 8 In chapter eight, Oswalt continues to argue his case about the accuracy of the bible, which makes it historical. Therefore, chapter seven and chapter eight are somewhat like a single section for they address the problems associated with history in an effort to distance the bible from such problems and prove beyond doubt that it is indeed historical. Like in the previous chapter, his energy is directed towards proving that the bible is a historically accurate document. With this knowledge, he urges the reader to note that the entire bible is historical because books included therein give accounts of real people and their patterns of life. An important element of the accounts is that it does not attempt to hide their flaws, which typically picture them as ordinary humans. Oswalt goes a little bit deeper to bring out what the term history really means. In so doing, he uses the German and Norwegian versions of the term Geschichte and Historie respectively. He shows how the translation of the term into different languages could distort the underlying meaning. He notes that the German version refers to a narrative while the Norwegian version refers to an actual event (Oswalt 2009, 157). In concluding this section, Oswalt notes that the bible is historical and that its historical nature cannot be isolated from theology because the essence of theology is history and to crown all these arguments, he quotes Apostle Paul who wrote that faith could not exist if people do not believe in Jesus Christ’s resurrection, which is a historical event. Chapter 9 This section is the penultimate chapter of the book. Oswalt thus begins to lay the ground for his conclusion. He does this identifying a few scholars who have given alternative viewpoints on the bible. Among those he identifies are “John Van Seters, Frank Moore Cross, William Dever, and Mark Smith” (Oswalt 2009, 172). What Oswalt does at this point is to debunk the viewpoints of all these scholars by identifying a key idea in their work and pointing out how it is misguided and thus false. He begins by critiquing Van Seters’ claim that Jewish priests tampered with the bible after the Babylonian exile so that according to this scholar, the bible is not in its originally intended form (Oswalt 2009, 172). Oswalt refutes this assertion and points out that it is false. He also refutes Cross’ claim that the bible was an epic poem before being changed to what it is today (Oswalt 2009, 175). In the two instances, Oswalt position is that the bible has never undergone any alteration or changes save for translation into different languages. Oswalt proceeds to debunk other viewpoints from scholars such as William Dever who firmly believes that the Judaic belief system was similar to the Canaanite belief system, yet the similarities were ignored by scholars thus pitching the Israelite belief system as unique when it actually was not. Oswalt rejects this perspective as misguided and false, as to him, this kind of literature misleads its readers. Oswalt also rejects Mark Smith’s argument, which claims that the Israelite system of belief traces its roots to the Canaanite polytheistic belief system (Oswalt 2009, 181). This argument undermines the accounts of the bible, which it records that only one God existed before creation and he created everything that exists in the universe. In essence, it undermines the concept of transcendence as elaborated by Oswalt in chapter four. Thus, it cannot hold as true. Chapter 10 This chapter is the concluding section of the book whereby Oswalt sums up all his key arguments, which allows him to take a strong stand that the bible is a unique and special writing and is thus not a myth. The major ideas he conveys are the disparity between the biblical worldview or biblical perception of reality and the secular or non-biblical perceptions of the world. He is keen to point out that the biblical perspective finds its essence in the concept of transcendence while the non-biblical perspective has its essence in the concept of continuity. In a bid to make his point on the superiority of the bible over Ancient Near East literature and other non-biblical writings, he points out that the Western world has embraced the worldview of continuity, hence the downturn in morality that is witnessed in its societies. Here, he further propagates the idea that nothing good can come out of humanity if the influence of God is missing. Therefore, the bible cannot fall within the precepts of the definition of a myth. Reference Oswalt, John. 2009. The Bible among the myths: Unique revelation or just ancient literature? Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The big-five model for personality in the context of the Apple Company.

The big-five model for personality in the context of the Apple Company.

The Big-Five Personality Assessment and its Application in the Workplace Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Organisational Background 3. Literature Review and Critical Analysis 4. Organisational Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Modern-day organisational managers are highly interested in the ability of employees to meet flexibility requirements for them to suit different work environments as organisational situations change. This implies that the ability of an employee to perform well in only some specific tasks ceases from being the main criteria for selection and recruitment. According to Fleeson, “in recent years, managers have become interested in determining how well an employee’s personality and values match an organisation” (2004, p.83). This suggests that some employees are well suited to meet organisational goals and objectives than others depending on their personality traits. Personality refers to “the total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others” (Goodstein & Lanyon 2009, p.291). It is measured by the traits that people exhibit. Research on personality in an organisational context has focused on labelling various traits, which describe employees and customers’ behaviour. Some of the personality traits that have been established by various studies as having the ability to influence the behaviour of people include aspiration, allegiance, assertiveness, thoughtfulness, timidity, indolence, and antagonism among others (Kihlstrom, Beer & Klein 2002, p.29). Earliest research efforts to identify personality traits that were useful in an organisation in terms of helping managers to make selection and recruitment decisions led to the establishment of long lists of traits. This provided a major challenge in their practical application within an organisation. However, the big-five model and the Myers-Brigg type indicator were exceptional in that they focused on less number of important personality traits. The focus of this paper is to analyse the big-five model for personality in the context of the Apple Company. Organisational Background Apple Inc. was established in California in 1977. The company and its subsidiaries collectively called Apple engage in designing, manufacturing, and marketing of a variety products. According to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (2010), these products include, “personal computers, mobile communication and media devices, and portable digital music players…selling a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications” (p.11). These products run by brand names such as IPhones, Mac apple TV, iPad, iPod, and X-serve among others. The company also designs and manufactures professional computer software applications, iOS, and OS-X as some of its operating systems for its gadgets. The company stocks a variety of ITunes through which consumers can access and purchase support offerings. Additionally, according to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (2010), “The company sells its products worldwide through its retail and online stores, direct sales force, third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers” (p.11). The target market of the company includes education sectors, enterprises, SMBs, creative professional, and even government institutions across the globe. Literature Review and Critical Analysis Organisations are made up of different people who possess different traits that describe their personality. Apple Company is made up of staff from different backgrounds in terms of cultural diversities and demographic characteristics. While demographic characteristic and cultural differences may not explain differences in personality traits for people working in an organisation, it is important to note that the more the number of people employed by organisations, including the Apple Company, the more an organisation has different personality traits to handle. Based on the goals, aims, and objectives of an organisation, the main question is whether a set of personality traits is more useful to a given organisation relative to others. The big-five model proposes that there are five main personality attributes, which underlie many of the personality traits, which have been developed by different scholarly works. According Do and Gatica-Perez, personality traits described by the big-five factor model “are the most significant variations in human personality” (2003, p.505). The big-five personality traits are obligingness, frankness to experience, perception, emotional firmness, and gregariousness (Goodstein & Lanyon 2009, p.293). When managers want the gregariousness trait in employees, their assessment during a selection and recruitment process will focus on the degree of sociability and the levels of assertiveness together with gregariousness of the potential employees. Opposed to extroverts, the introverts are essentially quiet, well reserved, and timid (Goodstein & Lanyon 2009, p.294). In an organisational setting, extroversion is a measure of the degree of employees or customers’ comfortless with various relationships. Extroversion is an important aspect for consideration while hiring in modern organisational operation environments that require a high degree of teamwork to meet the rapidly changing organisational dynamics such as innovation of new products and services to keep organisations competitive both in the short and in the long term. Some organisations require highly reliable people. Therefore, they consider hiring people who have personality trait of conscientiousness. “People who are highly conscientious are responsible; organised, dependable, and persistent” (Goodstein & Lanyon 2009, p.295). This implies that persons who show low levels of conscientiousness are unreliable, highly disorganised, and distracted. From the paradigms of emotional stability, the big-five model for personality maintains that employees in an organisation need to possess high levels of the ability to withstand work stress. This call is perhaps important, especially where the nature of the work of an organisation emphasises quality and compliance with standards and details. Work stress may also emanate from situations where people are engaged in highly repetitive tasks. Such tasks may require people who score highly in emotional stability assessments because people with emotional stability “tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure” (Do & Gatica-Perez 2003, p.506). Indeed, anxiousness is an intolerable trait in an organisation seeking to succeed through innovation and creativity such as the Apple Company. Operating in an organisation, which requires people to work in a teamwork environment, emphasis is put on the significance of people to agree on decisions made through the process of teamwork interaction and/or negotiations. In this context, the personality trait of agreeableness as developed by the big-five model for personality traits assessment is crucial. Agreeable dimension of personality “refers to an individual’s propensity to differ from others” (Goodstein & Lanyon 2009, p.294). The big-five model suggests that highly agreeable people are have high capacities to trust, are cooperative, and warm while dealing with other people. This trait is important for a work team to achieve its mandates, especially in case an organisation is project-based. In a project-based organisation, different tasks are subdivided into subtasks, which are allocated to different people. When such tasks are assembled, they constitute a project. In such situations, trust and cooperation are important to deliver projects that meet specifications since the quality of a project is a function of the quality of specific facets constituting it. The capacity of an individual to be creative and innovative is dependent on his or her willingness and the ability to be open to experience. Lennox and Wolfe (2004) support this assertion claiming, “extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive” (p.1362). Through openness to experience personality assessments, it is possible to define an individual’s fascination and ranges of interest. The big-five personality model unifies various personality frameworks. It also establishes a direct correlation between job performance and the five personality dimensions. Ashkanasy and Daus agree with this assertion by further insisting that research on personality traits has been done on “a broad spectrum of occupations such as engineers, architects, accountants, and attorneys, managers’ sales people, semiskilled personnel, and skilled personnel” (2002, p.83). In all groups of occupations, research finding suggest that contentiousness is a key indicator of the performance of people. Therefore, since people are the key determinants of the organisational behaviour in terms of how they perform in their work, contentiousness is related with organisational behaviour. Research conducted on the relationship between other personality traits with job performance gives different results. For instance, the work of Fleeson (2004) shows how “predictability depends on the performance criterion and the occupational group” (p.86). The researcher also found extroversion as only predicting performance in only sales jobs and managerial positions. This finding is consistent with the characteristics of the personality trait of extroversion as developed by the big-five model since managerial and sales jobs require high levels of socialisation (Goodstein & Lanyon 2009, p.103). In the research conducted by Do and Gatica-Perez, openness to experience was an important determinant of training proficiency (2003, p.518). This finding also confirms the validity of openness to experience element of the big-five personality trait in helping organisations to make vital decisions articulated to selection, training, and development. The work of Goodstein and Lanyon (2009) produced surprising results since emotional stability was found not to influence people’s performance in jobs. Hypothetically, people who have high feelings of security and calmness could do better in any job compared to those who are highly nervous and/or depressed. Results for the work of Goodstein and Lanyon (2009) suggest this claim is not the case. Some levels of nervousness contribute to better job performance. Apple Company operates in the technology industry. While the above discussion of the big-five personality traits model was based on general organisations, it is important to narrow down the discussion of the model’s applicability in the technology sector industry. In the technology industry, the personality trait theories are mainly limited to user behaviour (Brinkman & Fine 2005, p.15). Researchers endeavour to establish whether there are certain personality traits in clients, which determine their consumption patterns of electronic products and services. Butt and Phillips recognise the importance of the big-five personality model by reckoning, “the rapid global growth of mobile phone usage has reinforced the need to study the psychological, social, and economic implications of mobile telephony” (2008, p.351). Mobile devices provide programmable platforms. This permits an organisation to develop tools for collection of data that can act as an indicator of the behaviour of users. Once the data is generated and availed to an organisation such as Apple, applications can be developed to meet the user requirements. In fact, data that is captured via tools such as Bluetooth, call logs, or even the GPRS can aid in the analysis of user spatial together with social dimensions where certain applications are found essential (Butt & Phillips 2008, p.353). Technological organisations seeking to meet market demands produce their goods or services based on market demands as opposed to the produce-to-sale strategy. Such organisations design various communication applications and features, which are essentially tailor-made to meet the individual needs for a particular target group of customers. Consequently, framework for data collection on personal preferences is important in driving success of technological organisations. Back, Stopfer, and Vazire et al. (2010) contend with this argument by insisting that data collection frameworks that are meant to enable an organisation to determine personal preferences of customers are crucial since they allow organisations to “ understand the impact of context on user behaviour as well as to study individual differences such as the personality of users” (p.373). Personality traits are crucial paradigms for the description of people. The subject of personality is found important in the computing industry, in which Apple Company operates. This claim is evident in several completed studies seeking to establish the relationship between utilisation of social media including Facebook, YouTube, and other internet forms (Back, Stopfer & Vazire et al. 2010; Counts & Stecher 2009). Mobile phones are useful devices in facilitating the process of mediation and social interactions. This suggests that they can aid incredibly in the reflection of personalities of different people (Butt & Phillips 2008, p.357). Attempting to establish the relationship between personality of users and the behavioural aspects of people as evidenced by the data collected through various frameworks is important in the process of designing the methods of user classification using approaches that are based on the concepts of machine learning. The results yielded are beneficial for an organisation operating in the mobile phone application industry such as the Apple Company in a myriad of ways. Research on personality traits in the computing industry indicates that personality is an important aspect for the design of user interfaces. User interfaces, which are functions of personality of the users, include the “surface colour of an application” (Brinkman & Fine, 2005, p.25). The work of Butt and Phillips (2008) indicate that personality traits such as extroversion and/or introversion are related to preferences such as the aesthetic value of a website (p.349). Brinkman and Fine (2005) further suggest, “The personality of a user might also determine the kind of functionality the individual is disposed to use on the phone” (p.17). There is also the possibility of individual preferences driven by personalities of different people to relate with user contexts. In this context, one of the hypothetical speculations is whether extroverted persons would use their devices in similar ways with introverted persons when they are idle. An important area of scholarly interest in the studies of the big-five personality trait model in the context of technology organisation such as the Apple Company is variation of modalities for interactions with mobile devices depending on the personality traits exhibited by users. Clear understanding of how personality traits of users influence their interaction with mobile devices is helpful in aiding an organisation such as the Apple Company to design applications meeting user preferences to encourage increased consumption. Organisational Analysis Upon drawing from the theoretical background developed above, the researcher engaged different organisational management staff for Apple Company in an interview to garner information on the applicability of personality trait in the process of selection and recruitment. The interviewed management personnel were from the human resource department and research, design, and development department. The human resource department personnel were to provide information on the application of the big-five model for personality assessment at the company in recruitment and selection. On the other hand, the research, design, and development department provided information on the applicability of the model in the design process of the new applications and hardware products. Upon interviewing the chief human resource officer (HCRO) on the criterion deployed in hiring new staff at the Apple Company, it was clear that the Apple Company is committed to maintaining success in a highly competitive market. To achieve this goal, he argued, “Employees are the most important resources that the organisation has to create innovative products that meet consumer requirements and specifications depending on their preferences.” The process of recruitment and selection is done under the guidance of some established criterion seeking to ensure that all people selected for training and development will adapt to the culture and ways of operation of the Apple Company in the fastest way possible. Although the CHRO did not cite any personality trait as informing the criterion for selection, openness to experience comes into play at the Apple Company based on the arguments developed in the literature review section. In fact, according to Kihlstrom, Beer, and Klein (2002), people who show high levels of openness to experience are normally creative (p.67). For the Apple Company, innovation and creativity are the main drivers of organisational success. Hence, the company selects people who can work in a teamwork environment to add knowledge on how new products can be created and marketed effectively. In fact, the CHRO noted the value of innovation and creativity by informing the researcher that the fortunes of the company turned around between 2007and 2011. During this time, the Apple Company received an immense success through offering iPhones, iPads, and iPods to the market. This helped to mark the era of innovative portable music players and various models of mobile phones together with personal computers. The capacity to interact with customers is an incredible trait for a person fitting in the position of sales person at the Apple Company. In 2001, the company opened retail stores based in California and Virginia, in which customers were permitted to access various products made by the company without necessary having to buy them. For sales persons working in such stores, it is imperative for them to possess the ability to identify serious buyers and those who may not buy at any specific time. Such a task entails the utilisation of time in the socialisation process. Hence, persons who are not highly sociable may not fit well in the sales job at the Apple Company. The big-five personality model introduces extroversion as a personality trait describing such a person (Do & Gatica-Perez 2003, p.520). This indicates that extroversion is an important personality trait for assessment in the selection and recruitment processes of sales people at Apple Company. In fact, the CHRO explained that procurement and sales persons at the Apple Company are required to have skills in placing products (sales personnel) and bargaining from suppliers on behalf of the Apple Company (procurement personnel). In the next phase of research at this Company, the researcher interviewed the research design and development supervisor. The first question was what the department considered essential features of the Apple products. He replied, “There is no set of essential features for Apple products.” “The new features incorporated in the new products designed by the company depend on the market needs and demand and that the company must guarantee that it is to the lead of its contestants in terms of offering ground-breaking products. This response confirmed the importance of innovation and creativity among employees of the Apple Company as explained by the CHRO. As part of uniqueness of the Apple products, compliance with quality is an enormous consideration to which the company pays attention. This implies that people working in the research design and development department not only design and develop unique products, but also products meeting high-quality standards. In this process, people who are attentive to instructions and details are required in the research, design, and development department. According to the big-five model for personality traits, such people are contentious (Do & Gatica-Perez 2003, p.523; Goodstein & Lanyon 2009, p.299). The researcher also sought to know whether the Apple Company considers the preferences of users in the process of design of products by conducting studies in their personality traits. The research, design, and development supervisor revealed how the Apple Company is interested in knowing what customers feel about the usability of its products. This suggests that the evaluation of personality of users is not deployed as input into the design of Apple’s products. Consequently, researching how personality traits of customers as suggested by the big-five personality traits model may influence the consumption of the Apple Company’s products is essential in helping the company to gain higher reception of its products. A high reception of Apple Company’s products can occur if the products innovated, designed, and manufactured can meet various needs of customers, which are dictated by their personalities. Conclusion Personality traits are factors that determine the appropriateness of individuals in performing different tasks within an organisation. What is the implication of the big-five model for personality traits for managers? Based on the evidence of the significances of considering personality traits assessment in hiring people in different organisations operating in different industries, it is important for managers to do any selection based on various scores of people in terms of specific personality traits that can enhance performance of selected employees depending on organisations’ requirements. For instance, an effort to recruit employees who score highly in a certain trait is good advice if such a personality trait is required for enhanced performance. For the Apple Company, intensive screening of potential employees in the managerial and sales vacancies for the extroversion trait is an incredible step. Organisations including Apple the Company do not want to hire unmotivated people. Evaluation of personality traits of highly motivated people is vital. Research on the applicability of the big-five model for personality traits identifies emotional stability, conscientiousness, and extroversion as important personality traits for highly motivated persons. Although this validates the applicability of the big-five model at the Apple Company, it is important to take into consideration situational factors including the desired levels of organisational interaction and/or the culture of the organisation. Such factors influence the relationship between performance in tasks and personality. References Ashkanasy, M & Daus, C 2002, ‘Emotion in the Workplace: The New Challenge for Managers’, Academy of Management Executive , vol. 11 no. 9, p. 77-89. Back, M., Stopfer, J & Vazire, S et al. G 2010, ‘Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealisation’, Psychological Science , vol. 21 no. 8, pp. 372-374. Brinkman, W & Fine, N 2005, Towards customised emotional design: an explorative study of user personality and user interface skin preferences’ In Annual Conference on European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics , European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics, London. Butt, S & Phillips, G 2008, ‘Personality and self reported mobile phone use’, Computers in Human Behaviour , vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 346- 360. Counts, S & K, Stecher, K 2009, Self-presentation of personality during online profile creation: In AAAI Conf. on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM ), AAAI, New York, NY. Do, T & Gatica-Perez, D 2003, ‘A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains’, Journal of Research in Personality , vol. 37 no. 13, pp. 504-528. Fleeson, W 2004, ‘Moving personality beyond the person-situation debate: The challenge and the opportunity of within-person variability’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 83–87. Goodstein, L & Lanyon, R 2009, ‘Application of Personality Assessment To The Workplace’, Journal of Business and Psychology , vol. 13 no. 3, pp. 291-213. Kihlstrom, J, Beer, S & Klein, B 2002, Self and identity as memory’. In Leary, M.R.; Tangney, J. Handbook of self and identity , Guilford Press, New York, NY. Lennox, R & Wolfe, N 2004, ‘Revision of the Self-Monitoring Scale’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol. 3.no. 2, pp. 1361-1375. United States Securities and Exchange Commission 2010, Apple Inc: Form 10-k for the fiscal year ended September 25, 2010 , United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington D.C.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The authors of the book "Getting to Yes Text" have come up with a guideline that is supposed to promote peaceful negotiations and ensure that relationship between the negotiating parties is not destroyed or simply soiled due to disagreements that may arise. In the book, they focus on the four basic principles that can ensure that negotiations may be effective if the rules are followed.

The authors of the book "Getting to Yes Text" have come up with a guideline that is supposed to promote peaceful negotiations and ensure that relationship between the negotiating parties is not destroyed or simply soiled due to disagreements that may arise. In the book, they focus on the four basic principles that can ensure that negotiations may be effective if the rules are followed.

The Book “Getting to Yes Text” Essay The authors of the book “Getting to Yes Text” have come up with a guideline that is supposed to promote peaceful negotiations and ensure that relationship between the negotiating parties is not destroyed or simply soiled due to disagreements that may arise. In the book, they focus on the four basic principles that can ensure that negotiations may be effective if the rules are followed. Furthermore, they also explain and illustrate how to deal with different parties taking part in negotiations, as well as the hurdles that negotiators usually face in the process of trying to make a deal between the wrangling parties. The authors argue that for negotiations to be satisfactory and efficient, they should be wise. They believe that a wise negotiation is one that is able to improve the relationship between the negotiating parties since it will be able to fulfil their interests as well as it will maintain a fair judgment which will be long lasting. The use of a principled negotiation is better than position based negotiation where the negotiators are more concerned about defending their hard-line positions. Thus, the position based negotiation has the potential to destroy relationships between the two parties where most of the time they tend to disagree due to the impossibility of coming up with a common ground during the negotiation. This happens because each party assumes that ceding ground is as good as a loss. Furthermore, the parties tend to take it as a direct attack on their personal interest, something that does not ogre well. The first concept is the separation of the different parties in the negotiation. This enables the negotiator to determine the different perceptions of the two parties in the disputes independently. Understanding their perception enables the negotiators to know how to approach the issue, and in the process, prevent a possible damage to their relationship. The other advantage of this technique is that the negotiator is able to gauge the emotions of the people involved, as well as improve their listening skills before they meet each other. This is particularly important since if the two are to negotiate without separation, they may never listen to each other but rather they may just prepare to defend their personal positions which they may feel is being attacked. The second concept is to ensure you focus on the interest of the parties during the negotiations. This is advantageous as it helps to reassure the parties that you are dealing with their interests at heart, and hence they may be convinced to change their positions. This is illustrated when the authors state that “Your position is something you have decided upon. Your interests are what caused you to decide on that position” (Ury & Fisher 42). This is true as most people usually maintain hard-line positions since they feel if the requirements are not met then their interests are not satisfied while if their interests are provided by others, they would gladly agree to it. The third concept is the ability to come up with options for the two parties. This is relevant so that both parties are in a win-win and lose-lose situation. In this manner, none of the parties will feel aggrieved as all options suggested by them will be narrowed down to one, and the appropriate decision selected that benefits both parties will be taken (Ury & Fisher 1994). The last concept is the formulation of an objective criterion. This is applied when the parties involved have demands that cannot be easily merged to find a common ground. Some of the objectives that can be considered are the use of absolute reasoning borrowed from the law or reference can be made to past decisions regarding a similar negotiation. It is also imperative that the selected objective criterion is legal and practical in nature. It should be achievable while, at the same time, able to satisfy the interests of both parties (Ury & Fisher 1994). In the case below “The negotiation simulation that we did in the class was between a house owner and the people that rented the house. The people at the house wanted the owner to fix the house windows and the water pipe. The owner decided to fix everything but with one condition which required the people to sign a 12 month contract. Everyone agreed at the end.” I applied most of the techniques as illustrated in the book. First, I separated the people. The individuals in the house wanted the water pipe and the windows fixed while the owner wanted an assurance that they will stay in the house longer if the above are fixed. Thus, realizing that the interests of both parties can be achieved only if both of them are willing to give and take, I applied the second technique. The second technique focuses mainly on the interests of the parties. Hence, I made the individuals realize that fixing the house is possible but it is expensive for the owner at the moment unless they assure him of returns by staying in the house for longer. I also explained to the owner that the individuals in the house were willing to stay in the house longer if their requests and demands are attended to. This way, none of the parties would feel that their interests have been neglected. Armed with this information, I applied the third technique where the owner was to fix the whole house as long as the individuals signed a contract of staying in the house for a minimum of a year. At this point, both parties had their interests met but their positions were ceded. This is evident since the owner now had to fix the whole house in return for the contract while the individuals had to sign a 12 month contract in return for the fixing. In the end, all parties were satisfied with the decision after I had correctly applied the tools discussed. In conclusion, it is justifiable to use the tools illustrated in the book. The tools are advantageous as they enable parties to come up with an amicable solutions that satisfy both their interests while, at the same time, ensure that their original interpersonal relations remain the same. For instance, in the abovementioned case, the owner of the house fixed the whole house, while the individuals in the house signed a contract yet they still maintained their good relations. Ignoring these techniques often leads to bruised personal relations between the parties since if their self-interests are not satisfied, they will always feel that the other party is attacking them and hence they will tend to revolt. Works Cited Ury, William & Roger Fisher. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving in . Berkeley St. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin,1994. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The Boston Beer Company case study discusses the company's background and current problems, as well as how they are related to the centralized hierarchical structure.

The Boston Beer Company case study discusses the company's background and current problems, as well as how they are related to the centralized hierarchical structure.

The Boston Beer Company Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Samuel Adams – the Boston Beer Company 3. Structure and Control System of Samuel Adams 4. Hierarchical Structure 5. Works Cited Introduction The case study on Samuel Adams, the Boston Beer Company, has been developed using information from the company’s annual reports, the website, and articles from mass media. The case presents a background of the company, and then shows the present problems faced by the company and how they are related to the centralized hierarchical structure. Further, the case study will attempt to understand if such a structure is affecting the company’s performance and strategy. Samuel Adams – the Boston Beer Company The company under consideration is one of the largest brewers of handcrafted beer in America . The founder of the company Jim Koch maintains the traditional method of brewing which makes the company distinct in style. It brews 30 different styles of beer and has won numerous prizes. The beer brewing industry has undergone considerable changes over the last several years. The Boston Beer Company is a leader in the better beer segment in the US and sells almost 18 percent of the beer in the country’s field . It also covers 1.3 percent of the overall sales in the American beer market . Since its inception in 1984 the Boston Beer Company has been micromanaged by the founder Jim Koch who went bar-to-bar to promote Samuel Adams beer as well as appear in TV ads for the product in order to convince customers to purchase it. Though many believe that Koch was a brilliant marketer, but the fear of an entrepreneur to micro-manage the company was evident in the operations and the strategy making of Samuel Adams. However, the Boston Beer Company went public in 1995, but the top-down approach of making strategy in the company remained with Koch leading the centralized decision-making process. The next section shows how the strategy has been affected by the structure and control system of the company. Further, an analysis of the income statement of the company over the last three years shows that the net income of the company has fallen from 2011 to 2012 from $66,059 to $59,467 . Structure and Control System of Samuel Adams The BBC breweries have around 900 employees in Boston, Pennsylvania, and Cincinnati. The risk the company faces presently is the expansion of the market both in domestic and international markets. This results in no assured growth of the company making its future uncertain. In addition, the company has increased its brands and products offering at the risk of eroding the sales of its already existing products. There is also a risk of the company owned breweries not to meet production target in future. Such problems that are impending on the company show that there are certain inherent challenges within the company that must be addressed immediately to remove the coming risks . The first factor that we will consider in analyzing the internal problem of the Boston Beer Company is its structure. The organization’s control system is unpredictable, which has affected its stock prices. The company endeavors to make substantial expenses in marketing and promotional activities to promote its brand. However, these expenditures have not resulted in higher sales in case of BBC. The increased expenditure in this sector has led to higher expenditures but sales have not picked up as expected. This has adversely affected the income amounts of the company. It should be noted that the Boston Beer Company changed its strategy since 2008. Before 2008, it had employed a production-oriented strategy, which included that the company owned breweries worked in close coordination with the third party breweries that worked for the company. The arrangement with the third party brewers allowed the Boston Beer Company to utilize excess capacity that gave the company flexibility to maintain full control over the brewing process, which its competitors could not. Nevertheless, since 2008 the company has acquired all the other third party breweries, increasing the company owned breweries’ production from 35 percent to 100 percent of its sales. Though the management believes that this increased control over the production process will give them an edge over their competitors, it should be considered that such production complexities has led to “operation inefficiencies and control deficiencies” . Such inefficiencies may have a negative effect on the company’s business. Moreover, this may affect the growth of the company and its performance as changes in its operations would lead to increased capital investments and increased complexities. Another problem that the company faces is its dependence on distributors. Changes in the control of the company’s ownership in the distributorship network could hamper the distribution channel. The CEO heads the company and the management include the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and the CFO (Chief Financial Officer). The company structure of the executive body is presented below. Figure 1: Structure Strategy, Structure and Control System The structure and control system that the company utilizes to implement its strategy is highly centralized. The control system is becoming more and more centralized as the company has aimed at gaining complete control over all its breweries. This move is carried out by putting the production process under direct control of the CEO of the Boston Beer Company. Further, the organization’s structure, as presented in Figure 1, shows that the CEO and the President of the company directly control the whole functioning process. The operations and the sales are under the supervision of the CEO and the CFO. Now, any of the operations of the breweries for any particular label are managed by the VP operations and the VP sales. This demonstrates the degree of centralization in the operations and control of the company. Such increased supervision over the production and marketing processes is helpful when the company operates in a small market. However, when expansion is a strategy that the organization aims to employ, such a structure may become a hindrance. It is caused by the fact that it operates on the basis of micromanagement, which is not possible in case of a larger company. Instead, it must be outlined that the company should operate with less centralization. Hierarchical Structure The structure of the company is hierarchical in nature, which enables the company management to have close control over the financial and operational processes of the company. However, the centralized structure of the company deterred its operations. Further, the hierarchical structure prevented the Boston Beer Company from expanding its operations. The control structure and centralized structure adversely affected the performance of the organization. Hence, it can be said that the company needs to decentralize its operations to help expand its operations scale and gain a greater market. The Boston Beer Company not only continues to succeed in their niche market but also thrives as a miracle. The article drills into the industry and the company’s evolvement, and discovers the secrets that make the company sustainable in three aspects: culture revolution, marketplace innovation, and operational innovation. Works Cited Coffey, Brendan. “ How Boston Beer’s founder became a billionaire. ” 16 September 2013. The Boston Globe . Web. Samuel Adams. The Boston Bear Compny . 11 October 2013. Web. The Beer Company. Annual Report 2012 . 2012. Web. US Securities and Exchange Commission. The Bostoon Beer Company FORM 10-K . 2012. Web. Yahoo Finance. The Boston Beer Compnay . 2013. Web.

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Write an essay about: The Brazen Desire to SucceedThe setting and characterization in 'The Destructors' by Graham Greene and 'The Most Dangerous Game' by Richard Connell has been used to increase the effectiveness of the themes and motifs. Both stories explore the raw human grit and determination and are prime examples of the underlying destructive nature of mankind.

The Brazen Desire to Succeed The setting and characterization in 'The Destructors' by Graham Greene and 'The Most Dangerous Game' by Richard Connell has been used to increase the effectiveness of the themes and motifs. Both stories explore the raw human grit and determination and are prime examples of the underlying destructive nature of mankind.

The Brazen Desire to Succeed Essay Setting and characterization in ‘The Destructors’ by Graham Greene and ‘The Most Dangerous Game’ by Richard Connell has been used to increase the effectiveness of the themes and motifs. Even though the stories are written by different writers, there is a striking similarity in the use of elements to communicate the deeper meaning of the two tales. The setting of ‘The Destroyers’ is a gang of youth formed in the period after the Second World War. Connell’s story is set on a remote island far away from civilized human society. In ‘The Most dangerous Game’ Connell explores the theme of Rainsford’s human rationality and intellect as opposed to Zaroff’s beastly instinct by setting the story in a jungle. Rainsford, a fine human and a fighter, falls prey to Zaroff’s insane and bizarre sadistic hunt. In ‘The Destroyers’ Greene explores a similar theme of uncanny destruction by T. and his gang who have no real motive for destroying Mr. Thomas’ house. Both stories, “The Destructors” and “The Most Dangerous Game” explore the raw human grit and determination and are prime examples of the underlying destructive nature of mankind. Set in the post World War II, Greene’s characters in ‘The Destructors’ represent the divide between the various generations, the old and the new. Mr Thomas symbolizes the old ways, beliefs and mindset while the gang is symbolic of the new generation, completely dissociated from their past, incapable of understanding or respecting old traditions and customs. Mr Thomas believes that his age and experience give him the authority to instruct the boys about the things they should or should not do. However, the boys at the threshold of youth are selfish and destructive by nature and refuse to accept authority. The initial leader of the gang, Blackie is mischievous but not dangerous. When T. takes over, the dynamics of the gang change and under his leadership the gang assumes a more destructive stance. Blackie represents the qualities of a good leader while T. is symbolic of a leader who believes that power gives the right to dominate and destroy. In ‘The Most Dangerous Game’ the protagonist of the story, Sanger Rainsford is a daring game hunter with the ability to fearlessly face the most challenging situations with ease. Zaroff, on the other hand, is destructive man and uses power to feed his animal instincts. While both Rainsford and Zaroff are brave and powerful, Rainsford uses power responsibly in contrast to Zaroff who uses power to satiate his animal instincts simply for the sake of pleasure. Rainsford is similar in his ways to Blackie, of ‘The Destructors’ in their use of power with conscientiousness. Zaroff is comparable with T. of ‘The Destructors’ in his misuse of power to destroy things simply for the sake of pleasure. Even though the two stories are different, there is a striking similarity between the characters. Set in the post World War period, they are relevant even in today’s world, giving them a universal appeal. The jungle in ‘The Most Dangerous Game’ is strongly symbolic of the chaotic and powerful nature of Zaroff, which knows no limits. Within the jungle, the struggle for survival supersedes all other needs. Rainsford constantly struggles to save himself from Zaroff who has lost complete control of himself. Zaroff and Rainsford present the stark contrast of the jungle and civilization; Zaroff is animal like in his instincts and severely lacks the ability to think and reason, while Rainsford is a representation of a civilized society which rejects violence in favour of human sanity and peace. Zaroff is offensive like the wilderness of the jungle while Rainsford is defensive in his actions and behaviour. On similar terms, Greene’s ‘The Destructors’ presents a modern view of the civilized society as a jungle in which the old and young differ in values, beliefs, morals and ethics. The formation of the youth gang is symbolic of today’s modern jungle in which the younger generation vents energy through physical power and destruction. There is a disconnect between the youth and the past who no longer revere history or its makers represented by the Wormsley Common gang led by T. T. assumes leadership of the gang from Blackie and plans to destroy the innocent and old Mr. Thomas’s house. T. forces his beliefs and decisions on the other members of the gang and asserts his power over them. The shift in power occurs from the non-dangerous and mischievous Blackie to the conspiring, angry and irrational T. Despite his destructive and irrational behaviour, T. does not want to cause any harm to Mr. Thomas and tries to protect him from damage by keeping him safe. This aspect of T.’s personality is indicative of the struggle between the good and evil in humans. T. is a symbol of the youth in the modern day society which shares a lost relationship with Mr. Thomas, representing the older generation. While T. is determined on destroying the traditional house, he has no personal hatred for Mr. Thomas and wants no harm to come to the old man. T. is fully aware of the beauty of the house but knows its association with the higher social order, which he seeks to destroy by destroying the house. The Destructors in Greene’s story have created a man-made jungle with their animal like instincts of destruction. Similarly, Connell’s characters represent the real jungle in which man has to save himself from the brutality and savagery of other animals. Zaroff’s hunt for Rainsford forces Rainsford to use his cat like instinct in order to keep match with the animal in Zaroff. This descent of Rainsford from a rational thinking human to that of an animal is symbolic of the basic human instinct which tries to survive at all costs and never gives up. Rainsford who has on earlier occasions functioned like the fox, is now forced to behave like the cat to save himself from the preying Zaroff. In order to keep pace with Zaroff, Rainsford has to stoop down to his level of an animal, though of a different order. After creating a misleading path through the jungle to lose Zaroff on the first night of the hunt, Rainsford switches modes and hides in a tree to save some of his strength. Both stories demonstrate the grit and determination of humans to succeed and win, albeit for different reasons. In Cornell’s ‘The Most Dangerous Game’ Raisnford and Zaroff fight till the end to succeed and beat each other. While Zaroff is a psychopathic sadist who kills without a purpose, Rainsford kills only to protect himself. In ‘The Destroyers’ Greene portrays the picture of a conflicted jungle-like society post World War II in which the youth do not have a purpose to destroy but do so for the sake of power. While both the stories represent man’s basic human instinct for destruction, Greene’s characters are less harmful than those of Connell. Zoraff is completely animal like in his behaviour lacking empathy, compassion and reason while T. is only irrational and does not cause physical harm to Mr. Thomas; on the contrary, he makes sure that Mr. Thomas is safe in his out-house when the house is being pulled down. Both the stories are symbolic of instinctive human nature which can be devastatingly destructive without any purpose, rationality or logic. The protagonists in both stories demonstrate the underlying will to succeed. Works Cited Graham, Greene. The Destructors , 1954. Print. Richard, Connell. The Most Dangerous Game , 1924. Print.

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Write an essay about: The car wash industry develops rapidly to respond to the increasing needs and demands of customers. The JAMA Company is one of the leading companies within the market, which works to provide the high-quality services and increase the company's competitive advantage.

The car wash industry develops rapidly to respond to the increasing needs and demands of customers. The JAMA Company is one of the leading companies within the market, which works to provide the high-quality services and increase the company's competitive advantage.

The Business Plan: JAMA Company Report Executive Summary The car wash industry develops rapidly to respond to the increasing needs and demands of customers. The JAMA Company is one of the leading companies within the market, which works to provide the high-quality services and increase the company’s competitive advantage. The JAMA Company’s strengths are the focus on the provision of the top quality services and the 24-hour support for all the customers in different communities because of using the innovative technologies. The Business Description The JAMA Company is a corporation which operates within the field of car wash services. The company works to guarantee the provision of its customers with such services as normal cleaning, outside polishing, and full polishing. Being at the high stage of the development, the company plans to increase the competitive advantage while orientating to utilizing the effective technologies such as apps for making calls and using the call center services to reach customer at different places within a short period of time. It is possible to forecast that at the end of the third year, the company will pay dividends close to the highest percentage norm to its shareholders. The principal aim of the business plan is to communicate this prospect to the JAMA Company investors operating in the car wash industry and to attract more investors to participate in the business as well. The JAMA Company intends to have the two years loans that will cover its business operations during the first three months. Such forecasting tools as the time series analysis, regression, and correlation analysis are incorporated in the business plan in order to demonstrate the accuracy of the predictions in relation to the expected revenues. The current organization structure is based on the work of ten sales executives, and it is expected that each representative is able to work with more than five customers per hour, depending on the urgency of the services which are discussed and provided. Following the assumption mentioned above, it is possible to note that the company can work for 50,000 clients per year while providing the high-quality services. Mission Statement The mission of the JAMA Company is to provide the high-quality services in relation to normal cleaning, outside polishing, and full polishing in order to satisfy the customers’ needs with references to the use of specific apps and call center services to contact the customers quickly and successfully. The JAMA Company develops to become the leading service supplier of car wash services within the industry. The company is devoted to creating a binding association with its customers by providing the excellence service as well as the effective customer support. The company’s strategic goals and objectives are to grow steadfastly, becoming profitable during the third month of operations as it is depicted in the business plan. Products and Services The JAMA Company plans to operate effectively basing on the work of four car wash small and mobile stations to provide the car wash services in four different locations. The work of these car wash stations should depend on the effective communication with the customers with the help of such technology as the call apps and with the help of call centers to ease the provision of services as well as to improve the efficiency of service provision, while guaranteeing the immediate feedback. The company intends to provide the segregation of duties in relation to providing the cleaning, outside polishing, and full polishing services. The use of reports and performance assessments can lead to the better administration of business. Thus, the initiative can contribute to the increased profits for the company. Marketing Strategies Consumer Inducement The JAMA Company focuses on car wash services. The corporation is created as a personalized service for its customers to provide the systematic services. The company can differentiate itself among the other competitors within the industry because of offering the high-quality services for the customers. A good business strategy enables the company to overcome the competitors since the orientation to the customers’ final decisions is prevailing. The JAMA Company has strived to provide the high-quality product to the clients while guaranteeing the superior services with attractive prices that can be discussed as convincing for the customers to use the proposed services. From the company’s perspectives, the current generation of customers has the special powers in influencing the selling-purchasing relations. That is why the company demonstrate the concern about the customer’s preferences and orients to the customers’ interests and decisions in order to satisfy them completely relying on the customer lock strategy as the way to reduce the negative effects of competition within the industry. The company studies the customers’ opinions on the services to receive and understand the feedback on the company’s services. The company plans to refer to the effective sales promotion and advertising strategies, ensuring that the company’s services are fully accepted by the customers. To contribute to the sale promotion, the company intends to employ an expert to control the business promotion strategies and work with the latest technologies. The implementation of the idea to use the call apps and efficient call centers is rather effective to promote the company’s services as well as to build the reputation within the industry. As a result, the implementation of these strategies makes customers use the promoted services since they are attracted to the company. This situation can lead to the increased revenue in relation to the business development. Advertisement and Promotion The company’s advertising and promotional strategies are organized and developed basing on three major perspectives which are the public relations, promotion of the Internet site, and the improvement of the company-customer relations. Public relations The JAMA Company relies on providing the information about the company and services in newspapers and magazines. These efforts will be realized with references to developing the stories concerning the company’s mission and objectives, concrete actions and services, the company’s potential customers as well as the company’s personnel. All these attempts and approaches can guarantee the acceptance and recognition of the company and its services within the community. Thus, such strategies can lead to the enhanced profits of the company in return because of creating the good reputation of the company to the public’s perception and feedback. Building good relations with the public is a key approach to the successful business because the potential clients can be attracted to a company which focuses on the sustainable relations with the community. The company communicates with the community within which it operates with references to the concept of the corporate social responsibility. Thus, the principle of the social responsibility is the key to the successful business as it can boost the company’s image in the public’s eyes, and this situation can lead to reduction of misunderstanding within the community in relation to the company’s services. The customers will be ready to use the company’s product when they experience the need for the product and services. Thus, good public relations must be upheld with references to succeeding in the competitive market where customers have the power to decide what to buy and where to buy as well. The development of the website for promoting the company’s services would enable the business to reach many customers within a short period and rather easily. The focus on the other promotional techniques can cost about $ 25,000 since an expert should be employed to develop specific strategies to attract more customers to the business because the company’s employees often do not have the relevant expertise in the field. It is necessary to pay attention to the development of the management and marketing departments in order to use all the benefits expected from the implementation of the innovative technologies for supporting the services proposed by the company for the customers belonging to four different communities. That is why it is important not only to provide the detailed information about the advantages of using the call apps and call centers for the target audience but also to refer to the customers’ interests which can be different with the references to the definite communities or locations. The company’s website To receive the information about the customers’ satisfaction in relation to the company’s services within a short period, it is necessary to promote the materials about the use of four new locations for car washing, available apps, and call centers with the help of the JAMA Company’s website. The use of the Internet as a tool of advertising and as the part of the promotion strategy is effective because the Internet resources can be discussed as the fast-growing and key promotional channels. The Internet promotional campaign is expected to be successful because it is a convenient way of communicating the customer within a short period of time. The focus on the Internet resources and social networks can become the part of the major promotional strategy used by the company since almost many people have the access to the Internet connection, and it can be easy for the company to win the customers’ attention. The Internet cost is minimal if there will be reductions in advertising and promotion costs. That is why the company is oriented to creating a website for advertising the services. The company-customer relations The company intends to maintain the customer records in relation to sales by phone, and the business can use a lot of information on the company’s customers to modify the approach to selling services. In order to achieve the maximum from the customer look-in strategy as well as to focus on the reduction of hostile competition within the industry, the business orients to retaining details about each customer’s behaviors and attitudes to ensure that the services that they are given are satisfactory. The focus on feedbacks is relevant since the company is able to correct any minor mistakes that the customer can notice while attracting new customers to the company. These strategies can lead to the reduction in competition, the customer lock-in as well as to increasing the competitive advantage. The Operations Plan The first step is the selection of the four specific locations for placing the mobile and small car wash stations. The location of the company’s car wash services centers is strategically important to guarantee the easy access of the customers to the provided services. The main aim of planning the effective location of services centers is to ensure that customers are in a position to have the services done by the company without seeking any external parties for assistance. The company’s estimates to cover the rent payments are of $ 240,000 totally per annum as well as the expected material costs are of $120,000. The JAMA Company is a new competitor within the market, and a good strategic position and location with references to the car wash centers and call centers will guarantee the availability of the company’s services. While analyzing the perspectives, it is essential to pay attention to the customers’ behavior, their needs, and to the price they prefer. The business can take advantage of the situation in order to reduce the time necessary for the product to be recognized within the market and be fully accepted by the customer. This approach can lead to the reduction in start-up costs, advertising and promotional costs. Thus, the company’s management considers the choice of location as the focus on the strategically useful places to locate four different stations which services can contribute to the competition within the industry. The company intends to develop the 24-hour provision of the assistance and support for the customers with the help of call centers and modern call apps. The company tries to ensure that its services are available at any time, and it provides the friendly services to the customers. The company is oriented to establishing the balanced services provided to its clients. This approach will contribute to improving the company’s image and its reputation among customers. The use of the call apps and developed call centers with the highly technological equipment will enable the company to enlarge the number of the sales representatives to react to the customers’ calls. The use of innovative technologies contributes to utilizing the full on-screen data on the customers and the services they want to be offered since the company intends to have four outlets or stations that will provide the equitable services to the customers in relation to their preferences. The company will have the full data on the customers’ needs so as to provide the satisfactory services. In this case, the implementation of call centers services and the use of call apps to support the four new stations in different locations are based on the use of top technologies and proper equipment. The next stage is the recruitment of the support team. The business intends to distribute jobs to persons in relation to their qualification, and the company ensures that each worker knows what is expected and what duties should be performed. New employees will be required to pass specific tests developed by the company’s management team before beginning the recruitment process in the company because the business aims to hire quality workers. The business outfit policy will command the management team to regulate the company’s following the right path to succeed and to demonstrates professionalism in the industry. The Financial Plan and Forecasts The Financial Summary The JAMA Company focuses on providing the car washing services in four different parts of the country within the same period of time. Referring to the financial analysis worked out for the first year of the company’s operation, it is possible to state that the company relies on raising a net profit in $329,000 after the first year of operation while fixing the net total for the first month of implementing the idea as 21,500 and the net profit in -30,500 and for the twelfth month – the net total in 113,000 and the net profit in 71,000 (Figure 1). Figure 1 The company plans to have a steady growth rate in relation to the sales. This strategy will be attained with the focus on the latest technologies for providing services as well as with the concentration on guaranteeing the customer satisfaction in different regions in which the business will be operated. The number of clients expected during the first year of operation with the use of call centers and call apps will be increased with references to the implemented promotional strategy. The company plans to earn the revenue of $54,000 per annum from the cleaning department, $255,000 from the outside polishing, and $534,000 from the full polishing. The revenue from different departments would amount $843,000 per annum after the second year of operation with the new technologies. The Operating Costs It is also necessary to calculate the possible operating costs for the first year of providing the services in order to see the complex picture of the potential revenues and predict all the expenses and gains. The company’s monthly expenses include expenses on salaries, fuels, material, and housing as well as on insurance and visa (Figure 2). Moreover, it is essential to predict the expenses on rents, advertising and promotional companies, the new equipment in call centers, and the use of call apps along with the specific phone equipment for the support teams. Figure 2 The detailed analysis presents some favorable trends in sales forecasting and, as a result, such other factors as the intensive capital rationing as well as the effects of inflation might inhibit the achievement of the estimates. Some measures have been undertaken to minimize the adverse effects of those externalities. The management team believes that the only factor that inhibits attainment of this budget analysis is the effective financial plan. All the other factors contributing to the achievement of this forecasting have been fully incorporated, and the company’s management team considers that as soon as the financial plan is developed, the business can have no other focus than the orientation to the high returns. The sales projection aims at ensuring that the fixed cost should be preserved at the minimal level since the changes can affect the break-even point. The company is a new competitor within the industry, and the high fixed costs as start-up costs accentuate the possible downfall in business and that is why it is important to provide the realistic forecasting that incorporates all the elements of the financial forecasting while constructing and analyzing potential estimates. The Break-Even Point In order to propose some assumptions of the financial development of the company, it is necessary to calculate the break-even point according to which the company’s expenses and profits are equal (Figure 3). Figure 3 The focus on the situation when there are no financial losses or gains in relation to revenues is necessary to forecast the potential profits in the future. The JAMA Company can earn no profit or loss when it reaches a break-even point with references to spending $ 33.97 per unit of services provided as it is calculated below. Contribution margin per unit total contribution /No. of unit produced. Contribution margin per unit (2,085,000 / 2035) = 1024.57 Break even point = (total fixed / contribution margin per unit) Break even point = $ 34, 800 / $ 1024.57= $ 33.97 This point is regarded as a stable point at which the company will signifying that the liquidity position of the business can be rather high in relation to the low ratio. The break-even point can be achieved within a reasonable time, accentuating the useful income statement projection. The statement of the company’s financial position, as well as the aspects of the cash flow, can depict a positive trend, and the strong capital base can be enhanced since the margins of safety will be low, and the company will focus on the proper stock management in order to guarantee the constant supply of material as well as the provision of services to the customer. The poor inventory system would make the company to have a bad reputation with the customer. Return on Investment The company can also achieve 24% return on investment with references to the stated net profit after calculating taxes and with references to the total assets. Thus, the company intends to use the funding from external sources as well as from their sources which is worth 15% of the total value of the initial capital required and seeking 85% from the outside funding. Business Control Quality Control The company’s workers need to have the necessary high skills and expertise in field of support and providing the car wash services. The JAMA company intends to use the specific software to manage investigation on the personnel’s effectiveness in order to control the quality of the services provided. This approach can guarantee that all the received calls with the help of call apps are dealt with in the similar manner and with references to the ethical code of conduct developed for the company since the customers require the high-quality and professional services. We are going to ensure that the customers are encouraged to give feedback on the received services in relation to whether the company is able to deliver the services on time as well as whether the services which are offered to them meet the expectations, and whether the improvements should be implemented. Thus, the management, quality assurance, and sale departments control the company’s performance and focus on the customers’ reaction as well as on the areas which should be improved regarding the information on the productivity. Ensuring that the active cooperation exists between the company and the public living in the community, it is necessary to refer to the concept of the corporate social responsibility which contributes to building the effective business reputation. As a result, more clients will be attracted to the business. The employment of the well-trained and competent workers can also lead to the improved efficiency and to the increased production because the management team believes that a competent worker can understand the role of high-quality services in the business as well as the business goals and objectives. Thus, the company will provide the high-quality products and services along with offering the competitive and rather affordable price for customers. This approach to the promotional strategy can make more clients visit the company’s stations and service centers. Accounting Systems The company will concentrate on using the latest accounting software in business in order to manage the company financial system. This software is effective to check on the sales performance as well as promotional activities frequently. This process will enable the management team to assess the productivity in relation to the observed revenues received by different stations located in different places. The JAMA Company provides the payment to workers basing on the performance reports and contracts, and it will be easy to assess the employees’ performance and to ascertain the employees who achieve the higher performance results. Long-Term Goals The company’s commercial purpose is to operate above or close to the break-even point at the end of the financial period with a steady growth rate during the next three years. The company focuses becoming profitable after the three months of the business operation depending on new technologies, four new stations, call centers, and on the use of call apps to receive and send the orders and feedbacks. The company orients to the net profit of at least $320,000 per annum with the profit margin being higher than 8% after three years from developing the business. Opportunities and Risks Today, the company provides three basic services, which are normal cleaning, outside polishing, and full polishing. The company will expect to diversify its business operations and services provided as well as to expand the services in relation to the work of the support team with the help of call centers established to support the work of four new small stations located in different regions of the country. The company also plans to negotiate the insurance contracts to safeguard their properties against damages and possible risks. The JAMA Company also plans to implement the superior service content as well as the additional investing in other ventures while ensuring the work of the effective and updated database management systems. This procedures and approaches will lead to improved client loyalty as well as to increasing the competitive advantage. The threats for the company’s development and operation within the market depend on the ineffective strategies used by the management team when the team tries to implement specific mechanisms to ensure that the company remains active in the market and within the industry. It is important to cope with the competitors within the industry while providing unique and superior products and services to the clients available with references to comparably low prices. Conclusion The mission of the JAMA Company is to become the principal service supplier of car wash services. The company is devoted to creating a binding association with its clientele with providing the excellent services as well as the adequate customer support with the help of call apps and call center services. These factors are important because customers are inclined to choose car wash service centers, which can guarantee the provision of the top quality services in relation to cleaning and polishing cars. That is why the company’s strategic goals and objectives are to achieve the rapid growth and to become profitable during the third month of providing operations. To achieve the stated results, the JAMA Corporation currently plans to refer to establishing four services centers as rather small stations which activities are supported with the help of call centers and useful call apps. The focus on using innovative technologies is necessary to guarantee the company’s achievement of the significant competitive advantage. The main features of the car washing industry in which the JAMA Company operates are the presence of a large number of small competitors which can attract more customers while providing the high-quality services along with proposing the appropriate prices. While developing the work of new call centers and new four services centers, the management team of the JAMA Company should pay attention to such facts as the preferences of the local customers in relation to using the specific cleaning and polishing services during different periods. The JAMA Company should orient to the customers who are inclined to choose the high-quality services for adequate prices, thus, the company’s aim is to attract the price-conscious and quality-conscious customers while ensuring them that the company focuses on the high-quality 24-hour provision of services and support with the help of call centers and specific call apps.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the challenges of accountability in public organisations and how fraud can occur when trust is placed in the wrong person.The essay discusses the challenges of accountability in public organisations and how fraud can occur when trust is placed in the wrong person.

The essay discusses the challenges of accountability in public organisations and how fraud can occur when trust is placed in the wrong person. The essay discusses the challenges of accountability in public organisations and how fraud can occur when trust is placed in the wrong person.

The Case of Stolen Donation Money Case Study Introduction: The Challenges of Accountability in Public Organisation Preventing the instances of fraud within an organisation or a specific community is extremely hard, since the phenomenon and mechanics of accountability, which is being pushed as the key to succeeding in inspiring people for being responsible, have not been studied yet to understand the issues that may emerge once the small universe of interpersonal trust and the sphere of organisation governance collide. No matter how complicated and well thought out the system of organisation management might be and how verified the human resources might be, the instances of fraud will happen, which gives another reason to reconsider the strategies used for securing the organisation and its resources. However, once fraud occurs within a community, it begs a question whether an organisation lacks efficient management, or the company leader has put his or her trust into a wrong person. Definition of accountability: embracing the associated problems Though accountability might seem quite a simple concept to define, in fact, its essence is very hard to nail down, mainly because accountability is often confused with responsibility ( Accountability map n. d., p. 4), the latter being a major part of the phenomenon in question. There are sources that consider accountability restricted to an obligation to give account of an organisation’s fiscal policies: “Another way we encounter public accountability is as conceptual architects of political institutions” (Dowdle 2006, p. 12); other sources assume that accountability also involves various social responsibilities, defining it as “an issue which affects all levels of government and public administration in democratic societies” (Nosworthy 1999, p. 24), which makes the definition quite vague, seeing how social responsibilities are not as easy to list as the financial ones. At present, the definitions provided by Chai (“ public accountability is a major determinant of public service performance” (Chai 2009, p. 59)) and Khan (“ Public accountability is the hallmark of modern democratic governance” (Khan 2008, p. 188) seem the most comprehensive. Forms of accountability related to the case in question Due to the lack of clarity in nailing down the nature and the very phenomenon of accountability, there is also little agreement concerning the forms that accountability may take. There are schools that consider accountability as a wholesome phenomenon that cannot be split into subcategories (i.e., either there is accountability in the community, or there is not), as Moreno does (Mainwaring & Welna 2003, p. 20); others split accountability into two major fields, i. e, politics and everyday issues related accountability (Dowdle 2006, p. 54); some develop a complex system of subcategories into which public accountability can be split (Bovens 2007, p. 104). Since at present, accountability can be categorised into different subtypes in accordance with various parameters ( Topic four: political, Ethical and organisational accountability n. d., p. 255), it will be reasonable to list each of them, giving more detailed descriptions for the ones that are going to be used in the given research. Conflicts of interest, gifts and benefits While it must be admitted that the case in point is not as much about the conflict of interests as it is about the violation of social morals and regulations, it is important to keep in mind that the hesitation of the Museum’s CEO regarding the punishment for the crime. Since the thief belongs to the community, the CEO clearly faces a conflict between the need to punish the thief and to provide the latter with an opportunity for redemption for the sake of the community. Use of public resources The given issue is especially important for the case study in question, since unfair use of charity money is going to be discussed. Record keeping and use of information It can be assumed that, with a better record-keeping policy regarding the staff, the Museum CEO and staff could have avoided the given issue. Fraudulent and corrupt behavior Since theft is classified as a type of corrupt behaviour, the given aspect is also going to be considered. Communication and official information While making a direct link between the case of theft analysed in the given paper and the problem of communication is quite a stretch, it can still be assumed that establishing a reliable governance structure, which has clearly failed in the given case, requires that specific information should be available to the organisation members. Personal behavior The last, but definitely not the least, the aspect of morals and behaviour must be touched upon, seeing how the charity money, not the one that belonged to the organisation, was stolen. Thesis statement Even though the given case is a graphic example of what happens when the rust in a particular person or a member of an organisation has been misplaced, it can be assumed that, apart from a personal factor, the given incident took place mostly due to the imperfections in the strategy applied to check the governance structure being in place, which gives another reason to reconsider the existing system of the Museum management; otherwise, similar instances are most likely to occur in the nearest future. The Case and Its Analysis: the Many Faces of Accountability The case describing the instance of fraud and the abuse of power can, in fact, be approached from several sides, depending on the aspect of accountability that the case in question is being considered from. As it has been stressed, the basic dilemma in the given situation can be related to the choice between the legally correct and morally justified decisions (Graycar & Sidebottom 2012, p. 384). However, by casting the given dilemma aside, one will be able to reveal more hidden innuendoes in the given problem. Discussing the back story: case summary The case of theft that is being analysed in the given paper can be summarised in several sentences; however, it is comparatively hard to cope with, seeing how it incorporates several viewpoints regarding the theft, i.e., the one of the existing Australian legislation, the one concerning the fall in the moral standards of the community, and the necessity to reintroduce better standards to the members of the organisation in order to avoid the further instances of the same kind. According to the details of the case, $200 of donation money was stolen from the Western Australian Museum. After a short investigation, the senior financial manager was suspected, which led to his resignation and tarnished reputation. As soon as the instances of theft reoccurred, investigation was conducted, revealing two people, including the SFM, being in charge of the fraud. The fact that the SFM was the thief left the entire staff and the CEO completely shocked. List of dilemmas to be faced: a tough call As it has been stressed above, the primary dilemma of the given case concerns the choice that the Western Australian Museum CEO have to make in defining the priority of the further course of actions and the evaluation of the problem of fraud, i.e., the choice between the reinforcement of moral values and the reconsideration of the existing rules and regulations as for the governance structure of the Museum. The given decision is by far more complicated than it might seem from the position of a legal person, since it questions the necessity to reinforce that the organisation’s moral values and ethical principles. Since each of the choices takes considerable amount of time to be corrected, it is crucial to choose wisely. Analysis of the current concerns: what has been overlooked Dilemma #1: managerial responsibility vs. communication limitations Communication issues are an integral part of the organisation mechanism. No matter how well organised the information management processes are, there will always be information leakage, misinterpretation of facts, or any other issue concerning information acquisition, transfer, or distribution. Thus, the company will clearly have to face the problem of either dozing information to every single staff member in accordance with his/her rank or trusting every employee enough to allow him/her the access to the corporate database. Dilemma #2: user/consumer responsibility vs. personal convictions Speaking of the unfair use of public resources in connection with the given case, one must mention such aspect of accountability as the responsibility to the user as opposed to the personal convictions of the CEO of the organisation. As the case study shows, every single member of the staff was completely baffled when realising that their suspicions were true. However, by firing the financial manager, the CEO of the organisation also ruined the chances of the suspect for being employed as a financial manager. As the case study shows, to take the given step, the CEO had to make a deal with his conscience, therefore, facing a moral dilemma. Dilemma #3: legal responsibility vs. the responsibility to a member of the community As it has been stressed, the issue in question revolves around either choosing to reinforce the existing regulations concerning the work at the Museum and the enhancement of organisational behaviour principles within the mini-community that the Museum staff represents. However, there is another way to look at the problem. By refusing to improve the standards of organisational behaviour at the Museum, the CEO puts the rest of the staff in peril, since false accusations may possibly arise, etc. It is important that, when approaching the problem from the standpoint of human factor, which is an inevitable downside of involving people, the concept of accountability has approached the idea of responsibility, which, as it has been emphasised, are quite different ideas that only cross at some pints. Dilemma #4: professional responsibility vs. its current boundaries The aspect of fraudulent and corrupt behaviour definition, which is another type of accountability as interpreted in recent researches, is a nonetheless challenging issue. Despite the fact that the given problem might seem rather far-fetched in regards to the issue in question, the standards for defining probable issues of fraud are quite questionable. To avoid further complexities, the Museum CEO will have to consider the behaviour of the employees more closely; however, the question is, whether the people with impeccable professional record yet rather doubtful aspects of their personal life should be listed in the potential risk group. Dilemma #5: choosing between personal trust and governance structure The last, but definitely not the least, the issue concerning conflicts of interest, gifts, and benefits must be mentioned. Indeed, when asking why the Museum managers are so hesitant when it comes to the choice between the improvement of the current regulations and the process of raising awareness of all those concerned, therefore, reducing the probability of another fraud, one will inevitably realise that the first option is definitely the easiest one, yet clearly not the most efficient. No matter how the rules are going to be reinforced, people will always find an avenue that will allow them to get a hold of the Museum possessions illegally. The second option, however, is much more time-consuming. Therefore, it is clear that at present, the Museum CEOs do not take the moral concerns into account, which they should, seeing how a change in the moral principles will necessarily trigger a behavioural change, not vice versa. Results and Their Evaluation: Regarding the Possible Issues When it comes to the actual analysis of the possible steps that the Museum’s CEOs could make and what it would lead them to, one must admit that the ethical issue and the enhancement of regulations hare quite related to each other in that without the former, the latter would be of little use. To give credit to where it belongs, the current Australian code concerning the accountability in public sector and the punishable offences like frauds is pretty much complete. For example, the report paper by eh Association of the Certified Fraud Examiners (2012) offers sixteen distinct features of a fraud being planned, which means that, when applied the right way, precaution measures can be rather efficient. However, it is necessary to admit that, the more rules are issued, the harder people will seek for avenues for bending these rules. Therefore, it is necessary to reinvent people’s idea of fraud within organisational setting. Positive effects: exploring the opportunities For all the moral controversies around the case, it clearly helped to outline the basic concerns for the organisation to solve. Negative effects: what seems to be the problem When one comes to think of the choices that the CEO of the Museum has made so far, one must admit that there is hardly anything redeemable about the given steps. While the staff and the CEO admittedly acknowledged that they put considerable trust into the person who finally happened to be the criminal, the former does nothing to solve the obvious problem, i.e., the inefficiency of the current moral values. While the enhancement of rules and regulations seems to be the saving grace at the moment, soon the Museum will suffer another case of fraud unless the basics of organisational values are cemented in the employees’ mind. Conclusion: Where the Story Ends Even though the case in point has been considered from a variety of angles, the key implications remain the same. The analysis of the similar cases that have occurred in the recent history points at the fact that creating the environment that can be one hundred percent safe from fraud is practically impossible. However, these studies also show that, for the most part, both the flaws in the regulation system and the misplacement of the staff, i.e., assigning the wrong person with a financial responsibility, trigger the instances of organisational fraud, as the case study by Romzek and Dubnick shows (Romzek & Dubnick 1987, p. 327). Thesis proven: the case of fraud disclosed While the case in point clearly shows that the organisation in which the instance of fraud took place lacks in competence regarding employee psychology; in addition, since the fraud was committed by one of the employees, it can be assumed that the leadership strategy accepted among the managers of the given organisation also leaves much to be desired. The given revelation leads to two major conclusions, i.e., a) the regulations for the managers of the Museum are incompetent and b) due to the faults of the regulations, the trust was reposed into a wrong person. Therefore, not only did the two factors shape the existing situation, but also one of these factors was induced by another one. Recommendations and commentaries Making recommendations seems especially hard in the given case, seeing how the current Australian rules concerning fraud detection have become less flimsy over the past few years and do not allow for the choice between morals and law; in any case, it is the law that wins. However, one should still take the instances of fraud in a community as a sign of people being exposed to negative factors and, therefore, seeking the means to get rid of these factors or, at the very least, disclose all their threats and possible negative outcomes to the community. Once people are aware of danger, they will be able to seek the means to avoid it. Reference List Accountability map n. d., Public Sector Commission, Australia. Association of the Certified Fraud Examiners 2012, 2012 report to the nations . Web. Bovens, M 2007, ‘New forms of accountability and EU-governance,’ Comparative European Politics , vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 104–120. Chai, N 2009, Sustainability performance evaluation system in government: a balanced scorecard approach towards sustainable development , Springer, New York, NY. Dowdle, M W 2006, Public accountability: designs, dilemmas and experiences , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. Graycar, A & Sidebottom, A 2012, ‘Corruption and control: a corruption reducing approach,’ Journal of Financial Crime , vol. 19 no. 4, pp. 284–299. Khan, H A 2008, An introduction to public administration , University Press of America, Washington, DC. Nosworthy, B A 1999, Role of the auditor general in public accountability: some issues , Universal Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. Romzek, B S & Dubnick, M J 1987, ‘Accountability in the public sector: lessons from the challenged tragedy,’ Public Administration Review , vol. 47 no. 3, pp. 227–238. Topic four: political, Ethical and organisational accountability n. d., pp. 255–292.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Obesity is a problem that medical workers pay attention to since it leads to various health complications. In particular, obesity can significantly impair the quality of a person's life. This paper is aimed at discussing the causes of this disorder and its effects on fertility.

Obesity is a problem that medical workers pay attention to since it leads to various health complications. In particular, obesity can significantly impair the quality of a person's life. This paper is aimed at discussing the causes of this disorder and its effects on fertility.

The Causes of Obesity and Its Effects on Fertility Cause and Effect Essay Obesity is one of the problems that medical workers pay attention to since it leads to various health complications such cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, or diabetes (Ryan 42). Furthermore, this disorder can significantly impair the quality of a person’s life. This paper is aimed at discussing the causes of this disorder and its effects on fertility. On the whole, one can say that the obesity can be attributed to various factors such as people’s lifestyles and genetic peculiarities of an individual (Ryan 42). In turn, overweight significantly decreases the fertility of both males and females through various mechanisms such as the change sperm proteins. These are the main questions that should be examined more closely because they affect the lives of many people. Researchers believe that overweight can caused by a combination of several factors. In particular, one should speak about sedentary lifestyle that is widespread among many people. This problem is particularly relevant to males who often do not take any physical exercises (Ryan 42). Apart from that, scientists focus on inappropriate eating habits that are also widespread nowadays. The main problem is that some people consume products that are rich in sugar, fats, and other substances that cannot be easily absorbed by the body (Ryan 42). Apart from that, one should bear in mind that some people may not be able to afford healthy food. Therefore, there is a socio-economic aspect of overweight. Finally, scientists note that that some people can have a genetic predisposition to overweight. In particular, it is possible to mention Prader-Willi Syndrome or MOMO Syndrome (Ryan 42). Nevertheless, in most cases, overweight can be explained by a lifestyle of an individual, especially his/her diet. This is one of the main aspects that should be considered because it is critical for averting various health complications. It is also vital to discuss the effects of obesity on fertility. Researchers note that overweight decreases male fertility in several ways. In particular, this problem leads to the reduction of semen quality, erectile dysfunction, and the change of sperm proteins (Cabler et al.480). This is one of the reasons why many males may often become infertile at a very early age. One should bear in mind that obese males have decreased levels of androgen, and this deficiency impairs spermatogenesis (Cabler et al. 483). It is possible to identify genetic, physical, and hormonal mechanisms in which fertility decreases males fertility (Cabler et al. 483). Currently, there are several forms of therapy that are available to men who struggle with infertility. For example, one can mention exogenous testosterone replacement therapy (Cabler et al. 480). Nevertheless, more attention should be paid to the change in one’s lifestyle. These are some of the main issues that should not be overlooked by people who struggle with such problems. Apart from that, researchers point out that obesity significantly impairs female fertility. For instance, the studies suggest that ovarian failure and menopause are more likely to take place earlier, provided that a woman has extra weight (Zain and Norman 185). Additionally, obesity is related to such problems as amenorrhea, menstrual abnormalities, oligomenorrhea that decrease a woman’s ability to bear children (Zain and Norman 191). These are some of the main risks that can be identified. Moreover, overweight increases the risk of perinatal risks and congenital abnormalities (Zain and Norman 191). Therefore, one can say that obesity can be a significant obstacle to pregnancy since it results in various prenatal complications. More importantly, the life of a mother and a child can be imperiled. This is why obesity attracts close attention of obstetricians who must safeguard mothers against various risks. It should be kept in mind that infertility is a very complex problem that cannot be explained only by overweight. At this point, this problem is examined by many scientists and medical workers. They want to understand the exact mechanisms of this phenomenon. It cannot be attributed only to a single cause or factor. Such an assumption can hardly be called accurate. Nonetheless, overweight can play an important role, and people should pay attention to their lifestyles in order to avoid the risks of infertility or various complications during pregnancy. This is one of the main points that can be made. Therefore, appropriate diet and active lifestyle are critical people’s ability to have children as well as their health. On the whole, this discussion suggests that obesity produces a great number of adverse impacts on the health of a person. The underlying cases of obesity are related to such factors as lack of physical exercises, genetic predispositions, and eating habits of people. This disorder is associated with various complications. It decreases the fertility of both males and females. These impacts can manifest themselves in different ways. For instance, it can reduce the quality of semen in males or increase the likelihood of menopause in women. These are some of the main risks that should be averted. This is why obesity poses a great challenge to many people. Works Cited Cabler, Stephanie, Ashok Agarwal, Margot Flint, and Stefan S. Du Plessis. “Obesity: Modern Man’s Fertility Nemesis.” Asian Journal Of Andrology 12.4 (2010): 480-489. Print. Ryan, Mary. “Causes and Consequences of Obesity.” Irish Medical Times 45.47 (2011): 42-43. Print. Zain, Murizah M., and Robert J. Norman. “Impact of Obesity on Female Fertility and Fertility Treatment.” Women’s Health 4.2 (2008): 183-94. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The 1789 Abolition speech by William Wilberforce is now being considered as such that exemplifies what the notion of a 'rhetorical integrity' stands for. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, in regards to the 1789 Abolition speech by William Wilberforce.

The 1789 Abolition speech by William Wilberforce is now being considered as such that exemplifies what the notion of a 'rhetorical integrity' stands for. In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, in regards to the 1789 Abolition speech by William Wilberforce.

1789 Abolition Speech by William Wilberforce Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction When it comes to ensuring a high rhetorical value of a particular speech, which is meant to convince people in the validity of the speaker’s line of argumentation, it represents the matter of a crucial importance for the person in question to make sure that the would-be-delivered speech contains the appeals to logos , pathos and ethos (Connors, 1979). What also appears a ‘must’, in this respect, is that the mentioned appeals are being properly interconnected, in the technical sense of this word (Mshvenieradze, 2013). In my paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, in regards to the 1789 Abolition speech by William Wilberforce, which is now being considered as such that exemplifies what the notion of a ‘rhetorical integrity’ stands for. Discussion One of the speech’s most memorable features is the fact that it begins with the application of the appeal to ethos , on the author’s part: “When I consider the magnitude of the subject which I am to bring before the House, a subject, in which the interests, not of this country, nor of Europe alone, but of the whole world” (Wilberforce, 1789, p. 1). Apparently, by having started his speech with outlining the sheer magnitude of the problem that he was about to discuss, the author strived to encourage listeners to believe that their willingness to subscribe to his point of view, on the subject of slavery, would deem them intellectually open-minded. This, of course, served as yet additional incentive for listeners to pay close attention to what Wilberforce was going to tell them. The above-stated correlates perfectly well about the role that the appeal to ethos is supposed to serve in the publicly delivered speech – namely, establishing the discursive credibility of the speaker’s argumentative agenda (Thompson, 2006). In order to win yet another credibility-related favor with listeners, Wilberforce points out to the fact that, while landing his views on the subject matter in question, he will remain thoroughly impartial: “I ask only for their (listeners’) cool and impartial reason; and I wish not to take them by surprise, but to deliberate, point by point, upon every part of this question” (1789, p. 1). This, of course, can be well interpreted as such that indicates that Wilberforce used to be capable of not only making the circumstantially appropriate appeals to the listeners’ sense of logos , but also of ensuring the emotional attractiveness of the concerned rhetorical device (Hoffmann, 2003). After all, the above-quoted sentence implies both: a) that the measure of one’s existential virtuousness positively relates to the extent of the concerned person’s ability to think in terms of logic; b) that the audience consists of individuals, fully capable of relying on their sense of rationale, when it comes to addressing a particular cognitive task. There can indeed be only a few doubts that, after having been exposed to Wilberforce’s assurance, in this respect, listeners will be much more likely to perceive the speaker’s line of argumentation fully plausible. The manner, in which Wilberforce continues with promoting the cause of abolition, suggests that the speaker never ceased being aware of the fact that the effectiveness of the appeals to ethos and logos can be significantly increased by the mean of interlinking them with the emotionally-charged statements ( pathos ). The validity of this idea can be illustrated, in regards to how the speaker goes about describing the living conditions on board of slave-carrying vessels: “So much misery condensed in so little room, is more than the human imagination had ever before conceived” (Wilberforce 1789, p. 2). Apparently, by having exposed listeners to the emotionally intense notion of ‘misery’, the speaker was able to reach out to their own unconscious anxieties, as to what the concerned notion actually stands for (Gross, 2011). The achieved rhetorical effect, in this respect, is quite apparent – even though the audience members never knew what it is like being slaves, their exposure to the description of how miserable slavery really is, would prompt them to give yet an additional thought to the idea that this practice is highly unethical. In order to strengthen such listeners’ impression even further, Wilberforce proceeded with making graphic references to even the most emotionally disturbing aspects of slavery: “These wretches (slaves) chained two and two, surrounded with every object that is nauseous and disgusting, diseased, and struggling under every kind of wretchedness!” (Wilberforce 1789, p. 2). It is understood, of course, that this did help the speaker rather considerably in ensuring the emotional soundness of the abolitionist cause. The reason for this is that these references could not result in anything else, but in helping the audience to ‘visualize’ the evils of slavery – hence, causing listeners to decide in favor of siding with the speaker (Der Derian, 2005). There is a certain pattern to how Wilberforce deploys the mentioned rhetorical devices, throughout the speech’s entirety. This pattern is concerned with the fact that in Wilberforce’s Abolition speech , the appeals to logos are being closely followed by the appeals to ethos/pathos . For example, while striving to objectify its arguments, as thoroughly credible, the speaker states: “The Jamaica report tells you, that not less than 4½ per cent. (of slaves) die on shore before the day of sale” (Wilberforce 1789, p. 4). Because of the speaker’s self-proclaimed non-biasness, the audience members will be naturally be tempted to regard the speech’s logos -based information, as being thoroughly credible (Baumlin & Baumlin, 1989; Katula, 2009). In its turn, this should make them more emotionally attuned with the manner of how Wilberforce appeals to their sense of ethos : “How then can the House refuse its belief to the multiplied testimonies before the privy council, of the savage treatment of the negroes in the middle passage?” (1789, p. 4). As the quoted sentence implies, in the aftermath of having been exposed to this speaker’s remark, listeners were expected to begin thinking about Wilberforce’s abolitionist ideas, as such that represent an undisputed truth-value. This can be well regarded as the example of the ethos -based rhetoric at its best – the speaker does not allow the audience to even consider subscribing to any other point of view, but that of his own (Roochnik, 1994). Conclusion I believe that the earlier deployed line of reasoning, in defense of the idea that Wilberforce’s Abolition speech is indeed rhetorically powerful, fully correlates with the paper’s initial thesis. Apparently, there is indeed a good reason to think of this speech as being thoroughly convincing, which in turn is the direct consequence of Wilberforce’s awareness of the foremost principles of a rhetorical argumentation, concerned with the application of the appeals to ethos , pathos and logos . References Baumlin, J. & Baumlin, T. (1989). “Psyche/logos: Mapping the terrains of mind and rhetoric. College English , 51 (3), 245-261. Connors, R. (1979). The differences between speech and writing: Ethos, pathos, and logos. College Composition and Communication , 30 (3), 285-290. Der Derian, J. (2005). Imaging terror: Logos, pathos and ethos. Third World Quarterly , 26 (1), 23-37. Gross, D. (2011). Rhetoric, modality, modernity. Rhetorica , 29 (2), 218-220. Hoffmann, D. (2003). Logos as composition. Rhetoric Society Quarterly , 33 (3), 27-53. Katula, R. (2009). Rational argument in classical rhetoric. The Classical Review, 59 (1), 293-294. Mshvenieradze, T. (2013). Logos, ethos and pathos in political discourse. Theory and Practice in Language Studies , 3 (11), 1939-1945. Roochnik, D. (1994). Is rhetoric an art? Rhetorica: A journal of the history of rhetoric , 12 (2), 127-154. Thompson, T. (2006). The ethos of rhetoric. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 9 (2), 324-325. Wilberforce, W. (1789). Abolition speech .

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The paper discusses the performance which was displayed during the opening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. It should be noted that the dancers were able to demonstrate their skills in the field of the stadium.

The paper discusses the performance which was displayed during the opening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. It should be noted that the dancers were able to demonstrate their skills in the field of the stadium.

2008 Beijing Olympics Performance Essay (Critical Writing) Description This paper is aimed at discussing the performance which was displayed during the opening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. It should be noted that the dancers were able to demonstrate their skills in the field of the stadium. Moreover, there were hundreds of performers who could showcase very complex movements requiring strict coordination. In part, this performance, which lasted for more than fifty minutes, was supposed to impress the audience with the ability of dancers, designers, and musicians to coordinate their actions with pinpoint precision. This is one of the aspects that can be distinguished. On the whole, one cannot say that this dance is narrative. It does not follow a specific plot. Admittedly, the viewers can see some scenes representing essential landmarks in the history of Chine. Nevertheless, this performance primarily has to highlight the unity and greatness of the country. This dance incorporates a variety of traditional Chinese costumes that represent various periods in the history of this society. The area in which the performance is displayed is well-illuminated, and the viewers can see the clothes of dancers as well as their movements. The dance is accompanied by traditional musical instruments used in China. However, one should not forget about Western ones, for example, piano. The atmosphere of the performance can be described as majestic. This word eloquently describes the performance that includes hundreds of dancers and musicians. Moreover, it best fits the music that accompanies some of the scenes. These are the main aspects that should be taken into account. Analysis This performance can be viewed as a combination of authentic Chinese dancing styles. To a great extent, this event was aimed at demonstrating the richness, diversity, and authenticity of Chinese culture. This is one of the goals that choreographers had to attain. Moreover, some of the dances represent the ritualistic elements of the country’s culture. As it has been said before, this display is not supposed to tell a clear narrative. More likely, the actors attempt to create vivid images of Chinese culture and its people. The main message is to emphasize China’s greatness and ability of its people to create very complex, varied, and beautiful culture. In turn, the combination of music, costumes, and dances enable the performers to attain these objectives very successfully. This performance can be described as a coherent display of cultural artifacts. These are the main points that can be distinguished. Evaluation Overall, it is possible to argue that the choreographers were able to create a performance that produces a strong impression on the viewers. To a great extent, they were able to show that Chinese culture can incorporate century-old traditions and modernism. This performance appealed to me greatly. While I was watching it, I was impressed with the ability of performers to merge different scenes into a seamless whole. However, at some moments, it seemed to me that the music was too ominous. Occasionally, I thought that this music something terrible was about to happen. Furthermore, I have to admit that in some cases, I could not understand the cultural symbols displayed by the actors. Additionally, it is possible that the audience did not understand them as well. This is one of the limitations that can be identified. Still, I can say that performance can engage the viewers.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: In the essay, Thomson argues that the proportional rationale for opposing abortion is a product of substitution; instance in generalization and quantification of what the society considers as logic, irrespective of hidden fallacies surrounding the limits of the argument presentation procedure. In application, Thomson denotes that these parts function on the facets of substitution; the instance of what the parties consider simple or compound in consent application.

In the essay, Thomson argues that the proportional rationale for opposing abortion is a product of substitution; instance in generalization and quantification of what the society considers as logic, irrespective of hidden fallacies surrounding the limits of the argument presentation procedure. In application, Thomson denotes that these parts function on the facets of substitution; the instance of what the parties consider simple or compound in consent application.

“A Defence of Abortion” by Thomson Essay Introduction Argument construction is a systematic and dynamic process. The main objective, sub-objective, and environment influence its process of dissemination. Referring to the assertion of argument as a result of consensus might not usually be the case, especially when validity testing is dependent upon assumptions and truths. This analytical treatise attempts to explicitly present arguments by Thomson in the article “A Defence of Abortion” to support the idea with examples of the Violinist and the Good Samaritan. A defense of abortion Thomson argues that the proportional rationale for opposing abortion is a product of substitution; instance in generalization and quantification of what the society considers as logic, irrespective of hidden fallacies surrounding the limits of the argument presentation procedure. In application, Thomson denotes that these parts function on the facets of substitution; the instance of what the parties consider simple or compound in consent application. Thomson thinks that all arguments, irrespective of their logic, have complex interior motives that occur as argument themselves. For instance, he supports the arguments presented by the opponents and proponents of abortion at their face value, but he is critical of the definition of the ‘beginning of life’ in a woman’s womb. Through referring to the example in Violinist, where a person is abducted against his will, and his body is plugged into the blood system of a sick violinist, Thomson is categorical that the wrong cannot be used to justify the right, despite the intention of an action. When properly applied, the hidden fallacy can be separated since not all logical arguments have quantifiable truth element in them. Thus, the active and passive premises can only be matched when at the end subset, in tuition-instance affirms their syllogism and not mere antecedent denial. To create a standard argument, Thomson uses the example of the Good Samaritan and the actions of the others descent Samaritans. Rather than universal generalization, systematic labeling of the first-figure syllogism as a predicate of the next and the next to yet of another should be subject to multiplicity before a conclusion is arrived at. Even though this process is not only designed to demonstrate invalidity but also to differentiate truth from logicality, as fallacies could be hidden in what the society perceives as logical when the invent ability is inactive. From the above analysis, it is inherent that not all arguments are a fallacy of neither consensus nor assumptions. Instead, they are a product of articulation functioning on the facets of reasoning. Conclusively, an argument is valid when the plausibility is factual and operates within antecedent and quantifiable premises. When the sets of syllogism proportions are not simultaneously right, despite their independence of one another, the result is an inconsistent and incompatible contradiction of what was initially plausible like in the case of the anti-abortion argument, where universal generalization due to consensus overshadows consistency, premise-conclusion relationship, and comparability. It is inappropriate to adopt a generalization approach as a comprehensive measure of truth, which is different from logicality when applied to different situations.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The article discusses the problem of inequality and the way it affects the lives of different genders. It suggests that boys are generally more sensitive to the unfavorable conditions on which they grow up.

The article discusses the problem of inequality and the way it affects the lives of different genders. It suggests that boys are generally more sensitive to the unfavorable conditions on which they grow up.

A Disadvantaged Start Hurts Boys More Than Girls Research Paper The article under discussion is devoted to the problem of inequality and the way it affects the lives of different genders. Claire Cain suggests that boys are generally more sensitive to the unfavorable conditions on which they grow up. She presumes that a disadvantaged childhood is likely to have a stronger impact on boys’ future than on girls’ perspectives (Cain, 2015). The author provides the results of research that prove her point of view showing that boys tend to react more eagerly to the injustice they face when being small. It is assumed that the boys’ acute reaction can be explained by the fact that a boy raised by a single mother is apt to respond to the reality differently than a girl that has been left by her father. Cain points out that boys frequently experience discipline problems that are also one of the key factors affecting their future. A particular emphasis is made on the ethnic issue. The research says that whereas the gap between boys’ and girls’ perception of poverty is almost insignificant in white families, it is enormous for Latino and African children. The researchers insist on the single-parent factor as the determinant reason. They suppose that the lack of a male model results in a highly sensitive attitude to the surrounding events, particularly to those of the negative character. The author depicts an example of a single mother that agrees on the negative consequences of an incomplete family. Cain suggests that the results of her insights can be equally applied by parent, teachers, and the police in order to find a better approach to understanding children’s psychology and, thus, the motivation for their actions. The author believes that the problem can be solved more efficiently in case it is handled on time. Analysis The article under discussion enlightens a series of acute and important issues. First of all, it raises the problem of social injustice, including wealth inequality, racial injustice, and, to a certain extent, the gender lack of balance. To begin with, one should point out that there is a wide-spread opinion that social inequality is closely connected to the globalization process (Butler & Wat, 2006). The more people learn about the lives of others, the more criteria they obtain for drawing parallels. Applying this fact to the issue discussed in the article, one can note that the problem of a disadvantaged background is particularly acute when a child enters a social institution such as a kindergarten or a school where he is likely to compare his childhood with one of his classmates. The supposition that boys have a more sensitive reaction to the inequality can be motivated by the fact that boys are more apt to have a significant focus on the material issues, while girls, as a rule, tend to concentrate on the family and relationships aspects as the criteria for one’s prosperity. Therefore, the phenomenon described can be based on two determining factors. First of all, it is the multi-social context within which a child has to live. Secondly, it is the psychological peculiarity that makes boys more perceptive to the disadvantaged factor in general. Another point discussed in the article is the social stereotypes and prejudices that have a serious impact on the boys’ perspectives. It has been widely proved that a set behavior model is likely to have a significant influence on an individual’s life, determining his self-esteem and targeting (Kirby, 2000). Social requirements for males are frequently stricter than those for females that create powerful psychological pressure on gender. Thus, a boy that comes from a poor family might think himself initially disadvantaged in comparison to the boys who come from a wealthy background. The socially stated need to be strong and prosperous, capable of putting bold aims and then reaching them, can turn a boy’s life into a constant competition where his lack of money will be treated as a crucial drawback apt to prevent him from self-realization. The problem of racial inequality that Cain raises has been widely discussed for the past decades. Despite the fact that there has been evident progress in the right’s protection of Afro-Americans and Latinas, certain uneasiness and tension are still felt when it comes to the issue’s consideration. Apart from the objective criteria, according to which Latino families prove to be significantly less wealthy than others, there is also a psychological implication that is of similar importance as the money matter. Whereas racial difference problem is tolerated by adults, children usually show less tact in the questions of ethics and origin (McLeod, Lawler, & Schwalbe, 2014). Hence, a boy that comes from an Afro-American or a Latina family might be initially confused and experience extra concern contrary to his classmates. One is to point out that the problem of ethnic discomfort can be solved before a child goes to school in case his parents pay enough attention to the relevant matter. It is crucial that a boy is aware of the roots and the cultural traditions of his nation by the age he becomes a student so that he can share his knowledge with his new friends, instead of being ashamed of his roots. The last but not the least is the problem of an incomplete family enlightened in the article. It is interesting that the author suggests that this factor influences boys and girls to a different extent (Cain, 2015). In order to understand this phenomenon, one is to note that, according to the statistics, a single-parent is normally represented by a mother. Therefore, the relations in the family without an adult male are apt to have a more powerful impact on a boy’s psychology than on a girl’s perception (Butler & Wat, 2006). It can be explained by the model necessity a child experiences. While a girl can still pursue her mother’s behavioral line, a boy is left without any sample schemes around him. The only male model he has in front of him is obviously negative because of the father’s betrayal. The worst thing about it is that a child, particularly a boy, is likely to project his father’s mistakes in himself; thus, he will feel guilty and disadvantaged. It is also suggested that a single-parent mother tends to spend more time with a daughter rather than a son as they find more common topics for discussion and can have more interests to share. For this reason, a boy might feel lonely and abandoned that will possibly complicate his social life at school. In conclusion, one should note that the article under discussion brings up an entire complex of social problems. The narrow research has managed to enlighten the questions of incomplete families, wealth and poverty inequality, racial injustice, and many minor problems that might accompany the issue. Reference List Butler, T., & Wat, P. (2006). Understanding Social Inequality . London, Great Britain: SAGE Publications. Cain, C. (2015). A Disadvantaged Start Hurts Boys More Than Girls. The New York Times . Web. Kirby, M. (2000). Sociology in Perspective . Oxford, Great Britain: Heinemann. McLeod, J., Lawler, E., & Schwalbe, M. (2014). Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality . New York, New York: Springer.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play by William Shakespeare that is both beautiful and deep. It is a romantic comedy full of contrasts and illusions, and it is also very controversial.

A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play by William Shakespeare that is both beautiful and deep. It is a romantic comedy full of contrasts and illusions, and it is also very controversial.

Magic in “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by William Shakespeare Essay A Midsummer Night’s Dream is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known plays. Bringing up such topics as love, fate, jealousy, desperation, and magic, it is a beautiful and deep romantic comedy full of contrasts and illusions. The play is also very controversial depicting interactions between the characters from different worlds, backgrounds, cultures and epochs. But it is still fun and educative to read. What fascinated me about A Midsummer Night’s Dream is the Shakespeare’s portrayal of life on the verge of the real world and the world of magic and dreams in the forest with fairies. It is so skillful that sometimes you together with the main characters start asking yourself “Are you sure that we are awake? It seems to me that yet we sleep, we dream” (Shakespeare IV.i.200-202). What is also impressing about the play is the way of depicting love through a prism of magic it brings to our lives as well as desperation and disappointment, “The course of love never did run smooth” (Shakespeare I.i.136). It also reminds us that there is no need to be in a rush as we live because everything happens for a reason and “things growing are not ripe until their season” (Shakespeare II.ii.124). What is even more spectacular about A Midsummer Night’s Dream is the atmosphere it creates and makes a reader lose himself in. It is not only about a constant interweaving of real and magical worlds but also songs, dance, music, and festival setting a rhythm of the story. The play is delightful to read because it elevates emotions and sets on thinking. It is and will be loved because it brings up a true-life issue – how powerful love is in transforming people and their lives. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Logan, IA: Perfection Learning, 2004. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Robert Owen was one of the founders of utopian socialism and received much attention for the works and activities based on his concepts. His ideas continue to attract the attention of social reformers though being considered utopian. A New View of Society (1813) sheds light on Owen's ideology and essential concepts he relied on while formulating his main social ideas.Robert Owen was one of the founders of utopian socialism and received much attention for the works and activities based on his concepts. His

Robert Owen was one of the founders of utopian socialism and received much attention for the works and activities based on his concepts. His ideas continue to attract the attention of social reformers though being considered utopian. A New View of Society (1813) sheds light on Owen's ideology and essential concepts he relied on while formulating his main social ideas. Robert Owen was one of the founders of utopian socialism and received much attention for the works and activities based on his concepts. His

“A New View of Society” by Robert Owen Essay Robert Owen was one of the founders of utopian socialism and received much attention for the works and activities based on his concepts. His ideas continue to attract the attention of social reformers though being considered utopian. A New View of Society (1813) sheds light on Owen’s ideology and essential concepts he relied on while formulating his main social ideas. The analysis of A New View of Society helps to understand that though the author’s socialist ideas were aimed at benefiting the society, their controversial and contestable nature makes them irrelevant and unreliable. Several main ideas can be identified while reading the text. The first one is related to the author’s belief in the central role of circumstances in the process of the formation of the person’s character. Owen’s assumptions rely on the idea that people do not have the power to form their personality based on their natural dispositions and traits. The author claims that human personality largely depends on the external circumstances provided by the society. According to such a view, people are considered passive subjects severely influenced by society and have little power to resist the pressure of conditions they face while growing up 1 . Such an idea appears to be rather contestable, as the role of a person’s unique traits in the formation of the worldview leading to subsequent actions should not be underestimated. Owen’s ideas about the significant influence of the circumstances on the person’s character and decisions have a rational side but cannot be regarded as the true ones due to the lack of objectivity. Another central idea of the text is related to the author’s statements about the unfairness of justifying people’s actions according to society’s standards. Owen claims that society has no right to punish people for committing crimes as it trains them to do so 2 . The author believes that the society can be considered “a scene of insincerity” as it judges people according to “grossly false” laws that do not take into account the fact that only the community can be blamed for the unrighteous actions of the individual 3 . The author emphasizes that any person can become “enlightened” if put under the right circumstances created by the society 4 . The author believes that people cannot be accountable for their habits, as only society has the power to change them 5 . Such ideas seem to be not well-grounded as they do not take into consideration the power of human personality to develop various traits under the same circumstances. Different people attain the opposite habits and form various views though put in the same situation. Therefore, relying on such ideas is quite dangerous, as they appear to be irrelevant. Though Owen had pure and noble goals related to making the society fairer and eliminating the uneducated and ignorant classes, the ideas proposed in A New View of Society reflect the author’s views that were too idealistic and utopian to be considered reliable. Bibliography Leopold, David. “Education and Utopia: Robert Owen and Charles Fourier.” Oxford Review of Education 37, no. 5 (2011): 619-635. Owen, Robert. “A New View of Society.” In Sources for Western Society, Volume 2: From the Age of Exploration to the Present , 3rd ed., edited by John McKay, Clare Haru Crowston, Merry Wiesner-Hanks, and Joe Perry, 326-330. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2013. Footnotes 1. Leopold, David, “Education and Utopia: Robert Owen and Charles Fourier,” Oxford Review of Education 37, no. 5 (2011): 621. 2. Owen, Robert, “A New View of Society,” in Sources for Western Society, Volume 2: From the Age of Exploration to the Present , 3rd ed., edited by John McKay, Clare Haru Crowston, Merry Wiesner-Hanks, and Joe Perry, (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2013), 326. 3. Owen, 326. 4. Owen, 326. 5. Leopold, 621.

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Write an essay about: The story of the bananafish is a metaphor to the materialism that had crept into the society and people did anything to satisfy their greed. Seymour, a war veteran, is on vacation with his wife. He has posttraumatic stress disorder and this is of concern even to the wife's parents. In the end he commits suicide.

The story of the bananafish is a metaphor to the materialism that had crept into the society and people did anything to satisfy their greed. Seymour, a war veteran, is on vacation with his wife. He has posttraumatic stress disorder and this is of concern even to the wife's parents. In the end he commits suicide.

A Perfect Day for Bananafish by David Salinger Essay The story revolves around Seymour, who had just come from war and is on vacation with his wife. He has posttraumatic stress disorder and this is of concern even to the wife’s parents. In the end he commits suicide. The story has a weak ending as the main character dies. As it unfolds, it is the expectation of the reader that Seymour will probably settle down with his wife, Muriel, given that he had been away from the family for sometime. According to her, he was not as bad as the parents were thinking. While talking to Sybil, the young girl, about bananafish, she brings out the innocence that exists in simplicity and naivety. It is expected that Seymour will view the world with such simplicity as opposed to the thoughts of war and other misfortunes that most adults undergo. On the contrary he opts to commit suicide. The story might have had a different degree of closure if a different expectation was used, especially if it is suspected that Seymour might commit suicide or turn violent owing to the depression due to the war. Moriel’s parents are also concerned about her whereabouts, given that she was on vacation with a war veteran who might probably hurt her, given that he was emotionally unstable as a result of the war. The reader might therefore expect that something bad is meant to happen to Seymour. That is what happens when Seymour commits suicide. If it were in this light, then the story might be perceived as having a strong ending. The author has used the third person narration style. The narrator gives the story from the observations made and through listening to the characters’ conversations. Muriel, for instance, is referred to as the young lady while Seymour is referred to as the young man. The third person narration style and dialogue have been used to help the reader determine what led to the emotional breakdown and the suicide of Seymour. Through the dialogue between Moriel and her mother, it is evident that Seymour was emotionally unstable after coming back from war. The parents are concerned that Seymour’s emotional instability might lead him to harm her. The narration also helps in highlighting Seymour’s state of mind and it is quite evident that he despises materialism that is rampant. The story of the bananafish, is a metaphor to the materialism that had crept into the society and people did anything to satisfy their greed. The Banana fish feeds on a lot of bananas until they become too fat to go through the exit holes through which they came in. This is compared with the human greed where people do anything to gain material wealth. By use of the third person narrative style, the writer proves to be observant and gets the reader to different scenes and the thoughts of the characters, hence bringing out the real picture of the society and circumstances under which Seymour committed suicide. Through the dialogue between Moriel and her mother, it is evident that they live in a materialistic society. Through narration, the writer brings out Moriel as a materialistic character who lives an extravagant live. For instance, she reads a magazine entitled “Sex Is Fun-or Hell.” She also likes going to the beach and partying. Through the dialogue between Seymour and Sybil, the writer gets the reader to Seymour’s mind and it is clear that Seymour despises materialism and greed exhibited by most people. There are various characters in the story that have been presented either as flat or round characters. Seymour Glass, for instance, is one of the main characters developed as a round character. He exhibits a complex personality throughout the story. At the beginning he is presented as calm, quiet and a withdrawn character that is harmless and yearns for simplicity and innocence. He excludes himself from social gatherings and would rather be alone on the beach or chat with a child. This is in contrast to the violent and dangerous character that is presented by Moriel and her mother through the telephone conversation. Moriel’s parents, for instance, fear for there daughters safety as they perceive him as emotionally unstable. He also exhibits his violent character when he quarrels with a woman in the elevator who was allegedly looking at his feet and stocking him. He ends up killing himself due to the fact that he cannot reconcile with reality. The other main character in the story is Moriel Glass who is Seymour’s wife. She is presented as a flat character that is trendy and materialistic. She likes fashion, partying and lives an extravagant lifestyle, where she goes to the beach for fun, goes to expensive saloons and reads explicit magazines. She does not mind going on vacation with Seymour in spite of his emotional instability and caution from the parents. She makes little effort to assist her husband to restore his mental stability and he ends up committing suicide. Another flat character in the story is Sybil Carpenter, a young and innocent girl that chats with Seymour. She is free with Seymour and seems to get to his mind and heart. She has however learnt to accept the world around her unlike Seymour. Moriel’s mother is another flat character who exhibits no complexity. Her character does not change. She is a concerned and caring parent who does anything to ensure the safety of her child. She is very uneasy when she realized that her daughter had gone to a vacation with a depressed man. She tries to convince her to return home. The two main characters in the story are Moriel Glass and her husband Seymour. The story is a fictional short story that has dramatic conflict highlighting the plight of a war veteran who returns to his country only to meet a materialistic world. He is opposed to this even though his own wife is materialistic too. He secludes himself and commits suicide presumably due to the fact that he cannot reconcile with the reality. He exhibits signs of depression as he had been suicidal on various occasions. The story reaches the climax and ends in suspense after Seymour committing suicide. The reader is left guessing about the cause of his suicide. The story has an organized narrative structure with one event leading to the other. It starts with the initial situation, where Moriel and Seymour are on vacation. Moriel receives a call from the mother who seems worried about her being on vacation with a depressed man. A conflict is then developed as Seymour seems to detest the materialism in the society. There is also conflict between Moriel and her parents. They are opposed to the idea of her being on vacation with a depressed husband as they feel he might to harm her. She however disagrees with their opinion as she perceives him as harmless. Another conflict emerges when Seymour is upset by the person he meets in the elevator whom he accuses of staring at his feet. All these culminate into his inability to reconcile with reality and he ends up shooting himself. It then leads to suspense as the reader is left wondering what really pushed him to commit suicide. The metaphor of the bananafish is used to allude to the human greed which leads to self destruction. Like the banana fish which eats lots of bananas and catches banana fever which leads to their death, humans also tend to overindulge in materialism and greed which leads to self destruction. The story is structured in such a way that it has constituent events that lead one to the other. Symbolism has been used in this story. The metaphor of the bananafish, symbolizes the greed exhibited by those who do anything to satisfy their cravings but end up being ruined. Just like the banana fish which feeds on too much fish and dies in the process, so does people in their quest to satisfy their materialistic cravings. Seymour, in the quest for innocence and simplicity, sees that the only way out was to kill himself so as to attain peace of mind. Sybil on the other hand symbolizes innocence and that is why Seymour finds solace in talking to her and he seems to admire her innocence and naivety. Moriel’s lifestyle symbolizes the materialism that characterizes most people. She reads explicit magazine, loves to go partying, going to expensive resorts, vacation and goes to expensive saloons as well as put on trendy clothes. She is less concerned about her husbands state provided she gets what she wants. The best audiences for this book are young people who are consumed with the urge to fulfill their inner satisfaction through materialism. Through this story, they realize that materialism is not the solution to the deeper cravings but satisfaction is found in simplicity and innocence. Because he cannot attain such inner peace, Seymour commits suicide. He could afford most of the worldly pleasures but could reconcile with the reality (Salinger 1). Works Cited Salinger, David. A Perfect Day for Bananafish. New York: Paw Prints, 2008. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: This essay discusses the consequences of three types of errors, i.e., data entry errors, data retrieval errors, and software bug in ABC Company Limited that is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

This essay discusses the consequences of three types of errors, i.e., data entry errors, data retrieval errors, and software bug in ABC Company Limited that is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

ABC Company Limited: Errors Consequences Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Data entry errors 3. Data retrieval errors 4. Software bug 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Around the world, businesses operate with the goal of making huge returns, which can sustain their daily expenditures. In fact, some firms realize their dreams, while others merely make a profit on a continuous basis. One of the common aspects that affect many companies around the world is associated with business errors. Overall, a business error is a misrepresentation of facts within a business establishment. In most cases, business errors are identified during the auditing of records (Kearns and Sabherwal 130). However, they could cause negative impacts even long before they are identified. Thus, there is a need for management teams of businesses to focus on implementing approaches to eliminating business errors (Ramanujam and Goodman 820). This paper discusses the consequences of three types of errors, i.e., data entry errors, data retrieval errors, and software bug, in ABC Company Limited that is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is worth to note that ABC Company Limited is an imaginary firm that is viewed from the perspective of operating in Saudi Arabia. Data entry errors Last year, the management of ABC Limited that all was not well as a result of figures in financial records that were not supported by bank statements. The top management launched investigations to assess the causes of the discrepancies. After a two-month investigation, it was revealed that some personnel made some serious data entry errors, which could have long-term negative impacts on the performance outcomes of the firm. It was established that some workers did not proofread their spreadsheets after entering data. Some were performing the tasks in a hurry due to the fact that they were trying to beat their deadlines. Thus, many financial calculations were performed using wrong figures. Sadly, the financial reports of the firm had already been reported to shareholders, who were very happy for the reason that they could receive better dividends, implying that the equity of the firm improved remarkably in the previous financial year. Consequently, plans were underway to initiate more projects that could go a long way in realizing more profits in the future. However, two days after the shareholders’ meeting, one of the board members noted that there were inadequate funds in the bank to cater for the proposed dividends. Practically, not even half of the dividends could be paid to investors, yet they were promised that they would be paid within ten days after the annual general meeting. The management was required to think quite fast and make critical decisions, but time was not on their side. Within a relatively short period, the news was in the media. A significant number of shareholders learned that the firm had made serious errors in reporting its financial outcomes. Consequently, investors thought that the firm had actually made a net loss, which could be about $490 million. Thus, it was evident that shareholders could not receive any dividends. Within a few hours, the firm’s stock price decreased by about 20% due to the fact that investors were in a hurry to sell their stake in the company. Although the top management of ABC Limited moved with speed to reassure shareholders that all could be well, it appeared that it was too late, and many investors were driven by sentiments to sell their shares. Things were worsening at very high speed for the company. By good luck, the regulator of the stock exchange at Riyadh agreed with the management of ABC Limited to suspend trading its shares until the issue was resolved. It is worth to note that prices of stocks are easily affected by either good or bad news of many business establishments around the world (Beason 40; Ucbasaran 180). As illustrated, the errors caused many negative impacts on the firm, which could be both long-term and short-term. However, the management sensitized its personnel to be more careful in the future to avoid such business mistakes. Data retrieval errors ABC Company Limited handles massive information that is stored on its computers and servers that are located far from the headquarters of the firm. For the execution of many projects, it is mandatory for workers to retrieve data that are computed to give valuable information that can be used to make inferences about the anticipated outcomes (Stoneburner, Goguen, and Feringa 830). Early this year, one of the directors of the company realized that some components of a project that was to be initiated were missing. He contacted another director, who affirmed that he was also concerned with the authenticity of the report. The two directors convened an urgent meeting with the middle-level management to discuss the matter. During the meeting, it was noted that some middle-level managers had given the wrong instructions regarding data retrieval from the records. In addition, some personnel had retrieved some data that were not related to the project that was to be implemented. Thus, the overall project was negatively impacted. The management noted that some records could not be retrieved as required. The managers who were not keen on implementing the project were demoted. Furthermore, workers who not keen on retrieving the right data were warned. Software bug There is no doubt that many business establishments across the world are using software to support their daily business operations. However, some programs could be typified by some faults or errors that make them produce unexpected results that would be misleading. However, software bugs are not made by users of the software but are made by persons who design and implement source codes (Leidner and Keyworth 370). Early last year, the management of ABC Company Limited announced that the firm could acquire new accounting software to meet its increased financial accounting needs. The human resource management placed an advert in the local newspapers to source for a supplier of the new accounting software. Within a period of one week, the department received so many applications that it felt they were enough. Thus, it made a choice to select the bidder who quoted the lowest amount. The winner of the tender installed the software within two weeks. However, the software could not produce accurate reports for the reason that many errors were noted in the software. In fact, it was noted that the program’s source code was faulty. The program negatively impacted the firm for a two-week period. Within the time limit, no financial reports were being generated, and data entry tasks were postponed. There was a reduction in returns of the firm because manual transactions were associated with numerous errors. The news leaked to the media, and the company’s shareholders were not happy when they realized that the management had purchased a program that was typified by a faulty source code. Conclusion As illustrated in this paper, the three types of errors negatively impacted ABC Company Limited. In the future, the business establishment can avoid such consequences by making the right decisions and reacting fast by implementing critical decisions. Works Cited Beason, Larry. “Ethos and error: How business people react to errors.” College Composition and Communication 3.4 (2001): 33-64. Print. Kearns, Grover, and Rajiv Sabherwal. “Strategic alignment between business and information technology: a knowledge-based view of behaviors, outcome, and consequences.” Journal of Management Information Systems 23.3 (2007): 129-162. Print. Leidner, Dorothy, and Timothy Kayworth. “Review: a review of culture in information systems research: toward a theory of information technology culture conflict.” MIS quarterly 30.2 (2006): 357-399. Print. Ramanujam, Rangaraj, and Paul Goodman. “Latent errors and adverse organizational consequences: A conceptualization.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 24.7 (2003): 815-836. Print. Stoneburner, Gary, Alice Goguen, and Alexis Feringa. “Risk management guide for information technology systems.” Nist special publication 800.30 (2002): 800-830. Print. Ucbasaran, Deniz, Dean Shepherd, Andy Lockett, and John Lyon.”Life After Business Failure The Process and Consequences of Business Failure for Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Management 39.1 (2013): 163-202. Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The administrative supervisor at Abu Dhabi special needs school is experiencing a management dilemma. In this study, the author unearths the problems facing this institution.The administrative supervisor at Abu Dhabi special needs school is experiencing a management dilemma. In this study, the author unearths the problems facing this institution.

The administrative supervisor at Abu Dhabi special needs school is experiencing a management dilemma. In this study, the author unearths the problems facing this institution. The administrative supervisor at Abu Dhabi special needs school is experiencing a management dilemma. In this study, the author unearths the problems facing this institution.

Abu Dhabi Special Needs School Management Dilemma Research Paper Executive Summary The administrative supervisor at Abu Dhabi special needs school is experiencing a management dilemma. In this study, the author undertook to unearth the problems facing this institution. There are a total of 13 members of staff in this healthcare department who work directly under the administrative supervisor. The school provides therapeutic services to special needs individuals. Some of the services include physiotherapy, occupational, and hydrotherapy. The patients catered for range from those with autism to those with cerebral palsy. The study involved a total of 150 participants, who were used as the source of primary data. The participants were mostly parents, medical staff, and consultants. The entire study was carried out within a span of 2 weeks in Dubai. The data analysis relied on the exploratory research design proposed. To this end, the raw data, as outlined in the results and analysis section. Thereafter, a comparative approach was employed. Information obtained from the existing literature was compared against each of the research objectives. The findings of the study were reviewed after a comprehensive comparison between existing literature and raw data from the questionnaire. The responses revealed that, indeed, the institution was facing financial challenges. The challenges would be avoided had the management been more proactive and innovative. In addition, the institution was facing communication lapses and a ‘bad’ environment. The study recommended the replacement of the entire management team and the creation of a new communication plan. Background and Problem Identification Abu Dhabi Special Needs School is a healthcare facility based in Abu Dhabi (Bell 1). The administrative supervisor is in charge of the everyday operations at the Special Needs School. There are a total of 13 members of staff in this healthcare department. The employees work directly under the administrative supervisor. Abu Dhabi Special Needs School provides therapeutic services to special needs individuals. Some of the services include physiotherapy, occupational, and hydrotherapy. The center is facing a myriad of challenges, which is common among special needs organizations. The current paper models a study to establish the actual problems at the facility. Possible solutions to the challenges are also provided. The center has several departments meant to meet the respective therapeutic demands. For instance, there are a number of classes providing education support to special needs individuals. The classes help in the rehabilitation and care of patients with unique needs. However, the challenges make it hard to meet the therapeutic demands of the increasing number of patients. The primary challenges include lack of schedules and intradepartmental miscommunication. However, there are a number of management weaknesses that require to be addressed. The environment within this health institution is wanting. To this end, parents who bring their children to the center are not satisfied due to the scarcity of sitting space. For example, a lack of such facilities as proper waiting rooms leads to a decline in the number of patients who access this facility. For example, the few resting rooms lead to the absence of patients. Based on the challenges mentioned, it is clear that a management dilemma is presented with respect to client satisfaction when addressing the problems. The proposed research intends to come up with a number of solutions to address the challenges while maintaining the ethics of a special needs institution. The following excerpt outlines the major problems faced by the institution: “The center relies heavily on generous donations. But money is still tight. Parents pay a fee, but this only covers about half the cost of teaching each child, said the center’s director, Dr. Mowfaq Mustafa. New equipment is always needed to cater for the very different needs of each pupil, while weekly trips to take them horse riding or for shopping – outings that help integrate them into society – are a drain on resources” (Bell 2). The excerpt outlines the major financial constraints hindering the achievement of the institution’s demands. To this end, the number of patients visiting this institution has been on a decline since 2011 (Bell 3). The decline can be attributed to the organization’s inability to meet the ever-rising demands of a special needs institution. The management cannot be spared blame given their role in steering the company to greater heights. The study will outline some of the weaknesses and provide solutions where necessary. The major objective of this study is to outline how a special needs institution can restructure itself to provide the services to a wide demographic. Abu Dhabi Special Needs School will act as a case study in this regard. Target Market The study involves qualitative and quantitative information obtained from a designated sample group. Questionnaires will be administered to the population to obtain the primary data needed for the study. Creswell recommends the use of dynamic demographics to ensure that the data collected reflects the objectives outlined (67). In this regard, the population consists of parents of patients, special needs practitioners, and educational consultants. The study was carried out over a short period of time. To this end, the target market was relatively small. A total of 150 participants were involved in the survey. There were 60 parents, 55 special needs workers, and 35 consultants. The participants were between the ages of 30 and 45. Creswell asserts that gender diversity is important in such kind of a study (103). In light of this, 80 of the participants were female, while 70 were male. The target market was also selected based on their knowledge and experience with matters relating to special needs institutions (Creswell 66). The parents were selected owing to their interaction with the actual problems that affect the patients. For instance, environmental matters and weakness in management would easily be identified by the clients of Abu Dhabi Special Needs School. On the other hand, the special needs workers were incorporated in the study to get an expert opinion on how a special needs institution operates. The consultants were included to help in identifying and providing solutions to the challenges facing the institution. Research Objectives In section 1 of this paper, it was revealed that the challenges presented a managerial dilemma. The research will provide solutions to the challenges courtesy of the analysis of various aspects of literature and the target group. However, the solutions recommended in this study will help address the managerial dilemma and realize patient growth. The main objective of this study is the increase in patient numbers at the institution. The study is a build upon similar research carried out by Khan (98). Increased patient traffic to the office translates to addressing societal matters touching on mental illness. The study has a total of four specific objectives that will help in the realization of the objective of increasing the number of patients to the hospital. According to Khan, a special needs institution requires an environment that is conducive for tapping into the creativity of the patients (101). The study will develop an ideal environment. Secondly, the study will help in the formulation of an effective communication strategy. Improved communication helps in proper service delivery, thereby attracting more clients. Managerial weaknesses are common in many organizations. The major administration limitations touch on the financial prudence of the organization (Miesenberger 34). The health center requires external financial assistance, which mostly comes from donors. However, the management constantly fails to provide concrete accounts of the expenditure. Towards this end, the research will help remedy the financial impropriety at the health facility. Finally, the study will make the necessary recommendations with respect to the overall challenges and provide a roadmap to recovery. The research objectives will only be addressed once there are clearly outlined questions. To this end, the study will address the following questions: 1. What is the ideal environment for a special needs institution? 2. What are the effective communication strategies essential in a special needs institution? 3. What are some of the ways to boost patient numbers in a special needs institution? 4. What are the major management weaknesses at Abu Dhabi Special Needs School? 5. How can Abu Dhabi Special needs School realize customer satisfaction? The research questions will be outlined in the questionnaire. The study will provide a number of options (based on a literature review) from which the participants can select an ideal response. The options are derived from other studies which have helped in the advancement of special needs education. Appendix 1 illustrates the questionnaire and the responses provided. Research Methodology Research undertakings require a target market in the provision of a sample that will give an adequate response to the objectives sought. In this regard, Creswell points out that a target population is an ideal source of information intended to be used for the research (95). However, the current study will also employ an explorative research design where secondary sources will be used to support the primary data collected. In this regard, two sampling procedures will be undertaken. The project involves the analysis of data from both primary and secondary sources. To this end, the project will involve resources of strategic management from peer-reviewed journals and books. However, Creswell points out that such a project would gain credibility with the reliance on primary sources of data (76). The methods for collecting the primary data include the administration and evaluation of questionnaires, making observations, and conducting surveys. Simple random sampling will be employed with respect to the target population. A sampling of this nature ensures that every individual in the target population gets a chance of being included in the sample. Consequently, a list of the entire population will be necessary for a random selection. There is also a stratified sampling that will be carried out to supplement the simple random method. A stratified random sampling requires the population group to be divided into groups with relevant features of the study (Creswell 96). In this study, the target population will be divided based on gender, age, and knowledge of special needs care. The data collection process will involve a three-step approach. The first step will involve problem identification. In this regard, an internal assessment is necessary to compare with other similar health departments (Creswell 34). Secondly, the data collection will select priority issues and set the necessary goals. In this regard, the data collection will work alongside certain hypotheses to seek necessary responses from the participants. The third step will be a comparison of the data collected with existing literature on the subject. The entire data collection process is estimated to take two weeks. The duration of the study was short. To this end, the questionnaires were distributed in two groups. The first involved a group session where 123 participants were gathered and the questionnaire administered. According to Creswell, an approach of that nature helps to save on time (101). The second group of participants had the questionnaire administered through a telephone interview. Fortunately, all 150 participants completed the questionnaire. In the subsequent section, an analysis of the data is outlined. Data Analysis Qualitative research requires a comprehensive data analysis procedure. To this end, the proposed study will require an appropriate data analysis technique to help in evaluating the findings. According to Creswell, data analysis allows for further research on a subject (102). There are various data analysis procedures. They help in the realization of study objectives through the testing of hypotheses. The raw data is converted into knowledge. For instance, the management weaknesses can be identified from the responses obtained. Once the weaknesses are identified, they are compared against existing literature, and a middle ground is reached. According to Creswell, data analysis of this nature requires an exploration of the variables (103). The data analysis will rely on the exploratory research design proposed. Tabulation will be used to present the findings of the study. Thereafter, a comparative approach will be employed (Creswell, 103). Information obtained from the literature review will be compared against each of the research objectives. The findings of the study will emerge after a comprehensive comparison between existing literature and raw data from the participants (Creswell 109). With respect to the current study, data analysis will involve an evaluation of the opinions relating to management weaknesses. For instance, the financial impropriety is evaluated from existing literature and compared with the raw data from the target market. According to Miesenberger, institutions that provide services to special needs individuals require to provide an environment that is conducive for their operation (87). In this regard, the raw data will be evaluated on the basis of whether the information conforms to the industry standards or not. The data analysis will involve some form of descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics should not be confused as a conclusion (Creswell 44). Rather, they are meant to give an overview of the parameters under investigation. For instance, descriptive statistics can outline the tendency of miscommunication within the health center. In this regard, some charts and graphs will be included in the data analysis (Creswell 45). Abu Dhabi Special Needs School has experienced a number of challenges. Consequently, student numbers have continued to decline. The weaknesses in the management have largely resulted in the company’s appeal for funds, as illustrated by Bell (3). In this regard, the information gathered from the study will help provide a solution to the challenges faced by this great institution. What is the Ideal Environment for Special Needs Education? Participants were asked to suggest a suitable environment. The questionnaire had the following options to select from: 1. Spacious, clean and well-staffed 2. Well funded, adequately staffed and organized 3. Spacious and well funded Out of the 150 participants, 109 argued that an ideal environment is one that is spacious, clean, and well-staffed. Thirty-three of the participants held the view that a well funded and properly staffed institution constitutes an ideal environment. Eight of the participants went for a spacious and well-funded institution. The results illustrate that space, staffing, and monetary support aid in the development of a suitable environment for a special needs institution. According to Hollar, special needs institutions require a spacious environment to allow for the various programs (34). However, in most cases, the lack of funding inhibits the allocation of such spaces. The Abu Dhabi Special Needs School has little space owing to the scarcity of funds. According to Bell, the institution requires more funding since it is a non-profit organization that solely relies on donor support (4). The funding will enable the creation of bigger rooms and better facilities. What are the Effective Communication Strategies in a Special Needs School? Special needs schools are staffed by different professionals. In this regard, communication becomes a huge impediment. According to Hollar, institutions with poor communication strategies fail to meet their core objectives (33). In this regard, the participants were asked to select, from a raft of options, some of the strategies that can be applied to a special needs set up. The following are the responses provided: 1. Regular departmental meetings. 2. Regular meetings with stakeholders 3. The development of an annual strategic plan Sixty-seven of the participants supported the idea of having a regular departmental meetingThirty-one participants supported having regular meetings with stakeholders, while 52 of those polled suggested that the development of an annual strategic plan would be an effective communication technique. Evidently, all three responses scored relatively high among the participants. However, Khan argues that an effective communication plan is one where the staff and stakeholders are in sync with each other (105). What are some of the Ways of Boosting Patient Numbers in a Special Needs Institution? Abu Dhabi Special Needs School has recorded dwindling numbers over the past few years. However, the institution is not alone. There are a number of similar institutions faced with an exact predicament. In this regard, the participants were asked to suggest possible ways to boost the numbers. The questionnaires had the following options for the participants to choose from: 1. Creating a spacious and conducive environment. 2. The employment of more and highly qualified staff 3. The acquisition of high technology equipment. A total of 54 participants went with the idea that creating a spacious and conducive environment would boost patient numbers. Forty-three were in favor of the employment of more and highly qualified personnel. On the other hand, 53 held the view that patent numbers would greatly be boosted if high-tech equipment was acquired. According to Khan, special needs institutions provide a different kind of care in terms of education and treatment (99). To this end, there is a need for space, qualified staff, and advanced equipment. Abu Dhabi, Special needs institution, caters to individuals with palsy, autism, and other special needs cases. To this end, a bigger space would allow for more patients and students to benefit from the services. Miesenberger suggests that special needs education and care require professionals trained in the field (77). Consequently, there is a need to engage more qualified personnel to ensure that there is comprehensive care given to the patients. With respect to cases like cerebral palsy, advanced equipment is needed to ensure the patients get the best possible care. Management Weaknesses As already mentioned, the institution is faced with a number of management weaknesses. The main weakness touches on financial impropriety. To this end, the participants were asked to outline some of the major weaknesses on the part of the management. The idea of weakness in management is supported by the fact that the institution is unable to meet some of its core objectives. The following is a list of the options provided to the participants in the questionnaire; 1. Inability to develop an effective communication plan 2. Inability to manage the finances properly 3. Lack of innovative measures to source for funds In this section, all the participants responded to the question. Eighty-one of the participants argued that the major weakness was the lack of innovativeness in sourcing for funds. Seventeen of the participants felt that the management was not handling the finances properly. On the other hand, 52 of those polled suggested that the inability to develop an effective communications plan was the major weakness faced by the organization. However, Hollar points out that most special needs institutions succeed based on the management’s ability to spur growth through innovation (136). In this regard, the Abu Dhabi Special Needs School would argue that the dwindling numbers are due to ineffective management. The management of an organization is essential in addressing its core objectives. In the case of the Abu Dhabi Special Needs School, the management is clearly unable to meet its goals due to the lack of innovativeness and poor communication plans. Khan suggests that communication within such an institution is key to triggering innovation (99). The institution can, therefore, resolve the management weaknesses by developing a working communication strategy. The strategy should include all stakeholders to ensure that there is a large pool of people where innovativeness can be tapped. How can Abu Dhabi Special Needs School Realise Customer Satisfaction? The most affected party, in a special needs set up, is the patient. However, the parents who have to take their children to such institutions also face the pain of an institution that is not up to standard. In this regard, there is a need to ensure customer satisfaction. According to Hollar, an institution with good customer satisfaction attracts more clients (98). Consequently, the participants in this study were polled on how this particular institution can improve customer satisfaction. The following were options which they were to choose from: 1. Developing a friendly environment 2. The setting up of an interactive customer care section 3. Assuring the clients of the best care One hundred three of the respondents argued that a friendly environment would greatly boost customer satisfaction. 25 of the participants held the view that setting up of an interactive customer care section would greatly impact on customer satisfaction. On the other hand, only 23 of the participants supported the idea of assuring clients of the best care. Customer satisfaction is dependent on how best the client is treated prior to the utilization of services. An interactive customer care section would work perfectly to ensure that the clients are attended to properly (Hollar 66). However, Abu Dhabi Special Needs School has a very small waiting area. Towards this end, the environment at the institution becomes wanting. Parents will not be assured that their patients will receive the best care if issues like reception are not addressed. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate the parameters touching the institution’s environment to ensure that parents are assured of the well being of their children. Study Limitations During data collection in Abu Dhabi was delayed since the participants arrived late. The participants claimed to have encountered a large wind storm, which created a traffic pile up. Consequently, the target market was more pressed for time and less willing to participate. However, the participants agreed to continue with the study. Although Abu Dhabi Special Needs School’s identity was disguised, it was impossible to disguise that the clients were the many children who needed special care. The research was not sponsored by any party. This assumption may have biased the respondents’ responses owing to the empathy created (Creswell 30). The respondents participated with an empathetic approach, rather than a professional one. In some instances, the participants were clouded by emotions. Nevertheless, there we professionals who helped steer the interview along the required path. The duration of the study was quite short. Consequently, the number of participants had to be regulated. Fortunately, all the participants gave responses. Conclusion Abu Dhabi Special Needs School is clearly meant to provide therapeutic services to many children who require specialized care. However, the institution is unable to meet its core objectives owing to the financial shortcomings illustrated in this report. The discussions have revealed that the management is partly to blame for allowing the institution to stagnate. According to Khan, special needs institutions require proactive management to ensure that financial demands are met (100). The financial demands will enable the institution to acquire equipment and employ qualified personnel. The institution is also faced with a poor public relations mechanism. The lack of an internal scheduling system and a poor communication network aggravate matters at the facility. Special needs institutions are meant to have a welcoming environment beyond the buildings (Hollar 66). In this regard, a strategic communication plan would be effective in creating a more welcoming environment. However, additional research is needed to establish effective ways through which customer satisfaction can be realized in special needs institutions. Such institutions can increase the number of students accessing them. Recommendations The study has concluded that the major reason why the population is decreasing at Abu Dhabi Special Needs School is due to the management weaknesses. The following recommendations are made to ensure the institution meets its core objectives while addressing the problem of decreasing population: 1. The replacement of the management with one that is proactive and innovative 2. Developing a communication strategy that will ensure all stakeholders are aware of what is happening in the institution. Works Cited Bell, Jennifer. Financial Help Needed for Abu Dhabi Special Needs School to Keep Operating . 2013. Web. Creswell, John. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications, 2007. Print. Hollar, David. Handbook of Children with Special Health Care Needs, New York, NY: Springer, 2012. Print. Khan, Faryal. “Case Study on Special Needs Education in Pakistan: The Process of Inclusion.” European Journal of Special Needs Education 13.1 (1998): 98-111. Print. Miesenberger, Klaus. “Computers Helping People with Special Needs.” 13th International Conference, ICCHP 2012, Linz, Austria, July 11-13, 2012. Berlin: Springer, 2012. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Ground handling safety management should take measures to prevent ground-safety troubles. Ramp damage is a serious problem that costs airlines $10 billion annually. Ramp damage can be prevented by advanced training techniques in simulators, introduced CRM to the cockpit, cabin and maintenance operation, and invest in ground operations safety.

Ground handling safety management should take measures to prevent ground-safety troubles. Ramp damage is a serious problem that costs airlines $10 billion annually. Ramp damage can be prevented by advanced training techniques in simulators, introduced CRM to the cockpit, cabin and maintenance operation, and invest in ground operations safety.

Accidents and Ramp Damage – Aviation Essay Nowadays, incidents involving aircraft damage on the ground become a serious problem. Although aviation is the safest commercial transport, ground handling safety management should take measures to prevent ground-safety troubles. According to Balk, airlines suffer approximately $10 000 000 000 because of damages that result from ground-related accidents. Common Taxonomy Team defines ramp damage (“ramp rush”) as “occurrences during (or as a result of) ground handling operations” (8). There are many of the potential typical threats of every arrival and departure that comprise towing and docking equipment, service vehicles, tire separation, etc. causing ramp damage. To begin with, such environmental conditions as night, daylight, dawn or dusk, rain, fog, snow, thunderstorm, and others are the possible reasons. The second factor is aircraft state that complicated by the following accidents: aircraft was parked, but brakes or chocks malfunction or error made, during pushback or taxiing, with brake set, aircraft state unknown. Moreover, ramp vehicle also matters because of many ground equipment act in the environs of the airplane on the ground, especially during turnarounds at the gate. Incidents concerning catering vehicles, passenger-boarding bridges, cargo, and passenger loading and unloading, baggage carts, and other servicing vehicles might cause considerable damage. Additionally, aircraft damage location factor plays an important role: primarily doors, engine, and fuselage suffer. The actual value of a ground accident is high. According to Landry and Ingolia, “conservatively estimated ground accidents worldwide cost air carriers $10 billion annually” (58). Airlines suffer from direct costs that are infrequently reported to insurance companies and from direct costs that may extend out for years. Indirect costs may include lost direct revenue, flight cancelation, replacement labor, management and supervision time, passenger food and lodging, and, finally, damage to the public image (Kanki 3). If compared with an iceberg, direct costs form just the top that is visible above the water, but everybody knows that the rest of it under the water and it is rather big – this is indirect costs. It is obvious that indirect costs are greater than direct. For example, America West Airline’s direct costs compose $17,000 in the case when catering truck hits the airplane and $230,000 indirect costs in the same case: and when jetway hits indirect airplane costs evaluated in $600,000 while direct costs are $50,000 ( America West Airlines ). In order to prevent substantial expenses described afore, it is undoubtedly worthwhile for airlines and aviation companies to invest in ground operations safety and train all the staff working in the ramp and gate areas. However, some enhancements are already made: “We have utilized advanced training techniques in simulators, introduced CRM to the cockpit, cabin and maintenance operations,” states Landry (32). There already exists Ground Accident Prevention (GAP) Initiative project that created to “reduce incidents and accidents that occur during ground operations on airport aprons and during the movement of aircraft in and out of hangars” (Airport Apron Management and Control Programs 3). GAP’s different teams explore several areas of ramp damage: collecting and analyzing the data, developing program awareness and industry involvement, designing measures to eliminate the losses, and others. In conclusion, it should be stressed that ramp damage occurs due to particular consequences and airplane configuration. It brings huge losses to airlines. To provide customers with high-quality service and protect themselves from money loss, air carriers should invest in ground handling safety – equipment, maintenance, and awareness. Works Cited Airport Apron Management and Control Programs. ACRP. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2012. Print. America West Airlines . Web. 2015. Balk, Andrew D. Safety of ground handling . 2008. Web. Kanki, Barbara G., and Connie L. Brasil. Analysis of Ramp Damage Incidents and Implications for Future Composite Aircraft Structure . Web. Landry, Joanne. Lessons Learned from Airport Safety Management Systems Pilot Studies . Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2012. Print. Landry, Joanne, and Shane Ingolia. Ramp Safety Practices . Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2011. Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Accommodating Workforce Diversity is a Necessity, Not a Luxury.Accommodating Workforce Diversity is a Necessity, Not a Luxury argues that diversity in the workforce is an inherent characteristic that is found in virtually every aspect of human life. It has several benefits to organizations, which combined with the impossibility to avoid it, makes its accommodation a must-do task.

Accommodating Workforce Diversity is a Necessity, Not a Luxury. Accommodating Workforce Diversity is a Necessity, Not a Luxury argues that diversity in the workforce is an inherent characteristic that is found in virtually every aspect of human life. It has several benefits to organizations, which combined with the impossibility to avoid it, makes its accommodation a must-do task.

Accommodating Workforce Diversity Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Advantages of Workforce Diversity 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Diversity is an inherent characteristic that is found in virtually every aspect of human life. Diversity in the workforce goes beyond the issues of race, gender, and ethnicity to include differences in experience, variations in educational background and discrepancies in perceptions. Diversity is a result of differences in religious backgrounds, racial differences, and differences in cultural orientation, among other factors. People will always have different qualities and priorities because human beings are unique by nature. Workforce diversity has several benefits to organizations, which coupled with the impossibility to avoid it, makes its accommodation a must-do task. However, there are people who wonder whether “accommodating workforce diversity is a necessity or a luxury” (DuBrin, 2011). Advantages of Workforce Diversity By accommodating workforce diversity, an organization attracts employees with different talents to its workforce. This is because people feel free to show and use their talents. As a result, the employees can highly contribute to organizational growth by using their skills to increase efficiency in production. On the same note, employees feel more comfortable when their diversity is accommodated (DuBrin, 2011). Moreover, employees will easily quit a firm where their diversity is not well managed because of the conflicts that are likely to prevail there. Therefore, accommodating workforce diversity ensures that a firm is able to retain employees, thus, reducing the cost of recruiting and training new employees. In addition, accommodating workforce diversity helps in eliminating unnecessary tension between employees and management, as well as among employees (Barak, 2010). As a result, the workplace becomes friendly, and, as such, encouraging employees to work hard. Similarly, employee confidence in a firm is enhanced when diversity is accommodated. Research shows that employees are highly motivated to work when their contributions are valued (DuBrin, 2011). In this regard, accommodating employee diversity translates into a positive attitude of employees towards work, thus, increasing output (Jackson, 1992). Furthermore, an organization where workforce diversity is properly managed gains public recognition as an employer of choice. Accordingly, many people will be willing to work for the firm, hence, enabling the firm to take advantage of the best talents in the market. Additionally, accommodating diversity in workforce enables employees to put their skills into meaningful use, and become more creative and innovative. As a result, employees feel motivated to try their skills in coming up with new techniques for executing their duties (Barak, 2010). Consequently, employees can come up with more efficient ways of performance, which reduce the cost of operation. Moreover, employees are known to be more flexible and responsive when workforce diversity is accommodated than when they are restricted to a specific line of operation. In this regard, decision making and problem solving become easy due to diversified views. Notably, workforce diversity is critical in continuous self-development and in enhancing self-awareness; the two are vital in improving the output of human capital (DuBrin, 2011). Conclusion It is a big fallacy for anybody to start imagining that a firm can operate without workforce diversity. People are socialized and trained in different ways. Consequently, there will always be diversity in the way people behave, and how they approach various issues. Though there are some shortcomings as far as workforce diversity is concerned, they are peripheral and are overshadowed by the benefits. Therefore, firms are left with no choice but to accommodate workforce diversity for their benefit. References Barak, M. E. (2010). Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace . New Delhi: SAGE Publishers. DuBrin, A. J. (2011). Essentials of Management . Stanford: Cengage Learning. Jackson, S. E. (1992). Diversity in the Workplace: Human Resources Initiatives . New York: Guilford Press.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The research paper examines the nature of acid rain and ozone pollution and discusses its causes and effects.Acid rain and ozone pollution are a form of pollution, which entails the release of gaseous and dust particles in quantities that destroy the integrity of the atmosphere and affect organisms in their respective habitats and ecosystems. The research paper examines the nature of acid rain and ozone pollution and discusses its causes and effects.

The research paper examines the nature of acid rain and ozone pollution and discusses its causes and effects. Acid rain and ozone pollution are a form of pollution, which entails the release of gaseous and dust particles in quantities that destroy the integrity of the atmosphere and affect organisms in their respective habitats and ecosystems. The research paper examines the nature of acid rain and ozone pollution and discusses its causes and effects.

Acid Rain and Ozone Pollution Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Nature of Acid Rain and Ozone Pollution 3. Causes of Acid Rain and Ozone Pollution 4. Effects of Acid Rain and Ozone Pollution 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Pollution entails the introduction of substances into the environment in quantities that can change environmental conditions and in turn, harm organisms. Acid rain and ozone pollution are a form of pollution, which entails the release of gaseous and dust particles in quantities that destroy the integrity of the atmosphere and affect organisms in their respective habitats and ecosystems. Essentially, the atmosphere is an integral natural resource of the earth because it contains and maintains gases in appropriate proportions, which are essential for the survival of organisms in nature. In this case, the occurrence of acid rain and ozone pollution is due to the emission of gases in huge quantities, which have the capacity to pollute the air. Singh and Agrawal state that human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and natural causes such as volcanic eruptions release nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxides, and ozone, which are precursors of acid rain (15). These oxides combine with atmospheric water and form acid rain. Aggarwal et al. state that the interaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds contributes to the formation of terrestrial ozone, which is a pollutant responsible for global warming (1991). In this view, to enhance understanding of air pollution, the research paper examines the nature of acid rain and ozone pollution and subsequently discusses its causes and effects. The Nature of Acid Rain and Ozone Pollution Acid rain is a form of pollution characterized by the presence of nitric acid and sulfuric acid in the rain, snow, hailstones, dew, and fog. The presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere leads to the formation of acid rain. According to National Atmospheric Deposition Program, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sunlight, ozone, and water catalyze the conversion of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide into nitric acid and sulfuric acid, respectively (par. 2). These acids then accumulate in the atmosphere and fall to the earth’s surface as rain, snow, dew, fog, and hailstones. The amount of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is proportional to the number of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide that are present in the atmosphere (Singh and Agrawal 15). Hence, acid rain occurs when there are high proportions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. Ozone pollution is a form of air pollution, which occurs when the amount of ozone (O3) increases in the atmosphere. Although ozone that is present in the stratospheric layer is important because it protects humans and organisms against harmful ultra-violet radiation, its presence in the tropospheric layer is harmful. Aggarwal et al. argue that the presence of ozone in the tropospheric layer constitutes pollution because it acts as particulate matter that scatters sunlight, promotes absorption of ultra-violet radiation, and causes global warming (1990). Hence, terrestrial ozone is a very harmful pollutant to humanity and organisms. Causes of Acid Rain and Ozone Pollution Human activities and natural processes are the cause of acid rain. The human activities that emit nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are exhaust fumes from motor vehicles, industrial emissions from smelters and fossil fuels, and power stations that use fossil fuels (Singh and Agrawal 15). Given that exhaust fumes from motor vehicles and industrial emissions are common in urban centers, the emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxides are very high. National Atmospheric Deposition Program states that urban centers with high population density, automobile traffic, and industrial activities experience high levels of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emissions (par. 9). Natural sources of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are lightenings, oceans, and volcanic eruptions (Singh and Agrawal 15). However, these natural sources do not contribute significantly to acid rain. An increased amount of terrestrial ozone occurs due to human activities, which release nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. According to Aggarwal et al., motor vehicles, industries, and power plants burn fossil fuels and emit nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, which interact in the presence of ultra-violet radiation and lead to the formation of ozone (1990). The number of ozone peaks late in the afternoon after the emitted gases have absorbed enough heat to catalyze the formation of ozone. Effects of Acid Rain and Ozone Pollution Acid rain and ozone pollution have harmful effects on organisms because they have scorching effects on the leaves of plants. Given that acids have scorching effects, they destroy the integrity of the leaves and interfere with their functions. National Atmospheric Deposition Program states that acid damages leave and make them susceptible to environmental stresses and diseases (p. 12). Singh and Agrawal also indicate that ozone damages leave by causing desiccation and changing coloration (1992). The damaged leaves lose their physiological functions of photosynthesis and cause plants to experience retardation in their growth and development. The ability to regulate the loss of water is lost; hence, predisposing plants to physiological drought. Moreover, the scorching effects of acids destroy the protective membranes of plants and make them susceptible to diseases. Since organisms in the environment live within a narrow range of pH, acid rain causes a significant drop in the normal pH. Singh and Agrawal explain that acid rain causes acidification of water bodies and results in massive deaths of aquatic organisms such as fishes, amphibians, planktons, and microorganisms (18). A slight change in aquatic pH has deleterious effects on organisms because it affects their biochemical and physiological processes. A normal aquatic environment has a pH of 6.5 or more, but a few organisms can survive at a pH of 5; however, none can survive on a pH of less than 5 (National Atmospheric Deposition Program par. 15). Therefore, acid rain has the potential to kill all aquatic organisms if it occurs on a large scale. Acid rain also has a considerable impact on agriculture because it affects the availability of nutrients in the soil. National Atmospheric Deposition Program reports that acid rain lowers agricultural production by reducing soil nutrients, changing the proportion of chemicals in the soil, and killing important microbes in the soil (par. 16). Acid rain reduces soil nutrients because it dissolves and leaches them away. Singh and Agrawal’s state explain that acid rain reduces the pH of the soil and causes the liberation of cations such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which are important in the growth and development of plants (18). When leaching occurs, the proportion of nutrients in the soil reduces, while the proportion of toxic heavy metal increases. A decrease in pH harms microbes in the soil, hence, reducing the rate at which important microbial processes occur in the soil. Ozone is a greenhouse house gas, which has the capacity to cause global warming and affect the distribution of rainfall patterns in various places globally. Aggarwal et al. assert that the increased concentration of terrestrial ozone contributes to global warming because it has a greenhouse effect. Acid rain has harmful effects on humanity because it dissolves heavy metals and causes respiratory diseases. National Atmospheric Deposition Program states that acid rain pollutes water by dissolving lead and copper, which are harmful metals, and inhalation of acidic fog causes respiratory illnesses such as asthma (par. 19). Exposure to lead and copper causes mental and systemic illnesses. The elderly are prone to respiratory diseases owing to their aging respiratory system. Despite the fact that ozone in the stratosphere is protective against ultra-violet radiation from the sun, its presence in the troposphere is harmful to humanity and organisms. Ozone pollution has harmful effects on humanity because long-term exposure increases the occurrence of asthma, skin diseases, and lung cancer among individuals (“Green Facts: Air Pollution” par. 3). Aggarwal et al. argue that the combined effect of ozone and carbon monoxide causes acid rain and subsequently contributes to the damage of lung tissue (1990). In this view, acid rain and ozone pollution are responsible for the increasing cases of lung cancer and asthma. Given that acid has corroding effects, acid rain corrodes human structures. National Atmospheric Deposition Program reports that buildings, statues, monuments, vehicles, metallic structures, and tombstones corrode faster in acid rain than in normal rain (par. 21). In this case, acid rain hastens deterioration of human structures, and thus, reduces their longevity. Conclusion Acid rain and ozone pollution are the dominant forms of air pollution because they emanate from human activities. Emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide do not only lead to the formation of acid rain but also act as catalysts in the formation of ozone. The combined effect of acid rain and ozone leads to the destruction of terrestrial plants, death of aquatic organisms, reduced agricultural production, the emergence of human diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, and skin diseases, and deterioration of human structures. Therefore, acid rain and ozone pollution are public and environmental health issues that require effective mitigation measures. Works Cited Aggarwal, Anjali, Reeta Kumari, Neeti Mehla, Rishi Singh, Sonal Bhatnagar, Kameshwar Sharma, Kuldeep Sharma, Amit Vashishtha, and Brijesh Rathi. “Depletion of the ozone layer and its consequences: A review.” American Journal of Plant Sciences 4.10 (2013): 1990-1997. Print. Singh, Anita, and Madhoolika Agrawal. “Acid rain and its ecological consequences.” Journal of Environmental Biology 29.1(2008): 15-24. Print. National Atmospheric Deposition Program. Acid Rain. 2014. Web. Green Facts: Air Pollution Ozone 2015. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Activity transition in a learning environment refers to short-timed activities that help infants and toddlers as well as children between three and five years of age to move from one form of activity to the next. The transition activity can take different forms, for example, announcing to the children the next activity sometime before the onset of the first activity. When carried out on a daily basis, they become interesting thus avoiding a boring abrupt change from one activity to the next.

Activity transition in a learning environment refers to short-timed activities that help infants and toddlers as well as children between three and five years of age to move from one form of activity to the next. The transition activity can take different forms, for example, announcing to the children the next activity sometime before the onset of the first activity. When carried out on a daily basis, they become interesting thus avoiding a boring abrupt change from one activity to the next.

Activity Transition in Learning Environment Essay Activity transition in a learning environment refers to short-timed activities that help infants and toddlers as well as children between three and five years of age to move from one form of activity to the next (Mississippi State University Early Childhood Institute, 2010). The transition activity can take different forms, for example, announcing to the children the next activity sometime before the onset of the first activity. The following paper outlines the similarities and differences between activity transition among infants and toddlers and children aged between three and five years. It also discusses the transition strategies that can be applied to minimize disruption. Activity transitions among the groups mentioned above concur in a number of ways. First, the transition between different activities must be smooth (Ostrosky, 2008). Second, some of the methods of transition adopted for the two age groups are similar. Methods, such as greetings and farewells, are effective across the two groups (Barresi, 2009). Greeting children, when they arrive at school and bidding them farewell as they depart for home, are transition activities that can be applied to the two age groups. The third similarity is the use of songs and fingerplays (Ostrosky, 2008). Songs and fingerplays are techniques that can be used for children in the two groups effectively too. When carried out on a daily basis, they become interesting hence avoiding a boring abrupt change from one activity to the next. Transition activities can also differ between the two groups of children. The first difference is the period taken in carrying out the transition (Vogler, 2008). A transition activity among infants and toddlers would take longer than that among children of between 3 to 5 years as they are comparatively more personalized. For instance, a primary caregiver would need to greet each infant and take them in her or his arms, thereby taking a longer time, whereas, for the children between three and five years, the caregiver can assemble them and greet them as a group. Another difference is the form of transition activity adopted. Generally, it would be appropriate to use such methods as puppets to communicate change among children between 3 to 5 years. It might not work very well with the infants and toddlers who may not be able to decode the message of the puppet or maybe scared by it. The third difference is the manner of carrying out the change activity (Mississippi State University Early Childhood Institute, 2010). For infants and toddlers, it would require personal assistance in carrying out the activity while for children aged between three and five years issuing instructions followed by a little guidance is satisfactory. They may not require physical assistance. Various transition strategies can be applied to ensure little disruption. The first strategy is planning the schedule in such a way that there are few transitions (Ostrosky, 2008). This reduces the time wasted on waiting for a transition. The second strategy is providing verbal and nonverbal cues some minutes before transition (Barresi, 2009). Such techniques as ringing a bell, displaying drawings and pictures of the next activity or announcing “It is 5 minutes to lunch,” prepare children psychologically for the next activity, thereby facilitating a smooth transition. The third strategy is ensuring that enough time is allocated for each activity so as to allow children to finish their projects so that they are not frustrated by the time elapsing too soon, thus denying other children to participate. The fourth strategy is planning other side activities for children who finish their initial activities before others (Ostrosky, 2008). This will help avoid keeping them waiting idly. In conclusion, it is fundamental for teachers to adopt working transition strategies that will enable them to acquire calm and organized classrooms. When applied in an appropriate manner, transition activities can be converted into teachable moments, and children are also happy and cooperative. References Mississippi State University Early Childhood Institute (2010). Learning environments: Learning environments for infants and toddlers. Web. Barresi, J. (2009). Early Childhood/Family Education Programs. Oklahoma State Department of Education . Web. Ostrosky, M. J. (2008). Helping children make transitions between activities: What works brief training. New York: Nashville: Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning. Vogler, P. C. (2008). Early childhood transition research: A review of concepts, theory, and practice. Hague: The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the correlation between the wealth of citizens and the wealth of nations, as well as the importance of promoting beneficiation of citizens in order to develop a country.

The essay discusses the correlation between the wealth of citizens and the wealth of nations, as well as the importance of promoting beneficiation of citizens in order to develop a country.

Adam Smith’ Economics: Nation’s and Citizens Wealth Essay There are a great number of different states in the world. However, they are not equal. Some of the states are bigger. The other have more natural resources, while some of the countries have a great number of people living in it. Moreover, not all countries are equally rich. Unfortunately, only the minority of countries in the world can be called a prosperous state. Wealth of a country depends on the number of reasons, however, there is a tendency according to which the richer country – the better conditions its citizens have. Taking it into account, it is possible to analyze mutual dependence between the prosperity of citizens and the stage of development of a country and make some conclusions. Adam Smith stated that there is a direct correlation between the wealth of citizens and the wealth of nations (Smith 17). It is difficult not to agree with this statement. The first obvious argument to support this statement is that a person which has greater income will be able to pay higher taxes (Thorndike para. 4). Given in simplified manner, this statement is still very clear and fair. It is difficult to demand assignments to the budget from a person if he/she has nothing to eat. That is why, it is possible to suggest that the state should be interested in promoting beneficiation of its citizens as it will influence further development of this country. There is one more fact which could be given in order to support Adam Smiths statement. There is no use denying the fact that satisfied worker is a good worker (Tam para. 5). Unfortunately, not all employers use this principle in their work, preferring to intimidate or press a worker. However, it is obvious that being totally satisfied with his/her payment, a person will perform it much better and will not slack his work. Increase of the efficiency of work will lead to better outcomes for a plant which in its turn will lead to prosperity of the state. Moreover, satisfied worker can think about some other things expect the ways to earn money. He/she can promote development of culture or society. That is why this scheme is very simple and effective. However, there is also another point of view to this question. There is a tendency to assume that wealth of citizens of a country will not necessarily lead to prosperity of the state. These people do not see dependence between incomes of rich people and the condition of the economy of a state, underlining the fact that very often people, which had giant profits, do not pay taxes and are not useful for a state. Moreover, the tax burden becomes even worse for the rest of population of the country. Nevertheless, opponents of Adam Smiths point of view forget about the peculiarities of the epoch in which they live. It is necessary nowadays to create equal and prosperous society in which all wealth of the citizens will stimulate their further development. Having analyzed the data, it is possible to come to certain conclusions. Adam Smiths statement, made at the end of 18th century, has not lost its actuality. Every state should be interested in promoting beneficiation of its population as it will lead to further development of the state. Only rich and satisfied people can help a state to become powerful and develop its economy. art and culture. Works Cited Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. 1776. Web. Tam, Marylin. “ A Happy Worker Is a Productive Worker “. The Huffington Post . 2013. Web. Thorndike, Joseph. “ Why Raising Taxes On The Rich Is Important “. Forbes . 2014. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Tim Tebow is a controversial figure who is worth of real admiration because of his achievements and way of life. He is one of the most discussed athletes today.

Tim Tebow is a controversial figure who is worth of real admiration because of his achievements and way of life. He is one of the most discussed athletes today.

Admiration by Tim Tebow Essay Today there are many famous people who provoke the public’s strong positive and negative emotions and become the most discussed figures in society. The topic for the discussion can be celebrities’ activities, achievements, behavior, speeches, and many other aspects which become the focus of the public’s attention. The most controversial figures can evoke feelings in the range from admiration to hatred because they do not follow the social frames, but have their followers. Tim Tebow, a quarterback of the Denver Broncos, can be considered as such a famous person who is worth of real admiration because of his achievements and way of life and that is why he is one of the most discussed athletes today. Admiration is a strong feeling, which is usually provoked by the high assessment of one’s actions and behavior. Many athletes are admired by their fans because of their great sport achievements and that healthy way of life which they support and popularize. However, few of them became the topic of active discussions because of their definite viewpoints and beliefs. The figure of Tim Tebow is interesting because it is possible to accentuate his significant sports achievements along with his active social position and persuasions. Today many people agree that such persons as Tim Tebow can be admired and followed by the public. What are the reasons for such admiration? Nowadays, media and Internet focus more on the phenomenon of ‘tebowing’ than on the peculiarities of the athlete’s personality, which can explain his popularity as well as the public’s hatred to him. Tim Tebow is a good athlete and a famous Evangelist whose faith became the real issue. Many people who are not interested in sports know him as that person who prays kneeling on one knee before games, and this act is called ‘tebowing.’ Nevertheless, sport is only one side of his life. Few people know that he is involved in philanthropic activities and works with charity organizations. It is not the results of his beliefs, but just his vision of life. In spite of the fact many people argue Tim Tebow’s behavior and career’s achievements, it is possible to determine several aspects of his life which can prove the fact that such persons are worth the public’s admiring and following. Thus, Tim Tebow is famous because of his specific manner of playing, which differs from traditional norms. Being sure that such a style can lead to the best results, Tebow is not afraid to follow it. The style of playing is in interdependence with his life style. Tebow always goes his way without paying much attention to the public’s opinions, but with focusing on moral and religious principles. His following Christian traditions and norms are so obvious that people are inclined to consider this fact as a kind of provocation. Nevertheless, it is a personal choice to follow the religious norms or those rules imposed by media. In his turn, Tim Tebow does not impose his way of living on the others. It is not his task. He just lives the life he likes. Moreover, his life’s priorities are so simple that they are also discussed in spite of the fact that many persons follow the same ideas. Thus, Tebow considers faith as the key aspect of his life on which all his successes and achievements depend. Family is also of great importance, and only then he concentrates on his sports career as the way to play his role in society and be helpful to it. Tim Tebow is a man who tries to live a virtuous life which is based on his faith. He is also a great sportsman whose achievements attract the public’s attention. He has a lot of followers who are interested in his sport successes and who want to become such a strong personality as Tebow. Thus, Tim Tebow is worth admiring.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Adopting a child can be a very rewarding experience for both the child and the parent. There are many benefits to adoption, including providing a home for a child in need, helping to reduce the number of orphans in the world, and giving infertile couples the chance to become parents. Adopting a child can also be a challenging process, but the rewards are worth it in the end.

Adopting a child can be a very rewarding experience for both the child and the parent. There are many benefits to adoption, including providing a home for a child in need, helping to reduce the number of orphans in the world, and giving infertile couples the chance to become parents. Adopting a child can also be a challenging process, but the rewards are worth it in the end.

Adoption Process and Its Benefits Research Paper The world is currently home to about seven billion people. A significant portion of this number comprises orphans, children from street families and those from disadvantaged backgrounds. At the same time, millions of unplanned pregnancies occur across the world every year. Most of the children who are born from such pregnancies together with all categories of vulnerable children are potential beneficiaries of adoption. Meanwhile, there are thousands of people seeking to take in a child as their own all over the world. In America, research indicates that six out of every ten people have had a personal experience with adoption (Gebhardt 423). Thus, adoption is important because it gives children from disadvantaged backgrounds a chance to live normal lives while simultaneously helping infertile couples to become parents. Unfortunately, the legislations governing abortion are quite specific about who can adopt and who cannot. They, in effect, deter many people from adopting children, yet some of them could make good adoptive parents. Whereas some of these restrictions seek to ensure that adopted children move to better conditions, they do not serve the intended purpose all the time (Moye and Rinker 375). Adoption should not be based upon, whether the adopting family is black, white, green, purple, or whichever race there is. Rather, it should be based on an objective evaluation of each individual’s or family’s ability to give the adopted child a good life. The race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or even religion should not have any effect on the family a child is placed with because it is not plausible to rigidly assume that these characteristics define people. For example, while it is true that the average annual income of white families is higher than that of black families, it is not sensible to use this disparity as basis to conclude that black families do not have the financial capacity to adopt. Adoption gives a second chance to families that are going through difficulties and for some reason, cannot bear a child. Additionally, some families cannot afford the procedures necessary to conceive artificially and adoption becomes the easiest and most cost effective way to give them a child. Adoption gives such families the opportunity to become parents who can learn, grow with the child, and build special bonds (Farr and Patterson 189). The individual or family a child is placed with notwithstanding, they can still become a prodigy depending on how they are raised and the type of bonds shared with them. In addition, the morals and values the adoptive parent instills in the child are the real determinants of the person the child will become in the future. Many of America’s icons such as Jesse Jackson, Steve Jobs, John Lennon, Jamie Foxx, Marylyn Munroe, and Bill Clinton among numerous others grew up as adopted children. No one knows if they would have become the people America is so proud of today were it not for the opportunities that were availed to them by their adoptive parents. This assertion is not to be construed to mean that a child has to be adopted to make it big in life. Rather, it underscores the idea that through adoption, otherwise disadvantaged children are exposed to whole array of new possibilities, and if they are hardworking as most of them often turn out, there are no limits to what they can achieve. This trend is attributable to the idea that adopted children, tend to seek ways of pleasing their adoptive parents (Gebhardt 425). The results of that effort are dazzling achievements. As such, the issues that really matter and should be considered during adoption should be the parents’ ability to provide the right environment for the adoptee to grow in and become the person they were supposed to be in life. Adoptive parents should be able to develop healthy bonds with the adopted child because having a bond between children and parents is critical for holistic development. It is important for the adoptive family to make the child feel at home. This requirement is not easy to meet once the adoption process is complete. Therefore, it is important for adoptive parents to understand that adopting a child and caring for them until they are old enough to be independent is no mean task. The process begins with realizing that adoption can work for the family. This realization is crucial because sometimes adoption comes with challenges that if a family is not ready to go all out, they may give up on the child. The adoptive parents therefore have to be ready to care for a child who is not biologically theirs under any circumstance that may arise. Adoption agencies have guidelines and regulations that can give adoptive parents insight into how they should care for the child. It is however important that they conduct a thorough check including background checks before they allow anyone to adopt. Some bizarre cases have been reported where abusive adoptive parents initially pose as good people only to turn hostile and even sexually abusive after the adoption. These are realities that must not be ignored when dealing with adoption. However, with such eventualities in mind, it is an irrefutable fact that race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation do not have any influence on parenting skills. A parent with the right heart will do anything and everything for their child. They will provide the love and comfort that is needed at all times. They also need to have a sense of humor that can enable them to laugh through the difficult and stressful times that come with parenting. Further, a parent needs a sense of perspective. Successful adoptive parents are those who take one day at a time. They should be able to say, “Today was hell, but tomorrow is bound to be better.” Finally, adoptive parents should have a good support system including a team of friends and family members to support and help with the adopted child. Adopted children require affection and nurture to a level they have never received. It is essential that families greet the child with loving and welcoming arms and give them unconditional love because loving a child is the greatest gift that can ever be given to them, yet that is what they often lack before they are adopted. Looking at these requirements, it is apparent that they can be met without considering race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. Thus, these factors should not be a basis for granting or denying an adoption. Works Cited Farr, Rachel H., and Charlotte J. Patterson. “Transracial adoption by lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples: Who completes transracial adoptions and with what results?” Adoption Quarterly 12.3-4 (2009): 187-204. Print. Gebhardt, Georgia. “Hello Mommy And Daddy, How In The World Did They Let You Become My Parents?” Family Law Quarterly 46.3 (2012): 419-449. Academic Search Complete . Web. 26 Feb. 2015. Moye, Jim, and Roberta Rinker. “It’s a Hard Knock Life: Does the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 Adequately Address Problems in the Child Welfare System?.” Harv. J. on Legis. 39 (2002): 375. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the use of comparative analysis in research papers. a way to organize and present information. comparative analysis research paper A comparative analysis research paper is a type of research paper that uses comparative analysis as organize and present information. comparative analysis research paper This type of research paper is often used in the humanities, such as in literature or history, to compare and contrast different texts or periods of time.

The text discusses the use of comparative analysis in research papers. a way to organize and present information. comparative analysis research paper A comparative analysis research paper is a type of research paper that uses comparative analysis as organize and present information. comparative analysis research paper This type of research paper is often used in the humanities, such as in literature or history, to compare and contrast different texts or periods of time.

Advertisements Comparative Analysis Research Paper Advert 1: Tilescape Tilescape appears on the internet at ‘Fiveways Directory’ as a company that deals with tiles (The Fiveways Directory, 2014). The advert is printable, eye-catching, and it is obvious that the person who prepared the advert took superfluous time to put the pieces together. The space used for this advert is adequate because one can understand the functions of the “Tilescape.” The advert is targeting an audience in the digital world where the nature of the floor is sometimes enhanced by tiles to look more elegant and radiant. Tiles are associated with the aristocrats and individuals at the higher levels of the socioeconomic ladder. Advert 2: Cadillac Shield Cadillac Shield is the product advertised by this radio advert ( Cadillac Shield , 2014). Time used is one minute, and it aims at communicating the salient and most appealing characteristics of the product. The advertiser has used a combination of background sound and a deep voice to mimic the strength and efficacy of using the Cadillac Shield. This advert attempts to persuade the listener to use the Cadillac because of the mentioned benefits. As a result, it intends to influence the action of the audience through a social cognitive approach. Advert 3: Fiveways Fruits Fruits are being advertised here (The Fiveways Directory, 2014). The advert has used a limited amount of space on the webpage, and it is obvious that few minutes were taken to prepare it. This advert is plainly informative, largely aimed at creating awareness, or reminding its clients of the existence of fiveways fruits and the times when one can access them. The limited space consumed by this advert could be due to the fact that fiveways own the webpage, and it would make no economic sense to consume a lot of space when the company could use some for economic gain. Advert 4: Barfields Family Butchers This advert entails adequate details of the company, and its products and services (The Fiveways Directory, 2014). The advert is online, printable, and adequate time and space was used to prepare it. Barfields family butchers deal with all sorts of cooked meats, which they deliver free of charge. Social learning theory explains the use of the information provided and the picture that serves as a graphical representation of Barfields. The audience learns of the products provided and where to get them without many hustles. There is a demonstration of reciprocal determinism in the sense that the client benefits from getting the products at his or her doorstep while the company is likely to benefit from retention of clients. Advert 5: Practical English Programme This print advert in the guardian newspaper is merely a question of one’s competence in English (Meltzer, 2009). The question is so invoking that it prompts the reader to get answers on how to be perfect in English. It seems little time was spent preparing this advert, but it utilizes adequate space. The newspaper advert gives the reader a chance to evaluate their language proficiency and a solution on how to be perfect at it. English is an international language; thus, proficiency at it is imperative. It is, therefore, true that English is associated to universality. Beside the question is a half-portrait of a neat and smartly dressed man, and it seems there is an association between language proficiency and success. Advert 6: Whatever’s Comfortable Shampoo This advert is advertising a comfort shampoo that apparently creates a feeling of comfort and relaxation, and it runs for one minute (Hughes, 2013). In this TV advert, interaction among the parties involved takes place differently. In addition, there is some demonstration of roles. The advert is set up in a beauty shop, and the role of a hairdresser is to take care of people’s hair, which she does perfectly. The shampoo being advertised seems to improve her role as seen from the pleasure that emanates from the man being washed. Advert 7: Ultra Broadband The advert promotes the use of broadband, and it runs for one minute (Hughes, 2013). The TV commercial delineates the broadband as a reliable tool that connects one to the outside world. It embraces social interaction within the different segments of society. The TV commercial is thrilling and gives snapshots of the different dimensions of the society. This advert claims that the broadband can link someone to whatever is going on in the outside world without him or her having to move an inch. It is embracing technology, which links an individual to the world while still on his or her seat. Advert 8: Honda Hands The advert on Honda Hands promotes Honda products, and it runs for two minutes (Hughes, 2013). The TV commercial has utilized adequate time to show what intelligence and creativity can do. This TV commercial depicts objectification of the masculine hand to show strength of the Honda products. In addition, it indicates an evolution of products with time; hence, the products change and are presumed to get better with time. Advert 9: Barlette Homes Selling and buying of homes are the central messages of this radio advert (Awspromedia, 2010). The advert has adequately utilized time, running for one and a-half minutes, and it has described the most important details while buying or selling a house. The advert indicates the functions played by the different parties in the successful sale of a house. All these parties must collectively work together for the process to be complete. Advert 10: Jimmy Spices The Jimmy spices advert sells its name to the public, and it directs the public to the jimmy spices website (Awspromedia, 2010). This advert is very short, running for 20 seconds, and the listener can hardly tell what is being sold. This radio advert promotes the use of social networks that enable individuals to make wise and informed selections of the products they wish to get. References Awspromedia. (2010, May 25) . Radio Advert Examples [Video file]. Cadillac Shield: What Doesn’t it Do? (2014) [Radio Commercial]. Minneapolis, MN: Babble-On Recording Studios. Hughes, K. (Ed.) (2013). 30 top TV commercials . Meltzer, T. (2009). The advert just keeps going. The Guardian . The Fiveways Directory. (2014). Example Designs .

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Every organization has a profile that makes it stand out from the rest. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), the unique portfolio reflects the core objectives of the company. For instance, a firm dealing with household products has an outline that reflects the experiences of individuals within the homestead. As a result, the organization will be passing messages promoting social cohesion within the family. The message communicated by AES in the company's website revolves around energy (AES Corporation, 2014).

Every organization has a profile that makes it stand out from the rest. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), the unique portfolio reflects the core objectives of the company. For instance, a firm dealing with household products has an outline that reflects the experiences of individuals within the homestead. As a result, the organization will be passing messages promoting social cohesion within the family. The message communicated by AES in the company's website revolves around energy (AES Corporation, 2014).

AES Corporation’s Business Culture Essay Every organization has a profile that makes it stand out from the rest. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), the unique portfolio reflects the core objectives of the company. What this means is that the objectives are used to formulate the portfolio of operations. For instance, a firm dealing with household products has an outline that reflects the experiences of individuals within the homestead. Consequently, the organization will be passing messages promoting social cohesion within the family. The message communicated by AES in the company’s website revolves around energy (AES Corporation, 2014). More specifically, the company is promoting a culture of clean energy. AES has a number of subsidiaries involved in the generation of electricity. One of the objectives of the company is the provision of reliable services (AES Corporation, 2014). According to Cummings and Worley (2009), reliability enhances the success of a firm. AES is also promoted as a firm that is keen on environmental protection. To this end, its renewable power plan is illustrated as a key aspect of its unique portfolio. The global energy crisis needs creative solutions. The information obtained from the profile created by AES indicates that the company is intent on providing these answers to address the crisis (AES Corporation, 2014). Consequently, the company emerges as a ‘problem solver’. Cummings and Worley (2009) insist that when a firm is identified with a given strategy, loyalty from clients is enhanced. AES is depicted as an organization that is trusted by the consumers. Organizational Restructuring Organizations are established with the intention of achieving given objectives. Business operations are geared towards the achievement of these goals. The identified goals are realized with the help of cooperation from the individuals making up the organizational structure (Cummings & Worley, 2009). There are certain cases where organizations are faced with a number of challenges in the process of implementing their core strategies. Restructuring is one of the approaches adopted to address these challenges. Cummings and Worley (2009) are of the view that a total overhaul of the organizational structure is the only way to guarantee improved performance. One such company that underwent organizational restructuring is Kodak. Organizational Change at Kodak Type of change Kodak has carried out a partial restructuring of its organizational composition. More specifically, the company has come up with new departments to increase sales and improve on other aspects of its operations (Kodak, 2012). The development has seen managers being reassigned new roles within the organization. Such changes have a number of repercussions. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), a partial reorganization translates to expenses, which are incurred in the process of acquiring officers to head the new departments. The move is targeted at improving the overall performance of the entity. Analysis of the change The appointment of a new financial manager signals a departure from Kodak’s bloated expenditure. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), a limited restructuring is aimed at increasing the productivity of the company. According to the information obtained from the Kodak’s website, the expenditure problem was affecting profitability negatively. The restructuring was meant to address this and other problems facing the organization. The firm’s move to come up with new departments will ultimately solve the financial problems that are currently affecting its operations. Culture in an Organization A typical organization is characterized by a number of cultural elements. The reason is that the company is operating in an environment made up of people from different cultures. For example, a multinational is composed of employees from different parts of the world. In addition, the entity deals with customers and suppliers from varying socio-economic backgrounds. In light of this, it is important for an organization to take into consideration the impacts of culture on its operations. Coca Cola is such a multinational that has realized the importance of culture in its different undertakings around the world. The company is known for its significant contributions to corporate social responsibility ventures (CSR Wire, 2014). It is engaged in the provision of social services and other amenities aimed at helping neighboring communities. Many firms have realized that it is important to adopt a culture of corporate social responsibility in the process of conducting business. The aim is to make sure that members of the community become stakeholders in the running of the company. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), corporate social responsibility is a way through which organizations give back to the society. At Coca Cola, such a culture is cultivated within the organizational structure. Employees working for the company are encouraged to give back to their own communities. The developments have given rise to the company’s robust culture of corporate social responsibility. Firms can create a culture of their own by encouraging a similar practice within the internal organizational structure. Organizational Challenges There are a number of reasons why organizations are unable to fulfill their goals and objectives. The factors behind this failure range from one company to the other. The uniqueness of such issues depends on the industry the firm is operating in and the general dynamics of its undertakings. Many multi-national companies incur huge losses due to poor strategies formulated by the management. In addition, the losses can result from failure to implement existing strategies fully. For example, a misinformed plan to enter into a foreign market may lead to failure of the organization in the new market. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), it is important for contemporary organizations to ensure that their policies are adapted to the ‘ever changing’ business environment. Today’s entities are operating in an era characterized by significant technological developments. The developments give rise to a myriad of changes that the company has to adjust to. A suitable strategy may involve relying on innovative measures to ensure that the organization comes up with new products on a regular basis. The products are mean to meet the changing demands of consumers. What this means is that the organization can overcome the aforementioned challenges by embracing technology. The management should avoid temptations to fight the adoption of new operational structures. In the global arena, it is essential to insure assets needed to carry out business operations. Risks are another indication of challenges that firms face in today’s business world. Losses can be brought about by natural disasters. If a company is not insured, then it risks losing the very business that is expected to sustain its existence. According to Cummings and Worley (2009), companies must insure their assets as a precautionary measure. The international market is full of challenges, which creates the need to protect the assets held by the firm. References AES Corporation . (2014). A history of improving lives. CSR Wire. (2014). CSR profile of Coca-Cola Company, the. Cummings, T., & Worley, C. (2009). Organizational development and change (9th ed.). mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Kodak. (2012). Kodak makes organizational changes to align with restructuring plan.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses the development of African Christology and how it has evolved over the years. It also discusses the importance of African Christology in the region.Christology in an African Context Research PaperThe thesis statement of the text is that Christology is part of theology, which mainly deals with the person and works of Jesus Christ. Christianity depicts Jesus as an incarnation of God in a human body, hence resulting in a being that is a God-in-man. Such incarn

The text discusses the development of African Christology and how it has evolved over the years. It also discusses the importance of African Christology in the region. Christology in an African Context Research Paper The thesis statement of the text is that Christology is part of theology, which mainly deals with the person and works of Jesus Christ. Christianity depicts Jesus as an incarnation of God in a human body, hence resulting in a being that is a God-in-man. Such incarn

Christology in an African Context Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Thesis statement 2. Development of African Christology 3. Debate on the existence of African Christology 4. Evolution of African Christology 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Thesis statement Christology is part of theology, which mainly deals with the person and works of Jesus Christ. Christianity depicts Jesus as an incarnation of God in a human body, hence resulting in a being that is a God-in-man. Such incarnation helps in explaining the works of Christ that appear supernatural in comparison to the person of the man that biblical teachings describe. Over the years, different scholars have divided the study of the person and works of Christ into literature suited to specific regions to make Christianity relatable to people living in such regions. For instance, African Christology is a branch of Christology specific to African nations and their perceptions of the works and person of Christ and Christianity in general. Debates exist as to whether African Christology is plausible considering how most nations made their acquaintance with Christianity and their perceptions of the concept in association with traditions indigenous to various regions. This paper presents the thesis; although African Christology has diminished in significance over the years, the concept still exists, and it remains relevant in the region. The paper utilizes arguments from different scholars on the subject to prove the plausibility of the thesis. Development of African Christology In most African states, the introduction to Christianity came about as a direct result of the colonization process that took place mostly between the 1920s and the late 1990s. In most of these cases, Christianity was a means of attracting support and encouraging assimilation of foreigners into African territories, which later made it easier to rule most colonies. The majority of indigenous African population at the time was skeptical of the teachings that missionaries and colonial rulers proposed while spreading the gospel due to the already existent traditions at the time including worshiping other gods, social hierarchy, gender roles, economic, and political backgrounds (Stinton 32). For instance, explaining the incarnation of God into human form resulting in a God-made-human baffled most people as it went against the perception of any god as a supernatural being devoid of any vulnerability. Also, the explanation of the miraculous works that Jesus performed during his existence such as walking on water and calming a storm, in a context that an African would understand, was difficult due to the insinuation that a human could perform functions that defy logic. Therefore, most teachers had to elaborate on the person and works of Christ in ways that made sense such as Christ’s ability to solve problems that most other people would not understand (Antonio 15). These factors are some of the essential ones that led most preachers at the time to call for the development of teachings that the African community would easily relate with, especially about the works and person of Christ. Some of the major classifications of teachings that preachers adopted at the time that still apply to date as part of African Christology are concepts of Christ as a healer, liberator, master of initiation, son of God, and Christ as an ancestor. Although some of these concepts have evolved due to changes in societal structures and eradication of colonization, most of them remain relevant in creating a better understanding of the gospel from Christ as a person and the work he did (Antonio 22). In essence, missionaries focused on society’s problems and needs in introducing the gospel of Christ to the communities in ways that people could relate to ease the acceptance of Christian teachings and incorporate such teachings in the every-day lives of the indigenous communities. Debate on the existence of African Christology The debate on the existence of African Christology has over the years emanated from the question of whether Christianity is native to Africa or a concept that the western nations introduced to the continent during the colonial period. Various theologians have developed theories that explain the existence or lack of Christianity in traditional African societies before and after colonization. Scholars arguing against the existence of African Christology contend that Christianity, as a religion, was non-existent in African traditional societies before the nineteenth century, and thus the premise that African Christology does not exist (Moloney 505). However, numerous African theologians including John Mbiti, Charles Nyamiti, Anselm Sanon, and B. Bujo have defended the existence of African Christology through the development of themes explaining the relevance of the person of Christ and his works through traditional African religious practices. One such theme is the perception of Christ as an ancestor. According to author Raymond Moloney, the concept of the existence of ancestors is one of the most deeply rooted African religious beliefs, albeit with different variations depending on the region of origin. In his view, Africans believe that ancestors are human beings who die and transcend into another dimension to act as mediators between human beings on earth and a supreme being. He notes that the presumption of the existence of ancestors in most African cultures has led to the development of religious practices such as offering of sacrifices and libations to appease such ancestors in the hope of mediation for issues raised to the Supreme Being. Moloney states that African religious practices present ancestors as exalted beings in the same fashion as saints in Catholic beliefs (508). The similarities between the ancestors in African religious beliefs and Christ, according to the gospel, lie in their function about mediation between human beings and God. Secondly, the methods in which ancestors transcend into their new dimension and Christ into his, according to Christians, bear uncanny resemblance (Moloney 509). In both instances, the ancestor in human form dies then gains the supernatural ability to perform the task of mediator between God and man. Moloney states that the main difference between African and Jewish beliefs about the function of Christ and ancestors as mediators is that the Jews base their beliefs on the divinity of Christ while Africans do not apply such consideration to ancestors in their roles as mediators (515). In the case of Africans, such divinity is a preserve for the Supreme Being, and it creates the difference between the roles of these persons. Aylward Shorter is one of the scholars that present criticism for this theory through comparison with classical Christian beliefs on the same. According to Shorter, the role of Christ as a mediator in the way that St. Thomas presents it lays the basis on the belief that Christ was a human being, but he also possessed the element of divinity as an incarnation of God in human form (92). In the case of ancestors, the individuals thought to fit the role are purely mortal, thus bringing to doubt their ability to mediate between God and other human beings. This difference in theoretical elements with the classical version of the gospel’s definition of Christ’s work and person is part of the main reason why Aylward Shorter expresses doubt in the existence of African Christology (Griffiths 37). Shorter expresses the opinion that for African Christology to gain authenticity, the concept has to be indigenous rather than introduced into the community by other people (105). He views the introduction of Christianity as a marker that the concept of African Christology does not originate from the continent, and thus it does not exist. However, such a theory does not take into consideration the involvement of some states in the continent in the development of the Old Testament story, thus creating a link between the events in that period in time and those in the New Testament by creating a legitimate claim of authenticity for African Christology. Another theme that theologians propose in support of African Christology is the concept of initiation. Catholic bishop, Anselm Sanon, creates a link between Christ and African initiation rites in his bid to prove the existence of African Christology. According to Sanon, initiation is an important aspect of African culture that marks the transition into different stages of life, including birth, puberty, marriage, and death (Moloney 511). The similarities between the initiation rituals in the African society and those in the gospel about the life of Christ make the teachings in the gospel more relatable to the African community. One example of initiation rituals that are common in both the classical teachings on Christology and African society is circumcision (Moloney 507). According to the Jewish customs, the performance of circumcision occurs on every male child a few days after birth as an indication of joining the society. The tradition dates back to the Old Testament, and its practice carries on as part of Jewish identity. In the same light, most African societies perform circumcision, albeit for different purposes from the classical Jewish tradition. Most African societies perform circumcision as a rite of passage from childhood into adulthood, which often occurs during puberty. Although circumcision in the Jewish society takes the form of removal of the foreskin from male genitalia, African communities apply varying methods including removal of teeth, as is the case with the Luo community residents in regions of East Africa. However, the idea behind whichever method applicable in any scenario is assimilation into society. According to Moloney, Christ underwent initiation “into the fullness of God’s plan by being brought to the perfection spoken of in Hebrews 5:9 and 7:28” (506). He explains that this initiation into God’s perfect plan for humanity is especially evident during his death and resurrection. He also states that theologian Benezet Bujo presents the opinion that through the transition rituals during the death and resurrection of Christ, Christ transforms into an elder brother as per Romans 8:29, living in his Father’s house as stated in Luke 2:49 and that it is through this process that he makes other children of the same household (Moloney 507). William Placher, in his work Narratives of a Vulnerable God, states that the concept of incorporation into a divine family is part of the appeal of Christianity to Africans and a concept that theologians include in their explanation of the existence of African Christology (Placher 67). The existence of initiation rituals in both the African society and the traditional Jewish society that forms the basis of Christian teachings and subsequent development of Christology proves the plausibility of the existence of African Christology. The third theme of choice for theologians seeking to prove the existence of African Christology is the concept of Christ, the healer. According to the gospel, Jesus performed various miracles during his lifetime, which contributes to the presence of humanity in his person and an example of his various tasks during his lifetime (O’Collins 41). Congolese author, Buana Kibongi, and scholar, Cece Kolie, point out similarities between Christ’s function as a healer and those of traditional healers in African societies- most of whom take the form of witchdoctors (Shorter 116). Shorter uses the term ‘nganga,’ a term used in West Africa to describe a witchdoctor, traditional healer, or medicine man. According to Kibongi, the theme of Christ as a healer bears significant impact on spreading Christianity throughout Africa because health issues form part of the major concerns that most Africans have, regardless of their region of origin (Moloney 508). Since time immemorial, the world has had a bleak picture of Africa as a continent due to various problems that remain a burden to the continent even to date, including poverty, diseases, and poor infrastructural developments. For these reasons, some western nations refer to the continent as ‘the dark continent.’ Benezet Bujo states that to most Africans, “God is, above all, the God of life in its fullness and the principle function of religion is to liberate man and woman from all that threatens their life” (Moloney 508). Moloney contributes further to this point by stating his opinion that the gospel presents an integrated approach to healing from the Lord, which comprises five levels of healing, viz. physical, emotional, psychological, social, and religious healing. The wholesome approach in which Christianity presents the aspect of healing of one of Christ’s abilities makes the acceptance of Christianity in the African community attractive, especially about the environment the community lives in. Although some theologians disagree with the perception of Christ as a ‘witchdoctor,’ Shorter reiterates that such a perception has significant importance in aiding the indigenous population understand the gospel and connect the works of Christ to their daily lives (120). Even though the traditional perception of the miracles of Jesus emanates from his divinity, the outcomes of such miracles reflect certain similarities to works of witchdoctors in African society. However, Moloney notes that over the years, the holistic nature of the integrated healing power of Christ has faded to some extent due to developments in science (512). Currently, most people in nations outside Africa view the potential healing power of Christ as limited to what science cannot fix. For this reason, some individuals regard such healing relevant to moral and religious problems, but not very applicable to physical problems. Moloney faults the church for concentrating on the moral and religious aspects of Christianity and leaving the physical, emotional, and psychological healing to professionals, thus creating a substandard image of the healing power of Christ presented in classic teachings of Christianity (513). An analysis of these arguments reveals that the authors agree to the existence of African Christology, albeit it is different from the traditional forms of Christology mostly presented through Jewish traditions. The chief point of African Christology is to present Christianity to the African population through concepts to which people can relate. The fact that these concepts do not match the traditional concepts of Christology, such as Christ being the Son of Man does not mean that the concept of African Christology is faulty. Therefore, reference of Christ as a witchdoctor rightfully serves the purpose of enabling people to connect with Christian teachings. Evolution of African Christology There have been significant changes to African Christology over the last two centuries, hence bringing to doubt the existence of African Christology as an independent form of Christology and not a concept adopted from Western nations. Some of these changes include the adoption of certain practices through globalization, thus resulting in striking similarities between African Christological practices and those from other regions (Griffiths 86). The adoption of advanced medical interventions for health problems is one such change that has altered some of the African traditions practiced during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries such as witchcraft. However, it is worth noting that such changes in the African culture, perceptions of Christianity, and practice of African Christology do not negate the existence of African Christology as a whole. Most of these changes occur as adaptations to changes in the environment, and African Christological teachings have had to adapt similarly. African Christology currently bears significant similarities with other contemporary forms of Christology, but the teachings remain essentially different in conformity with African culture. For instance, even though most people place a lot of trust in modern medicine, Africans still believe in the holistic and integrated healing ability of Christ. Conclusion Similarities between African Christology and other contemporary forms of Christology do not negate its existence. Also, the origin of the concept does not necessarily negate the authenticity of its existence, as explained by the different authors featured in this paper. Although the concept has undergone various changes over the past two centuries, the essence of the concept remains the same to date. Works Cited Antonio, Edward. Inculturation and Postcolonial Discourse in African Theology, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2006. Print. Griffiths, Paul. Christianity through Non-Christian Eyes (Faith Meets Faith Series), London: Orbis Books, 1990. Print. Moloney, Raymond. “African Christology.” Theological Studies 48.1 (1987): 505-515. Print. O’Collins, Gerald. Christology: A Biblical, Historical and Systematic study of Jesus, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Placher, William. Narratives of a Vulnerable God: Christ, theology and scripture, Louisville: John Knox Press, 1994. Print. Shorter, Aylward. African Christian Theology: Adaptation or Incarnation, London: Orbis Books, 1977. Print. Stinton, Diane. Jesus of Africa: voices of contemporary African Christology, London: Orbis Books, 2004. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The author of this essay analyzes the African scam letters - a form of advanced fee fraud that has been around for many years. These letters promise high financial benefits to their recipient, but in case of response, a victim of this fraud will be involved in a financial gamble that will come at a high cost to him. The author concludes that it is the language ideology that plays the most important role in a victims persuasion.

The author of this essay analyzes the African scam letters - a form of advanced fee fraud that has been around for many years. These letters promise high financial benefits to their recipient, but in case of response, a victim of this fraud will be involved in a financial gamble that will come at a high cost to him. The author concludes that it is the language ideology that plays the most important role in a victims persuasion.

African Scam Letters’ Linguistic Anthropology Essay In his article, Ottenheimer resorts to the analysis of the advanced fee fraud, which is known as African scam letters. There is hardly a person who has never received such kind of a letter. As a rule, their authors impersonate themselves for other persons, introducing themselves as princes, sheiks, high officials or royals. These letters promise high financial benefits to their recipient. However, in case of response, a victim of this fraud will be involved in a financial gamble that will come at a high cost to him. As a rule, these letters refer to megabuck, which cannot be obtained without the recipient’s assistance. All what is needed is to send a small sum of money and the sender of the letter will reward the recipients with fabulous wealth. It goes without saying that the victim will never see the promised bounty. The scenario may be different but the sense is always the same. The first cases of this fraud have been fixed in Nigeria during the economic crisis of the 1980 th. In a course of time, the level of the organization of this fraud has increased. Nowadays a victim may be introduced to nonexistent business partners or he may be invited for a business meeting in an office of a reliable company. In spite of the fact that this type of the fraud is widely spread all over the world and the majority of people know about its existence, material losses caused by this affair are thumping. In his article, the author investigates different examples of such letters and he concludes that their success is predetermined by their African character. The author has made this conclusion after the identification of the origin of these letters. It has been found out that the majority of letters, which have pretended to be from Africa, have been sent from other countries. While describing different methods used by the scammers in order to persuade their potential victims, the author distinguishes between several perspectives. They are social engineering, investment scamming and linguistic ideology. In his article, the author states that practically in every letter a combination of these three perspectives may be found. Nevertheless, the author is convinced that it is the language ideology that plays the most important role in a victims persuasion. Ottenheimer resorts to the analysis of different stylistic means that are used by scammers in order to create the illusion of the African origin of these letters. For instance, some letter are overfilled with spelling mistakes, while others are littered with complicated words that are rarely used in conversational language. As a rule, the originators of such letter resort to odd capitalizations where they are unnecessary. Words in the letters may be spelled perfectly but there are many examples of strange elisions. In order to create an illusion of the formal African speech, the authors resort to an inappropriate word order. The essential feature, which is typical practically for every letter of this kind, is an absence of contractions. Ottenheimer states that the avoidance of contractions is associated with the speech of an African from a noble royal family. Moreover, this kind of letters is characterized with an overuse of infinitives in places where they should not be used. All these linguistic peculiarities are used in order to make the reader believe that this letter has been sent from Africa. Ottenheimer states that in western countries, especially in the USA, there is a prejudice created by mass media, that Africa is a country of the contrast between the extreme poverty and overabundance. This success of the African scam letters is explained by a false opinion of their victims that they are assisting primitive people who are ignorant of dealing with large sums of money.

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Write an essay about: Dickenson's "After a Great Pain" poem addresses the universal theme of healing after suffering. The process of recovery from pain and grief is a common experience for every human being and as a result, it is easy for readers to relate to the poem's context. Dickenson describes how the aftermath of pain numbs, and "the Nerves sit ceremonious, like Tombs" (2). She explains the feelings of nearly indifferent surprise, that someone could survive such suffering.

Dickenson's "After a Great Pain" poem addresses the universal theme of healing after suffering. The process of recovery from pain and grief is a common experience for every human being and as a result, it is easy for readers to relate to the poem's context. Dickenson describes how the aftermath of pain numbs, and "the Nerves sit ceremonious, like Tombs" (2). She explains the feelings of nearly indifferent surprise, that someone could survive such suffering.

“After a Great Pain” by Emily Dickenson Essay Of the many poems for which Dickenson was revered, “After a Great Pain” holds singular meaning for both her fans and critics. The reason for this can be attributed to the fact that, it addresses the universal theme of healing after suffering. The process of recovery from pain and grief is a common experience for every human being and as a result, it is easy for readers to relate to the poem’s context. Some analysts estimate the poem was composed, either during, or near the end of the civil war and they claim she may have been inspired by the prevailing events. Considering the historical backdrop in which she wrote, it is not surprising that she should address suffering and healing since the first was prevalent, and the second badly needed. Dickenson describes how the aftermath of pain numbs, and “the Nerves sit ceremonious, like Tombs” (2). She explains the feelings of nearly indifferent surprise, that someone could survive such suffering. Almost clinically, she pictures the chill that comes before one ultimately heals and moves on, discarding their pain to embrace new memories. Although her description evokes a romantic atmosphere around the post-pain blues, the poem is rather prosaic, perhaps even mechanical in its correctness. The war was extremely bloody, and there was fighting all around her, which could explain why she focuses on pain. However, unlike her contemporaries who drew inspiration and even legitimacy from taking part in the war she had little interest in life beyond her family and friends. Some critics claim that While Whitman, another literary great of her time eulogized the fallen, Dickenson wrote about war from a distance. People tend to talk about Dickenson as if she were a solitary literary genius, who lived the stereotypical quite life, probably to help her write better. However, she led an ordinary life in Amherst, typical for a woman in her time, in everything save for her spinsterhood (Bennett 9). It is likely that the myths about her emerged as people tried to rationalize how such a great poet could have escaped public notice. However, this is explicable by virtue of the fact that most of her poems were only published after her demise (Bennett 25). In Dickenson’s lifetime, the country was threatening to split asunder and there were chaos and anarchy, inevitably resulting in pain and suffering. Although she does not directly mention death, she alludes to it in a simile in the second line where she compares nerves to tombs. In addition, considering the way the pain is described, it is clearly not physical since the suffering that follows it sounds similar to the experience of losing a loved one. In addition, the pictured recovery process does not allude to a hurting body but a mind, the persona’s feet are described as “mechanical, go round – A Wooden way” (5). From this, one can surmise that physiologically, all is well and the suffering is emotional. The connection between suffering and the ongoing, or recently finished war is further enhanced by her metaphorical allusion to bullets as “lead”. “This is the hour of lead” (10). The poem cuts across multitudes of other themes and contexts and is open to various interpretations, based on the perspective of a particular audience. To a bereft person, it provides comfort and hope, same as it would to a brokenhearted one. A contemporary psychologist may consider the poem’s breakdown of pain into three stages to be a frame for a coping mechanism. Dickenson appears to categorize stages of grief in order from, pain, numbness, and recovery, which are in tandem with many psychological theories. While little is known about her personal or romantic life, it is likely Dickenson either had some experience with grief or spent time observing and contemplating the subject. She strives to prove that, suffering and pain are only temporary and they ultimately end as people move on with their lives. Suffering is metaphorically described as a chill, whose memory fades from the mind as time goes by until it is completely forgotten. However, in this regard, Dickenson presumes all pain to be temporary, which is neither accurate nor practical. Sometimes, people suffer a loss and carry the pain with them for a lifetime, although these are rare cases. Naturally, humans tend to forget, sometimes even repress, painful experiences, which helps with the recovery process. Conclusion While her motivation for writing this particular poem remains unclear, it highly probable it was inspired by the violent times in which she lived. She could have composed it while thinking about the thousands who lost their loved ones in the fighting or even reflecting on her own losses. (Bloom 179). Like most of her work, Dickenson’s poetry is both timeless and transcendent, which accounts for its unrelenting relevance. In this poem, she stirs the audience to reflect on the universal feelings of suffering and the healing that follows, reminding them that in matters of emotional pain, only time can heal. Works Cited Bennett, Paula. Dickenson Dickinson: woman poet . Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 1990. Bloom, Harold, ed. Dickenson Dickinson . New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008. Dickinson, Dickenson. The Poems of Dickenson Dickinson . New York: Start Publishing LLC, 2012.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The text compares the production processes of the Airbus and Boeing companies, discussing how both have engaged in production wars by taking the least time possible to manufacture their aircraft. The text also talks about how outsourcing has been a popular production practice for both companies, and how it has led to myriads of production challenges, including long delays and overruns in terms of costs.

The text compares the production processes of the Airbus and Boeing companies, discussing how both have engaged in production wars by taking the least time possible to manufacture their aircraft. The text also talks about how outsourcing has been a popular production practice for both companies, and how it has led to myriads of production challenges, including long delays and overruns in terms of costs.

Airbus and Boeing Companies Comparison Case Case Study Production processes To begin with, both aerospace companies have engaged in production wars by taking the least time possible to manufacture their aircraft. This notion is also aimed at producing as many planes as possible in order to improve sales volume and secure a larger market share. For example, the Airbus aerospace company presently manufactures the A320 series at a speed of forty-two aircraft per month. On the other hand, the rate at which the A330 series is produced is ten aircraft per month, while three aircraft are manufactured every month for the A380 series. Within the next three years or so, the company is aiming to increase the production of the A380 series to ten per month. In addition, the company is currently pondering over the possibility of starting a new line of products known as the A350 series. On the other hand, the 737 series from the Boeing Company is currently manufactured at a rate of 42 aircraft per month. 8.3 per month is the rate for the 777, while the 747-8F is manufactured at a speed of 1.75 per month. As can be seen from the above comparison, Boeing has a higher production rate than Airbus. This partially explains why Boeing remains the largest market shareholder in the aerospace industry. However, the company needs to probably reduce its production and focus more on quality so that the recent spates of mechanical problems reported by various airline companies can be eliminated. Besides, it is pertinent to mention that the production rates for aircraft in both companies have apparently strained the supply chain procedures. Both manufacturers have always geared up for large jetliners without considering the side effects in the supply chain processes. Outsourcing is yet another production feature of the two airline companies. The past few years have witnessed both companies outsourcing parts and materials before eventually assembling their jets. Supplies management, parts, and design are some of the aspects outsourced by the two manufacturers. While outsourcing has been a popular production practice for Boeing, it has equally led to myriads of production challenges, including long delays and overruns in terms of costs. As of 2013, Boeing was still struggling to complete a fleet of about forty Dreamliners. Clients are now expected to receive their orders almost three years late. Although outsourcing was meant to lower the cost of production, the unforeseen effects have derailed the production process at Boeing. The Airbus Company also suffered a similar challenge: delays and unnecessary costs after being disappointed by suppliers. Airbus has opted to collaborate closely with its suppliers in order to facilitate smooth coordination throughout the process of production. Contactors are also assisted by engineers dispatched from the Airbus Company. Proposed Business Process Management (BPM) for Boeing Any BPM proposed for the aerospace company Boeing should keenly examine and manage processes that are currently executed at the company. These processes may range from production, storage, marketing, distribution, and sales. Boeing needs a BPM because it is currently facing production (delays) and quality crises. As it stands now, the company lacks an effective monitoring phase in the BPM of its production. There is a need to track individual processes of production (such as outsourcing, assembling deadlines, dispatch of orders, delivery of supplies, and so on). Statistics on the performance of each process is necessary. The quality challenges noted in the Boeing Jetliners have been occasioned by poor monitoring of processes. A slight omission of a production process leads to poor quality. Monitoring will also improve the pace of processing orders from customers. At the people phase, the company should appraise the productivity of its employees on a regular basis alongside providing incentives to its labor force as part of the motivation. The people phase, viable tools, and methods should be availed to employees so that they can reduce defect rate and cycle time during production.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The accident involving Flight 1420 that occurred on June 1, 1999, should not have happened. The flight crew had two human factor failure attributes. First, the responsible parties took the wrong approach to land under bad weather. Second, the flight crew made a skill-based error by failing to deploy the spoilers for a safe landing.

The accident involving Flight 1420 that occurred on June 1, 1999, should not have happened. The flight crew had two human factor failure attributes. First, the responsible parties took the wrong approach to land under bad weather. Second, the flight crew made a skill-based error by failing to deploy the spoilers for a safe landing.

Aircraft Accident and Human Factor Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Key human factor failure 4. Conclusion 5. References Abstract The accident involving Flight 1420 that occurred on June 1, 1999, should not have happened. The flight crew had two human factor failure attributes. First, the responsible parties took the wrong approach to land under bad weather. Second, the flight crew made a skill-based error by failing to deploy the spoilers for a safe landing. The two errors fall under the first level of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Introduction Aircraft accidents are rare, which makes this mode of transport the safest in contemporary times. However, aircraft accidents occur in some cases. According to the HFACS, such accidents occur due to a number of issues like organizational influences, unsafe acts, unsafe supervision, and preconditions for unsafe acts (Wiegmann & Shappell, 2003). This paper is an analysis of an aircraft accident that occurred on June 1, 1999, at Little Rock, Arkansas. The accident involved Flight 1420. Key human factor failure The most outstanding human factor failure is decision error, which falls under the broad category of the HFACS’ level 1 of unsafe acts. This human factor failure lies under the error subdivision. After the “second wind shear alert was received, the flight crew should have recognized that the approach to runway 4R should not continue because the maximum crosswind component for conducting the landing had been exceeded” (National Transportation Safety Board, 2001, p. 167). Therefore, the cause, in this case, was the crew’s failure to make the appropriate decision to avoid landing under bad weather. Initially, the weather was favorable, and arguably, the flight crew had all the reasons to believe that they could get to the runway before the thunderstorm. However, the thunderstorm escalated rapidly, and at this point, the flight crew should have changed their course of action. Unfortunately, the crew did not make this critical decision, which led to the accident. The second human factor failure is a skill-based error, which also falls under unsafe acts. Investigations revealed that the spoilers failed to deploy automatically because the “reverted rubber hydroplaning did not occur during the accident airplane’s landing rollout as the spoiler handle was not armed by either pilot before landing” (National Transportation Safety Board, 2001, p. 167). This aspect reveals a lack of requisite skills to handle such a scenario. Conventionally, spoilers play a critical role in landing, and they should deploy in advance for safe landing (Collins, 2013). Therefore, the cause, in this case, was the pilots’ inability to spread the spoilers. The effect of this shortcoming was the resultant runway overrun of the aircraft. The report concludes, “The lack of spoiler deployment was the single most important factor in the flight crew’s inability to stop the accident airplane within the available runway length” (National Transportation Safety Board, 2001, p. 168). If the crew had the requisite skills, they could have surmounted the rough weather challenge to land the aircraft safely. The decision error to land under bad weather probably created panic, which unveiled the flight crew’s lack of skills to handle such a situation. Therefore, the chain started with poor decision making, which led to improper handling of the aircraft during landing, thus ultimately causing an accident. Conclusion Even though air transport is the safest mode of transport in the 21 st Century, aircraft accidents occur at times. The American Airlines Flight 1420 runway overrun during landing happened due to two major human factor failures. The two factors fall under level 1 of the HFACS, viz. decision errors, and skill-based errors, which are categorized under the errors section. The flight crew should have changed their approach after realizing that the thunderstorm had escalated faster than expected. In addition, the crew should have followed the set landing protocols. References Collins, M. (2013). Intentional Safety: A Reflection on Unsafe Flight. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris LLC. National Transportation Safety Board. (2001). Runway Overrun during Landing, American Airlines Flight 1420, McDonnell Douglas MD-82, N215AA, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1, 1999 : Aircraft Accident Report NTSB/AAR-01/02 . Washington, DC: NTSB. Wiegmann, D., & Shappell, S. (2003). A Human Error Approach to Aviation Accident Analysis: The Human Factors Analysis and Classification System. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Aircraft instrumentation and systems report discusses the importance of aircraft instruments and how they work. The report also covers more complex systems such as the instrument landing system and the auto-pilot system.

Aircraft instrumentation and systems report discusses the importance of aircraft instruments and how they work. The report also covers more complex systems such as the instrument landing system and the auto-pilot system.

Aircraft Instrumentation and Systems Report Abstract Aircraft have been part of our lives for a very long time. Although we might not be dealing with aircraft on a daily basis, most of us, at some point in our life, will use an aircraft to travel from one destination to another. The purpose of this report is to explore aircraft instrumentation and system. This report gives us an insight into some of the basic flight instruments in an aircraft, also known as the “six-pack” and their operating principles. The report further goes on to discuss navigation systems such as the Instrument Landing System (ILS). Introduction Aircraft have various navigation instruments depending on their categories. These instruments range from the fundamental instruments to highly developed and complex systems of contemporary airlines and fighter jets (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 2). The last decades have seen an increase in the number of aircraft instruments and systems. The initial experimental aircraft had no instruments. As a matter of fact, a magnetic compass was one of the first instruments to be introduced. When air travel became more than mere experimentation, a few engine indicators were introduced. They were followed by the altimeter, speed indicators, and, soon after, aircraft systems meant to help the pilots during the long journey were introduced (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 3). Many airline passengers often wonder how the aircraft flies and what it uses to determine the altitude and direction. This forms the basis of this report. The report will explore the instrumentation used in aircraft and flight instruments. Many basic flight instruments will be discussed, for instance, the airspeed indicator and magnetic compass. In addition, some vital concepts, for example, the pitot-static system and the vacuum gyro system, will also be explored. The report will also cover more complex systems such as the instrument landing system and the auto-pilot system, among others. Through these discussions, hopefully, we will be able to understand the significance of the instruments and systems in the aircraft and the entire aviation industry. Flight Instruments Nearly all the aircraft instruments are assembled in the cabin panels. They are visible and plausibly set. Differentiating aircraft instruments from avionic systems is somehow not easy because most of them are usually linked to one another. Based on the conventional definitions, the most common flight instruments include magnetic compass, altimeter, airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator, gyroscopes (altitude gyro, turn rate gyro, directional gyro), and turn coordinator (Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 1). These instruments provide crucial information to the crew members, which include aircraft’s speed and altitude. The crew members must be able to understand and identify any fault linked to these instruments. Generally, instruments are used when there is poor visibility, mainly attributed to bad weather (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 3). The basic aircraft instruments constitute what is generally referred to as the six-pack instruments. These are airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter, turn coordinator, gyroscope, and vertical speed indicator (Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 1). Figure 1 illustrates a characteristic “six-pack” as they appear in the cockpit. The instruments are numbered as follows: 1. Air Speed Indicator, 2. Altitude Indicator, 3. Altimeter, 4. Turn Coordinator, 5. Directional Gyro, 6. Vertical Speed Indicator. Figure 1: Six-pack flight instruments Magnetic Compass A magnetic compass is among the earliest aircraft instruments. Given the fact that the earth produces a considerable magnetic field, this instrument can be used to establish flight direction. The compass indicates the aircraft’s direction with respect to the earth’s magnetic field (Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 2). However, the magnetic compass also has a number of weaknesses. The first weakness is because of the orientation of the magnetic influx lines closer to the magnetic poles, that is, at high latitudes. As a matter of fact, these regions tend to be more parallel to the surface of the earth since they conjoin towards the poles. For that reason, compass needles are indecipherable at high latitudes. This inaccuracy is often known as the “dip error” and can be corrected by changing the needle above its center of gravity (Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 3). The above correction can also result in another error, that is, the error of inertia forces, which always force the needle to move backward and forwards. Nonetheless, this error can also be compensated by immersing the equipment in a liquid. The liquid used is normally a mixture of oil and alcohol. Another error that is common with a magnetic compass is declination error. This error is attributed to incongruence between the magnetic axis and the earth’s geological axis. The magnetic flux lines are often upset by the subversive mineral components. This error can be corrected by understanding the flight area’s declination. This is always provided on the flight maps and manuals (Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 3). Last but not least, the variation in the needle can also be caused by other aircraft components. This includes metallic components and electrical systems. Such deviations are always monitored while the aircraft is still on the ground and can be corrected by introducing a compensating magnet. The compensating magnet reports any form of deviation. The current aircraft systems are based on magnetic compass and gyroscopes (Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 3). The Altimeter This is an instrument used to gauge the aircraft’s altitude based on the atmospheric pressure and temperature. This is because the barometric measurements are derived from atmospheric pressure. The pressure measurements are compared to the predetermined value of pressure and temperature. The temperature of a stable air has been tentatively found to decline as the altitude increases at a rate of 6.5 degrees Celsius per kilometer (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 4). The altimeter measurements are very significant since they indicate how high the aircraft is above the ground, mountain tops, tall buildings, and telecommunication towers, among other objects (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 4). High altitude has also been associated with Hypoxia. Hypoxia is defined as a deficiency of oxygen in the body tissues or simply oxygen starvation. The precaution and cure for hypoxia in the aerial environment can be achieved in two fundamental ways: providing enough oxygen and by flying an aircraft at a relatively low altitude. Unluckily, it is normally not possible to accomplish both. Aircraft pilots are always required to fly at secure altitudes because of weather and terrain. For this reason, the medical escort is supposed to exchange a few words with pilots before and during flights regarding the impact of elevation. They should advise the pilot on the best altitude to fly the plane based on the altimeter readings (Ghosh & Pant, 2010, p. 8). In small aircraft, an altimeter is only used to measure atmospheric pressure. This is because the pressure changes with altitude. However, air pressure and temperature may be affected by weather changes. This is why the altimeter reading is always compared with the predetermined values, which indicate the actual height above the sea level. Therefore, an altimeter is a very important instrument in the aircraft (Edexcel Limited, 2009, p. 2; Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 7). Figure 2: Basic Presentation of an Altimeter Air Speed Indicator This is an instrument used to measure the speed of an aircraft, especially in knots. Generally, the pressure at the point of stagnation depends on fluid flow, atmospheric pressure, and velocity. This is described as follows: P T =P+ 1/2PV 2. This means that airspeed can be measured by dynamic and stagnation pressure. Therefore, airspeed readings depend on external pressure. The equation can be more intricate under incompressible conditions. However, the probability of deriving airspeed from stagnant and overall pressure is high (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 4). The airspeed indicator is a very responsive instrument that is able to gauge and punctually show the variation between dynamic pressure and the static pressure (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 5). The dynamic pressure is based on the law of the pressure gradient. When the aircraft is on the ground, the atmospheric pressure and inert pressure are the same. The pressure increase is conveyed perfunctorily to the pointer. Each aircraft has a customized airspeed indicator. Therefore, the crew members should be aware of this instrument and should make use of it for safety reasons (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 5). The airspeed indicator is more or less similar to the Altimeter. The only difference is that the Air Speed Indicator makes use of both the static and dynamic pressures (Federal Aviation Administration, n.d., p. 2). Figure 3: Air Speed Indicator Vertical Speed Indicator This instrument shows the speed at which the aircraft is rising or moving down. At the ground level, the instrument reads zero. Just like the Altimeter, this instrument mainly uses static pressure (International Virtual Aviation Organization, 2014, p. 8). The instrument is made up of a diaphragm enclosed inside an airtight casing. The diaphragm is mechanically connected to a needle and is vented to a stationary line with no constraint. The pressure difference is established between the instant pressure on the diaphragm and the cramped pressure in the casing (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 5). Normally, the Vertical Speed Indicator reading is usually given at 6 to 9 second time lag. This allows the instrument to measure changes in pressure more consistently. The time lag is always granted due to pressure leaks in the system. The time lag sights a number of limitations in the use of this instrument. Instantaneous changes in the aircraft’s elevation often lead to erroneous reading. This is due to the oscillation of flow in the static ports. Turbulent air can prompt an extension of the time lag. In addition, in case there is a blockage in the static port, the instruments will not show any result. For this reason, a number of aircraft always have an alternative vertical speed indicator to compensate for such errors (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 6). Figure 4: Vertical Speed Indicator Gyro Instruments These are simply instruments that apply gyroscopic principles in their operations. A gyroscope is a spinning wheel whose axis is free to swing, but maintain a fixed direction unless disturbed (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 6). Gyroscope usually operates on two fundamental laws. The first law is the law of space obstinacy. This refers to the spinning of a gyroscope without changing position or direction. As the gyroscope gyrates, it stabilizes the frame. The second principle is the principle of precession, which is the movement or slanting of the wheel’s axis due to the applied force (International Virtual Aviation Organization, 2014, p. 4). Figure 5 represents the tilts and turns of a mechanical gyroscope. Please note that despite the position of the gyroscope, the axis remains the same, that is, it upholds the law of space stringency. The aircraft instruments driven by gyro principles include position/attitude gauge, direction indicators, and turn controllers. These instruments help the pilot and the crew members to fly and steer aircraft safely (Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, 2007, p. 7). Figure 5: Tilt and Turns of a Mechanical Gyroscope Attitude Indicator This is a gyroscopic instrument driven by a vacuum. To get a better understanding of how this instrument works, it is necessary to explore the vacuum gyro system. Figure 6 below provides an excellent representation of a characteristic vacuum gyro system. Figure 6: A Characteristic Vacuum Gyro System A characteristic vacuum gyro system is made up of the following components: a filter, gyroscope, sucking gauge, pressure regulator, and a space pump. The vacuum pump is driven by an engine and has an air exhaust. The air is sucked into the filter and then to the machines where it is discharged outside the aircraft. In the middle of the instrument is a regulator, which controls the speed at which the air enters the instrument. The pressure relief valve helps in averting extreme air suction, which could dent the nozzle and the engine by making the engine spin at a very speed (Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, 2007, p. 8). The attitude indicator gives the pilot an immediate signal regarding the pitch and the angle of the aircraft relative to the horizon. It basically imitates the view that the pilots would have had if he/she is outside the windscreen, and there is no cloud or any other element to block the view. Inside the attitude, an indicator is a gyroscope mounted on a contrivance of rings and pivots that the airplane can spin around for pitch and angle. A horizon disk is appended on a contrivance of rings and pivots to keep it on the same plane as the gyroscope and the aircraft’s pitch (Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, 2007, p. 9). Figure 7 below shows the front view and internal features of an attitude indicator. Figure 7: An attitude Indicator The attitude indicator’s principal operating mechanism is a gyro, which is a rotor disk that spins at approximately ten thousand revolutions per minute on a perpendicular axis. Even though the disk spins through a gyro vacuum system, it can also be operated through an electrical system. The gyroscope is designed for a 360-degree spin and an 85-degree pitch. The top half of the attitude indicator is calibrated. The pitch increases by 5 degrees to a maximum of 20 degrees. Half of the frontal view of the instrument is blue, signifying the sky. The other half is brown, signifying the ground. The instrument can be affected by instantaneous acceleration or deceleration. Therefore, the instrument requires constant observation (International Virtual Aviation Organization, 2014, p. 4). Heading Indicator As already been mentioned, one of the laws that govern the gyroscope’s function is the law of space stringency. This refers to spinning without changing position or direction. The heading indicator’s operation is based on this principle. The force that resists spinning is used to move the compass card, which provides the aircraft’s direction. Unlike the magnetic compass, the heading indicator is not affected by the magnetic fields or spinning errors (International Virtual Aviation Organization, 2014, p. 7). Turn Coordinator Unlike other gyro instruments, turn coordinator is electrically driven. The gyroscope inside this instrument is placed crosswise and poised by a spring. The instrument also operates on the precession law to detect the bank angle. Airplanes are able to make a full circle turn within two minutes. This is usually known as the standard rate turn. Turn coordinators have two components, each providing different signals. The first components comprise of a diminutive aircraft, viewed from the rear. The diminutive aircraft has tick marks designating direct flight and full-circle turn. The second component is the glide and skid indicator, which comprises of a cylindrical glass tube with a small sphere known as the inclinometer. They are found on the bottom part of the instrument. The slip and skid indicator alerts the pilot if when the aircraft gets out of the flight course (International Virtual Aviation Organization, 2014, p. 59). Figure 8 below shows a turn indicator. Figure 8: Turn Indicator If the ball is at the center, then the aircraft is flying in a straight line. However, if the aircraft slides or glides, the spherical object moves to the left or right. The pilot must make use of the rudder pedals to steer the aircraft on the designated course. This is because uncoordinated flights normally lead to wastage of energy and excess consumption of fuel. In addition, they can lead to high stalling speed. Stalling speed refers to the ability of the aircraft’s wings to sustain flight earlier than usual, which is the cause of many aircraft accidents (International Virtual Aviation Organization, 2014, p. 60). Aircraft Navigation Instruments and System These are instruments and systems that help to determine where the aircraft is heading to. They include Magnetic Compass, Radar System, Automatic Direction Finder, Instrument Landing System, Autopilot System, Hyperbolic Navigational System, GPS, VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR), Tactical Air Navigation System (TACAN), and the Distance Measuring Equipment (DME). We have already discussed the magnetic compass. Each of these instruments and systems performs different functions. Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) This one of the oldest aircraft instruments apart from the magnetic compass. This instrument automatically notifies the pilot when the aircraft is off the course through radio signals. The components of the Automatic Direction Finder include ADF receiver, control box, aerial, and direction indicator. The radio signals are in the low to medium frequency. The crew members can tune to any station and choose the mode of operation. The aerial receives the radio frequency, while the bearing points to the tuned station via the pointer (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 11). Instrument Landing System (ILS) This is one of the most vital aircraft systems. It provides perfect guidance to the landing aircraft. It utilizes two radio signals and power lighting to enable the aircraft to land securely. The system also helps the pilot to communicate with the ground systems. ILS comprises of localizer and the glide scope. The localizer provides tangential guidance, while the glide slope provides perpendicular guidance (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 12). Autopilot System This is one of the control systems. The control systems are based on accurate measurements and signals. An autopilot system is usually programmed by the pilot to ascend, descend, or maintain a certain altitude when heading to a specific destination. It includes an auto thrust function, which maintains a specific speed and power. This system cannot be used under 1000 feet following takeoff (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 15). Radar Radar worked by detecting the reverberation of radio signal pulse broadcasted by the station and reproduced by a target. The time lag from pulse transmission to reverberation is relative to the distance from the target. The main components of aircraft radars include an oscillator (generate radio frequency) and an aerial (receives frequency transmission) (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 10). There are two types of radar, that is, primary radar and secondary radar. Primary radar is based on the ground and is used by air traffic control. On the other hand, secondary radar is air-based and complements the primary radar (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 11). VOR/DME, TACAN, Hyperbolic Navigational System, and GPS VOR stands for the VHF Omnidirectional Range. It works within a short-range and conveys the direction of the aircraft to the ground beacon. VOR is usually linked to the Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), which operates under the UHF band. DME estimate target distance. Tactical Air Navigation System (TACAN) also works in the UHF band and performs the same function as VOR (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 12). The hyperbolic navigational system performs the same function as GPS. For that reason, it acts as a backup to GPS. They provide the most accurate global positioning data. They use radio signals from the satellites (Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2004, p. 16). Conclusion Aircraft Instruments and systems not only assist the pilots and crew members in navigating the aircraft, but also ensure the safety of the crew members and the passengers. They help the pilot to steer the aircraft on the designated course. This is because uncoordinated flights normally lead to wastage of energy and excess consumption of fuel. They also help the pilot and crew members to communicate with air traffic control. The above information has given us a deeper understanding of the aircraft instrumentation and systems. References Department of Aerospace Engineering. (2004). Flight Instruments and Navigation Systems . Milan: Polytechnic of Milan. Edexcel Limited. (2009). Aircraft Instruments and Indicating Systems . Web. Federal Aviation Administration. Flight Instrument Systems . Web Ghosh, P., & Pant, P. (2010). In-flight Hypoxia-Still a Worrying Bane. IJASM , 54 (1), 6-12. International Virtual Aviation Organization. (2014). Flight Instruments . Web. Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. (2007). Flight Instruments . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The AlAin Distribution Company is a well-established firm that has a wide network of distribution channels for water and electricity. However, it has been facing some challenges in project management which have led to some failures. This paper aims to assess the causes of failures within the firm and provide important recommendations that would be used to prevent the poor performance by the company in the future.

The AlAin Distribution Company is a well-established firm that has a wide network of distribution channels for water and electricity. However, it has been facing some challenges in project management which have led to some failures. This paper aims to assess the causes of failures within the firm and provide important recommendations that would be used to prevent the poor performance by the company in the future.

Al Ain Distribution Company Company Analysis Essay Introduction Projects have essential characteristics that make them create a product or service. Khan and colleagues (2014) argue that projects should be conducted within given time frameworks. This goes a long way in preventing unnecessary costs that would be caused by delays during implementation. Operations are not defined by time limits and can, thus, be carried out throughout in an organization. Workers are assigned different tasks based on their level of expertise and the complexity of tasks. After a project has been successfully implemented, employees are required to go back to their usual stations of work. However, they might be called upon to give some important information about the completed project when the need arises during project evaluation. Project development requires synchronization of important processes that are related to each other. The success of a project is greatly determined by how processes are aligned and executed. Project managers ensure that all project processes are conducted sequentially and use the allocated resources. They may use project management skills not only in new projects but also in existing projects (Braglia & Frosolini, 2014). The approach ensures that high-quality products are created to meet the needs of customers. This project will take a unique approach. It is acceptable for projects to adopt unique pathways for design and completion because different projects have different features. This task will involve the use of many methods to ensure that activities run smoothly and produce high-quality products. The AlAin Distribution Company specializes in water and electricity. It is well established and is marked by a large distribution network of water and electricity in Abu Dhabi within the UAE. Project management concepts will be used to determine the causes of failures witnessed in the firm and provide important recommendations that would be used to prevent the poor performance by the company in the future. Also, this paper will provide a conclusion based on the major findings of the paper. Objectives of the research Business organizations are involved in stiff competitions that determine the level of business success. There has been a notion that persons with the highest level of expertise would be the right personnel to manage projects. However, dynamics in the field of project management have enabled big projects to be broken down to smaller components that add up to the main project. This research aims to assess the causes of failures within the AlAin Distribution Company. It also aims to give recommendations that the firm would adapt to avoid such failures about project management in the future. Study goal To assess the AlAin Distribution Company. Problem statement The AlAin Distribution Company has a firm foundation in the UAE. It has a wide network of distribution channels that enable it to market and sell water and electricity to many consumers. In the recent past, a significant number of foreigners have been hired by the firm. Research shows that locals are important for the running of business organizations across the world because they are readily available, and they help businesses to gain significant market shares in their areas of operations. It is worth noting that a good number of locals are not keen on taking positions in the firm. This fact has posed a major challenge to the organization’s management. The research study will determine the reasons why the locals are not ready to work for a well-established company. Comparison of the AlAin Distribution Company processes with key product processes Initialization Organizations should follow the right steps of initiation to implement projects. It is at the initiation stage that managers conceptualize the objects of a project and how they would be achieved. The approaches used in the initiation stage of a project are determined by the choices of managers and the scope of the project (Hu, Kapucu, & O’Byrne (2014). Control is an important aspect of project management that enables the management of various components of a project. Within the AlAin Distribution Company, many managers, supervisors, and administrators are not motivated to perform their daily tasks. Thus, the firm is characterized by personnel who do not work collectively to achieve the goals of the firm. Yadav and Dabhade (2014) argue that firms have a small number of managers who exhibit a high level of innovation that would be of great impacts on the organizations. Research shows that managers who think innovatively are involved in setting long-term goals for organizations. Within the AlAin Distribution Company, many workers aim to maintain their status quo. Although the company has a large network of water and electricity distribution channels, the management does little to promote innovations that would result in improved services. Currently, the firm is characterized by a poor workforce environment. Planning Planning is a project management approach that assesses a firm’s activities, identifies areas that need improvement, and anticipates the outcomes that are targeted. Jeseviciute-Ufartiene (2014), the technique helps organizations to adopt the most appropriate steps for achieving goals. Also, planning ensures that resources in organizations are utilized because the management teams use effective planning techniques to acquire and share resources. Research shows that organizations that utilize resources have increased chances of improving their level of production. Managers are required to spell out schedules that guide project implementation. Also, project managers may use a traceability matrix to identify and control processes when a project is being implemented. The matrix is developed if managers within a firm collect stakeholders’ requirements about a project. Hwang and Ng (2013) assert that project management planning is so important to any project because it prevents projects from stalling along with implementation. Thus, the authors propose that a project should be described and sectioned so that smaller parts could be managed independently. This way, each smaller portion of the project would have elaborate plans, and corresponding resources that be used until the part is completed successfully. The AlAin Distribution Company does not have a traceability matrix to track processes continuously. The problems that arise in the form of poor working conditions are traced back to improper planning. This could imply that the issues were not considered during the planning stage. For example, electricity distribution cables are not erected according to standard procedures. Thus, they pose risks to technicians repairing them. To avoid stiff competition in the future, the organization should adopt the required procedures for laying down cables. It would adopt the approaches by considering the potential risks of technicians working on electricity cables characterized by poor installations. Planning would also ensure that the right materials for installing cables are procured in time. Executing Execution is a management process that ensures that all process run as planned. The execution stage involves processes and human resources deployed to carry out the processes. This is a critical stage of project management that greatly drives a project and ensures that it is completed in time. The management should be updated continuously so that processes that are not being executed as planned can be rectified. This stage is aligned with evaluation and assessment processes that ensure that resources are allocated to run processes and that they are completed in time. A project manager should be involved in the day-to-day monitoring of project execution. Through the involvement, a manager can assess project schedule, risks, and initial project plans. It is the work of the project management team to update stakeholders on the progress of a project. Stakeholders should be aware when things are running smoothly and when problems are encountered. In case more funds are needed to execute a project, stakeholders would play an important role in approving more funding for a project. Research shows that proper alignment of project resources increases the chances of executing processes smoothly. Project team leaders should be servant leaders who lead by examples. They should also be dynamic and think rationally when conditions require critical decisions. The AlAin Distribution Company does not have dynamic leadership that responds to changing times about execution of projects. As a result, haphazard methods are used to execute projects within the firm. Projects are not closely monitored, and they stall because problems occur before they could be detected. Also, the management of the firm dose did not let stakeholders know the problems encountered during the execution of projects. Monitoring and controlling Monitoring and controlling are used during implementation of a project to provide crucial feedback that helps the management to know whether a project is running smoothly or not. The stage helps managers to assess the risks, costs, and issues that are encountered during the execution stage and their impacts on the overall processes in a project. To assess the progress of a project, project outcomes are aligned with stakeholders’ expectations or objectives. Appropriate tools are used to monitor and control projects. The stage also requires proper documentation and provision of responses that are used to inform the management about project dynamics. Kerzer (2013) asserts that monitoring aims to determine the level of project success or deviation from expected outcomes. The monitoring process has some sub-entities that are conducted independently to assess the progress of a project. The monitoring sub-entities are assigned different durations of time and funds to be conducted. Results obtained from the entities are combined to give a big picture of a project. If some problems are found during monitoring, then it would be important for corrective measures to be adopted to solve problems and prevent them from impacting the project negatively in the future. Corrective mechanisms also enable managers to bring projects on track. Project controlling is aimed to save costs associated with running projects. Khan and colleagues (2014) support the idea that project controlling tools are utilized to promote the efficiency and productivity of employees in organizations. This is particularly the case when large projects are undertaken. Thus, project gains are based on the choice of the tools used in projects (Marcelino-Sádaba, Pérez-Ezcurdia, Echeverría & Villanueva, 2014). About the case study, there are no effective mechanisms used to monitor and control projects within the firm. Project outcomes are rarely assessed, and there is a huge financial implication of finances because money is spent on projects that do not have important outcomes that be assessed through monitoring and controlling. Also, potential workers are not interested in seeking jobs in the organization. This has made the company have a significant number of foreign employees who could be paid higher salaries than local workers. Actual problems and solutions via a project management perspective It is evident from the above scrutiny that the company is facing problems that make the environment not conducive for local workers. The poor working conditions make locals have bad perceptions of the firm. Also, the company has not implemented safety measures that promote safety among employees. Parker and colleagues (2014) argue organizations promote safety so that a conducive environment would be established for employees to discharge their duties effectively. Organizations that adhere to safety measures are concerned about the health of workers. If workers are in good health, then they would not have high rates of absenteeism. Also, they would work effectively to improve the performances of firms. Also, firms would incur fewer labor costs because they are not forced to incur costs associated with part-time workers and unplanned workforce. Planning, execution, and monitoring issues have impacted the firm negatively by stalling projects and crucial outcomes that would improve the organization’s performance. Conclusion and recommendations The AlAin Distribution Company well established in the UAE. It specializes in distributing water and electricity. Due to its large size, the firm is characterized by complex management structures that aid the aid to manage distribution channels. However, the firm is faced with many problems with project management. First, the firm does not have proper structures for initiating projects. Projects that are not well-initiated stall during implementation. Second, inadequate project planning approaches are used in the firm. Projects that have poor plans have limited chances of being implemented successfully. Third, managers within the firm do not have effective mechanisms to execute projects. Thus, projects are not implemented following standard approaches that would promote successful implementation processes. Fourth, project monitoring and controlling mechanisms used in the firm are not geared toward realizing excellent project benefits. Based on the problems, the following recommendations would be proposed to solve them: 1. The organization should endeavor to provide a conducive working environment. This would be achieved by assembling the required tools to enable workers to work professionally. 2. The firm should adhere to safety measures that would promote safety among employees. Monitoring and control measures should be adopted at the management level. The measures would ensure that projects are reviewed periodically and adopt corrective measures when problems are identified. 3. The management should align planning and execution objectives by reviewing the strategic plan. 4. Employees should be motivated to work for the firm. This would be achieved by offering workers rewards based on their excellent performances. Also, they would be motivated by providing allowances on overtime. Also, employees would be motivated to work for the company by increasing their monthly salaries based on their performances and level of expertise. References Braglia, M., & Frosolini, M. (2014). An integrated approach to implement project management information systems within the extended enterprise. International Journal of Project Management , 32 (1), 18-29. Hu, Q., Kapucu, N., & O’Byrne, L. (2014). Strategic Planning for Community-based SmallNonprofit Organizations: Implementation, Benefits, and Challenges. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship , 19 (1), 83-131. Hwang, B. G., & Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges. International Journal of Project Management , 31 (2), 272-284. Jeseviciute-Ufartiene, L. (2014). Importance of Planning in Management Developing Organization. Journal of Advanced Management Science , 2 (3), 176-180. Khan, A., Lodhi, M. S., Qureshi, M. I., Naseem, I., Javed, Y., & Zaman, K. (2014). Management of Project Changes in Construction Companies: Case of Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal , 29 (2), 252-261. Kerzner, H. R. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Marcelino-Sádaba, S., Pérez-Ezcurdia, A., Echeverría Lazcano, A. M., & Villanueva, P. (2014). Project risk management methodology for small firms. International Journal of Project Management , 32 (2), 327-340. Parker, D. L., Brosseau, L. M., Bejan, A., Skan, M., & Xi, M. (2014). Understanding safety climate in small automobile collision repair shops. American journal of industrial medicine , 57 (1), 78-86. Yadav, R. K., & Dabhade, N. (2014). Human Resource Planning and Audit–a Case Study of HEG Limited. human resource management , 4 (5), 44-62.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The objective of the current paper is to carry out a gap analysis on Al-Futtaim Motors. The analysis is based on an interview conducted on Al- Futtaim top management. From the interview, difficulties, and benefits associated with ISO 9001: 2008 have been presented and explained articulately.

The objective of the current paper is to carry out a gap analysis on Al-Futtaim Motors. The analysis is based on an interview conducted on Al- Futtaim top management. From the interview, difficulties, and benefits associated with ISO 9001: 2008 have been presented and explained articulately.

Al-Futtaim Motors Company Analysis Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The chosen company 3. Presentation of the findings 4. Al-Futtaim Motors Gap Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction The objective of the current paper is to carry out a gap analysis on Al-Futtaim Motors. The analysis is based on an interview conducted on Al- Futtaim top management. From the interview, difficulties, and benefits associated with ISO 9001: 2008 have been presented and explained articulately. Quality Management System Process ISO 9001:2008 audits were conducted as part of the case study. Generally, ISO 9001:2008 audit as part of quality management is carried by organizations with the objective of enhancing organizational efficiency and effectiveness towards the achievement of customer satisfaction. It is through ISO 9001:2008 that an organization increases its level of transparency and confidence to other stakeholders. The chosen company Al-Futtaim Motors, which was founded in 1955, has been chosen as the organization for the analysis (Al-Futtaim Motors). The UAE based company is the major automotive company in the region. As a growing sector in the Middle East, UAE has emerged as a major market. Al-Futtaim Motors, which is the main Toyota and Lexus distributor in the region, has experienced an increase in sales in 2012 (Global Capital 2012). To meet the demand in the region, Al-Futtaim Motors has opened a new branch in Abu Dhabi (Global Capital 2012). Also, the company has opened a showroom in Aldar’s Motor World and is on the verge of opening others in Abu Dhabi. Al-Futtaim Motors is the sole agent for Hino Genuine parts, Lexus genuine parts, and the Toyota Genuine parts (Al-Futtaim Motors 2012). Al-Futtaim Motors become ISO certified after receiving a quality management certification issued by the Det Norske Veritas (DNV). The ISO 9001:2008 certification to Al-Futtaim Motors acts as a clear indication that the company’s services in terms of quality and customer satisfaction have been excellent. Also, the ISO 9001:2008 certificate acts as evidence that portrays the company’s commitment and operational improvement towards customer’s expectations. Also, the provision of the ISO 9001:2008 certificate is a clear testament that the company is committed to improving its procedures and processes. Presentation of the findings After the interview, the top management gave the following responses regarding the benefits and difficulties associated with ISO 9001:2008 certificate. According to one of the team management managers especially in the logistic department heading key customer and business development section, he noted that ISO 9001:2008 certification has acted as a milestone to the company as it has culminated cultural changes leading to operational improvements. Operational improvements are an indication of the company’s commitment while meeting and exceeding customers’ demands. Also, through the certification, the company has been able to improve its procedures and processes. The managing director of Al-Futtaim Motors acknowledged that the ISO 9001:2008 certification is part of quality management, which shows the company commitment towards quality requirements and customer satisfaction. Other managers in the team noted that through ISO 9001:2008 certification, the company would strive towards improving customer satisfaction, which can only be achieved through continual quality management systems continual (Phillips 2008). ISO 9001:2008 certification, acts as a motivation factor to the company as a result of external pressures from business partners and customers. The management team added that without ISO 9001:2008 certification, the company would not have been in a position to expand its networks in UAE and be the accredited sole Toyota and Lexus distributor in the region. Also, it is through the ISO certification that the company has been able to increase the number of sales and revenues in the previous years. Based on the findings, the manager in Dubai headquarters noted that “certification is only a guarantee that a company is using a quality management system according to a list requisites and procedures.” Through the years, the company has been able to exhibit long-lasting performance improvements in the automotive industry. The implementation of ISO 9001:2008 in Al-Futtaim Motors has enhanced the company in improving Quality Management Systems, thus customer satisfaction. Furthermore, benefits of internal nature have been revealed as a result of ISO 9001:2008 implementation. This finding has been supported in a research study carried by Kazili ū nas (2010). Lastly, the company has been able to effectively and efficiently carry out its operations in the UAE and keeping a health relationship with other major stakeholders in the sector. One of the major functions of ISO 9001 audits is to improve the performance of an organization by building strong customer confidence. As a result, a company can have quality management systems compliance. This has been the case with Al-Futtaim Motors. Despite the many benefits associated with ISO 9001:2008, some difficulties also emerge. For instance, the implementation process is always a major challenge. As noted by the top management, implementing the ISO 9001:2008 has not been an easy task, although the company is reaping from the efforts. For instance, just as acknowledged by Phillips (2008), ISO 9001:2008as part of an effective internal process does not in any specific way address issues related to employees’ safety and health. As a result, it may be difficult to convince employees to support ISO 9001:2008. Although employees may be trained on its importance, its implementation may be marred by resistance. The management also noted that audits which are poorly performed might result in the development of barriers between different departments instead of reducing them. This may cause chaos and misunderstanding in the workplace. Al-Futtaim Motors Gap Analysis Drawing from the research findings carried through interviews on the major benefits and challenges associated with ISO 9001: 2008, the section that follows is Al-Futtaim Motors gap analysis. IS/ISO 9001:2008 gap analysis check list was adopted as part of the analytical process. Al-Futtaim Motors has well-placed processes necessary for quality management systems. The processes have been applied fully throughout different departments. Some of these processes are such as quality management process, continual improvement process, compliance management process, internal quality audit process, customer management process, resource management process, and internal communication process, among others. Through effective and efficient interaction of these processes, the company has been able to increase employees’ morale, boost customer satisfaction, and increase its revenues. However, the organization is in the process of developing methods necessary for ensuring both operation and control are effectively determined. To ensure the improvement of Quality Management System, Al-Futtaim Motors had adopted “Plan-Do-Check-Act” (PDCA) methodology. Therefore, Al-Futtaim Motors has taken action to ensure that these processes are fully implemented. Al-Futtaim Motors has established, documented, implemented, and maintained a Quality Management System. Also, Al-Futtaim Motors has persistently continued to improve its effectiveness as required by ISO 9001: 2008. Included in the quality management systems is a quality manual, document statements of quality objectives and quality policy, documented procedures, and records. The organization’s quality manual comprises of quality management systems scope, documented procedures, and a detailed description of relations between different Quality Management Systems processes. According to Al-Futtaim Motors top management team, the company controls all documents related to Quality Management Systems. Under its documented procedure, some of these controls are such as approving documents for adequacy before they are issued, reviewing, updating and re-approving all documents, ensuring that any necessary changes are identified, ensuring that relevant documents versions are available, ensuring that all documents are readily identifiable and legible, ensuring that external documents are determined before being used, and lastly, preventing the unintended use of documents classified as obsolete. However, the company is on the verge of defining a way that could ensure that all records that conform to ISO 9001:2008 remain retrievable from any point in the organization by authorized personnel. This would ensure that the continued improvement of Quality Management Systems continues to take place. Just as required by ISO 9001:2008 (ISO 9001:2008, 2011), Al-Futtaim Motors ensures commitment by the management. To achieve this, the management ensures that communication is well carried, available resources are determined, quality objectives and quality policy are established, and by carrying out management review. As the sole Lexus and Toyota distributor, Al-Futtaim Motors meets customers’ requirement as part of meeting customer satisfaction. The quality policy of Al-Futtaim Motors is appropriate, well communicated, reviewed, understood, and the company has established a commitment policy towards Quality Management Systems compliance. Al-Futtaim Motors ensures that quality objectives as stipulated by ISO 9001:2008 (2011) are established and applied across the organization. The objectives are consistent and measurable concerning the quality policy. Al-Futtaim Motors top management has a Quality Management Systems planning that ensures that requirements in clause 4.1 and set objectives are met. It also ensures integrity for QMS is maintained in case changes are carried on QMS. As stipulated under (5.5), Al-Futtaim Motor top management ensures that all authorities and responsibilities are well communicated and relayed across the organization (ISO 9001:2008, 2011). Management representative has been chosen who liaises with external parties on issues related to QMS. In due course, the representative ensures the establishment, implementation, and maintenance of all QM processes. The representative also ensures that customer requirements are communicated across the organization, and QMS performance is communicated to the top management. Effective communication processes have been established within Al-Futtaim Motors, which takes place to ensure QMS effectiveness. Al-Futtaim Motors carries an annual organizational review on QMS with the objective of ensuring QMS suitability, effectiveness, and adequacy (ISO 9001:2008, 2011). During the review, improvement opportunities are assessed, and records maintained. In accordance to the ISO 9001:2008, input review entails information of customer feedback, audit results, follow-up actions, and QMS improvement recommendation, changes on QMS, process performance, and corrective and preventive action measures. On the other hand, review output entails decisions about resource needs, product improvement, and effectiveness improvement of QMS and its process. As earlier noted, Al-Futtaim Motors was awarded ISO 9001:2008 certificate because of its commitment towards customer satisfaction. Concerning the ISO 9001:2008 gap analysis, Al-Futtaim Motors has processes that determine and offer resources required in enhancing customer satisfaction. It also implements and maintains ISO 9001:2008 requirements, coupled with continual improvement. To ensure competence and awareness, Al-Futtaim Motors carries training on its employees. It also keeps records of experience, skills, experience, and employees training. To realize conformity, Al-Futtaim Motors has developed and maintained infrastructure, which includes workspace, process equipment, and supporting services (ISO 9001:2008, 2011). On the aspect of product realization, Al-Futtaim Motors has well planned and developed necessary processes. It has stipulated quality requirements and objectives, documents and processes, and necessary records. It also validates, verifies, monitors, measures, inspects, and tests activities related to product acceptance. Al-Futtaim Motors has customer related processes which adhere to regulatory and statutory product requirements. It also reviews product requirement. Specifically, the review entails products requirement definition, contract review, and the ability to meet stipulated product requirements. Al-Futtaim Motors communicates with target customers on issues related to product information, customer feedback, contracts, and enquires. However, since Al-Futtaim Motors is an automotive distribution company, the organization lacks requirements (7.3) of the ISO 9001:2008 on design and development (ISO 9001:2008). However, Al-Futtaim Motors ensures that the purchased products (vehicles) conform to purchase requirements. It has selected its major suppliers, which are Toyota and Lexus, and ensured that the purchased products meet the demands and expectations of consumers in the UAE region. In other words, Al-Futtaim Motors ensures communication with its main suppliers. Products are verified to ensure they meet purchase requirements. Since no production is carried, Al-Futtaim Motors provides services which are validated through QRM processes to achieve planned goals. This is carried through recording and revalidation. Products are monitored to ensure their traceability and identification process. Al-Futtaim Motors preserves the products prior they are internally processed and delivered. Different parts of the product are also preserved. As demanded by ISO 9001:2008, Al-Futtaim Motors has controls for monitoring and measuring equipment necessary to ensure that products conform to determined requirements (ISO 9001:2008, 2011: Philips 2008). Al-Futtaim Motors plans and implements processes related to improvement, analysis, and monitoring of products to ensure that they conform to products requirement. It monitors the perception of customers to determine their level of satisfaction. This is carried through user opinion surveys, dealer reports, and customer satisfaction surveys. Annual internal audit is carried to determine whether Al-Futtaim Motors conforms to ISO 9001:2008 requirements and whether it has effectively implemented them. Corrective actions are carried after the process. Before products are delivered to customers, they are monitored and measured to ensure they conform to the requirements. In other words, products are not delivered until they meet section 4.2.4 of ISO 9001:2008 (Philips 2008). Products that do not conform are returned and action was taken on detected nonconformity. Data is collected and analyzed to provide information related to customer satisfaction, products requirements conformity, suppliers, and product processes. Efforts are being made to ensure the current QRM meets the ISO 9001:2008 standards are met through the use of “quality policy, quality objectives, audit results, analysis of data, corrective and preventive actions, and management review” (ISO 9001:2008, 2011, p.14). Conclusion Based on the gap analysis, Al-Futtaim Motors has received ISO 9001:2008 certification. The major challenge encountered by the company has to do with the implementation and creation of barriers across different departments. The major benefits are such as customer’s satisfaction, quality maintenance, internal audit on performance, motivation, survival, better planning, and increased productivity in terms of sales and revenues. From the gap analysis, it is evident that Al-Futtaim Motors has observed all requirements of ISO 9001:2008, although it is on the verge of implementing some of the necessary QMS processes. Reference List Al-Futtaim Motors. (2012). Al-Futtaim Motors 2012: About us. Global Capital. (2012). Al Futtaim Motors sales increase 32%. ISO 9001:2008. (2011). ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System – Requirements . Kaziliūnas, A. (2010). The implementation of quality management systems in service organizations. Public Policy and Administration , (34), 71-84. Phillips, A. W. (2008). ISO 9001: 2008 internal audits made easy Paperback 3rd (2009) ASQ. Perth, Western Australia: Quality Press.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Teenage binge drinking seems to have become a major concern for the American society. According to the statistical data, 16% of the U.S. teenagers have tried binge drinking, and 12% still do it on a regular basis. A range of dangerous myths and stereotypes concerning the safety of TBD is quite popular among teenagers; as a result, TBD not only persists, but also gains increasingly more popularity among its audience.

Teenage binge drinking seems to have become a major concern for the American society. According to the statistical data, 16% of the U.S. teenagers have tried binge drinking, and 12% still do it on a regular basis. A range of dangerous myths and stereotypes concerning the safety of TBD is quite popular among teenagers; as a result, TBD not only persists, but also gains increasingly more popularity among its audience.

Alcohol Effect on Teenagers Health Research Paper Introduction Teenage binge drinking (TBD) seems to have become a major concern for the American society. According to the statistical data, 16% of the U.S. teenagers have tried binge drinking, and 12% still do it on a regular basis (Mares, van der Vorst, Engels & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, 2011). A range of dangerous myths and stereotypes concerning the safety of TBD is quite popular among teenagers; as a result, TBD not only persists, but also gains increasingly more popularity among its audience. Definition One of the most notable things about the phenomenon concerns the fact that there is no single definition for the phenomenon. Most sources claim that binge drinking occurs among teenagers and that the term cannot be attributed to people over nineteen (Mares, van der Vorst, Engels & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, 2011). However, when it comes to specifying what binge drinking actually involves, a range of contradictory facts emerge. For example, certain sources define binge drinking as a consumption of a specific amount of liquor in one session (e.g., more than four, five or six drinks) (Main, 2009). Other sources declare that binge drinking is a phenomenon during which the process of drinking becomes unintentional and, therefore, impossible to control (Main, 2009). Thesis Despite the fact that teenage binge drinking leads to a range of serious consequences and is bound to trigger major health issues for drinking teenagers, the issue is often overlooked compared to other problems concerning teenage drinking; as a result, TBD is never addressed properly and has drastic consequences on young adults. In order to solve the problem, the attitude towards TBD must be overlooked and a comprehensive health education strategy based on raising awareness, intensifying family support and developing proper stress coping mechanisms must be provided. Factors: What Induced TBD The major problem with TBD is that there seems to be an entire mythology grown around it; some of the suppositions are admittedly true, yet most of the myths surrounding the subject are completely false, hindering people from developing an efficient strategy to fight the disease. For a health educator, it is crucial to realize that teenagers are prone to developing impressive resistance when it comes to addressing their binge drinking issue. It is a common idea that the lack of awareness concerning the effects of binge drinking is what makes teenagers grow addicted to liquor. Such an assumption, however, is far from being true. Instead, teenagers do not seem to realize the seriousness of the consequences. Hence, the awareness strategy must be aimed at proving the point instead of repeating the ideas that the patients have heard a million times before. Perhaps, one of the most dangerous myths about TBD concerns the easiness, with which people supposedly get rid of it. According to the latest questionnaires and opinion polls, a number of young people, who indulge in binge drinking, assume that they will be able to quit whenever they want (Main, 2009). However, as further researches display, very few of such young people actually want to cease drinking; more to the point, most of them are doomed to increasing the daily amount of consumed alcohol to the point where they become addicted to it (Main, 2009). In addition, a range of adults assume that teenagers will inevitably start drinking because of the “growing pains” and their rebelliousness (Main, 2009). While the common myths created by the adults, which allows the latter to shut eyes to the fact that TBD exists, the myths spawned and supported by teenagers are much more dangerous, since these myths are especially hard to prove wrong – not because of their fallacies, but because of the unwillingness of young people to accept the truth. One of such myths is that TBD is not the “actual” drinking and that a teenager, who drinks only occasionally, though in quite heavy doses, is not subjected to developing a binge drinking issue (Main, 2009). Apart from the misconceptions regarding the understanding of teenagers’ motivations for drinking and, therefore, underestimating the problem, people often fail to recognize alcohol dependency as a medical issue, because alcohol itself is rarely viewed as a drug. Indeed, as the recent research results show, 32% of adults consider alcohol consumption as something entirely out of the ordinary and do not see its regular use as a reason for concern (Mares, van der Vorst, Engels & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, 2011). Alcohol, especially light liquor, is often viewed as an element of recreation; using alcohol drinks in order to experience relaxation, adults do not prevent teenagers from doing the same thing. Teenagers, in their turn, interpret such a response as an approval for continuing alcohol consumption and, in their turn, increase the amount of beverages consumed or the amount of times that they drink alcohol per day. Unlike the previous issues, however, this one is by far the most dangerous myth affecting teenage binge drinking. In contrast to the previous ones, it affects the way in which a teenager will shape their attitude towards drinking in the future. As a result, the idea of using alcoholic beverages as a tool for relaxation is most likely to result in developing a serious drinking issue in adulthood (Mares, van der Vorst, Engels & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, 2011). Consequences of TBD: Evaluating the Threat As it has been stressed above, a range of people assume that TBD does not have any tangible effects on one’s adult life. Unfortunately, researches have shown that this is far from being true. Apart from the obvious dependency on liquor as the key method of recreation, people, who used to indulge in TBD, are most likely to develop a range of disorders at a relatively young age. Among the most common ones, kidney failure (Steele, Belostotsky & Lau, 2012), alcohol induced liver disease (Herring, Berridge & Thom, 2008) and even mental health disorders (Squeglia et al., 2012) are listed. It should be noted that most of these issues remain dormant up until the age of thirty, when the effects of TBD finally take their toll and trigger malfunction of a range of organs of human body. Indeed, according to the results of the study carried out by Squeglia et al. (2012), TBD does affect people’s capacity to carry out the basic logical tasks as they grow up, even though there are considerable differences in the results for male and female TBD: as the researchers state, “females who develop heavy drinking patterns are more likely to have neural abnormalities that predate substance involvement” (Squeglia et al., 2012, p. 536), whereas male teenage binge drinkers are more apt to developing substantial attention issues, which are especially noticeable in the male teenage binge drinkers, who have thicker cortices (Squeglia et al., 2012, p. 536). Therefore, TBD is harmful in not only that it contributes to developing liver and kidney issues in young adults, but also in that TBD suppresses the brain functions of the human body, leading to major cognitive and memory issues in early adulthood. Solutions: Designing the Appropriate Strategy for Health Education In order to address the issue efficiently, busting the myths will not be enough; while being an admittedly important step to take, this can be counted only as the first part of a major process for the TBD threat prevention. Apart from disclosing the truth to teenagers and their parents, it will be required to provide both with the information on binge drinking and its prevention: “A multifaceted approach, including a full range of prevention and intervention components, is required to safeguard the health of students from the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs” (Curriculum Development and Supplemental Materials Commission, 2009, p. 59). The key to efficient intervention is not to use a big scare tactics, but to report the key facts honestly, at the same time providing parents and their children with efficient strategies for binge drinking prevention, including the means to get rid of such factors as peer pressure, emotional distress, etc. Health education as the key: strategies When it comes to defining the means to enhance TBD awareness among both parents and their children, the issue of health education should be brought up. It must be kept in mind that, for young people in 9 th –12 th grades, the message must not be too on-the-nose; otherwise, it will not perform its key purpose. Hence, the following steps must be considered as the possible program for a course in health education on the TBD issue among nine-and twelve-graders: Step one: Awareness campaigns. As it has been stressed above, a range of myths concerning TBD is cycling among teenagers, thus, making the latter assume that TBD should not be a major concern. As it has been proven, this assumption is not only wrong, but also very dangerous, since it encourages teenagers to indulge in binge drinking and, therefore, leads to the development of early symptoms of alcoholic dependency in young adults. Once the mechanism is launched, alcoholic dependency starts developing. Since a range of specialists claim that alcoholic dependency cannot be cured and can only go into the remission stage, the issue of TBD can be considered a major threat to both the health and the social life of young adults (California Department of Education, 2009). Therefore, massive awareness campaigns regarding the threats of TBD must be launched, and discussions of the issue of TBD must be included into the curriculum of public schools. Teenagers have the right to know what is going to happen to them once they engage in TBD, and the school must provide this information to them. Step two: Family support No matter how hard teenagers might try to make their peers consider them fully independent, they, in fact, are linked to their family members very closely in terms of emotions and communication. Therefore, it is imperative that teenagers’ family members should provide sufficient support for their children and engage into the process of raising teenagers’ awareness. It is crucial, though, that the family members should not be overbearing or overprotective; according to the DSM-V, overbearing is fraught with a range of serious consequences, starting from young people getting out of control and up to teenagers developing neuroses and other related disorders. In fact, the DSM-V manual suggests a very adequate method for parents to address or prevent the situation of teenage binge drinking: Adaptive functioning is assessed using both clinical evaluation and individualized, culturally appropriate, psychometrically sound measures. Standardized measures are used with knowledgeable informants (e.g., parent or other family member; teacher; counselor; care provider) and the individual to the extent possible. (American Psychiatric Association, 2010, p. 37) Apart from designing an efficient method of addressing the problem, the family members must also reconsider their own attitude towards alcohol consumption. Even though teenage binge drinking is often associated with college life when most students remain away from their parents, the latter may expand their influence to reach their child even if a teenager lives away. The parents, who have drinking issues themselves, on the other hand, have very little effect on their children; more importantly, with an example of drinking parents, a teenager is highly unlikely to quit binge drinking, as the American Psychiatric Association (2010) claims. Therefore, it would be an appropriate step to start with defining the possible issues with alcohol consumption among the family members. It is imperative that a teenager should have a positive role model to relate to. It is only with the help of supportive parents, who either do not have or have got rid of alcoholic dependency that a positive environment for a teenager to quit binge drinking can be created. Step three: Self-actualization The third step can be interpreted as the reinforcement of the stages that have been listed above. It should be kept in mind that the complete remission and the following transfer from one lifestyle to another will require that a teenager should cope with a lot of stress. It is obvious that a person, who used to indulge in binge drinking, is going to experience much stress when abandoning the habit, which used to bring so much delight into their life. As a result, an efficient stress coping mechanism will have to be developed so that the patient should not experience chronic stress (Hahn, Payne & Lucas, 2010, p. 81). Among the key suggestions for developing the proper coping mechanisms, the enhancement of self-actualization (Hahn, Payne & Lucas, 2010, p. 32) must be mentioned. The patient must reconsider their values and get their priorities straight, therefore, realizing that binge drinking only prevents them from reaching their goals; more to the point, TBD erases the progress made and deprives one of personality completely. As soon as the process of self-actualization starts, the communication process with the family members must be enhanced; thus, the patient will be able to retain their psychological health. It is especially important that the emphasis should be made on the nonverbal elements of communication (Hahn, Payne & Lucas, 2010, p. 33) Conclusion Teenage binge drinking is a major problem for not only the United States, but also for a range of states all over the world. Because of a range of myths surrounding TBD, not only teenagers, but also a range of adults tend to treat the issue rather lightly. However, TBD poses a serious threat to young people, leading to major issues in the adult life; as a result, a comprehensive health education strategy must be provided to raise awareness among both teenagers and adults. In order to prevent and address the issue, such a stress-coping mechanism as self-actualization of the patient can be suggested. As long as the patient has the support of the family and is provided with the information regarding the TBD, they are most likely to be safe from TBD and its consequences. Reference List American Psychiatric Association. (2010). DSM-V . New York, NY: American Psychiatric Association. Curriculum Development and Supplemental Materials Commission. California Department of Education. (2009). Health framework for California public schools. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Education. Hahn, D. B., Payne, W. A. & Lucas, E. B. (2010). Understanding your health . 11th ed. New York City, NY: McGraw Hill. Herring, R., Berridge, V. & Thom, B. (2008). Binge drinking: an exploration of a confused concept . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62 (6), 476-479. Retrieved from JSTOR. Main, C. T. (2009). Underage drinking and the drinking age. Policy Review, 155 (1), p. 33. Retrieved from ProQuest. Mares, S. H. W., van der Vorst, H., Engels, R. C. M. E. & Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A. (2011). Parental alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and alcohol-specific attitudes, alcohol-specific communication, and adolescent excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related problems: An indirect path model. Addictive Behaviors, 36 (3), 209–216. Retrieved from ScienceDirect. Squeglia, L. M., Sorg, S. F., Schweinsburg, A. D., Wetherill, R. R., Pulido, C. & Tapert, S. F. (2012). Binge drinking differentially affects adolescent male and female brain morphometry. Psychopharmacology, 220 (3), 529–539. Retrieved from ResearchGate. Steele, M. R., Belostotsky, B. & Lau, K. K. (2012). The dangers of substance abuse in adolescents with chronic kidney disease: A review of the literature. CANNT Journal, 22 (1), 15–24. Retrieved from ProQuest.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Alibaba is a mega e-commerce company that has dominated the Chinese market and ventured into the global e-commerce industry. In 2014, Alibaba entered the New York Stock Exchange, which implies that it has become an international company. Recently, the Chinese government leveled accusations against Alibaba for condoning the sale of counterfeit products in its platform. Such accusations have significant implications on Alibaba if it actually deals with suppliers, who supply counterfeit products.

Alibaba is a mega e-commerce company that has dominated the Chinese market and ventured into the global e-commerce industry. In 2014, Alibaba entered the New York Stock Exchange, which implies that it has become an international company. Recently, the Chinese government leveled accusations against Alibaba for condoning the sale of counterfeit products in its platform. Such accusations have significant implications on Alibaba if it actually deals with suppliers, who supply counterfeit products.

Alibaba Company and Governement Accusations Case Study Executive Summary Alibaba is a mega e-commerce company that has dominated the Chinese market and ventured into the global e-commerce industry. In 2014, Alibaba entered the New York Stock Exchange, which implies that it has become an international company. Recently, the Chinese government leveled accusations against Alibaba for condoning the sale of counterfeit products in its platform. Such accusations have significant implications on Alibaba if it actually deals with suppliers, who supply counterfeit products. External environment analysis in terms of the impact of counterfeiting on Alibaba indicates that it has serious impacts. The economic impact of counterfeiting is that it makes suppliers lose billions of profits owing to considerable decrease in sales. In this view, counterfeiting makes major affiliates not to prefer selling their products through Alibaba resulting in customer decline and huge economic downturn. Since Alibaba has carved its market niche, the counterfeiting affects the sociocultural aspects, such as customer loyalty, purchasing behavior, and lifestyles of customers. In global circles, Alibaba loses its market share because suppliers and customers prefer alternative markets. Counterfeiting reduces the safety and security of online markets as counterfeiters not only present fake products, but corrupt payment systems and supply chains. As consequence of counterfeiting, Alibaba faces political and legal repercussions, which include trade sanctions, lawsuits, and other forms of restrictions. Counterfeiting transforms the demographics of Alibaba customers from high-end customers to low-end customers. The overall impact of counterfeiting is that Alibaba makes significant losses owing to the decline in the number of customers and suppliers. Analysis of the e-commerce industry using Porter’s forces shows that counterfeiting destabilizes the online market. The bargaining power of suppliers increases because they are unwilling to sale their products in counterfeit markets. Moreover, the bargaining power of customers increases because customers like to purchase products cheaply, just as fake products. The threats of substitutes increase for counterfeiters come up with many substitutes, which threaten the existence of the genuine products in the markets. Counterfeiting also increases competition and compels Alibaba to undertake extensive advertisement and improve quality of services to outcompete competitors and counterfeiters. Given that the e-commerce industry has entry barriers, such as high switching costs, and high capital requirement, counterfeiting increases these barriers because global governments impose stringent regulations, which make it difficult for new entrants to venture into the market. Analysis of competitive environment shows that Amazon, eBay, Walmart are major competitors of Alibaba. These companies apply both horizontal and vertical integration strategies as business-level strategies of boosting their profits, sales, and market share. Financial analysis shows that Walmart is leading in the generation of revenues ($746 billion), however, it has low working capital ratio and quick ratio. Alibaba ranks second ($529 billion) followed by Amazon ($88 billion), while eBay generates the least amount of revenues ($17.9 billion). The analysis of the case study indicates that Alibaba needs to curb the problem of counterfeiting for it to remain competitive in the e-commerce industry. Therefore, the study recommend that Alibaba should collaborate with its business affiliates, governments, business bodies, and consumers in ensuring that counterfeit products do not enter their market. To implement the recommendation, Alibaba should ensure that its business affiliates, which are major players, should supply and trade genuine products. Moreover, business affiliates, who are suppliers, should register their products with relevant bodies so that Alibaba can take appropriate measures when they supply and trade counterfeit products. The measures should include hefty penalties and removal from Alibaba. To curb global counterfeiting, Alibaba needs to collaborate with governments and business bodies in identifying, tracking, and prosecuting counterfeiters. For consumers to participate in curbing counterfeiting, Alibaba should educate them through press information, forums, demonstrations, and case studies regarding the harmful effects of counterfeit products on economy, company, and themselves. Education of customers changes their purchasing behavior of customers because it makes them insist on buying genuine products from online markets. Introduction Alibaba is one of the giant companies across the world in the e-commerce industry. It is a Chinese company that Jack Ma and other co-founders started in 1999 and has exponentially grown within a period of less than two decades. In 2007 Alibaba became a national e-commerce company when it entered the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and in 2014 it became an international e-commerce company when it entered the New York Stock Exchange. Currently, Alibaba is a renowned e-commerce company across the world owing to its stature in the e-commerce industry. Alibaba provides diverse products to its customers through business-to-business, business-to-customer, and customer-to-customer models. The business-to-business is a leading model that has propelled Alibaba to attain international stance. According to Yazdanifard and Li, Alibaba comprise several business affiliates, namely, Taobao, eTao, Alibaba Cloud Computing, Xia Mi, Juhuasuan, Laiwang, and AliExpress amongst others (33). Currently, Alibaba is the leading e-commerce company in Asia and offers stiff competition to American e-commerce companies, such as eBay and Amazon. Despite the fact that the current situation of Alibaba is stable and robust, it has some challenges that need immediate redress for it to achieve optimum growth and maintain its competitive position in the e-commerce industry. Company executives and e-commerce experts hold that Alibaba experiences the challenge of identifying counterfeit products and preventing their sale through its online markets because it deals with diverse products obtained from different companies (Yan par. 5). In this view, the Chinese government has filed a report that has sufficient evidence, which indicate that Alibaba is dealing with counterfeit products. Fundamentally, the Chinese government is accusing Alibaba for condoning illegal and unethical business activities by failing to identify and curb the sale of counterfeit products in its online marketplaces. The accusation implies that Alibaba offers liberal market where merchants can sell their counterfeit products without due regard for legal and ethical requirements of e-commerce. Since businesses are subject to legal and ethical requirements, their violation has significant impact on Alibaba because of trade sanctions and lawsuits. Therefore, this case study analyzes the impact of the accusations on Alibaba by undertaking external environment analysis and giving appropriate recommendations. External Environment Analysis General Environment Counterfeiting comprise illegal and unethical business practices, which have significant impact on economic growth of Alibaba. Counterfeiters steal ideas and products from trademark owners, and thus, prevent them from competing effectively and earning optimum profits. Chu states that Alibaba uses $16.1 million annually in curbing counterfeits in its markets (par. 7). Lewis argues that counterfeit products constitute 7% of world trade and has serious economic impacts because it costs the United States’ economy about $250 billion and 750,000 jobs annually. Given that the worth of Alibaba is approximately $230 billion, counterfeit goods make its affiliates to lose over $20 billion and thousands of jobs. Counterfeiting also affects sociocultural aspects of Alibaba, such as consumer lifestyle and loyalty. Alibaba has grown exponentially because it provides quality products, which have enhanced consumer lifestyles and loyalty. Counterfeiting usually results in the production and sale of harmful products. For instance, a customer in the United States purchased counterfeit drugs, which were not only ineffective, but also harmful because they caused death (48). Hence, the existence of counterfeit products makes shy away from purchasing products from Alibaba and shift their loyalty to other e-commerce companies, which sell quality products. In essence, customers change their lifestyles and purchasing behavior in favor of competitors. Globally, counterfeiting reduces the market share of Alibaba. Yan states that Alibaba has bad reputation in global markets because customers have noted that 82% of products that Taobao sells are fake (par. 4). The effect is that current and potential customers and businesses boycott selling and buying products through Alibaba resulting in marked decrease in sales. Given that online markets are very competitive, competitors such as eBay and Amazon gain a competitive advantage and outcompete Alibaba in the e-commerce industry globally. As counterfeiting is an illegal business practice, it affects the application of technology in e-commerce. Counterfeiters do not only have the capacity to corrupt products, but also the ability to corrupt information systems that are applicable in supply chain, logistics, service provision, and purchase of products. Lewis argues that counterfeiting reduces security and safety of e-commerce operations (53). Thus, counterfeiting has serious impact on the information systems that Alibaba applies in undertaking its operations and logistics. For instance, markets that support counterfeit products are prone to hacking and spoofing because pirates and counterfeiters are dominant. The overall effect is that counterfeiting makes operations and logistics of Alibaba to be vulnerable to hacking and spoofing. The illegal and unethical issue of counterfeit has marked impact on the operations of Alibaba because it violates political and legal requirements. Yan reports that the Office of the United States Trade Representative has noted that Taobao, a major business affiliate of Alibaba, deals with counterfeit products, and thus, the United States should take appropriate measures against it (par. 9). In such an instance, Alibaba attracts political and legal measures against itself. According to Lewis, governments across the world impose political interventions, such as lower quotas, higher tariffs, and embargo, in curbing counterfeit products (56). In this case, several governments across the world might impose such political sanctions on Alibaba if it does not curb proliferation of counterfeit market in its online markets. In 2014, Yves Saint Laurent and Gucci and other dominant brands in the United States filed a lawsuit against Alibaba for colluding with counterfeiters in selling counterfeit products (Chu par. 3). Ultimately, trade restrictions affect the market share of Alibaba leading to a massive decline in sales and profits. Counterfeiting influences demographic attributes of customers and business affiliates that Alibaba deals with in the e-commerce industry. For example, analysis of counterfeit markets in the United States indicates that demographic attributes of customers differ considerably from that of genuine markets (Lewis 53). Hence, counterfeiting has marked impact demographic attributes of Alibaba’s customers. In this view, Lewis holds that most counterfeiters target low-income earners, who do not mind buying fake products at cheaper prices than the genuine products (50). In contrast, given that high-income earners prefer to purchase quality products at premium prices, the existence of cheap and fake products turns them away from Alibaba. The outcome is the proportion of low-income earners increases, whereas the proportion of high-income earners declines. Industrial Environment In the view of the prevalence of counterfeiting, the bargaining power of suppliers increases because suppliers become unwilling to trade their products in online markets. Progress, Whilhemia, and Tarisai state that high bargaining power can discourage suppliers from selling their products through business-to-business model, but encourage them to employ business-to-consumer model (173). Since counterfeiting reduces the demands for genuine products, suppliers make huge losses in markets where counterfeit products dominate. In this case, Alibaba experiences tough challenges in maintaining suppliers and attracting new ones. Counterfeit products increase the bargaining power of customers because they become used to cheap prices, and thus, unable to purchase products at premium prices that suppliers set. Progress, Whilhemia, and Tarisai argue that informed customers have high bargaining power because they understand quality of products and market prices (174). The understanding of the counterfeit products, genuine products, and their respective prices gives customers an upper hand in purchasing. In this case, Alibaba and business affiliates grapple with the high bargaining power of customers, which pressures them to reduce market prices to be in tandem with counterfeit products, which have low or similar quality. Counterfeiting increases the threats of the substitute products that suppliers can offer and customers can buy. Progress, Whilhemia, and Tarisai state that substitute products threaten to change the dynamics of markets because they cause customers to switch to alternative products, which suit their interests and purchasing power (174). Depending on the profitable model, suppliers can choose business-to-business model, business-to-customer model, and customer-to-customer model. To overcome counterfeits, suppliers may choose to sell their products through business-to-customer model. Moreover, the existence of counterfeit products increases threats of substitute products, as customers access diverse products, which vary according to quality and price. There is stiff competition in the e-commerce industry owing to the emergence of information technology. Alibaba is experiencing stiff competition from numerous e-commerce companies such as Amazon, Walmart, and eBay, which are in the United States. Lewis states that counterfeiting increases rivalry among companies because counterfeit products are cheaper than genuine products (52). In this case, it implies that Alibaba provides a robust platform for counterfeiting and fuels rivalry among competing e-commerce companies in global markets. The net outcome of counterfeiting is that e-commerce companies experience unhealthy competition, which does not favor the growth of the e-commerce industry. The characteristics of the e-commerce industry that Alibaba operates are high fixed costs, high switching costs, high strategic states, and low exit barriers. Low exit barriers allow companies that are unable to remain competitive in the e-commerce industry to exit easily leaving competitive companies to dominate. The threat of new entrants is very high because the e-commerce is a lucrative online market, where customers and suppliers meet. The existence of counterfeiting in Alibaba complicates entry to e-commerce industry because of the existence of barriers, such as huge capital requirement, high switching costs, expensive distribution channels, product differentiation, and government policies. Establishment of an e-commerce company requires huge capital for the development of safe and secure information systems for database, supply chain, and payment amongst others. Since e-commerce companies monitor purchasing behavior of customers, switching costs are very high because it entails the transfer or loss of customers’ data (Progress, Whilhemia, and Tarisai 174). For successful entry, a company must construct secure distribution channels and differentiate products in a manner that is difficult to counterfeit. Competitor’s Environment The three primary competitors of Alibaba are Amazon, eBay, and Walmart. Financial growth of Alibaba has increased exponentially because its revenues increased from $209 billion in 2012 to $529 billion in 2014 (United States Securities and Exchange Commission par. 12). Amazon is an American e-commerce based in Seattle, Washington, which started in 1994 is currently trading on the New York Stock Exchange. Last financial year, Amazon generated a net revenue of $89 billion, which reflects its growth in global markets (United States Securities and Exchange Commission par. 25). eBay is also an American e-commerce company based in San Jose, California, which started in 1995 and has grown exponentially to become a global e-commerce company. The growth of eBay is stagnating because its revenues increased from $14 billion in 2012 to $17.9 billion in 2014 (United States Securities and Exchange Commission par 14). Walmart is an American e-commerce company based in Bentonville, Arkansas, which started in 1962 and entered the New York Stock Exchange ten years later. Currently, Walmart is performing well because it generated $746 billion in the fiscal year of 2014 (United States Securities and Exchange Commission par. 23). In the aspect of business-level strategies, Alibaba, Amazon, eBay, and Walmart employ vertical or horizontal integration strategies. Alibaba uses vertical integration as a business-level strategy that has made it acquire affiliates in different regions across the world. Amazon also uses vertical integration strategy in opening distribution centers and merging with related companies for it to expand market share globally. The business-level strategy that eBay employs in expanding its growth and diversification of products is horizontal integration. As Walmart aims to own its supply chain globally, it employs vertical integration as a business-level strategy. The key success factors in e-commerce industry are information systems, supply chain infrastructure, availability of shipping industry, the Internet, secure online payments, legislations, global trade, and liberalization of markets. Working capital ratio and quick ratio are two ratios that effectively assess performance of Alibaba, Amazon, Walmart, and eBay. Business analyst states that working capital ratio and quick ratio are traditional financial ratios, which are appropriate in analyzing short-term financial liquidity of a business enterprise (Kirkham 2). The working capital ratios for Alibaba, Amazon, Walmart, and eBay are 1.7:1, 1.1:1, 0.9:1, and 1.5.1 respectively. The working ratios mean that Alibaba, Amazon, and eBay can easily settle their liabilities using current assets, while Walmart is unable. The quick ratios for Alibaba, Amazon, Walmart, and eBay are 0.9:1, 0.8:1, 0.2:1, and 0.7:1 respectively. The ratios imply that Alibaba, Amazon, and eBay have more cash than inventories, while Walmart does not have sufficient cash to settle the current liabilities. The performance of Alibaba, Walmart, and Amazon is robust because they have differentiated and diversified their products and ventured into global markets. The performance of eBay is stagnating because its market share is small when compared to Walmart, Amazon, and Alibaba. The future objectives of these e-commerce companies are to expand their market share and reach global markets, provide quality products, diversify services, and differentiate products. The strengths of these companies are that they access global markets, offer diverse products, determine the supply of products in the markets, and apply information technology. The weaknesses are that they are prone to counterfeiting, shipping of products is expensive, limited to certain jurisdictions, and bargaining power of suppliers dictates their operations. Recommendations Given that the issue of counterfeiting has significant impact on Alibaba, the following recommendations are necessary. The first recommendation is that Alibaba should collaborate with its business affiliates in ensuring that counterfeit products do not enter their market. Analysis of business operations indicates that Alibaba do not have its own merchandise products on the online market, and thus, it purely retails products from its business affiliates, who are the suppliers. Evidently, Taobao, AliExpress and Tmall are major business of affiliates that are notorious for supplying and trading counterfeit products in Alibaba. In the implementation of this recommendation, Alibaba needs to delegate its anti-counterfeit responsibility to business affiliates so that they can contribute to the fight against counterfeit products. Thus, every business affiliate should take responsibility of ensuring that they do not supply or trade fake products in Alibaba, and further identify and report the existence of fake products. The second recommendation is that Alibaba should ensure that suppliers register their trademarks with relevant bodies so that they can launch legal suits in case counterfeit products appear in markets. Alibaba is experiencing difficulties in identifying counterfeit products and differentiating them from the fake products because some suppliers have not registered their trademarks. In this case, all business affiliates, which supply products to Alibaba, must ensure that they supply registered products so that Alibaba can help them in identifying counterfeits products and counterfeiters. Moreover, Alibaba can launch litigation process that can lead to the arrest and prosecution of counterfeiters in the e-commerce industry. Hence, registration of trademarks enhances legal fight against counterfeit products and counterfeiters. The third recommendation is that Alibaba should collaborate with the Chinese government and other international governments in curbing counterfeit products. Since Alibaba has no powers to impose trade sanctions and political restrictions, it requires the assistance of the Chinese and other international governments. The Chinese government needs to impose appropriate trade sanctions on Chinese companies that supply and trade counterfeit products on the online platforms of Alibaba. The Chinese government should formulate stringent regulations and impose hefty penalties on companies that supply and trade fake products within its jurisdictions. Moreover, Alibaba needs international governments to aid in the imposition of trade sanctions and political restrictions. Analysis of Alibaba shows that the American, European, and Canadian markets have reported increased cases of counterfeit products. As Alibaba has limited jurisdiction, it requires assistance of international governments for they have the ability to ensure that all companies within their jurisdictions, which trade online, do not engage in counterfeiting. The fourth recommendation is that Alibaba should educate its consumers regarding the harmful effects of counterfeit products on economy, company, and utility of the products. Education of customers should occur through press information, forums, demonstrations, and case studies. Alibaba needs to caution customers against purchasing fake products and encourage them to purchase genuine products through newspapers, magazines, adverts, and brochures. Forums also provide robust means of educating customers because it allows them to interact with representatives from Alibaba and have their questions answered. Given that it is difficult for customers to differentiate fake products from genuine products, Alibaba needs to demonstrate how customers can identify genuine products through online videos. Alibaba should offer case studies in its websites for customers to give their feedback regarding post-consumption experiences so that potential customers can understand what to expect when they purchase genuine products lest they buy fake ones. Works Cited Chu, Kathy. Suit against Alibaba opens window on issue of counterfeiting . 2014. Web. Lewis, Kevin. “The Fake and the Fatal: The Consequences of Counterfeits.” The Park Place Economist 17.1 (2009): 47-59. Print. Kirkham, Ross. “Liquidity analysis using cash flow ratios and traditional ratios: The telecommunications in Australia.” Journal of New Business Ideas & Trends 10.1 (2012): 1-13. Print. Progress, Hove, Smith Whilhemia, and Chikungwa Tarisai. “The delineation of Porter’s five competitive forces model from a technological marketing perspective: A case study of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality.” Journal of Economics 4.2 (2013): 169-182. Print. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Alibaba Group Holding Limited . 2014. Web. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Amazon Inc. 2014. Web. United States Securities and Exchange Commission . eBay Inc . 2014. Web. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Walmart . 2014. Web. Yazdanifard, Rashad, and Merveen Li. “The Review of Alibaba’s Online Business Marketing Strategies Which Navigate Them to Present Success.” Global Journal of Business and Management 14.7 (2014): 32-40. Print. Yan, Sophia. Alibaba has a major counterfeit problem . 12 Sept. 2014. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Alibaba is a profitable, e-commerce company that has transformed China's Internet economy. Generating income through a revenue sharing model instead of listing fees, Alibaba has been able to amass a large network of suppliers and customers. However, as the Chinese Internet economy becomes more competitive, it is unclear whether this strategy will be sustainable in the long run.

Alibaba is a profitable, e-commerce company that has transformed China's Internet economy. Generating income through a revenue sharing model instead of listing fees, Alibaba has been able to amass a large network of suppliers and customers. However, as the Chinese Internet economy becomes more competitive, it is unclear whether this strategy will be sustainable in the long run.

Alibaba Company Strategic Management Case Study Alibaba is a profitable, e-commerce company that has transformed China’s Internet economy. Generic Strategy Competitive advantage Alibaba strives to achieve competitive advantage in the Internet economy through various differentiation strategies such as the use of technology, low-cost or no listing fees for some business units. Alibaba has relied on technology to differentiate itself and create competitive advantage in the market. Being an Internet-based company in the world’s largest Internet market, Alibaba has used technology to enhance customers’ purchasing power of products from different parts of the world. Therefore, consumers have a wide variety of choices because of Alibaba’s technology. Alibaba has also created a network of dealers. For Alibaba, the expanding network of both sellers and buyers create a significant competitive advantage for the company. A large network of customers and buyers creates valuable opportunities for different parties involved. This is a form of a ‘collective entrepreneurship’ between Alibaba and suppliers in its network. The platform to market and sell products from different suppliers is important for the company’s relationship with external parties. Technology has helped Alibaba to locate several suppliers and customers throughout the world. Today, many small suppliers rely on Alibaba’s platforms to find market. The company’s market scope Alibaba pursues a broad market strategy through its business model. The largest network created by the Internet has ensured that the company can focus on different suppliers, customers and diverse market segments. For instance, Alibaba provides different platforms such as Alipay (e-commerce transaction), Alibaba International (international trade community), Alibaba China (domestic market), Taobao and (consumer-to-consumer) among others to meet needs of its customers. This broad strategy creates economies of scope and scale for Alibaba. The company saves costs because it can provide a platform for sales of different products. In addition, larger volumes of sales generate huge incomes for the company. Strategic Issues Currently, Alibaba’s strategic approach has worked so well. In fact, the company’s IPO showed that it was the best e-commerce company in China. Alibaba has gained a reputation of success and growth for the past few years. The revenue sharing model rather than listing fees allows many suppliers to join Alibaba. A large network of merchants ensures that suppliers and customers benefit from immense traffic. Although the strategy has worked, many critics say that it cannot be sustained in the end because of market and regulation dynamics. First, the model has no listing fees and warehouses, which makes it susceptible to replication by other companies. Second, it relies on the Chinese government goodwill. Third, the Chinese Internet economy has become extremely competitive because of emerging competition and ease of entry. These factors will erode the company’s operating margins. Current performance problems based on internal analysis The current strategy has not driven Alibaba beyond China despite its global recognition. For instance, Alibaba is rarely used in the world’s largest economy. In addition, it is difficult to understand Alibaba’s profitability from all its several affiliates. Alibaba must also use technology to reduce costs of running its operations. External analysis How the strategy helps or hinders the company in addressing the strong forces in its industry: Currently, China’s Internet economy has become highly competitive. The company is unable to control new entrants because of ease of entry in the e-commerce industry. As a result, its operating margins will continue to decline. The government regulations on the Internet, and Alibaba’s reliance on both the government and the Internet could affect its operations. In fact, Alibaba can hardly influence these external factors. The threats and opportunities relevant to Alibaba’s future The growth of China’s e-commerce industry will definitely affect the company’s future. This is a major threat for Alibaba. In addition, low barriers for new entrants have created opportunities for other e-commerce companies. On the other hand, the company also has opportunities to explore new markets. Globally, there are new emerging markets. At the same time, Alibaba can explore opportunities in the US Internet economy. Environmental trends or changes that may affect the future success Alibaba has low brand recognition outside China. This is a serious weakness, which could affect the company’s future expansion strategies. Moreover, its e-commerce technology is highly fragmented under several platforms. It is not clear how Alibaba will compete in the future as the rate of competition increases from new entrants. Moreover, changes in technological environments have exposed the company to other external threats. The company’s future and vision could be unsustainable if the government goes against it. The major strategic issues that are facing the company * It is not clear how Alibaba will face the threats from new entrants and competitors * The company’s has low levels of technology * It has extremely high operational costs because of well compensated thousands of employees * The future potential and profitability of Alibaba remains unknown * The company’s sustainability could be difficult to ascertain because of its free listing model and reliance on the government. * Overall, the company’s sources of current competitive advantage may not be sustainable in the future Strategic Options Viable strategic options for Alibaba Many viable strategic options are available for the company to implement. Alibaba must focus on the US market share. It can only do this by acquiring a strong company in the US. Alibaba must also strive to acquire technology companies that can strengthen its IT departments and operations. The company must also improve its differentiation strategies. Alibaba has remained unknown in other global markets other than China. As a result, it is imperative for the company to focus on global marketing initiatives. One major drawback notable in these strategic options for Alibaba is that some of them could be expensive for the company. These may include acquiring new technology companies, global promotion and marketing in new markets and developing differentiation strategies. These options would allow Alibaba to grow in the global market and maintain its competitive advantage. Strategic Recommendation * To enter the US market, Alibaba should acquire a strong US company. This would be effective mode of entry into the US market. * The company should buy technology companies to boost its IT operations. This strategy would ensure that Alibaba acquires IT resources and technical expertise from the purchased company. * Brand recognition must be strengthened globally. Alibaba must improve its marketing and promotional efforts. Effective marketing campaign will create awareness and drive the company’s profitability significantly. The company must pursue this strategy if it wishes to be recognized as a global brand. * Alibaba requires massive financial and IT resources to support its future operations as new challenges and external threats emerge. Implementation – Functional Policies and Processes Production/Operations Alibaba should revamp its operations with new IT technologies. The company’s operation would remain redundant if it cannot acquire new technologies and expertise to create competitive edge in the e-commerce industry. As previously mentioned, the company can acquire small technology companies to support these efforts. Marketing Alibaba lacks global brand recognition. Therefore, the company’s processes should focus on promotional and marketing activities. A good marketing strategy would expose the company to global suppliers and customers. This could be an important step in improving Alibaba’s profitability and brand recognition. Accounting and Finance The department should provide and demonstrate how profitable Alibaba is. The company has several small affiliates that contribute to its growth. The department should provide financial projections to indicate the future of the company and the required resources to meet some growth objectives. In addition, shareholders should also understand Alibaba’s dividend policies on long-term basis. Research and Development R&D constitutes a critical part of the company’s future operations. The IT department should be highly innovative in terms of robust IT platform developments and service improvement. As new threats emerge from competition, Alibaba must focus on improving its current model, services and business platforms. Otherwise, it will not survive due to threats from the e-commerce industry. Human Resource Management Alibaba must introduce a policy to support acquisition and retention of talented employees from any parts of the world. In addition, human resource management policies should aim to create competitive advantage for the company. Acquisition For any IT company with financial resources, acquisition of small emerging technology companies has become the latest practice. Alibaba must develop its acquisition policies. Such strategies should be strategic with the aim of supporting the current business model and resources required. For instance, acquiring other small e-commerce companies in China would promote Alibaba’s presence. Implementation – Structure The company has many divisions such as B2B, C2C, search engine, advertisement and online payment among others within its e-commerce platform. These subsidiaries show how Alibaba’s internal structure is fragmented under various divisions. The structure should create synergy and provide economies of scale and scope for the company to save costs and maximize revenue generation. How the current structure supports the implementation of the recommended strategy Given these several divisions of Alibaba, it would be difficult to find a single solution that meets all unique needs of various subsidiary companies. Nevertheless, Alibaba can use its current structure to implement cost-saving strategies and promote all its subsidiaries under one brand. How the current structure hinders the implementation of the recommended strategy The current structure is highly fragmented because of several subsidiary companies. Alibaba may not run effective promotional campaigns or find a solution that meets all diverse needs of these subsidiaries. In addition, its free listing model may not sustain revenue growth as required in a competitive e-commerce market. Recommended changes in the company’s structure to facilitate the implementation of the recommended strategy Alibaba should review its acquisition and global promotional strategies to support highly fragmented subsidiaries. This approach would allow the company to leverage on resources, acquire strategic subsidiaries and partnership and gain global recognition, which would create competitive advantage and drive profitability. Implementation – Culture Alibaba’s business strategic culture has focused on achieving enormous growth within the e-commerce industry in China. Specifically, it strives to comprehend, exploit opportunities and lead the trend in e-commerce opportunities. As a result, the company has grown in the last decade significantly. How the current culture supports the implementation of the recommended strategy Alibaba has continued to identify areas of potential growth in the Chinese market and other regions. The company’s focuses on expansion, particularly after its biggest IPO. It is believed that Alibaba will continue to grow its e-commerce business by exploiting new opportunities. How the current culture hinders the implementation of the recommended strategy The company has not been able to maximize its revenue and profit potential because of its free listing approach. Alibaba must review this culture in order to implement a new business model that is competitive and profit-oriented as the industry becomes highly competitive. Changes in the company’s culture to facilitate the implementation of the recommended strategy Alibaba should review its profit strategy culture against operation expenses. The company needs a profit-oriented culture. Alibaba is now a publicly traded company with many shareholders, who will demand for returns from their investments. Implementation Issues Any changes to be implemented in Alibaba must be evaluated and their potential impacts identified. These changes must be implemented over time. Processes Improving business processes will be critical for the survival of the company. IT solutions should be used to improve processes and any difficulties must be noted and solved. Structure The company’s fragmented structures should be made linear to facilitate acquisition and investment in poorly performing areas. Any changes to the current structure will require massive resources, which could affect operations and returns. Culture Culture change in the company could be challenging, specifically adopting a more profit-oriented culture. For a long period, Alibaba has promoted free listing rather than a fee-based approach to support revenue growth.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Alibaba is one of the most successful online sellers in the world. This online platform "dominates the world's largest e-commerce market" (Rein 27). It earns billions of dollars each year. The company was set up in 1999 as a platform for small business and consumers who could sell and buy goods safely online ("About Alibaba.com").Alibaba has been criticized by various producers (including Adidas, Gucci, Yves Saint Laurent and so on)

Alibaba is one of the most successful online sellers in the world. This online platform "dominates the world's largest e-commerce market" (Rein 27). It earns billions of dollars each year. The company was set up in 1999 as a platform for small business and consumers who could sell and buy goods safely online ("About Alibaba.com"). Alibaba has been criticized by various producers (including Adidas, Gucci, Yves Saint Laurent and so on)

Alibaba Company’s Online Sellers Proposal Essay Alibaba is one of the most successful online sellers in the world. This online platform “dominates the world’s largest e-commerce market” (Rein 27). It earns billions of dollars each year. The company was set up in 1999 as a platform for small business and consumers who could sell and buy goods safely online (“About Alibaba.com”). It is noteworthy that the company earned its popularity due to the large array of products available and the payment system people could trust. When other online sellers used payment systems that were little known to Chines people or could be unsafe, Alibaba used Alipay system that was safe and known to the company’s customers. However, the Chinese platform has been criticized by various producers (including Adidas, Gucci, Yves Saint Laurent and so on) as various counterfeit products are sold and bought there (Chu). It is necessary to note that selling counterfeit goods is illegal in many countries (including China) as these goods break copyright laws, and they can be unsafe for customers (Narayanan 21). Of course, producers of goods (especially famous brands) lose millions or even billions of dollars due to the problem. The company largely ignored accusations, but it took definite steps to address the problem in 2011 (Hu and Guo 237). Alibaba had to make such a decision to keep its customers, brands known worldwide. The paper will include an analysis of the steps undertaken and some recommendations on the way to improve the situation. Thus, Alibaba’s spokesman claims that they keep working with various brands “to help them protect their intellectual property” (Raymond). One of the principal steps is the development of Tmall website. This platform is characterized by sales directly from the brands’ storehouses. Of course, this site has earned trust among consumers who are sure that they buy genuine products (Rein 28). Notably, one of the first companies to join the platform was Adidas. However, it is also necessary to add that various counterfeit products are sold with the use of the rest of websites that are a part of the platform. Another step undertaken is the development of a particular reporting system. Producers can fill in certain forms to report about counterfeit products found at the websites. However, producers argue that the new system is more complicated, and it makes it difficult or even impossible to report (Chu). Producers stress that the new reporting methods are inefficient and should be changed. It can be recommended to change the reporting system. It should be simple, and the company should undertake particular steps to respond to each report. Alibaba’s officials claim that the company spends $16 million on tracking counterfeit products and reacting adequately. The development of an efficient reporting system will help optimize the process and reduce the expenditure. It can also be effective to launch new websites that sell goods directly from companies’ storehouses. Old websites where most counterfeit products are found should be closed. Finally, the platform should also have a comprehensive IPR protection policy that would ensure that the producers and sellers are responsible. This policy should involve significant fines for violators as well as the possibility to restrict the activity of the violators at Alibaba. The company can also be an initiator of the creation of a single database of repetitive offenders and sellers of counterfeit products that will be available for producers and customers. Works Cited About Alibaba . 2015. Web. Chu, Kathy. “Alibaba Revamps Fake-Goods Procedures.” The Wall Street Journal 2015. Web. Hu, Weiwei, and Yimeei Guo. “Combating Against Counterfeit: Third Party E-Commerce Trade Platform’s Liability Analysis.” Research on Selected China’s Legal Issues of E-Business . Ed. Yimeei Guo. New York: Springer, 2014. 231-239. Print. Narayanan, Sukumar. “Global Issues and Threats of E-Commerce on Counterfeit Batteries.” International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 2.2 (2014): 21-27. Print. Raymond, Nate. “Alibaba Sued in US by Luxury Brands over Counterfeit Goods.” Reuters 2015. Web. Rein, Shaun. The End of Copycat China: The Rise of Creativity, Innovation, and Individualism in Asia. Hoboken: John WILEY & Sons, 2014. Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay examines the effects of technology on behavior in the context of Sherry Turkle's "Alone Together: Why we Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other". The paper assesses artificial intelligence, its benefits, and how it affects people in general.

The essay examines the effects of technology on behavior in the context of Sherry Turkle's "Alone Together: Why we Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other". The paper assesses artificial intelligence, its benefits, and how it affects people in general.

Alone Together by Sherry Turkle: Effects of Technology on Behavior Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Telecommunication and Human Behavior 3. Human Interactions 4. Etiquette 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction The 21 st century brought significant changes in technology. Turkle emphasizes on the benefits of these developments, especially with regards to telecommunication. It is noted that technology is meant to make most of the activities undertaken by humans enjoyable. However, many people are increasingly depending on it. The dependency appears to affect the conduct of individuals in a number of ways. The author of the current essay examines the impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) on human behavior in the context of Sherry Turkle’s “Alone Together: Why we Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other”. The paper evaluates artificial intelligence, its benefits, and how it affects people in general. Turkle points out that technology informs the development of certain attributes among individuals (4). The author of this paper examines some of these behavioral patterns. The analyses made in this text are guided by one thesis statement. To this end, it is argued that technology influences the personalities of individuals in the society. Telecommunication and Human Behavior Artificial intelligence, as the name suggests, involves the situation where the human interface in various activities is replaced by a machine. According to Turkle, the machines operating on this form of acumen are meant to take over tasks that were previously the preserve of human actors (17). According to Brian, advanced technology in the telecommunications sector has improved social relationships. For instance, one can access the Internet and converse with people from different parts of the world. However, many individuals are ignorant of the impacts that artificial intelligence has on them. Technological developments have seen the rise of various social platforms. Turkle cites Facebook and Twitter as the most common social sites (19). The forums help people to interact and connect with each other without the need to leave their homes (Brian 16). The impacts of such technology on social interactions are made apparent when there are problems in connectivity. According to Turkle, one of the negative consequences of dependency on ICT is the fact that it alienates individuals from the social world and alters their personalities (34). One may remain lonely in spite of the fact that they have a plethora of friends they are connected to online. Human Interactions The major effect of technology on people involves reduced social interactions. Turkle highlights how easy it is to communicate with other people through such avenues as video calls (17). The platforms reduce physical contacts between individuals. Brian supports this opinion by arguing that such a move alters the personality of the actor. For instance, when one is attached to an online gaming platform, they may forget how to interact with others in a social set up. Consequently, such people may develop an introverted kind of personality. A human touch is totally different from the experience associated with a machine that relies on artificial intelligence. Turkle illustrates this notion by using the example of an author (49). It is possible for a machine to write and publish a book. However, the text may lack the emotional aspect of humanity. As a result, the readers will constantly demand for emotional attachment with the author. Turkle suggests that this form of starvation arises when people overrely on the virtual world created by technology. Etiquette Etiquette is an important aspect of human personality. When people disregard protocol, perceptions of arrogance are bound to arise. Individuals who are aware of the dangers associated with lack of etiquette may be overwhelmed by self-pity after offending others. Turkle uses a personal experience to highlight this scenario (56). Turkle’s friend talks of the joy of a free Internet call to her grandmother. However, she (the friend) explains that the grandmother is unable to multitask. Turkle illustrates the frustrations of the lady given that she may not be able to pay attention to the old woman (57). Such acts demonstrate the absence of etiquette, which is an emerging culture among many internet users. The convenience associated with technology may make people forget about the things that matter the most in life. For instance, individuals may focus more on their phones than on other people when attending a social event. The importance of etiquette in the society cannot be overemphasized. The absence of this element threatens the stability of the entire social setting. Conclusion Technology exists to make life bearable. Turkle acknowledges the benefits of this phenomenon, but warns against relying too much on it (289). In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of technology were highlighted. Developments in ICT may have negative impacts on human behavior. Loneliness, self-pity, and introversion are some of the undesirable effects of over-dependence on technology. Artificial intelligence should not be used as a substitute for humans. Turkle argues that ICT should supplement the roles played by individuals (300). As indicated in this paper, technology has a direct impact on the personalities of humans. As such, dependency may lead to changes in these human attributes. Works Cited Brian, Christian. The most Human Human: What Artificial Intelligence teaches us about being Alive, Chicago: Anchor, 2011. Print. Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why we expect more from Technology and Less from Each Other , New York: Basic Books, 2013. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The main idea that is being promoted throughout the book Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other by Sherry Turkle is that, as time goes on, people grow increasingly depended on technology – even within the context of how they go about addressing their socialization-related anxieties.

The main idea that is being promoted throughout the book Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other by Sherry Turkle is that, as time goes on, people grow increasingly depended on technology – even within the context of how they go about addressing their socialization-related anxieties.

Alone Together by Sherry Turkle Essay Outline The main idea that is being promoted throughout the book Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other by Sherry Turkle, is that, as time goes on, people grow increasingly depended on technology – even within the context of how they go about addressing their socialization-related anxieties. To justify the validity of her suggestion, in this respect, Turkle points out to the phenomenon of more and more individuals deciding in favor of robots/robotized dolls, as their intimate companions: “We come to see what robots offer as relationship. The simplification of relationship is no longer a source of complaint. It becomes what we want” (Turkle 27). The author also brings readers’ attention to the fact that the Internet has long ago ceased being solely the instrument of informational transactions – as of today, it became nothing less of an ‘alternative reality’ for many individuals, who clearly prefer it to the surrounding de facto reality. According to Turkle, the earlier mentioned state of affairs can hardly be considered thoroughly appropriate, because it results in the increased ‘atomization’ of Western societies, which in turn undermines these societies’ structural integrity from within. Moreover, according to Turkle, the fact that humanity grows increasingly dependent on the technology’s ability to simulate the ‘desirable reality’, has a negative influence on the measure of the affected individuals’ mental adequacy. As she pointed out: “I believe that in our culture of (technology-induced) simulation, the notion of authenticity is for us what sex was for the Victorians – threat and obsession, taboo and fascination” (Turkle 16). This, of course, adds to the overall spirit of ‘technological pessimism’, emanated by the book in question. Critical Remarks Even though Turkle indeed deserves to be given a credit, on the account of the book’s line of argumentation being discursively legitimate, there are nevertheless a number of drawbacks to how the author argues her point. The main of them can well be deemed the implication that, as it appears from the book, Turkle happened to believe that people’s obsession with the companionship-simulating technological gadgets/virtual reality is something necessarily ‘unnatural’ and therefore – counterproductive, in the psychological sense of this word: “Online, we can lose confidence that we are communicating or cared for. Confused, we may seek solace in even more connection” (Turkle 258). Nevertheless, even though there are indeed a number of indications that people’s increased tendency to rely on technology (when it comes to satisfying their companionship-related longings) cannot be considered particularly ‘healthy’, there is nothing truly odd about it. After all, people’s ability to pursue with leading a highly sociable lifestyle appears to be environmentally predetermined. This explains why it is specifically the rurally based individuals, utterly dependent on agriculture, who happened to be known for the sheer strength of their commitment to the virtues of a socially integrated communal living. The reason for this is apparent – the very realities of such a living naturally presuppose one to function as the society’s integral part. In the highly urbanized Western societies, on the other hand, this could not be the case, by definition – being technologically advanced, these societies produce more than enough of the so-called ‘surplus product’, which in turn makes it possible for people to succeed in claiming their environmental niche, without having to organize themselves in ‘packs’. Therefore, the phenomenon of people’s technology-induced ‘alienation’ cannot be discussed outside of what happened to be the qualitative specifics of a post-industrial living, which in turn came about as one of the by-products of the ongoing process of Western societies becoming ever more urbanized. In plain words, the reason why, as time goes on, more and more people end up choosing in favor of socially alienated lifestyles (which is being reflected by the concerned individuals’ tendency to enter into the ‘surrogate’ emotional relationships with their technologically advanced gadgets), is that the very evolutionary laws of history have predetermined it to be the case. Therefore, the author’s predisposition to discuss the mentioned phenomenon in predominantly negative terms, does not appear to be thoroughly justified. What contributes even further to the fact that Turkle’s line of argumentation, deployed throughout her book, cannot be referred to as such that represents an undisputed truth-value, is that many claims, contained in Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other , are rather speculative. For example, according to the author: “We allow ourselves to be comforted by unrequited love, for there is no robot that can ever love us back” (Turkle 253). Apparently, it never occurred to Turkle that, because just about any human emotion can be assessed with the methodological framework of cybernetics, there is very little rationale in believing that robots will forever remain unemotional. Nevertheless, as it was implied earlier, Turkle’s book does in fact contain a number of valuable insights into what account for the qualitative aspects of the Western civilization continuing to remain on the path of progress. Therefore, there can be only a few doubts that the reading this particular book will come in handy for just about anyone, interested in researching the concerned subject matter at length. Works Cited Turkle, Sherry. Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other . New York: Basic Books, 2011. Print.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay examines the reasons why people have embraced the virtual world of technology. It also discusses the potential dangers of such a move.Alone Together: Why we expect more from Technology and Less from Each Other by Sherry Turkle is an essay that examines the reasons why people have embraced the virtual world of technology. The essay discusses the potential dangers of such a move.

The essay examines the reasons why people have embraced the virtual world of technology. It also discusses the potential dangers of such a move. Alone Together: Why we expect more from Technology and Less from Each Other by Sherry Turkle is an essay that examines the reasons why people have embraced the virtual world of technology. The essay discusses the potential dangers of such a move.

“Alone Together” – Technology and Human Interaction Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Desire for Companionship 3. Embracing Technology 4. Time Wasting and Technology 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Technology continues to define several aspects of human life. People are required to constantly evaluate their position in relation to the endless revolution of this phenomenon. The author of the current essay reviews this issue from the perspective of Sherry Turkle’s “Alone Together: Why we expect more from Technology and Less from Each Other”. The essay examines the reasons why people have embraced the virtual world of technology. Turkle opines that such a move is associated with a number of benefits (7). However, it is also important to watch out for its various shortcomings (Turkle 7). The current paper revolves around one major thesis statement. To this end, it is noted that separating humans from information and communication technology (ICT) is catastrophic. The author examines the impacts of ICT on individuals in relation to the desire for companionship and time wastage. Turkle identifies the issue of conformity to technology (12). In light of this, the author of this paper analyzes how people conform to technological changes while dealing with opposition. Desire for Companionship Human beings are social creatures. As such, socializing is a common phenomenon in the community. However, increased economic activities have taken up most of the time that people use to socialize. Turkle argues that ICT can be used to meet the social demands of individuals (17). Many people associate technology with utopia. There are those who would love to go out to social places and be happy, but lack the time to do so. Such people may end up on such social sites as Facebook. The platform offers them the chance to socialize and maintain a professional lifestyle at the same time. Companionship is a complicated occurrence in many societies. Turkle holds that technology exists for the sole purpose of making life easy (90). Consequently, dating sites have emerged to help people meet their soul mates. People who are shy tend to express themselves better through a virtual interface than in person. As a result, technology meets the undying need for companionship in the society. Embracing Technology Technology is like a revolution. Turkle is of the opinion that advancements in this field are inevitable (7). The inevitability raises the question of how the society should respond to the change. Turkle makes reference to the young generation, which has fully embraced technology (66). The same is evident in the numerous hardware and software designed to suit the emerging trends of the 21 st century. However, Turkle creates the impression that technology has adverse effects on the society. Such impacts are evident among members of the old generation. The group is fixated on the potential vagaries of ICT. Accepting the unavoidable nature of technology is a sure way of embracing its existence in the society. For instance, ICT has made it possible to conduct cashless transactions (Turkle 34). The security of such commercial undertakings is assured by advancements in this field. There are several ways through which technology can be used to promote the welfare of members of the community. Focusing on the negative aspects of this phenomenon will not stop its actualization. On the contrary, opposition will only delay its adoption. Time Wasting and Technology As mentioned earlier in this paper, ICT may constitute a significant part of an individual’s social life. Turkle observes that many people spend a lot of time on social sites. The development can be attributed to the allure of technology (Turkle 173). Time wasting is evident in workplaces where individuals may focus more on virtual interactions at the expense of their job. Such scenarios are common in schools and homes. Self discipline is needed to ensure that people do not ‘over-indulge’ in technology. Unfortunately, Turkle fails to illustrate some of the approaches that can be used to save time and avert this problem. Such a scenario gives critics the impetus they need to argue against adoption of technology. Today, a number of job openings are advertized online. Such occupations require individuals to spend time on the internet. To an outsider, a person engaged in such tasks may appear to be wasting time. Time is a non-renewable resource. As such, tactics that can be used to manage it should be made clear to deal with incidences of wastage. In school and work settings, internet connectivity should filter out unwanted material to ensure maximum productivity. Turkle attributes wastage to overreliance on virtual technology (201). However, this observation should not be misunderstood to imply that the problem cannot be rectified. Proper measures can be put in place to guarantee effective usage of time. Conclusion Technology, as illustrated in this paper, is part of human life. According to Turkle, human interactions are affected by this occurrence (233). Turkle points out that ICT has both negative and positive impacts on people. However, the text fails to highlight the dangers of neglecting its adoption. The current essay finds that boycott is not the best way to deal with the negative impacts. Works Cited Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why we expect more from Technology and Less from Each Other , New York: Basic Books, 2013. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: In "Am I Blue," Alice Walker narrates about a horse named Blue. At the very beginning, the story is an ordinary account about author's horse, but further exploration provides a deeper interpretation of emotions that animal experiences. In particular, the tale introduces a vivid comparison between the emotions of animals and those of humans.

In "Am I Blue," Alice Walker narrates about a horse named Blue. At the very beginning, the story is an ordinary account about author's horse, but further exploration provides a deeper interpretation of emotions that animal experiences. In particular, the tale introduces a vivid comparison between the emotions of animals and those of humans.

“Am I Blue” by Alice Walker: Analysis & Summary Table of Contents 1. “Am I Blue?” by Alice Walker Summary 2. “Am I Blue?” by Alice Walker Analysis 3. “Am I Blue?” by Alice Walker Symbols 4. Works Cited “Am I Blue?” by Alice Walker Summary The story Am I Blue? by Alice Walker narrates about a horse named Blue. At the very beginning, the story is an ordinary account about author’s horse, but further exploration provides a deeper interpretation of emotions that animal experiences. In particular, the tale introduces a vivid comparison between the emotions of animals and those of humans. “Am I Blue?” by Alice Walker Analysis Alice Walker, therefore, strives to convince the readers to understand sufferings and hardships that animals can feel, as well as persuades that animals can experience the same as humans do. In this respect, the literary piece aims to prove that emotion is a universal concept which cannot be judged with regard to gender, race, ethnicity, or social status. Moreover, animals can teach humans to experience genuine emotions, as well as cognize the nature of feelings. Walker emphasizes that animals, particularly horses, have emotions that differ from those displayed by humans. She provides a comparative analysis by describing the suffering experienced by the horse and contrasting it to human suffering. In the story, Walker pays attention to the eyes of the animal, noting, “…I had forgotten the depth of feeling one could see in horses’ eyes” (Walker 380). In such a way, the author tries to explain that horses can express their feelings in their eyes. Walker also reveals a sense of disappointment with humanity’s attitude toward animals. The story, however, evaluates animals as creatures that are not capable of disclosing their emotions. In this respect, Walker tells humans to reconsider their treatment and take a closer look at animals’ capability to experience suffering and grief. “Am I Blue?” by Alice Walker Symbols In the story, humanity does not differ much from animals, which is directly highlighted in the title of the narrative Am I Blue?. ‘Blue’ can symbolize sadness and loneliness and, therefore, it is represented as an allegoric name for the horse. So, Walker manages to render frustration in the horse’s expression when the breeding process is finished and Blue had to be taken away. In this situation, Walker writes, “If I had been born into slavery, and my partner had been sold or killed, my eyes would have looked like that” (382). Once again, the author resorts to the problem of national identity and compares the horse with an enslaved person. The author refers to the comparison of African Americans and the indigenous population and indicates similarities between these groups. In fact, the story introduces the impact of destruction, as depicted in Blue’s case. The Blue’s look, therefore, becomes “…more painful than the look of despair; the look of disgust with human beings, with life” (Walker 382). Through this statement, the author tries to show the reluctance of humans to analyze animals deeper than the surface of things. The novel focuses on the evident connection between animals and humans. In conclusion, the story Am I Blue? presents a comparative analysis of human emotions through the employment of animal imagery. In particular, Walker indicates the evident similarity between humans and animals and highlights such urgent topics as racism, identity, and inequality. Also, by introducing a detailed description of emotions and feelings experienced by the horse, the author proves that animals are more apt for disclosing their genuine attitudes to the world as compared to humans who sometimes fail to express themselves freely. Such a perspective is especially appropriate for discussing the problem of slavery. Works Cited Walker, Alice. “Am I Blue?”. pp. 379-382. Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In "America," Allen Ginsberg laments the state of the United States economy in the 1950s and urges readers to remember President Kennedy's admonition to support the government.

In "America," Allen Ginsberg laments the state of the United States economy in the 1950s and urges readers to remember President Kennedy's admonition to support the government.

“America” by Allen Ginsberg Essay Table of Contents 1. The Lamentation of Ginsberg 2. Kennedy’s Admonition 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited The interpreter needs to examine important clues to understand the intended message of the author. The author mentioned two key terms. The first one is the year 1956. The second term given was Trotskyites. Thus, it can be argued that Ginsberg was describing the economic and social state of American in the decade after the Korean War. The reader can empathize with his plight. However, the best way to react to this poem is to remind the reader about the speech that President Kennedy made in 1963. Kennedy’s speech admonished people who shared Ginsberg’s view and reminded them that the government did not exist to serve the American public. The Lamentation of Ginsberg Historians unearthed evidence that showed the problems of the U.S. economy in the decade of the 1950s (Brenner 54). It was an unexpected outcome after the frenzied economic growth brought about by the rapid industrialization of the United States. Many were caught by surprise after consistent economic growth beginning in the decade of the 1940s (Brenner 54). The economic stagnation could have been the reason for Ginsberg’s lament. Nevertheless, historians were quick to add that the said economic slowdown was temporary. The United States was an economic powerhouse because of the industries that were created during and after the Second World War. American companies were also successful in creating a network of business partnerships all over the world (Brenner, 55). It is understandable if people will empathize with Ginsberg’s plight. On the other hand, people should question why he was unable to earn a living when he was a citizen of the most powerful country in the world. Ginsberg’s primary complain was not the lack of economic opportunities. His main tirade against the government was about the issue of communism. Ginsberg had a point because the United States was supposed to be a land of the free. The U.S. Constitution makes it illegal to impose a man’s personal views over another human being. On the other hand, Ginsberg should also understand why the United States government was paranoid in its approach to counter the effect of communism in America. Ginsberg must realize that communism did not take root in the United States because the government made every effort to oppose its development. Ginsberg must also understand that the core message of communism was to destroy the status quo (Lewy 139). Ginsberg should look into the revolution that swept Russia, China, Vietnam, and Cambodia. In these four countries, communism destroyed people’s way of life. Kennedy’s Admonition The late President John F. Kennedy must have been thinking about complainers like Ginsberg when he wrote his speech that rallied the people to support the government. Ginsberg had every right to complain. In fact, he should be commended for voicing out his opinion. The freedom to express one’s opinion is the reason why America is one of the greatest countries in the world. On the other hand, Ginsberg’s complaints must be transformed into a form of constructive criticism. Ginsberg’s tirade against the government must not end as a pointed diatribe, without offering a solution to the problem. Kennedy inspired millions of American citizens to look into their lives and find out what they can do to help their fellow citizens. Kennedy’s assertion was justified. His speech inspired many people to embrace difficult tasks. For example, the speech that he made inspired people from NASA to develop a successful program that sent Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins to the moon. Conclusion Ginsberg was acting within his rights when he complained about the lack of economic opportunities in his life. However, if one will take a closer look at the economic situation in the United States during that particular time period, Ginsberg will come across as a whiner. A whiner is someone who can only see the negative aspects of life. The United States is one of the most powerful and richest nations on Earth. Therefore, its citizens have more opportunities than the rest of the human population. In other words, his pointed diatribe against the U.S. government was not justified. On the other hand, Ginsberg was correct when he voiced out his opinion regarding the paranoid attempts of the government to oppose the development of communism in the country. Nevertheless, Ginsberg should also understand why the government was adamant in eradicating the influence of communism in the country. Nations that allowed communism to take root suffered from anarchy. Bloody revolutions in China, Russia, Cambodia, and Vietnam were the direct result of communist uprisings. More importantly, Ginsberg failed to offer solutions. He should listen to the advice of former President Kennedy. He should look at the problem and offer himself as part of the solution. Works Cited Brenner, Robert. The Economics of Global Turbulence . UK: Verso Publishing, 2006. Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The American congress agreed to Woodrow Wilson's request that America join WW1 on the side of the allies in April 1917, it was nearly three years since the war had broken out. The three years have been used to argue that the US was unwilling to enter the war; that the US was neutral as Woodrow Wilson had declared. But this is not exactly true; the US was not neutral, neither was it unwilling to join the war. In this paper we shall explore this assertion.

The American congress agreed to Woodrow Wilson's request that America join WW1 on the side of the allies in April 1917, it was nearly three years since the war had broken out. The three years have been used to argue that the US was unwilling to enter the war; that the US was neutral as Woodrow Wilson had declared. But this is not exactly true; the US was not neutral, neither was it unwilling to join the war. In this paper we shall explore this assertion.

America & World War I Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography 5. Footnotes Introduction When the American congress agreed to Woodrow Wilson’s request that America join WW1 on the side of the allies in April 1917, it was nearly three years since the war had broken out 1 . Up to that point, in spite of continuous provocations by Britain and Germany, and especially the latter, America had remained in the mainstream and kept its promise to remain neutral in the war and continue doing business with both sides. The three years have been used to argue that the US was unwilling to enter the war; that the US was neutral as Woodrow Wilson had declared. But this is not exactly true; the US was not neutral, neither was it unwilling to join the war. In this paper we shall explore this assertion. Discussion As the war broke out in Europe, Woodrow Wilson, in calling for neutrality said that the Americans “must remain impartial both in thought and in action” 2 . But was this true, that the US could remain impartial in thought and in action? First, let us look at the ‘thought’. From the earlier days of war, it was obvious that the US would be more aligned to the allies, mainly led by Britain and France; as one historian observed “France had lent a hand to the colonies during the times of American Revolution” 3 . Now America recalled those times and it was time for payback, but America was also more “socially and culturally connected with Britain in terms of literature, language and democratic institutions” 4 . With these historical factors and ties in place, it is doubtful that the US would have been neutral, at least not in thought. But in the first two years of the war, the undecided ‘thought’ became reflected in the ‘actions’ of the US as well. The US had made great investments in the efforts of the allies in the war. “Soon, as the war progressed and it became highly likely that the blockade by the British would only allow the US to trade with allies, the US took upon itself to finance essentials such as foods and weapons for both France and Great Britain” 5 and the US industries basked in the market. On the economic front and in arms supply it became obvious to the Germans, there was no partiality as the US’s sympathies and loyalty lay mostly with the allies. Up to this point, it is clear that the US was not as neutral as they had claimed. But these factors are not to be solely blamed on the US. Britain, having cut off communication between the US and the alliance, especially Germany, controlled much of the information on the war that reached the US. With this it became easy to absolve the US of the German-type-itchiness to join the war. This is especially reflected in the US’s act of restraint and control to avoid getting into the war even in the face of rude provocations by the warring camps, especially Germany. It has been argued that “the Zimmerman Telegram’ was one of the major immediate impetuses for the US joining the war” 6 . This is true, especially in the sense that by threatening the US’s stance on the dispute zones along its borders with Mexico, Germany was most explicitly taking the war to the US front door. Yet, in declaring war, President Woodrow Wilson gave the main reason as an effort to make the world a safer place for democracy to thrive. The truth was that the US had to, amongst other reasons, save the allies from falling and hence guard against losing its loans to them. But it sought to hide these fears under a ‘global’ face. This marked the first of US’s effort to use its so-called search for global democracy to veil its own immediate interests. ‘Global’ democracy has been what defines the US’s foreign policy even up to date; the US’s global foreign policy has been the impetus behind its place as the ‘superpower’. It is quite convenient how the US’s entry had coincided with the subsiding strength of the allies. Yet in spite of joining the war on the sides of the allies, President Wilson had decided that the US would fight alone; that is, without integrating the American military with the ally armies (French and British). This became a major bone of contention amongst the allies in the dying days of the war. Conclusion Contrary to the truth, the US claimed impartiality in thought and action while it continued to supply the allies in the war with arms, food and financial aid while at the same time seeking to end the war. These factors expose much of the US’s perception of this war at the time. Of course, if the US hadn’t entered the war, the damage would definitely have been worse; its entry marked the end of the war and an uglier ending. But one must also acknowledge that the outcome of WW1 laid the ground for WW2, and both these wars marked the US’s rise to world power. Bibliography “ America in the Great War ,” Eyewitness history. Web. Guisepi Robert, “Tragic War and Futile Peace: World War I , ” Historyworld. Web. “ America and World War On e,” History learnings. Web. Footnotes 1. History learnings. America and World War One . 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. History learnings, op. cit. 5. Eyewitness history. America in the Great War . 6. Guisepi, R. Tragic War and Futile Peace: World War I.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The American Airlines 1420 crash was caused by a combination of factors, including the pressure of working for American Airlines, a human factor – mistakes of the flight crew, and the role of fatigue in the accident.

The American Airlines 1420 crash was caused by a combination of factors, including the pressure of working for American Airlines, a human factor – mistakes of the flight crew, and the role of fatigue in the accident.

American Airlines 1420: Accident Overview Research Paper Table of Contents 1. The Pressure of Working for American Airlines 2. A Human Factor – Mistakes of the Flight Crew 3. The Role of Fatigue in the Accident 4. Troubles with Communication and People’s Responses 5. Works Cited American Airlines 1420 was one of the regular flights, headed from Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (Dallas, Texas) to the Little Rock National Airport (Little Rock, Arkansas) on 1 July 1999. Because of the thunderstorm and heavy rain on the way, the pilot did not manage to land the plane safely, and it crashed after the overrunning the end of the runway. There were 10 fatalities among the passengers, and the captain died; the first officer, 4 flight attendants, and 105 passengers were injured, and 40 of those injuries were serious (National Transportation Safety Board 1). Although many people criticized the flight crew for how they were managing the situation, not only their poor decision-making abilities and fatigue became the cause of the catastrophe – miscommunications and too slow responses of those who were involved in the emergency management contributed to the plane’s fate as well. The Pressure of Working for American Airlines Despite reliable aircraft and extensive training, modern airlines put a lot of pressure on the flight crews. Driven by a desire to be competitive and demanded, large carriers establish high standards for the employees to follow. One of the strictest requirements is to be on time. It is not surprising that it can bring a lot of stress and affect the way in which people make their decisions. American Airlines 1420 was not the first flight for the captain Richard Buschmann and the first officer Michael Origel that day (Cockpit Voice Recorder Database par. 2). The “flight sequence” started at 11:43 with the flight connecting Chicago and Salt Lake City and continued with another one, headed for Dallas (Federal Aviation Administration par. 1). According to the schedule, American Airlines 1420 was supposed to take off at 20:28 and arrive in Little Rock at 21:14. However, when the captain and the first officer were ready to leave, it turned out that the flight was delayed because of adverse weather conditions. This delay put a pressure on the pilots even before the plane took off. They tried to keep the flight on schedule, because they were afraid to exceed the American Airlines crew duty time limitation (Federal Aviation Administration par. 1). To avoid the delay, the airplane for the flight was changed, and American 1420 departed at 22:40, still more than two hours later than scheduled. That was the first mistake of the flight crew. A Human Factor – Mistakes of the Flight Crew While flying to Little Rock, the captain and the first officer received several warnings about a storm on the way. However, they did not consider the option of delaying the landing in view of the weather. Instead of this, they accelerated to “beat the storms to Little Rock, if possible” (Harter par. 37). The same was suggested to them by the dispatcher who they were talking to. Although he warned them about the storm, which was close to Little Rock, he also said that there was the “bowling alley of clear air”, and they should try to make it (“Racing the Storm” par. 4). Even later, when the flight crew experienced the effects of adverse weather conditions on their own skin (frequent turbulence and lightning strikes), they did not want to delay the landing and only became more confident in their decision to expedite the approach. When the flight was at the final approach, the weather got worse, the visibility decreased, and the “bowling alley” actually closed, neither the pilots nor a dispatcher they were talking to changed their mind (“Racing the Storm” par. 7). Due to the pilots’ desire to land as soon as possible, they made a lot of mistakes that night. For example, they did not arm the auto braking system and the automatic ground spoiler, which were crucial for a plane to be able to stop on a wet runway, especially if there were strong wind gusts in addition. After the aircraft had touched the ground, the first officer claimed, “We’re down. We’re sliding” (Cockpit Voice Recorder Database par. 7). However, at the very next moment, both pilots realized that the spoilers did not work, and there were “almost no braking at all” (Cockpit Voice Recorder Database par. 7). Then, the captain went too far with reverse thrust, and the control of the plane was entirely lost. At high speed, the aircraft overran the end of the runway, crashed into the landing lights for another runway and finally stopped on the riverbank. The Role of Fatigue in the Accident As the report of the catastrophe showed, both of the pilots were feeling rather tired. The first officer said that it was “a long day” but he did not feel tired at all (National Transportation Safety Board 144). Still, “the flight crew’s normal schedule were consistent with the development of fatigue” because of strain at work, sleep losses and so on (National Transportation Safety Board 144). At the time when the accident occurred, both pilots were awake for more than 16 hours, which was more than a standard working day. Additionally, the accident happened at the time when they would have been asleep in other circumstances. As the researchers state, people who feel fatigued are usually fixated on the desired outcome, which hinders the critical thinking (National Transportation Safety Board 144). And the truth is that is exactly what happened firstly at the airport in Dallas and then continued in the air. Troubles with Communication and People’s Responses Although Buschmann and Origel did make the mistakes, which contributed to the deplorable fate of the aircraft, not all the mistakes were on their conscience. Troubles with communication became one of the crucial reasons for this plane to crash since they allowed the landing, which should have been delayed. There were many chances for the flight crew to find out that they were going to land during the severe thunderstorm and heavy rain. However, the fate decreed otherwise. That night, there were more than nine hundred cloud-to-ground strikes of the lightning in the period between 11:36 and 11:51 (Harter par. 15). And Bill Trott, the dispatcher of American Airlines who had a connection to the pilots of the flight 1420, would have known that if only he updated the information and clicked the lightning icon on his computer screen. Later, he said that he was not aware of the lightning on the field at Little Rock at all. Carol Burgess and Claude Johnson, who were observing the weather conditions at the airport, saw the lightning, and the information about it was presented in the report to the National Weather Service. In that report, Burgess mentioned the wind changes, declines of visibility, the thunderstorm, and even the lightning strikes. Nevertheless, Bill Trott did not think that it was necessary to transfer that information to the pilots because the report did not mention any rain. At 11:24, the rain started but is was not enough to make another report, so Trott did not know about it. The pilots, on the contrary, knew about the rain but were not aware of a severe thunderstorm, so the plane flew on. If only one of them knew about both of those weather conditions, the future catastrophe could have been prevented since it was simply prohibited to land a plane during the rain and the thunderstorm (Harter par. 27). Soon after, Claude Johnson had another report, which told about the rain and sudden decline of visibility from seven to one mile (Harter par. 28). However, at that very moment his equipment was resetting (a planned task that should be done every hour), and for almost six minutes the communications failed, which is why it was impossible to send the report. When the resetting was over, and the information was transmitted at 11:53, the plane had already crashed (Harter par. 29). According to the article entitled “Lessons In The Crash Of Flight 1420”, this aircraft put an end to almost an 18-month period when the US commercial airlines had flown without any fatal incidents (par. 2). The primary conclusion that can be made from the aspects discussed in the paper is that the catastrophe of the flight 1420 could have been prevented. But it was not. And the major reasons, which contributed to its fate, were a human factor, wrong and too slow people’s responses, and miscommunications. Works Cited Cockpit Voice Recorder Database., 1 June 1999 – American 1420 . Web. Federal Aviation Administration., Accident Overview . Web. Harter, Andrea 2001, Tangle of errors, misjudgment behind crash of Flight 1420 . Web. Lessons In The Crash Of Flight 1420 . Web. National Transportation Safety Board 2001 , Runway Overrun During Landing, American Airlines Flight 1420, McDonnell Douglas MD-82, N215AA, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1, 1999 . Web. Racing the Storm: The 1999 Crash of American 1420 2012. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The American born Chinese's cultural dilemma research paper examines the cultural challenges that American born Chinese's face in America. The paper found that while the American born Chinese's attempt to adopt American culture, they also try to maintain their native culture. This dual identity can be difficult to navigate, as the American born Chinese's may feel like they are living in two different cultures.

The American born Chinese's cultural dilemma research paper examines the cultural challenges that American born Chinese's face in America. The paper found that while the American born Chinese's attempt to adopt American culture, they also try to maintain their native culture. This dual identity can be difficult to navigate, as the American born Chinese's may feel like they are living in two different cultures.

American Born Chinese’s Cultural Dilemma Research Paper Introduction During the 19 th century, many Asians migrated to America. The Asians who migrated include Indians, Chinese, Japanese, Philippines, Vietnamese, and Koreans. While some Asians migrated in search of lucrative business opportunities and studies, others migrated with the objective of residing in America. Asians who managed to reside in America started Asian communities in their quest to sustain Asian lifestyles and cultures. Some of the popular Asian communities include China towns that individuals from China started, as they constitute the largest Asian population in America. However, with time, many Chinese individuals slowly adopted foreign or western cultures and lifestyles and left their native cultures. Cultural change mostly affected the young generation of Chinese because they were born and raised in America. The American born Chinese go through cultural and social challenges as they attempt to adopt American culture and at the same time maintain Chinese culture. Therefore, the focus of the research is to assess the cultural dilemma that the American born Chinese (ABCs) face in America. Method The researcher chose schools and places of residence in Los Angeles and selected sites such as East Los Angeles College, West Side Chinese Language School, and a few homes of ABCs. Respondents to the research included parents of ABCs who have children in West Side Chinese Language School, teachers of the language school, international, American, and Chinese students. The research employed participant observation and interview schedules to collect information from the respondents. The researcher collected information from 5 parents, 10 international American students, 7 teachers from West Side Chinese Language School, and 10 Chinese international students. The research used interview schedules to collect information from the respondents. The process of data collection entailed the administration of open-ended questions to willing respondents. In the process of data collection, the research experienced challenges because some students were reluctant to answer research questions, while some teachers and students had busy schedules. However, the researcher managed to overcome these challenges by interviewing the respondents who were willing and making appointments with the teachers. Presentation Culture The respondents highlighted that American culture is very different from Chinese culture. According to the respondents, while the Chinese are conservative, the Americans are liberal and not subject to any cultural beliefs or practices. Additionally, the researcher observed that the Chinese still believe and follow the doctrines of Buddhism as opposed to the Americans who do not have any common cultural orientation. Respondents noted that the American culture is cosmopolitan because it incorporates cultures and norms of diverse cultures across the world. The researcher observed that Chinese parents and grandparents uphold strong cultural practices and traditions whereas the young American born Chinese have liberal values and beliefs. This is due to the exposure of America born Chinese to the American cultures, which are very different from their native and traditional cultures. According to the respondents, while Chinese elders and parents believe in the traditions and practices, the American born Chinese no longer respect these practices. On the contrary, they have adopted the American cultures that are liberal and democratic. However, since the American born Chinese live in Chinese communities such as China towns, they end up learning both the American and Chinese cultures. Many respondents highlighted that this makes the American born Chinese to possess bicultural behaviors of their Chinese parents and American cultures. The cultural dilemma confuses American born Chinese. The American born Chinese have to resolve the cultural dilemma as they are trying to adopt American cultures that they encounter at school and other social places, as well as abide by their native Chinese cultures at home. Family and Kinship The researcher observed that the Chinese still respect and value ties that bind the family together. From the respondents, the researcher observed that the Chinese respect and value all members of the extended family. The Chinese families often live together and share responsibilities as one large family. Additionally, it is apparent that different members of the Chinese families receive and accord respect to their immediate relatives. The researcher found that the situation is different in America. In the findings, many Americans do not respect and value family and kinship ties. In America, many individuals do not extend their family ties beyond the nuclear or single-parent family. Therefore, American family structures create a form of cultural confusion that affects the young Chinese who were born and raised in America. According to the respondents, the American born Chinese go through difficult periods while trying to understand their norms of family associations and kinship ties, as well as the western norms of segregated family structure. International Chinese students also noted that parents require them to know their lineages and all the members of their extended families in America and China. The respondents asserted that in the American communities, the Americans only value and respect their immediate family members like brothers, parents, and first cousins. From the findings, many international American students were not in a position to identify members of their extended families, who are beyond the first and second generations. The difference in family structures between the Americans and Chinese communities makes it challenging for the American born Chinese to adopt American culture and interact with Americans. Overall, cultural diversity limits interaction and association of American born Chinese with their native Chinese and Americans. Social Lifestyles From the findings, the lifestyles of people living in America are unique. According to the respondents, the Americans depict isolated lifestyles. In America, most people are busy as they work for many hours during the week, and they rest only once a week. Additionally, most of the Americans like living in urban areas because of the nature of civilization. The researcher observed that a person in America lives a materialistic and luxurious life. However, most of the Americans no longer uphold ethical values, and thus, they live unique and complicated lifestyles. According to the respondents, gay marriage and divorce are common in America. The researcher found out that many Chinese parents believe that gay marriage and divorce are unethical, and so they perceive marriage as an important social entity that comprises of a union between a man and a woman. The researcher identified that many American born Chinese are in the dilemma of adopting American lifestyles or retaining their Chinese lifestyles. Since many Chinese parents believe that American youth no longer uphold ethical and moral values, they discourage their children from adopting any values from the society but instead behave as per their lifestyles. Additionally, the research found out that the American born Chinese believe that western culture is good as it gives them the liberty to engage in what they love. The young Chinese who were born in America think that their native lifestyles are no longer in line with the modern age. From the findings, Chinese students stated that they do not like or value their native lifestyles, and therefore, they prefer western lifestyles. The lifestyle change portrayed by the Chinese who are born in American creates conflicts in among Chinese families because Chinese parents consider American lifestyles as immoral or unethical. Racial Discrimination In America, the level of racial discrimination and ethnicity is low. From the research, discrimination takes place when Americans exploit Chinese living in America. The Chinese parents highlighted that although they have been in America for a long time, they are still experiencing some forms of racial discrimination from their American colleagues. According to the research, the Chinese students confessed to having experienced some forms of racial discrimination from Native Americans in school and social places. The Chinese members point out that racial discrimination is a problem that affects them as it makes them feel excluded by the dominant Americans. Language The researcher also observed that American born Chinese do not understand their mother tongue clearly. According to the teachers in West Side Chinese Language School, many Chinese parents bring the children to the institution so that they can learn their mother tongue. The respondents attributed this to the effect of the society, which is composed of mainly the English-speaking people. From the findings, the Chinese parents stated that the setting that their children grow and learn makes them vulnerable to foreign languages. Since most of the American born Chinese grow up and school in America, they find it easy to learn a foreign language spoken by many Americans, as opposed to their native language, the Chinese. Furthermore, the system of education in America is very different from that in China. The difference ranges from language to alphabets. This further complicates the challenge that the American born Chinese face as they grow up in American society. Religion According to the respondents, Americans have different opinions and perspectives concerning religion. Essentially, America has pronounced freedom of worship, and therefore, its citizens are free to worship in a religion of their choice. The cosmopolitan nature of America makes it have many religions according to diverse religious orientations of Americans. From the findings, it was found out that the Americans are not subject to any religious belief, as they have freedom of worship. Therefore, they do not strictly adhere to the provisions of any given religion. However, the Chinese communities have many religions, and they believe in their doctrines. From the findings, the parents who have their children in West Side Chinese Language School believe that their religion is important and that their children should stick to the rules provided by the religion. The existence of many religions poses a dilemma to the American born Chinese since their parents believe in religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, while Americans are predominantly Christians, followed by Muslims. According to the research, the American born Chinese find it hard to choose a religion among diverse religions that surrounds them. Some of the respondents from the Chinese community highlighted the confusion they experience in choosing a religion from the many religions that are present in America, and the fact that many Americans do not follow any religious orientation strictly. The Chinese state that their children are unable to make informed choices regarding the choice of a religion because they are still very young. Since many Americans do not follow religious doctrines seriously, Chinese parents discourage their children from following immoral behaviors that are prevalent in society. Interpretation Culture and Family From the research, there is an indication that most of the American born Chinese no longer respect and follow their traditional beliefs and practices. It is evident that many members of the younger generation no longer follow cultural beliefs like their parents. On the contrary, American born Chinese are adopting western cultures because of societal pressure. The presence of Chinese communities in their places of residence still helps them retain some native practices; hence, they end up living bicultural lifestyles. Another challenge faced by the American born Chinese is the difference between family structures in America and Chinese communities. As opposed to Chinese, who live together in large extended families that make up a community, many Americans live in nuclear or single-parent families. The existing difference in family structures affects the young generation of Chinese because while their parents struggle to sustain morals and family structures, the young generation performs the opposite. Lifestyle, Language, and Religion From the study, it is clear that there is a cultural discrepancy between American born Chinese and their parents. The American born Chinese are slowly abandoning their native cultures, while gradually adopting the western cultures. The social lifestyles depicted by the Americans put pressure on the young generation of Chinese and compel them to adjust their moral values so that they can fit into the dynamic society. Apart from the challenge of adopting western lifestyles, the young Chinese who were born in America are slowly forgetting their mother tongue. The findings demonstrate that many parents are taking their children to schools that train the Chinese language so that they can learn their mother tongue. Since there are many religions in America, the American born Chinese are unable to choose that go well with their beliefs. Conclusion The research has effectively discussed the challenges faced by the American born Chinese, commonly known as the ABCs. It has also presented various aspects of challenges that the American born Chinese encounter. Hence, it is evident from the research that the young generation of Chinese drift away gradually from the culture of their parents while they succumb to the pressure from society. The research brought to fore the challenge of abandonment that parents and native Chinese are facing from the American born Chinese, as well as the attitudes that the young generation possess concerning the Chinese and American lifestyles. From the research, it is clear that most of the American born Chinese display bicultural lifestyles as they live in Chinese communities and study in American schools. The cultural dilemma makes them engage in bicultural lifestyles, which complicate their lifestyles.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: American culture has been spreading around the world for centuries. While it has had a positive impact on some cultures, others have felt the negative effects of Americanization. These include the loss of traditional values and the rise of materialism and consumerism.

American culture has been spreading around the world for centuries. While it has had a positive impact on some cultures, others have felt the negative effects of Americanization. These include the loss of traditional values and the rise of materialism and consumerism.

American Culture Pros & Cons Proposal Essay Introduction Countries have been transmitting their cultures and traditions to other nations for centuries. People refer to this as cultural imperialism. It is the practice of promoting, differentiating, separating, and artificially introducing a culture of one nation to another (Sévenier 1). In the past centuries, European countries have been famous for their cultural imperialism. Britain and France were the most notorious for transmitting their cultures using political and military force. This gave rise to colonization and defamed cultural imperialism. However, in time America has replaced Europe in spreading the famous western culture to the world. In fact, every corner of the globe feels the influence of the American culture. Nonetheless, this has given rise to many questions such as the intentions of America, the positive, and the negative impacts (Galeota 22). Spreading of the American culture Unlike in the past cultural imperialism today does not use military or political strength of a country in order to transmit culture. Conversely, countries use more friendly tactics to propagate culture. American’s propagate their culture through media, cultural trade fairs, and trading activities. The Americans do this by using their high quality and incomparable music and films. Further, America sells unique and quality goods and services such as coca cola. In addition, Americans use methods that are less subtle and brutal as compared to the Britons. This positively contributes to easy transmission and friendly reception of the American culture. Further, in their bid to inject their culture into other nations Americans familiarize with the intended nation. For example, they use diverse races in their advertisements. Obviously, this favors the spread of American cultures such as free enterprise, Individualism, materialism and consumerism. The success of American cultural imperialism is evident by the widespread use of English language, adoption of American dressing mode, American names, and imitation of American films and music among others (Griffin 1). Benefits of American culture to the world The main positive impact of transmitting the American culture is creating homogeneity in the world. This eases communication by allowing use of a common language and adoption of culture (Movius 10). This is beneficial especially in times of crisis. Secondly, America spreads universal truths and human rights values alongside culture. Using the media America transmits concepts of freedom of expression, democracy, rights, and equality this is significant to citizens of authoritarian countries. Additionally, America has contributed to world’s economic growth. Through transmitting culture, the countries interact and engage in trade (Arowolo 8). Threat of American culture to the world A section of nations in the world has chosen to withstand the American imperialism. They claim that the American imperialism erodes their cultures (Heinrich 380). For example, products like Spiderman and Batman films, Pepsi, and Coca cola replace local products. Consequently, this gradually swallows up the culture of the latter country. Further, nations accuse America of selling their products cheaply. They explain that the cheap products sabotage their locally produced goods and the affect the economy as a whole. Conclusion In conclusion, the American culture is widespread throughout the world. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects on the host nation. Therefore, the host nation has the responsibility of filtering the positive from negative effects of the American culture. Overall, human behavior determines cultural imperialism. This human behavior manifests through speech, actions, and artifacts and depends on man’s capability of learning and transmitting knowledge. Therefore, cultural transmission is inevitable. Moreover, culture is not static and is subject to constant change. Works Cited Arowolo, Dare. “The Effects of Western Civilisation and Culture on Africa.” Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences 1.1 (2010): 1-13. Print. Galeota, Julia. Cultural Imperialism: An american Tradition.” The Humanist 64.3 (2004): 22-46. Print. Griffin, Michael. “From Cultural Imperialism to Transnational Commercialization:Shifting Paradigms in International Media Studies.” Global Media Journal 1.1 (2002): 1 Print. Heinrich, Christof. “The Death of Cultural Imperialism — and Power Too? A Critical Analysis of American Prestige Press Representations of the Hegemony of English.” International Communication Gazette 70.5 (2008): 378-394. Print. Movius, Lauren. “Cultural Globalisation andChallenges to Traditional Communication Theories.” Journal of Media and Communication 2.1 (2010): 1-13. Print. Sévenier, Gaëlle. American Cultural Imperialism: Gift or Threat? 2004.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The American education system is very different from many education systems in the world.The American education system is very different from many education systems in the world. Its main uniqueness is the lack of uniformity in the running of schools in all the states of the country (Sowell, 1993). The schools are usually controlled by district boards, which are also in charge of setting policies, soliciting funds, regulating the teaching process and setting the curricula for various districts (Ravitch,

The American education system is very different from many education systems in the world. The American education system is very different from many education systems in the world. Its main uniqueness is the lack of uniformity in the running of schools in all the states of the country (Sowell, 1993). The schools are usually controlled by district boards, which are also in charge of setting policies, soliciting funds, regulating the teaching process and setting the curricula for various districts (Ravitch,

American Education System: Practices and Ideologies Essay American education system is very different from many education systems in the world. Its main uniqueness is the lack of uniformity in the running of schools in all the states of the country (Sowell,1993). The schools are usually controlled by district boards, which are also in charge of setting policies, soliciting funds, regulating the teaching process and setting the curricula for various districts (Ravitch, 2010). Public schools get their funds from state, local and federal governments (Sowell,1993). Many of the students attend public schools. Specifically, 88% of them go to public schools, while the rest go to private schools or get home schooling. The education system is divided into sevaral levels based on the age of the learners (Sowell,1993). The first level is the elementary school (K school and primary school), then goes middle or junior high school and senior high school. These initial levels are then followed by the tertiary level of schooling, college and graduate school (Ravitch, 2010). The entire education system lays emphasis on the learner-centered method of teaching, where the teacher only serves as a guide in the learning process. The learner works on his or her own to make discoveries. This system came to be what it is today as a result of the work done by many fore-runners of education. This paper discusses the impact of some of them. Precisely, it looks at the works of Calvin and Calvinism, Horace Mann and the education board, Socrates and John Dewey and their influence on the current American education system. One of the first people to make a significant contribution to the American education system was John Calvin. He was a protestant reformer who mainly advocated for the sponsorship of education by state governments (Ravitch, 2010). He also advocated for universal literacy for the purpose of helping citizens know how to read the Bible. According to him, people who could read the Bible would easily transform into morally upright citizens (Ravitch, 2010). His influence is still felt up to today. The schools are sponsored by the federal, local and state governments as he envisioned. In addition, the American education system still emphasizes the production of morally upright citizens. However, it does not achieve this objective through the use of biblical teachings (Ravitch, 2010). In 2002, the Congress passed a bill, The No Child Left behind Bill, to ensure that all the learners in the states acquire at least a certain level of knowledge (Ravitch, 2010). This move ensured that Calvin’s dream of universal literacy was achieved. Later, the court ruled that state governments should sometimes sponsor some of the Parochial Schools associated with Calvin and other Christian scholars. Before Calvin, Socrates had surprised the world with his Socratic Method. This method entails dialectic questions intended to make learners think logically and come up with rational responses to difficult situations (Levin, 1987). According to Socrates, education is meant to help people become citizens that can think rationally and critically. This method targets statements that people make and shows their faults. In most cases, teachers must challenge what their students say and make them self-contradicting. As a result, speakers are forced to re-phrase their statements. Eventually, speakers move toward objectivity (Levin, 1987). Though the American system does not use this method as was originally formulated by Socrates, its influence is evident in the student-centered method that is very common in American classes. Mostly, teachers only guide the students to make their own discoveries. They formulate questions and the students look for answers on their own. The American education system uses this method of teaching to ensure that their graduates are absolutely non-conformistic (Levin, 1987). Horace Mann was also a very influential person in the history of American education. He formed the first education board in America, which brought about very many reforms in the running of education in the country (Mann, 1957). The most felt reforms were from Europe, especially Prussia. Among the reforms he proposed were the elimination of ignorance among the public, the payment, sustenance and control of education by the public, admission of students from all backgrounds, non-sectarian teaching, freedom in the teaching and learning process and the possession of adequate training by the teaching staff (Mann, 1957). As a result of these propositions, education in America became non-sectarian and all-inclusive. Learners are not treated based on religion color or class. Besides non-sectarianism, the running of education is still in the hands of education boards in every state. In addition, the public indirectly caters for their children’s education through paying taxes to the federal, local and state governments. The most important of these individuals was John Dewey. He introduced the student-centered method of teaching and advocated the maximum participation of students in the learning process (Dewey, 1915). He also conceptualized that students learn best when they experiment with ideas before embracing them as facts or refuting them (Dewey, 1915). This method is the most common approach of teaching employed in the US. Students learn through experiments, fieldworks, the use of hypotheses and many other heuristic methods of learning. In modern times, a typical American teacher only serves as a guide in the learning process. Summarily, the American education system has come a long way. Many scholars, from the classical period to the modern period, have influenced this system of education differently. American educational reformists also had to borrow some practices and ideologies from other countries along the way. References Dewey, J. (1915). The school and society . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Levin, M. (1987). The Socratic method . New York: Simon and Schuster. Mann, H. (1957). The republic and the school . New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Ravitch, D. (2010). The death and life of the great American school system . New York: Basic Books. Sowell, T. (1993). Inside American education . New York: Free Press.

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Write an essay about: The Syrian President, Bashar Al-Assad, supports Hezbollah in its activities against humanity in Lebanon. Al-Assad supports Hezbollah to strengthen the friendship of his country with Iran. America is increasingly getting worried about Syria's nuclear intentions. The Republicans seem unhappy with President Obama's stand on Syria.

The Syrian President, Bashar Al-Assad, supports Hezbollah in its activities against humanity in Lebanon. Al-Assad supports Hezbollah to strengthen the friendship of his country with Iran. America is increasingly getting worried about Syria's nuclear intentions. The Republicans seem unhappy with President Obama's stand on Syria.

American Foreign Policy on Syrian Civil War Essay The most important foreign policy facing America is the political upheavals in Syria. The Syrian President, Bashar Al-Assad, supports Hezbollah in its activities against humanity in Lebanon. Al-Assad supports Hezbollah to strengthen the friendship of his country with Iran. Further, America is increasingly getting worried about Syria’s nuclear intentions. The Republicans seem unhappy with President Obama’s stand on Syria. The Republicans argue that Syria is not being held accountable for the actions it has taken. In addition to this, one Republican was quoted, saying, “people are worried that Syria is not being held up to account” (Pershad 8). The International Atomic Energy Agency personnel want more inspection in Damascus to investigate the nuclear rumors, but their activities are unwelcomed in any part of Syria. This further escalates the poor relationship between America and Syria. According to the scoreboard, the results were 101/197. For every country listed, a mark was awarded. Therefore, looking at the results, I listed 101 countries in 15 minutes. The results of the quiz give an inadequate representation of my knowledge of international geography and policy. However, the map used in the quiz acts as a reminder of the activities that take place in a particular geographic location. For example, the map of Asia reminds of the political events taking place in South Korea and North Korea. The quiz on listing names of world countries cannot help to increase political awareness and involvement. However, participation in research studies and keeping track of current affairs can significantly increase political knowledge. In my opinion, China is the most important foreign policy facing America. Since 2011, China has been the second-largest economy in the world. However, many reports suggest that China will surpass America by 2015 to become the largest economy in the world. Many Americans hold the status of economic superiority with prestige. The American government is, therefore, caught between a hard place and a rock in determining the way forward to protect its position as the world’s economic superpower. In 2013, Obama’s administration declared that it would deploy half of its naval forces to Asia by 2020. Many analysts argue that although China does not have a superior military, the country will be obliged to advance its military when it becomes the economic superpower. Therefore, America’s decision to send troops to Asia is an attempt to neutralize China’s military effect in Asia (Bowler 23). Foreign policies like China, terrorism, and cyber-attacks are significant to Americans. The shift of economic power to China means that business people are likely to invest more in China than in America. Further, understanding the extent of cyber-attacks in other countries is essential for investors. In addition, understanding the friends of America is important when carrying business transactions. International issues enable someone to keep track of the events happening around the globe. Further, it helps in planning travel and investments in foreign countries. For example, it is hard for business people to invest in Syria and Ukraine, where it is hard to predict the future. Further, it is unsafe to travel to countries where acts of inhumanity are committed. In addition, governments issue travel advisories to countries they feel are not safe. Further, it is important for business people to understand countries that actively fight cyber-crime in order to predict the success of their investment (Pershad 17). Fighting terrorism is a difficult task. Holding the position as the president, I would cooperate with international bodies like the European Union to combat terrorism. Further, I would help the most affected countries to fight terrorism as these countries act as a breeding ground for terrorists. Fighting terrorism is an international obligation. My government would fund the International Police and ensure their number is increased to serve in almost all countries. Further, cyber-crime is a form of terrorist activity. As the president of the United States of America, I would sensitize other countries on the need to fight cyber-crime. However, economic prosperity would be my main agenda. I would ensure that America has the highest economic growth rate. On global health, I would ensure that my government donates a significant amount of money and adequate personnel to the less developed countries to fight diseases. I would also focus more on research to invent the cure for diseases with no cure. President Obama has made efforts to maintain good diplomatic relations with other countries. Comparing Obama to his predecessor, Obama’s regime is more peaceful. I would grade Obama’s performance as a B or a rating of 7/10. The situation at hand should determine America’s decision to do things unilaterally or in a multinational coalition way. Unilateral actions should be taken when not more than two countries are involved. The issues on contention can be economic ties, military agreements, or trade treaties. However, sensitive matters like terrorism and crimes against humanity should involve a multinational coalition. For example, the situations in Ukraine and Syria demand multinational coalition decisions. Since fighting terrorism has been Americas’ priority, it should opt for a multinational coalition action rather than unilateral. Multinational coalitions help in simplifying the matter at hand as each nation actively participates in fighting the menace. The most helpful article was The New York Times article on E.U. Urges Cooperation to Combat Terrorism by Andrew Higgins and James Kanterjan on 19 January 2015. The central theme of the article was on counterterrorism, discussed by E.U. countries in Brussels (Higgins and Kanterjan 8). Works Cited Bowler, Thomas. “Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers?” The New York Times 18 th March 2015: LZ02. Print. Higgins, Andrew, and Kanterjan John. “E.U. Urges Cooperation to Combat Terrorism.” The New York Times 18 March 2015: LZ03. Print. Pershad, Sushil. “China asks US to respect its domestic concerns.” The Economics Times 8 August 2014: LZ01. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the American history from Reconstruction to World War I, highlighting the key events and processes that shaped the country during this time.

The essay discusses the American history from Reconstruction to World War I, highlighting the key events and processes that shaped the country during this time.

American History from Reconstruction to World War I Essay Frontier Encounters: 1865-1896. Westward expansion. Native Americans in the West. The Far West Wild West was colonized due to the efforts of a great number of people. However, despite the popular opinion of the individual initiative of the first settlers, the federal government played a great role in facilitating the settlement of the West (Hewitt and Lawson 469). They promoted and encouraged people who wanted to investigate huge territories of the West. Great influence also had international companies and foreign capital. These companies invested huge sums of money understanding profitableness and perspective of this process. However, this process also met some resistance. Native Americans did not want to change their place of living and leave their traditional homeland. A great number of military conflicts and skirmishes were the result of this resistance. However, having worse weapons and technologies, Indians were doomed to fail, being defeated again and again — moreover, the government-supplied settlers in their war with Native Americans. However, trying to stop murders and violence, the Dawes Act was accepted. There were created some reservations for Indians. Moreover, they received inferior farmlands and inadequate tools to cultivate them. Being very unfair, this act just promoted further worsening of the situation. However, the settlers continued their movement, and a new stage of colonization of the Far West started. These territories attracted a great number of white settlers and Chinese people. They tried to obtain some land or earn money and return home and start everything anew there. However, the West was not very welcoming for Chinese. Anti-Chinese clubs became an influential power in the region, and under their influence, the US government accepted some laws which prevented further influx of Chinese people. American Industry in the Age of Organization: 1877-1900. Late 19th-century American industrial transformation. The idea of New South. The Jim Crow South Between 1970 and 1900, the USA grew into a global industrial state (Hewitt and Lawson 495). The country developed new branches of industry and ways of production. A very important role in this process was the railroad. This period of time can be called the age of its blistering development. The USA was one of the countries which had the greatest tempo of development of this new mean of transport. New railroad tracks connected different parts of a huge country, allowing fast connections between all regions. With the development of industry, new ideas become more and more popular in society. Great significance obtained the idea of New South as the contrast to Old South with its plantations and slavery. New ideas obtained their followers who considered them to be actual and fair. Moreover, a great number of different advocates achieved great successes in different cases connected with the shift of interests and beliefs in society. There was a lively discussion in society connected with the conditions of African Americans in the state, who were still treated as people of the second sort. Additionally, the Jim Crow laws in practice legalized segregation and created different living conditions for African Americans. Workers and Farmers in the Age of Organization: 1877-1900. Late 19th-century industrial society. Populism Industrialization of the USA influenced all aspects of the social life of the country. Moreover, there were also significant changes it traditional American society. The appearance of a great number of different plants led to the creation of a great number of working places. However, this fact also resulted in the cheapening of the labour and, as a result, the middle salary became lower. At the same time, people had to work under difficult conditions without any chance to improve them. Women turned their homes into workplaces, trying to earn money while looking after children and house. Faced with improved but inadequate wages, workers tried to fight against corporate capitalists. The main method was to organize unions, a group of workers who tried to seek rights and benefits from their employers (Hewitt and Lawson 474). However, the last ones refused to participate in these negotiations and ignored all demands of workers. As a result, there were some serious strikes and even clashes between workers and owners of factories. Agrarians had their own way to struggle with corporate capitalists. Having recognized great influence and importance of politics, agrarians created their own party, which was called Peoples party, or populists. Being very successful at the beginning of its development, it then collapsed because of some drawbacks in its political course. Their candidate for president even managed to win more than one million popular votes (Hewitt and Lawson 542), however populists negative attitude to banks and finances led to their collapse. Cities, Immigrants, and the Nation: 1880-1915. Late 19th-century urbanization. The character of the industrial city. Urban political corruption Industrialization of the USA also influenced the blistering growth of cities. Being concentrated in large towns, factories and plants stimulated influx of workforce. As a result, a great number of new cities appeared and existing one continued their growth. To a large extent, it was determined by a great number of immigrants who came to America hoping to start a new life. Most of more than 20 million people who came in this period of time were from Southern or Eastern Europe (Hewitt and Lawson 551). The wave of immigrants changed the structure of American society and influenced its further development greatly. Majority of the population of a big city like New York or Chicago were presented by immigrants from other countries. That is why it is obvious that the conditions of life in cities changed. Immigrants created their communities which altered the traditional life of cities. Moreover, the whole districts became inhabited by people from one country. Great number of different languages could be heard in the street. Traditions of different folks created the basis for the multicultural character of the USA. As a result of a great influx of migrants, cities became overpopulated. It was very difficult to control them and regulate their life. That is why the phenomenon of city bosses appeared. Bosses were people who obtained power with the help of corruption, paying money to voters for them to vote more than one time. Moreover, they controlled all the capital of the city, both legal and illegal. However, the current state of affairs did not satisfy people and government; that is why mass reform movement led to some changes in the system. Nevertheless, the political machine still remained corrupted. Progressivism and the Search for Order: 1900-1917. Dynamics of Progressivism. Responses to Black conditions The level of corruption became so high that it was impossible to ignore it. That is why some special kind of journalists appeared, who wrote about the problems of government and corruption. This movement was so large that journalists of this sort even obtained a special term, muckrakers . They were the part of the progressive movement which was peculiar for the USA of that period of history. Moreover, progressivism also touched such sphere as the struggle for the rights of African Americans. Booker T. Washington and WEB du Bois created their own approaches to the issue of race discrimination. Having different points of view on this problem, they still demanded equal rights for African Americans. That was the beginning of the movement for termination of race discrimination in the USA. Works Cited Hewitt, Nancy and Steven Lawson. Exploring American Histories: A Brief Survey with Sources, first edition, combined volume. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The book exposes the role of the security officers or law enforcers in suppressing unrest among the agitated and oppress. The book narrates how the officers used excessive force to quell a peaceful strike by workers, who were only fighting for their rights.

The book exposes the role of the security officers or law enforcers in suppressing unrest among the agitated and oppress. The book narrates how the officers used excessive force to quell a peaceful strike by workers, who were only fighting for their rights.

American History in “Memoirs of a Wobbly” by Henry McGuckin Essay They had immense financial constraints. The writer lists several instances where financial constraints were witnessed in running the activities of the union. Although he does not directly proclaim it, the evidence is clear from the excerpt. Effective revolutions can only succeed if resources are sufficient enough to facilitate the actions of the union; it is prudent that a wide and stable resource base is established, this provides a firm pillar for the agitation process. The writer narrates how it became hard to fund raise for hiring an attorney to defend the members arrested (Chaplin 1948). Revolutions can be brought through peaceful means. In the memoirs, the workers organized peaceful strikes lacking military belligerence (Chaplin 1948). The writer posits that reactions of the workers would be non confrontational and peaceful, not based on life-threatening behaviors. When accused of arson, he responded that their activity was not meant to harm life or destroy property Another aspect of the revolution was the fact that they were less than formal. An incisive look at the book depicts a less organized yet almost efficient manner of running their activities. The actors lacked formal and distinct roles and responsibilities to play. This is an outstanding aspect of the struggle witnessed throughout the excerpt. The unions had a random manner of carrying out their activities without being directed by a distinct code of ethos and action plan. An instance is his activity in Minneapolis dye factory. He says that his counterpart was largely unreliable. Their activities were mostly stochastic. The resilience of the union members-especially leaders is an outstanding spectacle that can easily be noticed from the memoirs. In pursuing changes in any deviant social attitude, resilience forms a core foundation (Chaplin 1948). Throughout the book, the writer has established himself as a resilient and ardent defender for what the workers believe in. The agitators of change were jailed on several occasions, intimidated in numerous circumstances and persecuted recurrently, but they continued to fight for the course that they believed in. Their endurance gradually bred fruits. An outstanding aspect the writer has portrayed in his memoir is the fact that trade unionism goes beyond the classroom education levels of the leaders. The writer had very little work experience. A little background check on the writer reveals a man with a less than modest education level. He dropped out of school at a very tender before he finally got engrossed in trade unionism. This infers that activism needs more than just classroom education to be executed. It rather requires an inherent self sacrifice-voluntary. The writer left school to seek employment; he, however, ventured into trade unionism. The book exposes the role of the security officers or law enforcers in suppressing unrest among the agitated and oppressed working force. It is an open secret that the law enforcers invariantly unleashed their brutality against the workers who were demanding for a just and fair working condition (Brettel 1999). The local administrators displayed biases in solving employment issues. An assumption can be made that the law enforcers worked at the behest of wealthy employers. Reference List Brettell, R. R. (1999). Modern art, 1851-1929: capitalism and representation . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chaplin, R. (1948). Wobbly: the rough-and-tumble story of an American radical. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: In his short story A&P, John Updike describes the experiences of a person who cannot fully accept the norms established in the society and conformity of other people. The writer illustrates the way in which an individual responds to the culture dominated by consumption and rigid norms that are taken for granted.

In his short story A&P, John Updike describes the experiences of a person who cannot fully accept the norms established in the society and conformity of other people. The writer illustrates the way in which an individual responds to the culture dominated by consumption and rigid norms that are taken for granted.

American Novels: “A&P” by John Updike Essay In his short story A&P, John Updike describes the experiences of a person who cannot fully accept the norms established in the society and conformity of other people. By depicting the behavior of a teenager named Sammy who works in the supermarket chain, the writer illustrates the way in which an individual responds to the culture dominated by consumption and rigid norms that are taken for granted. Furthermore, A&P is the symbol of this world, which does not enable a person to deviate from the existing tradition. This short story can be analyzed from different viewpoints; for instance, one can examine character development, symbolism, and the use of stylistic devices. It is possible to argue that Sammy does not accept this culture and even rebels against it; however, he almost immediately understands how naïve he is. The main character sees that his protest is not rewarded or even recognized by others. As a result, he is overwhelmed by disappointment when it becomes clear to him that conformity is quite acceptable to other people. The main problem is that people like Sammy cannot properly articulate the goals that they want to attain. These are the main aspects that should be discussed in greater detail. One can say that John Updike highlights the role of consumer culture by incorporating the names of brands into Sammy’s inner monologue. The protagonist works as a cashier in A&P, and the names of products have become almost inseparable parts of his vocabulary. For example, one can mention “Diet Delight peaches,” “Kingfish Fancy Herring Snacks,” and so forth (Updike 95). This is one of the details that can attract readers’ attention. In order to describe the environment, John Updike uses the following phrase, “the cat-and-dog-food-breakfast-cereal-macaroni-rice-raisins-seasonings-spreads-spaghetti-soft-drinks-crackers-and-cookies aisle” (Updike 94). This description is important for highlighting the world of prosperity, which is readily accessible to everyone. However, at the same time, this world is extremely monotonous, especially if a person has to work as the cashier in A&P. Additionally, in this world, any deviation from the behavioral norms is not accepted. In many cases, these norms can be enforced by people like Lengel, who is the manager of the local A&P store. Thus, one can say that the world of consumption does not bring him any enjoyment because this social environment is both rigid and monotonous. One can say that Sammy cannot accept this conformity. This is one of the reasons why he tries to sound like a very cynical person who can see the flaws in other people’s behavior or even physical appearance. Furthermore, he tries to invent insulting nicknames or descriptions while portraying clients. For instance, he depicts one of the customers as “a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows” (Updike, 93). Yet, Sammy cannot fully explain his hostility towards this woman. Furthermore, he depicts many customers as “sheep” (Updike, 94). He can use less denigrating metaphors, such as “house slaves” (Updike 94). So his word choices indicate that the protagonist does not want to become one of these people. To a great extent, his cynicism acts as the shield against this conformity. Nevertheless, deep in heart, Sammy realizes that it will be quite difficult for him to avoid this destiny. Moreover, he cannot accurately state why he dislikes the visitors. The key problem is that people like Sammy cannot properly define the goals that they wish to achieve. This is one of the issues that should be taken into account because it underlies Sammy’s sense of helplessness. At a certain point, Sammy decides to reject the world of A&P when he does not agree with the manager’s decision. In particular, Lengel scolds girls who enter the store wearing only bathing suits. In Sammy’s opinion, this scolding is hypocritical. It is quite clear that Sammy empathizes with these girls. In order to express his protest against Lengel’s decision, he chooses to quit his job. This behavior seems to be completely irrational to Lengel because, in this way, Sammy can upset his parents. Admittedly, Sammy does not want to do it, but he thinks that he has already crossed the point of no return. Overall, the protagonist believes that Lengel acts in a conformist way. Nevertheless, it is difficult for him to justify his behavior in a logical way. This is why he simply chooses to avoid this conversation. To a great extent, Sammy takes this decision on the spur of the moment, but it has certain underlying causes such as long-lasting discontent. Sammy believes that his decision to quit A&P will be appreciated by girls who were criticized by Lengel. However, his actions go unnoticed. At this point, he understands that this rebellion was quite useless. The girls who he tried to defend leave without taking any interest in Sammy. So, the protagonist is overwhelmed with disappointment. Furthermore, his disappointment can be partly explained by the fact that his protest produced virtually no impact on A&P. Its functioning has not changed in any way. Moreover, a society driven by consumption is not likely to be affected by people like Sammy. This is one of the details that should not be overlooked since it is important for understanding the causes of this character’s frustration. It is also possible to argue that in this short story, a large retail chain such as A&P represents consumer culture and prosperity, but at the same time, this organization represents conformity and monotony. By leaving this company, Sammy tries to escape this world; but it becomes clear to him that such actions are eventually futile because the world of A&P is readily accepted by other people. One can argue that the protagonist despises such individuals. This argument is particularly relevant if one speaks about Stokesia, who wants to climb the career ladder. In his turn, Stokesie does not know why any person should protest against the manager’s decisions and the culture of A&P. So, these characters represent different worldviews. On the whole, John Updike depicts the experiences of many teenagers who can aspire for some greater ideals. Furthermore, they cannot easily accept the world dominated by consumer culture, rigid norms, and conformity. Sometimes, these people can rebel against this monotony, expecting that this behavior can be encouraged by others. Nevertheless, these expectations are not realistic. The key issue is that such people are not able to identify the goals that they want to attain. This is why they cannot oppose anything to consumer culture and conformity. One can say that John Updike is able to portray the experiences of many young people. These are the main arguments that can be put forward. Works Cited Updike, John. “A&P.” Fiction: Reading, Reacting , Writing . Ed. Laurie Kirszner and Stephen Mandell. New York: Paulinas, 1993. 93-99. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses how a company can successfully market its organic jam in a new foreign market.My company has always marketed quality fruit products to its customers across the country. The company plans to expand its business. The company plans to expand its sales by marketing its products in a new foreign market. The targeted foreign market in Accra, Ghana.

The text discusses how a company can successfully market its organic jam in a new foreign market. My company has always marketed quality fruit products to its customers across the country. The company plans to expand its business. The company plans to expand its sales by marketing its products in a new foreign market. The targeted foreign market in Accra, Ghana.

American Organic Jam Marketing Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Financial Considerations 3. Sales Strategy and Distribution 4. Marketing and Promotion Strategies 5. Works Cited Introduction My company has always marketed quality fruit products to its customers across the country. The company plans to expand its business. The company plans to expand its sales by marketing its products in a new foreign market. The targeted foreign market in Accra, Ghana. My company is located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The company’s location supports its performance and profitability. Allentown produces most of the fruits used in our company. The location is near major seaports such as Port Baltimore and Port Newark. This paper identifies the best strategies to produce and export our product. The paper also examines the best sales and promotional strategies for our product. Financial Considerations Our organic jam does not contain sugar. The company has decided to use plastic containers to improve the safety of its product. The targeted market is both politically and economically stable. The country’s food sector is also growing at a fast rate. Ghana is one of the leading importers of semi-processed food products. The USA is a leading exporter of quality food products across the globe (Akkaya 4). This fact explains why most of our consumers will appreciate the product. My company should consider the best financial aspects to achieve its goals. The first important consideration is pricing (Akkaya 6). My company will examine the prices of different processed food products in Accra. This approach will ensure the company uses the best pricing strategy for its jam. My company should also market the jam at a lower price (“Basic Guide to Exporting” 57). This approach will ensure every customer purchases our fruit jam. This pricing strategy will ensure the company is on the right track towards achieving its goals. The company should also prepare the best budget for every operation. The “budget should consider the targeted objectives and profits” (Buckley 83). My company should provide adequate training to every to make the process successful (“Basic Guide to Exporting” 89). The company will also coordinate every business process, such as packaging and marketing. My company will also prepare the best budgetary allocations for taxes and commissions. Sales Strategy and Distribution The success of every marketer depends on his or her sales strategy. A proper marketing strategy will inform every customer about the new product. Partnerships “reduce most of the costs incurred whenever establishing a new business” (Buckley 73). I will form new partnerships with “established businesses such as quick-service restaurants, hypermarkets, and convenient stores” (Buckley 89). Such businesses always offer a wide range of products to their customers. My company will use these business partners to achieve its goals. My company will distribute its product using the above business partners (“Trade Freedom: How Imports Support US Jobs” par. 5). The company “will also use the best logistical operations and collection centers to ensure every customer gets our product” (“Develop an Import Strategy” par. 4). The above business partners will play a major role in supporting my goals. This marketing strategy will ensure my company distributes its products across the city. I will also gather more information about the Ghanaian market to develop a better sales strategy. Marketing and Promotion Strategies My goal is to use the best marketing strategy in Accra. A good marketing strategy will inform every consumer about our new product. I will use the famous 4Ps marketing mix to achieve my goals. The first P stands for good pricing. I am planning to use a competitive price for my jam (“Trade Freedom: How Imports Support US Jobs” par. 2). The second P stands for a place. The above business partners will ensure the product is available in every location across the city. This approach will make my company successful in this foreign market. The third P stands for the product. Our product is one of the best in the American market. Our jam will also provide the best nutrients to the targeted customers (“Develop an Import Strategy” par. 1). Our product does not contain sugar. Such qualities will make it one of the best products in the market. Promotion is a critical aspect of an effective marketing mix. I will use various promotional strategies to inform more consumers about this product. I will use various newspapers and local radio stations for advertising my product. My company will also create the best advertisements to inform more citizens about this quality product. The power of different social media networks such as Facebook and Twitter cannot be underestimated (“What Role Can Social Media Play For Your Business Organisation?” par. 3). I will use the above social media platforms to inform more people about this product. This promotional approach will ensure every consumer is aware of our quality fruit jam. I will also encourage our customers to give their feedback about the new product. I will use such feedbacks to implement better marketing strategies for the product. This approach will ensure my company is on the right path towards achieving its business objectives. Works Cited Akkaya, Faith 2013 , Global Marketing Strategies. PDF file. Basic Guide to Exporting: The Official Government Resource for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses. New York, NY: International Trade Administration, 2012. Print. Buckley, Peter. Innovations in International Business. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print. Develop an Import Strategy 2014. Trade Freedom: How Imports Support US Jobs 2012. What Role Can Social Media Play For Your Business Organisation? 2014.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the Reconstruction period in the United States and how Lincoln's 10% plan helped to bring about a more peaceful time.Lincoln's 10% plan was a form of peace strategy aimed at shortening the war and extending his emancipation policy. However, Lincoln failed to guarantee the protection to the slaves whose masters were from the South.

The essay discusses the Reconstruction period in the United States and how Lincoln's 10% plan helped to bring about a more peaceful time. Lincoln's 10% plan was a form of peace strategy aimed at shortening the war and extending his emancipation policy. However, Lincoln failed to guarantee the protection to the slaves whose masters were from the South.

American Reconstruction Historical Period Essay Table of Contents 1. Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan: 1863-1865 2. Presidential Reconstruction: 1865-1867 3. Radical Reconstruction: 1867-1877 4. Conclusion 5. Works Cited After a period of war, the most affected countries embark on a reconstruction process and the United States did the same following the end of the Civil War. After the war, the leaders had to come up with ways for the Confederate States to rejoin the Union. Other challenges that the country encountered included determining whether the Confederate leaders had betrayed the North. Nevertheless, the majority of the political leaders were questioned the President and the Congress’ ability to rejoin the Confederate States to the Union. With the prevalence of such challenges, the reconstruction era in the United States was more challenging than the military conflict that had just ended (Foner 409). The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the various plans that enhanced the reconstruction process in the United States. Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan: 1863-1865 Following the end of the wars that occurred at Gettysburg and Vicksburg by the beginning of the 1860s in which the major Union won, President Abraham Lincoln initiated his reconstruction plan (Egerton 52). The plan was set to unite the South and the North and reconstitute the South into the Union. The process of reconstruction started with the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction in which the President announced officially his intention to unite the two regions (North and South) (Langguth 91). However, Lincoln’s initial intention was to garner the support of the northern states in a bid to persuade the Confederate soldiers to admit defeat. In the course of the reconstruction, Lincoln came up with the 10% Plan as the blueprint through which the southern states would be accepted back into the Union. The southern states were required to have 10% of their voters swear to the oath of allegiance to the Union and adhere to the Emancipation Declaration (Foner 409). However, the vote count was based on the number of registered voters in the 1860 vote count, after which the voters would elect delegates to enhance the revision of the Constitution and establish new states. Lincoln further pledged to protect the southerners and their properties coupled with granting amnesty to the majority of them. However, the declaration did not guarantee protection to the slaves bound to masters from the South (Egerton 59). Nevertheless, Lincoln’s plan was a form of peace strategy aimed at shortening the war and extending his emancipation policy. However, Lincoln failed to guarantee the protection to the slaves whose masters were from the South (Martin et al. 352). The plan garnered support of the Republicans in the Congress, as they wanted immediate peace. However, they were worried that the plan would restore aristocracy that would revive the spirit of slavery (Foner 411). From the analysis, it is evident that the President was quite lenient with the South. However, the leniency could be attributed to his move to popularize the emancipation spirit across the states in the North and South. However, some Republicans were against this leniency, and thus they wanted stringent terms through the Wade-Davis Bill in the mid-1864 (Langguth 86). According to the radical Republicans who supported the Wade Davis Bill, the South started the war; therefore, it did not deserve leniency, but punishment. Further, the Radical Republicans hoped to “transform the southern society, dismantle aristocracy, guarantee liberty to the slaves, and redistribute land as a way of marking their control of the reconstruction process” (Egerton 82). Although they were the minority in the Congress, they managed to pass the Wade Davis Bill that countered the 10% Plan. From the analysis, it is evident that Lincoln’s 10% Plan failed because ultimately, radical Republicans passed the Wade Davis Bill, which required stringent terms. Presidential Reconstruction: 1865-1867 Following the assassination of President Lincoln in 1865, his vice president, Andrew Johnson, assumed the presidency. The anger that followed the assassination of Lincoln evoked harsh and vengeful demands. However, after assuming the presidency, Johnson embarked on pardoning most of the Confederate rebels and their leaders (Langguth 62). Johnson’s reconstruction further undermined Lincoln’s vision, thus compounding its failure. Such an argument is characterized by Johnson’s failure to charge the Confederate leaders with treason. On the contrary, he settled for the execution of Captain Henry Wirz for war crimes (Langguth 93). However, by failing to clash with the radical Republicans, it was clear that Johnson was a conservative president just like Lincoln. Lincoln advocated the spread of the Emancipation Declaration that aimed at abolishing slavery. However, he gave the land back to the Southerners. This move underscored the violation of the Emancipation Declaration as the freed men were forced to surrender their land. In 1866, the Congress renewed the Freedmen’s Bureau and approved the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that sanctioned more rights to the newly freed Blacks. Apart from increasing legal rights of the freed blacks, radical Republicans passed the 13 th and 14 th Amendment that abolished slavery and guaranteed citizenship to the freed slaves respectively (Foner 411). Johnson’s administration was marked by further failure as characterized by the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in opposition to the previous amendments. In addition, Johnson failed to condemn the killings of the blacks that happened in the South, but he fueled the act by blaming the Congress for their amendments. Furthermore, his speech had racist elements, which encourage heinous activities against the blacks in the South (Egerton 95). However, the North responded by ushering the radical reconstruction that marked the end of Johnson’s leniency toward the South. Radical Reconstruction: 1867-1877 In 1867, the Congress implemented a plan aimed at shaping the South. In the first phase, “the South was divided into five districts and each was placed under military administration” (Egerton 98). From this development, the involvement of the military was an indication that the Congress preferred a radical policy, as opposed to the conservative approach that was advocated by Johnson and Lincoln. In the second phase of the reconstruction, the military took charge of voter registration and passed the 5 th Amendment that granted the American male citizens the right to vote, regardless of their racial affiliation or social status. As a way of eliminating Johnson from office, the Congress assented to the Tenure of Office Act that called for the president to consult with the house and senate prior to removing cabinet members appointed by the Congress. However, the act was in favor of the radical Republicans and it contributed to Johnson’s impeachment in 1867. Further, in 1871, the Congress succeeded in passing an act that authorized the military to monitor the activities of the South to ensure the protection to the blacks in those states (Langguth 147). Of the three reconstruction phases, the radical reconstruction was the best and most successful. First, the plan succeeded in ending political and economic injustices against the blacks in the South. Although Lincoln had proclaimed emancipation, he had not realized his policy as he promoted some of the practices that promoted injustices against the blacks (Egerton 87). For example, although he guaranteed the protection of the southerners in his 10% Plan, he did not assure the same to the slaves. Such a move entailed some discrimination aspects against the blacks. During Johnson’s reconstruction, he fueled racism in the South, as opposed to enhancing emancipation (Langguth 152). Furthermore, in both cases, the two leaders preferred a conservative policy that further energized the South to continue with its racist activities. From the analysis of the three plans, it is evident that success of the congressional reconstruction revolved around the involvement of the military in ending Johnson’s conservative administration and injustices against the minorities in the South. With reference to the three reconstruction plans, it is evident that the American reconstruction was a failure. Although the North worked hard to rebuild the South, it was at odds and most activities were distracted for lack of harmony among the Republicans. With the military administration in the South, it appeared that the freed slaves had acquired equal rights as the whites. However, racism was allowed to pervade the society, hence marking the ineffectiveness of the North in reconstituting the South to the Union (Egerton 104). Conclusion American leaders embarked on reconstructing the society following the end of the Civil War. However, the first two reconstruction plans, viz. Lincoln’s 10% and Johnson’s plans, failed for lack of unity among the Republicans. However, the leader’s conservative policy contributed significantly to the failure of the two plans. However, the radical plan succeeded due to the use of military administration in the South. However, the entire reconstruction did not succeed, as it did not achieve its vision, viz. uniting the South back to the Union and integrating freed slaves into society. Works Cited Egerton, Douglas. The wars of Reconstruction: the brief, violent history of America’s most progressive era , New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2014. Print Foner, Eric. “Black Reconstruction: An Introduction.” Southern Atlantic Quarterly 112.3 (2013): 409-418. Print. Langguth, Arthur. After Lincoln: How the North Won the Civil War and Lost the Peace, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014. Print. Martin, James, Randy Roberts, Steven Mintz, Linda McMurry, and James Jones. America and Its Peoples: A Mosaic in the Making, Volume 2. 5th ed. 2006. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The American Red Cross targets people within the age group of 25 to 60 years living in the United States of America for their philanthropic activities.

The American Red Cross targets people within the age group of 25 to 60 years living in the United States of America for their philanthropic activities.

American Red Cross Marketing Analysis Proposal Target Market The aim of the American Red Cross is to attract donors who can fund the non-profit philanthropic activities of the organization. The target market is the whole of the USA. The total population of the country is 312.8 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Usually two kinds of donors are targeted by the organization – corporate and individual donors. The strategy to accommodate corporate donors is to share with them the goodwill that can be earned when they and their business along with their employees associate with a relief program or a community development program. In case of individual donors, donors are selected from various age groups and demographics depending on the program or the event. For instance, in case of Clara Barton Society where the organization aims at receiving pecuniary donations and hence target working class middle or upper middle class individuals. They have a donation scheme divided into four levels – Bronze ($1,000 – $2,499), Silver ($2,500 – $4,999), Gold ($5,000 – $9,999), and Platinum ($10,000+) (American Red Cross , 2014). Presumably, the target group is people belong to a working age group from 25 years to 60 years. There is no evident segregation in gender specific target in this case. Further, other legacy programs such as Robert R. Smith Legacy Society or Leave a Legacy program aims at gaining donors who would bequest a large sum of money towards American Red Cross. The specification on the website of the organization shows that there are specific measures one can take in order to leave behind their legacy – “Bequest in Wills, Charitable Gift Annuities, Trusts, Life Insurance, Retirement Plans” (American Red Cross , 2014). In other words the target is wealthy, employed people who would make their will and/or can leave behind their savings towards the cause of the organization. Table 1: Target market Geography USA Demographics Age 16 to 60 years Gender Either Race Any Individual Income Above $4700 per annum Household Income Over $85000 per annum Life Cycle Families with children May or may not have children College Students Yes Psychographic Product Knowledge Moderate Intent to Buy Moderate to High The overall analyses of the target market shows that the American Red Cross has targeted are adults within the age group of 25 to 60 years. They target people from middle class and upper middle class employed households who have the means to donate a lump sum towards the cause. The American Red Cross primarily targets people living within United States of America as their target. Size of Target Market The overall target of the market is the whole country; hence, the size of the market is estimated to be 312.8 million. Such a huge market is undertaken for the study as this will allow greater reach for the organization. According to the census report of 2012, 80.9 percept of the population fall under the age group of 60 years (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Of these, 58 percept are employed in the US (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). The organization will target people with an annual income above the mean income of the country i.e. above mean non-family income of $46225 or more accurately above the mean family income of $85000 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). The individuals with income higher than mean level in the US is estimated to be 52 percept of the total income. Households with income higher than the mean level are 28 percept of the households in the US (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). Thus based on the income and age preference of the organization, the organization may target almost 30 percept of the households in the US. Current Marketing Efforts The marketing efforts of the organization are divided into three parts – direct marketing, conventional marketing through newsletters, print and visual media advertisements, and social media in the Internet. The organization has a website that links all their activities into one place and helps to reach to targeted donors. The social media presence of American Red Cross in websites such as Facebook and Twitter to reach out to volunteers and donors has been a successful strategy. The Facebook page of the organization is a mean of reaching to millions of Facebook users to promote relief activities or charity balls or events. Twitter is used as a means to spread awareness and LinkedIn is used to reach out to the targeted group for endorsement and donations. Celebrity endorsement is another means of gaining target market attention and campaigning for a cause. For instance, endorsement of celebrities like Angelina Jolie is highlighted through the marketing campaigns in order to increase credibility of the event. Integrated Marketing Communications A few approaches that American Red Cross does not yet target the younger generation. This marketing approach will aim at getting volunteers today and one who will enter the job market in the next 5 to 10 years and will become donors for the organization. In order to build new donors from the younger generation involving the generation into volunteering activity is essential. Hence, direct marketing in schools and colleges is essential. Further, targeted marketing through social media and television is essential to create awareness among individuals in this age group. Direct campaigning is essential today. Directly reaching the target groups through newspaper and magazine advertisements as well as getting them involved through workplace activities will inform as well as engage the targeted individuals. The paper will now delineate the plan of a web page projecting an expense not more than $10,000. The idea condition will be gaining five times the expenses as revenue so that the contribution to the mission and programs of your charity is at least 80% of the revenue you raise. On the other hand, the projection must be realistic about the revenue estimates. The aim will be spend $10,000 and raise at least twofold of $10,000 or more. Figure 1: Plan for Web Page Public Relations Press Release The American Red Cross has undertaken extensive relief activity to help the survivors of the devastating flood that affected Yates County in mid-May 2014. The organization has received assistance of more than sixteen thousand dollars to help the survivors of the flood torn region. American Red Cross set up a shelter in the Penn Yan Academy in order to provide shelter to the victims of the flood. The victims were immediately served hot meals, snacks, and water. Further medical and clean up kit was delivered to the sight in order to continue the rescue process. Further, volunteers went up to the Yates County to clean up the water that had stagnated in the area in order to facilitate rehabilitation of the victims. Door Hanger Door Hanger: 275*5 The sample of the above door hanger demonstrates the symbol of the Red Cross familiar as a brand and the name of the organization. The hanger can be distributed in the locality with the aid of volunteers who belong to age group of 15 to 20 years. Young individuals who deliver newspapers can also be of help in distributing the door hangers to the local community. Event Flyer Figure 2: Event Flyer The celebration of a World Donors Day through a blood donation event helps to increase awareness of the program and engage community into other Red Cross activities. Financial Analysis From the marketing campaign presented above, the money spent for the campaign or advertisements and blood donation efforts and other integrated marketing efforts is expected to amount to $18,500. The revenue that is expected to have been raised through these above mentioned marketing efforts are shown below. The financial analysis is presented in the table below (see table 2). Table 2: Financial Statement Revenues in first year From $10,000 donation 0.0$ From web site 10,000$ From marketing idea 1 (Door Hanger) 10,000$ From marketing idea 2 (Blood Donation Fund Raiser) 25,000$ From marketing idea 3 (Press release) 0$ Total 45,000$ Expenses in first year From web site 2,500$ From marketing idea 1 4,000$ From marketing idea 2 10,000$ From marketing idea 3 2,000$ Total 18,500$ Profit 26,500$ Profit Margin on Sales 59% In case of the door hangers, requesting for making donations it is expected that for every 10,000 hangers, 100 responses can be expected with a donation of $10 each. We have distributed 10,00,000 hangers, thus expecting around 1000 responses. This helps us generate revenue of $10,000 at the cost of printing the hangers, which cost us $4000. During the blood donation and fund-raiser drive, we may reach out to 500 individuals and receiving contribution of $50 from each, thus generating revenue of $25,000. Apart from this, we may approach corporate houses and local businesses to donate for our cause. From Website is expected to be viewed by 10 million viewers of whom only 0.1 per cent will donate for the cause. Thus, if $10 is received from each of the 0.01 per cent of 1 million views, it will generate revenue of $10,000. Table 2 demonstrates that the cost of opening and maintain a website will be around $2500 and the overall cost of making and distributing hangers should not be more than $4000. The cost of the blood donation fund raiser should not be more than $10,000. Hence the overall profit margin targeted by the organization is around 59%. Conclusion The paper demonstrates the possible marketing strategy that American Red Cross can adopt. The paper demonstrates the three strategies that the organization can adopt apart from making another web page and the expected financial analysis. The analysis demonstrates that if the marketing for the organization is done properly, with its present brand value and awareness, a little marketing effort will yield a lot of profit. Even though the organization is a non-profit organization, marketing effort will help it reach to a larger number of people. References American Red Cross. (2014). Individual Donors . U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2012 .

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The poem "Anacreontics, Drinking" by Abraham Cowley is a witty account of a man who justifies his drinking habits. The poem uses literary devices such as personification and metaphor to create lively images.

The poem "Anacreontics, Drinking" by Abraham Cowley is a witty account of a man who justifies his drinking habits. The poem uses literary devices such as personification and metaphor to create lively images.

“Anacreontics, Drinking” by Abraham Cowley Essay Abraham Cowley is a famous English poet of the 17 th century. He was a devout royalist and he invested a lot of his time to fight for the restoration of the monarchy. However, he is most famous for his poetry and essays. He published several books of poetry that are still popular. One of his poems is especially interesting in terms of its theme and figurative language. The poem is titled “Anacreontics, Drinking” and it was published in 1656 (University of the Incarnate Word 591). The poem dwells upon drinking alcohol. The theme of the poem is drinking alcohol and its justification. Each line of the piece can be seen as certain kind of justification of drinking. It is noteworthy that the poet obtained a medical degree from Oxford and he knew about negative effects of drinking. Clearly, the poem can be regarded as a humorous account of a witty man. Prior to analyzing the figurative language of the poem, it is necessary to pay attention to its structure and title. The word “Anacreontic” stands for “a tradition established” by Cowley and Moore who translated odes of Anacreon who wrote about love and wine (Markley 105). Thus, Anacreontics had a seven-syllable line that had an accented syllable at the beginning and an eight-syllable line that started with an unaccented syllable. Thus, the poem in question is a certain kind of dialogue with the classical Greek poetry. Clearly, there is a hint at the theme of the piece as the Greek writer focused on love and alcohol. The poem in question is ‘doomed’ to be devoted to drinking alcohol. At this point, it is possible to concentrate on the figurative language of the poem. First, it is important to stress that Cowley uses numerous literary devices to create lively images. One of the most widely used literary tools in the present poem is personification. Thus, the earth is “thirsty”, it “drinks and gapes”; the sea also “drinks”; the sun has “drunken fiery face”; the “Moon and Stars… drink and dance” (University of the Incarnate Word 591). Clearly, the earth does not drink water as drinking is a human action. Cowley also provides an image of the “busy Sun” with a “drunken fiery face” (University of the Incarnate Word 591). He makes the reader imagine a red face of a person who drinks a lot. It appears to be very similar to the fiery (red) face of the Sun, which is not better than a drunkard, according to Cowley. The poet attributes human properties to celestial bodies and earth. The use of this tool makes the poem very clear for people who can imagine themselves in one line with numerous objects mentioned. Another literary device extensively used in the poem in question is metaphor. For instance, the poet describes the amount of liquid soaked by the ocean and states that it “[d]rinks twice ten thousand rivers up, / So fill’d that they o’erflow the cup” (University of the Incarnate Word 591). The poet manages to create a lively image of rivers that burst their banks as water overflows a plenty cup. The use of a specific number makes the poet sound more reliable. Cowley also makes use of an allegory. The poet stresses that “an eternal health goes round” (University of the Incarnate Word 591). These words stand for life itself that never stops. ‘Eternal health’ mentioned in the poem means the eternal universe. This is a very potent tool as it adds certain solemnity and, at the same time, it creates the humorous effect. It is important to note that Cowley employs authorial intrusion as well. This tool makes the reader involved as the author addresses him/her directly. Thus, Cowley addresses his reader: Fill up the bowl, then, fill it high, Fill all the glasses there – for why Should every creature drink but I? Why, man of morals, tell me why? (University of the Incarnate Word 591) At that, the poet assumes that his reader will judge him as he calls the reader ‘man of morals’. The poet knows that drinking is seen as something immoral and even sinful. Thus, he is trying to justify this act with the help of his humorous poem. It is possible to note that the literary devices analyzed above create a very specific atmosphere or rather a new world. It is possible to call it Cowley’s world. This is the universe where all objects are participating in an eternal banquet. All celestial bodies and all parts of the world drink (alcohol), which is the most important premise for existence: Drinks up the sea, and when he’s done, The Moon and Stars drink up the Sun: They drink and dance by their own light, They drink and revel all the night: Nothing in Nature’s sober found, But an eternal health goes round. (University of the Incarnate Word 591) All the objects seem to be in motion and they acquire human features. This makes the poem very understandable to people who can associate themselves with the nature. At the same time, the humorous effect is created with the help of the contraposition of what the poet desires to drink and what the earth, the ocean and so on soaks. The poet creates an image of the Sun, ocean, Moon and stars intoxicated after drinking water. He juxtaposes people’s desire to drink alcohol with the need of nature to soak water. In other words, the poet stresses that he (and/or someone like him) needs alcohol just as the earth needs water. Alcohol seems precious and life giving for the man. Admittedly, when reading the poem, each reader will find his/her ideas and will make his/her own conclusions. Some will not find the humorous aspect and will try to justify their bad habit with saying something about their natural needs. However, some will think that the justification failed as the substances consumed by the nature and drunkards are totally different and, hence, drinking is still seen as sinful and immoral. In conclusion, it is necessary to note that Cowley created a new world where celestial bodies and the earth need drinking to keep the ‘eternal health’. The poet uses this newly created world as an attempt to justify people’s desire to drink alcohol, which is condemned in the society. The poet’s figurative language is full of such literary devices as metaphors, personification, allegory and authorial intrusion. These devices also help the poet create a humorous effect and people will inevitably smile when reading the poem. Abraham Cowley manages to write a didactic and very appealing poem that is timeless. Works Cited Markley, Arnold Albert. Stateliest Measures: Tennyson and the Literature of Greece and Rome. Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto, 2004. Print. University of the Incarnate Word. The Water and Culture Reader. Southlake, TX: Fountainhead Press, 2011. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The purpose of this essay was to discuss the role of Oracle based Master Data Management solution in enhancing operational efficiency at ADCO. The solution was also going to provide a single platform for data access. This enhanced a holistic view of operations such as drilling and production data and improved greater management of data.

The purpose of this essay was to discuss the role of Oracle based Master Data Management solution in enhancing operational efficiency at ADCO. The solution was also going to provide a single platform for data access. This enhanced a holistic view of operations such as drilling and production data and improved greater management of data.

Analysis of Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations Report Table of Contents 1. Description of the company using it 2. Purpose of use 3. Main functionality of the Enterprise Resource Planning 4. Type of data it uses 5. Impact on the business performance 6. Type of output and reports it generates 7. Other comments 8. References Oracle based Master Data Management solution is a Master Data Management (MDM) application used by many companies. MDM consists of several platforms and technologies that consolidate, clean and support enterprise master data, and it therefore synchronizes all platforms, operational processes and analytical tools (Oracle, 2011). As a result, the MDM enhances operational efficiency, reporting and supports fact-based decision-making in organisations. Description of the company using it The National Oil Company of Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) has implemented Oracle based MDM for its operations. Established in 1971, ADCO operates onshore and in shallow coastal water of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The company strives to achieve highest standards in performance, develop technical knowhow for its complex business processes, enhance efficiency, optimum development of reservoir, ensure integrity in business practices and embrace technologies and strategies to support field operations and developments. Oracle noted that ADCO was experiencing critical data management issues, including “corporate data governance, corporate performance management and business intelligence hurdles” (Oracle, 2012). At the same time, the company needed to collect and analyse exploration and production data on a real time basis to enhance management of enterprise data on a single application with known definitions and standards. Purpose of use The main purpose of deploying Oracle based MDM at ADCO was to enhance operational efficiency, save costs and improve decision-making by relying on data. ADCO developed and installed the platform alongside the Professional Petroleum Data Management (PPDM) data model supported by Oracle Database application. The system was developed as a part of the high performance solution for data. The solution was also going to provide a single platform for data access. This enhanced a holistic view of operations such as drilling and production data and improved greater management of data. Ultimately, the solution created one source of business information for the company. Main functionality of the Enterprise Resource Planning To achieve its integrated role, Oracle MDM had to meet certain provisions. First, the solution had to profile data. It aimed to manage data centrally. Therefore, all systems that updated or created data had to be checked to ensure high quality data and any deviation from the expected data had to be analysed and corrected. In this case, data completeness and ongoing data quality assurance were mandatory. Second, the MDM had to consolidate data as a primary role in managing master data. This would ensure that data could be blended from different sources and therefore consolidation was a mandatory process. At the same time, it had to guarantee data quality and eliminate all duplicates. Third, data had to be cleaned and governed. Master data are profiled and consolidated for cleansing and governance purposes. Data cleansing entails “standardization, error correction, matching, de-duplication, and augmentation of the data” (Oracle, 2011). On the other hand, data governing involves “data definition, data quality rule definitions, privacy and regulatory policies, auditing, and access controls” (Oracle, 2011). Data cleansing and governing are two complementary roles that support data sharing across the company when MDM is deployed. Fourth, data sharing remains an important role of Oracle based MDM. Data cleaning and augmenting provide little advantage to data manage in MDM. Hence, there is always a need to enhance capabilities and effectiveness of MDM. This process requires the propagation of master data to the platform and provide data to business activities. Augmenting processes must get full support from other applications. Oracle based MDM was built to provide high integration repository to ensure Web service compatibility and usability. Lastly, the application was developed to provide data leverage. That is, the solution had to provide a single platform for handling all data in the organisation. In turn, the data would be leveraged to understand operational processes and analytical systems within the organisation. Beyond this, the company relied on the MDM to generate important insights to support decision-making. It offered complete views on the organisation based on analytical results. What-if analysis was found to be useful for the enterprise. Type of data it uses Oracle MDM has three types of real business data, namely analytical, transactional and master data. Analytical data are mainly used to support decision-making processes within the company. ADCO analyses customers’ activities and identify patterns that could support business operations, marketing and profitability. The platform helps the company to categorise various suppliers based on their performance trends for a given period to enhance decision-making within the supply division. It reviews product behaviours for significantly longer periods to note signs of failures. The collected data are stored in the company’s data warehouse with small data mart storage systems that can support different data types, segregation, aggregation, data mining and random queries. Generally, data are collected and then stored in large tables with various sub-categories such as customers, suppliers, location, products and accounts among others. Transactional data are generated from the company’s business operations (Villacís, 2007). There are many automated business processes, which generate data. Data are mainly collected from four sources. First, there are data from assets that include production, repairs, and costs of assets among others. Second, the company generates geospatial data to manage its field service crews, inventory and exploration among others. Third, data are also obtained from work management and field service management processes. Finally, the company also collects data related to outages to keep track of troubles. The company, therefore, gathers significant amount of data to run its operations effectively. All data involved in transactions are collected for analytical purposes. For instance, the company must manage data from its distribution channels, customers’ issues and product details. Specific attention must go to customer and product data. In this case, data related to place, time, price, payment trends, methods, pricing and discounts among others are gathered for later analysis. Oracle MDM has capabilities to store data in “OnLine Transaction Processing (OLTP) tables, which can support high volume low latency access and update” (Oracle, 2011). Master data are components of business data that are shared across an organisation. These data are core components of organisational business transactions. They are also useful for core analytical processes for a company. Master data are used to generate and consolidate reports across different IT platforms of an organisation. Oracle MDM has abilities to control all master data gathered from various IT landscapes in an organisation. Master data include data from sales, suppliers, assets, field activities, sites and accounts among others. In addition, other data sources may also include services, campaigns, or invoices. These data may require cleansing, standardisation, consolidation and sharing. It is also imperative to note that not all companies are the same even in one industry. Therefore, companies may have additional data objects to support their smooth operations and critical business processes. Oracle MDM must also support high volumes of transactions that the company handles. Therefore, the solution must exist in supportive environments, designed for key architectural requirements under OLTP. Impact on the business performance Oracle MDM has addressed two critical roles at the company. It has improved decision-making capabilities, which has in turn enhanced business operations and performance (McKnight, 2009). Today, many tasks related to data have been optimised and automated for efficiency. Oracle MDM has improved data integrity in the company. Accurate data are available in a timely manner to manage business processes. This has created business agility for the company. The company has also created trusted sources of data for integrity and developed data as its core asset. Hence, data from different sources are gathered, cleaned, consolidated, analysed and distributed to support operations. Type of output and reports it generates The MDM generally generates reports from geospatial data, outage management, work management and field service management and asset management. In addition, there are transactional data generated from business processes. Data captured from operational systems are used to update transactions and support decision-making. Other comments Managing data is important for any organisation. ERP applications such as Oracle MDM ensure data quality and integrity in an organisation. Ensuring that business units have the right master data in a timely manner is critical for business success (Morris & Vesset, 2005). Not all organisations are the same and therefore, it is imperative to select the right ERP to meet unique business processes. The data management system must be able to provide the right data for decision-making purposes. This should be a priority for an organisation. References McKnight, W. (2009). Understanding Master Data Management and the Benefits . Web. Morris, H., & Vesset, D. (2005). Managing Master Data for Business Performance Management: The Issues and Hyperion’s Solution . Web. Oracle. (2011). Master Data Management . Web. Oracle. (2012). Oracle Honors Winners of the Oil and Gas Industry Excellence Awards . Web. Villacís, J. (2007). Master Data Management and Business Performance Management . Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The latest events in St. Louis should be carefully analyzed to determine the causes of troubling statistics and define the possible ways of dealing with the problem. Some specialists find a direct relationship between the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and the rising rates of homicides in some cities in the United States. The analysis of the identified relation can help to determine the lessons that can be learned from the current event.

The latest events in St. Louis should be carefully analyzed to determine the causes of troubling statistics and define the possible ways of dealing with the problem. Some specialists find a direct relationship between the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and the rising rates of homicides in some cities in the United States. The analysis of the identified relation can help to determine the lessons that can be learned from the current event.

Analysis of Homicides in St. Louis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Thesis 3. Main Points 4. Opinion 5. Conclusion 6. Possible Future Changes 7. Works Cited Introduction The history of violence dates back to the earliest periods of development of human society. Homicides, as an ultimate expression of violence, have accompanied the human community throughout its long history. As the society was developing, its members accused of intentional killing of people became condemned, and certain penalties were designed to punish the murderers. The shift in perception of homicides as a normal display of strength to treating them as violent crimes were related to the formation of morality and ethics. The cultural and religious development also contributed to this process. Pinker illustrates the tendencies of decline in homicide rates worldwide throughout the history with appropriate data: 4-100 homicides “per 100.000 people in Middle Ages” are contrasted to 0.8 homicides “per 100.000 people in the 1950s” (55). The United States faced a dramatic decline in homicides at the end of the twentieth century, particularly in the 1990s (Zimring 3). The long-term tendency of decreasing homicide rates in the US was indicated by all official institutions. However, some of the latest events have put a threat to positive statistics in homicide rates in the United States. One of these events is the significant rise in murders in St. Louis last year. St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department has released the report presenting the statistics proving that murders in the city are nearly sixty percent up from the same time last year (91). The rising number of homicides in the neighborhoods of St. Louis appears to be particularly troubling and needs to be addressed by official institutions to prevent more murders. Thesis The latest events in St. Louis should be carefully analyzed to determine the causes of troubling statistics and define the possible ways of dealing with the problem. Some specialists find a direct relationship between the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and the rising rates of homicides in some cities in the United States. The analysis of the identified relation can help to determine the lessons that can be learned from the current event. One of the interpretations of the relation between these two events states that the shooting of Michael Brown and further criticism of police caused the Ferguson effect motivating police officers to avoid interaction with citizens and, therefore, could lead to dropping number of arrests. Another interpretation claims that events in Ferguson could prevent common people from addressing police because of the reducing level of trust put in their work and loss of respect to them. Such a tendency could result in the unwillingness of people to inform police about witnessed illegal actions and cause rising rates of criminality. Gang violence is considered another possible cause of rising rates of murders in St. Louis. Any disruption in the local market of drugs can become a reason for conflicts between local drug dealers. Such conflicts can provoke more violence and murders, as gang wars often lead to elevated rates of violence in local communities. The prevalence of guns is another factor that could cause the discussed events and, therefore, should be considered while determining the lessons and solutions for the problem. Possession of a weapon is related to gun-related deaths, so the abundance of guns can cause more homicides. Detailed analysis of all of the factors mentioned above should be conducted to identify the causes of the event, the lessons we should learn from it, and the actions we can take to avoid further worsening of the situation. Investigation of the possible influence of Ferguson effect, gang violence, the prevalence of guns, and other factors helps to determine the causes of rising rates of murders in St. Louis and reveals the effective ways of dealing with the problem. Main Points The analysis of the factors that could have had the potential impact on the rates of homicides in St. Louis should be based on assessing the relevance of these factors. Claiming that raising rates of murders can be explained by the fact that police are “scared to do their jobs as a result of criticism” does not appear to be relevant. However, the factor of lack of cooperation between citizens and police caused by the Ferguson effect seems to be rather influential, as community cooperation directly affects the opportunity to incarcerate repeat offenders before they commit another crime. Lack of such cooperation stimulates the criminals to think that they can get away with things, and make the common people think they should deal with conflicts on their own. Therefore, the first lesson we can learn from the discussed event is the high necessity to repair the relationships between the police and the communities. Putting the effort in stimulating cooperation between the police and the citizens is one of the ways to prevent the further worsening of the criminal situation in St. Louis. The factor related to gang violence also appears to be well-grounded, as gang wars directly affect the levels of local criminality. This factor can explain the difference between the levels of homicides in different American cities, as a tense situation in local gangs influences only the criminality of a particular city or region. Therefore, the second lesson we can learn from the discussed event is the necessity to pay more attention to controlling the relationships between the gangs and put much effort in the prevention of the escalation of the conflicts. Focusing on preventive methods for stopping gang violence is another way to avoid further worsening of the criminal situation in St. Louis. The prevalence of guns can also be considered an influential factor as it is directly related to gun-related deaths. Therefore, the third lesson we can learn from the discussed event is the necessity to control the distribution of weapons and raise the consciousness of the population about the responsibility related to storing the guns. Carrying of guns by those categories of the population that are highly susceptible to committing crimes should be strictly regulated or even forbidden in particular cases. Such a method can contribute to improving the criminal situation in St. Louis. Opinion In my opinion, the factors discussed above can be considered as the main contributors to the current situation in St. Louis related to high rates of homicides. However, I think that the notion that “the rise in murders could be a temporary blip in the data” expressed by some criminologists also can be regarded as a relevant explanation of the situation in the city (Lopez par. 22). Some local events could cause a rise in the number of homicides. Besides, when the data about the murders is analyzed in local terms, it takes just a relatively small number of homicides to cause significant changes in statistics. If the overall number of murders is not very high, small changes can lead to a statistically significant difference. Therefore, the situation in St. Louis can be viewed as exaggerated due to the specifics of statistics. Long-time trends should be considered to make serious conclusions about severe changes in the criminal situation in the particular city I think the prevalence of guns is one of the main factors that should be addressed to lower the homicide incidence. This step should be connected with controlling the group of population with criminal records, as this category of citizens is the most susceptible to committing crimes, including murders (Cook, Ludwig, and Braga 598). In my opinion, it is of vital importance to pay the necessary attention to correctional programs and bans on firearm possession targeted toward the category of the population, which appears to be the potential participants of homicides. Conclusion The analysis of different factors influencing the rates of homicides helps to understand the possible causes of the current situation in St. Louis. The lessons we can learn from this situation are directly related to the methods that can be used to reduce the negative tendencies of the last year. The most important lessons include the high necessity to improve the relationships between the police and the communities and stimulate their cooperation, the necessity to control the relationships between the gangs and prevent the escalation of conflicts, and the necessity to control the distribution of weapons. The methods that can be employed to change the current situation are based on the discussed lessons and include stimulating cooperation between the police and the community, using preventive methods for stopping gang violence, and providing appropriate control over the carrying of guns by those people who are highly susceptible to committing crimes. Besides, restriction to possess firearms by the category of the population having criminal records can also contribute to successful dealing with current problems. Analysis of the potential impact of Ferguson effect, gang violence, the prevalence of guns, and other factors is of vital importance for determining the causes of warning statistics on homicides in St. Louis and finding effective solutions for the problem. Possible Future Changes Future positive changes can be provided if the causes of the problem are eliminated, and effective preventive methods are employed. The innovations should be provided in different areas of social life to ensure the comprehensive changes able to reduce the levels of homicide incidence. The activities that can eliminate the risks of homicides include educating society about methods of prevention and precautions that can help to define the potential murderer and address appropriate institutions in time. Therefore, future changes should include promoting good relationships between population and official institutions involved in dealing with criminals. Activities that promote a high level of trust in police are able to cause positive changes in community attitude to police officers and motivate citizens to put much effort into cooperating with them, as such strategy can help to define and prevent potential criminals from committing crimes. Future changes should also include the improvements in police officers’ ability to control social groups that are susceptible to committing crimes, such as members of gangs, citizens with criminal records, and people with serious psychological problems able to stimulate them to harm others. Maintaining records of such categories of the population and conducting effective surveillance of their actions should be one of the primary duties of police, as prevention is the key to avoiding homicides. The right to ban carrying firearms by certain categories of the population should be given to police officers. An only comprehensive approach to reducing the rates of homicides can help the society to win the struggle against criminality in St. Louis and other American cities. Works Cited Cook, Philipp, Jens Ludwig, and Anthony Braga. “Criminal Records of Homicide Offenders.” Journal of the American Medical Association 294.5 (2005): 598-601. Print. Pinker, Steven. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined , New York: Penguin Books, 2011. Print. Lopez, German . Why Murder Rates Are Up in St. Louis, Baltimore, and Other Cities . 2015. Web. St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department . Report: CRM0013-BY. Part 1. Crime Comparison Based on UCR Reporting Neighborhood Report . 2015. Web. Zimring, Franklin. The Great American Crime Decline , New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2007. Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Ancient Greek art had a profound impact on development of the western civilization. Admittedly, it was also subjected to change. It is possible to trace this change through examining two sculptures pertaining to different periods of Ancient Greek art. These two examples of different periods can be Mantiklos Apollo (7 th century BCE) and Riace Warrior (5 th century BCE).

Ancient Greek art had a profound impact on development of the western civilization. Admittedly, it was also subjected to change. It is possible to trace this change through examining two sculptures pertaining to different periods of Ancient Greek art. These two examples of different periods can be Mantiklos Apollo (7 th century BCE) and Riace Warrior (5 th century BCE).

Ancient Greek Art and Sculpture Essay Ancient Greek art had a profound impact on development of the western civilization. Admittedly, it was also subjected to change. It is possible to trace this change through examining two sculptures pertaining to different periods of Ancient Greek art. These two examples of different periods can be Mantiklos Apollo (7 th century BCE) and Riace Warrior (5 th century BCE). These two sculptures show the way Ancient Greek art changed throughout centuries. Of course, to understand art, it is necessary to understand the epoch. Thus, Mantiklos Apollo was created during the Orientalizing Period by an artist, Mantiklos, who dedicated a little bronze statuette to a deity for “some pleasing favor in return” (qtd. in Kleiner 109). Greek artists were influences by oriental art to a great extent. They were fascinated by the forms of Egyptian, Syrian and Mesopotamian art. Thus, this statuette is inspired by such forms as portable ivory objects typical of Syrian art. The statuette depicts a young man with prolonged body and neck as well as short legs. Notably, human forms are quite schematic. Nonetheless, here Greek attention to detail and beauty of a human body is already present. Long curly hair and abdominal muscles can be seen. Admittedly, these were only first steps of Greek sculptors. The other sculpture to be discussed pertains to the Early Classical Period. Actually, this was the beginning of the gold age for Ancient Greek art. This was also a period of Ancient Greeks’ victory over Persians. This was the start of democracy and the end of tyranny (Kleiner 129). People wanted to perpetuate warriors and heroes who gave them freedom. Thus, naturalistic sculptures appeared. Sculptors tried to be as realistic as possible. Every detail of a human body was revealed. Hence, Riace Warrior is one of these naturalistic sculptures created circa 460-450 BCE. A strong man standing and holding a spear (more likely) is depicted. Notably, the warrior is not in motion, which makes it similar to the earlier work mentioned above. The two works are similar in terms of material used as well. Both artworks are made of bronze. However, they are quite different in terms of attention to detail. It is noteworthy that the classical period was the period of remarkable technical skills of Greek sculptors. Of course, the two artworks show a particular way Ancient Greek art developed during that period. Ancient Greeks paid a lot of attention to details. Orientalizing period is associated with the influence of Egyptian and Mesopotamian forms. For instance, humans and deities were major topics for sculptures. Notably, this can be explained by the fact that Greek deities had human forms (Kleiner 108). However, following generations were more concerned with achieving perfect resemblance with real people. This can be a result of the victory of Greeks and development of the idea that people were almighty and deserved being perpetuated. On balance, it is possible to note that Orientalizing and Early Classical periods in Ancient Greek art are quite different and have divergent influences. However, it is still possible to trace one of major traits of Ancient Greek art. Attention to detail and fascination with the human form are characteristic features of the art tradition which shaped further development of the western world and its art. Of course, it is still possible to trace Greek influence on contemporary works. Works Cited Kleiner, Fred. Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay compares the philosophies of Socrates and Plato, two of the most influential ancient Greek philosophers. Socrates is taken as a creator of Western philosophy, while Plato is seen as his most praised pupil. The essay discusses the importance of Socrates work and how it has influenced the development of philosophy as a science.

The essay compares the philosophies of Socrates and Plato, two of the most influential ancient Greek philosophers. Socrates is taken as a creator of Western philosophy, while Plato is seen as his most praised pupil. The essay discusses the importance of Socrates work and how it has influenced the development of philosophy as a science.

Ancient Greek Philosophy: Socrates and Plato Comparison Report Philosophy is a very ancient science which started its development with the development of humans thought. Having chosen its own way of evolution, a human being started thinking about peculiarities of its development, life, work and origin. These thoughts made us different from the rest of animal world. That is why, it is possible to say that philosophy is one of the most ancient sciences in the world. Ancient Egypt and India, Assyria and Babylon had their own point of view on the sum of things. They created their own approach, giving birth to development of philosophic science as these countries were known to be the first civilized societies in the world. However, we do not know much about peculiarities of their culture, though people do not deny its importance. Nevertheless, the term philosophy is usually associated with Ancient Greece. Due to life and activity of such persons as Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Empedocles and Epicurus humanity now knows a lot about peculiarities of the world perception of the ancient Greeks, the problems which were actual for them and some basic concepts which are important even nowadays. These people created a basis for a classic philosophy and the way we understand this term nowadays. Among all these personalities, there are several which are the most important for the development of philosophy as a science, as they influenced greatly the appearance and development of new notions. They are Socrates and Plato. Socrates is always taken as a creator of Western philosophy, that is why it is possible to understand how important his work is. However, he still remains “as he was in his lifetime an enigma, an inscrutable individual who, despite having written nothing, is considered one of the handful of philosophers who forever changed how philosophy itself was to be conceived” (Nails para 1). He produced a lot of interesting ideas, which we know due to his pupils, who managed to write works which revealed the information about him. Plato was among them. Being the most praised Socrates pupil, he devoted a lot of his works to Socrates figure, trying to investigate his point of view and present it to the audience. Among these works are Platos Apology and Crito . They both are connected with the charges against Socrates. On the background of this process the philosopher tries to answer some ethical questions and cogitates about certain virtues. Apology is the first work we are going to analyze. It is one of the first works appeared after the Socrates trial and which is considered to be the most authentic source from which we know all details connected with this case, such as the names of the accusers, their social status and attitude towards Socrates. This work is a perfect example of the formal speech of ancient times. From the very beginning, Socrates starts his defense with the words “How you have felt, O men of Athens, at hearing the speeches of my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that their persuasive words almost made me forget who I was – such was the effect of them” (Plato, Apology para.1). These statement can show that his speech could be treated as rather ironical as Socrates does not see real subjects for this trial. He reveals facts about his life, trying to find out the truth, no matter how it could influence his further life. Socrates is accused of being disrespectful to gods and confusing minds of the youth, making weak arguments stronger and winning debates with the help of them. Socrates denies this accusations, saying that he just leads his life in an unusual way, however, its main aim is determined by Apollo. The whole work Apology shows how perfectly Socrates develops his thoughts and how wise and unique his image is. Plato, at the same time, underlines absurdness of this process and its unfair character. Participating in this trial, Socrates even suggests his own verdict, being ready to accept any sentence. However, it is not because he felt guilty. Another Platos work Crito continues this issue. The action takes place in a prison after the Socrates trial. Plato continues his cogitations about the nature of these accusations and process. This work shows Socrates thoughts about his sentence and his denial to escape from this prison. Crito tries to persuade him “O! my beloved Socrates, let me entreat you once more to take my advice and escape” (Plato, Crito para. 27), however, Socrates remains firm. He will not do that. This dialogue gives a lot of questions for readers to answer. There is a great number of debates around the issue of Socrates escape. People argue, whether he sould escape or not and what are the reasons which made him stay. However, it is obvious that stating his innocence and being sure in his rightness, Socrates could not accept Critos proposal. “He will give up his life rather than compromise his ethics” (Woodruff para. 44). The thing is, that this escape would contradict to his principles and ethics. Accepting this proposal, Socrates will break the law of Athens, which will be appreciated like some wrong action. Socrates promoted that “one must never do wrong, even in return for a wrong” (Woodruff para. 45). Moreover, he is proud of this principle. That is why, it is impossible for him to escape. Plato gives Socrates point of view to underline importance of ethics for ancient philosophers. Critos main aim is to show main peculiarities of Socrates though and the way he accepted his sentence. Being very mysterious figure, Socrates managed to make his death mysterious to. He was glad to accept it, as his death would help him to avoid severity and foolishness of this world. Before his death, he sacrificed a rooster to Asclepius as a gift for his recovery. Having analyzed the data, it is possible to make some certain conclusions. First of all, it should be said that Socrates is a very mystical figure and his life and death are very disputable issues even nowadays. Being one of his pupils, Plato managed to create several works in which he described the Socrates trial and his last days in the prison. Due to this works, we know the majority of information about the image of Socrates. We can see how strong his will and the firmness in his rightness were. Being accused of promoting new gods and ideas, Socrates denied it, however, accepting the sentence as it was important for him not to do wrong as his understanding of ethics contradicted to it. The works Apology and Crito describe the thoughts of one of the greatest philosophers of all times. Works Cited Nails, Debra, “ Socrates “, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 2014. Web. Plato. Apology . 397BC. Web. —. Crito . 396BC. Web. Woodruff, Paul, “ Plato’s Shorter Ethical Works “, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 2014. Web.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the similarities and differences between the Ancient Indian and the Ancient Greek sculptures.The Ancient Indian and the Ancient Greek sculptures had many similarities in their depiction of gods and humans. Both cultures placed importance on the natural beauty of their sculptures, and both cultures used proportionality to represent their gods and humans. However, the Ancient Indian sculptures tended to draw a thicker line between gods and humans than the Ancient Greek sculptures.

The essay discusses the similarities and differences between the Ancient Indian and the Ancient Greek sculptures. The Ancient Indian and the Ancient Greek sculptures had many similarities in their depiction of gods and humans. Both cultures placed importance on the natural beauty of their sculptures, and both cultures used proportionality to represent their gods and humans. However, the Ancient Indian sculptures tended to draw a thicker line between gods and humans than the Ancient Greek sculptures.

Ancient India and Greece Sculptures Comparison Research Paper Ancient Greece and Ancient India are listed among the most powerful civilizations with the greatest cultural heritage (Sacks, Murray & Brody, 2009). Although the two empires ceased to exist a long time ago, some of their elements turned out to be so memorable that they are remembered well by not only Greeks and Indians, but also people from all over the world. The sculptures created by the artists belonging to the above-mentioned cultures, however, seem to be the most memorable elements of the latter. Although Ancient Greece and Ancient India were separated geographically, their art in general and sculptures in particular manifest that the two civilizations shared several similarities in their interpretation of gods and people. The difference between the way, in which the Ancient Greek and the Ancient Indian sculptors depicted gods and humans is, therefore, rather basic. While the Greek mythology tended to draw parallels between the human society and the life of mighty gods, the Indian sculptors were clearly inclined towards drawing a very thick line between gods and mere mortals. It should be noted, though, that the analysis of the Ancient Greek and Ancient Indian sculptures has revealed a number of similarities between the two manners of depicting gods and humans alike. The approach to proportions and the emphasis on the natural beauty made the Ancient Greek sculptures of men and gods very similar to each other, e.g., Poseidon and the Disc Thrower . In fact, distinguishing between the two types of sculptures is hardly possible for a side viewer; without knowing the characteristic features traditionally associated with Greek gods, one will not see the difference between the two: “the gods were also capable of human flaws and emotions, such as anger, cruelty, and brutal sexual desire” (Sacks et al., 2009, p. 292). In fact, the similarities between the Greek and the Indian sculpture can be proven by the existence of the Greek-Buddhist art. The specified art form emerged in ca. 600 B.C. and embodied a combination of the Ancient Greek and the Buddhist cultures, i.e., the representation of Greek and Indian gods. The specified phenomenon can be explained by the effects of the economic and cultural links that existed between the two empires in ca. 500 BC (Sanujit, 2011). Although the links in question were based on international trade and, therefore, served a purely economic function, the process of cultures fusion was launched and occurred at a rather fast pace. In fact, a range of sculptures from the above-mentioned era incorporate the elements of both Indian and Egyptian cultures, such as the combination of the images of Buddha and the elements of the Greek culture, including “a wheel, an empty throne, a pair of footprints or a pipal tree” (Sanujit, 2011, par. 62). As far as the key differences between the Ancient Indian and the Ancient Greek sculptures are concerned, the concept of aesthetics deserves to be mentioned. Whereas depicting people in Ancient Greece presupposed following the concept of harmony and, therefore, displaying natural bodily proportions, the Ancient Indian sculptures portraying people were deprived of the specified characteristic. For instance, The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro (DK Publishing, 2008, p. 258) is strikingly different from the Ancient Greek manner of portraying women, as the changes in the body proportions are obvious. Whereas in the ancient Greek sculptures, the tendency to retain natural look are emphasizes, in the Ancient Indian sculpture, it is the aesthetics of the artwork that matters, as the case in point shows. The portrayal of Indian gods compared to people in the Ancient Indian sculpture, in its turn, presupposed a slightly different approach. The connection between the Indian and the Greek traditions of the portrayal of people and gods, the aesthetics of the sculptures and, therefore, the emphasis on specific details varies depending on which ancient culture the artwork belongs to. Particularly, the fact that the Ancient Indian sculpture in general and the portrayal of gods in particular presupposed that the statues depicting Buddha should have an element that resembled a halo deserves to be mentioned. Apart from the specified detail, there was no tangible distinction between the sculptures portraying people and the ones depicting Buddha; both types of artworks tended to represent the Buddha and human characters in the same humble manner ( Sculpture of Ancient India , n. d.). The traditions of Ancient Greece and Ancient India, in fact, have worked their way into the contemporary society and the modern concept of beauty. For instance, the aforementioned principle of harmony in bodily proportions seems to have become a common concept nowadays (Ioannou & Kyriakidou, 2014). The principle of minimalism, which can be found implemented in Ancient Indian sculpture has also found its niche in the 21 st century art. Thus, it can be assumed that Ancient Greece and Ancient India provided the basis for developing the set of standards used by contemporary artists and media. An essential part of the world history, the artworks created in Ancient Greece and Ancient India still dictate the basic principles of harmony and beauty to modern sculptors. Reference List DK Publishing. (2008). India: People, place, culture, history . New York, NY: Penguin. Ioannou, M. & Kyriakidou, M. (2014). Female beauty in art: History, feminism, women artists . Newcastle upon Tyme, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Sacks, D., Murray, O. & Brody, L. R. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek world . New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. Sculpture of Ancient India . Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In ancient India, the Kshatriya judges undertook the role of administering justice under advice from the Brahman evaluators. There were set standards to be met to qualify as a judicial appraiser. The administration structure existed in various levels, for example, in the villages, all the resolutions were taken by the village council, and such decisions would bind all the villagers as required under dharma.In ancient China, concepts of laws and orders were categorized as lizhi and fazhi, shortened to li and fa respectively. The difference in the two beliefs is in the perspective of li and fa : while li customarily stood for rite or ritual, fa was identified as the absolute law. However, the dissimilarity between li and fa was considered trivial as both laws were considered core to the progress of the society and in maintaining law and order.

In ancient India, the Kshatriya judges undertook the role of administering justice under advice from the Brahman evaluators. There were set standards to be met to qualify as a judicial appraiser. The administration structure existed in various levels, for example, in the villages, all the resolutions were taken by the village council, and such decisions would bind all the villagers as required under dharma. In ancient China, concepts of laws and orders were categorized as lizhi and fazhi, shortened to li and fa respectively. The difference in the two beliefs is in the perspective of li and fa : while li customarily stood for rite or ritual, fa was identified as the absolute law. However, the dissimilarity between li and fa was considered trivial as both laws were considered core to the progress of the society and in maintaining law and order.

Ancient Indian and Chinese: Order and Stability Essay Order and stability are two very vital aspects of peace and economic development in any given society, whether modern or ancient. In this essay, we will endeavor to explain how ancient Indian and Chinese societies used either laws or government to attain order and stability. In ancient India, the Kshatriya judges undertook the role of administering justice under advice from the Brahman evaluators. There were set standards to be met to qualify as a judicial appraiser. The administration structure existed in various levels, for example, in the villages, all the resolutions were taken by the village council, and such decisions would bind all the villagers as required under dharma . The villagers, however, were dormant figures in the village parliament with limited rights of speech at meetings. They were expected to obey the raja , their religious father with whom they had less religious ties. The raja was expected to record and enforce laws and decisions arrived at with sternness. The villagers could also propose laws for passage by the king if such laws were viewed as capable of promoting order among the subjects. Ancient India had various forms of government with many kingdoms with diverse forms of governance. Archaeological and historical evidence depict a highly developed civilization in ancient India that flourished in the third millennium BC. The civilization brought concern about people’s welfare and good governance, especially as the population began to increase. Since the ancient government was simple in structure, there was a need to cope with the increase in population to ensure sanity in public life, and this is where laws came in handy. Concepts of ancient Chinese laws and orders are categorized as lizhi and fazhi , shortened to li and fa respectively. The difference in the two beliefs is in the perspective of li and fa : while li customarily stood for rite or ritual, fa was identified as the absolute law. However, the dissimilarity between li and fa was considered trivial as both laws were considered core to the progress of the society and in maintaining law and order. The two belief systems used different approaches in ensuring order among members of the ancient Chinese society. While one system used the approach of traditional beliefs and standards, the other one concerned with the legal approach where set laws were followed in delivering justice, the authorities also used psychological tacts to instill order were people who disobeyed the authorities would be put to shame. The authority also used religious approaches to maintain peace by making sure that appropriate religious virtues were inculcated among the population to eliminate immoral practices and social conflicts. The government used legal processes that seemed friendly to their subjects to increase its influence and to implement policies. As the population increased, the government developed a system that aimed at perfecting the appropriate laws and policies affecting service delivery to society and reinforce all the arms of the government. Consequently, the government tried to improve economic development, promote people’s living standards, and develop an efficient legal system. Legal and traditional approaches based on ritual observations were used alternately to ensure that there was no loophole in leadership in the ancient Chinese government. Where one method looked unsuitable, the other would be imposed without delay and in this way, the authority can be said to have succeeded in ensuring that order and stability prevailed.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Andragology is the term meaning adult education. It has been acknowledged that teaching adults should be somewhat different from teaching children. Knowles has developed a model of adult learning based on a number of assumptions. These assumptions are as follows: the need to know, self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learn and motivation to learn. And though many scholars and educators agree with Knowles' view on adult education, it has also been heavily criticized by many researchers.

Andragology is the term meaning adult education. It has been acknowledged that teaching adults should be somewhat different from teaching children. Knowles has developed a model of adult learning based on a number of assumptions. These assumptions are as follows: the need to know, self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learn and motivation to learn. And though many scholars and educators agree with Knowles' view on adult education, it has also been heavily criticized by many researchers.

Andragogy’s Definition, Models and Concepts Report Comparing Models Andragogy is the term meaning adult education. It has been acknowledged that teaching adults should be somewhat different from teaching children. Knowles has developed a model of adult learning based on a number of assumptions (Sessa & London, 2015). These assumptions are as follows: the need to know, self-concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learn and motivation to learn (Finlay, 2010). It is necessary to note that many scholars and educators agree with Knowles’ view on adult education. Thus, Brookfield also claims that the assumption of self-concept is an important aspect to take into account (Merriam, Caffarella & Baumgartner, 2012). The researcher agrees that adult learners need to feel that they can make decisions. Adults may be reluctant to follow too specific directions, which may result in poorer performance. The researcher also supports the idea that adults are problem-centered rather than subject-centered as they want their learning to result in the development of particular skills necessary to solve various issues they face or may face. Grace stresses that Knowles’ theory has had a significant impact on the development of adult learning (Merriam et al., 2012). The researcher notes that Knowles managed to draw educators’ attention to such peculiarity as motivation and problem-centeredness. Alfred emphasizes that Knowles’ attention to the concept of experience is remarkable as experience plays a significant role in adult learning. Apparently, the model has become a milestone in the development of teaching models and theories. Contrasting Concepts Nonetheless, Knowles’ model has also been heavily criticized by many researchers. For instance, Brookfield states that three out of six assumptions are disputable. The researcher claims that self-directedness is rather a desirable condition as many adults are unable to identify their goals as well as the best strategies to employ (Merriam et al., 2012). Jarvis states that Knowles pays little attention to the learning contexts. Sandlin also notes that Knowles considers all learners similar in terms of the way they learn (Merriam et al., 2012). However, such factors as race, gender, values, cultural background, class and so on affect the way adult students learn. Sandlin stresses that Knowles’ model is apolitical and, hence, less appropriate. Lee also notes that Knowles’ view of adult learners is too generalized. The researcher points out that the theory is almost inapplicable with foreign students. Using an Africentric approach, Alfred claims that educators have to take into account such adult students’ experiences as oppression, discrimination and so on. The researcher also notes that African Americans often learn using intuitive learning while Knowles focuses on objective knowledge. Researchers often stress that the difference between andragogy and pedagogy is not as considerable. Thus, the assumption concerning adults’ experience is quite vague. For example, Hanson emphasizes that children also have various experiences that can and should be taken into account when teaching these students (Merriam et al., 2012). It is possible to note that researchers agree that Knowles’ model can be used as a theoretical framework for adult learning. However, every assumption should be regarded in a narrower context. Numerous studies have proved that learners are very different. They may be less self-directed and less motivated as Knowles suggested. Nonetheless, it is possible to use the assumptions as some goals since educators should help teachers to become self-directed, problem- and life-centered, highly motivated to learn. This will enable adult learners to be successful in their lifelong learning. Reference List Finlay, J. (2010). Andragogy (Adult learning) . Web. Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2012). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide . San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons. Sessa, V. I., & London, M. (2015). Continuous learning in organizations: Individual, group, and organizational perspectives . New York, NY: Psychology Press.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : This paper explores the works and ideas of contemporary artist Andy Goldsworthy. He was born in 1956 in Cheshire, England. Currently, he lives and works in Scotland. Goldsworthy is known as a sculptor and a photographer working within the movement of environmental or land art. This means that all of Goldsworthy's artworks are mainly made of natural materials such as sand, snow, water, wood, tree leaves, petals, rocks, among others.

This paper explores the works and ideas of contemporary artist Andy Goldsworthy. He was born in 1956 in Cheshire, England. Currently, he lives and works in Scotland. Goldsworthy is known as a sculptor and a photographer working within the movement of environmental or land art. This means that all of Goldsworthy's artworks are mainly made of natural materials such as sand, snow, water, wood, tree leaves, petals, rocks, among others.

Andy Goldsworthy: Sculptor and Photographer Essay Table of Contents 1. The Artist 2. Artworks 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited The Artist This paper explores the works and ideas of contemporary artist Andy Goldsworthy. He was born in 1956 in Cheshire, England. Currently, he lives and works in Scotland. Goldsworthy is known as a sculptor and a photographer working within the movement of environmental or land art. This means that all of Goldsworthy’s artworks are mainly made of natural materials such as sand, snow, water, wood, tree leaves, petals, rocks, among others. Besides, the vast majority of artworks of this sculptor are installed in nature – in the woods, fields, plains, at the ponds, or rivers. Goldsworthy does not think through the details of his artworks, often he leaves home and uses his intuition to find a place where his new creation would be made, when the place is found he uses whatever materials are available around (Andy Goldsworthy par. 3). The tools he uses are often the materials that can be found around; for example, he would use rocks to break tree branches or his own saliva to make pieces of ice stick together. Goldsworthy’s works are valuable because they have a limited lifetime. They are meant to go through the stags of being born, blossom, and then go into decay. This artist especially values the effect light makes on his works, this is why many of them need to be finished by a certain hour of the day to properly reveal their intended beauty (Lubow par. 1). Goldsworthy works only with his own hands with the minimal use of tools because, according to his belief, look, touch, shape, place, and material are one when it comes to an artwork; these elements are inseparable in his art (Andy Goldsworthy par. 3). Artworks Many of Goldsworthy’s works have never been shown in museums. This artist explains that he has to work on the actual land, out in nature, because of the energy that runs through him, inspiring him to create (Canal de serbotto). His works’ audience includes hitchhikers, tourists, occasional walkers who happen to find them in the forests or at the river banks. Many of his creations do not have names, but they have a purpose, which is to communicate the value of nature, the beauty of every single moment, the flowing nature of life. Goldsworthy is known for creating “work that disappears.” A great example of such artwork is his Clay Dome built in Brazil in 2012, based on his Clay Wall artwork created in 1996. The temporary sculpture made of raw clay cracked and adhered right in front of the observers, changing its color and shape hour after hour. Clay Wall Clay is Goldsworthy’s material of choice when he needs to emphasize the stages of disappearance of his transcendent artwork as it changes day after day; its decay is the main source of beauty. One more well-known signature sculpture of this artist is a cairn. Goldsworthy’s cairns are made of multiple pieces if limestone found in the natural locations and carefully selected based on their shape, color, and weight in order to build the final sculpture. Cairn The first cairns made by Goldsworthy date back to the 1970s and 1980s, they were made in the parks, at the beaches, or on the hills. Cairns are the symbols of the perfect balance of steadiness and instability. These sculptures take a long time and a lot of patience to make. Some of Goldsworthy’s cairns are currently shown in the museums of Britain. One more well-known work of Goldsworthy was a project created in collaboration with Greenpeace. Goldsworthy is an active environmentalist, he likes to help Greenpeace with their actions, yet he does not want to make his art too commercial political, this is why his participation is occasional. The Snowball Project of 2000 targeted the people of London. Thirteen gigantic snowballs were placed in the city in the summer. Midsummer Snowballs Snowballs, of course, were meant to melt. Each ball had other materials inside, so as the snow thawed, other shapes started to reveal themselves. The project was designed as a global warming attention raiser (Andy Goldsworthy’s Snowballs Project par. 1). Goldsworthy’s works, ideas, and general approach towards land art are described in the stunning film called “Rivers and Tides,” which features the artist working on some of his bigger and smaller creations and speaking about the purpose, emotions and through the process behind his artworks. Conclusion In conclusion, Andy Goldsworthy is a well-well known contemporary environmentalist and land artist who works within a rare movement collaborating with the forces of nature and going with the flow turning whatever the land provides into mesmerizing artworks. When there is a snowfall, Goldsworthy goes out to build abstract snow sculptures, on a sunny day he works with flickering light and shadows, in autumn he employs fallen leaves of bright colors, and when it rains he uses water. This artist is an ultimate demonstration of never-ending the flow of life and the flexibility of the eye and mind required for its full appreciation. Works Cited Andy Goldsworthy. Morning Earth. Web. Andy Goldsworthy’s Snowballs Project. Greenpeace . 2000. Web. Canal de serbotto. Andy Goldsworthy, Working with Time – Rivers and Tides . 2014. Web. Lubow, Arthur. 35 Who Made a Difference: Andy Goldsworthy . 2005. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: In her essay, John Robins discusses the issue of consumption and its importance for the global economy. She argues that learning to feed each other is a solution to the global issue such as hunger. However, even though the suggested approach might seem alluring, it will only work once the principle of sustainable production and consumption is integrated into the framework of the global economy along with individuals making a choice of reducing consumption rates.

In her essay, John Robins discusses the issue of consumption and its importance for the global economy. She argues that learning to feed each other is a solution to the global issue such as hunger. However, even though the suggested approach might seem alluring, it will only work once the principle of sustainable production and consumption is integrated into the framework of the global economy along with individuals making a choice of reducing consumption rates.

Animal Production and Food Availability Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Food for Cattle and Food for People 3. Problems of the Suggested Solution 4. A Reasonable Approach 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction The issue of consumption seems to have been gaining importance at an increasingly fast pace over the past few years. While solving a range of problems related to production, global economy has given spur to a number of other concerns, consumerism being the key one. In her essay “Wasting the Food We Have,” John Robins raises a very valid point concerning reasonable food consumption, or learning to “feed each other” (Robins 350), as a solution to the global issue such as hunger. However, even though the suggested approach might seem alluring, it will only work once the principle of sustainable production and consumption is integrated into the framework of the global economy along with individuals making a choice of reducing consumption rates. Food for Cattle and Food for People On the one hand, the idea voiced by Robins seems quite legitimate – while the idea of using the existing resources responsibly appears to be obvious, in most cases, people seem to overlook it, adopting the strategy that leads to food scarcity rather quickly: “The world’s cattle alone, not to mention pigs and chickens, consume a quantity of food equal to the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people – nearly double the entire human population of the planet” (Robins 353). Therefore, from the perspective that Robins gives on the current situation concerning famine and poverty, reducing the amount of meat consumed globally will create the premises for having a steep rise in the number of areas for growing crops. In other words, refusing to consume meat and, therefore, reducing the amount of cattle to feed, one will have the area that can be used for growing food to support people from impoverished regions: “[…] one acre of land can grow 20,000 pounds of potatoes. The same acre of land, if used to grow cattlefeed, can produce less than 165 pounds of beef” (Robins 353). Problems of the Suggested Solution On the other hand, the solution provided by Robins may have tangibly negative economic consequences for the states, the key source of revenue for which concerns exporting cattle and various meat products to the partner states. Once the demand for meat drops, a range of entrepreneurships producing meat and mat products, or merely having something to do with the specified industry, are going to face a major crisis. Many of these companies, which contribute to the increase of the state GDP and provide employment options for the local people, are likely to stop their operations. As a result, unemployment rates will increase significantly, therefore, contributing to the global poverty rate. A Reasonable Approach It would be wrong to assume that Robins’ argument is entirely false; quite on the contrary, he has a range of interesting ideas, such as the commentary on consumerism rates. However, adopting the approach that may trigger major economic problems does not seem to be adequate in the specified situation. Therefore, a compromise regarding global consumption rates and food options for impoverished regions must be made. Conclusion As inspiring as the approach suggested by Robins might seem, it still relies on the significance of an individual’s choice extensively without taking some of the obvious problems that may occur on a global level into account. While the idea of reducing consumption rates does seem reasonable, as it will help bring down the rates of resources waste, it is still likely to trigger rather questionable effects in the domain of global economy. Therefore, though being an interesting suggestion, the approach suggested by Robins does not seem to meet the economic requirements for keeping states and their denizens at an appropriate level of economic wellbeing. Works Cited Robins, John. “Wasting the Food We Have.” A Diet for a New America . Tiburon, CA: H J Kramer, 1987. 350–354. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: This paper seeks to change the narrative about animals being mere property items by focusing on pets and arguing for their rights. It also explores critics' arguments against animal rights.Arguments against Animal RightsMany people believe animals are mere property items because they do not have any rights. This paper seeks to change this narrative by focusing on pets and arguing for their rights. It also explores critics' arguments against animal rights.

This paper seeks to change the narrative about animals being mere property items by focusing on pets and arguing for their rights. It also explores critics' arguments against animal rights. Arguments against Animal Rights Many people believe animals are mere property items because they do not have any rights. This paper seeks to change this narrative by focusing on pets and arguing for their rights. It also explores critics' arguments against animal rights.

Arguments for Animal Rights Research Paper Introduction For a long time, many human societies have viewed animals as sources of food, labor, and clothing. This view (partly) stems from religious influences, which define people’s perceptions of animal rights. For example, Christian teachings show that God gave man the power to control all animals (on land and in the sea). Therefore, many Christian societies know that human beings are superior to animals. Philosophers, such as Aristotle, also supported the above-mentioned religious arguments by ranking animals in the lowest cadre of living things (Taylor 36). Although the Greek philosopher explored the differences and similarities between both species, he said animals were a “lower-stature” species (compared to human beings) because they could not reason, think, or have beliefs, as people do (Taylor 36). These ancient perceptions of animals largely explain the background of animal rights debates. They also explain how different societies treat animals today. Relative to how people treat animals, Singera (13) says, in 2001, North American farmers raised and killed about 17 billion land animals for human consumption. Scientists in America and Europe killed another 100 million animals for experimental purposes (Singera 13). People killed about 30 million more land animals for their fur (Singera 13). Most of these animals lived and died in morally repugnant circumstances. Such “inhuman” treatments continue unabated because many societies believe animals do not have any rights. This paper seeks to change this narrative by focusing on pets and arguing for their rights. Although it explores critics’ arguments too, it shows that, like human beings, pets are emotional creatures and not property items, as many people would like to believe. Therefore, it is immoral to mistreat them. Arguments for Animal Rights Pets can feel Emotion and Pain as People do Singera (1) is widely considered as the greatest pioneer of animal rights. He said human beings do not have a special status above other animals. For him, the degree that both species experience when feeling pleasure or pain is the only difference between animals and human beings. Since both groups have a threshold of pain, Singera (1) does not understand why people do not protect animals the same way they protect their offspring. Here, Singera (1) strives to eliminate the differences between animals and human beings to advance animal rights. Linker (9) supports this view by saying, “Once the dividing line between humans and animals disappears, it is hard to uphold any fundamental ethical distinction between them.” Steve Wise, an American Law Professor (cited in Linker 9), similarly advances the above argument by using a different justification for supporting animal rights. Instead of using shared pain and pleasure to show the similarities between people and animals, he strives to elevate animals to human status. For example, he criticizes people who view animals as property because he believes animals could reason as human beings do. For example, he says Chimpanzees have this ability (Linker 9). He uses this argument to say their reasoning ability makes them more valuable than other types of property. Therefore, he believes animals share the same dignity as people do. Referring to Wise’s argument, Linker (12) says, “if he can demonstrate that certain higher animals possess the same intrinsic dignity that human beings do, the law within liberal democracies will be obliged to recognize that such animals are persons possessing at least some fundamental, inviolable rights.” The above arguments show no significant differences between people and animals. In terms of shared emotion and pain, Singerb (11) says scientists infer almost all human physiological pain manifestations on other species. He particularly draws our attention to animals that are close to us – mammals and birds. He says, “Their behavioral signs include writhing, facial contortions, moaning, yelping, or other forms of calling, attempts to avoid the source of pain, appearance of fear at the prospect of its repetition, and so on” (Singerb 11). Indeed, like how human beings behave (when they feel pain) animals show the same physiological symptoms of pain, such as dilated pupils, increased pulse rates, and increased blood pressure. To explain this commonality, Grandin (141) says both species have similar nervous systems. In line with this argument, Singerb (11) emphasizes that the nervous systems of animals evolved the same way the nervous systems of human beings did. Their ability to feel pain is part of their survival tactics because they use it to avoid injury and death. Grandin (141) says animals also experience fear, the same way human beings do. Certainly, although fear is subjective, it causes significant stress to animals. This is why advocates of animal rights say they need environmental enrichments to prevent them from developing irregular developmental patterns, such as EEG patterns (Grandin 141). Relative to this argument, Grandin (141) says people’s nervous systems do not differ with that of higher animals. For example, scientific evidence shows that the nervous systems of chimpanzees, dogs, and cows are like that of human beings (Grandin 141). The genome project also supports the same finding by showing that people’s gene make-up is like a mouse’s gene makeup (Grandin 141). Relative to this fact, Grandin (141) says mammals have more than 30% of their genes designed to serve nervous system functions. These similarities explain why some animals adopt human-like behaviors, such as self-medication. For example, studies have shown that rats self-medicate when they suffer from arthritis (Grandin 141). Besides these behavioral similarities, animals are as social as human beings are (Grandin 142). Although some people may not support these facts, scientific evidence suggests that most animals perceive pain the same way human beings do. Governments have used this evidence to protect animal rights in many parts of the world. For example, three separate government committees (on animal welfare), in the UK, affirm that most animals feel pain (Singerb 13). However, Grandin (140) says we need more research to explain the extent that these animals experience the pain. Animals are not Property Taylor (36) says until the early 1900s, many people saw animals as worthless creatures. In fact, many societies could not accord a “property status” to them because of spite (Taylor 36). Therefore, the law permitted people to steal and kill animals without any consequences. The abolition approach has strived to change people’s perception of animals (as property). It says that focusing on animal welfare distracts people from eliminating property rights on animal ownership (Grandin 140). Instead, the theory proposes a moral and legal paradigm shift, which strives to differentiate animals from other types of property (Grandin 140). To do so, the abolitionist approach encourages people to perceive animals as sentient creatures (having subjective awareness). Proponents of this view say they do not need human-like rationalities to receive better treatment from people (Grandin 140). Therefore, since they are creatures that experience pain, they should belong to the moral community. This view differs with the animal rights view, which (only) supports the better treatment of human-like animals, such as apes, because their DNA make-up is more like human beings than other animals. As such, they say all animals are the same (Grandin 140). They also oppose treating animals as human property (merely) because they do not fit our conventional perceptions of property (Taylor 36). Grandin (140) takes a more practical approach in elaborating the above point by comparing an animal and a screwdriver. He says that although many societies perceive them as property, they are different. To elaborate this point, he uses the US legal system and culture by highlighting how the law allows American citizens to sell, profit, and “eat” their property (among other utilities) (Grandin 140). Although property holders could do the above things, the law restricts them from committing the same acts on animals (the same restrictions do not apply to other properties). For example, law enforcement officials could arrest a person for using a screwdriver to puncture a cow’s eye. However, they would not penalize the offender for using a hammer to deform a screwdriver. Based on this understanding, the status of animals has slowly changed, in America, because the law now recognizes animal rights. For example, all 50 states have introduced anti-cruelty laws that protect animals from mistreatment (Grimm 3). These laws allow judges to impose fines of up to $125,000, or a jail term of ten years on offenders (Grimm 4). Similarly, many existing legislations support animal rights (such as the Federal Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act, which requires rescue services to save animals, as they would rescue a human being) (Grimm 3). This trend has equally seen many judges treat dogs as people (some judges even allow dogs to have lawyers). Consequently, some animals have received damages from the judges (Grimm 3). Other types of “property” do not receive the same status. Using the above examples, Grandin (140) supports the views of animal rights advocates who say animals need rights because they feel pain (a goat can feel pain, but a screwdriver cannot). It is Immoral to Mistreat Animals Although many researchers have used different criteria to explain the differences between man and animals, few have bothered to explain man’s higher reasoning that allows them to act ethically. Indeed, unlike many animals, human beings can understand the differences between right and wrong. Based on this higher level of reasoning, people can understand that it is wrong to mistreat animals because they do not have rights. This argument stems from the immoral and heinous acts that some people do to animals and people alike. Here, it is irrelevant to distinguish between animals and human beings because inflicting pain on another animal is wrong (human beings are animals too). People who do so diminish the moral authority that human beings have on other species. The utilitarian view condemns how people treat and use animals. This theory says people should evaluate the net use of animals (to human beings) and adopt strategies that lead to the overall net satisfaction of animal and human interests (Singerb 14). Relative to this view, the utilitarian view urges people to “act in such a way as to maximize the expected satisfaction of interests in the world, equally considered” (Singerb 14). When we apply this theory to animal treatment, it encourages people to imagine themselves in conditions that the animals live and, afterwards, take the best course of action. Using a welfare approach, the theory argues that all people should treat animals in a “humane” way and avoid inflicting unnecessary pain on them. In line with this argument, Singera (1) says it is important for people to take animal rights seriously because species-bias (the justification that most people use to mistreat animals) is like racism and other social practices that many societies dislike. He also believes that most people who oppose animal rights do so because they rely on invariable animal defects, like their lack of language skills, or advanced cognitive skills, to mistreat animals (Singerb 14). On the other side, the same people do not perceive mentally incapacitated human beings (who cannot talk or profess the same advanced cognitive skills as other people do) as animals. Based on this analysis, Francione (3) says species-bias is the only justification that most people use to exploit animals. However, this reasoning is unjust. Arguments Against Many people have used the utilitarian view to support animal rights. However, this view has significant weaknesses that undermine its applicability to animal rights. For example, proponents of these rights say animals have feelings, the way human beings do (Singerb 14). However, Nordin (2) questions the criterion that such people use to measure these feelings (no one has ever been a dog or a cat). Stated differently, people have used physiological variations in a dog’s behavior to advance the view that they experience pain or emotion, but how do people know how much pain it is feeling? For example, is it correct to assume that a whimpering dog experiences the same pain as a human baby crying? Similarly, it is difficult to draw the same inferences about a dog’s pain to a whale, frog, or another animal. Therefore, many critics question whether animals could express the same emotions as grief, melancholy, and a deep interest in life, as human beings do. Machan (1) is among groups of researchers who do not understand why animals should have the same rights as people do. Particularly, they say it is a mistake for the government to entrench animal rights in law. For example, they believe that those people who support animal rights should persuade other people to join their cause, as opposed to forcing them to do so, legally (Machan 1). Stated differently, Machan (2) says if advocates of animal rights do not support killing animals for their fur, they should persuade people to stop buying coats, or other animal products, and not ban the use of the animal product. Again, this argument stems from the belief that no animal enjoys the same basic rights as people do. As shown above, Machan (3) believes that all people should start perceiving this matter as an ethical issue, as opposed to a legal issue. He says people can empathize with the pain that other people feel, but animals cannot. Therefore, he opposes the views of animal rights advocates, such as Singerb (14). He argues that if animals could empathize with the pain of other animals, people should hold them to the same accountability standards as human beings do (Machan 3). For example, animals should punish other animals for killing and maiming their kind. Since this suggestion is impractical, Machan (3) says animal advocates have misguided views. However, he defines this issue as a philosophical one (category mistake) because advocates of animal rights strive to impose their hopes and dreams on animals, using human perceptions about life. Overall, although these arguments largely describe the views of many animal right critics, they do not legitimize the inhumane treatment of animals. Conclusion and Recommendations The abolitionist and utilitarian views are sympathetic to animal causes. They differ from classical animal welfare views, which do not have a high regard for the creatures, or their rights. Nonetheless, this paper shows that all animals should have the same rights as human beings do because they experience, pain, fear, and emotions. Similarly, animals are not like other types of property because they are human-like. Based on these arguments alone, it is immoral to mistreat animals and cause unnecessary pain to them. Proponents of animal rights advance the above views. However, their thoughts are not theories of animal rights; instead, they are moral judgments of human actions on animals. Such ideas come from the consequences of what we perceive as right or wrong. For example, if a person violated the right of a person, or an animal, because it produced more good than bad, the law should not punish him. Based on the findings of this research, the “good” includes giving animals the same rights as people do. Works Cited Francione, Gary. Animal Rights Theory and Utilitarianism: Relative Normative Guidance. September. 2003. PDF file. Grandin, Temple. Animals Are Not Things: A View on Animal Welfare Based on Neurological, Complexity . 2014. PDF file. Grimm, David. Should Pets Have the Same Legal Rights as People? 2014. Linker, Damon. No, Animals Don’t Have Rights . 2014. Machan, Tibor. Animals Do Not Have Rights . 2014. Nordin, Ingemar. Animals Don’t Have Rights: A Philosophical Study . 2001. PDF file. Singera, Peter. In Defense of Animals , Malded, Ma: Blackwell Publishing, 2006. Print. Singerb, Peter. Animal Liberation , New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2002. Print. Taylor, Angus. Animals and Ethics , New York, NY: Broadview Press, 2009. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: In his essay "Animal Rights, Human Wrongs," Tom Regan argues that a radical approach to animal rights is necessary in order to protect animals from exploitation. He urges readers to completely abolish the exploitation of animals, rather than simply reforming the way animals are currently exploited.

In his essay "Animal Rights, Human Wrongs," Tom Regan argues that a radical approach to animal rights is necessary in order to protect animals from exploitation. He urges readers to completely abolish the exploitation of animals, rather than simply reforming the way animals are currently exploited.

“Animal Rights, Human Wrongs” by Tom Regan Essay The famous animal rights activist Tom Regan in his article Animal Rights, Human Wrongs speaks about a necessity of a radical approach towards animal rights. He states that it is necessary not to reform the way animals are exploited, but to totally abolish this exploitation. In order to make his arguments persuasive the author widely uses ethos, logos and pathos. The examples of ethos may be found at the very beginning of the article. The author appeals to his personal experience giving many examples from his youth. For instance, he describes the life of his family after the Great Depression, when a welfare has been measured with food, which this family has been able to buy. Regan describes the experience of his work in a butcher shop, such presents as mink hat given by him to his wife and his experience in a dissection of experimental animals during his student years. Describing all these events of his life, Tom Regan states that he has not liked his working as a butcher as well as the animal experiments. However, like everyone else, in his young days he has not worried about moral aspects of such attitude towards animals. Later on, impressed by the war in Vietnam and by the study of Gandhi, Regan has revised his opinion. Now Regan is famous as a philosopher and an animal rights advocate. He is an author of many books dealing with a protection of animal rights. Regan is known as a vegetarian. While describing his decision to refuse from meat, Regan appeals to logos. “I knew that my good health did not require animal flesh in my diet. So the logic was fairly obvious: the violent slaughter of animals for food was unnecessary” (Regan 3). Moreover, Regans decision to become a vegetarian to a great extant has been predetermined by his reading of Gandhi, from which he has known that a cow is a sacred animal in India. In this country, beef eating is a deep sin. Regan states that he “feels the same way about cats and dogs” (4). The author uses logos to emphasize a ridiculousness of this situation. What is the difference between a cat and a cow? We used to eat pork and at the same time, eating dogs is inadmissible for us. Regan states that it is a nonsense that our choice of food is predetermined by religious traditions or prejudices of any kind. Throughout the article, Regan describes cases of a cruel attitude towards animals causing in such a way a reader to feel guilty. The author is very knowledgeable in this sphere and he vividly describes terrible conditions of animals living on farms. A factory farming is a business, which is subdued to economic benefits. Apart from a short period of live of these animals, they are treated as “biological machines” (Regan 12). In such a way, Regan resorts to pathos exiting pity to “hogs, chickens, turkeys and other animals raised for human consumption” (12). The author gives a particular emphasis to a trapping describing it cruelness and senselessness. Regan condemns the partiality of people for furs. Describing barbarous methods of the trapping, the author resorts to pathos trying to make a reader to feel a pain that experiences a caught animal. As Regan puts is “a physical trauma of a trapped animal has been likened to a slamming door on a finger” (16). Moreover, a suffering of a trapped animal is emphasized by its complete disorientation. Unlike a human being, animals cannot realize what has happened. While explaining attempts of a trapped animal to escape, the author describes such terrible things as broken teeth and serious wounds. There are many cases when trapped animals “chew through the leg which is being held in the trap” (Regan 16). The author uses logos to underline the senselessness of such a rough attitude to animals. Regan states that sometimes “a fur of a trapped animal is so bloody and gnarled that it is economically useless” (15). In order to persuade a reader Regan uses statistic data, resorting to ethos in such a way. For instance, the author quotes such organization as Friends of Animals, which estimates that (as cited in Regan) “a quarter of those animals trapped for their fur are lost to wring off” (15). Aside from its cruelty, this fact proves the senselessness of these animals killing because of their fur. Regan strongly disagrees with a use of animals in science. He compares the living conditions of such animals with a “living hell” (Regan 19). All these animals are exposed to different laboratory experiments. The aim of these experiments is to investigate a body response on different toxic substances. Even those animals who manage to survive are killed by the further dissection for scientific purposes. It goes without saying that during the process of the experiment, test animals are suffering from various diseases. In his article, Regan uses ethos, logos and pathos to make his arguments strong and persuasive. It must be admitted that he has succeeded in it. Regans article stimulates a reader to make efforts in order to stop violence against animals. Regans personal experience makes people to rethink many things. Works Cited Regan, Tom. Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. An Introduction to Moral Philosophy, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003. Print.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Apple and Samsung Companies Products Comparison Research PaperApple and Samsung are both tech companies that make similar products. Apple's focus is more on software, while Samsung's focus is more on hardware. Apple's products are also more expensive than Samsung's.

Apple and Samsung Companies Products Comparison Research Paper Apple and Samsung are both tech companies that make similar products. Apple's focus is more on software, while Samsung's focus is more on hardware. Apple's products are also more expensive than Samsung's.

Apple and Samsung Companies Products Comparison Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Products and Production 2. Similar Products 3. Different Products 4. Marketing 5. Works Cited Products and Production Apple is a company that occurred to be well-known today due to its innovations. It designs, manufactures, and markets “mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, accessories, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications” (“Annual Report” par. 2). The company has its facilities in different countries, but the majority of them are located in the US. The majority of the hardware devices are manufactured in Asia by outsourcing partners according to the production commitments. The components are at acceptable prices and meet the Apple’s demands. Only one product is performed at a time. Samsung also operates in this sphere, but the range of its products is wider than Apple’s. The company works with “visual displays, digital appliances, printing solutions, health and medical equipment, mobile communication, network, memory devices, system LSI and LED” (“Samsung Electronics Annual Report” 9). The production of the products is also mainly located in Asia even though the company has its facilities worldwide. The company is proud of using the high-volume manufacturing technology. At first Samsung was focused on the creation of new devices but the company focused on the design of components for other organizations with the course of time. Similar Products As the companies are both connected with technologies, it is not surprising that they have similar products. Apple iPhone 6 and Samsung Galaxy S6 are often compared, as well as their predecessors, so they can be considered in regard to different dimensions. The way the Samsung’s device looks resembles Apple, as it is with the aluminum trim, which was not previously used. The handsets also have similar positions of ports and buttons as well as the speaker. The quality of the iPhone 6 is said to be higher than its competitor has even though both of them have some advantages and disadvantages. For example, iPhone 6 has the better color accuracy better as well as the front-facing camera. It also wins while comparing the operating system regardless the fact that Samsung improved it greatly. However, S6 is said to have a better screen and faster memory (Parker par. 9). The similarities between the products make many people wonder whether it was right in ethical point of view to create a product with resembles the one designed by the competitor organization. The issue was so obvious that Apple filed a lawsuit against Samsung. Regarding this aspect, Samsung failed to think about possible consequences and their influence on the stakeholders. The company was focused on its profit and did not have enough courage to admit the mistake and create something new. Apple, in its turn, tried to protect its rights, was honest and fair (Salazar par. 6). Different Products Apple is also known for its media player known as iPod. The new iPod touch is said to be among the best devices of this category on the market. It has a rather speed processor and access to various apps, which makes the device attractive to the customers. It resembles iPhone but is smaller and cheaper. The battery is long-lasting, and the front camera makes good flash photos (Segan par. 10). Of course, it does not substitute the phone but has lots of other advantages. iPod touch is said to be good for kids, which may be not right as they are mainly using it just to play, and such claim can also raise conflicts in the families. Samsung manufactures a wide range of devices including TVs. Its Smart TVs entered the market recently. They allow the customers refer to different apps, enjoy new smart OS and UHD videos. The TVs have a good quality picture and remotes. They have many smartphone features, camera and respond to voice commands (Demers par. 14). Still, Smart TVs also have some disadvantages, for example, the problems can be faced when connecting to WiFi. The customers are warned about this now, which proves that the company is fair. However, the issue with the privacy still concerns many people, as it is much more serious. Samsung knew that the device collected the information about its owner but did not inform the general public, which proves that the company does not believe it to be a problem. Marketing Apple’s marketing strategy is based on the original design of the devices. iPhone is improved with the course of time, but its design does not change greatly, which makes the handset recognizable. People buy it because they will be surely associated with a particular population when having such device. However, when the company tried to implement Apple Music, it failed. This is a new service, which was not earlier presented by Apple and many people still do not know what it is. Thus, the lack of decent advertising caused the failure. The success of Samsung is thought to be based on its product variation. Numerous devices that can be used in various spheres attract the customers and allow them use the products of their favorite company and not to hesitate when buying something. Still, when Samsung decided to compete with Apple by the creation of similar products, as it happened with the latest smartphones, it failed. The imitation was so obvious that it caused dissatisfaction of the general public making Samsung just one of the copy-cats. Works Cited Annual Report 2014. Web. Demers, Cedric. Samsung Smart TV Platform 2015 Review . Web. Parker, Max. Samsung Galaxy S6 vs iPhone 6 . 2015. Web. Salazar, Heather. Apple Vs. Samsung . 2014. Web. Samsung Electronics Annual Report 2014. Web. Segan, Sarah. Apple iPod Touch . 2015. Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : In 2009, Apple adopted the differentiation strategy; in other words, the company tried to develop products that could be perceived as unique by potential products. Apple's differentation strategies in 2009 essayIn 2009, Apple adopted the differentiation strategy; in other words, the company tried to develop products that could be perceived as unique by potential products. This business segment significantly contributed to the profitability of this company, even though the management laid more stress on mobile technologies such as smartphones.

In 2009, Apple adopted the differentiation strategy; in other words, the company tried to develop products that could be perceived as unique by potential products. Apple's differentation strategies in 2009 essay In 2009, Apple adopted the differentiation strategy; in other words, the company tried to develop products that could be perceived as unique by potential products. This business segment significantly contributed to the profitability of this company, even though the management laid more stress on mobile technologies such as smartphones.

Apple’s Differentiation Strategies in 2009 Essay In 2009, Apple adopted the differentiation strategy; in other words, the company tried to develop products that could be perceived as unique by potential products. In turn, personal computers sold by this corporation were also considered to be unique by many consumers, and this business segment significantly contributed to the profitability of this company, even though the management laid more stress on mobile technologies such as smartphones. In order to illustrate this argument, one should look at Apple’s approach to product development and pricing. It should be noted that this company attempted to design innovative or even groundbreaking products; moreover, the company charged premium prices for these goods. When discussing the generic strategies of Apple, one should look at the qualities of the products offered by this company. In many cases, they entirely transformed different segments of the market. For example, one can speak about iPod. A similar argument can be applied to such a product MacBook Air that appealed to many users, especially those ones who valued portability (Marino, Hattaway, and Jackson 31). At the moment of its release, this design of this laptop was almost unprecedented. This is one of the aspects that can be singled out. Apart from that, the company charged premium prices for their products. Their approach differed from the policies adopted by such companies as Dell, Acer, or Hewlett-Packard. The managers believed that consumers had been ready to pay this price. Despite, the increased cost of its personal computers, Apple was able to control 8.7 percent of the U.S. market (Marino, Hattaway, and Jackson 31). Thus, by retailing personal computers, the company was able to increase its profitability. It is possible to relate these examples to such a concept as differentiation. This notion means that a company tries to distinguish its products in terms of design, usability or efficiency. This approach often enables an organization to gain competitive edge, and win the loyalty of clients. Yet, a company should continuously develop innovative products in order to be successful. This is one of the limitations that should not be overlooked. On the whole, the success of Apple illustrates that in some cases differentiation strategy can increase the competitive strengths of a company because this organization is able to retain clients for a long time. This principle of differentiate has been applied to personal computers marketed by Apple since these products could be distinguished in terms of design and usability. To a great extent, this policy contributed the improved financial performance of this company. These are the main points that can be made. Works Cited Marino, Lou, John Hattaway, and Katy Jackson. Apple Inc. in 2009 , New York, Routledge: 2009. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Apple's interactive and intelligent design essay discusses how the company can continue to innovate and stay ahead of the competition in the international technology arena. The essay highlights the importance of coming up with new ideas that have a futuristic edge, and how Apple can take advantage of the growing online database of personal information to develop cameras with highly specialized facial recognition software.

Apple's interactive and intelligent design essay discusses how the company can continue to innovate and stay ahead of the competition in the international technology arena. The essay highlights the importance of coming up with new ideas that have a futuristic edge, and how Apple can take advantage of the growing online database of personal information to develop cameras with highly specialized facial recognition software.

Apple’s Interactive and Intelligent Design Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography 5. Footnotes Introduction Key among Apple’s sources of dominance and competitive advantage in the international technology arena is its reputation for creative and transcendent ideas that have profoundly influenced contemporary communication trends. Nevertheless, sustaining this position requires a constant stream of new ideas with a futuristic edge to them to ensure it keeps ahead of the competition in posterity. Body One possible direction Apple can take in keeping up with its avant-garde innovations is developing camera technology with highly specialized facial recognition software. Apple can design cameras that can synchronize with the growing online database of personal information and take advantage of wearable technology. Case in point, instead of people swapping business cards or personal information manually. Their cameras could simply pick up facial features and download entire profiles to their phones. With such technology, Apple will be almost guaranteed continued ascendancy in digital and mobile photo technology a quarter a century from now, safe from the risk of being relegated to obscurity like erstwhile market leaders such as Kodak. Competition by smartphone manufacturers has escalated above the traditional platforms, such as operating systems to new frontiers, especially the quality and capacity for integration of hardware and new software. 1 Currently, Apple is expressing a great deal of interest in 3D and virtual technology related apps designed to recreate reality experiences. In addition to experimenting with wearable technology similar to Google glasses, they are also developing custom-made headsets intended to enhance the interaction between their cameras and the user’s online and offline environments. Google is currently leading the pack with their Android OS, 2 which they are working on integrating into their revolutionary glasses and other camera designs. Therefore, Apple needs to develop more innovative technology to make certain their grasp on the digital photography market. With the growing popularity and influence of social networking, many people have created online profiles and this has motivated data companies to create systems where such personal data can be collected and indexed. While there are inevitable privacy concerns, the development of technology appears to be numbing people to the idea of intrusion as more personal information becomes accessible on the internet. By developing cameras with facial recognition and indexing abilities, Apple can easily capitalize on the wave of indexing personal data that will emerge from the mainstreaming of social networks. The ideal situation is one where, using wearable devices, one can scan a crowd and identify the person they are most likely to get along with, or whom they share common interests. The technology will be instrumental in actually making it easier for people to socialize, especially since contemporary handset and PC-based social networks have been criticized for being antisocial. Conclusion Ultimately, Apple needs to focus its creative energies on a more interactive and intelligent camera design so that it can be ready to integrate itself with the needs of tomorrow’s consumers. However, given the evident security and privacy concerns, it is critical that technology users are made aware of online security and privacy risks to prevent them from providing sensitive information that may be used against them. 3 In the end, should Apple rise to the occasion and embrace the technological needs of the future, the firm will almost certainly retain their innovative edge for which their late founder was renowned. Bibliography Charnigo, Laurie, and Paula Barnett-Ellis. “Checking out Facebook. com: The impact of a digital trend in academic libraries.” Information technology and libraries 26, no. 1 (2013): 23-34. Hong, Jason. “Considering privacy issues in the context of Google glass.” Commun. ACM 56, no. 11 (2013): 10-11. Satyanarayanan, Mahadev. “Mobile computing: the next decade.” ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 15, no. 2 (2011): 2-10. Footnotes 1. Jason, Hong. “Considering privacy issues in the context of Google glass.” Commun. ACM 56, no. 11 (2013): 10. 2. Mahadev, Satyanarayanan,. “Mobile computing: the next decade.” ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review 15, no. 2 (2011): 4. 3. Laurie, Charnigo and Barnett-Ellis, Paula. “Checking out Facebook. com: The impact of a digital trend on academic libraries.” Information technology and libraries 26, no. 1 (2013): 25.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the contribution of Arab scientists to world civilization. It focuses on four areas: mathematics, astronomy, internal and clinical medicine, and zoology and veterinary medicine. The essay also highlights the importance of agriculture and animal husbandry in Arabian society.

The essay discusses the contribution of Arab scientists to world civilization. It focuses on four areas: mathematics, astronomy, internal and clinical medicine, and zoology and veterinary medicine. The essay also highlights the importance of agriculture and animal husbandry in Arabian society.

Arab Scientists’ Contribution to World Civilization Essay Table of Contents 1. Contribution to Mathematics 2. Astronomy 3. Internal and Clinical Medicine 4. Zoology and Veterinary Medicine 5. Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 7. References The development of arts and sciences, as well as old science in Islamic the empire, is explained by the inquisitive and speculative nature of the Arab people from long ago. Thus, there has always been a particular cultural attitude among the Arabian people before and after the rise of Islam. This cultural attitude is the need to advance their philological skills as well as the need to perfect their practice of etymology and lexicology (Sabra, 1975). From constant observation of the earth, they were able to attain astrological, astronomical, and meteorological knowledge that they applied to their lifestyles. Further, with the advent of Islam, these Arabs focused on jurisprudence and philological sciences. One other science that the people loved was the healing art, a profession that was only acquired by a minority of the population but was highly popular among the people due to the high demand for healing services. Contribution to Mathematics Arabs are credited with the invention of arithmetic. They essentially derived their knowledge of algebraic theories from two books. These are IX of Euclid’s Elements and the introduction to the science of numbers (Sabra, 1975). The information obtained from the second book was later translated into the Arabic language by Thabit bin Qurrah, who also revised the information acquired from the first book titled Elements (Sabra, 1975). Among the key things that Thabit did to contribute to this field of knowledge were his remarks on infinite collections. He espoused that infinite groups could be components of other infinite collections. This idea is a fact, given that some even numbers happen to be natural numbers, yet both are infinite values. While it did not strike Thabit to try and develop a theory that would explain the idea of transfinite numbers, his statement was reflective of the exploratory and critical attitude present in most Arabians. Gradually, the theory of figures progressed among Arabs with the need to explain the concept of irrational numbers. One of these developments was through the consideration of ratios as numbers. This was oblivious of whether they were incommensurable magnitudes of not (Sabra, 1975). Astronomy Traditional Arabic astronomical readings relied on Greek characters. This reliance was derived from the presumption that astronomy was an interpretation of both mathematical and physical premises. Resultantly, this prompted the Arabs to read many books, and one such book was the Planetary Hypotheses by Ptolemy. However, this book was inadequate in converting scientific language into a physical language. In an attempt to present a better understating of astronomy, One Arabian, Ibn al-Haytham wrote the book Optics. The book explained various theoretical concepts like refraction, the reflection of light, as well as rectilinear propagation (Sabra, 1975). It is through this research content that Kamal ad-Din was able to explain how the rainbow was formed. Through an analysis of the work by Al-Haytham, ad-Din was able to explain how both the primary and secondary bows are formed (Sabra, 1975). Notably, the application of Arabian medieval research formed a basis through which other scientists and researchers were able to understand various scientific principles and phenomena (Sabra, 1975). Internal and Clinical Medicine All instances of healing in Islam are tied to the efforts of one Hunayn bin Ishaq al-Ibadi, who worked in liaison with his translators to ensure massive development in the world of medicine. Hunayn bin Ishaq is praised for his significant educational influence in the medical field, among which was his ability to convert the most important Greek medicinal writings into Arabic, through which a firm foundation for Arabic medicine was established (Hamarneh, 1983). Further, this establishment also paved the way for the development, modification, and perfection of medicine art among the Arabian people. Among the principal contributions that Hunayn made to medicine, is that he wrote an article about the introduction to healing arts, also famous in Latin, which was a key precept for health sciences. In effect, this writing was a great influence on the Islamic people, as well as other religions in regard to medical teachings and practical applications. Later, in the 19th century, there was a new development in the Arabic world with physician Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Zakariya ar-Razi emerging as a new star. In effect, he was given the following names; the greatest physician, philosopher, and medical educator at the time. Through most of the works that he wrote, there was a significant advancement in medicine, with a particular interest in internal medicine (Hamarneh, 1983). In fact, some of his creations, like psychiatric analysis, disease diagnosis, the doctor-patient relationship, chemotherapy, and treatment, are critical in today’s medical applications. Notably, his research on smallpox and measles enabled him to gain worldwide recognition. Through his writing, he was able to make strategic development and come up with various brilliant ideas about smallpox. These were, among others, the symptoms associated with the disease, like headaches, fever, and redness of cheeks, among others. Other evident forms of signs that he discovered have been valuable in preventive day medicine. Another Arabian medical scholar was al-Mukhtar bin Abdun bin Butland, who carried scholarly work on preservation and restoration of good health in medicine. It is this work that earned him numerous accolades in the medical field. As a result, the publishing was later translated into Latin and published numerous times. Among the key things that he wrote about were the non-natural principles that had earlier been identified by Hunan. He further recommended that music is a core factor in enhancing patient morale and the key to ensuring faster patient recovery. The second contribution of Arabic patrons in science is the development of hospitals and medical education. It is under the supervision of the Arab caliphs and during the Islamic period that hospitals first came into existence. Essentially, most of the modern hospitals were constructed following the Arabian prototypes of medical facilities. The existence of these health care facilities and hospitals in the Arabian world served as a benchmark through which such facilities would be established around the world. Notably, there were many hospitals in the Arab world, developed with the aim of promoting healthy societies and curing ailments, as well as with the need to teach and expand the knowledge of the people. It is under the Islamic domain that various hospitals operated during the 19th century with management and administration operations. Owing to the nature of activities and services of the Audi hospital in Baghdad, its fame traveled all over the nations. Following its influential nature, most hospitals were developed in several large cities located all over the Muslim world. Zoology and Veterinary Medicine Before the advent of Islam, most Arab tribes had a profound way of life that meant that they were highly reliant on domestic animals for their survival. Among the factors that made them accustomed to animal rearing were the harsh climatic condition of the Arab land, their nomadic and semi-nomadic mode of living, and an economy that was highly reliant on trade and travel. Thus, the rise of Islam and the outward movement of the Arabians created significant interest in animal husbandry as a type of science (Hamarneh, 1983). Notably, the first comprehensive animal study that occurred in the Arabian world was al Hayawan by al Jahiz. The study by al Jahiz, as written in both eloquent and literal style, is meant to analyze animal life in Iraq, as well as in the neighboring cities. The article involved the analysis of different animal types, their behavior, and character traits, as well as the various diseases associated with them and how to treat them. Some other literal works in the study of animal history dealt with particular issues like camels, sheep, and wild animals. However, one extensive work in the field of animal study was conducted at Hayat al Hayawan and drafted by one Egyptian philosopher, who is also a theologian. This particular philosopher, Ad-Damiri, carefully analyzed animals by placing them in alphabetical order and discussing their character traits, their habits, and qualities, as well as the medicinal value that their organs bear. Just like other Arabian texts, this work involved some rudimentary concepts in evolution as well as how each of them struggles to survive. Pharmacy and Pharmacology Pharmacy, one of the most recognized professions, happens to be an Islamic/Arabic institution. Under the reign of Islam, this field became distinct from medicine, though it still collaborated with various medicinal aspects. Among the first managed and owned pharmaceutical shops were established in Baghdad at the beginning of the ninth century. It is during this time that the number of drugs and spices available in the country increased following an abundant supply of supplies from Africa. Further, there was an increase in the number of military installations owing to a growing need for medicines (Hamarneh, 1983). Thus, there was an increase in the number of pharmacy shops all over the Islamic cities. Following the degree of Arabic mastery in pharmaceutical dispensing, these medicines were manufactured and widely transported at the global marketplace and administered to people through the physicians depending on the severity of their illnesses. Among the various forms of dispensation were troches, conservatives, pills, tinctures, and inhalations, among others. To ensure the proper administration of these medicines, most of them were skillfully prepared, and formulas for their creation tabulated in Arabic words. Over time, these formulas were adopted by European countries, therefore, influencing the formulas and manufacture of these drugs. One renowned author for most Arabian formulas was Sabur Bin Sahl. Among the medicine formula that he was able to come up with is one that was composed of various recipes and medications with the ability to heal some diseases. After this, some discoveries were made in the pharmaceutical field, some of which were made by Ar- Razi and the two books by Ibn (Hamarneh, 1983). Years later, Ibn was able to come up with various pharmaceutical compositions through which he offered instructions on how to prepare and administer several medications. It is this text that was adopted as the main reference for most pharmacists that were still learning pharmacy in major hospitals and shops. Notably, the Arabs’ contribution to the field of medicine and the effects of drugs on human life is more than any contribution made by ancient people in this same field. In fact, the Arabs were able to discover a range of medicines in their simplest forms and were able to give precise descriptions of how and where these drugs would be located, their physical composition, and how they would be applied. Ideally, they explained how these drugs would be used as remedies and the various treatments and techniques applied during their manufacturing process. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Finally is the contribution to animal husbandry and agricultural science. Among the key tenets applied by the Arab people in the development of agricultural science were the teachings of the Nabateans and the Greeks. Notably, the al-Filahah ar Rumiyah, a famous Arabic manual, was developed from the Greek concepts of agriculture (Hamarneh, 1983). Thus, with the expansion of Islam, both the agricultural and horticultural activities of the Arabian people became better. This also led to the publishing of various agricultural manuals in Arabic all over the eastern region and Andalusia. Among the topics that these publications were based on included plant species, medicinal plants, animal husbandry, various farming techniques, how to cultivate, till and irrigate agricultural land, among others. In effect, the manual was applied all over the Arab countries like Iraq, Egypt, and Syria. Other agricultural texts developed by the Arabs to guide on best farming practices were astrological matters concerning the right season to plant and the best locations for seed sowing and harvesting. Overall Arabic contribution to the scientific world was at the highest time during the ninth and eleventh centuries. The inventions were later innovated and subjected to significant changes between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Notably, the West was also just awakening from the dark ages, meaning that they were welcome to read the bulk of Arabic literature translated into Latin. Thus, most of these Arabic authors are known for their contribution to the science field through their Latinized names. Thus, most of their literature was also primarily cited and read by people from the West. References Hamarneh, S. K. (1983). The life sciences. In R. J. Hayes (eds.), The genius of Arab civilization (2nd ed.) (pp. 95-113). Cambridge: MIT Press. Sabra, A. I. (1975). The exact sciences. In R. J. Hayes (eds.), The genius of Arab civilization (2nd ed.) (pp. 80-94). Cambridge: MIT Press.

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Write an essay about: The archetype of sacrifice in literature is when a hero sacrifices themselves for the benefit of others. This can be seen in many different cases, such as Oedipus dying for the benefit of the community, Jesus sacrificing himself for the benefit of everyone else, and Arthur sacrificing himself.

The archetype of sacrifice in literature is when a hero sacrifices themselves for the benefit of others. This can be seen in many different cases, such as Oedipus dying for the benefit of the community, Jesus sacrificing himself for the benefit of everyone else, and Arthur sacrificing himself.

The Archetype of Sacrifice in Literature Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Oedipus dying for the benefit of the community 3. Jesus sacrificing himself for the benefit of everyone else 4. Arthur sacrificing himself 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction There are a lot of different cases when one specific hero is presented as an archetype. Looking at different heroes existed at various times, it is possible to consider many of them as the archetypes. Sacrificing oneself for the benefit of the whole society is one of the main archetypes of the past. There are a lot of heroes who did all possible to sacrifice themselves for the benefit of mankind. In most cases, these people served for the benefit of society as they were sure that their lives were going to protect people. There are a lot of heroes in history, folklore, and religion who served for the benefit of their societies and when it came time to decide whether to live or to die they chose the death if it could protect others and serve for their benefit. Oedipus, dying for the benefit of the community, Jesus, sacrificing himself for the benefit of everyone else, and Arthur, sacrificing himself, are three heroes who decided to die if it could assist people they lived with. These archetypes are used in literature, religion, and folklore with the purpose to show that such actions as sacrificing oneself for the benefit of others are not just a simple action, it is the action which only heroes can make be sure that this action can bring the benefit for the society. Oedipus dying for the benefit of the community Reading Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, it is possible to find the examples when Oedipus is referred to as a hero. “Oh Oedipus, the king of the land, our greatest power”, “Oedipus, king, we bend to you, your power – we implore you, all of us on our knees”, “the man of experience”, “best of men”, “you have the power” (Sophocles 913) are the places when the society is sure the powers of their kind. The story of Sophocles is complicated and diverse. Some people consider him as a criminal who killed his father and married his mothers, others are sure that he is a victim who appeared in a wrong place under the wrong conditions. However, the understanding of personal mistake is a great step. Trying to consider Oedipus as an archetype hero, it is important to refer to the dialogue between him and Creon. Oedipus exclaims, “Speak out, speak to us all. I grieve for these, my people, far more than I fear for my life” (Sophocles 914). Oedipus wants to know the truth, he wants to get to know who killed the previous king and when he understands that it was he, he decides to kill himself. He knows that the life he lived was not his, he lived under another name and acted improperly. When the truth comes out, Oedipus is sure that he is going to serve the society better in the role of an insightful sightless existence rather than a king. Sacrificing his ordinary luxury life, Oedipus wants to prove the society that he is deeply bothered about what has happened. Understanding that death is better than living blinded, Oedipus says, “I, with my eyes, how could I look my father in the eyes when I do down to death? Or mother, so abused… I have done such things to the two of them, crimes too huge for hanging” (Sophocles 947). Oedipus understands that to extinguish the guilt he has to live as the death is too simple punishment. Having sacrificed his eyes and the life of a simple person, Oedipus wants to show that all people are to pay for all their actions and this is his contribution to society. Jesus sacrificing himself for the benefit of everyone else The example of Jesus is one of the most notable in the history of archetypes. Jesus sacrificed his life for the benefit of the whole of mankind. Every time people remember God they also remember the action Jesus did for their benefit. All people are sinful. Understanding this, Jesus did all possible to protect people from sins. Walking the earth, Jesus taught people to lead faithful lives, to behave in accordance with the God’ rules and moral principles directed at general good and benefit of the whole society. Jesus taught people the word of God whose main principles were as follows, “Thou shalt have no other gods before me”, “honor thy father and thy mother”, “thou shalt not kill”, “thou shalt not commit adultery”, “thou shalt not steal”, “thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor”, “thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbour’s” (The Bible, Exodus 20:3-17). Jesus taught people this truth. However, he saw that people were not ready for the coming of God. Thus, he decided to sacrifice himself to make God leave people alive. Some people cannot understand the reason for Jesus’ action up to now. However those who have understood will deserve to live after the Judgment Day. The main idea of Jesus’ action was to die for people to live. Jesus tried to cover the sins of people to help them live further. Jesus hoped that the time would come when people understand his action and begin to live by God’s word. God promised to leave people alive until there are more those who live the right lives when those who do not. People are to remember the action of Jesus to understand how far the love for people may bring. Arthur sacrificing himself There are many quarrels about King Arthur devoted to whether he was a historical personality of a folklore hero. However, no matter who was King Arthur, he left a great imprint in the lives of people. King Arthur is famous for his actions. Fighting with the enemies he did all possible to protect his people from the enemy. When the time came to decide whether to live and to give his land to another tyrant or to die sacrificing his life for the freedom of his people, King Arthur decided to die. Reading the stories in King Arthur: Tales of the Round Table (Lang and Ford 172) and especially the final scene when King Arthur is killed, it becomes obvious that the death of this notable person was for the benefit of his people. He could not just look how his nation was going to be enslaved, therefore, he did all possible to prevent this action. Running towards Sir Mordred King Arthur understood that it could be his last action, however, he also understood that it was impossible to leave his people with that person. Having betrayed everyone, Sir Mordred wanted to get Excalibur and the lives of others were not in the range of his interests. Therefore, having weighted the power he had and the benefit his action could bring to the mankind King Arthur did a correct action, he killed Sir Mordred, crying “Traitor! now is your death day come,”. However, “when Sir Mordred felt he had his death-wound, he raised himself up and struck King Arthur such a blow that the sword clave his helmet, and then fell stark dead on the earth again” (Lang and Ford 164). Conclusion Therefore, it may be concluded that the deaths of Oedipus, Jesus, and Arthur were necessary for society to understand something. Those who learned the lesson from those actions were successful as they managed to understand the failures they did and to prevent them in the future. Even though there were people who did not understand the deaths of the heroes appropriately, they still were aware of the action. They could treat the deaths as just the necessary actions, however, the sacrificing for others is a great step which is to be remembered. When people sacrifice themselves, they try to teach others something and when the lesson is learned it is possible to speak about sacrificing for the social benefit. Having considered the examples of Oedipus, Jesus, and Arthur, it is possible to state that their deaths taught good lessons for the whole mankind as even many years later we still remember those people, and their actions. This is one of the main proofs that they sacrificed their lives, not in vain. Works Cited Lang, Andrew and H. J. Ford. King Arthur: Tales of the Round Table . New York: Wildside Press LLC, 2009. Print. Sophocles. “Oedipus the King.” An Introduction to Literature . Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain. Eds. Oxford: Pearson Education Canada, 2010. 910-952. Print. The Bible . Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Anna is a young woman who did not understand that her husband was unfaithful to her. She focused on fulfilling her dream of parachuting instead of dealing with the issues in her family life. Her emotions were irrational because they were based on an obsession with fulfilling her dream and were uncontrolled.

Anna is a young woman who did not understand that her husband was unfaithful to her. She focused on fulfilling her dream of parachuting instead of dealing with the issues in her family life. Her emotions were irrational because they were based on an obsession with fulfilling her dream and were uncontrolled.

Are Emotions Irrational? – Psychology Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Model Case 2. Contrary Case 3. Borderline Case 4. Invented Case Model Case During several years of being married, Anna, a young 24-year-old woman, did not understand and did not see that her husband was unfaithful to her. However, having understood the roots of the problems which she experienced in the family life, Anna did not focus on the issues which can be interesting for women who can find themselves in similar situations. Anna did not choose any traditional variant in order to cope with the problem. Thus, Anna did not choose to talk to her husband, to pay more attention to her husband, to cease the relationship, or to fall in love with another man. Instead, having noticed her husband with another woman of her age, Anna quickly came to home and made a call to order some specific services to start preparations for the parachute jump. Anna parachuted the next day, and she started to plan the other jumps. While focusing on her emotions associated with the fact of adultery and the parachute jump, Anna noticed that she felt the great pleasure and enthusiasm in both the situations. It was important for Anna to parachute because it was her dream, and the woman chose to concentrate on it instead of focusing on other aspects and situations. This is a good example of a model case because: Anna immediately chooses to parachute instead of speaking to her husband in order to understand the aspects of the problem because she cannot think logically and choose the scenario relevant for her, but it can seem irrational for many other people. Anna focuses on preparing the parachute jump without noticing any other aspects of the situation because her reaction is based on the obsessive desire and enthusiasm which begin to control Anna’s thoughts, but this desire and the associated emotion cannot be controlled . Anna unexpectedly chooses to parachute instead of solving the problem because she is not aware of her real emotions and feelings masked with the exaggerated enthusiasm, and she unconsciously chooses the variant of behavior which is most appropriate for her. The woman acts impulsively and rapidly, while concentrating on the parachute jump despite any other activities because her inner high tension expressed in the form of enthusiasm needs to be revealed , and her emotions and actions cannot be caused by any arguments or rationales . Anna focuses on the parachute jump to comfort herself because any situation cannot be solved according to the definite pattern , and her actions are important for her because they are not based on traditions, rules, and norms characteristic for the society. Emotions Irrationality Immediate Impossibility to be based on logics Can be obsessive in character Unawareness Rather uncontrolled Unconsciousness Unexpected Dependence on appropriateness rather than on logics Impulsive Non-dependent on arguments and rationales High tension Absence of the definite pattern Needs to be revealed Not based on traditions, rules, norms Contrary Case John is usually nervous and even terrified when he needs to communicate with a new acquaintance or present the project to the colleague. In spite of the fact that the above-mentioned situations are rather typical, and they are associated with the person’s everyday life, the emotions demonstrated by John are characteristic for him during a long period of time. John knows that he was nervous while speaking to the other person even in the childhood. When John was a boy, he stuttered while speaking, and many other boys bullied him at school. Today, John does not stutter, but he is still nervous and terrified when he prepares the speech or communicates during his daily routine. When somebody asks John to tell the route, explain the issue, or argument the proposition, John needs several minutes to cope with his nervousness and start speaking. This is a good example of a contrary case because: John demonstrates his nervousness and fear when he needs to communicate with a stranger, a new acquaintance, and even a colleague because he fears that this person will be mocking at him or even bullying him. Thus, John makes a conclusion regarding the possible painful situation while referring to his previous experience . John is often nervous while communicating in the daily situations because he needs to cope with the extreme stress while analyzing the situation and controlling his fears. John learns the situations and aspects which are the threats to him, and he needs to analyze the current situation in order to conclude about possible risks. John does not allow his emotions to rule his actions because of coping with them every day. That is why, John understands the rational character of his emotions which are the result of the experienced series of causes and consequences . John’s fears and demonstrated nervousness can be easily explained with references to the man’s life experience. From this point, John’s strong emotions are of the logical nature because the roots of the observed behavior are the fears and sufferings experienced in the childhood which can be discussed as the causes of the problem. Thus, the subjective and intensive emotions which seem to be illogical have the causes which can be known or not to the person. Emotions Irrationality Should be controlled Ability to be coped with Ignorance of the previous experience Can be easily explained Lack of the analysis Strong The ignorance of the cause and consequence effect Subjective Absence of the logical nature Intensive Borderline Case During a long period of time, Tom Smith and Jessica Stone were opponents in the court because of the complicated case associated with their business activity. There were many aspects and details in the case that is why the final decision was not stated during several months. Those months were most stressful for Tom and Jessica. Finally, the judge declared the decision, but it seemed to be inappropriate for both the man and the woman, and the hatred in their relationships increased. One day, Tom and Jessica were invited to join the voyage, but they became the victims of a strong storm which ruined the yacht. The man and the woman remained to be alive, and they experienced strong positive emotions while seeing each other on the beach. Thus, Tom and Jessica began to help each other actively. This is a good example of a borderline case because: Tom and Jessica experienced strong positive emotions while seeing each other alive in spite of the fact that they were enemies in a way. The experienced stress prevents persons from hiding their emotions , and the emotions and some reactions are expressed without the mind control . On the one hand, Tom and Jessica’s positive emotions are rational because they are caused by the observed situations and associated conditions. Thus, the man and the woman expressed their real emotions associated with the fact that they were both alive and rather close in that situation. It was the reasonable gladness typical for humans because of sharing the same values, beliefs, problems, and difficulties. On the other hand, Tom and Jessica’s positive emotions are irrational because the man and the woman forgot about their profound hatred which was directed toward each other while meeting on the beach. Specific conditions made them blind in relation to their prolonged feelings and considerations, and momentary emotions began to control their mind and thoughts. Tom and Jessica demonstrated their humanity in spite of their previous relations and other factors , and their behavior was caused by new shocking events. Thus, Tom and Jessica’s actions and emotions can be discussed as both reasonable or rational and illogical at the same time. Emotions Irrationality Difficult to be hidden Absence of the mind control The results of expression Absence of reasons Conditioned Absence of associated conditions Momentary ‘Blindness’ and non-dependence on the memory Subjective demonstration Dependence on the human nature, humanity Non-dependence on factors Invented Case A small town in the green woods of Wonderful Land where all the downy inhabitants have large ears and positive faces is under threat of destruction because they have the unique elixir. The town is under threat of destruction also because of the anger of Dragon who intends to take possession of the elixir which gives the eternal life to those persons who use it. That is why, to preserve the life in the town and provide the downy inhabitants with more opportunities for balancing the work and pleasure, Wise Magician comes to Jovial, the most expressive and courageous male resident in the town, and asks him to change the situation for better while coping with his fears and developing a plan in order to preserve the elixir giving the eternal life in the town. The town residents do not want to use the elixir because of the unexpected consequences, and they cannot allow Dragon to use it. Jovial enthusiastically lists a range of variants to cope with a problem without his participation. The young man laughs and cries during his emotional speech several times, while surprising Wise Magician. However, finally, Jovial chooses to reject Wise Magician’s proposition because of the fear of meeting the unknown. In spite of Wise Magician’s convincing speech, Jovial starts trembling with fear after the first words of the magician about the possible threat for the town and for the life of Jovial. Nevertheless, the eyes of Jovial begin to sparkle when he hears about the possibility to meet the beautiful daughter of Dragon, and the man becomes more and more involved in the magician’s speech. In an hour, Jovial decides to fight Dragon in order to protect the inhabitants of the town in spite of the fact that he is still trembling with fear, and he suffers because of the necessity to kill the father of the beautiful girl. This is a good example of an invented case because: Jovial rejects Wise Magician’s proposition at first because of his intense fear, and the emotion is demonstrated physically , with the help of trembling. The case illustrates that emotions can often be provoked by certain situations and conditions, but these emotions can be discussed as irrational because of their uniqueness and unexpectedness. Jovial experiences a range of various emotions at the same time . The case demonstrates that emotions can be discussed as the urgent reactions of the organism on the stimulus , but the person’s deep feelings and the roots of emotions can differ in their nature from the observed behavior. Emotions of Jovial change depending on the words he hears and perceives, but these emotions are unexpectedly exaggerated . From this perspective, Wise Magician does not experience any difficulties with identifying emotions expressed by Jovial, but he cannot understand their roots. On the one hand, Jovial has all the reasons to demonstrate strong emotions which are the result of his inner struggle, but on the other hand, the reactions of Jovial are the result of his own considerations and logical chains which cannot be associated with the objective reality . Emotions Irrationality Demonstrated physically Provoked Uniqueness A range of emotions at the same time Differences in the hidden and observed phenomena. Various Exaggeration Urgent reactions Absence of roots The role of the stimulus Disassociation with the objective reality Identifiable The result of the inner struggle

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