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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The background of this research is to evaluate advantage and disadvantage of using debt in the firm, and to study impact of debt in capital structure. The research objectives are to evaluate impacts and implications of using debt in the firm, to find out how debt can be used and limited so as to maximize the profitability of a corporation, and to identify the best structure of debt and equity in a firm.

The background of this research is to evaluate advantage and disadvantage of using debt in the firm, and to study impact of debt in capital structure. The research objectives are to evaluate impacts and implications of using debt in the firm, to find out how debt can be used and limited so as to maximize the profitability of a corporation, and to identify the best structure of debt and equity in a firm.

Modigliani-Miller Theorem: Debt Impact on Capital Structure Proposal Research Aims and Objectives Long-term debt is one of the components of capital structure. The capital structure can be optimized to increase the shareholders’ wealth. The capital cost is also much affected by the capital structure. The capital structure refers to the value of the form and its scale. Enterprise’s capital structure of the debt and equity is the scale which largely determines the repayment ability and financing. It is an important indicator in a company. The reasonable cost of financing structure reduces the amount of finance used and enables financial leverage adjustment to more enterprises of their own thus leading to profitability. Aim of the Research The aim of this dissertation is to study the impact of debt in capital structure. Capital structure is much affected by the debt ratio. The research seeks to find out the percentage of debt in the whole capital that is best for the company. Research Objectives * To evaluate advantage and disadvantage of using debt in the firm * To evaluate impacts and implications of using debt in the firm * To find out how debt can be used and limited so as to maximize the profitability of a corporation. * To identify the best structure of debt and equity in a firm * To identify the differences between an equity company and leverage company * To find out the impacts and implications of debt in the firm Rationale The Background Rose et al. (2008) states that, “capital structure refers to a source of capital and constitute a long-term scale, specifically, the long-term debt and equity capital funds in scale”(p.1). On the other hand, Baker & Martin (2011) states that, “in 1958, the financial economist France Modigliani and Merton H. Miller created the famous theory of modern capital structure” (p.151).Baker & Martin (2011) further notes that, “Modigliani and Miler 1958 asserts that under certainty, the two criteria of rational decision making-the maximization of profits and the maximization of market value are equivalent and that using debt instead of equity to finance a given venture may increase the expected return to the owners but only at the cost of increased dispersion of the outcome” (p.153). These theoretical frameworks form the basis of this study. Why this Research is Useful This research can be used as a reference by finance managers who want to know how to maximize the value of a company buy use of capital structure (Bessley, 2007). It also enables us to know the impacts of capital structure of the enterprises on financial leverage (Pettit, 2007). From the research, we get to know how the equity capital cost is changing, from the business of tax to paying profits (Mankiw, 2011). The capital structure refers to the value of the form and their scale. Our chief research is on a long-term equity capital and the rights of the capital and its scale. So it is important that we should know about corporate performance. This topic is necessary for us who study finance because we get to know the operation and value of companies through the capital structure (Glen et al., 1997). And we can judge what kind of company it is. Who will Benefits from this Research? Companies and individual will be beneficiaries of this research. From this research, finance managers will be in a better position to manage their firms. They will know how to maximize the value by use of debt in the corporate finance (Puntaier, 2010). The manager under the specific company under study will also be in a position to assess his achievement in terms of performance in managing capital structure by using the results of the research. On the other hand, the research will create public awareness about the state of the companies, thus making it easier for individuals to identify companies that they can invest in (Glen et al., 1997). Theoretical Underpinning Rose et al. (2008) defines capital structure as, “a source of funding employed by a firm” (p.1). Rose eta al. (2008) explains further that, “these sources include debt, equity and hybrid securities that a firm uses to finance its assets, operations and further growth” (p.1). Baker & Martin (2011) note that “before the MM seminar article, the conventional finance wisdom was that a moderate amount of debt increases the value of a firm’s common stock because debt is less expensive than equity, which makes the u-shaped capital of leverage” (p. 151). However, this view changed after the publication of the MM in 1958. According to Baker & Martin (2011) the MM theorem states that, “under perfect capital market and in the absence of taxes, the value of the firm is independent of its capital structure and is given by capitalizing its expected return at the cost of unlevered equity” (p.151). In no corporation tax situation, MM theory suggest that all the stock holder of the total risk will not change the capital structure for a change to happen in the company (Ross et al., 2008). Therefore whether the company has debt or not the total value of the company will be the same (Petit, 2007). Theoretically the capital structure influences the value of a firm in three ways (Bierman, 2002). The first way is that by changing the capital structure, the cost of capital and the use of the finance in the firm as planned (Rahul & Hitt, 1998). The second way is by use debt capital of the tax revenue to consider the effects of the enterprise market value. The last way is by use of capital structure of the selection signals that influence the market for business judgment and influence the market value. Key Concepts 1. Capital structure theory and pie theory 2. Financial leverage and company value 3. Modigliani and Miller theory (no tax) 4. Modigliani and Miller theory (tax) 5. Debt cost 6. Personal tax Ross et al. (2008) notes that “In 1958, two professors of the United states by the names Miller and Modigliani (short MM) published an article on capital and finance in the American Review magazine” (p. 50). They presented a theory that described the basic ideas in capital structure (Ross et al., 2008). The whole idea of the theory was that, without regard to income tax, company and enterprise management and risk, capital structure is not relevant (McDougall, 2009). Or it could say when the company’s debt ratio increased from zero to 100%, the capital costs and value does not change (Ross et al., 2010). The revised MM theory (tax theory of the capital structure) was done in 1963 (Westerfield & Jordan, 2010). Modgliani & Miller found that, in considering the corporation tax situation, the liability of interest is exempt from tax payments, and it can reduce the cost of capital and increase enterprises (Baker & Martin, 2011). Therefore, if the company by the financial lever in the interest increases, and the cost of capital reduces with debt, there will be greater leverage (Stevens, 1982). Baker & Martin (2011) note that, “the MM theorem asserts that under perfect capital market and in the absence of taxes, the value of the firm is independent of its capital structure and is given by capitalizing its expected return at the cost of unlevered equity” (p.151). Baker & Martin 2011) further note that, “all capital structures are equivalent because the cost of capital in their model remains unchanged regardless of the capital structure”(p.151). In no corporation tax situation, MM theory suggest that all the stock holder of the total risk will not change the capital structure for a change to happen in the company (Ross et al., 2008). Therefore whether the company has debt or not the total value of the company will be the same (Petit, 2007). MM proposition value only refers to the value of the debt (Ross et al., 2010). There will be inevitably effect in business enterprise income tax, the value of the phenomenon and the capital structure of the enterprise which will change the value of the enterprise but will not include liability and share (Vernimmenn & Quiry, 2009). This should also include enterprise income tax, so that the capital structure of the change in business value will not be affected (Ross et al., 2008). Ross et al. (2008) notes that, “in MM Proposition I (no tax), the value of the levered firm is the same as the value of the unlevered firm while in MM Proposition II (no tax), Rs=R0+B/S (Ro-RB)”(p.78). M&M theory with corporation tax, borrow the virtues of the interest payment In liability to tax from the financial lever of the corporation tax putting in mind the weighted average capital costs. Baker & Martin (2011) note that, “ according to MM, instead of equity to finance a given venture may increase the expected return to the owners but only at the cost of increased dispersion of the outcome” (p. 153). The more the company avoids income tax, the greater the value of the company (Henry, 1998). Therefore, the origin of M&M models after the adjustment to the corporation tax may conclude that: tax in the capital markets could not be an important expression due to the capital market’s imperfection thus the capital structure change will affect the company’s value and the cost of capital and the company will exceed the leverage value (David et al., 1998). There are other theories and models that also do address debt as capital structure. Puntaier (2010) notes that “the use of more debt is not only addressed by the Tax-bankruptcy trade-off, but also by agency cost model according to which the discipline provided by debt is more valuable for profitable firms”(p. 70). Methodology Approach and strategy The aim of this research is to unearth the function of debt in capital structure. In this research the focus of study is the M&M theory that was found in 1958 which is an important theory in modern industries. First this research will define capital structure. We will also discuss the capital structure and the debt in the capital structure. This research will further discuss how to manage the company through the capital structure. It is important for managers to know about the aspect of corporate finance. This research also aims to create awareness to the public on how to invest in the company’s stocks. We will discuss about equity ratio and debt of the company and how it can reflect on the company’s performance. This research will take the qualitative approach. Hebert & Irene (1995) defines qualitative research as, “ any research acquiring data which is not subject to quantification or quantitative analysis ”(p.40). This method does not make use of numerical data, like quantitative method. It mainly relies on the prediction of rich experience and practice of subjective judgment and analysis, and infers the nature and trend analysis methods of analysis and forecasting a basic approach. In management accounting, the use of such approach is common in the business enterprise and market economy. A research that is qualitative can collect data in areas requiring exploration like the care given to patients in a certain hospital. The problem with interview method of research is that for the problem with the ‘and for ideas in research, is that participation and talk has been a grievous was very helpful. We used to describe the qualitative analysis and interviews with observers from the interactive, in the course of the data generation. Qualitative * Hardware Recorders Pictures * Analysis Interpretative * Reporting Respondents’ own words * Information In depth * Replication Low * Generalisation Limited The research will analyze the MM theory in the modern finance industry. And discuss how to use MM theory to maximize the value of a firm. A company will be selected for a case study. The data will then be collected from the website. Methods Case study Cases study is a method that involves identifying an individual person or company and then using the individual person or company in data collection (Bruner & Eades, 2009). Bruno & Eades (2009) notes that, “the case study method is also called the case history study” (p.12).After identifying the group or individual, one collects data and than writes a report (Bruner & Eades, 2009). One can also research about a company by collecting information from the annual report which may include: balance sheets and cash flow which can be used to determine equity and debt ratio. In our case, we will analyse the data collected from the website. From the data, we shall make calculations through the MM proposition so as to know more about the company. Interview The interview method of research involves a face-to-face meeting in which a researcher (interviewer) who asks the interviewees a number of questions (Herbert & Irene, 1995). The interview includes questions and answers. A structured interview comprises of set questions that the interviewee is expected to answer. These questions are normally inflexible and cannot be changed. Here, the interviewee is restricted. An unstructured interview is the opposite of a structured interview. The interviewee is usually unrestricted, thus can express himself or herself informally and freely about their views and opinions (Helbert & Irene, 1995). A semi-structured interview is one that is in between the structured and the unstructured form of interview. According to Helbert & Irene (1995), this form of interview is often referred to as ‘qualitative research interview’ (p.175) . Helbert & Irene defines qualitative interview as “ an adventure in learning about teaching in different countries, their cultural views, their problems and solutions, and how their practices are similar and different than our own. The way we interview depends on what we want to know. It is a process of finding out what others feel and think about their worlds”( P.175). Since this will be a qualitative study, the form of interview that will be used will be qualitative research interview. A list of questions will be formulated for the interviewees to answer. These questions will be derived from the research question, thus will have a specified theme. The semi-structured form of interviewing which poses open ended questions will be used to collect the thoughts of interviewees in a similar manner since questions are answered within a similar context. The interviews are to be carried out through the website. Interview Questions These are the questions that will be posed to the interviewees. The questions are formulated from the objectives of the research, thus they will be efficient in collecting the required data. 1. What is the capital structure of the company? 2. Which company do you think is better? (Unlevered or levered company) 3. If unlevered is better why? 4. If levered is better why? 5. What do you think about MM theory? 6. In the real world is the MM theory popularly used by the manager of company? 7. How should the public choose the company to invest in through the MM theory? Analysis Data analysis is a process of analysing the collected data so as to be able to make conclusions. In this research, qualitative data will be collected from the website. Analysis of data involves examining, classifying and listing among other ways. In this research, data will be collected from the website and analysed in reference to the MM theory. The capital structure of the company will be analysed and then a report will be sent back to the manager of the company on how to improve capital structure in the company. Limitation This research is limited to a single case study. Since only one case study was used, the general conclusions that will be made may not be true to other firms. This is because their will be no object of comparison. In other words, because the case study involved the behavior of one company, this can not be used to reflect all other companies. The research is also limited to company data. Only members of one company were interviewed. Timetable final dissertation Final dissertation draft The conclusion Analysis the dada Case study Find reference Collect data Interview my tutor Write the introduction Review the proposal Week number X 31 X 32 X 33 X 34 X 35 X 36 X 37 X 38 X 39 X 40 X 41 X 42 X 43 Resources Human Time is one of the resources that will be required in this research. The researcher will contact the interviewees in the normal working days. The researcher will thereafter collect and analyze the data from interviewees. However, this research will also use the theoretical frameworks together with empirical data. The tutor from university of Teesside who will be a guide to the researcher. Computer, telephone and other official equipment will be used. physical The material of the reference like the MM theory will be used. The office room that will hold the interview is provided by university of Teesside. Laptop device Financial Cost of print Cost of report Access into internet Other The university of Teesside resources center. The library in the university of Teesside. And news paper, article and website. Ethical considerations Ethical and moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy, that deals with moral concepts such as good or bad, right or wrong, virtue and vice as well as justice, among other concepts. There are four main branches of ethics, namely the meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics and moral psychology. The research will discuss the capital structure. Data collected in this research will be the property of the researcher and the interviewer. All persons who support this research will be informed. Some of the values that will be observed in this research include: honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness and openness, References Baker, H.K. & Martin, G. (2011) Capital structure & corporate financing decisions: valuation, strategy and risk analysis for creating long-term shareholder value . New York, John Wiley & Sons. Besley, S. (2007) Essentials of managerial finance .14 th ed. California, South Western College. Bierman, H. (2002), The Capital Structure Decision . Mexico, Springer. Bruner, R.F. & Eades, K. (2009) Case Studies in finance: managing for corporate value creation. 6 th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Davis, H. A., Murton, C. & Bruno, P.(1998) Building Value with Capital-Structure Strategies. Chicago, Morristown. Glen, A. (2008) Corporate financial management: financial times . 4 th ed. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Herbert, R. & Irene, R. (1995) Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data . Thousand Oaks, Sage. Mankiw, N. (2011) Principles of economics . 6 th ed. South-Western, Division of Thomson Learning. McDougall, A. (2009) Capital structure and leverage . New York, John Wiley & Sons. Pettit, J. (2007) Strategic Corporate Finance . New York, John Wiley & Sons. Puntaier, E. (2010) Capital Structure and Profitability . New York, Diplomica Verlag. Rahul, K. & Hitt, M.A. (1998) Linking corporate strategy to capital structure. Strategic Management Journal, 2(12), 13-28. Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe & Jordan (2008) Modern financial management . 8 th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill. Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe& Jordan (2010) Corporate Finance . New York, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Stevens, M. (1982) Leveraged finance paper . New York, Simon & Schuster. Vernimmen, P. & Quiry, P. (2009) Corporate Finance: theory and practice . 2 nd ed. New York, John Wiley & Sons.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : This paper entails a review of ethnic diversity with a special interest in the Anglo-European Americans.It shows the influence that this group has made in the American society. The origin and existence of this group, in the US, is well explained in the paper. In addition, the paper reviews the challenges, which the group faced, and advancement that it contributed to the US during the 21st century in assimilation, economic, political, religion, arts, language, values, recreation, and

This paper entails a review of ethnic diversity with a special interest in the Anglo-European Americans. It shows the influence that this group has made in the American society. The origin and existence of this group, in the US, is well explained in the paper. In addition, the paper reviews the challenges, which the group faced, and advancement that it contributed to the US during the 21st century in assimilation, economic, political, religion, arts, language, values, recreation, and

A Review of ethnic diversity with a special interest in the Anglo European Americans Research Paper This paper entails a review of ethnic diversity with a special interest in the Anglo-European Americans. It shows the influence that this group has made in the American society. The origin and existence of this group, in the US, is well explained in the paper. In addition, the paper reviews the challenges, which the group faced, and advancement that it contributed to the US during the 21st century in assimilation, economic, political, religion, arts, language, values, recreation, and education, especially in relation to the cultural conflicts, as well as events that bring substantial impacts in the learning of a student. According to a census that was done in the United States, about 67.8% of the people in the US are whites, but the figures entail a diverse group of the citizens in terms of the social values, religion wealth, political perspective, level of education, and ideologies to ethnicity just as characterized by the society (Cox, 1994, p. 36). The diversity in America’s ethnicity evolved through the relations they had with other larger society and ethnic groups. The first group of Europeans to settle in the northern part of the US was the Welsh and English (Bennett, 2007, p.119). This group later evolved to form the Anglo European Americans. Many scholars argue that, this group of people has significantly influenced the culture of the US politically, economically, and socially. According to them, the unique form of democracy that the Americans enjoy today was acquired from the British people, another group of Europeans. This aspect is traced back in the end of the 20th century from the English and French enlightenment and political thinkers. An example is the political system called the federal system and democracy, which allowed women to take part in the politics of the country (Kitayama, & Cohen, 2010, p. 144). Statistically, records show that, 82% of immigrants in the US came from Europe in the 20th century. Most of these immigrants, from Europe, only settled in the areas they could best apply their knowledge and skills. They formed ethnic groups of which most were named after the Europeans schools, towns, churches, as well as newspapers. All the three million European immigrants, to the United States, assimilated fast. They got jobs easily and especially those that were skilled in the manufacturing and textile industry. These were replaced by other groups of immigrants and inventions of new machines; nevertheless, their replacement meant a promotion in the rank they held in the industries (Cox, 1994, p.100). Most European immigrants experienced serious discrimination with the exception of immigrants from Britain, in terms of verbal abuse, violence attacks, intentional discrimination, and stereotyping. The resistance to the Irish immigrants was evident from the cartoons, literature, and theatre. These Irish Europeans were stereotyped as lazy, immoral, mentally inferior, and violent (Kitayama, & Cohen, 2010, p. 206). Some of the most influential journals dehumanized these groups of people like the “Harpers’ Weekly”. Most of the Italians were stereotyped, as being dangerous criminals, whereby even the issue of their criminology was emphasized during the prime time hours in the television and most of the films produced. Most of the schools were then agents of assimilation for all the children of most European immigrants in the United States (Bennett, 2007, p. 125). The melting pot theory advocates used the example of the white ethnic groups, like the Irish, as a way to support their position of “assimilationists”. The Italian group represents an example of the Anglo European American that overcame initial discrimination prejudice and violence and moved higher, both politically and economically in the US (Cox, 1994, p. 177). Cultural assimilation is best described by the experience of the immigrants who came from Northern Europe and British Isle. Religion and social class, particularly the isolation in the rural areas, made the difference in the success of schools (Bennett, 2007, p. 133). However, the example of a man called Miller Jimmy shows the experience of most schoolchildren on Anglo- European who grew up in isolated places of the country (Bennett, 2007, p. 128). The Anglo European Americans faced a formidable challenge in launching their skills in art, but they managed to bring a considerable influence in the US, in the art industry. They are behind the American root music. During the 20th century, folk music was a term used to describe the music that was done by the Americans of the European origin (Pagedas, 2000, p. 50). As time advanced, the term expanded because it involved other musical styles like the blues. Through folk songs, which were part of art, they were able to show their culture, which was eventually embraced by the Americans. Today, most of the blue songs, played worldwide, originate from the US. The term root music not only includes the folk music, but widely involves the gospel, traditional country, and blues among other (Kitayama, & Cohen, 2010, p. 97). Through the root music, the American experience for the Anglo- European American is well explained to the world, especially in the 21st century. Above all, the people also get to understand the culture of the American as compared to the cultural activities of the Europeans. The Anglo-Europeans American faced many challenges in their effort to influence the US through music, because they were trying to bring their culture into the US, which was initially rejected, but later accepted by the people hence the reason they embraced the terminology root music to involve all genre of music (Bennett, 2007, p. 142). Most of the Anglo-Europeans who migrated to the US aimed at achieving stability in their economic and social standing. They were influenced by the availability of abundant land, which was cheap in the western part of the US. They are behind the famous agricultural revolution the 21st century. They walked through the wilderness in the western and northern part of the US and on the process they faced so many challenged on their way. The process of encountering these hardships and challenges, transformed these Europeans immigrants into an entirely new national form. According to researchers, much of the transformation, which occurred during the period the Anglo-Europeans Americans, in the US, was due to the Americans emulating the values, which were brought by the Europeans immigrants (Pagedas, 2000, p. 113). They converted it to the national an indomitable spirit nationally. The emulation of the Western Values led to the great development of the US as well as influenced the development of the modern Europe. It gave rise to so many political and social institutions in the western part of the US, which up to date influences the whole of the US. This did not come easily because there was political and legal battles that rose up. The cause of the conflict was because of the finite resources in the western part of the US. During the process of migration, the Anglo-American brought along their values to the US. Some of these values are as follows; the Christians are more superior to the heathens, while the Indians are mere savages in need of a religion. They are the people who brought about Christianity in the US, especially the Catholic faith (Kitayama, & Cohen, 2010, p. 100), because most of the Catholic Europeans, who migrated to the US, came from German, whereby most of the religious following is Catholic. With time, the protestant Christians too came to the US and the religion spread all over. In the 21st century, the protestant religion is most dominant in the US as compared to any other form of religion (Pagedas, 2000, p. 188). According to their beliefs, the hierarchy of order of life is as follows God, then the angels, human beings, the animals, followed by plants, and finally the rocks. Their social life was well organized in terms of religion, culture, as well as racial hierarchies and they were the determinants of the people in the society (Cox, 1994, p.199). They also brought the aspect of hierarchies justifying inequalities and racism, whereby the white were more superior to the Indians and blacks, the Protestants more superior to the Jewish, Muslims and Catholics (Bennett, 2007, p. 183). They believed that their culture, religion, and all of their economic aspects were superior to the Americans’. Further, they believed that they are the people who are destined to remake order and civilize the entire earth. The Anglo European Americans brought to the US their strong support for quality education and especially the immigrants from Germany (Cox, 1994, p.70). They worked extremely hard to cultivate their language in the US through classes, newspapers high schools, and elementary schools. Many German language-teaching schools were started, in the US, to train them. The European system of education gains momentum in most of the schools in Europe. References Bennett, C. (2007). Comprehensive Multicultural Education: Theory and Practice. Indianapolis, IN: Pearson Education, Inc. Cox, T. (1994). Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research, and Practice. New York, NY: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (2010). Handbook of Cultural Psychology . Canada: Guilford Press. Pagedas, C. (2000). Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the French Problem, 1960-1963: A Troubled Partnership . London: Routledge.

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Write an essay about: The article "Encounter and death: The Spatial Behavior of U.S. Serial Killers" examines the locations where serial killers first met their victims, where the victim's bodies were dumped, and the residence of the killers. The aim of the article is to test three separate hypotheses, the first hypothesis being whether the residence of the offenders was the epicenter of the crime committed.The second hypothesis examined by the study is whether the location where the offender first meets the victims

The article "Encounter and death: The Spatial Behavior of U.S. Serial Killers" examines the locations where serial killers first met their victims, where the victim's bodies were dumped, and the residence of the killers. The aim of the article is to test three separate hypotheses, the first hypothesis being whether the residence of the offenders was the epicenter of the crime committed. The second hypothesis examined by the study is whether the location where the offender first meets the victims

A Study on Serial Killers: “Encounter and death: The Spatial Behavior of U.S. Serial Killers” Essay The article “Encounter and death: The Spatial Behavior of U.S. Serial Killers” by Canter and Godwin (1997), is a research article that examines the locations where serial killers first met their victims, where the victim’s bodies were dumped, and the residence of the killers. The aim of the article is to test three separate hypotheses, the first hypothesis being whether the residence of the offenders was the epicenter of the crime committed. The second hypothesis examined by the study is whether the location where the offender first meets the victims becomes an integral part of the offender’s lifestyle and the last hypothesis tested is whether the first point of meeting and the place of dumping the body eventually become incorporated into the serial killer’s lifestyle. The design of the article begins with a description of the average number of deaths that are reported in the country annually, and deduces the average number of the deaths that can be attributed to serial murderers. From an analysis, of the article, it is evident that the research focuses on the geographical locations that surround the killings; the location of the first meeting between the serial killers and their victims, the location of the dumping sites of the victims, and the locations of the offenders’ place of residence. The researchers of the article try to determine whether serial killings can be solved by having knowledge of the three locations described above because from the conclusion of the article, it can be deduced that serial killers get increasingly lax and usually end up dumping their victims near their places of residence (the offender). The literature reviews on which the article is based include research that make the same conclusions as the article itself; articles that reflect the planning done by serial killers, and the proposed reasons on the choice of the dumping locations of the victims. The methodology used by the study tries to link the three locations mentioned above to the rational thought process of the killers, using three hypotheses. As already identified, the first hypothesis is that the home operates as the focus of the serial killer in finding their victims and dumping the bodies while the second hypothesis is that there is a difference in the distances covered by the serial killers in the apprehension of the victims. The last hypothesis that the research tries to prove is that the distances covered by the serial killers in trying to dump their victims is likely to change, as more murders are committed. The sample used by the study is a selection of 54 serial killers who were apprehended, together with locations in which their victims were found. These locations were compared with the locations where the killers first met their victims, and the relative distances between these locations were measured by the use of commercially available mapping software called Map Expert. From the above information, it was possible to identify the distances between the three locations for each of the murders committed, and thus identify the changes in the distances, as more murders were committed. The study then finds the mean distances of the three variables and concludes that, as a serial killer continues murdering the victims, the distances covered to dump the bodies kept reducing relative to the location of the offender’s place of residence. This is inferred from the mean of the distances covered, and ANOVA results that tested the levels of significance of the group differences of the three hypotheses. The conclusion of these studies is that the relationships between the distances covered by the murderers in disposing the bodies changed over time; the distances from the offenders’ residences reduced as the number of victims increased. Reference Godwin, M., and Canter, D. (1997). Encounter and Death: The Spatial Behavior of US Serial Killers. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 20(1). Pp.24 – 38

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper presents a case study analysis of two articles based on leadership.It is clear that the two coaches have diverse leadership traits that have equally influenced their performance. For instance, while coach K has been able to pursue a more promising deal yet he has an aged heart, coach Knight has produced enviable records in history by embracing a demanding leadership style.

The paper presents a case study analysis of two articles based on leadership. It is clear that the two coaches have diverse leadership traits that have equally influenced their performance. For instance, while coach K has been able to pursue a more promising deal yet he has an aged heart, coach Knight has produced enviable records in history by embracing a demanding leadership style.

A Perspective on Leadership: Article Study Case Study This paper presents a case study analysis of two articles based on leadership. The paper aims at addressing the numerous questions and concepts presented in both leadership articles. For example, the question on leadership perspective and how it has been manifested in the two cases will be addressed. In addition, the analysis will also discuss the power bases and actions that are aligned to these bases of power. Moreover, it is worth noting that the respective traits of individuals significantly influence leadership. In line with this, the analysis will equally identify whether there is an agreement between the leadership traits of the two coaches and how the effectiveness of their performance has been affected. According to Northouse (2010), there are major leadership traits that leaders should possess in order to demonstrate effective leadership. Needless to say, these traits enhance effective performance in ensuring that leaders execute managerial and leadership roles effectively. These traits include personal intelligence, self confidence, integrity, sociability and determination. In line with this, it is evident that most of the identified traits have been manifested in both coaches. For instance, in the article entitled Coach K: A matter of heart , the coach decides to leave the Duke Basketball team for a more glamorous and professional game in Los Angeles (Snook, Perlow & Delacey, 2005a). It is arguable that this coach portrays various leadership traits such as self confidence, determination and intelligence by the fact that he is able to pursue a more promising deal yet he has an ‘aged’ heart (Snook, Perlow & Delacey, 2005a). He does not fear the reaction of his team and he progresses to review the contract in order to join the National Basketball Association in Los Angeles. On the other hand, the coach in the article entitled Coach Knight: The will to win has remarkably made a legacy as the best basketball coach in Indiana University (Snook, Perlow & Delacey, 2005b). He has produced enviable records in history, a factor that demonstrates his leadership traits. In this case, it is certain that the coach is determined and has the self confidence to win (Snook, Perlow & Delacey, 2005b). It is evident that he has integrity in whatever he does since he has always been passionate and embraced a demanding leadership style. As a matter of fact, this has made his team to be among the best. Arguably, Coach Knight’s actions are aligned with managerial role. In this case, he embraces managerial leadership to ensure collective participation in his team (Snook, Perlow & Delacey, 2005b). It is noted in the article that he is passionate about a demanding leadership style, a factor that has resulted into remarkable achievements. Contrastingly, coach K embraces a leadership role whereby he is just there to act his role as a leader. However, their leadership traits have influenced their performance positively. In this case, the traits have enabled them to get the best in their teams. Therefore, it is definite that their leadership traits agree with those presented in the book. Notably, the coaches portray most of the traits outlined in the book, a factor that has resulted to tremendous performance of the teams. Needless to say, the traits have helped them to seize the position to organize, supervise and execute activities within the team effectively. This can be deduced from the fact that the coaches have set a remarkable legacy that has been regarded as one of the best in history. References Northouse, G.P. (2010). Leadership: Theory and Practice . London: Sage Publications. Snook, S. A., Perlow, L. A. & Delacey, J.B. (2005a). Coach K. A Matter of the Heart. Harvard Business school , 9(44): 1-14. Snook, S. A., Perlow, L. A. & Delacey, J.B. (2005b).Coach Knight: The will to win. Harvard Business school , 9(43): 1-14.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The article discusses the problems food services face when they are about to develop a menu for vegetarians and offers a typology for foodservice menu development.Creating a menu for vegetarians, many food services do not think about the specifics of the nutrition of such people. Moreover, a lot of additional factors are to be considered about vegetarians while developing a menu fir them. Much attention should be paid to the reasons people have applied to which choosing their diet.

The article discusses the problems food services face when they are about to develop a menu for vegetarians and offers a typology for foodservice menu development. Creating a menu for vegetarians, many food services do not think about the specifics of the nutrition of such people. Moreover, a lot of additional factors are to be considered about vegetarians while developing a menu fir them. Much attention should be paid to the reasons people have applied to which choosing their diet.

A Typology for foodservice menu development Research Paper Creating a menu for vegetarians, many food services do not think about the specifics of the nutrition of such people. Moreover, a lot of additional factors are to be considered about vegetarians while developing a menu fir them. Much attention should be paid to the reasons people have applied to which choosing their diet. The food services are to understand the psychology of vegetarians to make sure that they have developed the menu for them correctly and to know some particular rules according to which the menu is to be developed. Amir Shani and Robin B. DiPietro in their article “Vegetarians: A typology for foodservice menu development” discuss the problems the food services ace when they are about to develop a menu for vegetarians. Firs of all, the authors state the fact that the research in the sphere is not enough. The food service menu development is the theme which is considered in many journals, however, the problem of vegetarian menu is not usually discussed. Dining is one of the Western activities and vegetarians want to have a perfectly developed meal if it is possible. Therefore, paying much attention to the motivation for being a vegetarian as the main factor food services should refer to while developing a menu, the authors of the article have decided to consider the problem as close as possible. The authors refer to the following difficulties in developing the menu, lack of knowledge about vegetarian food, absence of the notification in the menu that a food is vegetarian, limited variety of choice of the vegetarian food, presence of the hidden meat in the food, such as beef flavoring, etc., and the inability to understand the reasons why people consume vegetarian food which is really important. Dwelling upon the reasons of the little research in the sphere, the authors refer to the problem of boring and unsatisfying attitude to vegetarian food. However, this is not really correct and many cooks begin to pay more attention to vegetarian food in several reasons. First of all, many people become interested in vegetarian food. Second, the demand on such kind of food encourages the cooks create something interesting and the development of the vegetarian menu becomes a new issue for the restaurants. Moreover, the tendency to healthy nutrition increases the number of those who prefer vegetarian food, however, there are people who are vegetarians because of other reasons. Amir Shani and Robin B. DiPietro are sure that the reasons why people have chosen vegetarian diet should be considered while developing the vegetarian menu as to meet the desires of different customers, the restaurant is to try to satisfy the needs of each of the customers. The individual approach is really important as trying to direct attention to each particular customer, the restaurant is going to win in comparison with the food service where the menu is directed for all vegetarians without differentiation. Trying to differentiate the vegetarian diets with the purpose to pay attention to consumers’ needs, the author identify health-concerned vegetarians, weight-concerned vegetarians, sensory vegetarians, comfort vegetarians, religious vegetarians, economically vegetarians, social vegetarians, ethical vegetarians, environmental vegetarians, and humanitarian vegetarians (Shani and DiPietro 70). Depending on the reasons why people have chosen not to eat meat and other products of living origin, people will choose the meals in the menu. Therefore, the restaurant managers are to consider the needs of each group mentioned above and to make sure that the menu is going to contain the items which are going to satisfy the needs of each category. The article is valuable for its recommendations for the further research and implications for practitioners. The authors have conducted the literature review and they able dwell upon the future of the sphere. Thus, the authors of the research want to direct the restaurant managers who want to attract more clients to heterogeneous market segment. The researchers are sure that the motivation for following the vegetarian market is important in choosing the products. Therefore, the food service managers are to develop the menu in accordance with the needs of the customers. The authors conclude that the main factor the restaurant managers are to pay attention to is the strictness of the diet. To the point, while developing the menu for vegetarians, managers are to pay attention to market segmentation, appropriate staff training, menu design, and small details which may be really important. The example of such detail is the serving of the soy milk along with of cow milk. Developing an effective menu “Foodservice operators must regularly develop new products and tweak old ones to pique consumer interest and attract repeat business” is the statement which serves as the prologue in the article “Developing an effective menu” by Heather Henstock. The main idea the author of the article wanted to deliver to the audience is the idea that changes in the menu are obligatory. No matter how successful the menu is, the managers are to understand that only constant and regularly improvement may be a guarantee of success. The Nice Easy Grocery shops are chosen as the example at the beginning of the article. The shop has been selling the particular type of salads and the products were successful, however they could not reach their full potential. The hiring of the new chiefs to the store helped to conduct the slightest changes which have increase the potential of the menu and of the shop as a result. The authors of the research have made the change in the menu the central idea for the discussion. Moreover, the author states that the changes are to be conducted regularly in order to make the clients interested in the future changes. Thus, if the customers get used to the fact that ach week (month, decade) the restaurant change the menu, the increase of the visitors in the day of changes may be observed as people like changes, they are interested in new dishes and the ability to provide the customers with what they want is exactly what should be the main idea of the menu development process. Heather Henstock stresses the idea that demographic and psychographic factors are to be considered while developing the menu. The menu developers are understand what kinds of clients attend their restaurants and how the choice of this or that meal may impact their desire to come to the restaurant again. The menu developers are to understand that the food which is too popular in one part of the city may be absolutely out of demand in another. This is connected with people and their preferences in eating. In combination with the changes which are to be present in any restaurant, the menu developers are to remember about the meals which are too popular to be changed. Thus, if a menu developer will provide the changes in the product some particular group of people attend the restaurant for, they will not come to the restaurant again if they fail to get what they need. Therefore, the author of the article stress on the idea of rational changes to the menu while its development. Along with changes, the author of the article recommends to pay attention to the absolutely new products which may be interesting to the consumers. There are a lot of meals and products and it is impossible to have all the variety of items in the menu of one specific restaurant. However, the attempts to add something new o the menu should be encouraged as this is one of the aspects of a change. Presenting a new product in the menu, the menu developers will have to remove one of the items from the menu. To the point, it is economically advantageous to remove the items from the menu which are out of demand and substitute those with the changed or the new ones. The author of the article states that the failure of provide changes to the menu may spoil the reputation of the restaurant. People live in the modern civilized world where globalization plays an important role. Globalization of all spheres of human life has created the circumstances that people got used to constant changes and improvement. Stable life is not what people have got used to. Therefore, when people do not see the changes (in the menu in his case) they lose interest. Those who do not want the customers to lose the interest in their restaurant should regularly change the menu and implement the novelties as the part of the menu development process. Works Cited Henstock, Heather. “Developing an effective menu.” Convenience Store Decisions 22.10 (2011): 62-66. Print. Shani, Amir, and Robin B. DiPietro. “Vegetarians: A typology for foodservice menu development.” FIU Hospitality Review 25.2 (2007): 66-73. Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses the moral problems of abortion and how it amounts to taking of somebody's life. It also talks about how other options should be used since abortion is murder and it deprives the child of its right to life.

The text discusses the moral problems of abortion and how it amounts to taking of somebody's life. It also talks about how other options should be used since abortion is murder and it deprives the child of its right to life.

Moral Problems of Abortion Essay Introduction Our society is characterized by people with different behaviors and varied economical abilities which make them have different preferences. It has been an order of the day to find women with unwanted pregnancies, therefore raising the question of what they should or should not do. On the other hand, it is not unusual to find teenagers as young as twelve being pregnant, and their parents especially the mothers feel that the age is not the right one to allow their children become parents. The above factors compel the concerned people, mostly the women, to choose abortion as the only best alternative to save the situation. However, there has never been an agreement as to whether abortion is really the best way to solve this problem that our women find themselves in, given that it amounts to taking of somebody’s life. Though women want the freedom to have absolute control over their bodies, other options should be used since abortion is murder and it deprives the child of its right to life. Abortion Is Against the Right to Life Many people have questioned the applicability of the right to life for everybody to the fetus that according to them should be considered as a human being (white 2008). Life starts at conception as this is the only way of procreation available to human beings and therefore the argument that the fetus is not a human being is not sustainable. The life of a human being should be taken care of no matter what stage it is in since it is still life. It should also be noted that, other scientific methods of reproduction are not effective hence pregnancy is the only known way that continuity of mankind can be assured (Kluge 1991). Given the stand, abortion is therefore murder of a young innocent and helpless child who deserves a chance to live. The Dependency Argument The fetus depends on the mother for every means of survival in the early stages of life when most of the abortions take place, and even after birth. It is thus senseless for one to willingly and without any health danger to her life eliminate the fetus which is just like one of her body parts (Kluge 1991). On top of that, it is irresponsible for one to avoid the duty of care that should be extended to the infant, who even after being born still requires the mother’s care to survive, and instead be the ones to end the life they are supposed to protect (Valenti 2007). Health Repercussions Non-feminists also argue that there are some dire health repercussions that come as a result of abortion, which sometimes exceed the benefits of abortion. Cases have been reported where those who have secured abortion have been unable to bear children again, either due to destruction of the womb or because of the increased chances of miscarriage associated with abortion. Abortion also is known to increase the probability of ectopic pregnancies and bring about the pelvic inflammatory diseases (White 2008). It is therefore not quite correct if one just argues that abortion is the solution to save people from unwanted pregnancies yet in the end, the same people who are supposed to be saved are being exposed to various worse health conditions. Unwanted Pregnancies Can Be Avoided Another point of argument forwarded by non-feminists is that, with the level of technology nowadays, unwanted pregnancies can easily be avoided through use of correct methods of birth control. There are several ways of birth control that have been proved to be effective in prevention of pregnancies which could be applied and they do not include abortion. Even in cases where one has no ability over the use of birth control measures for example during rape, effective medical attention can ensure that the victim does not get pregnant eliminating the possibility of abortion (Kluge 1991). The Fetus Is Separate from the Mother Additionally, some people have argued that the fetus in the mother’s body is just there for a period of time and after developing into a state that can permit it to live outside the womb it will exit (White 2008). To this extent they put it that, the fetus is not part of the body of the pregnant mother so that she can have absolute control over it but a separate possible human being whom she has been given the privilege of taking care of. Abortion as a Woman’s Choice Some feminists who argue that abortion should be legalized have however pointed out that, abortion should be left entirely to be a woman’s decision as it affects her life. In many discussions about whether abortion should be legalized or not, it will be noticed that each speaker bases the argument on the protection of the fetus, while the woman who is the subject is left out of the conversation. It is a pity that those who oppose abortion rarely put into consideration the wellbeing of the pregnant women (Sherwin 1991). Nobody ever questions why the women who want to secure an abortion would want to do so, as the feminists would have liked the case to be. Though abortion is not legal women still find a way of securing it and it is legalization, in the absence of proper education to the concerned women and without being made accessible to all, will not deter women from using crude means to secure it and lose their lives in the process. Instead of condemning women who undertake abortion, the reasons that prompted them to choose abortion instead of the other available alternatives should be addressed. It can be depicted that, women sometimes have worthy reasons of choosing abortion over any other option and they are not such immoral human beings as they are portrayed to be (Sherwin 1991). A school girl, who wants to advance her education for her future life, will have no option than abortion if she gets pregnant and her school does not allow pregnant ladies. There are also some employers who do not allow pregnant ladies to continue working with them as this interferes with their productivity, therefore leaving these women with no option than to secure an abortion if they get pregnant in order to protect their jobs. To the feminists, pregnancy has allowed man to dominate over women in the society over the years. During pregnancy a woman becomes unable to perform most of the duties that sustain her, a situation that continues even after giving birth. The addition of another person after giving birth increases the burden that the woman has to carry forcing many women to economically depend on the men, who then take the advantage of the situation to oppress women (Sherwin 1991). It should also be noted that, pregnancy takes place in the body of a woman and there is virtually no feasible way that any decision concerning that pregnancy can be made without taking into consideration the woman. The woman is supposed to take care of the pregnancy and take care of the baby sometimes alone because the men responsible can easily disappear. It is therefore upon the woman, to determine whether it is viable to keep the pregnancy or terminate it and not the role of a third party. To a greater extent many women have no control over whether to have sex or not, since we live in a male dominated world where men tend to force ladies on what to do and what not to do. Feminists also argue that birth control measures are not that effective to save the women from unwanted pregnancy and more so they have side effects to users (Sherwin 1991). These taken into consideration, women should be allowed to have a final word on whether to keep or terminate a pregnancy. Morality and the Fetus In the arguments of non-feminists, a woman has been relegated to take the position of a mere object of carrying the fetus which everybody, except the pregnant woman, is concerned about its welfare. The woman therefore is depicted as a very unreasonable and irresponsible person who seeks for any slightest opportunity to end the life of the fetus. It is forgotten that, women are also moral beings who love their children very much and will always endeavor to take good and maximum care of their pregnancies and children (Sherwin 1991). Even the doctors, physicians and the courts have also taken this view and are trying as much as possible to come up with ways of taking care of the fetus disregarding the pregnant woman. The fetus’ status has also been presented as independent rather than relational as is the case, since the fetus depends on the mother for survival until given birth and not the other way round. In addition, the fetus is given the moral perspective while it is known that a person becomes a moral person after independently interacting with others in the society and undergoing socialization, which can only happen after a child has been born. Politics and Abortion Giving the doctors the power to determine when an abortion is necessary is in a way allowing abortion but letting a third party have authority over how it should be carried out. Furthermore, the doctors have proofed to be among the people who are opposing abortion, and they have gone further to take the fetus as their patient in their labs assuming the very woman who carries the fetus. This, together with the provisions in the law that hold doctors criminally liable if they help in carrying out abortions under unclear circumstances, deter the willingness of the doctors to help pregnant women who seek abortion (Sherwin 1991). Despite all the efforts that have been made to prevent abortion, it is a fact that it takes place in society and sometimes under very dangerous conditions. Feminists therefore argue that, instead of wasting money trying to prevent abortion which people will end up securing, the money should be channeled to improving the health facilities and services that those who want to keep their pregnancy receive from the hospitals. On top of that, if women are empowered academically, socially and economically then they would have means of supporting themselves and cases of abortion would reduce (Sherwin 1991). Teaching about birth control methods during abortion would also help in reducing unwanted pregnancies, and thus abortion rates will decline rather than strictly trying to prohibit abortion. Personal position Feminists have good points that are agreeable, if people would stop the morality arguments and try to reason the points out. I agree that in some cases it is worthless to bring another life into this world just to suffer. A woman who has no way of providing a better life even for herself should not be prevented from securing an abortion, because this is done in the best interest of both parties, as the child will not be left to suffer while the mother is also relieved of the burden that would have been unbearable. Due to lack of financial ability, many young women have resulted to prostitution which is the only way they can put food on the table. These women sometimes have other children they struggle to provide for and having another child is just not feasible. Therefore, no matter how the subject of abortion is looked at, women should have the final decision as it directly affects their lives. On the same note, the fetus lacks most of the characteristics that define a human being and therefore cannot be taken as a human being per se. In addition, empowering women economically will help prevent abortion because as anybody else, women love their children and if possible they would want to keep their pregnancies. On the other hand, it is wrong to argue that men take advantage of pregnancy to oppress women because women do not get pregnant all at the same time to be taken advantage of. Besides, pregnancy is not inability such that once a woman becomes pregnant she is vulnerable to everything. It is also important to note that, the argument that birth control measures are not effective is misplaced, since it has medically been proofed that some birth control methods for example condoms, are up to 99% effective. Women should also not argue that they do not have the power of choosing when to have sex with their partners because clearly they have that power. In conjunction with that, giving one the right to abortion is not same as giving her authority over her sexual and reproductive life, and therefore feminist should stop taking the two as one. Conclusion Abortion is still a subject of debate as to whether it should be legalized and be made available to those who demand for it. Many women seem to have good reasons as to why they would want to have an abortion, though it should be noted that it might be difficult to differentiate those who are genuine from masqueraders. Despite the fact that it affects women’s lives, leaving abortion entirely on their decision might lead to its misuse hence calling for informed actions. Though laws have been enacted to guard the pregnant woman whose life might be in danger while at the same time taking care of the fetus, all the concerned groups need to be consulted in order to come up with a solution that takes all the stakeholders into consideration. References Kluge, Elke-Henner. Biomedical Ethics in a Canadian Context . Ontario: Prentice Hall Canada, 1991. Sherwin, Susan. “Abortion Through A Feminist Ethic Lens.” Dialogue 30 (1991): 327-342. Valenti, Jessica. Full frontal feminism: a young woman’s guide to why feminism matters . New York: Seal press, 2007. White, James. Contemporary Moral Problems . Stanford: Cengage Learning, 2008.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the advertising plan that Absolut Vodka intends to use in order to succeed through creation of effective market awareness. The report illustrates the advertising plan in detail by considering the message, creativity, and mediums to be used in the campaign. In addition, the report outlines the budget and timeline for the campaign.

The essay discusses the advertising plan that Absolut Vodka intends to use in order to succeed through creation of effective market awareness. The report illustrates the advertising plan in detail by considering the message, creativity, and mediums to be used in the campaign. In addition, the report outlines the budget and timeline for the campaign.

Absolut Vodka Report Executive Summary The report entails an analysis of how Absolut Vodka which operates within the spirits industry intends to succeed through creation of effective market awareness. The report illustrates the advertising plan that Absolut Vodka intends to utilize. An analysis of the external business environment is conducted using the PESTLE model. A competitive analysis is also conducted by considering the firm’s core competitors. In addition, the firm’s internal and external environment is evaluated using the SWOT analysis. The report describes the characteristic of the firm’s target market. Considering the fact that a firm operations must be guided by certain objectives, the report outlines the objectives that the firm intends to achieve through the advertising plan. In order for the advertising to be effective, the plan illustrates the message and creativity to be used in the advertising campaign. The media strategy illustrates the various mediums to be used in creating awareness. A summary of Absolut Vodka Media Strategy is illustrated. A budget of how the 2 million pounds to be used in the advertising will be allocated is also illustrated. In addition, the timeline for the various advertising mediums is also outlined. The report also illustrates the evaluation and mechanisms that will be used to determine the effectiveness of the advertising plan. Finally, a conclusion and a set of recommendations are given. Background to the study For a firm to be successful, it must be effective in its marketing practices. This arises from the fact that there has been an increment in the intensity of competition within the businesses environment. One of the marketing practices that firms should consider includes creating effective market awareness. To achieve this, firms should undertake advertising planning. Absolut Vodka brand was established in 1879. In its operation, the company specializes in the production of alcoholic spirits. Absolute Vodka is produced from natural ingredients. There are no added sugars in its production which makes it to be an exclusive drink. However, the brand faced various challenges for a number of decades. In 1979, Abslut Vodka brand was reestablished to the market. During the next few years, Absolut Vodka’s popularity increased internationally. One of the factors that contributed to increment in its market popularity is the aggressive advertising campaign which was conducted by the firm. The firm’s advertising campaign was based on the unique bottle shape. The campaign played a vital role in the marketing of Absolut Vodka. As one of the alcoholic spirits is in the world, Absolut Vodka is ranked as the fourth largest brand. Aim The report is aimed at illustrating the advertising plan to be adopted by Absolut Vodka in its marketing process. Scope The report is organized into a number of sections. The first section entails a situational analysis which is undertaken by using the PESTLE and SWOT analysis models. The second part entails a competitive analysis which illustrates the firm’s core competitors. The objectives of the firm are illustrated in part three while the target market is analyzed in part four. The message and creative strategy is evaluated in part five. Part six entails an analysis of the firm’s media strategy. Finally a conclusion and a set of recommendations are illustrated. Situational Analysis PESTLE Analysis According to Havaldar (2005, p.272), businesses do not operate in a vacuum. However, their operations are affected by diverse macro- environmental factors. The main macro environmental factors that affect firms operations include the political factors, economic factors, legal factors, technological factors and social factors. Similarly, Absolut Vodka is affected by macro-environmental factors. Political environment Absolut Vodka is affected by an increment by the legislations that are implemented by the UK government. For example, in an effort to increase its tax revenue collection, the UK government increased the indirect tax that is levied on alcoholic drinks. Increase in tax means that the firm will be forced to increase the price of their products. Additionally, the UK government increased the import quotas with regard to alcoholic drinks. This means that it is possible for travelers from the European Union to come into UK with large amounts of alcoholic drinks. Increasing import quotas means that there is a high probability of firms within the alcohol industry suffering through reduced market. As a member of the European Union, UK established the free trade with other EU members in 1999. This increased the intensity of competition within various industries. Economic environment Over the past few decades, the UK has experienced a significant economic growth. As a result, there has been an increment in the consumer’s purchasing power due to an increment in the disposable income. However, the recent global economic recession had adverse effects on the consumers’ purchasing power. This is due to the fact that a large number of individuals lost their jobs as companies incorporated the concept of downsizing. Currently, consumers around the world are experiencing an increment in the cost of living. This means that Absolut Vodka may experience a decline in its sales revenue as consumers shift their consumption concerns to basic necessities. Social environment Drinking is entrenched within the social fabric of different communities. In the UK, drinking is considered as a social phenomenon. Currently, the UK is also characterized by an increment in the number of women who are incorporating drinking in their consumption patterns. The daily guidelines with regard to alcohol consumption amongst the male and female gender are at 39% for men and 31% for women. During social gathering, Vodka is being mixed with other beverages in order to make cocktails. Despite the changes in the political environment in UK that contributed towards an increment in the amount of alcohol in the country, alcoholic drinks did not result into a social problem within the country. A study conducted in UK on the social problems associated with consumption of alcohol. A comparison of alcohol-related social problems during the period ranging from 2003 to 2004 indicated that there was no increment in the social problems as a result of drinking (Gustafsson & Ramstedt, 2010, p. 4). Technological environment The current technological advancement has presented an opportunity to businesses in their operation. One of the areas which have been affected by technological changes relates to marketing. Firms are increasingly adopting emerging technologies in developing their products. With regard to the alcohol industry, there has been emergence of technologies that is enabling firms to be efficient in packaging and bottling. The emergence of e-commerce presents an opportunity to firms in their effort to improve their marketing efforts. Legal environment According to Taylor (2004, p.3), the operations of firms in different economic sectors are affected by the legislations implemented by the government. With regard to the alcohol industry, different governments are implementing strict legislations that are aimed at controlling advertisement of alcoholic drinks. In an effort to achieve this, different governments are undertaking campaigns aimed at discouraging drinking. These legislations have arisen from a rise in the number of deaths associated with accidents as a result of drunken driving. The UK is one of the countries that have implemented stiffer penalties on firms within the industry. These legislations and campaigns have the effect of tarnishing the image of firms within the industry. Firms within the alcoholic spirits industry are also affected by policies implemented by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO has implemented policies that limit access of alcohol to young people. These legislations are also associated with how firms market their products such as their advertising. This has resulted from the fact that there has been an increment in diseases associated with drinking. SWOT Analysis The table below illustrates Absolut Vodka strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths High brand recall and recognition. Weaknesses Unique bottle shape which makes the brand distinctive. Intense competition Easily rememberable brand name Restriction in conducting advertisement. Creative, innovative and consistent campaigns Counter advertisement campaigns against alcohol consumption. Consumers identify themselves with the brand. Opportunities Threats The firm can be innovative and develop new flavors. Brand dilution Increment in demand for mix drinks and cocktails. Increment in government restrictions and laws. The firm can increase brand awareness by using digital communication channels. Reduction in customer base due to increase in campaigns against alcohol. A change in lifestyle presents an opportunity for the firm to increase its market share. Irresponsible drinking behavior means that the government can increase control of firms within the industry. Competitive analysis In its operation, Absolut Vodka faces intense competition from other firms. Some of the firm’s core competitors include Smirnoff. Currently, Smirnoff has the largest market share on a global scale. One of the factors that have made Smirnoff to have a large market share relates to its price competiveness. Smirnoff is relatively cheaper than Absolut Vodka brand. Additionally, the brand also faces intense competition from the Russian Vodka. Firms within the alcohol market segment have invested a significant amount in their advertising budget. For example, approximately 202.5 million pounds was spent on alcohol advertising. The company could apply the Porter’s five forces model that implies that the return rates are always constant across the industries and the relative firms. The manager in the strategic manager can use the model to get a competitive edge and understand the market in which the company operates. The five forces are supplier power, threat of substitutes, buyer power, degree of rivalry, and threats of new entrants. Initially competition leads to zero profits, and rivalry between firms creates a competitive edge (Hill & Jones 2010, p. 42). In the porters model other products like Russian Vodka may be a threat to the Absolut Vodka brand. This can arise if the substitute reduces its price to operate below the market prices. So the company should consider the effect of other substitute s in the market. The buyer power is the impact that esteemed customers have on the industry (Hill &Jones 42, p.42). So Absolut Vodka should ensure the ensure that it maintains a strong relationship with its buyers. It should also avoid any incidents of monopsony where the buyers set the pries. Supplier power determines the relationships that exist between the industry and the firms (Hill & Jones 2010, p. 43). Threat of new entrants and entry barriers ensures that no new companies enter the market (Hill & Jones 2010, 43). For this Absolut Vodka should be able to enter and leave the market based on competition and market share. Some of the entry barriers include brand switching etc. Dynamic nature of industry rivalry of an industry is crucial (Hill & Jones 2010, p. 43). Absolut Vodka should ensure that it understands the market rivalry well. Absolut objectives In its marketing processes, Absolut Vodka is guided by a number of objectives as outlined below. 1. To increase the market awareness of Absolut Vodka brand by a margin of 10% in Great Britain by 2012. 2. To increase the firm’s market share within the Vodka segment with 3% in UK by 2012. 3. To increase the total sales of Absolut Vodka by a margin of 5% in Great Britain by 2012. Target market According to Boone and Kurtz (2011, p.276), effective market targeting plays a vital role towards a firm’s success in the market. The target market refers to the specific market segment that a firm identifies in marketing its products. In its operation, Absolut Vodka has incorporated a number of market targeting variables. For example the firm targets consumers defined by clarity, simplicity and perfection as their core values. Absolut Vodka targets both men and women in its marketing. With regard to age, the firm targets young and upcoming consumers aged between 21-35 years. These customers intend to succeed both in their profession and personal spheres. Additionally, these customers are developing interest in emerging trends. They are also conscious in their consumption patterns. For example, they are selecting products that satisfy their need. Consumption of high quality alcohol has become a part of their natural life in an effort to attain satisfaction. As a result they have developed a drinking preference which entails associating themselves with high quality alcohol brands. The consumers are also trendy which is evidenced by the large numbers in which they are patronizing bars, night clubs, discos and attending friends parties. The Message & Creative Strategy In developing its advertising campaign, Absolut Vodka has integrated the 5M’s of advertising. These include the mission, message, money, media and measurement. It is the firm’s objective to increase its market share on a global scale. This will contribute towards the firm attaining an optimal market position. McDaniel, Hair and Lamb (2008, p.23) assert that attaining an optimal market position enables a firm to deal with increase in competition. In an effort to achieve this objective, the firm’s management team has allocated 2 million pounds towards advertising in its marketing budget. This is aimed at ensuring that there is a sufficient market awareness of Absolut Vodka on a global scale. According to Bilton (2007, p.30), creativity is an important element in marketing. Absolut Vodka is very creative in its advertising campaign. This is evidenced by the strong and emotional message used in the advertising. The firm has adopted the slogan ‘In an Absolut world’ which contributes towards appealing the consumers’ emotions by presenting the product as a desirable product for all. The slogan ‘In an Absolut World’ used in the advert below illustrates that there is nothing to be ashamed of and that there is nothing good or bad. The advert shows a bottle of Absolut Vodka and a lady holding a glass containing Absolut Vodka and a man holding a cup. This plays a critical role in persuading the customers to change their attitude towards consumption of Absolut Vodka as one of the alcoholic drinks. The advert shows a change in lifestyle amongst consumers. This is illustrated by the fact that the advert shows that even women are considering consumption of Absolut Vodka. As a result, the advert will change the attitude of women towards consumption of Absolut Vodka. This means that there is a high probability of the firm increasing its customer base. It also depicts a sense of freedom amongst consumers in that they can consume Absolut Vodka while travelling. The advert ‘in an absolute world’ depicts that everything becomes vivid upon consumption of Absolut Vodka. However, it also depicts consumption of alcohol as grotesque which is indicated by the message in the advert that advices its customers to drink responsibly. The slogan ‘In an absolut world’ is uncomplicated and easy to grasp. The distinct characteristic of the brands slogan makes it to be memorable and fitting to its target market. The advertisement depicts a sizzle in that the brand is perceived to be sexy. The firm has also incorporated the concept of copywriting (Sawyer, 2006, p. 14). In this strategy, the firm ensures that it provides consumers with information regarding Absolut Vodka on the bottle. For example, the firm illustrates the characteristics of the drink. By consuming Absolut Vodka, consumers benefit in that the brand does not have hangovers. Consumers do not experience foul after tastes and pungent odors after consuming Absolut Vodka. This acts as a persuasion strategy that enables consumers to consider Absolut Vodka as the appropriate brand. With regard to creativity, the advert depicts a high degree of sophistication in the background of the travelling tube. In an effort to be effective in its creativity, the firm will also outsource the services of an agency. The role of the agency will be to create premium quality product message. This will play a vital role in inspiring the consumers. This will contribute towards Absolut Vodka being positioned effectively in the consumers’ minds. The agency will also be charged with the responsibility of enhancing cocktail culture. Media strategy For a firm to be effective in increasing its sales by creating awareness through advertising, it must consider integrating different mediums (Andreasen & Kotler, 2003, p.34). In an effort to increase its market awareness, the firm will utilize different mediums. The firm will use both traditional and emerging market communication channels. Some of the channels that the firm will consider include use of outdoor channels such as bill boards, print medium, television and radio. The print mediums that the firm will use include use of magazines and newspapers. On the other hand, the firm has its adverts being aired through the television during the prime time. This will enable the message to reach a large number of individuals. The firm will also undertake its advertising using public transport. This will be achieved by branding public transport vehicles with its products. The firm will also conduct its advertising by using underground medium walls. Bill boards will also be elected in Central London. The firm will also integrate emerging technologies. This will entail using the internet in its marketing practices (Chaffey, Mayer, Johnston & Ellis-Chadwick, 2003, p.43). The firm will use its website through which it will undertake online advertising. Other online mediums that the firm will use include viral videos and banners. Absolut Vodka will also use emerging social communication tools. Some of the viral videos that the firm will use include using Flash Videos and You Tube. Additionally, the firm will also use social networks such as Twitter and Face Book in creating market awareness. By using these tools, there is a high probability of the firm accessing a large number of potential customers. This arises from the fact that a large number of customers whom the firm has targeted use these tools daily (Kotler, Roberto & Lee, 2005, p.34). A summary of Absolut Vodka Media Strategy OOH: Non-standard Billboards, Advertising on Public transport and in underground, branded cars First Period: September 2011 – Feb 2012 Build awareness Second Period: June 2012 – Aug 2012 Increase sales (Touch points) Recommended dislocations: 1-2 zones, City, Canary Wharf areas. Underground Media walls – Central, Piccadilly lines, and 1-zone stations – premium London locations Bus stops: Central London Billboard: Central London Recommended quantity: 25-30 Press: Trendy Magazines (premium magazines) Period: Jan 2012- May 2012 Men: (GQ, Esquire, Men’s Health) exposed to more brand awareness Women: (Cosmopolitan, Viva, etc) exposed to various products that appeal’s (Cocktails) Online: (Banners, Website, and Viral Videos) Website: will be integrated with the campaign Banners: on campaign “Absolut World” Viral Videos: Youtube and flash videos Social networks: Facebook and twitter Budget for the advertising campaign Advertising budget; the 2 million advertising budget will be broken down as follows: Production Cost: £600,000 Media Cost: £1.4 million Art work Cost: (In-House) paid at hourly rate Agency Fee: For creative Idea Advertising budget £1.4 million Outdoor £700,000 Press £500,000 Internet £200,000 Advertising Budget by Distribution Channel Monthly Timeline for the advertising campaign To be effective in its marketing communication, the firm has segmented its advertising campaign into two parts. The period ranging from September 2011 to August 2012 will be used to create awareness to the public. The other half of the year will be used to generate sales revenue. Evaluation and measurement In an effort to determine the effectiveness of the advertising campaign, the marketing department of Absolut Vodka will conduct a continuous evaluation on the effectiveness of the advertising plan. Some of the ways of evaluation and measurement which the firm will use includes evaluating the change in sales revenue. Absolut Vodka will analyze the effectiveness of its online advertising by evaluating the online traffic volume. Additionally, the firm will also conduct a survey to determine the level of brand awareness in the market. This will aid in determining the effectiveness of the advertising strategies adopted. The firm will also analyze the changes in its market share. Stake holder Analysis According to Schwalbe (2009, P. 83) stakeholder analysis is used to give information on stakeholders so as to help them in managing relationships among themselves. Stakeholder analysis of Absolut Vodka should include the following, names of key holders, the roles played by each stakeholder, facts about the stakeholders, and interest levels of the stakeholders to company, influence they have on the company, and any relationship suggestions among the stakeholders. Stakeholders’ analysis should be carried during the inception process so as to gather relevant information (Schwable 2009, p.83). This information is normally sensitive and should not be available to every person but instead it should be availed to project managers and other members. Harrison and John (2009, p. 12) note that information given by stakeholders can be used to develop and modify the company’s strategic directions, implementation plans and any strategy that the company may use. Conclusion Through incorporation of effective advertising plan, there is a high probability of Absolut Vodka increasing its market coverage. This arises from the fact that a large number of consumers will become aware of the firm’s products. The resultant effect is that the firm will increase its sales revenue and hence its profitability. Recommendation In order to achieve a high market share in the global market, Absolut Vodka should consider improving its incorporating the concept of Integrated Marketing Communication. This will play a vital role in ensuring that there is an effective creation of market awareness. In its advertising strategy, the firm targets the UK; however, it is vital for the firm to consider expanding its advertising plan to cover the global market. This will contribute towards improvement of the firm’s competitive advantage. Reference List Andreasen, A., & Kotler, P. 2003. Strategic marketing for nonprofits organisations .UK: Prentice Hall. Bilton, C., 2007. Management and creativity; from creative industries to creative management. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. Boone, P. & Kurtz, D., 2011. Boone and Kurtz contemporary marketing . Mason: Cengage Learning. Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., Johnston, K., & Ellis-Chadwick, F. 2003. I nternet marketing, strategy, implementation and practice . London, UK: Prentice Hall. Gustafsson, N. & Ramstedt, M., 2010. Changes in alcohol related harm in after increasing alcohol import quotas and a Danish tax decrease; an interrupted time series analysis for 2000 to 2007 . Stockholm: Stockholm University. Harrison, J. S., & ST. John, C. H., 2009, Foundations of Strategic Management , South-Western Pub, Mason, Ohio, Havaldar, K., 2005. Industrial marketing; text and cases . New Delhi: Tata McGraw- Hill. Hill, C. W. L., & Jones, G. R., 2010, Strategic management theory: an integrated approach , MA, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Kotler, P., Roberto, N., & Lee, N., 2005. Social marketing, improving the quality of life . London: Sage Publications. McDaniel, C., Hair, J. & Lamb, C. 2008. Essentials of marketing . New York: Cengage Learning Sawyer, R., 2006. Kiss and sell- writing for advertising; redesigned and rekissed . Lausanne: AVA Publishing. Schwalbe, K., 2009, Introduction to project management , Course Technology, Boston. Taylor, D., 2004. Brand stretch: why 1 in 2 extensions fail, and how to beat the odds; a brandgym workout . Chichester: John Wiley

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses how social and resistance movements in the Global South have evolved over time, and how they continue to be relevant today.Social and resistance movements in the Global South have evolved over time, and how they continue to be relevant today.

The essay discusses how social and resistance movements in the Global South have evolved over time, and how they continue to be relevant today. Social and resistance movements in the Global South have evolved over time, and how they continue to be relevant today.

Achieving social development in the Global South? Research Paper Introduction Everyday arguments are emerging on the status of the present activism. Debates on whether activists display of opinions, street rallies, sit-ins and blockades are things of the past have emerged. Thus, we seek to highlight whether new forms of advocacy can still be effective in achieving social developments in modern society. Scholars in the field of social movements have realised that a lot of changes are conspicuous in today’s advocacy causes, strategies and tactics. Social and economic movements have referred to advocacy as an “active support of an idea or cause expressed through strategies and methods that influence the opinion and decision of people and organisations” (Moyer, 1990). The key reason of advocacy is to design or change policies, regulations, and laws that influence people daily activities and ensure fulfilment of people’s decisions. Advocacy targets policymakers who include: public servant, politicians, as well as government officials. Other bodies that impact on people’s lives and whose opinions and actions influence the policymakers are also keys in advocacy. They include the private sector leaders, journalist media, social development agencies, trade unions, faith based and peace groups and enormous nongovernmental organisations such as Jubilee 2000, and Via Campesina. A number of social movement organisations of today such as Via Campesina have their origin from advocacy. They have grown from the desire of wanting to recognise basic rights like the need for education, medical care, food, as well as just treatment among some groups of people like the disabled and the prisoners. However, some phases of advocacies have not undergone transition i.e. advocacy on core values and some principles of independent advocacy. They entail self awareness, respect, equality, openness and stereotyping. On the other hand, other advocacy principles have gone through changes due to progresses in the community. These areas include to equal opportunities, business planning, evaluation procedures, equality and diversity strategies. In the Global South, the rise of social and resistance movements is not a new notion. These movements grow daily in numbers, in Africa, Central and South America, Caribbean, Europe, South East Asia, and South Asia. The movements target activism, advocacy and grassroots, capacity building for advocacy among the locals for the aim of creating critical analysis, and emphasising detailed discussions on national and global policies. Their task targets to lessen effects of globalisation, neoliberalism, and militarisation. Participants of this movement are mainly environmentalist, small-scale farmers and producers, peasants, rural women, youths, and casual labourers in the agricultural sector. Social and resistance movements always bear clear goals and objectives. Such goals and objectives include advocating for food sovereignty, solidarity among peasants, breaking structures of political and economic institutions that inflict stress to the weak in society, coming up with structures and institutions for liberating, promoting peace and demilitarisation, reducing conflicts, and advocating for solidarity among farmer organisation. Examples of resistance social movements in the Global South are Via Campesina; mainly concern with matters of agriculture commonly referred to as Family Farmers International, Focus on the Global South, People’s Global Action; movement constituting youths, Jubilee 2000; created for relieving debts, Friends of the Earth; movement for environmentalist. Theoretical approaches on social and resistance movements Rational choice theory This theory focuses on comprehending social and economic behaviour among individuals. It states that both material and none material incentives drive people to engage in mass actions. Individuals believe in the increased rewards that accompany mass action and penalise those refraining from taking part in collective actions due to lack of personal benefits. Here, free-riders would like to take advantage of the mass but do not take part in the mass action (Olson, 1965). In movements and advocacy organisations that are active in the Global South, millions participate with clear missions and objectives in mind. They are aware of the incentives that come with participating in these movements such as justice promotion, change and protection of their livelihoods, cultures, values, as well as community interests. Members of the Via Campesina organisation, a prominent movement in the Global South comprising of indigenous communities, rural women, small scale famers, and agricultural workers enjoy the movement’s advocacy. They enjoy the right of producing food in their own territory, protection of farmers’ seeds, campaigns of ending brutality against women, as well as worldwide campaign for agrarian improvement. The concept of freeriding does not directly pinpoint an individual’s mental functioning. It focuses on the different manifestations of motivation. Freeriding concept creates a logical, reasonable, and normal person to give in to other people’s action for social advantage of both self and other parties. These clearly show people’s perception on self-satisfaction to the well-being or utility of others; thus, peolpe support such movements in order to maximise self gains first and then for society as a whole. Resource mobilisation theory Theorists such as McCarthy and Zald developed resource mobilisation theory in order to explain mobilisation of individuals to help achieve the goals of a movement (McCarthy and Zald, 1977). They noted that freeriding offered opportunities for people to participate in social movement as a result of motivation, cost and benefit, as well as career benefits (Gamson, 1990). Consequently, people participate in social movement for personal resource gains than collective goals. Marwell, and Oliver, 1992 state that resources are the catalyst for mobilisation than social protests (Marwell and Oliver, 1992). These resources include money, offices, communication equipment, volunteer time, media attention, and alliances with those in power. This theory presents participants as reasonable and only act if benefit outweighs costs (Gamson, 1990). In Latin America countries for instance, the social movements mobilise people against free trade, protection of natural resources privatisation and militarisation. Other movements e.g. those based in Middle East are against wars and demand for termination of privatisation of energy resources, and removal of foreign troops from Iraq. Majorities of these movements active in the global south call for human rights, end of violence, and torture. They are also against all forms of racism, homophobic violence, and tirelessly put on permanent fight for feminist struggle for equality. In pursuit of resource mobilisation, these social movements have successfully managed to protect the small farmers and peasant through rejecting the sale of seeds to large-scale farmers as well as opposing the use of seeds created with terminator technology. They also advocate tirelessly for the public right to education financed through the state. Social movements Habermas observes that social movements depend on socially unaccepted and radical movement methods in enhancing self-reliance and self-determination. Still, they have varieties of unrecognised networks (Habermas, 1990). In other words, they lack centralisation (Rutch, 1998; Melucci, 1996). Social movements rise due to the need of realising changes, promote consciousness among members of society, reinforce identity, and change social relationship in society. Social movements exist as part of community structures, as procedures, practices and strategies to transform community relations and behaviour patterns in order to enhance growth, resources allocation, redistribution, and control of social power and community statuses and resources. Thus, social movements exist as a collective bargaining tool that strives at enhancing a noble cause or creating a social change in society. Researchers who have dwelt on New Social Movements concur that social movement originates out of the desire to challenge and provide alternative to inactive labour movements (Rutch, 1998; Melucci, 1996, Habermas, 1990). Social movement concerns itself with emerging challenges in society, such as protests about consequences of capitalism, environmental degradation, social injustices and advocacy for the rights of women and children. Many authors believe that social movements change materialism and shift between left and right (Rutch, 1998; Melucci, 1996, Habermas, 1990). This is the notion of value shift hypothesis. The current views of value shift hypothesis concentrate on modern models of society such as the post-development society, information age society, and advanced capitalism among others. Elements of social changes such as social, economical, and political, are what theorists use in explaining the concept of value shift hypothesis. These factors change society over a period of time (Inglehart, 1990). The approach of social movement theories from Marxist point of view reveals that social actions emanated from economic changes of the capitalist exploitation and class reductionism. This implies that creation of class system has it origin in the process of production that views most participants as a part of social movements and economic protests. These are marginalised workers with a collective action but not a part of revolutions. There is a paradigm shift to emerging trends whereby the new social movements highlight new political, ideological, cultural, identity developments as a basis of collective actions. Strategies in advocacy We can refer to strategies in advocacy as long-term, multi-featured approach that mainly cover different and diverse tactics that advocates or activists consider suitable in a context for achieving a given resource, objectives, social and economic transformation. Moyer notes that several activists prefer focusing mainly on tactics that may not help them achieve their goals (Moyer, 1990). He further argues that tactics methods apply the use of normal media system. These activists do this hoping the media channels will air their concerns to relevant authorities. Consequently, preferred solutions and actions or policy changes occur. However, these approaches have proved ineffective in fighting for social changes. As a result of this, many strategies have emerged to support social movements and advocacy. The traditional models and strategies of advocacy came in two forms. These included self advocacy and one to one advocacy. They were all equal in value and served specific needs (Moyer et al, 2001). Advocacy is a change process that promotes interests of clients, cases, or a community, or a cause or ideal that involves directed, purposive, and intentional change. Advocacy change strategies can vary widely, from direct social action and political action through education and consciousness raising. Hardcastle notes that advocacy and social action are strategies for achieving a given goal (Hardcastle, 2011). Progressive professionals such as Via Campesina, the Focus on Global South, Centre for Third World Organisation, Jubilee 2000, and other concerned citizens use social movement strategies in order to change the status quo. Advocacy can be micro, such as self and individual, client and case, and group advocacy, or macro, concerned with institutional and social cause advocacy. Cause or class advocacy is a form of social action and may be a part of a social movement. These concepts (cause or class advocacy) are the same. There are varieties of techniques used by social workers engaged in advocacy and social reform. In addition, the new communication and information technologies greatly expand the audience for and participants engaged in advocacy. The main difference is that case or individual advocacy, while often leading to larger social action, have individual approach rather than intentionally seeking larger social change. The old approaches in advocacy included group collective advocacy, issue-based advocacy and self advocacy. There are also certain forms of advocacy, such as peer advocacy in which all participants share same values and experiences, citizen advocacy whereby members struggle for the rights and privileges of the marginalised people. We also have non-instructed advocacy in which people are free to express their opinions. However, some forms of advocacy have also come up. These may include advocacy through legal experts, religious bodies, workers unions, self-help group, and virtual advocacy among others. These groups are not radical in their approaches and have not fully embraced the title of advocacy. Group advocacy as a strategy in advocacy may originate from other approaches such as case advocacy. Group advocacy is mainly part of a large fight, or a proceeding a social or community movement. Group advocacy is useful in aiding the community acquire awareness and knowledge and skills for self and community struggles for social justice. It is necessary to note that a group advocacy may start with an individual and gradually grows to include other members of the society. For example, Via Campesina advocates for the Global South farmers as individuals. However, it ends up fighting for land rights of the entire community as is the case today where land-grabbing advocacy covers several countries of the Global South such Congo, Brazil, Italy, Indonesia, and Mozambique among others. Occasionally, advocates operate on behalf of scattered individuals who have never met. This is the macro advocacy modalities. In either case, the advocate must get to know each individual, and members of the group, articulate the group situations as the process proceeds, and must be accountable to them. In these cases, most members cannot easily air their grievances. Thus, the advocate has to work through ethical and authority issues. Advocates who represent groups with inarticulate and passive members must consider all the various sub-interests within the group. Otherwise, only members who are present and articulate their issues will succeed. When members of the Global South want to fight discrimination, land rights or economic hardship, the practitioner-advocate must fully inform the group of any potential risks, and then encourage the group’s self-determination and follow its lead. This is the best method to advocacy where masses participate. Community advocacy can take many forms and bridge the gap that exists between the micro and macro advocacy approaches. Community advocacy strategy needs community consciousness awareness and public education regarding methods of challenging unfavourable conditions. Most community advocacies occur as a result of demoralising conditions, conditions that cause marginalisation, anger or harm a section or the entire community. Firstly, the advocate might organise activities that enhance or sustain the quality and welfare of the community. Emerging towns in the Global South surrounded by farms or ranches can have street festivals or fairs that attempt to promote social inclusion among them. These occasions provide opportunities for enhance their social developments and solve their problems. Secondly, community advocacy often involves efforts to maintain the status quo for a community resisting the waves of modernity. In some areas, there is advocacy for zoning ordinances, for restrictions on development. For instance, Via Campesina has been resisting the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). It argues that the programme does not “significantly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, although it does open the door to the privatization of land, and also rewards polluters, and threatens national sovereignty and the survival of indigenous communities” (Angus, 2010). Thirdly, advocates may demand public access to resources. This is the case in which Via Campesina has noted that peasants are losing their access to land and other natural resources to capitalists. Thus, the organisation is advocating for protection of peasantry. Fourthly, advocates strive to become accountable to the community. Social movements want to account for inequality such as land rights, gender, and food scarcity that exist in society. Successful social movements result in social inclusion that provides community citizens with justice and dignity. Political leaders and elected city officials and managers can serve as, and often are, community advocates. Virtual advocacy, or more accurately the use of the Internet to advocate, is a widespread and growing phenomenon among social movement groups. Advocacy groups such as the Focus on Global South, Via Campesina and Jubilee 2000, among others can rally their supporters to e-mail political policymakers and provide the supporters with links to the decision makers’ e-mail boxes. This strategy has worked well for MoveOn.org for what it labels virtual marches on Washington and Wall Street, as well as massive e-mail campaigns. Virtual advocacy involves the use of blogs for posting any cause, issue, or candidate. Hardcastle notes that people can use blogs for public education, persuasion, social marketing, developing virtual networks and mailing lists, and rallying and communicating with supporters. Other authors observe that people can widely use blogs in political campaigns to generate money and voter support. When combined with Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and the other networking sites, virtual advocacy has the potential to be powerful (Hardcastle, 2011). The challenge is to break through the clutter and not become spam or end up at the bottom of the list of sites. This will require a hit strategy and links with a variety of other sites. Hardcastle points out that virtual advocacy have not been rigorously evaluated (Hardcastle, 2011). Social movement groups and politicians have extensively used virtual advocacy for various purposes. In any case, as with the other components of community practice, it is a crucial skill for advocacy. Butcher notes that the strategy of internal change in society enhances authority and effectiveness for new social movements (Butcher, 2007). Conversely, trends and elements like bribery and self-interest in social movements may inhibit participation of people in advocacy. Thus, the main purpose of social action is raising awareness of issues to provide opportunities for action systems (Butcher, 2007). As per Gamson, there are mainly three collective action models that enhance social action (Gamson, 1990). These include injustice, political process and collective action in society. Advocates use these frames or mode as a basis of justification for their social actions. He further notes that injustice element in society consists of moral unfairness that happens mainly in political situations. He observes that most agencies believe in taking action through a collective social action. Thus, the main reason for advocacy is to counteract unfavourable social changes in society (Hardcastle, 2011). Studies in collective social action show that social actions vital concern is to hold people who have power accountable (Hardcastle, 2011). The belief is that social movements enhance insurgency, reform movements, and reforms. They know that modern social actions rely on modern forms of communication such as the Internet and, social media platforms, as well as other methods of campaigning aimed at achieving the desired reforms. This differs with traditional forms of advocacy where limited availability of resources and technology negatively influenced their efforts. Advocates use social action globally with strategies of demonstrations and protests for various reasons. For instance, in Africa and other parts of the Global South, farmers have demonstrated against land-grabbing using social action for fighting for land rights whereas in developed nations, social movements have condemned unfavourable corporate and political globalisation actions. We can see the use of social actions on the streets, media, and Internet among other channels. These approaches function best to enhance social changes and incremental reforms necessary in society (Hardcastle, 2011). The social changes aim at redistributing community resources and social power among the masses. This redistribution of resources has promoted developments in post apartheid South Africa particularly in low income areas. Systems Advocacy and Change Individual, state, national and regional economic investment and boycotts are effective tools for system change. For example, making socially responsible domestic investments or conducting boycotts can help develop grassroots, community-oriented, and self-help organizations. System changes approaches through using various means such as mass protests, strikes, and demonstrations proved effective in the Civil Rights struggle of Americans in the 1960s, and war against apartheid in South African and now in most countries of the Global South. Organisations such as Jubilee 2000, Via Campesina and others have attempted on several occasions change the world at various levels such as communities, national and international levels by transforming various societal systems, such as the economic system, the patriarchal family system, and gender roles. These attempts indicate that society desires such changes. However, main challenges to the social order take longer than expected. Individual advocates are crucial in social movements for change. Some of the prominent figures who have achieved social changes through advocacy include Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela among others. Today, people enjoy the sacrifices such leaders made in the past to enhance social equalities. Goodwyn captures what is fundamental about social movements and change endeavours to the people who are part of them (Goodwyn, 1978). Goodwyn refers to populism as a source of self-worth and self-education in social movements. These words describe the aims of many of today’s movements and embryo political parties. Today’s protestors resist the latest version of a giant industrial engine (capitalism and its consequences). Globalisation and extreme poverty have become part of the public debate because of the insistence of advocates for systems change. These are some of the aspects (negative aspects of globalisation) that global social movements have tried to resist. Large-scale social movements and quests for changes often have scopes of reaching into community advocacy, political advocacy, and systems change. Women’s social movements and quests for equal opportunities in societies are excellent cases of large-scales social movements. Women have attempted several approaches to achieve equal representation but with minimal results. They then turned back to their communities and outward to larger systems, seeking other types of equality in terms of jobs, education, insurance rates, and even public sanction regarding the sharing of domestic chores. Most social movements have made fundamental gains in some areas such as respect for human rights, equal opportunities and representation, there are still existing setbacks in communities. These setbacks stem from institutions, and other forms of emerging social trends. The gains made are uneven. However, progress continues. Social movements have resulted into situations whereby we have ethnic minorities, women, and gays in public offices. Why advocacy may fail Research works indicate that advocates who mainly use tactics, such as relying on the media to air the grievances and individual approaches rarely get their desired outcomes or goals (Moyer, 2009; Hardcastle, 2011). The main reason why advocacy may fail is the lack of sufficient information. Thus, it is necessary for advocates to have sufficient information to support a campaign agenda. In addition, advocates must have the necessary advocacy skills and practical knowledge for effective campaign management. Lack of interpersonal relationship skills may also affect the outcome of social movement (Shields, 2009). Advocacy may also not succeed due opponents’ propaganda, deceptions, and bribes. There are cases where advocates may have vested interest and negatively affect the outcome of a movement. Bribes usually inhibit the ability or desire to acts among the advocates (Freddolino and Moxley, 1994). The social and labour movements of the 1960s did not create a base of individuals with the wide range of interests, and achieve results beyond the local level. Instead, these movements put their efforts on issues people could easily defend without support. At the same time, majorities of the leaders did not pay attention to main issues their constituents experienced. Advocacy may also fail due to lack of progressive strategies. This is mainly due to lack of necessary skills in the dynamic field of social issues. Advocates should learn from past experiences and take lessons from previous actions. Scholars also note that some social movements fail to address ideologies (Freddolino and Moxley, 1994). The inability to focus on necessary issues have affected rendered some social movement organisation irrelevant. These factors undermine initiation of any movement to create a change in society because of disfranchised communities. This means that modern forms of advocacy rely on issues rather than the use of traditional approaches to advocacy. Effectiveness of organisations advocating for communities Organisations advocating for communities have played a critical role in bringing changes to the lives of individuals in the Global South as compared to individual advocacy. In the global south, Via Campesina, an international organisation has fought endlessly for the protection of peasant farmers through protecting the native seed and objecting the sale and use of seeds created harmful technology. Conclusion This work shows that advocacy trends have undergone significant changes, and new methods of advocacies, such as virtual advocacy, and systems changes among others are evolving. However, action-charged tactics that characterised old advocacies strategies are losing sense of relevant in modern society. Activists are relying on social networks, new knowledge and skills, and modern advocacy strategies to induce social changes. However, traditional forms of advocacies are the foundation of modern advocacy strategies. Social changes achieved through advocacy takes time with regard to prevailing political, socioeconomic, and cultural consequences of changes in the community. Impacts of such changes determine how advocacy and social movements for change manifest themselves and the subsequent reactions for achieving the preferred changes in society. Scholars’ review of youth empowerment programmes concluded that uniting youths to work together in social action is an essential component of community building, and addressed skills in development at both the individual and group levels (Hardcastle, 2011). Engaging in community organising and critically examining community issues provide young people with the experience, self-efficacy, and social connections to continue to work for community-based change. There are also other radical strategies such as structural and system change advocacy. Habermas notes that structural and system changes advocacy are fundamental with regard to terms of ends sought, ideologically driven and revolutionary than others forms of advocacies, which focus on an individual’s rights and interests (Habermas, 1990). It can be promoted by either the political left or going on to provide for adequate facilities for the entire community. Many systems affect individuals and society in general, and advocacy systems want to be able to influence them. Those who would transform themselves and their environment must be able to construct a vision and convince policymakers on how the community can be. Transformative structural and systems change results in profound alteration or revitalisation of society. However, these are systematic changes that must take time to have significant consequences on the masses. Societies can change peacefully or violently though with slow steps towards their goals. We have witnessed how the American civil rights movement transformed American society. We could not imagine a black president in the US or a woman president in Africa in the 1960s. Some forms of these transformations were not imaginable in the 1960s. However, today, they have become reality due to the civil right movements, social changes and advocacy strategies. This demonstrates that strong forms of advocacies are fundamental tools in fighting for the rights of community in order to enhance development. Manifestations of changes achieved through modern forms of advocacies make members of marginal and invisible groups more central and visible, address social isolation and disenfranchisement, link individuals to social resources, and contribute to their social capital, and promote empowerment, confidence, and optimism. Reference List Angus, I 2010, La Vía Campesina: Foil the carbon market plan , < https://climateandcapitalism.com/2010/12/06/la-via-campesina-foil-the-carbon-market-plan/ > Butcher, H 2007, Critical community practice, The Policy Press Bristol, UK. Freddolino, P and Moxley, D 1994, A differential model of advocacy in social work practice, Basic Books, New York. Gamson, W 1990, The strategy of social protest, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Goodwyn, L 1978, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America, Oxford University Press, Cambridge. Habermas, J 1990, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Hardcastle, D 2011 Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers, 3rd ed , Oxford University Press, Inc, New York. Inglehart, R 1990, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Marwell, G and Oliver, P 1992, Resource Mobilisation Theory and the Study of Social Movements, Routledge, New York. McCarthy, DJ and Zald, NM 1977, ‘Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 82, pp. 1212-1241. Melucci, A 1996, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Moyer, B 1990, The Practical Strategist: Movement Action Plan (MAP) Strategic Theories for Evaluating, Planning and Conducting Social Movements, Social Movement Empowerment Project, San Francisco. Moyer, B, McAllister, J, Finley, M, and Soifer, S 2001, Doing democracy: The map model for organizing social movements, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC. Olson, M 1965, The Logic of Collective Action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Rutch, D 1998, The Strategies and Action Repertoires of New Social Movements, Polity Press, Cambridge. Shields, J 2009, Development of the Policy Advocacy Behavior Scale, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The acquisition of a language is a situation whereby a person, specifically one who is exposed to the language to be acquired is exposed to that language. It can either happen in a natural set up where the target language is used and that the learner of this language acquires it by mere exposure to that language (Ellis, 1994), or in a formal set up where the language is to be taught to the learner and he or she is introduced to the rules and ‘tools of trade

The acquisition of a language is a situation whereby a person, specifically one who is exposed to the language to be acquired is exposed to that language. It can either happen in a natural set up where the target language is used and that the learner of this language acquires it by mere exposure to that language (Ellis, 1994), or in a formal set up where the language is to be taught to the learner and he or she is introduced to the rules and ‘tools of trade

Acquisition of a language Essay Acquisition of a language is a situation whereby a person, specifically one who is exposed to the language to be acquired is exposed to that language. It can either happen in a natural set up where the target language is used and that the learner of this language acquires it by mere exposure to that language (Ellis, 1994), or in a formal set up where the language is to be taught to the learner and he or she is introduced to the rules and ‘tools of trade’ of the language, for instance, when a learner is born in a certain environment, for example an English family, and the language of communication is English, then the learner’s first language is English (Ellis 1985), but when another language comes up such as French, and the child is under circumstance that he or she has to learn French, then French will come in as a second language. The environments of acquiring both languages will be different and therefore after acquiring the first language, acquisition of the second language can either be simplified or made harder. The second language can either borrow from the first language or not borrow at all; therefore the first language will have played a role either positively or negatively in the second language acquisition process (Gass & Selinker, 2001). Second language acquisition entails the acquisition of a language after the first language also known as the native language. The first language is considered the language that one acquires first as the mode of communication. This language is always thought to be an individual’s mother tongue. Any language that comes after the first language is then referred to as the second language, which is essentially the language that opens an individual to the outside world or rather to communicate with people outside his or her native background. Most often than not, an individual’s background can be traced using the (Gass & Selinker, 2001) accent that he or she has in her foreign language as his or her second language accent can easily contain traces of his or her first language. It is therefore the case that first language can have both positive and negative effects on an individual (Ellis, 1985). The second language can be easy to learn if there are some similarities between it and the first language. It is always the case that a French speaker can easily learn English as his or her second language because of the few similarities between the two languages, but a speaker of Chinese can find it a bit hard to learn English because there is a wide gap in terms of differences between the two languages (Gass &Selinker, 1992). There will be more interference experienced (Ellis, 1994) from the Chinese language because of the difference in pronunciation than it will be the case with French. It is therefore believed that similarities and differences in various languages play a significant role in the acquisition of the second language, the more the differences, the difficult it is to acquire the second language but the less the differences, the more easy it is to learn the second language (Gass & Selinker 2001). Second language acquisition will be interrupted by the first language in a situation whereby the first language dominates much more in its usage than the second language. Whenever the first language gets more prevalence, then it is most probable that the use of the second language is minimal. Practice makes perfect and therefore if the language acquired as a second language will find it as a challenge when the learner uses the first language more often because the learner finds it more comfortable to use the first language, then it will be hard reaching the target language. Therefore the first language will have stood in the way of the learning of the second language and therefore its acquisition hindered. The first language will have stood on the way in the learning of the second language. Errors can come up in the acquisition of the second language because of the interference caused by the first language (Dulay & Krashen, 1982). Most of these errors are caused by transfer of forms and meanings by a learner from their first language into the second language. This is evident in practical measures when a learner wants to make it easier to understand a notion that is found in the second language that is almost similar to that found in the native language (Dulay & Krashen, 1982). Most errors are always linked to the first language caused by transfer. In the acquisition of the second language, the learner either consciously or unconsciously finds himself or herself transferring rules from his or her first language into the second language. These rules May affect the acquisition of the second language either positively or negatively (Dulay & Krashen, 1982) As propagated by the behaviorist theory that language learning is a process of habit formation (Gass & Selinker, 1992) whereby old habits from the first language are thought to stand in the way of the learning of the new habits found in the second language, this is referred to as negative transfer. This will in the wider picture lead into the formation of errors. According to behaviorists therefore old habits that will have been formed in the learning of the first language contribute greatly in the learning of the second language and in as much as in the behaviorist context this will lead to formation of errors and it is evident therefore that there is a significant role played by the first language in the learning of the second language. At times, the habits from the first language help the learning of the second language and make it easier because the contribution of the first language could have been strengthened the values found in the second language, this is called positive transfer. It is therefore true that the first language has a significant role in the learning of the second language. Second language learners may in some circumstances exhibit habitual avoidance of some constructions in the second language due to the differences exhibited therein from their first language (Beebe, 1998). From their first language, second language learners will tend to concentrate largely on discourse or grammatical forms that do not pose problems with their first language. Those that show a wide margin of difference will therefore be avoided in order to make it easy for acquisition of the second language, which is as per the learners. But avoidance of these constructions is in the long run attributed to the interferences of the first language. Avoidance of the constructions that deem hard can affect the acquisition of the second language by the mere fact that the constructions that are avoided can cause major grammatical errors in the acquired language. These errors caused by transfer can seriously harm the acquisition of the second language. In view of the cognitive approach to second language learning, the learners are thought to creatively use the knowledge that they already have from the first language so as to learn the second language on their own with minimal supervision. This is done by the learners coming up with patterns that are of their own making, making use of the underlying rules they borrow from the first language. After formulating the rules they then try to fit them in the second language, if they are not relevant they rectify them and if they are applicable then they will have achieved in the learning of the second language. The learners therefore will have learnt from their own mistakes because partly they hold an active role in the learning process. They will be in a position to learn on their own and acquire firsthand knowledge of the second language courtesy of the first language knowledge they will have had. Rules from their first language will have played a significant role in the general outcome of the second language learning. The learning processes of both the first language and the second language are always not the same, because the first language always comes first and in a natural setting, the second language comes later and in most cases in a more formal setting but if it occurs in a natural setting the mechanisms used in its learning are not always the same (Sharwood 1994). Whereas the acquisition of competence in the first language comes at relatively faster rate, those standards of the second language are relatively slow unless it happens in a relatively faster learner. More often than not, when a learner gets exposed to the second language at a relatively young age, and incase the first language is not in constant use, the first language stands a chance of being dropped along the way because new rules of the new language tend to overshadow those of the first language. But in case of comparison of both rules and applying them in the acquisition, then it is quite evident that both languages will have complemented each other (Sharwood, 1994). When looking at the linguistic word order in a language, more often than not the first language affects the second language (Gass & Selinker, 1992). For instance in English, there is the ‘subject-verb-object’ agreement in word order in a grammatically correct sentence but for an English learner it may not be the case that his or her first language could be having this same word order. In acquiring English as the second language, the learner will find it convenient using the word order of the native language ignoring that of the second language (English). This is always the case when considering the theory of overgeneralization where the second language learner over generalizes, specifically the rules acquired from the first language. This can be considered as a type of simplification that aids the learner in understanding and acquiring the second language. The first language will have therefore played a significant role in simplifying second language rules. Though this can be seen as interference from the first language, the end result is this will have aided in the understanding and acquisition of the second language by the learner. Learners of English as a second language, most significantly French learners will in a way change the rhythm in English because their first language, that is French allows. The distortion of the language is mainly caused by use of words that could not be having the meaning they intend to pass across, for instance the misplacement of the word ‘for’ with a word like ‘since’. An example in a sentence is, “I have been living here for the last four years and instead use “I have been living here since four years”. This is a case of syntactic borrowing from the first language into the acquisition of the second language (Gass &Selinker, 1992) On the basis of the first language, it is easy to detect areas of the study of the second language that will be of difficulty to the second language learner and those that will not be difficult (Ellis, 1994). The underlying factor is for the second language learner to understand the finer details of the language, so that a line is drawn between the first language and the second language (Gass & Schachter, 1989). One needs to invent a mechanism that can help avoid the kind of confusion that can arise as a result of errors that arise through overgeneralization and transfer. It is evident that some errors realized in the acquisition of the second language are as a result of the first language influence. Therefore a line needs to be drawn between the rules of the second language and the native language. Accents are usually carried by the leaner from their fist language into the learning of the second language. In this case, a learner will always tend to pronounce sounds in the second language as if they were in their first language (Gass &Selinker, 1992). This can be seen in languages that share particular words even though the meaning and pronunciation could be different. This can be seen for example to be in existence among French and English languages. The learners of either of these two languages may find themselves carrying the accents of either of the languages into the other. This will happen if one language comes after the other as a second language. Therefore borrowing of accent from the first language can always be traced if the native speaker competence of the second language is not achieved (Gass & Selinker, 1992). Thus, this leads to the passing judgment on the origins of an individual through this particular individual’s accents. In the field of second language acquisition, it is always the case that the learner of the second language achieves the status of being able to communicate with people outside his or her native boundaries of the native language. But at times the second language speaker may find it difficult to get the right words with which to communicate with the speakers of the second language. This learner will find himself or herself using first language phrases in order to pass a point or rather to say what he or she intended to say (Gass & Selinker, 1992). In most cases this is accompanied by signs and gestures which will aid the listener in understanding what the reader intends to say. This helps in the expression of oneself in the language that one is well equipped in but with accompaniment of body language, then he or she is well understood. For instance, when one finds it hard to use the word university in the acquired language and has got that word in his or her first language, then with aid of the first language together with facial and other extra linguistic devices, the whole meaning will have been arrived at. During encoding and decoding of messages, most second language learners find it easy encoding it and giving the messages their own interpretations in their first languages and thereafter find the suitable words to employ in the second language. This is so because before one gives a response, he or she needs to internalize the encoded message after which he or she needs to decode the message. Apparently before a response is given many processes do take place which in return contributes to the communication cycle to be complete (Gass & Selinker, 1992). The second language in itself cannot be sufficient if the learner has not yet acquired all the vocabularies that aid good communication, before the learner acquires second language competence it is therefore always the case that the first language is helpful. In case the learner does not get the right vocabulary, then he or she can decode the message in the first language after which it can be given an interpretation that is required in the second language. The use of the first language, in as much as the initial studies posed as a hindrance to the acquisition of the second language serves as a measure that bridges the gap left by lack of the right words in the second language, but it is this same first language that will serve as a ‘bank’ where borrowing of words takes place to aid encoding and decoding of information for easy communication. Some linguists view the first language as less important in the acquisition of the second language and that instead of being a positive factor in second language acquisition; the first language seems less important (Beebe, 1998). If just left aside, as a major factor that contributes positively to the acquisition of the second language, then an individual’s fist language will have been done harm, this will be seen as means of killing the first language after the acquisition of the second language (Gass & Schachter, 1989). It is therefore wise to see the acquisition of these two languages as complex but equal processes that needs reinforcement in either way. The underlying factor in this case, at all levels and stages of the acquisition of both first and second language acquisition, both of the two languages need each other. It should be noted that both the first and the second language complement and need each other (Beebe, 1998). Any language of the world plays the role of communication and expressing oneself so as to be understood and to understand other members of society. The acquisition of a second language in the natural environment of the first language can see the first language being used in making incorrect assumptions concerning the second language but that notwithstanding (Gass & Schachter, 1989), it can be used in making the acquisition of the second language a lot easier. Both of these two languages need each other in a healthy way in order to strengthen each other, one way nit to make the first language distinct and secondly to make the second language helpful in aiding the first language speakers open up to the outside world of communication References Beebe, L.M. (1988). Issues in Second Language Acquisition: Multiple Perspectives . New York. Newbury House Publishers. Ed. Dulay, H., Burt, M. & Krashen, S. (1982). Errors. Language Two . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ellis, R. (1985). Learner Strategies. Understanding Second Language Acquisition . Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 164-189 Ellis, R. (1994).The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford. Oxford University. Gass, S. & Schachter, J. (1989). Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition . Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Eds. Gass, S. & Selinker, L. (1992). Language Transfer in Language Learning . New York, Routledge. Gass, S. & Selinker, L. (2001). Second Language Acquisition: An introductory course . New York. Routledge. Sharwood S. (1994). A quick tour around, Second Language Learning: Theoretical Foundations . London: Longman. pp. 3-21.

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Write an essay about: This paper focused on the market, industry and the marketing strategies employed by WhThis paper focused on the market, industry and the marketing strategies employed by Whole Foods. The company has been involved with a lot of mergers and acquisitions since it started its operations. In fact, much of the company's growth has been achieved through the acquisitions and mergers.

This paper focused on the market, industry and the marketing strategies employed by Wh This paper focused on the market, industry and the marketing strategies employed by Whole Foods. The company has been involved with a lot of mergers and acquisitions since it started its operations. In fact, much of the company's growth has been achieved through the acquisitions and mergers.

Acquisition Strategies: Identification and Analysis Essay Whole Foods, is a natural and organic food retailer, which was started its operations in 1980, in Austin, Texas. It is now the largest natural and organic foods retailer in the world, and has stores in the United Kingdom and throughout North America. The company has been involved with a lot of mergers and acquisitions since it started its operations. In fact, much of the company’s growth has been achieved through the acquisitions and mergers. The company developed this strategy in order to expand its market, since the companies they have partnered with, are spread in many parts of the world. Initially, the company was called SafeWay, and it was founded by John Mackey and Rene Lawson Hardy. After running for about 2 years, SaferWay merged with Clarksville Natural Grocery, which resulted to the establishment of the Whole Foods Market in 1980. Since then, the company has been extensively employing this strategy, and it has formed mergers with companies such as Wild Oats© Markets, Fresh & Wild, Select Fish, Harry’s Farmers Market, Food for Thought, Nature’s Heartland, WholePeople.com, Allegro Coffee, Merchant of Vino, Amrion, Bread of Life, Fresh Fields, Mrs. Gooch’s, Bread & Circus, and Wellspring Grocery. This paper will focus on the market, industry and the marketing strategies employed by Whole Foods. Discussion This retail company operates in the food industry. This is an industry which mostly depends on agriculture. In other words, agriculture is the key source of products in the industry which Whole Foods operates in; hence changes in climatic conditions directly affect the industry. The type of market structure in this industry is a rapid growth structure. This is because the use of organic food products is on the increase in the modern world, as people are increasingly being affected by foods that contain chemicals. Due to this, many people want natural foods and this is why the market for the industry in which this firm operates in, is experiencing rapid growth (Kotler & Keller, 2009). The change agents in this industry include societal/demographic trends and technological trends. When demographic trends change, the food industry is affected because changes in perception and way of life are directly related to food consumption. Technological changes also affect the food industry because they affect production, quality and distribution of food products, hence directly affecting the food industry market. Threat of new competition There are many firms selling organic food products such as Wal-Mart, Trader Joe’s and Safeway among others. Therefore, Whole Foods faces a threat of new competition as these competitors are constantly employing modern technology to outdo each other in the foods market. Due to the increasing demand for natural and organic foods, the foods market is growing rapidly and this may facilitate entry of more new firms into the industry, which will further increase the competition for Whole Foods (Joshi, 2005). Threat of substitute products or services There are many substitute products for Tartar sauce and Tropical fruit blend among others. The natural environment offers some substitutes to these products and so, an increase in these substitutes will definitely affect the market of Whole Foods. Changes in demographic trends may also offer more substitutes to the products sold by Whole Foods, hence affecting the firm’s market (Mercer, 1996). Bargaining power of customers (buyers) Many companies appreciate the bargaining power of customers by reducing prices to favor the customers. Different customers from different geographic locations have varying bargaining powers, and this affects the profits of the companies. Change in social trends; affect the bargaining power of customers for the organic food products sold by Whole Foods and other organic food retailers (Paliwoda & Ryans, 2008). Bargaining power of suppliers Changes in technology may affect the bargaining power of suppliers in this industry. If some suppliers of raw materials advance in technology more than others, many firms in the industry will start working with the advanced suppliers. This increase in demand with limited supply, will increase the supplier’s bargaining power, hence leading to an increase in the prices of the raw materials. This will in turn lead to an increase in the final products by the firm, which will subsequently affect the market structure, situation and competitiveness in the industry (Hill & Jones, 2009). Intensity of competitive rivalry Changes in technology affect the intensity of competitive rivalry. If a company in the food industry employs advanced technology in marketing its products, it increases competition in the food industry, as more firms in the industry will be trying to counter this advancement. If the intensity of competitive rivalry increases, prices reduce and quality improves. This in turn makes the market more segmented (Ahlstrom & Bruton, 2009). The firm employs a differentiation strategy in marketing its products. This is because it tries to make each product unique, which differentiates it from products of other retailers such as Wal-Mart. Changes in technology affect product differentiation in that; advanced technologies are used to make products more differentiated and unique, which in turn helps in marketing the products (Henry, 2008). Demographic changes also affect product differentiation, in that people from different areas and cultural backgrounds; have their own tastes and preferences, and firms try to differentiate products based on the target market. Differentiation of Whole Foods products is mostly focused on ingredients and appearance, which is a good differentiation strategy, because these are the things which customers for food products consider first. With this strategy, it can survive in any new environment because universally, customers for food products first consider the ingredients and the appearance/branding. Since the competitors of Whole Foods such as Wal-Mart are large, the company tries to lower the prices of its products, so as to effectively survive in the highly competitive environment (Burgers, 2008). References Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G. D. (2009). International management: strategy and culture in the emerging world. London: Cengage Learning. Burgers, W. (2008). Marketing revealed . London: Palgrave Macmillan. Henry, A. (2008). Understanding strategic management . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hill, C., & Jones, G. (2009). Strategic management theory: an integrated approach . London: Cengage Learning. Joshi, R. M. (2005). International marketing . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. (2009). A framework for marketing management . New Jersey: Pearson Prentice. Mercer, D. (1996). Marketing . New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Paliwoda, S. J., & Ryans, J. K. (2008). Back to first principles. International Marketing , 25.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Business ethics is the study of moral standards that govern decent and acceptable behavior in the business world. It is also concerned with the behavior of people and the organization at large.

Business ethics is the study of moral standards that govern decent and acceptable behavior in the business world. It is also concerned with the behavior of people and the organization at large.

Activities of Business Ethics Essay Introduction Ethics can be described as the standards that govern decent and acceptable behavior. Business ethics is a kind of specialized or applied ethics, which assesses ethical standards and moral issues that emerge in a business setting. Business ethics relates to all facets of business and it is also significant to the behavior of people and the organization at large. Business ethics focuses on new or controversial trends and aspects that the society and business approve. It illustrates business philosophy, which aims at actualizing the basic goals of business. Specific business ethics varies and applies to interaction with customers and the society at large. Business ethics characteristically involves five types of activities. This paper sets to examine and detail each of these activities. Activities of Business Ethics A typical activity of business ethics includes the effective employment of universal ethical principles to specific activities and instances in business. This is made possible by adequate understanding of universal ethical standards, ability to recognize how universal ethical standards are applied in the business environment, knowledge and understanding of principal controversial matters in business ethics, and examine the advantages and disadvantages of controversial business choice and conclusions from an ethical point of view. The attempt to analytically examine normative ethics is also an activity of business ethics. Normative ethics develops the provision of descriptive ethics and also makes efforts to provide and defend a comprehensible moral system grounded on it. Descriptive ethics involves the study and description of the society, individuals or culture morality, relates and compares the distinct ethical systems, as well as beliefs and codes, and makes available essential materials that normative ethics is responsible for. Metaethics – the investigation of the meaning and origination of ethical principles is a typical activity of business ethics. This activity of business ethics centers on what moral terms actually mean, it analyzes the sense of moral reasoning, and investigates obscured presuppositions and presents them for intense examination. Another activity of ethical business is the examination of business presuppositions. Business ethics set to critically identify and analyze presuppositions of business. Minimizing moral difficulties to organizational or managerial problems from time to time is another typical activity that business ethics undertakes. Several ethical issues exist. An example is the behavior of current broker causing financial crisis. Business ethics deals with the occasional reduction of such moral problems to organizational problems. Finally, the activity of identifying and describing commendable moral practices and actions of business organizations and individuals is another involvement of business ethics. Conclusion Business ethics is the critical and organized assessment of individuals’ and organization’s behavior in the business environment. Business ethics relates to all facets of business and it is also significant to the behavior of people and the organization at large. Business ethics characteristically involves five types of activities. These activities have been identified as: * Employment of universal ethical standards to specific business practices and instances. * Metaethics – investigation into the meaning and origination of ethical principles is a typical activity of business ethics. * Critical examination of business presuppositions. * Minimizing moral issues and difficulties to economic or managerial issues, from time to time. * Identifying and describing laudable and standard moral practices of business and individuals in the business environment.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay is about a man who faked his identity to appear as an Indian, an American, and a Muslim. He did this to try and find his true identity. He founded a youth interfaith movement which he hoped would bring about harmony and togetherness among the youth.

The essay is about a man who faked his identity to appear as an Indian, an American, and a Muslim. He did this to try and find his true identity. He founded a youth interfaith movement which he hoped would bring about harmony and togetherness among the youth.

Religious and Racal Discrimination in Eboo Patel’s “Acts of Faith” Essay (Book Review) Introduction Religious multiplicity is among the greatest challenges faced by today’s world (Eboo, 2007). “Acts of Faith” is a compelling story that gives inspirations from Eboo Patel, who lived with a vision of unity. The book takes us through his journey in life from childhood up to adulthood, including his founding mission of a youth interfaith movement, which would cultivate harmony and togetherness among the youth. “Acts of Faith” is an excellent piece that is written with a beautiful flow that gives chronicles of confidence and self discovery. The author, Dr. Eboo Patel writes about his journey of faking identity, to portray himself as an Indian, an American, and a Muslim. In the process of trying to forge his identity, he came up with a comprehensive conclusion about the similarities between all faiths. As a result, he developed an interfaith group that was responsible for helping the youth understand, and embrace the commonness of their humanity through their different faiths. Through this movement, the author proves that educating a young nation to ignore religious differences and work for the bosom of everyone is the only way for the world to escape violence and interpersonal conflicts. Themes of the Book The main theme of this book is religious fundamentalism. Through this book, Dr. Eboo, the author, covers three main religions that he experienced. He gives to his readership an account of the similarities and differences between the three religions. He then comes up with a general comment to summarize his findings from his experience with different religions. He also covers the theme of unity among people of different religions and races. The author effectively brings out the theme of unity by working to promote oneness in the society, so that everyone can eliminate religious and racial differences and work for a common interest. He initiates this by supporting an interfaith movement among the youth, which he hopes will bear abundant fruits in future. Author’s Background Knowledge that equip him to Author this Book The author of the book, “Acts of faith” has lived a life that has equipped him with relevant experience and skills to write this book. He is an American Muslim from India, possessing three identities but with one body. He lived an adolescent life that offered him a chain of subsequent rejections of various levels of heritage, as he believed that the three religions in him could never co-exist. He believed that he could not be an Indian, an American, and a Muslim at the same time; he had to serve one master at a time. He grew up outside Chicago, where he had to succumb to a series of constant barrages of racism that exposed him to bullying and mistreatment. He found himself excluded from the rest of the society because of religion and race. During his high school life, he ignored everything concerning his heritage from the Indian and Muslim religions and worked for his educational success. He did this in a bid to be like the White Native Americans who were around him. When he joined college, he learnt about the “liberatory” force of politics and the hypocrisies that existed in America. He realized that anger is not a person’s identity. When Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated, Patel watched how young people with raw emotions were recruited by religious extremists who manipulated them into murderers full of hatred (Eboo, 2007). On the other hand, he was facing distinct ideas at different levels of understanding: an American fighting for equality and openness; a Muslim striving to go back to his original teachings of mercy and forgiveness; an Indian with diversity added to the original material. The Author’s main Points and Supporting Evidence The author mainly dwells on how to live with oneness and work for a common interest, despite having a multiplicity of religions and races. He points out that we are all human beings with intrinsic dignity and require to be treated with respect. We are hence the same despite the little physical differences that we may have. He emphasizes on eliminating discrimination against each other. He convincingly shows how young men with bitterness and hatred can be transformed successfully through the society’s faith, and their own efforts into profound leaders who will advocate for peace in the society rather than war and bloodshed. He supports his arguments by saying that by faith peace can be achieved even in societies that have had a lot of unrest. This is through instilling the correct values among the youths so that they can grow up learning to live together in peace and work in togetherness. By starting a successful interfaith movement among the youth, he proves his findings about his idea of creating unity and oneness in the society. He says that figures like Osama bin Laden were once troubled youths but ended up as terrorists because they did not find a suitable mentor; instead, they met people who taught them hatred and fed them with bitterness. If they had met a good mentor, they would have never been terrorists; instead, they would have been among the world’s most honored leaders. How the Author Argues his Points Dr. Eboo, the author of “Acts of Faith” is a convincing author. He argues out his points with sufficient evidence. He employs a persuasive language that can potentially transform his entire readership that has been living with hatred and discrimination of any kind. The author argues his point from a societal point of view. He uses common examples that are likely to be familiar to almost all his audiences. He portrays them in a comprehensive manner, covering each detail, to give his readers the real picture of his meaning, and convey the right message to his target audience. He builds persuading stream of ideas that create a mood of self-reflection to the readers, which help to sink his point home. Ideas that Link to Other Readings in the Course The main themes of this book link with several other readings in the course. The ideas of racial and religious discrimination are also brought out in “Dreams from My Father” by Barrack Obama. The book by Obama also talks about racial discrimination in America. The author shares an experience with Dr. Eboo; he was born of parents from two different cultures, Kenya and Hawaii, he grew up in Hawaii, in a humble family and later in America. Just like Dr. Eboo, Obama lived a life of hope and faith as he wished for a society that did not know any racial and religious differences. Implications for Cultural Diversity and School Leadership Learnt from the Book This book teaches about the need to live peacefully in a society of cultural and religious pluralism. Most schools host students from varied ethnic groups and religious backgrounds. Through this book, school leaders learn to live with other students from a diversity of societies keeping in mind that all human beings are the same; that our physical differences cannot be suffice to justify or cover any level of discrimination. It is hence necessary for school leaders to promote peace among students of different backgrounds. Audience to direct this book This book best suits ethnics and racists. It is a marvelous book for people whose souls are filled with hatred and bitterness. Acts of Faith will help such people realize their identities. They will also learn how to find fulfillment in these identities as they work towards the common goal. The book can also be directed to leaders who make their decisions and judgments basing on their personal interests and race or religion. Strengths and Weaknesses of this Book Strengths This book effectively and persuasively covers the idea of pluralism among religions and races. It is a fantastic book that advocates for togetherness and oneness of the human race. The author uses a diversity of styles and diction to create the desired mood and convey his message in a way that is convincing to his audience, as he attempts to achieve his goal of authorship. Weaknesses The author makes a general conclusion about the similarities that different races and religions have. He does this basing on only three identities. He does not consider the cultural differences that people have, which are also a cause of discrimination among different groups. He should have considered such factors in his book and provide a lasting solution to them. The book has many story lines, which are incomplete. It covers some ideas at shallow levels. Reference Eboo, P. (2007). Acts of Faith: The Story of an American Muslim, the Struggle for the Soul of a Generation . Boston: Beacons Press.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses the impacts of undergraduates' engagement in community service on stakeholders. It is argued that community service has become so complex in recent years due to globalisation. As a result, various stakeholders need to be involved in the planning and execution of community service initiatives.

The text discusses the impacts of undergraduates' engagement in community service on stakeholders. It is argued that community service has become so complex in recent years due to globalisation. As a result, various stakeholders need to be involved in the planning and execution of community service initiatives.

Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders Research Paper Introduction Background Information Community service as a concept has gained popularity throughout the world for various reasons. Perold & Rahmat (1997:14) are of the view that this concept is gaining popularity in discourses taking place throughout the world. This is especially the case in community development discussions. Bryant & West (2011) views community service as service or activity that “…..is donated or performed by an individual or a group of individuals to benefit the community” (p. 82). The aim of community service is to benefit members of the public or the various institutions that are found in a contemporary society. It is noted that not every individual who provides community service can be referred to as a volunteer. This is a common misconception among members of the public. It is not everyone who is contributing to the wellbeing of the community is doing so at their own free will. This is given the fact that the individual may be compelled to provide community service by various factors. Such an individual cannot be conceptualised as a volunteer. However, those who provide community service on their own volition with the sole aim of benefiting members of the society and the various social institutions can be regarded as volunteers (Hustinx, 2005: 530). So what are some of the reasons that compel someone to provide community service? According to Jones & Hill (2003: 539), there are various reasons why one may feel compelled to provide community service against their will. For example, the government may require some people to provide community service as a policy. This is for example when military officers are required to provide humanitarian assistance to members of the public during war. Another reason may be an order from the court especially for those criminals who are serving their sentence on probation. A school may also require the students to provide community service before they graduate. These are just some of the various reasons that may compel someone to provide community service against their will. Jehan (2004: 297) opines that recent developments in the world today have greatly affected community service. For example, globalisation has made the community so complex such that several communities around the world are dependent on each other. This being the case, community service in one community may have impacts on another society in a different part of the world. The issue of interdependence among communities is especially significant given the fact that globalisation has created a situation whereby limited resources have to be shared by the various communities around the world (Jehan, 2004: 297). As a result of globalisation, it is noted that community service requires the engagement of various stakeholders in the society. This is given the fact that a single sector or a single segment of the society cannot effectively meet the requirements of community service in a given society (Hustinx, 2005: 526). Collaboration between various stakeholders such as businesses, schools and such others is needed to improve the welfare of the community. So what are some of the benefits of community service? According to Vermeulen, Nawir & Mayers (2003: 12), both the community and the person providing the service stand to benefit from community service. For example as far as the individual is concerned, community service leads to a sense of pride and satisfaction after helping the needy (Dwayne & Palmer, 2006: 399). The individual feels needed and feels that they have contributed to the wellbeing of the society. Community service also fosters a sense of responsibility on the part of the volunteer or the person providing the service (Bednarz et al., 2008: 92). The person feels indebted to the community and feels that they have a duty to perform. It is noted that community service strengthens the community benefiting from the service. For example, a business enterprise providing free medical services to the members of the community improves the overall health of the whole community (Altman, 1995: 529). As the volunteer gets to interact with other members of the community, a sense of tolerance develops between the members of the community and the volunteer. This is especially so in regions such as Africa where ethnic and tribal animosity is rife. A volunteer should ideally provide services to all members of the society without discriminating on the basis of ethnicity or other differences. It is important to note that as much as the community and the individual stands to benefit from community service, there are various challenges facing the provision of this service in a given community (Bebbington & Farrington, 1993: 202). The challenges vary through time and space. This means that they vary from one community to the other and from one time or period to the other. Such challenges may include the resistance on the part of the members of the community. The members of the community may resist help from outsiders even when it is obvious that such help is to their own benefit. For example, a country in Africa may decline humanitarian help from a Western nation claiming that such assistance may threaten the sovereignty of the country. Another challenge may be resistance and lack of cooperation on the part of the community service providers. A case in point is when students resist providing community service when it is made mandatory by the school management. It is also noted that community service may be threatened by lack of funds which will hamper the ability of the organisation or the individual to provide such services. A case in point is when there is lack of donor funding to support famine relief programs in Africa. Problem Statement As already noted in this paper, community service can be provided by different individuals and organisations from within and without the target community. This may include businesses providing community service as part of their corporate social responsibility program, faith based organisations as part of their outreach program or individuals interested in giving back to the community (Booth, 2006: 13). A university is such an organisation that may find it necessary to provide community service as part of its academic and professional program. The university may require the students to participate in community service before they graduate. This is for example when the department of dentistry requires the trainee dentists to participate in dental camps organised in the community to provide members of the community with free dental services. Other activities in which the students may participate include planting trees, cleaning, caring for the needy among others. Perold & Rahmat (1997) are of the view that universities in Africa have embraced community service as a program and strategy aimed at addressing various problems facing such an institution. For example, the universities may require the students to engage in community service in order to gain practical experience as far as working within the community is concerned (Cooke & Kothari, 2001: 13). The universities may also participate in community service as part of the institution’s efforts to give back to the community. According to Perold & Rahmat (1997: 15), advocates of community service are of the view that such a program can be used by the university to address various issues facing higher learning. To this end, advocates of such a program are of the view that community service benefits not only the community but also the student and the institution as a whole. The community benefits by having its welfare and wellbeing of its members improved while the student benefits by gaining working experience among other benefits. The university on its side is able to establish and sustain working relationship with the members of such a community as a result of the community service (Wilson, 2011: 19). One is able to identify the various stakeholders involved in community service in Africa by analyzing the benefits that community service provided by a university has. The stakeholders in such a case may include the students, the university, the government and the community as alluded to above (Mobley, 2007: 129). Out of all these stakeholders, it is noted that the university students who are participating in community service are perhaps the main beneficiaries of such a program. As already indicated in this paper, the students acquire professional skills as a result of their participation and they may also be earning in the process (Perold & Rahmat, 1997: 15). This is for example when the students are financed by various donor agencies to participate in community service. It is noted that youths actively advocate for community service programs in African universities. This is perhaps given the fact that they have come to realise that they are the main beneficiaries of such programs. Authors cite the example of the annual South African Students’ Congress (also referred to as Sasco) held in 1996 which passed a resolution supporting compulsory community work for all students in institutions of higher learning (Perold & Rahmat, 1997: 16). According to the resolution passed by the students, community work should be in line with what the student is studying in the university. For example, a Social Work student may be involved in the provision of free social services to street children in the cities. The South African National Youth Commission also advocates for a program targeting university students in the country. The commission is of the view that such a program can be used as a creative strategy to finance higher education in South Africa (Hellebrandt, 2008: 222). The commission proposes that students who cannot meet their higher education expenses can collect credits by providing their services to the community. The discourse above illustrates a university-community development partnership in Africa. This is where the university and the community come together to improve the welfare of the members of the society. This paper is going to address the university-community partnership in Africa. The author is going to specifically address the impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as Africa is concerned. The researcher will adopt a literature review methodology which will involve a critical review of literature that found in this field. The aim of such a critical literature review is to organise the knowledge base that is found in this field by identifying the various agreements and disagreements among authors and scholars. The literature review will also identify knowledge gaps in the field and propose areas for future studies. Research Objectives This study will have one main research objective and several specific objectives. The main objective is the overall aim and goal of the study. The main objective will be attained by addressing the various specific objectives. The main and specific objectives are as listed below: Main Objective To address the impacts of undergraduate engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned. Specific Objectives * Analyse the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa * Analyse the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the various stakeholders in Africa * Analyse the various strategies adopted by universities in providing community service in Africa * Analyse the various benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa * Analyse the various challenges affecting the impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service in Africa * Analyse the various strategies that can be used to improve the quality of community service provided by universities in Africa * Provide recommendations for universities in Africa regarding university-community development partnerships in the continent Research Questions Like research objectives, this study will have a major research question and various specific research questions. It is important to note that the research questions are related to the research objectives. This is given the fact that by answering the research questions, the researcher will have addressed the objectives of the research. Major Research Question What are the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned? Specific Research Questions * Who are the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa? * What are the impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service in Africa? * What strategies are used by African universities to provide community service? * What are the benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa? * What are some of the challenges facing community service provided by universities in Africa? * How can universities in Africa improve the quality of community service provided? * Which areas of university-community partnerships in Africa can benefit from future research? Thesis Statement Undergraduates’ engagement in community service has various impacts on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned Methodology As already indicated in this paper, the author is going to use critical literature review as a research methodology. To this end, the researcher is going to identify the findings of various studies in this field and try to identify the various agreements and disagreements between the various authors. One major advantage of critical literature review as a methodology is the fact that the study benefits from the various perspectives of different authors in the field. A major weakness of the methodology is the fact that it generates no new knowledge in the field. All the researcher does in critical literature review is reorganise the knowledge that already exists in a given field. The researcher will identify articles from journals, books and such other academic sources that address the issue of university-community development partnership. Several criteria will be used to select articles that will be included as sources in this study. For example, all the articles must come from academic or professional journals that are peer reviewed or from books. This criterion is aimed at providing credible sources for the study. Another criterion has to do with the fact that all the articles must address the issue of community service in the society. This criterion is aimed at providing this author with articles that are relevant to the topic of the research. All the articles should also be written in English. However, this criterion does not exclude those articles that were originally written in another language but translated later to English. Scope and Limitations of the Study Overview It is noted that it is not possible to carry out a single study that is capable of addressing all the aspects of a given research topic. This being the case, it is important for the researcher to identify the boundaries within which the study will be conducted. Delineation of such a boundary helps the researcher in focusing the study. The issues that will be covered by the study are separated from those that will not be addressed. This reduces ambiguity and lack of clarity in a given study. This study is not different. It is noted that the study has various limitations that may affect the quality of the findings if not addressed. The limitations can emanate from within and from outside the study. Following is a list of the scope and limitations of the study. The researcher will provide strategies to address the limitations where necessary. Scope and Limitations of the Study * The study will be limited to community service provided by universities in Africa. Community service from other agencies such as businesses will not be considered * The study will be limited to university-community partnerships in Africa. Such partnerships in other countries outside Africa will not be considered for the study * It is also noted that the study will be limited to the participation of undergraduate students in community service. Participation from other stakeholders in the university such as lecturers and the university administration will not be the main focus of this paper * The study will use information from other studies conducted in the field before. This means that the study will not generate primary data. To uphold the integrity and quality of the study, the researcher will use stringent measures in selecting the literature that will be used for the study Significance of the Study At any given time, there are a number of studies which are being conducted in a given field. This being the case, any new research or study that is being conducted in the field has to be justified. The study can be justified on the basis of the value that it is going to add to the field. Following is an outline of the significance of this study in this field: * The findings of this study will help African universities in identifying the benefits of community service and the challenges facing such programs. This will help them improve such programs in the future * The findings of this study will also help universities in other parts of the world to improve their partnership with the communities by learning from the African experience * The findings of the study will help policy makers such as government agencies, community based organisations and such other agencies interested in community development identify the importance of university-community partnerships in Africa. This will help the policy makers come up with policies that will support such partnerships in the future Summary In this section, the author introduced the reader to the various aspects of the study that will be conducted later in the paper. Major aspects of the study were highlighted. The researcher started by providing background information on the topic. This was followed by problem statement, research questions and research objectives, methodology of the study, scope and limitations of the study and finally the significance of the study. The following section will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used. Theoretical Framework Introduction In this section, the writer will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used for this study. The researcher will use the participatory theory to critically analyse undergraduates’ engagement in community service in Africa. It is noted that there are various models or theories of participation that are to be found in this field. Most of these theories are borrowed from political participation literature and adapted for participation in the context of community development. The researcher will highlight some of these theories and provide the main assumptions and arguments of the theories. Theoretical framework is an important aspect in any given research. This is given the fact that the assumptions of the theory guide the researcher in conducting the study. By analyzing the various provisions and assumptions of a theoretical framework in the field, the researcher is able to explain and analyse what they observe when conducting the study. Theories are also important since they are used in organising knowledge in a given field in a coherent manner. This makes it easier to retrieve and access the knowledge stored in such a field. Participation in Community Development: Theoretical Models Overview According to Andrea (2000: 28), participation is a very important aspect of community development. Given the fact that university-community participations are aimed at developing the community, it is noted that community development theories are applicable in such a case. Such a community development theory is the one addressing participation in development activities in such a community. According to Chambers (2007: 23), there are various factors that affect participation of various stakeholders in community development activities. These may include the form of motivation that such individuals are receiving, the socio-psychological orientation of the participants among others (Hartslief, 2005: 12). Community Development Participatory Models As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several participatory models explaining the level and intensity of participation among stakeholders. These models can be borrowed and adapted from political participatory models found in political science literature. Following are the major participatory models that can be applied in the field of community development specifically university-community partnerships in Africa: The Mobilisation Model of Community Development Participation According to this participation model, it is assumed that stakeholders in community development participate in the activities as a result of the availability of opportunities in their surroundings (D’Exelle & Riedl, 2008: 12). As far as political participation is concerned, individuals can only participate in political activities such as elections if they are presented with opportunities to do so. In the context of community development, mobilisation participation model holds that an individual will participate in community development if such an opportunity is made available to that individual (Edmunds & Wollenberg, 2002: 244). For example, a student will only participate in community service activities if they are provided with the opportunity to do so. To this end, universities should ensure that they provide the student with the chance and opportunity to participate in community development through community service. This is perhaps the motivation behind the Congress for South African Students cited earlier when members proposed that community service programs should be mandatory in all institutions of higher learning. By making community service mandatory, the university will effectively provide the student with an opportunity to participate in community development (Perold & Rahmat, 1997: 100). Mobilisation model theory also stipulates that individuals participate as a result of stimuli from other persons around them (Colby et al., 2011: 55). As far as political participation is concerned, it is noted that people will participate in politics as a result of persuasion and influence from other people around them. The same can apply to community development participation. Individuals may participate in community service as a result of influence from other people. In other words, students in African universities can participate in community service if they are motivated by other people around them. The university can provide such motivators to the students. Community Development and the Social Psychological Model of Participation According to Hellison (2009: 28), stakeholders such as the youth can resist community service for various reasons. It is also noted that there are various strategies that can be used to resist community service or participation in community development activities. This is for example individual rebellion, collective action such as demonstrations among others. Social psychological model of participation can be used to explain such extreme behaviours. In politics, the model can be used to explain political uprising and mass actions such as the ones experienced in Egypt, Libya and other African countries. This theory provides that individuals are utilitarian actors who are able to analyse the costs and benefits of various actions (Ugochi, 2007: 27). They can analyse the benefits and costs that are associated with their participation in community service activities and they will act based on this analysis. If the student feels that they will not benefit from community service, they are bound to resist and rebel against efforts made to compel them to participate in such activities (Horm & Warford, 2003: 144). It is also noted that the individual is an actor who subscribes to a network of social norms and beliefs (Ferraiolo, 2011: 100). It is this network which provides the individual with internal and external motivations to act in a given manner. It is the reason why a student will support calls to make community service mandatory to all students in higher learning institutions in South Africa given the fact that they are tied to such students’ bodies. Participation in Community Service and The General Incentives Model of Participation According to Gillette (1985: 373), there are people who participate in community development with a lot of intensity than others. This is for example those students who will organise community service activities and lobby their teachers and students to join them. The general incentive model can be used to explain such observations. In the context of politics, the theory can be used to shed light on high- intensity forms of participation in political activities. This is for example running for office, campaigning, canvassing and such other activities. In the context of participation in community development and specifically through community service, it is noted that stakeholders need incentives to participate in such activities (Vermeulen, 2005: 34). However, it is noted that we should consider a wider array of such incentives as opposed to limiting ourselves to individual incentives that motivate the stakeholder (Vermeulen et al., 2003: 12). This model is somehow similar to the motivation model given the fact that the stakeholder needs a push to participate in community service. There are various forms of incentives that will motivate a stakeholder to participate in community service (Goulding, 2009: 38). A university should be aware of such incentives to ensure that they are put in place where necessary to encourage students’ participation in community development. Such incentives may include the satisfaction that the stakeholder derives from such participation, the recognition that they get among others (Osvaldo & Gustavo, 2011: 29). Addressing Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service in Africa Overview In this section, the researcher will critically analyse issues surrounding the impacts of undergraduates’ participation or engagement in community service in Africa. Among the issues that will be covered include the impacts of such an engagement on stakeholders, the challenges facing such an engagement and strategies used by universities in community development among others. Stakeholders in University-Community Partnerships in Africa Before looking at the various benefits of community service by university students, it is important to first identify the various stakeholders that are involved in university-community partnerships in Africa. It is after identifying such stakeholders that we can then look at what each of them stands to gain from undergraduates’ engagement in community service. The following are some of the stakeholders: The Student This is perhaps the most important stakeholder in university-community development partnerships (Timms et al., 2005: 9). It is the students enrolled in various departments in the university who are involved in community service most of the time. For example, Perold & Rahmat (1997: 102) cites the case of the South African Students’ Congress which was advocating for mandatory community service for all students in institutions of higher learning in South Africa. From this analysis, we can conclude that the student has a very important role to play in university-community partnership. The student is the link between the university and the community in this partnership. The University As much as one would like to argue that the undergraduate is the most important stakeholder in university-community partnerships in Africa, it is important to note that the student cannot exist or carry out their duties without the support of the university. It is the university which gives such a student the mandate and the authority to provide community service in the society (Hewson et al., 2010: 12). When the members of the community interact with the student during community service sessions, they see the student as a representative of the particular university that they are coming from. This being the case, it can be argued that the university is an equally important stakeholder in the university-community partnership in Africa. It is the university administration which provides the students with transport, finance and other facilities that are needed in carrying out community service. It is also the university which is tasked with the duty of equipping the student with the skills that are necessary in carrying out community service (Long, 1999: 23). The Community It is noted that the community is the major beneficiary of community service provided by the university through the students (Platteau & Gaspart, 2008: 34). The participation of the community is very important in community service. It is important to ensure that the members of the community are involved in the process of identifying their needs and coming up with possible solutions to their problems (Shortall, 2004: 120). According to Chambers (2007: 41), it is important to ensure that community service activities are not imposed on the community by the university and the students or any other agency involved in community service. This is given the fact that when that happens, the community is likely to resist such efforts in effect neutralising the intended benefits. This is despite the fact that the community service endeavours may have been tailored to benefit the community and not the student or the university. Impacts of Students’ Participation in Community Service in Africa on Various Stakeholders As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several impacts of students’ participation in community service in Africa and elsewhere in the world. It is noted that the impacts may vary from one stakeholder to the other depending on the form of community service that is being offered. One thing that has not being noted is the fact that the participation of students in community service can have both negative and positive impacts on the various stakeholders (Madzivhandila, 2005: 3). The impacts on the various stakeholders will be analysed in detail here: Impacts on Students * One of the positive impacts of community service on students is the fact that they gain professional experience from their participation (Ribot, 1999: 34). Take the case of a medical student who is about to graduate. Going to the village and providing medical services gives them an idea of what it is like to work in a real life situation * It is also noted that participation in such endeavours leads to a sense of satisfaction on the part of the student. The student feels that they have done something useful for the community and this increases their sense of responsibility (Ribot, 2005: 89) * It is noted that participation in community service may have financial benefits for the student. This is for example when the student gets paid to perform extra community service or when they perform community service in exchange for credits to finance their higher education * However, it is also important to note that participation in community service may have various negative impacts on the student in Africa. For example, participation may take a lot of the student’s time. This is time that could have been used in other activities such as reading for an exam (Arnstein, 1969: 222) * At times community service may be irrelevant to the student. This is especially so if the student is involved in community service in an area that is not related to what they are studying in school. This may also happen when the student is compelled to perform community service in order to graduate (Sithole, 2005: 177) Impacts on the University * Participation in community service has several impacts on the university as an institution of higher learning in Africa. One of the major positive impacts is the establishment of links between the university and the community within which it is located (Andrea, 2000: 18) * However, the participation of undergraduates in community service may be expensive on the part of the university. This is especially so if the type of community service the university is involved in is capital intensive (Timms et al., 2005: 2). This is significant given that most of the universities in Africa are underfunded * Student participation in community service may also enhance the quality of education that is offered by the university. This is given the fact that the education is not only theoretical but also practical. This being the case, the status of the university as far as potential employers are concerned is enhanced Impacts on the Community * The welfare of the community is enhanced when the university engages such a community in a university-community partnership initiative. For example, the health of the members of the community improves when the university provides free or affordable medical services to them (Durham, 2004: 600) * Participation of undergraduates in community service may lead to what Platteau & Gaspart (2008: 1) refer to as ‘elite capture’. This happens when a few members of the community hijack the services provided by the university and excludes other members of the society. This will in effect lead to community development that is skewed in favour of a few members of the society or the elite Improving University-Community Partnerships in Africa Having looked at some of the benefits and costs of community service as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned, it is now important to look at various strategies that may be used by the various stakeholders to improve the partnership in Africa. We can analyse this by looking at some of the key features of a successful university-community partnership in Africa and elsewhere in the world. The following are some of the features: Using Faculty Work to Improve the Welfare of the Community According to Wilson (2011: 21), higher learning institutions using university-community partnerships to engage the community must start by analyzing the importance of such a partnership in achieving the mission and objective of the university. To this end, it does not benefit the university or the community for that matter to engage in community service activities that are seen as ‘dumbing down’ the agenda of the institution (Wilson, 2011: 21). As one step towards improving the quality of community service offered by their faculty members and students in general, the university should review the intended community service activities and how they are related to the objectives and mission of the university. Understanding and Respecting the Community A unique feature of students’ participation in community service is the fact that the activities bring together students and members of the community drawn from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (Vermeulen, 2005: 65). This being the case, there is need for the university and the students to respect and appreciate the unique culture of the community within which they are providing community services. A successful community service program is marked by this respect and understanding. It is noted that more often than not, universities make their way into the community and start imposing programs on that society. This is especially the case when universities from the western nations are involved in a university-community partnership with communities from the African continent. Such a university may enter such an African community with what Wilson (2011: 23) refers to as a “know-it-all” attitude. Such a university will practically force the community to adopt the policies that are proposed by the so called ‘know- it- all’ partner. Wilson (2011: 22) provides the university wishing to improve the quality of community service with a strategy calculated to gain acceptance from the target community. The author is of the view that the university should first immerse itself fully into the target community before initiating engagement. This will make the community accept the university and thus support the activities of such an institution. Africa may be regarded as a backward and primitive continent by many students who are not aware of the diversity of communities in this continent. Such students may be stereotypical when engaged in community service in African communities. This will compromise the community service activities initiated by universities in this continent. Establish Long-Term and Sustainable Partnerships with the Community Wilson (2011: 24) notes that a successful university-community partnership is not an “episodic phenomenon”. It is not something that develops overnight. On the contrary, such an engagement is “….programmatic, research-based and more often than not long term” (Wilson, 2011: 24). Most communities in Africa are plagued by challenges and problems that have accumulated over the years as a result of negligence from the rest of the world. This is for example problems brought about by colonisation and exploitation of resources by the western nations (Colby et al., 2011: 56). These are some of the challenges that are addressed by university-community partnership initiatives in Africa. For example, such an initiative may be addressing rampant poverty in Africa which has been brought about by interplay of factors such as bad governance, exploitation, illiteracy among others. To better address such challenges in Africa, the universities should adopt a long term strategy as opposed to a short term form of intervention (Bednarz et al., 2008: 88). As already noted, the problems did not develop overnight. This being the case, a strategy aimed at addressing these challenges should also be long term just like the challenges themselves (Dwayne & Palmer, 2006: 400). As a step towards building long term engagements with the community, it is noted that the university should seek the collaboration of other agencies in community development. These are agencies such as the government, faith based organisations and other non-governmental organisations (Osvaldo & Gustavo, 2011: 25). It was mentioned earlier in this paper that recent developments in the word such as globalisation and the rise of technology has changed the community completely. This is especially so for African communities which were under the rule of colonialists for a very long time. This being the case, the challenges that are facing these communities cannot be effectively tackled by one agency alone. This is the reason why the university requires other strategic stakeholders to ensure that the university-community development partnership is sustainable (Booth, 2006: 13). Types of Community Service Programs Initiated by University-Community Partnerships in Africa Community service programs take various forms in Africa. The following are just some of these forms of community service programs: Volunteer Service Programs According to Perold & Rahmat (1997), a volunteer is a person who takes community service as a form of extra-curricular activity. The volunteer is involved in community service during holidays or when they are not having classes in the case of a university student. In volunteer programs, the student is expected to perform general tasks and not necessarily tasks that are related to their academic field. This means that volunteer programs are not taken as part of class work by the university. The student engaged in volunteer community service is not paid. However, it is noted that the university may fund the activities of the volunteer but this should not be taken as payment on the part of the volunteer student (Bryant & West, 2011: 85). Work-Study Programs According to Hustinx (2005: 530), this is a form of program that combines studies and working at the same time. For example, the student may be involved in assisting their lecturers in conducting research, teaching other students among other things. A major aim of work-study program in African universities and other universities around the world is to support the student financially. This is especially so if the administration feels that the student is bright but is needy and cannot afford the tuition fees. This is one way of giving back to the community on the part of the university. Placements A well known form of placement program is internship. Internship has become part of the curriculum in many universities in Africa and in the world in general. However, it is important to note that placement is not strictly structured to give back to the community on the part of the university (Perold & Rahmat, 1997: 100). On the contrary, the major aim of placement is to provide the student with a link between theory and practice in learning. However, a critical analysis of the program will reveal that it has some aspects of community service in it. This is especially so when the student is attached to community based organisations such as NGOs which are providing free social services to the public. Conclusion This study critically looked at the impacts of undergraduate students’ engagement in community service in Africa. The researcher started by defining what community service is and what it entails. Some of the benefits and costs of community service to various stakeholders were analysed. The various forms of community service were also analysed as well as the various strategies that can be used by the universities in Africa to improve their community service programs. Recommendations for Future Research Future studies should make an effort to analyse how universities can improve their development partnerships with the communities. This is given the fact that there is very little data in this field touching on this topic Future studies should also try to analyse the impacts of other students apart from undergraduates as far as their engagement in community service in Africa is concerned. This is as a result of the realisation that other groups of students such as post-graduates are also involved in community service References Altman, D. G. (1995). Sustaining interventions in community systems: On the relationship between researchers and communities. Health Psychology, 14(6): 526-536. Andrea, C. (2000). Making a difference: Gender and participatory development. IDS, 2000: 5-30. Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 23: 216-224. Bebbington, A., & Farrington, J. (1993). Governments, NGOs and agricultural development: Perspectives on changing inter-organisational relationships. The Journal of Development Studies, 29(2): 199-219. Bednarz, S. W., et al. (2008). Community engagement for students learning in geography. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 32(1): 87-100. Booth, M. (2006). Public engagement and practical wisdom . Perth: University of Western Australia Press. Bryant, J., & West, M. (2011). Mutual benefits that can accrue to universities and communities from their interactions with each other. University Avenue, 2011: 80-86. Chambers, R. (2007). Who counts? The quiet revolution of participation and numbers. IDS Working Paper, 296: 1-42. Colby, A., et al. (2011). The role of higher education in preparing undergraduates for lives of civic responsibility. University Avenue, 2011: 51-57. Cooke, B., & Kothari, U. (2001). Participation: The new tyranny? London: Zed Books. D’Exelle, B., & Riedl, A. (2008). Elite capture, political voice and exclusion from aid: An experimental study. CESifo, 2008: 1-32. Durham, D. (2004). Disappearing youth: Youth as a social shifter in Botswana. American Ethnologist, 31(4): 589-605. Dwayne, B. A., & Palmer, R. J. (2006). Examining the effects of perceptions of community and recreation participation on quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 75(3): 395-418. Edmunds, D., & Wollenberg, E. (2002). A strategic approach to multi-stakeholder negotiations. Development and Change, 32(2): 231-253. Ferraiolo, K. (2011). Assessment strategies in civic engagement and higher education. University Avenue, 2011: 89-102. Gillette, A. (1985). Youth, literacy and participation. International Review of Education, 31(4): 373-395. Goulding, A. (2009). Engaging with community engagement: Public libraries and citizen involvement. New Library World, 110(1): 37-51. Hartslief, O. (2005). The South African presidential participation program. Presidential Imbizo, 1-19. Hellebrandt, J. (2008). The role of service learning in the new Carnegie Classification for Community Engagement in Spanish language teaching and learning: Policy, practice and performance. Hispania, 91(1): 222-224. Hellison, D. (2009). Engaging urban youths: A youth development perspective. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 80(8): 27-34. Hewson, J., et al. (2010). Enhancing social work research education through research field placements. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 3(9): 7-15. Horm, D. M., & Warford, S. D. (2003). Bridging the gap through community collaboration: An evolving role for child development laboratory programs. Advances in Early Education & Day Care, 12: 142-147. Hustinx, L. (2005). Bifurcated commitment, priorities and social contagion: The dynamics and correlates of volunteering within a university student population. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 26(4): 523-538. Jehan, L. (2004). Business-community partnerships: The case for community organisation capacity building. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(3): 297-311. Jones, S., & Hill, K. (2003). Understanding patterns of commitment: Student motivation for community service involvement. The Journal of Higher Education, 74(5): 516-539. Long, N. (1999). The multiple optic of interface analysis: UNESCO background paper on interface analysis. Wageningen University, October 1999: 1-24. Madzivhandila, P. et al. (2005). Effective regional improvement and innovation networks: Critical success factors and critical failure factors. Web. Mobley, C. (2007). Breaking ground: Engaging undergraduates in social change through service learning. Teaching Sociology, 35(2): 125-137. Osvaldo, C., & Gustavo, S. (2011). A public citizen: The civic role of an educational institution for the betterment of society. University Avenue, 2011: 24-31. Perold, H., & Rahmat, O. (1997). Community service in higher education: A concept paper. The Joint Education Trust, 1997: 3-107. Platteau, J.P., & Gaspart, F. (2008). The ‘elite capture’ problem in participatory development. Centre for Research on the Economics of Development , 2008: 1-40. Ribot, J. C. (1999). Decentralization, participation, and accountability in Sahelian Forestry: Legal instruments of political-administrative control. University of California , 1999: 1-48. Ribot, J.C. (2005). Choosing representation: Institutions and powers for decentralized natural resource management. London: Earthscan. Shortall, S. (2004). Social or economic goals, civic inclusion or exclusion? An analysis of rural development theory and practice. Sociologia Ruralis , 44(1): 109-123. Sithole, B. (2005). Becoming men in our dresses! Women’s involvement in a joint forestry management project in Zimbabwe. Harare: Harare Press. Timms, J., et al. (2005). Effective regional improvement and innovation networks: Critical success factors and critical failure factors. Web. Ugochi, D. (2007). Improving health, improving lives: Impact of African Youth Alliance and new opportunities for programs. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11(3): 18-27. Vermeulen, S. (2005). Handbook to tools and resources for policy influence in resource management. London: McGraw-Hill. Vermeulen, S., Nawir, A. A., & Mayers, J. (2003). Better livelihoods through partnerships? A review of the impacts of deals between communities and forestry companies on local development. Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, 2003: 1-18. Wilson, D. (2011). Key features of successful university-community partnerships. University Avenue, 2011: 17-23.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Adolescent problems in urban schools research paper discusses the issues surrounding urban education and how it affects students. The paper highlights the importance of the school learning environment and the influence of the individual and peer behaviors on students' performance. It also discusses the nature of urban students and the factors that determine their academic performance.

Adolescent problems in urban schools research paper discusses the issues surrounding urban education and how it affects students. The paper highlights the importance of the school learning environment and the influence of the individual and peer behaviors on students' performance. It also discusses the nature of urban students and the factors that determine their academic performance.

Adolescent Problems in Urban Schools Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Adolescent Problems in Urban Schools 3. The Nature of Urban Students 4. At Risk Students 5. Urban Populations 6. Adolescent Youths 7. Conclusion 8. Reference List Introduction Culture is actually a term that is used to refer to a number of factors that people learn in order to make up the way of life in their communities. Such factors include beliefs, values, and norms. Identity on the other hand is about how individuals or groups see and define themselves. It is also about how other people see and define them. It is also formed in the socialization process. Identity is mostly influenced by families, the education systems, and the mass media. The youth adolescent is often faced with the challenge of choosing to follow the correct culture and not to follow the subcultures that will jeopardize his success. It is almost natural that most of the youth who experience this problem are found in an urban set up. Adolescent Problems in Urban Schools Recently, researchers and policy makers have focused attention on the importance of the school learning environment and the influence of the individual and peer behaviors on students’ performance. It is worth noting that these students’ behavior also play a key role in determining student success in school and beyond. Studies of students considered to be at risk of school failure in most urban schools have shown that these students possess particular characteristics that act as factors that determine their academic performance. Such characteristics include; the students are likely to complete less homework, they attend school less frequently, and they exhibit more aggressive behavior and also use illicit drugs. The indicators of a relatively higher prevalence of poor academic effort in urban schools than in rural schools are as follows. Most urban students tend to spend less time doing homework and more time watching television. The amount of time spent in the classroom is represented by student’s absenteeism and the time spent on discipline in the classroom. According to Lippman et al, rural students are more likely to be worse (Lippman et al. 1996). This paper reviews some of the problems faced by urban youths in relation to their academic and social conditions. The Nature of Urban Students Most urban schools are characterized by violence and drugs. Learning in an urban set up is constrained in an atmosphere of fear and disorderliness. Cases of students going on rampage and bringing weapons to school are more prevalent in an urban learning set up than in rural schools. There are also many more cases of low commitment in academic effort such as poor attendance, discipline, or study habits in urban schools. At Risk Students Recent studies indicate that one out of every four high school students drops out of school before graduating. The incidence is more prevalent in major cities with some recording as high as 40% prevalence of cases of students dropping out of school. Also, the higher standards in urban public schools have affected a lot of the minority students who are mostly disadvantaged. One of the reasons why this happens is because education reform has changed the rules. The rules were especially changed before the system could accommodate the increasing number of students who drop out of school. It is important for the authorities to do more research concerning at risk students in order to prevent their failure. This is actually an important aspect of education reform. At risk students do not experience success in their academic pursuits. These students are low academic achievers. They have low esteem. It is important to note here that male students form a majority of the at risk students. They form a disproportionate number when combined with the minorities. Further studies indicate that such students usually come from financially and socially unstable backgrounds. Thus, students who come from low income, and also those from minority, or both are at a higher risk of developing at-riskness. The parents of such students may also be of low educational background. The situation can further be complicated by the fact that such parents who have low education backgrounds usually have low expectations from their children. It is also important to note that at risk students tend not to participate in school activities. They have a minimum identification with the school and also exhibit truancy. Further, such students have discipline problems which may affect their credit ratings. They have poor peer relationship. Their characteristic behavior is actually impulsive. Most of them usually have family problems. They do drugs and cases of pregnancies among there are not uncommon. Such problems are actually considered to be the determining factors that make them not participate in school activities. As a result school becomes a negative environment for them. This is because they have experienced perpetual failures in their academic performance thereby falling behind their peers. It is also important to note that these characteristics have their own reservations. This is because a study done by Richardson et al, suggest that at riskness involves much more than the characteristic students bring with them to school and the conditions from which students have come (Donmoyer & Kos, 1993). A close review of the data from Richardson indicates that the defining properties of at-riskness vary from class room to classroom and even within a classroom as the classroom changes over time. For instance, when new students who display more dramatic problems enter the classroom, students who once were labeled at risk by their classroom teacher may no longer be described as such. Also, a student may be labeled at risk by one teacher but not by another one. This could be because the student responds differently from the teachers teaching styles. It could also be because the teachers may be defining at risk differently. Thus, at risk behavior has been defined quite differently by Richardson (Donmoyer & Kos, 1993). He says that the child brings to the classroom a certain number of characteristics that have been shaped by background and personal factors and past experiences in schools. This child interacts with a classroom context that includes other children, teachers, and materials. There are a number of programs that can be implemented to effectively manage at risk students. These programs tend to isolate at risk students from the rest. The programs mainly relate to work and educations. In addition, such programs are small. Thus, they have low student to teacher ratios. The students have access to counseling services whereby they may also receive supporting services from their teachers. Most of these successful programs put a great emphasis on flexibility and restructuring the curriculum in order to meet the needs of at risk students. In addition, the programs are innovative thereby providing alternatives to conventional promotional policies. Their curricula are reframed in an unconventional manner. Most of them actually have early childhood education programs that may also have vocational and education in alternative settings. Special services are therefore needed in urban schools to take care of the needs of these students especially those who are considered to be at risk. The services should help them achieve a higher level of self esteem. They should also provide supportive services that will help the students begin to have positive experiences. Thus, remediation programs come in handy at this juncture. Tutoring and child care support should also be included in such programs. There must be effective campaigns on drug abuse awareness. Also, teachers should ensure that they closely follow up their student’s performance and also on the students’ truancy and absenteeism. It is also important to note that these programs are service oriented. This means that they provide students with personal contacts. The students can therefore be contacted by a qualified caring staff on how they are fairing on. Such qualified caring staffs also help in identifying other at-risk students and instruct parents on how to help their at-risk children. An example of a successful program that identifies and helps at risk students is the New Haven Schools Project (CT). This project has been running for 19 years. The project involves administrators and parents whereby they collaborate to ensure that at risk students are provided with the correct climate for their success. As a result, there has been an increase in achievement levels. Attendance records of students have also risen sharply. Behavior problems have also been lowered thereby improving the performance of schools. For instance, there is a particular school that has recorder an improvement from being position thirty three to position three in the entire city (Donnelly, 2011). Urban Populations There are a number of characteristic that differentiate between urban and rural populations. The nature and composition of the house holds in an urban setting is quite different from that of a rural setting. Also, the amount of space utilized by this population is also different. Urban populations are generally more literate, younger and earn higher incomes than rural populations. They also enjoy secondary and tertiary activities compared to their rural counterparts whose major economic activity is primary production such as farming. There are also a number of differences concerning students in urban and rural set ups. Thus, urban students tend to spend more time in regular school lessons than their rural counterparts. Also, urban students’ expectations are pretty much different from those of their rural counterparts. More students in urban populations would want to further their educations than in rural schools. Also, an urban set up is more mixed with different races and cultures. Students in urban areas also have higher income expectations compared to their rural counterparts. The goals of parenting are actually to raise a healthy child who will bring more good than harm to the society. However, this is not always the case. Studies indicate that a greater percentage of middle school students have at least reported of being involved in some violent behavior. Most of these students have either recently fought or have been involved in a weapon-related behavior. The same studies indicate that about 61% of the middle school students have been involved in either threatening to beat someone, been injured by someone or have hurt someone. Also, 30% of the youth in urban areas have reported to use a weapon to either threaten or injure someone (Clubb et al. 2001). There are also a number of students who have contemplated suicide in their lives. Adolescent Youths Culture is actually a term that is used to refer to a number of factors that people learn in order to make up the way of life in their communities. Such factors include beliefs, values and norms. They also include such aspects as diet, roles, knowledge and skills. Culture is actually passed on from one generation to the next. The main mode in which culture is transferred to the next generation is through socialization. The dominant culture of the society is the one that is most acceptable by a population. Adolescent youth also have their subculture. However, these subcultures are mainly unacceptable by the older generation. Examples of popular cultures in adolescent youth include videogames. Identity on the other hand is about how individuals or groups see and define themselves. It is also about how other people see and define them. It is also formed in the socialization process. Identity is mostly influenced by families, the education systems and the mass media. When interacting with an adolescent of ethnic background, an important consideration is the intensity in which the adolescent identifies with their ethnicity. A racial identity model is useful for understanding a continuum of ethnic and/or racial identification along with different levels of sophistication of how the self is integrated into mainstream culture. The subculture of violence in adolescences is actually so popular among them. Most of the violent behaviors of gangs and racial pride groups are usually hailed among a section of the adolescent youth. This is why most of the youth group themselves in particular subcultures. They separate themselves from other bigger cultures thereby engaging in criminal activities. The most frequently used reason for a youth to join a violent street gang is poverty. The use of violence and drug abuse in a subculture involves learned behavior and a process of differential learning, association, or identification. Inclinations for an adolescent to become more involved in violence and drug use subculture usually begins to form early in childhood as the youth is socialized into accepting violence as normal. The adolescent strives for his other real self to as closely resemble the ideal self as possible. For a youth who has grown up in poverty stricken, mother centered household, where the father is either transient or absent, the older male gang member most closely represents the ideal strong male figure that the youth is searching for. Due to lack of parental supervision, possible feelings of abandonment and a failure to succeed to the societal norms, the youth is fragile and can easily be recruited by an older gang member. Further, the youth moves away from the feared self. Thus, he becomes the unprotected and ignorant individual roaming the streets. This means that the ideal self, the feared self and the claimed self are constantly at war in the mind of the adolescent. Thus, he becomes more prone to gang membership. This subculture is also characterized by the youthful adolescent feeling abandoned, or a feeling of perceived abandonment. These feelings are usually followed by anger, aggression, and violence later in the adolescent development as the identity continues to struggle with formation without strong adult examples. Since the use of violence is considered as normative in a violence based subculture, the adolescent does not have to deal with the feelings of guilt (Milkman & Wanberg, 2005). Conclusion Culture is actually a term that is used to refer to a number of factors that people learn in order to make up the way of life in their communities. Identity on the other hand is about how individuals or groups see and define themselves. Most urban schools are characterized by violence and drugs. Learning in an urban set up is constrained in an atmosphere of fear and disorderliness. At risk students do not experience success in their academic pursuits. There are a number of programs that can be implemented to effectively manage at risk students. Many successful programs have been developed. These programs tend to isolate at risk students from the rest. The programs mainly relate to work and educations. There are a number of programs that can be implemented to effectively manage at risk students. The programs mainly relate to work and educations and are usually small in size to take personal care of the needs of the students. Reference List Clubb et al. (2011). Violent Behaviors In Early Adolescent Minority Youth: Results From A Middle School Youth Risk Behavior Survey . Web. Donnelly, M. (2011). At-Risk Students. Eric Digest Series Number 21 . Web. Donmoyer, R. & Kos, R. (1993). At-Risk Students: Portraits, Policies, Programs, and Practices . NY: State University of New York Press. Lippman et al. (1996). Urban Schools: The Challenge of Location and Poverty . Washington DC: MPR Associates, Inc. Milkman, H. & Wanberg, K. (2005). Criminal Conduct and Substance Abuse Treatment for Adolescents: Pathways to Self Discovery and Change . California: Sage Publications, Inc.

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Write an essay about: The paper discusses the effect of advertising on children, including the factors that have led to increased advertising to children, the impact of advertising to children, and the regulation of children's advertisements. It is concluded that while advertising to children can be a powerful tool for businesses to reach their target audience, it is important for businesses to consider the potential negative effects of advertising to children when developing their marketing strategies.

The paper discusses the effect of advertising on children, including the factors that have led to increased advertising to children, the impact of advertising to children, and the regulation of children's advertisements. It is concluded that while advertising to children can be a powerful tool for businesses to reach their target audience, it is important for businesses to consider the potential negative effects of advertising to children when developing their marketing strategies.

The Effect of Advertising on Children Essay Introduction The goal of every business organisation is to maximise profits through the sale of products or services. To achieve this goal, most organisations employ different promotional mechanisms for their products, and most organisations have employed advertising as one of their major promotional tools. Advertising refers to a non-personal communication of information, which is normally well structured and composed. Such information is usually persuasive in nature and directed towards a given target group. Advertising assists customers to understand the price of a given product, its potential benefits as well as the place to find it (Cronin et al. 20010, pp. 30). Due to recent technological advancements, the electronic media has become a major means of advertising, e.g. television, radio and internet-based social networks (Kletchemer 2004, pp. 42). This paper focuses on the various issues concerning advertising to children, including: firstly, the factors that have led to increased advertisement to children; second, the impact of advertising to children, including the positive and negative; thirdly, the regulation of children’s advertisements; fourthly, the considerations that marketers should have in children’s advertising. Factors that have led to increased advertisement to children Recently, the potential number of clients in the children market for advertising has increased. Research has shown that the American children’s market represents approximately $500 billion per year. This amount consists of about $200 billion that children spent on personal items such as snacks, soft drinks and entertainment (Roberts et al. 2005, pp. 17). The remaining portion is spent on buying other items that are essential to the whole family that the children influence their parents/ guardians to buy. Since many organisations produce these products, which tend to have similar characteristics, they have to persuade customers to choose a particular product over the rest. Owing to this, advertising to children has become a major marketing strategy that different organisations employ. Advertising to children not only concerns them but their parents as well. The advertisement of some products to children is an indirect means of capturing the attention of their parents who are the buyers of the product in question (Kunkel 2001, pp. 102). This is a unique feature of the children’s market. However, the children’s market is not the only market segment where the purchasers of the products are not necessarily consumers of the product – it also applies to pets and gift receivers (Fletcher 2004). The main difference is that unlike pets, children are able to respond to such advertisements by vocalising their desires. On the other hand, gift receivers rarely respond to the adverts. By communicating their desires to their parents/guardians, children persuade the parents to purchase the products in the advertisements (Martin et al. 2006, pp. 601). This translates to an increase in sales for the producers, which is their ultimate goal. The children market undergoes many changes as the children (up to 12 years of age) undergo different developmental stages. With the transition to the next developmental stage, the preferences of children change: for example, children lose their desire in certain products. This is not only true for toys but also for clothes, foods and confectionery (Ajzen 2008, p. 528). Research has shown that from the age of five, children begin to express their product preferences in a stronger manner than they did previously. Therefore, marketers have to reach children in different developmental stages in their childhood, leading to the development of advertisements geared towards the different sub-segments within the children’s market. The impact of advertising to children There is a positive impact of advertising to children for the wider society, as discussed by Arens et al. in the essay question. As mentioned above, advertising to children provides important information not only to the children but also to their parents, enabling both to understand the products that different producers offer. Additionally, most adverts contain information concerning the price of the product in question as well as the location where the buyers can purchase the product. With such information, both the children and their parents can make informed decisions about the product that best suits their needs (Cardona 2004, pp. 20). Therefore, advertising to children enables parents to save money and save the time that they would have spent searching for a given product or service. By making informed decisions, the parent buyers are able to use their money in an effective manner. In effect, advertising to children is a price regulatory tool that prevents consumers from being exploited by producers and service providers. One of the major aspects that attract potential customers to a given product is the set price for the product. Consequently, producers embark on research to find out the price of their competitors in the market. Such information is essential in enabling the producers to tailor the price of a given product to be able to compete effectively in the market (Farache & Keith 2010, pp. 238). On the other hand, consumers will also enjoy the provision of goods for a reduced price. To the producers and service producers, advertising to children leads to an increase in the organisation’s profits. By advertising their products, especially through the media, organisations are able to reach potential customers within a very short time. Many people may purchase the advertised product, leading to an increase of sales to the company, which in turn generates more profits for the company. Therefore, the comment by Arens et al. that advertising increases “productivity by both management and labour” also applies to children’s advertising. Despite the above-mentioned positive impact of advertising to children, it also has certain negative impacts to the society. According to American Academy of Pediatrics, most children watch television for around four hours a day (Terry 2009, pp. 380). Research has shown that within that period, children see more than 25,000 commercials a year. Most of these commercials advertise products that are harmful to the health of the consumer children (Cardona 2004, pp.20). For instance, they advertise high-sugar and high-fat foods or poorly nutritious snacks. Such adverts increase the consumption of unhealthy foods among children, which has led to the increased prevalence of overweight and obese children in those nations where advertising to children is practiced. Children who are overweight during their early stages of growth and development tend to become obese in their adulthood. For instance in Canada, between 1983 and 2001 the prevalence of obesity in children increased by 200-300% (Tjepkema 2006, pp.23).The healthcare costs that are associated with the disease, either directly or indirectly, are approximately $4 billion, which represents 2.2% of the entire healthcare expenditure of Canada (Prince, 2009, p.31). This phenomenon has also occurred in America where the prevalence of overweight and obese children has tripled over the last six years. Regulation of children advertisements A significant reason for the regulation of advertising to children is that children lack cognitive skills, especially those that are below eight years of age. Therefore, they are not able to perceive or understand the persuasive intent of the most advertisements. They are not able to draw the line between advertising and other editorial messages, which make them unduly susceptible to all forms of persuasion that come with adverts. To curb the problems associated with consumption of unhealthy foods, most regulatory bodies have embarked on a strategy to deal with the advertisements that promote the consumption of such foods to children. As earlier mentioned, a large percentage of children advertisements seek to promote the consumption of unhealthy foods, such as sugarcoated cereals, high-fat products at fast food restaurants and confectionery. It is evident that the consumption of such products has had a direct impact on the development of weight disorders. Therefore, regulation of advertisements for children will lower the prevalence of such disorders, which in turn will reduce healthcare costs within any given population. Due to the above-mentioned concerns, several governments have constituted bodies to tackle the issue. Furthermore, some nations have completely abolished the practice of advertising to children for the well-being of society. A good example of such a country is Sweden, which has banned all forms of television advertisements targeting children below twelve years of age. The Swedish government considers children as a minority group that requires special care and protection. In the US, members of the Congress have passed bills that seek to protect children from the negative effects of faulty advertisements. The bills limit the time of children’s programming in the media and mandates the provision of educational programs. Additionally, the bills seek to restrict the time allocated to commercials in television. In the US, several bodies are concerned with the quality of the contents of children advertisements. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requires that all advertisements, especially those that target children, must be substantiated by a reasonable basis. It calls for all marketers to expend their resources to ensure that all their advertisements comply with the government’s rules and regulations concerning advertising to children. The Children Advertising Review Unit (C.A.R.U) plays a pivotal role in monitoring advertisements to ensure that marketers comply with the set rules. It was founded in 1974, and its main objective is to enhance marketer’s responsibility in children’s advertising. It was established through a collaboration of the major advertising trade associations through the National Advertising Review Council (N.A.R.C). It has several duties among which are evaluating child-directed advertisements as well as monitoring all forms of promotional material in the media. Additionally, it advances the consistency, truth and accuracy of all forms of children’s advertisements. In its code, one of its recommendations is that marketers should not present advertisements in a manner that blurs the distinction between editorial content and advertising (Synder 2011, pp. 478). Synder argues that children are the most vulnerable group to misleading advertisements due to their immaturity and lack of the cognitive skills to evaluate the credibility of advertisements (2011). C.A.R.U also requires that everyone involved in the formulation of children’s advertisements ensure that the target group is able to understand the persuasive nature of the advert in question. Some of C.A.R.U’s guidelines cover the safety of the products, sales pressure, and the presentation of the product in the advertisement. Additionally, C.A.R.U holds that while formulating children’s advertisements, the marketers should have regard to the best interest of all the parties involved. Therefore, the markets should carry out children advertisements with great care and expertise. Considerations that marketers should have in children’s advertisements Marketers should ensure that the advertisements are persuasive, just like adverts made for adults, while ensuring that they are operating within the set rules and regulations. They should understand the preferences of their audience, including both children and their parents. For instance, in advertising food products, children and parents have different preferences. Parents look for certain qualities in food products that include the nutritional composition of the foods whereas children seek foods that are tasty irrespective of their nutritive value. In other categories of products, parents look into the moral acceptability of the product as well as its safety to children. n contrast, children show more interest on the amount of fun they derive from using such products as well as the peer acceptability. According to Terry, marketers should never overlook the parents when formulating children’s advertisements since the parents are the sole decision makers in the family (2009). Marketers should also consider the media they intend to use when reaching their audience. For most children, the television is the main tool for accessing advertisements. Few children are aware of the presence of advertisements on other media, such as newspapers and magazines (Schor 2004). However, social networking sites and other electronic media have become an essential part of children’s lives, especially those brought up in the urban areas. Boys form a large proportion of the users of such media and most children consider advertisements as a form of entertainment. Therefore, marketers should employ the media that the target group enjoys most. For instance, boys between the ages of eight to 12 years can be reached through special adverts incorporated within their computer games. Considering the various groups of children that exist, marketers must capture their specific interests to ensure that they attain their advertising goal. It is essential for the marketers to get not only the level of childhood knowledge of the target group but also its level of sophistication. As children grow, several aspects change, including their taste and their vocabulary. Therefore, marketers should carry out research on the vocabulary that a certain age group employs as well as the visual aspects of the media that they like most. This will enable them to tailor the advertisement in order to persuade the target group effectively. However, it is important to mention that this is one of the most costly and difficult issues for most marketers. Additionally, marketers should be careful to avoid any forms of misunderstanding with the children and their parents. Advertising ethics and social responsibility Advertisements have a profound impact on people’s perception of life thus the need for marketers to adhere to advertising ethics and assume their social responsibility: ‘the moral obligation of advertisers’ as stipulated by Arens et al. in the essay question. All advertisements should be truthful. Advertisers should not exaggerate the information about the attributes of a given product or service since exaggeration acts as a form of deception. Additionally, advertisements should not withhold certain facts about the product. Advertisements should seek to uphold human dignity. The techniques employed in advertisements should neither manipulate nor exploit any form of human weaknesses such as greed and lust among others especially within the vulnerable groups e.g. children. Most of children advertisements try to exploit suggestibility with the marketers hoping to make children to pressurize their parents to buy products that may be of no importance to them (Duff 2004). Such adverts offend not only the rights but also the dignity of the parents and children. They intrude upon the relationship between the children and their parents. They also manipulate the relationship to attain their own goals without any consideration of the negative effects that such might cause to the family. Advertisers ought to put into consideration their contribution to the social and ecological well-being of the society. They should not promote lavish lifestyles that promote the wasteful use of natural resources. Advertising as a social process must follow all the norms in any given society. Advertisements should not expose pornography: should be decent. They should not encourage the materialism but should enhance both the cultural and economic development of the target group. Conclusion Advertising to children has unique features when compared to advertising to any other market segment. Firstly, the essay exampled the factors that have led to increased advertisement to children. Most children do not purchase the products being advertised; their parents do. Therefore, the marketers should have both the interests of the children and parents at heart; for example, children’s advertisements must be appealing and meaningful to parents. Secondly, the impact of advertising to children was discussed. The positive impact includes the ability of firms to reach important segments of the population and therefore increase sales, whilst the negative impact was that most advertisements promote products that are harmful to the health of consumer children. Thirdly, the regulation of children’s advertising was examined. As the most vulnerable group to faulty adverts, they are protected by law. Therefore, several bodies have taken the responsibility of protecting the interests of children and their parents as far as advertisements are concerned, including the C.A.R.U and N.A.R.C. The essay dealt with the considerations marketers should have in children’s advertisements, including that they are persuasive, the media they intend to use and type of child they target. Finally, the essay detailed advertising ethics and the social responsibility of advertisers: Products should fulfill the advertisement claims and enhance the social and economic development of the community. Reference List Ajzen, I. 2008,“Consumer Attitudes and Behavior” in C Haugtredt, P Herr &F Kardes (eds), Handbook of Consumer Psychology , Taylor & Francis, New York. Cardona, M. 2004, “High School Paper Group to Take Adverts”, Advertising Age , Vol. 75 no.1, pp. 16-35. Cronin, J., Joseph, J., Fox, G. 2010, “The Implications of Third Party Customer Complaining for Advertising Efforts”, Journal of Advertising , Vol. 39 no. 2, pp. 21-33. Duff, R. 2004. “What Advertising Means to Children”, Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 12-56. Farache, F., & Keith, J.P. 2010, “CSR Advertisements: A Legitimacy Tool?”, Corporate Communication: an International Journal , Vol 15 no. 3, pp.235-248. Fletcher, W. 2004. “The Challenge of Advertising to Children”, Young Consumers: Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, Vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 11-15. Kletchemer, S.B. 2004, “Advertainment: The Evolution of Product Placement as a Mass Media Marketing Strategy”, Journal of Promotion Management, Vol 10 no. 2,pp. 37-54. Kunkel, D. 2001, “Children and Television Advertising”’ in D Singer, & J Singer (eds), Handbook of Children and Media , Thousand Oaks, California. Martin, C., Landon, J., Dalmeny, K. 2006,“Television Advertising and Children: Lessons from Policy Development”, Public Health Nutrition , Vol. 9 no. 5, pp. 596-605. Prince, S.A. 2009,“A Population Health Approach to Obesity in Canada-Putting the Problem Back to Context”, Trans-disciplinary Studies in Population Health Series , Vol.1 no.), pp. 22-40. Roberts, D., Foehr, U., & Rideout, V. 2005, Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 year-olds, Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park: California. Schor, J.B. 2004, Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Culture , Scribner, New York. Synder, W. 2011, “Making the Case for Enhanced Advertising Ethics”, Journal of Advertising Research , Vol 51 no. 3, pp. 477-483. Terry, O. 2009, “Advertising and Children: What do Kids Think?” Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol 8 no. 2, pp. 371-384. Tjepkema, M. 2006, Adult Obesity. Health Reports , Vol.17 no.3, pp. 9-27.

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Write an essay about: In order to be effective, advertising must be informative, reassuring and persuasive. It must also be targeted at the right consumer market.

In order to be effective, advertising must be informative, reassuring and persuasive. It must also be targeted at the right consumer market.

What Makes an Effective Ad? Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Effective Use of Advertising 3. International Advertising 4. Research Methodology 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Advertising is a way in which a company generates interest in a particular product line in order to encourage greater sales within specific markets, but also to generate a certain degree of “hype” and product patronage for the products/services that the company is offering. In some product markets though, certain types of consumer goods and services require “an extra push” so to speak when trying to conduct normal business operations (Goldfarb and Tucker, 207 – 227). In such instances, as explained by Professor John Zang from the Wharton School of Business, “ if customers aren’t buying, more often than not it is an indication that a company is targeting the wrong people “. Taking this into consideration, it can be assumed that in cases where a hard to sell product is involved it is not that the company is experiencing a situation where the consumer does not want to be a customer but rather the company is merely targeting the wrong consumer market. It is in such instances that techniques such as informative, reassuring and persuasive advertising are utilized in order to gain the patronage of the market segment that the company is aiming for. Effective Use of Advertising While advertising is an effective means for a company to communicate with its customers and deliver its intended message, this doesn’t mean that all types of advertising are suitable for delivering a message for a particular type of company or a specific kind of product. Studies such as those by Kopf, Torres, and Enomoto (2011) elaborate on this by showing that mass produced items meant to appeal to a large but diversified consumer demographic tend to use informative advertising through television as their primary method of advertising (Kopf, Torres, and Enomoto, 5 – 18). Examples of this can be seen in the products of Pepsi, Coca Cola, Unilever, Kraft foods and a variety of other companies that specialize in producing what is commonly known as “junk food”. What you have to understand is that such companies operate within an incredibly competitive market environment with quite literally thousands of different products made by hundreds of competitors, all of whom are vying for a greater market percentage. Thus, in this particular case, what is needed is to have a product standout by way of informative advertising. This is often done by presenting a particular snack food item as either being tastier, healthier or more affordable than other brands within the market today. Since most consumers can be considered as being rational consumers they would of course tend to patronize a product that they believe is within their price range, is of exceptional quality and has a higher degree of total utility compared to similar products within the market. This would result in consumers having a greater likelihood of buying a product that they saw through informative advertising since for them it fulfills all the prerequisites needed for effective consumption. Based on the work of Kopf, Torres, and Enomoto (2011), it can thus be seen that informative advertising is more suited for overly saturated markets with heavy competition which necessitates the need for increasing product awareness. What must be understood though is that in the case of informative advertising customers already want to buy a specific product and as such it is only a matter of convincing them to buy the type of product made by a company. Such a case doesn’t quite exist in situations involving persuasive advertising since in such instances it often involves a customer that does not necessarily want to buy a particular product or utilize a specific type of service. Examples of this can be seen in the advertisements utilized by insurance companies wherein they use the phrase “what if” as the argumentative basis behind their insurance plans. As Goldfarb and Tucker (2011) explain, persuasive advertising is utilized as a means of changing a consumers mind by presenting a need that didn’t previously exist (Goldfarb and Tucker, 20-227). In the case of insurance companies, this comes in the form of possible accidents, illnesses or deaths that may occur and as such they “manufacture” the need so to speak by preying on human fears. While preying on fears is not always the case when it comes to persuasive advertising it does follow the same structure of “need manufacturing” wherein the element of persuasion is dependent on effectively convincing a person that they truly need to buy a product or utilize a service by a particular company. Last, but not least, is the concept of reassuring advertising; this particular method of advertising is actually slightly different as compared to the previous two since it technically doesn’t convince a person to buy a particular product but is rather aimed at ensuring the continued patronage of existing customers. Gal-Or, Geylani, and Yildirim (2012) explain that its aim is to reassure customers into believing that their purchase decisions were correct and that they should continue to buy that product or utilize that particular service (Gal-Or, Geylani, and Yildirim, 92-99). Common examples of this particular method of advertising are actually heavily employed by the cigarette industry wherein their advertisements don’t necessarily attempt to convince people to continue to buy cigarettes but rather relay the message that smoking cigarettes is perfectly fine and is actually popular. This often takes the form of having some popular actor, actress or athlete showcase either their support for the product or their use of it in order to entice people to continue to buy it due to the correlation between popular culture figures and propensity towards the continued patronage of the products they use by virtue of the fact that they use them. International Advertising International advertising initiatives such as those done by Unilever, Pepsi and Kraft Foods all attempt to target new markets within foreign countries due to flat growth in their main consumer markets (i.e. the U.S.) They do this by utilizing various local pop culture icons in print ads and television advertisements in order to create an association between such stars and the product the company wants to sell thus resulting in a far greater degree of sales and product patronage. In this case, this is a form of informative advertising wherein companies seek to create greater awareness for their products/services. Research Methodology The research methodology behind this form of advertising is basically one which involves creating an association between a new product and a pop culture icon. This speaks volumes of the influence of pop culture on consumer buying behavior however it is also indicative of the fact that companies are aware of what causes consumers to purchase a particular product and act accordingly in order to exploit it. Conclusion Based on the various examples that have been presented, it can be seen that despite various forms of consumable media in the form of print ads, billboards, commercials, online marketing campaigns and a plethora of other types of advertising initiatives being present in the world today not all techniques utilized in their creation are applicable to particular companies, products or services. At times it requires a specific type of advertising initiative whether informative, persuasive or reassuring in order to reach the ultimate goal of advertising which is to be able target products/services to the consumers who want to buy them and retain their patronage for as long as possible. Works Cited Gal-Or, Esther, Tansev Geylani, and Tuba Pinar Yildirim. “The Impact Of Advertising On Media Bias.” Journal Of Marketing Research (JMR) 49.1 (2012): 92-99. Business Source Premier . Web. Goldfarb, Avi, and Catherine Tucker. “Advertising Bans And The Substitutability Of Online And Offline Advertising.” Journal Of Marketing Research (JMR) 48.2 (2011): 207-227. Business Source Premier . Web. Kopf, Dennis A., Ivonne M. Torres, and Carl Enomoto. “Advertising’s Unintended Consequence.” Journal Of Advertising 40.4 (2011): 5-18. Business Source Premier . Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The purpose of this paper is to get a better perspective and understanding of Afghan communism and the Soviet intervention by critically analyzing the communism ideology and how it aided the Soviet Union to join the war in Afghanistan. Communism as an ideology was by extent borrowed from the Marxist philosophy.Communism by large and far is both a political and economic doctrine that advocated for public ownership and control of major facets of production, thus becoming a form of socialism. This way of thinking came about as a

The purpose of this paper is to get a better perspective and understanding of Afghan communism and the Soviet intervention by critically analyzing the communism ideology and how it aided the Soviet Union to join the war in Afghanistan. Communism as an ideology was by extent borrowed from the Marxist philosophy. Communism by large and far is both a political and economic doctrine that advocated for public ownership and control of major facets of production, thus becoming a form of socialism. This way of thinking came about as a

Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention Essay (Critical Writing) The purpose of this paper is to get a better perspective and understanding of Afghan communism and the Soviet intervention by critically analyzing the communism ideology and how it aided the Soviet Union to join the war in Afghanistan. Communism as an ideology was by extent borrowed from the Marxist philosophy. Communism by large and far is both a political and economic doctrine that advocated for public ownership and control of major facets of production, thus becoming a form of socialism. This way of thinking came about as a means to counter the American ideology of capitalism, which was seen to entail cut throat competition that further empowered the policy of having private property. To help us grasp the idea of Afghan communism, it is critical to have an understanding of her history. 0ver the years, Afghanistan was under a monarch rule. Mohammed Zahir Shar was the king until July 17 th , 1973 when he was ousted by his brother in-law and cousin, general Daoud Khan who brought an end to the monarch rule and led to the formation of the republic of Afghanistan. In 1979, a group of leftist led by Nur Mohammed Taraki, Kamal Barbrak and Amin Hafizullar organized a coup d’état. After the former government was withdrawn, Taraki became the new president while the post of the prime minister was given to Hafizullah. As for Kamal, he sought exile in Moscow. Taraki went to Moscow to meet Leonid Brezhnev, the president. Brezhnev advised him to do away with his Prime Minister Hafizulla, but among his security details a guard who was Hafizulla agent and reported the matter to Amin Hafizulla. Nur Mohammed summoned Amin who agreed to the summons on the pre-condition that his safety was to be guaranteed by the Soviet government through its ambassador. The Soviet embassy agreed to provide Amin with security. Having been forewarned, Amin used the palace guards to take Tariki hostage and assumed leadership of the country. Tariki died shortly of undisclosed illness. Under Amin’s rule the soviet wanted to put their troops in Afghanistan in anticipation of the American invasion of Iran much to Amin’s willingness. Eventually, the soviet invaded Afghanistan through paratroopers and killed Amin. These led to the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. The death of Amin paved way for Babrak Karmal to take over the leadership mantle as the head of Afghanistan’s government. The government led by Babrak suffered a series of splits which prompted the Soviets to seek Babrak’s replacement with Mohammed Najibullah who was by then the head of the PDPA. Babrak took a conceited role in engaging the Soviets. He eventually succeeded in taking power from Babrak Karmal. The civil war within Afghanistan was felt beyond the boundaries of Afghanistan. The civil war prompted peace talks in Geneva. As a solution for the continued conflict, the Geneva talks came up with a 9 moth timeline that would see the withdrawal of troops from the troubled Pakistan. These led to the creation of a neutral state of Afghanistan and allowed for Afghan refugees to come back to their country. The agreement between the faction groups was to be guaranteed by the Soviet Union and the United States. By 15 th February 1989, the last of Soviet troops had withdrawn as stipulated by the agreement schedule. However, the withdrawal did not bring either lasting peace or lessen the resentment from most Afghans and so Afghanistan plunged from one civil war to another. From the analyzed history, it is important to mention that through the invasion of Afghanistan it led to speedy adoption of communism through assimilation or imposition. The effect was tremendous and far- reaching as it led to a ten year civil war between the soviet troops and the Afghan guerillas or the Mujahedeen. The war escalated to a holy war (jihad) and served as a rallying force for many Muslims who were drawn from across the Muslim world to fight on the side of the guerillas. Reports based on the 9/11 commission reveals that most schools, mosques and some boarding houses were used for the purpose of recruiting youths for the jihad across the world including the United States. The ultimate result of Afghan communism, as identified by Bradsher, (2001) was the rise of more violent movements that were first aided by Britain, America and the republic of Saudi Arabia, but down the line, the friendship between these nations deteriorated and the situation graduated to terrorism. The ideology leveled by the soviet to the Afghan people lost a sense of direction when the Soviet Union collapsed. However, this did not mean the end of radical socialism, but in effect; it brought in a new wave of communism from the wide known economic point of view to a more political idealism that was now headed by the KGB. The Soviet Union had failed in its quest to spread their ideology which had also impacted on their economy negatively. Communism had to change its face and this was brought to play by Yuri Andropov who took over the reigns of the KGB in 1967. This branch of the Russian security service was transformed to become an independent, fully fledged unit within the Soviet State. Yuri Andropov also championed the financing activities for various uprisings in Europe, the Middle East and in Africa. These uprisings were initially started as student uprisings especially in northern Europe and in the Middle East. Yuri used a different approach; that of business, especially in oil which was meant to cut of the west especially America that depended on oil products imported from the oil rich gulf-region. He was also pro-active in the formation of a group of young Muslim fundamentalist from the various Islamic countries who resided in America as either students or workers. Some of this recruits assisted to form the Muslim brotherhood movement. What remains as the most controversial point in Afghan communism is the fact that the rise of Islamism militias lies squarely on both the infiltration by either the KGB or the CIA, with both parties rooting for their interest within Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is supported by the reports of personalities such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, a sympathizer and also a pro-active associate of the communist regime in Kabul. The most shocking analysis about Gulbuddin Hekmatyar is how he ended up becoming an operative of the Pakistan ISI and even getting both financial and weapons from America in aid of the Taliban in the 1980s, despite being known for his support for the terrorist and his affiliation to militias in Iran. Others have suggested that this could only have been possible through the infiltration of the CIA by KGB. Others have argued that the CIA lacked the intelligence to have foreseen the consequence of their involvement with these individuals who mostly tried to use the resources’ of the United States to expound on their agenda. However, it is important to mention that not all socialist ideologists have contributed to this radical wave of violence; rather, it is the extremist side that has led to the formation on internal self-grown terrorists who are affiliated to these extremists. To enhance this knowledge, it is critical to look at how the Taliban came to be. Taliban was established by Mullah Omar who was joined in 1984 by Osama bin Laden in Pakistan and took part in the 1987 battle. In autumn, of 1989 Bin Laden’s mentor, Massud, was assassinated and he took the reigns of al-Qaayd. Osama sent most of the fighters at home and abandoned his base in the frontier town of Peshawar in the pretext that Saudi Arabia had issued a decree for his death. By 1991, still the communists’ regime controlled and governed Kabul and when matters started to take shape in the Soviet Central Asia, Bin Laden changed his focus and apparent interests in destabilizing the Russian ideology and control to targeting pro-American governments’ supporters in Africa, and Europe. Bin Laden only returned to Afghanistan through the invitation of Hikmatyar in 1996 to join him and also as a refugee, but to his shock, most of his allies had shifted together with the communist generals to Mullah Omar’s camp. He also followed suit. All through the post-Soviet era, Russia misled the Afghan government of Burhanuddin Rabbani (1992-2001), of loyal support whereas most of its former commanders paid tribute to Hikmatyar. Reference Bradsher, H., S. (2001). Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention . New Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text describes the process and context of setting up and conducting a scientific study involving human subjects. It offers a description of the scientist's previous studies in epidemiology, which are different from the nun study experience. The book raises several important issues on how a research study involving closed communities should proceed.Essentially, the text explains the research study as a process limited in scope at the beginning, which later evolved to a more detailed study.

The text describes the process and context of setting up and conducting a scientific study involving human subjects. It offers a description of the scientist's previous studies in epidemiology, which are different from the nun study experience. The book raises several important issues on how a research study involving closed communities should proceed. Essentially, the text explains the research study as a process limited in scope at the beginning, which later evolved to a more detailed study.

Human Subjects Research: David Snowdon’s “Aging With Grace” Essay The Research Process The book “Aging with Grace” by David Snowdon regards a study based on the religious lifestyles of nuns in Good Counsel Hill convent. The research study or rather the nun study seeks to provide insight on leading healthier, longer, and more meaningful lives. The book describes the process and context of setting up and conducting a scientific study involving human subjects. It offers a description of the scientist’s previous studies in epidemiology, which are different from the nun study experience. In the latter study, the study evolved over time with essential input from the nuns as “a way to continue helping and educating others” (Snowdon, 2001, p. 256). Essentially, the nun study maps the research study as a process limited in scope at the beginning, which later evolves to a more detailed study. The book raises several important issues on how a research study involving closed communities should proceed. Initially, the researcher had a limited understanding of the religious order of the nuns or the history of Notre Dames, his intended study subjects. He, however, gathered preliminary information before embarking on the study. The first step in research is gaining the approval of relevant authorities after proposing the study idea. In the research, identification of the research idea followed by preliminary investigation or background search is core to a later detailed research (Holliday, 2007, p. 141). Later, the nun study gains the approval of Sister Carmen, after agreeing to treat the subjects with “respect and care” (Snowdon, 2001, p. 257). In longitudinal studies involving closed communities, positive relationships between the researcher and the researcher are fundamental and have an impact on the findings. The researcher had to visit the Good Counsel Hill convent to understand the connection between the nun’s religious lifestyles and their longer and healthier living. This shows the importance of interaction between the researcher and the subjects in qualitative research design. Aspects of the Investigator’s Experience In research, particularly in epidemiological studies, the participants are many. As a result, relationships between the researcher and the participants are hard to establish, which is vital in maintaining scientific objectivity. However, in the nun study, the researcher was able to establish relationships with the participants. This, to me, is important particularly in studies involving qualitative data. The participants are able to reveal essential information based on these relationships. In gaining the approval of Sister Carmen, the researcher explained the significance of his research and the contribution of previous nun studies to medicine. Personally, I would like to have an opportunity to discuss my research idea with the authorities and professionals. In this way, I would gain expert advice that has potential implications on the research process and findings. The researcher in the nun study did a background search including consulting a Notre Dame, Nora Keenan. To me, literature review is essential in refining the statement problem and in refining the objectives of the study. It also provides information to support the need for the study. The researcher was passionate about his investigation. He had an earlier relevant experience when he used keep poultry. In fact, his passion for epidemiology stems from his experience with chicken and poultry diseases. Additionally, in the nun study, he was able to visit his study subjects, the nuns, at the convent. I would like to have a direct contact or interviews with the participants in my research as opposed to using questionnaires to collect data. Reference List Holliday, A. (2007). Doing and Writing Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publications. Snowdon, D. (2001). Aging with Grace: What the Nun Study Teaches Us About Leading Longer, Healthier and More Meaningful Lives . New York: Bantam Press. p. 256-257

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the challenges facing dealers of agricultural based company, AGRICOMP. These challenges include slow and lengthy claim processes, biasness of staff towards dealers, and low levels of satisfaction among dealers. The text concludes with recommendations for improving the situation.

The text discusses the challenges facing dealers of agricultural based company, AGRICOMP. These challenges include slow and lengthy claim processes, biasness of staff towards dealers, and low levels of satisfaction among dealers. The text concludes with recommendations for improving the situation.

AGRICOMP: Challenges Facing Dealers Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Dealers operations 3. Dealers’ feelings about the warranty 4. Recommendations 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction AGRICOMP is an agricultural based company which deals in both software and hardware agricultural products through affiliated dealers distributed all over the country. These products aid farmers in crop rotation planning, financial management, remote access to diverse agricultural databases, weather and market information news (Cooper & Schindler, 2011; Doane & Seward, 2010). Dealers operations Dealers operate on behalf of AGRICOMP in selling, handling of warranty and repair services. During the warranty period, dealers are responsible for maintenance of both software and hardware parts of these products with repair claim vouchers submitted to the company headquarters for reimbursement (Cooper & Schindler, 2011; Doane & Seward, 2010). If the staffs are convinced of the claim, then payment is made to the dealers through the indicated preferred means. However, in most cases the authenticities of claim rely on staff members who might be biased to dealers. This has resulted in numerous complaints from dealers perspectives. Dealers’ feelings about the warranty First, dealers felt that they are short changed in the way they are treated after repairs. For instance, they are denied the cost of services they have offered to customers on account that they are outside the warranty agreement or because the warranty agreements have expired. Secondly, dealers in most cases have complained of long and unsuccessful appeals. Such denials reduce their margins thus making them incur high losses. Therefore, most dealers have resolved not to appeal as they consider it a waste of time. Finally, dealers claim processes are slow and involve lengthy procedures which are blamed on company employees with conflict of interests which frustrate most of dealers. Recommendations First, the company should train its dealers on the content of its warranty documents. This will help dealers in undertaking correct repairs which are covered by warranty. Second, it seems most of the dealers are illiterate in understanding the appeal process and so there is need for good relationship between the company and its dealers through employing qualified staffs with company information at hand. In addition, there is need for giving dealers a direct line to office staffs as this will help in reducing malicious repairs incurred by dealers. Third, AGRICOMP needs to reimburse dealers a percentage of the cost incurred in undertaking repairs for cases where the warrantees have expired. This will help in maintaining customers’ loyalty and increasing dealers’ satisfaction levels. Fourth, the company should employ qualified field technicians who are responsible for repairs of its products. In this way, the work of dealers will be limited only to collection of default items but not repairs. This will help limit the numerous cases of exorbitant pricing by malicious dealers and their associated companies. Fifth, the company should make contractual agreement with nearby repair centres which should act as customers’ referral points. This will help reduce dealers function to certification of warrantee documents and therefore enhances their intensive participation in sales activation processes. Finally, if all the above methods are not efficient, then an external mediator should be appointed to help in the appeal process. However, care should be taken as an external mediator might result in the revival of old and concluded cases against the companies. Moreover, external mediation fees should be negotiated and shared between dealers and the company so that it does not reduce the company’s profitability while at the same time not hurt dealers (Cooper & Schindler, 2011; Doane & Seward, 2010). Conclusion In summary, I strongly recommend the company to resort to direct repairs which are well coordinated and scheduled to designated places on a monthly basis. However, the company should only resort to external mediator in situations where dealers are not convinced of the board’s decision not to pay for the services already rendered. References Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Doane, D. P., & Seward, L. E. (2010). Applied statistics in business and economics (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: This essay discusses how alternative organizations promote their ideologies.Orange Telecommunication Company is one of the leading companies in the industry. According to orange.com (2011), Orange is a key brand of France telecom and it emerged with the aim of shifting from using wired connections to wireless mobile telephony.

This essay discusses how alternative organizations promote their ideologies. Orange Telecommunication Company is one of the leading companies in the industry. According to orange.com (2011), Orange is a key brand of France telecom and it emerged with the aim of shifting from using wired connections to wireless mobile telephony.

Orange Telecommunication Company: Alternative Organizations Ideologies Promotion Essay Introduction An alternative organization refers to non-governmental organizations which have alleviating and reducing poverty in the developing countries as their main aim. Poverty is a major issue facing developing countries and most developing countries are finding it hard to alleviate poverty. As a result, most developing countries will seek financial aid in the developed countries. This relationship creates a diplomatic tie between the developed and developing countries. In some cases, the aftermath of the diplomatic ties is the establishment of alternate organizations in the developing countries by the developed countries. These organizations usually have set modalities to be able to achieve their aims and objectives. They provide a system that allows traders in the developing countries to access the global market in developed countries (Spulber, 1979, p.60) Global capitalism is a concept derived from two main words, “globalization “and “capitalism”. Globalization in economic terms refers to the global interaction of various economies on the global front. According to Levin institute (n. d, pg.1), globalization can be defined as the process by which there is increased interaction among individuals, companies or governments. It may also refer to the global distribution of services and goods. According to Bloomberg (2000, p.1), global capitalism has created a lot of job opportunities in the developing countries. Globalization can also be defined as the process by which various countries interact in order to facilitate and develop the economy globally. Globalization is aimed at distributing the various means of production of goods and services among various countries. Globalization has various diverse definitions but the commonly accepted definition is that globalization is the increase in interaction of people, culture and economic activities on the global front (Spulber, 1979, p.60). On the other hand, capitalism refers to an economic system in which the means of production as well as distribution of resources is corporately or privately owned (Case, 2004). Capitalism can be seen as being characterized by private control of the means of production. Capitalism is also characterized by free market for services and goods. Global capitalism may be defined as the concept of advancing the capitalistic ideologies throughout the various economies around the world (Uluorta, 2009, p.20) This essay is going to analyze how alternative organizations advance their ideologies. A case study of orange company is going to be used. Case Study Orange Telecommunication Company is one of the leading companies in the industry. According to orange.com (2011), Orange is a key brand of France telecom and it emerged with the aim of shifting from using wired connections to wireless mobile telephony. It is a mobile network and internet service provider that was founded in the United Kingdom. The company was established in 1994 and was a constituent company of FTSE 100 that was purchased by France Telecom in the early 2000. It was in 2000 when the company adopted the name Orange. This is a brand name that has exposed the company to the rest of the world, especially in the developing countries. In addition, the company has formed a joint venture after it merged with Deutsche Telekom’s T Mobile UK (Marangos, 2004, p. 56). Because of the competition in the industry, the company has managed to get 17 million customers globally. The company has been improving its services by adopting new technology. This has helped the company compete favorably with other companies in the industry such as Safaricom, Zain and Yu. Telecommunication industry is one of the factors that are improving lifestyles and reducing poverty level among people. Orange company has been improving its services in the country so that it can compete favorably with other companies (Lippit, 2005, p. 123). According to Strangio (2006, p.1), the aim of the company is to improve telecommunication services, especially in the developing countries. The company is highly reputed in the countries in which the company has operations. Orange is one of the companies that have helped many developing nations reduce poverty (Orange.com, 2011). As stated earlier, Orange is an alternative organization that has an objective of improving the lifestyles of poor people in the developing countries. In addition to the services provided by the company, the management is highly reputed. The reputation is because of the hard work and commitment that the employees are exhibiting (Ager, 2007). Ways in which the company has reduced poverty in developing countries First, the company has created many job opportunities, hence, making locals get income to sustain themselves and their families. The unfortunate in the society are employed as clerks, finance officers, technicians, network specialists, engineers, marketers and many other positions offered by the company (Rowstow, 1990). People who had no jobs have gotten a chance to improve on their lifestyle due to regular income in form of salaries, wages and allowances (Ingham, 2008, p. 85). Secondly, the government gets revenue from the company in form of tax. This means that the tax collected by the government is used to improve services provided to the citizens. Because the company is generating as lot of revenues from its customers, it has helped the government by offering communication services that are effective, efficient and reliable. This is critical in improving the lives of the less fortunate in the society. Rural health care Rural health care is a program that the company has been engaging itself in to offer health services to the public (Herotheos, 2008). The company has been organizing for mobile clinics so that those who cannot afford can get the services at a lower cost. The company provides subsidies in what is called tele-medicine or tele-health. The clinics and health centers that have been constructed have created jobs and improved the health conditions of the people. The hospitals in the rural areas have enabled them get affordable rates because of their situation. Schools and libraries In addition to construction of the rural hospitals, the company has been in a position to construct schools and libraries in the rural areas. The illiteracy levels will reduce when the children are educated. Only then will the poverty level reduce. This means that the people will get access to internet, information, knowledge and other services that will help them improve their lifestyles. After the people have got education, they will be able to secure good jobs and get some income. The company has been offering scholarships to the bright needy students from poor background. This will help them get out of poverty after they have gotten the education and knowledge that will ensure they live a comfortable life (Schumpeter & Swedberg, 1943, p. 133). The level of poverty in most slums in the countries of operation is being upgraded by the company because they are interested in improving their living standards. Communication has improved in most developing countries, especially in the rural areas, where people are less fortunate. The poverty level has generally reduced due to the services and commitment the company has in the developing countries (Marangos, 2004, p. 59). In addition to improving infrastructure, the company has been engaging itself in corporate social responsibility (CSR). This has improved the image and reputation of the company, hence, attracting more customers (Crane and Matten, 2010). This has been able to help the poor people because they get the chance to be visited. For example, the company has been visiting and donating food in the children’s homes. These homes house and take care of children from poor families and orphans. In addition to giving them the basic needs, they sponsor those who do well academically. The calling rates of the company are affordable compared to other company’s rates. This means the company is not overcharging its customers, hence, not turning them poor. The internet that the company is providing is reliable and affordable to the customers. In the long run, the affordable charges will help the customers save some money. Low income earners can communicate, no matter the economic restrain that is affecting most countries, especially in developing countries such as Kenya and Senegal (Spulber, 1979, p. 145). In conclusion, the company has had positive impact in the developing countries in terms of economic benefits. For example, the internet connectivity provided will help improve e-commerce and e- business in the region. Analyzing the statement in relation to Orange Company Alternative organizations have a significant importance in the developing countries. They provide employment opportunities to the developing countries, provide revenue to the government through taxation, they provide services and products that are high-tech and also provide a means of foreign exchange to the developing countries (Rowstow, 1990, p.35). Besides these benefits brought upon the developing countries, an alternative organization faces a lot of challenges. Many alternative organizations are finding it hard to adapt to global capitalization concept and challenges because they are deemed to be small or they are not significant enough (Kvint&Kvint, 2009, p. 67). The orange companies, being one of the alternative organizations, are not exempted from these challenges. Firstly, the company is too small to be able to advance its operations. A Company’s strength is measured according to its capital base and ability to reinvest the profits gained in other free markets. Since its inception, the orange company has not been able to expand and reinvest in the developing countries market. The latest acquisition of Orange was the acquiring of Telkom Kenya by the Orange group (Orange.com, 2011). Telkom Kenya was the country’s telephone service provider that used cables to offer telephone services through the use of telephone booths. For example, at the time when Orange acquired Telkom Kenya, many Telkom Kenya staff were laid off, a factor that was attributed to lack of enough funds to pay the overstaffed Telkom Kenya employees. Up to the end of 2010, Orange Kenya had not been able to upgrade its equipment to accommodate the new technological changes due to lack of enough funds. In a bid to reduce on the operating costs, Orange Kenya had to lay off some of its staff and do a major restructuring in its operation departments. Some departments were merged while others were scrapped off. In other countries where Orange has branches, the company has not been able to reinvest more in the local markets within the country of its operations. For example in South Africa, most branded orange operations are not fully owned by the orange company. The case is the same in countries like Belgium, where Orange owns a small percentage in Mobistar, in Egypt, where Orange owns a small share in Mobinil and in Portugal, where orange holds a small percentage in OptimusTelecomunicações . Due to its small capital base, orange company has not been able to accommodate the global capitalism wave. Orange operates the orange ISP (internet service provider) services in the countries in which it has operations in. ISP is a registered company that provides internet services and connectivity to the internet. These countries include: France, Kenya, the United Kingdom, Spain, Mali, Slovakia, Romania, Senegal, Guinea and Switzerland. The Orange ISP services have not been to standard in most of these countries. The services have not been able to lived up to the changing standards in the telecommunication industry (Goldsmith, 2005). For instance, at this time of technological advent and innovation, a good ISP should embrace the use of fiber optic cables. Fiber optic is the transmission of light through flexible and fine glass or plastic wires (Ramaswami & Sivarajan, 1998). Fiber optics can also be defined as the transmission of light pulses along a wire. Optic cables provide high data connectivity and data with less signal distortions (Bates, 2001). Orange has not been able to embrace these technological changes and more often, it has been voted as one of the poor ISP providers in the countries it operates in. For example, in some countries, Orange ISP still provides connectivity to the internet using the wired cabling connection mode. The orange live box internet connection module utilizes the wired connection mode. This leads to provision of poor services, which puts the company at the brink of collapse (Rappaport, 2002). Most people would prefer using telecommunications providers that provide high quality and faster services. If a company does not provide such services, it will lose some of its subscribers to its competitors and may eventually collapse (Garg, 2002, p.77). Another challenge facing alternative organizations is the inability to cope with the global capitalization concept. Competition is everywhere and it is a tool that can be used to measure how strong or prepared an individual or organization is to cope up with it. Every company is striving to have its presence felt globally and if an organization is not fully prepared, it faces collapse threats (Litterman& Sachs, 2003, p.55). This global capitalization concept has led to various developments, which are both positive and negative to some economies of the world. The results of global capitalism are twofold, they might benefit the company or the subscriber or at the same time they might also be detrimental to either companies or the subscriber. For example, orange has been faced with a global challenge of providing high speed 3G internet services to its subscribers (Rhoton, 2001). This was as a result of most of telecommunications companies offering 3G internet connectivity. This competition among various ISP is a blessing in disguise (Bates & Gregory, 2001, p. 34). It is a blessing in the sense that the subscribers are going to get a wide range of services over the internet but on the other hand, it is disadvantageous since the subscribers have to pay for all the cost incurred in obtaining the 3G licenses by the company. Orange has also been faced with the global wrangles in advocating and advancing the global capitalism ideology. Every other alternative organization is striving to have a share in the global capitalism concept and orange is not an exception. Orange has been struggling to have its presence felt on the global front through advertisements rights and sponsorships rights. Orange faces stiff competition through advertisements especially from the Airtel Company, which seems to be having a wider share in advertising rights. Advertising is a marketing strategy and a way through which a company is able to make itself known. If a company does not market itself, it is at a risk of collapsing anytime. In order to cope up with the global capitalism, Orange Company needs to invest heavily in advertisement. Advertisement can take up any form including activities like television advertisements, sponsoring some of the sporting activities and involvement in charity activities (Leyshon & Lee, 2003, pg 26). The orange brand in United Kingdom has been able to engage in the charitable activities and the same has to be reflected in other countries. For example, Orange is the sponsor of a community based organization in the United Kingdom known as the Rock Corps. It is a community based organization which volunteers to donate approximately four hours in a day in exchange for a concert ticket. Like its major competitors, Orange should sponsor some of the global sporting activities like the Olympics games, world cup games and athletics among others. Failure to invest more in advertisement may put orange at a vulnerable position of collapsing. Many alternative organizations will strive to do whatever it takes in order to be recognized globally. Some of the organizations will revert to and adopt desperate measures in order to achieve global recognition. The recent global capitalism wrangles having been experienced in the East African region, specifically in Kenya. The price wars among the various telecommunication companies in the region including Orange led to drastic reduction of voice and data rates. This move is detrimental to the company since they are offering services at low cost, which in turn lowers the company’s revenues. If a company’s revenues are reduced, it means less profit and the company will have a low capital base that cannot allow for expansion and eventually the company may collapse (Spulber, 1979, p. 38). This can also lead to companies making losses and eventually collapsing. For example, after the telecommunications wars experienced in the East African Region, specifically in Kenya, Orange recorded a decrease in its profits. In a move to counteract the reduced voice rates, the company started offering other services like data bundles over their telephone networks. Thirdly, most alternative organizations will always strive to advance the global capitalism ideology. Orange has been seen as advancing the capitalism idea through so many ways. For example, in most countries where orange operates, most of its profits are repatriated back to the mother company in France. This eventually creates an economical imbalance between the two states since instead of the profits made being re-invested in the country where the branch is, it is taken back to the mother company. Orange company can also be seen as advancing the global capitalism in the sense that, in most of its operations worldwide, most of its technocrats are from the mother companies. The major key decision makers are located in the mother company in France. This will eventually create an autocratic rule which may eventually create a state of hegemony. In some cases, the area residents, who are the potential and sometimes the subscribers, may be displeased with the organization’s form of leadership. Global capitalism should not be the major reason as to why alternative organizations are struggling to achieve. More benefits could be obtained from a balanced business corporation devoid of global capitalism. Especially in the developing countries, a mutual business partnership can be created that will have twofold benefits. For example, Orange Company could invest its telecommunication services in the developing countries like Sudan and as retaliation they could benefit from the natural resources available in the country like oil. In so doing, both the countries benefit and a sustainable mutual relationship is created in place of global capitalism (Leyshon & Lee, 2003, p. 21). Also, in order to cub the capitalistic ideology, the orange company needs to ensure that some of the important management officials are from the country in which it is carrying out its operations. For example, local expatriates can be employed as part of the strategic or tactical management levels. In so doing, the residents will feel part and parcel of the organization. They will not feel dictated upon and will always associate themselves with the company. This increases the confidence of customers in the company hence creating a strong brand for the company. Also, another way to create a business platform that deviates from the capitalistic ideology is the company selling its shares to local residents. Another way of achieving confidence of subscribers and creating a strong brand for the company is for the Orange Company to re-invest in the country in which it has operations in as opposed to repatriating the profits back to the mother companies (Dixit, 2004, p.18) Another way which orange company can contribute to a sustainable development that is an alternate to global capitalism is through sponsorship of community based organization and sporting activities (Marangos, 2004, p.41). According to The World Bank group 2001, p.1, sustainable development is the development that can meet the present needs without compromising the next generation’s ability to meet the same needs. The same definition is also provided by the International institute for sustainable development (2011, p.1). The sponsorship program has been a success in the United Kingdom since orange is a sponsor of Rock corps, a community based organization. Also, orange has been able to participate in sponsorship of various sports activities around the East Africa region. Orange sponsors the Orange Women hockey team that participates in the Kenya Hockey League. By involving itself in the sponsorship activities, Orange puts its brand at the forefront since it is advertising itself. It also creates a strong brand for its name and gains confidence among individuals. Orange should involve itself in environmental awareness activities like promotion of wild life conservation activities. Orange faces some challenges as it tries to operate within the various countries. Some of the problems faced by orange are locally generated while others are internationally generated. The following are some of the major problems faced by orange. Different governments have different policies and regulations that govern the telecommunications industries. Some government’s policies are to the advantage of the company while others are to their disadvantage. For example, some government policies require that all telecommunications companies must buy communication frequencies licenses which are very expensive and raises operating costs (Ingham, 2008, p.67). The second challenge is the reluctance of some subscribers to embrace technological change. Thirdly, there is a problem of decision making. Orange faces a major problem of decision making within its organizations, especially in those countries where orange operates as a shareholder in another company (Rhoton, 2001). To some extent, Orange Kenya has deviated from its initial principles and has adopted the capitalist practices. Since its inception in the developing countries, Orange had the fundamental principle of alleviating poverty in the developing countries. Continuous improvement Orange is focused on continuous improvement through a variety of ways. The company has been able to bring new improvements into the telecommunication industry. The company has been able to introduce and improve on the products and services it is offering to the customers. For example, the company has been able to improve on its internet speeds like providing clients with advanced 3G high speed connectivity. The company is in a process to enroll the use of 4G+ internet connectivity to enhance fast data transfer rates. Continuous improvement is also visible in the way recruitments are done at the company. The company recruits well qualified staff and retrenches those who are not well qualified. This is in a bid to ensure that the company is well equipped with the right technocrats who will provide high quality services. Conclusion In conclusion, alternative organizations are bound to fail because most of them are too small or are not well placed to cope up with global capitalization. Most of these organizations are faced with a threat to collapse if at all they are only concerned with advancing capitalist ideologies (Horak, 2007, p.24). With the current advent of global democracy and mutual benefits between economies, most alternative organizations should focus on promoting a well balanced economy between the participating states. In the past orange has been seen as a company with the aim of providing services and products as part of the company’s corporate social responsibility. With time, the company has over the years changed its objectives to become a dominant player in the industry. The dominance being targeted by orange company is not geared towards provision of services and products but geared towards creating an environment that may create hegemony. Reference List Ager, R., 2007. Economy versus Ideology . Web. Bates, J., 2001. Optical Switching and Networking Handbook . New York: McGraw-Hill. Bates, R. & Gregory, D., 2001. Voice and data communications handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Bloomberg, L. P., 2000. Business week: global capitalism . Web. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2010. Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Case, E., 2004. Principles of Macroeconomics . New Jersy: Prentice Hall. Dixit, A., 2004. Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. Garg, A., 2002. Wireless Network Evolution: 2G to 3G. Tamil: Pearson Education India. Goldsmith, A., 2005. Wireless Communications . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Herotheos, D., 2008. Capitalism’s ideology . Web. Horak, R., 2007. Telecommunications and data communication handbook . Hoboken : John Wiley and sons. Ingham, G., 2008. Capitalism . Cambridge: Polity Press. International institute for Sustainable Development., 2011. What is Sustainable Development? Web. Kvint, V. & Kvint, L., 2009. The global emerging market: strategic management and. Economics. London: Routledge. Leyshon, A. and Lee, K., 2003. Alternative economic spaces. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Lippit, V., 2005. Capitalism . Oxon: Routledge. Litterman, R. & Sachs, G., 2003. Modern investment management: equilibrium approach. Hoboken: John Wiley and sons. Marangos, J., 2004. Alternative economic models of transition. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Orange.com., 2011. Networks and IT . Web. Orange.com., 2011. Orange history . Web. Ramaswami, R. & Sivarajan, K., 1998. Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective . San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Rappaport, T., 2002. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. New Jersy: Prentice Hall. Rhoton, J., 2001. The Wireless Internet Explained . Massachusetts: Digital Press. Rowstow, W., 1990. The stages of economic growth: a non-communist manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. Schumpeter, J. &Swedberg, R., 1943. Capitalism, socialism and democracy. London: Routledge. Spulber, N., 1979. Organizational Alternatives in Soviet-Type Economies. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. Strangio. C., 2006. Data communication basics . Web. The LEVIN Institute. globalization101: what is globalization? Web. The World Bank group., 2001. What is sustainable development? Web. Uluorta, H., 2009. The social economy: working alternatives in a globalizing era. Oxon: Routledge.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Amazon.com has been able to maintain its position as a leading online retailer for books by pursuing other product lines including "1-Click ordering and zShops". These shopping devices eased shopping by offering shoppers more information since categorization of products has been made possible. In addition, 1-Click payment feature for instance offers recommendations on books or music which may be related to the customer's search. This has eventually led to an increase in value.

Amazon.com has been able to maintain its position as a leading online retailer for books by pursuing other product lines including "1-Click ordering and zShops". These shopping devices eased shopping by offering shoppers more information since categorization of products has been made possible. In addition, 1-Click payment feature for instance offers recommendations on books or music which may be related to the customer's search. This has eventually led to an increase in value.

Amazon.com Competitive Strategies Report Introduction Uncertainty always reigns in the minds of managers when it comes to deciding what impact is brought about by the competitive strategies utilized by the managers. This uncertainty is even more when firms operate in new environments such as the e-ecommerce platform. The fact that there are a growing number of firms joining the e-commerce environment is ground enough to establish strategies that would enable a firm compete effectively in the new environment. Understanding the strategies which would be usable in attaining value in e-commerce is a priority among e-businesses (Filson 2004). Amazon.com being a leading online retailer for books is an e-business which has over the time positioned itself strategically to remain relevant and competitive in a dynamically evolving environment. Amazon.com: Overview Amazon.com was founded by Jeff Bezos, who is also the current CEO of the company, in July 1995; however, the company started operating as a public firm in 1997. Amazon.com began as an online bookstore but then entered the music store field in June 1998. These services and goods, and others which Amazon.com has ventured in, are offered on retail basis hence making the firm an outstanding internet retailer (Filson 2004). It is important to note some of the major competitors of Amazon.com include Barnes & Noble and eBay among others. Compared to its competitors i.e. including even the early competitors, Amazon.com’s market value has remained larger thus making the company always stand out in performance. While the main competitors experienced fall in their market value after their peak in the late 1990s, Amazon.com’s value has been clearly outstanding (Filson 2004). Competitive Strategies Amazon.com realized that the theory of increasing sales as a general strategy for the competitiveness of a business was not enough in the e-tailing environment. In realization that exploring other product lines may increase a firm’s competitive position, Amazon.com has pursued other lines of business including “1-Click ordering and zShops”. These shopping devices eased shopping by offering shoppers more information since categorization of products has been made possible. In addition, 1-Click payment feature for instance offers recommendations on books or music which may be related to the customer’s search. This has eventually led to an increase in value. Since the above strategies are not price-based, Amazon’s competitors have found it challenging to imitate (Datamonitor 2011). This is because technology used to develop such features is usually patented, thus barring competitors from imitating the technology. As for zShops and auctions, Amazon strategically benefitted in that others were offered an opportunity to utilize Amazon’s technologies. Shopping at Amazon.com has been made easier by use of these shopping devices as well as utilizing actions. Amazon.com also realizes that expanding product lines does not necessarily translate into increased market value. Instead, the firm identifies that specific line of products achieve this. These include “small, high value/weight objects such as books, electronics, health and beauty products, music, toys and games, and videos” (Filson 2004, p.152). By going into these lines of business, Amazon.com has remained at the top of its competitors as far as market value is considered. Other than its official www.amazon.com website, Amazon also increases its global presence by offering its products on other websites available internationally. For instance, in its formative years, Amazon.com formed promotional alliances with prominent portals such as Yahoo and Netscape among others. Promotional services as well as advertising through popular portals set Amazon.com apart competitively against its competitors, making Amazon.com defeat its rivals during its early years. Despite the fact that promotional services through major portals have lost value given Amazon.com’s stage of growth, it is no doubt that it was a vital tool in taking the firm where it is now in the e-marketing environment (O’Brien & Shambora 2009). Rivette and Kline (2000) emphasize that the emergence of intellectual property is a business competiveness tool in today’s business world. Other than boosting the overall competitiveness of an organization, Rivette and Kline (2000) say that patents have, of late, become avenues for enhancing financial markets and putting up a proprietary advantage. This is through the fact that patents help protect the uniqueness of a business system and reduce corporate risk. Novel ideas and technologies must be protected if modern businesses, especially ICT-based businesses, must capitalize on them to gain both strategically and competitively. The patenting of Amazon’s 1-Click system, which is a system that is used in order processing, was a competitive weapon established by the company back in 1999. This would later give Amazon leverage in a suit where Barnes & Noble had infringed on the 1-Click system rights. Amazon won the case. Amazon is renowned for its constant stretching of its muscle into business lines which are completely new, thereby ending up disrupting the industries it joins. It can be termed as a firm which is adventurous even when they face failure. From an online bookstore to a music store, Amazon diversified into treadmills, cloud computing and toilet seats, just to name a few areas where it has ventured. Amazon has recently taken the challenge to Apple by coming up with Kindle, which is somewhat a competitor of the iPad. This is just an indication of how far Amazon is willing to adventure to ensure its sustainability given the current dynamism in the market (O’Brien & Shambora 2009). In addition, Kindle’s e-reader tool is already enabling widening of the e-books space, thus making Amazon a dominant firm in the e-book market since its launch in 2007. It is recorded that book sales as enabled by Kindle exceeded the sale of hardcover books on www.amazon.com by July 2010. There have been more Kindle book purchases from Amazon website now than any of the two print books offered by Amazon. Amazon has therefore gained both competitive advantage and revenue generation through this revolutionary gadget (Datamonitor 2011). The virtue of Amazon being a leader in online retail business has already positioned it to reach a wide customer base. This is something that is envied by its rivals. How Amazon.com’s has Created Superior Customer Value Amazon is a business of its kind and has of late attracted attention due to its trail of impressive growth. It has kept on embracing transformational growth sending its tentacles into different interests while still trying to retain an aspect of core business. Amazon started as an online book business and this was already very innovative as it was built around a changing customer value proposition bringing another view of the book industry (Burgelman & Meza 2001). It then went beyond books to all kinds of consumer goods that could be easily shipped. Its view of core business at this time started changing from that of a product to a business design. Later the business ventured into commission-based brokerage to traders of used books and then to third party sellers. It was therefore no longer a sale only but a sales-and-service model. In 2002, the company then ventured into web services, a field in IT and very different from its shipping and trade facilitation business. Over 200,000 outside web developers were giving free help. 2007 saw Amazon set up lab 126 that launched its first product, the Kindle e-book reader threatening to disrupt the publishing industry. This saw 500,000 e-books for kids sold in the first year. E-books on Amazon are now a booming business and have greatly expanded. Today, Amazon offers world’s biggest selection and is seeking to be the most customer centric company. They offer millions of unique, new, used, and refurbished items in several categories like jewelry and watches, health, food, sports, books, electronics, toys and many other categories. Amazon has shown ability to find new opportunities to serve a different type of clientele or serve the same clientele in a new way and still retain value in the old business. Amazon.com: a case in point Amazon.com used internet as its only method of selling goods to its customers. It has some competitors like Barnes & Noble and also Borders. There are also others like eBay and Google. The competitive advantage that Amazon.com has over Barnes and Noble is that its costs are significantly lower as the competitors use brick and mortar as their distribution channel (Brandenburger & Nalebuff 1996). Amazon.com has no storefronts and the main distribution warehouse can be located anywhere even away from densely populated areas where other conventional businesses would like to have their stores located. This allows Amazon to pay cheaper in terms of rent as it locates its warehouse in low rent areas. Due to the various ways in which Amazon is able to avoid costs, it is able to deliver items at prices lower than market prices and still generate profit. Other competing online booksellers are unable to deliver services as those of Amazon due to its recent boom, and its cost efficient way to shop for goods (Leschly & Sahlman 2008). Despite the attempts to use internet to sell their books, the competitors have not been able to overcome the overwhelming reputation of Amazon. However, there are other new entrants who are gaining popularity and who are now real threats to Amazon’s business. Google is one such business whose entry into the market attracted overwhelming interest from customers. The market is therefore showing stiffer competition since Google is a well known and well connected competitor. The current trend of Amazon makes it difficult to classify its business model. Instead it seems to be combining different models and no single one is sufficient to entirely sustain competitive advantage. It could also be said that it has created a new business model. This new business model uses the synergy of various benefits to create value for the customers. Some of these benefits are: shopping convenience, speed, discounted pricing, ease of purchase, wide selection, reliability of order fulfillment and lots of information that enable decision making (Campbell & Collins 2010). Sustainability of Amazon’s Strategies In its operational strategy, Amazon has managed to enhance its competitive strategy through cost leadership, customer differentiation, and focus strategies. Rather than talk of core business, Amazon would rather talk of core capabilities and world class core assets. It is seen to make calculated moves in transforming capacities into profit centers. Elastic compute cloud As one of its recent models Amazon ventured into leasing computing horsepower over the web which is a very welcome solution for those in businesses that will require buying of servers. It is an equivalent of leasing a server at a cost of $876 per year or at a cost of ten cents each hour (Leschly & Sahlman 2008). These kinds of diverse investments are part of what made eyebrow rise on Wall Street. They wondered why, despite Amazon spending billions of dollars developing its business model, it could venture into such businesses that are far not related to the core business. It shows Amazon does understand that the solution to sustained success is business model innovation. While many see Amazon as over committing its capacity into new ventures, others see that any of these ventures could grow into blockbuster businesses like the e-Books sector. The logic behind expansion of product range Amazon’s case can in one way be seen as that of William’s Inc. William’s Inc. is a steel pipe manufacturer that ventured into manufacture of pipes that transport internet. In the view of the company the concept in the business is the same and in little wonder, both areas are vastly profitable. Amazon’s venture into a variety of products is firstly to exploit its distribution systems maximally (Campbell & Collins 2010). Most of the products that Amazon sells will use the same concept in distribution as that used in the book business. Just as many companies would enjoy the benefits of economies of scale, so is the case of Amazon. The question may arise if some products like the Electronic Compute Cloud are still in this category. Companies sometimes want to harness their core capacities and capabilities in a way that not only sees the use of the resources but also in ways that are profitable and innovative. Product and customer differentiation are strength to the company. Conclusion It is one thing to build a successful business at a particular time and another to build a business that is successful in all times (Boyd 2002). It therefore calls for business managers to keep evaluating if they are remaining relevant in times of change or if they will be phased out by newer competitive businesses. It calls for continuous business process reinvention and other strategies that will keep the business relevant to its customers at all times. Amazon is not only an example of a business exploiting innovative business models but one that has no limits in the way they create profit centers. It is an example of a business reinventing its processes to suit changing circumstances of environment, client needs, and economy. It can be seen as logical to have one profit center still so efficient when the others are hit by inevitable circumstances. Amazon constantly changing business models can be seen as an ingenious strategy to remain relevant to customers (Byers 2006). At such times when even customer preferences change so fast, Amazon is still able to prove itself efficient and a good preference to customers. Businesses should therefore make calculated moves without fear to venture into some innovative products as this will help bring them to a new level of competitiveness. Amazon can be said to be enjoying the benefits of value creation through shopping convenience, speed, and ease of purchase among other benefits. Its business model is a unique one that has seen some other businesses try to mimic and is a potential blockbuster business maker. Reference List Boyd, A., 2002. The goals, questions, indicators, measures (GQIM) approach to the measurement of customer satisfaction with e-commerce Web sites. Aslib Proceedings, 54 (3), 177-187. Brandenburger, A. M., & Nalebuff, B. J., 1996. Competition. Journal of Innovation, 12 (3), 6 Burgelman, R. A., & Meza, P., 2001. Amazon.com: Evolution of the e-Tailer. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Case No. SM-83, 32-34 Byers, A., 2006. Jeff Bezos: the founder of Amazon.com. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group. Campbell, M., & Collins, A., 2010. In search of innovation, in: The CPA Journal, 71 (4), 26-35 Datamonitor, 2011 Sept 29. Amazon.com, Inc.: Company profile. Datamonitor. Filson, D., 2004. The impact of E-commerce strategies on firm value: Lessons from Amazon.com and its early competitors. Journal of Business, 77 (2), 135-154. Leschly, S., & Sahlman, W. A., 2008. Amazon.com – 2005 . HBS Case No. 9-803-098, p45 O’Brien, J., & Shambora, J., 2009. Amazon’s next revolution. (Cover story). Fortune, 159 , 12: 68-76. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost. Rivette, K., & Kline, D., 2000. Discovering new value in intellectual property. Harvard Business Review [serial online], 78 (1):54-66. Available from: Business Source Premier, Ipswich, MA.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Amazon.com was started by Jeff Bezos as "the world's biggest bookstore" but slowly changed from this single-product model to a multi-product enterprise which deals with a wide array of products satisfying an even broader base of consumers.

Amazon.com was started by Jeff Bezos as "the world's biggest bookstore" but slowly changed from this single-product model to a multi-product enterprise which deals with a wide array of products satisfying an even broader base of consumers.

Amazon.com: Vision, Mission and Strategy Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Vision statement 3. Mission statement 4. Recommended implementation strategy 5. References Introduction Amazon was started by Jeff Bezos as “the world’s biggest bookstore” but slowly changed from this single-product model to a multi-product enterprise which deals with a wide array of products satisfying an even broader base of consumers. Rosier (2002) concedes that Amazon.com has established itself as a household brand in the USA and is arguably the best-known online brand. Since its birth, Amazon.com has moved from solely dealing with books to involving a myriad of other products. Kalakota and Robinson (2001) assert that an organization must continually strive to fulfill customer needs which include; convenience, consistency and reliability. Amazon’s venturing into different products thus complements the customer’s needs as opposed to sidetracking the original customer by offering them more convenience in that they can get not only books but also other products from the same place. Despite its diversification strategy, Amazon.com still engages in strong online branding so as to foster loyalty and a feeling of trust among its consumers (Arvidsson, 2006). In its book section, the company encourages people to write reviews on books thus offering a community-like interaction which generates emotional ties. This move underscores the fact that the company still holds the book section as one of its core entities and care is taken to maintain and increase its consumer base. These qualities and strategies have enabled the company to attain its goals and vision of being the world biggest bookstore and satisfying its client needs. Vision statement According to Hill and Jones (2009), a vision statement is a phrase that describes a desired outcome. The authors state that a vision statement should inspire, energize and help the reader develop a mental picture of the set target. As such, this is the proposed vision statement for Amazon.com: Acts as a foundation from which every aspect of our business is developed. It guides our operations by highlighting what is needed to accomplish our goals and objectives of achieving sustainable and quality growth. * People: provide a favorable working environment where people are inspired to realize their full potential. * Portfolio: bring to the global market a range of online services that foresee and satisfy our client’s needs and desires. * Partners: foster a successful network of clients and suppliers with whom quality and enduring value can be created. * Planet: influence positive change that will facilitate in building and supporting sustainable communities. * Profit: maximize long-term benefits to shareholders, all the while maintaining ethical practices in all our operations. * Productivity: be an effective and proactive organization. Mission statement Hill and Jones (2009) define a mission statement as a written affirmation that outlines the core purpose of an organization and its focus. The authors state that in most cases, a mission statement remains unchanged over time. With this in mind, a satisfactory mission statement should be: Our mission is to run the best online bookstore, irrespective of the products and services that we offer. Considering the nature of our business, our ambitions must coincide with the principles that govern the products that exist in our stores. To state that our mission does not depend on the products and services that we offer is to undermine the importance of being an online bookseller. As online booksellers we aim to be the best in this line of business, no matter the size, nature and affiliations of our competitors. We will be at the forefront when it comes to innovating new and better styles and approaches to bookselling. Our strategy will be in line with the set and evolving aspirations. Above all, we expect to be a benefit to the communities that we cater for, a useful resource to our clients, and an avenue through which different stakeholders can grow and prosper. Not only will we be a listening and caring partner to our clients and booksellers but also promote the idea that we are always at their service. Recommended implementation strategy While offering of ” free shipping plans” and express shipping services is expensive and does cut into the profit margin of the company, Amazon.com should continue to offer these services to its clients. Competition in the online retail market is every increasing and as such, a company needs to give itself a competitive advantage over its competitors. These “super saver shipping” scheme offers one such means since it proposes to offer the consumers value added services thus setting Amazon.com apart from its competitors. Considering that Amazon’s marketing strategy is pegged on an increase in customer traffic so as to promote repeat purchases and strengthen the brand name, the free shipping plan appeals to customers thereby leading to an increase in the traffic on the site. Pasiuk (2006) confirms that Amazon considered its free shipping offer as a marketing expense whose primary objective is to attract and retain customers. While there is no doubt as to the increase in cost that Amazon.com incurs due to this schemes thus leading to decreased profitability, the increased traffic leads to increased turnover for the company. This leads to increased profits which compensate for the relative cost incurred in the provision of the services. Membership plans lead to loyalty and a sense of affiliation to the company by the consumers. These plans involve increased customization which entails tailoring of services so as to suit the unique case of the customers (Hill and Jones, 2009). While this does come at the cost of having to offer customized services which lead to rise in cost structure, it enables Amazon to respond to customer demands very quickly to the advantage of both the customer and the company. By upholding these strategies, Amazon.com will be able to meet and fulfill its mission and vision statements all the while maintaining a stable competitive advantage against its aggressive and ever-increasing competitors. References Arvidsson, A. (2006). Brands: Meaning and Value in Media Culture . USA: Routledge, 2006. Hill, C., & Jones, G. (2009). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach . New York: Cengage Learning. Kalakota, R., & Robinson, M. (2001). E-business 2.0: Roadmap for Success. California: Addison-Wesley. Pasiuk, L. (2006). Vault Guide to the Top Internet Industry Employers. USA: Vault Inc. Rosie, B. (2000, February). Amazon Leads Race to Expand Web Services. Retrieved from: ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 50804851).

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) is a well established clothing retailer with stores in various towns and cities across the world. The company was established in 1977 by Jerry and Mark Silverman. In 1991, however, an abortive expansion plan resulted in huge financial losses for the company. This forced the Silverman family to sell their rights and thus ownership was transferred to the Schottenstein family. Change of ownership resulted in an overhaul of the company's operations. As a result, the company managed to sustain growth in the last decade.American Eagle Outfitters specializes in a wide range of products including clothing, accessories, and footwear, among others. The company also runs an online store where consumers across the world can shop using their debit or credit cards.

American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) is a well established clothing retailer with stores in various towns and cities across the world. The company was established in 1977 by Jerry and Mark Silverman. In 1991, however, an abortive expansion plan resulted in huge financial losses for the company. This forced the Silverman family to sell their rights and thus ownership was transferred to the Schottenstein family. Change of ownership resulted in an overhaul of the company's operations. As a result, the company managed to sustain growth in the last decade. American Eagle Outfitters specializes in a wide range of products including clothing, accessories, and footwear, among others. The company also runs an online store where consumers across the world can shop using their debit or credit cards.

American Eagle Outfitters Vs. Aéropostal Research Paper Introduction American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) is a well established clothing retailer with stores in various towns and cities across the world. The company was established in 1977 by Jerry and Mark Silverman. In 1991, however, an abortive expansion plan resulted in huge financial losses for the company. This forced the Silverman family to sell their rights and thus ownership was transferred to the Schottenstein family. Change of ownership resulted in an overhaul of the company’s operations. As a result, the company managed to sustain growth in the last decade. Currently, American Eagle Outfitters has a total of 1,086 stores. The stores mainly sell the company’s key brands namely, American eagle, Aerie, and 77 kids. The company has stores in the United States, Canada, Central and South America, and the Middle East. American Eagle Outfitters specializes in a wide range of products including clothing, accessories, and footwear, among others. The company also runs an online store where consumers across the world can shop using their debit or credit cards. The company has a workforce of 34, 900 employees. The company has managed to segment the market using various brands. Aerie, for example, is a brand whose target market includes females between the ages of 15 to 24. On the other hand, 77 kids targets toddlers of between 0-24 months. This strategy has ensured a continued rise in the company’s net income after the 2008 global financial crisis. For example, in 2011, American eagle net income rose to $ 151.7 million. This is a 7% increase from 2010 when the net income reported was $ 148 million (American Eagle, n. d.). Aéropostale is one of American eagle outfitters’ main competitors. The company was established in 1987 by Bryan Alberto. The company has a total of 1,008 stores spread across North America, Central America, and the Middle East. In 2005, the company established an online store. The venture has proved quite successful with the store reporting net sales in excess of $ 150 million. The company’s main target market mainly includes teenagers of between 14 and 17 years. In addition, the company has also launched P.S, a children’s clothing store. The store’s main target market is children between the ages of 7 and12 years. However, the stores have expanded their focus to include products for children between the ages of 5 and 7 years. Aéropostale has 17,828 employees and prides itself in such core values such integrity, teamwork, respect and compassion. The main aim of the report is to give an in depth comparison between American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) and Aéropostale clothing retailers. In this case, the comparison will be based on various economic aspects including selection, pricing, breadth and depth of assortment. The report further explores employees’ welfare including employee satisfaction, work, and incentive programs. Discussion Brands In order to increase their bottom lines, the above companies have introduced a variety of brands.The companies’ main aim is to increase products available to customers. AEO has three major stores. Each of these stores stocks an assortment of products that is different from the other stores. AEO stores stocks clothes and accessories for both men and women between ages of 18-24 (American Eagle American, n.d). Men’s clothing includes shirts, polo shirts, graphic t-shirts and sweat shirts. Also, the store stocks bottoms such as jeans, pants, shorts and boat shorts. Women’s clothing includes tops, graphic t-shirts and stylish tank tops. Also, the store contains swim wear whose net sales rise during the summer. The store has a wide variety of footwear and accessories. Men’s footwear includes boots, casuals and sneakers while women footwear includes sandals, heels, flats, boots and sneakers. The accessories department has a range of products including bags, wallets, sun glasses, jewelry and hats. Aerie stores, specialize in women clothing including undergarments and other accessories. 77 Kids stores stocks a variety of children’s clothing and accessories. Products cater for toddlers up to fourteen year olds. Aéropostale stores mainly target teenagers. The stores have products for boys and girls. Some of the products include camis, tank tops, fashion tops for girls. On the other hand, boy’s clothing includes hoodies, polos, tees and Henleys (Aeropostal Careers, n. d.). Aéropostale also introduced surfing themed collection aimed at increasing sales at the stores. P.S, a subsidiary of aéropostale stores, stocks children clothing and accessories. The store’s main target market is children between the ages of 7 and12 years. Pricing Pricing is an important aspect of any competitive market. Competitors ensure reduced costs so as to offer consumers the lowest prices in the market (Wilkie, 2008). Both AEO and Aéropostale have different prices for their range of products. The following table is a brief comparison of prices of both companies’ spring collection products; Aéropostale/Item Price American Eagle/Item Price Aero 87 So Cal Graphic T $ 9.00 AE Signature Graphic T $ 15.50 Solid a87 pique polo $26.50 AE Athletic Fit Pique $ 19.99 Western plaid shirt $ 22.00 AE Plaid Button –up shirt $ 34.99 Boot cut jean light wash $ 20.00 Boot cut jean Light wash $29.99 Floral Hentley dress $ 24.00 AE Floral Corset dress $29.99 Leopard Aviator Sunglasses $ 12.00 AE white aviator sun glasses $ 15.50 Aero 87 lace up sneakers $ 20.00 AE Lace-up sneaker $19.50 Aero nyc 1987 fragrance –large bottle $ 12.50 AE Live Roller ball for her $ 12.50 The above table offers a comparison of some of the products sold by both Aéropostale and AEO. Both stores offer discount s to their customers. Aéropostale offers customers a discount of up to 70% for its spring collection. On the other hand, American eagle offers its customers a discount of up to 50% for its spring collection buy off. Employee welfare Aéropostale prides itself in an organizational culture guided by its core values including integrity, teamwork, respect and compassion. The company was rated by Fortune magazine among the best companies for an individual to work for. Various incentives are offered in the company including cash awards and employee of the month awards (Aeropostal Careers, n. d.). Also, new employees are trained on aspects such as customer relations. This is important as new employees appreciate the importance of adequate of product knowledge. Employees at AEO have the freedom to interact with customers with minimum interference from senior staff (Gurufocus, n. d.). Also, the company has a wide range of employment opportunities. Therefore, high school and college students are in a position to apply for sales associate jobs. The company has put a lot of emphasis on customer satisfaction. Therefore, the company organizes seminars and retreats for its employee to enhance product knowledge on any new products introduced at the store. Reference List Aeropostal Careers. (n.d.). Careers in Aéropostale . Web. American Eagle. (n. d.). American Eagle Outfitters . Web. Gurufocus. (n.d.). American Eagle Outfitters operating results . Web. Wilkie, W. L. (2008). Consumer behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text reflects on the life of President Reagan and his thoughts on various aspects of America from the social, political, security, and the need for appreciation of diversity.

The text reflects on the life of President Reagan and his thoughts on various aspects of America from the social, political, security, and the need for appreciation of diversity.

American History Analysis. Reflecting on the Life of President Reagan Essay (Critical Writing) Reflecting on the life of President Reagan, this book, written in prose form defines the thoughts of President Reagan on various aspects of America from the social, political, security, and the need for appreciation of diversity. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly review various thoughts expressed in this book. Besides, the paper is specific on the quantifiable elements as discusses and presents explanation at macro level. This literature is vital in understanding history of America and how the political system operates on the facets f foreign policy evaluation, forging allies and creating foes, and modifying democracy in order to maintain relevance in line with the American dream. As a matter of fact, the foundation of America was laid on the belief in existence of a supernatural being who would bless the nation inform of prosperity and freedom. However, the same freedom liberates the Americans to choose religious inclination as long as the same does not infringe the right of other since the historical perspective of America resonates on the ideology of ultimate triumph from involuntary slavery and exploitation. According to Johnson (2004): At the same time, however, they must be made to understand we will never compromise our principles and standards. We will never give away our freedom. We will never abandon our belief in God. And we will never stop searching for a genuine peace. But we can assure none of these things America stands for though the so-called nuclear freeze solutions proposed by time (313). Since the beginning of America, the society is known to incline itself towards natural morality. Statesmen would do everything to defend what they believe in as affirmed by Reagan’s strong defense of morality and rule of law in the society of America. The rule of law defines the moral standards since the constitution capture the ideal in a people’s orientation. Social change defines democracy and the practical aspects of the same. Democratization a political system reveals the level of maturity of a nation. The timid souls are the very people who believe in status quo and resistance to change at all levels unlike the new society of America which is ready to make sacrifices when there is an urgent need for the same. For instance the contribution by the Students for a Democratic Society movement of 1962 are accredited for the participatory approach in handling the problems affecting America rather than leaving the same to partisan politicians. According to Johnson (2004): We have the power to shape the civilization that we want. But we need your will, your labor, your hearts, if we are to build that kind of society. Those who came to this land sought to build more than just a new country. They sought a new world. So let us from this moment begin our work so that in the future men will look back and say: It was then, after a long and weary way, that man turned the exploits of his genius to the full enrichment of his life (254). In summary, this book reflects on the historical aspects of the political and social systems that operated in America in the past eras. Understanding these occurrences enable historians predict behavior pattern and inclination of the current system when faced with the same Challenges. From Reagan to Students for Democratic Society, the society is defined by law, morality, and democratization of its institutional organs. Works Cited Johnson, Michael. Reading the American Past: Volume I: To 1865: Selected Historical Documents. 4 th ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses American strategic culture and how it has applied in some of the major wars that the US has been involved in. The author notes that American strategic culture is shaped by free security that is underscored by exceptionalism, and that the country's strategic cultures lies emphasis on open-minded idealism and believe wars as the downfall of policies.

The essay discusses American strategic culture and how it has applied in some of the major wars that the US has been involved in. The author notes that American strategic culture is shaped by free security that is underscored by exceptionalism, and that the country's strategic cultures lies emphasis on open-minded idealism and believe wars as the downfall of policies.

American Strategic Culture: Problems and Prospects Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. American strategic policy and major wars 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction There is a strong notion among historians that every nation’s strategic culture has a connection with its society. The Strategy of any nation stems from its resources and features as well as its experience with history. It also depends on the society and the political structure and organization of the system. Past experiences of a nation give rise to a slowly conceived and evolved approach that finally defines the strategic culture. Considering the above factors that influence strategic culture, different nations have different strategic cultural policies. For instance the UK has historically favored the use of the navy in its military operations. Israel, considering its geographical size and history of hostility towards it, it has perfected the use of offensive operations, preemptive military strikes and technology in war. This paper will concentrate on the strategic culture of the US and how it applied in some of the major wars that the US has been involved in. By virtue of its being a super power, the US is prone to many challenges and threats that leave with no choice but have a strategic culture that is aimed at protecting its territory and people as well as ensuring survival of the nation for generations to come. According to Mahnken (2006, p. 4), American strategic culture has been shaped by free security that is underscored by exceptionalism. He adds that the country’s strategic cultures lays emphasis on open-minded idealism and believe wars as the downfall of policies. The strategic culture of the US is closely linked to the military culture that stresses on employment of direct strategies, an industrial approach to war as well as technology and firepower use in combat. In the American context therefore strategic culture is defined as the modes of thought and action in respect to force that is as a result of historical experiences of the nation and aspirations for self characterization (Mahnken, 2006, p. 4). There is often debate as to who are the drivers and keeper of a nation’s strategic interest. However, many scholars agree that the state and the military do play the crucial roles in implementing the strategies that are defined by the nation’s strategic culture. In the US the values of the nation in regard to the use of force represents the first level at which strategic culture is determined and kept. The military’s engagement in armed conflicts presents the other level that strategic culture is kept and enforced. In the US both the first and second levels have been active in promoting the US strategic interest. The most important reasons have been either for the preservation of sovereignty, eliminating security threats and securing resources for the nation. In light of the above US strategic culture can be summed up as containing three biases that guide the use of military force. They include technology, avoidance of causalities and legal pragmatism (Theo, 2005, p.9) American strategic policy and major wars The American strategic culture developed greatly through a time when the world was involved in major wars like World War I World War II and the civil war. These were however disruptins to an otherwise peaceful American nation and period. The geographical location between two oceans, protection from the Royal forces and weak neighbors ensured limited American involvement in major conflicts (Toje, 2008, p.102). The situations conditioned American and their leadership that engaging in war is a deviation from the norm. Similarly American strategic culture grew to reject the European approach of actively engaging in power politics. The founding father of the US considered themselves and the nation exceptional and that ideal has been the basis of the US approach in its dealings to other nations. To that effect, the US considers its responsibility to actively engage even militarily in situation where aggressors through the use of force threaten universally agreed principles of the world like democracy. The strategy demand that the aggressor has no choice but surrender and it its place a democratic authority is installed. According to Mahnken (2006, p. 7), the rejection of power politics and the view that war is tantamount to discontinuation of policy has bred a dichotomy is ASC. Generally put, American strategic culture emphasizes on peace but if need arises, its morally upright to mobiles resources for the attainment of unlimited political gains and aims. For instance, President Lincoln and his generals fought to defeat the confederacy in the Civil War with the belief that their defeat was necessary for the good of the union. The American Revolution is described as a conflict between the thirteen colonies and Britain’s that was a result of perceived mistreatment from the colonial master led by King George. The war ended in 1783 with the signing of the Paris treaty with the colonies declared independent. Both Americans and Englishmen held contrasting opinions of the ways the colonies and Britain should treat each other. The introduction of many acts that raised taxation and lack of representation of the colonies angered many leaders of the colonies and many felt they did not enjoy full rights as Englishmen. Though the thirteen colonies had not yet become the US, the common cause they fought for can translated to mean the British were the aggressors. Equal treatment is what they demanded, therefore the aggressor in this case Britain had to give in to there demand to independence which can be equated to regime change. The declaration of independence can be equated to victory for observance of world wide agreed norms like liberty and democracy which define American strategic culture. Territorial integrity and the right for sovereignty may have influenced the US to engage war with Mexico. Texas was originally Mexican territory. The admission of the state to the Union did not go down well with Mexican authorities. The attacks on American troops by Mexican forces compelled Americans to declare war on Mexico. Clearly there were a lot of strategic interests that Americans had to protect. There were unlimited political aims in the armed engagement with Mexico. The US was able to gain land that forms a large part of the current US territory. Conclusion It’s apparent that the twenty first century has presented numerous challenges to the American nation. The rise of new super powers, dwindling world resources and rising consumption, and the rise in global terrorism and religious extremism have influenced the modification of American Strategic Culture. It’s clear that there is a shift in the culture to include en explicit use of force to perpetuate the American empire through sowing American ideals and the control of resources. There are strong indications that the strategic culture of the US is moving towards the establishment of an empire and the original ideal of not dealing with other nations as partners, allies or enemies is fast waning. References Mahnken, G.T. (2006). American Strategic Culture : Defense Threat Reduction Agency Advanced Systems and Concepts Office. Retrieved from: www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/dtra/mahnken_strat_culture.pdf Theo, F. (2005). Strategic Culture and American Empire . SAIS Review, Volume 25, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2005, pp. 3-18. Retrieved from: muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v025/25.2farrell.html Toje, A. (2008). America, the EU and strategic culture : renegotiating the transatlantic bargain. New York: Routledge.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The United States of America has always prioritized on security and economic matters. The highest priority of the United States on matters of security is to ensure that all the American citizens are well protected by the state from any form of insecurity, either internal or external. The safety and the safeguarding of human life have been termed as matters of priority.Over the years, the United States has been attacked severally by the terrorists who kill a lot of innocent Americans. To prevent any further attacks

The United States of America has always prioritized on security and economic matters. The highest priority of the United States on matters of security is to ensure that all the American citizens are well protected by the state from any form of insecurity, either internal or external. The safety and the safeguarding of human life have been termed as matters of priority. Over the years, the United States has been attacked severally by the terrorists who kill a lot of innocent Americans. To prevent any further attacks

America’s Security and Economic Priorities Essay The United States of America has always prioritized on security and economic matters. The highest priority of the United States on matters of security is to ensure that all the American citizens are well protected by the state from any form of insecurity, either internal or external. The safety and the safeguarding of human life have been termed as matters of priority. Over the years, the United States has been attacked severally by the terrorists who kill a lot of innocent Americans. To prevent any further attacks, the federal government has ensured that security remains a key priority. This has made the president become committed to the provision of ideal security in order to prevent any terrorist attacks and any related threats against the homeland security. The government has also ensured that through the cooperation with the other stakeholders it is in the position of prevent and provide mitigation response mechanisms. The national strategy on matters of security has laid a strategic plan that addresses the issues of security in the 21 st century. A report released by Fanez (2011) on matters of international security show that violence and organized crimes at the transnational level have been identified as matters of primary challenge that needs to be addressed quickly. Since this is a grave matter, the international community and the Central American governments have joined hands to ensure that the regional security is maintained. The different stakeholders have come together to ensure that citizens’ security is given priority and that the rates of violence are reduced. The economic interests and priorities of the United States government are to ensure economic recovery within the shortest time possible. This stimulation would enable the country to maintain strong ties with the international community and other players for economic development. The government intends to establish an economy based on transparency, accountability and responsibility among the key players. The government is working towards the improvement of the economy and a reduction of the high rates of unemployment and healthcare. By ensuring that the economy of the United States stabilises the U.S would be in a position to ensure that corporation exists with the international community. The economic policies of the U.S shape the other economies in the world and its wellbeing ensures that all other economies are operating from the same level. The aid offered by the United States to less developed nations assist in ensuring that economic ties exists as the debts are reduced and the level of standard of living is upgraded. International relationships have been ensured because of the economic interests of the U.S. The longevity of the US regional alliances is influenced by its cultural superiority, military strength, and the trading markets. These have caused imperialism in the region hence its long stand. U.S is a multilingual state that accommodates almost all the people in the world. The U.S deploys its military to different parts of the world. It also offers military assistance in both in human capital and knowledge leading to empowerment in military strength. Its might in military technology has ensured that other states can adopt the same through military aids and trainings. The trading blocks of the U.S have been opened to other countries. In conclusion, the U.S security priority is to protect its citizens against any internal or external security matters. It also aims at fighting terrorism, organised crimes, and violence that have become international matters. On economic matters the U.S aims at stabilising its economy and reducing the high rate of unemployment and making healthcare affordable and available to its citizens. New markets, military strength and cultural superiority have ensured that U.S stands out in the region. Works Cited Funez, Angela. International Conference in Support of the Central America Security Strategy. 23 Jun 2011. Web. < https://events.iadb.org/calendar/event/13928?lang=en > Homeland Security . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: GFE has been a reliable company in distributing electronics and for many years, the company has earned trust from its customers. However, the recent delivery delays have placed the company in a position that has left the customers dissatisfied to the extend that some of the most trusted customers have defected to other companies. There has been the need for the company to address the prevailing situations in order to avoid losing more customers.

GFE has been a reliable company in distributing electronics and for many years, the company has earned trust from its customers. However, the recent delivery delays have placed the company in a position that has left the customers dissatisfied to the extend that some of the most trusted customers have defected to other companies. There has been the need for the company to address the prevailing situations in order to avoid losing more customers.

Amount of Safety Stock to be carried for Goldfield’s Electronics Report GFE has been a reliable company in distributing electronics and for many years, the company has earned trust from its customers. However, the recent delivery delays have placed the company in a position that has left the customers dissatisfied to the extend that some of the most trusted customers have defected to other companies. There has been the need for the company to address the prevailing situations in order to avoid losing more customers. Although the inter-modal method of transport GFE has been using is a cheaper one, the meeting held between the Inventory Management Group and the supplier of GNCD10GB revealed that this method has been slower and has led to the delays that have been witnessed after ordering new stock. As a result, Goldfields has seen the need to consult knowledgeable people who will assist him in solving the problem. GNCB10GB is the GFE product that has been on high demand recently. A review of sales data conducted by GFE has revealed that the product has been on high demand and an annual demand of 78000 units is required in the market. GFE has set a customer service target of 97.5 % in order to ensure that the customers are satisfied and prevent them from defecting to other companies. The company has grown from distributing 45 SKU on a daily basis to 400. This has implied that GFE should carry enough units of the products in order to avoid running out of stock. Since GFE has been operating for a total of 260 days annually, this has meant that the total safety stock that it is supposed to carry using the inter-modal transportation method is 78000. This is the annual demand that has been projected for the commodity. Since the inter-modal transport mode is a slower method, this safety stock will ensure that GFE does not run out of stock. Comparing the new safety stock that GFE should carry with the current safety stock of 2000 units, the implication is that GFE should be prepared to meet the additional transportation cost. This is because instead of ordering the normal figure it has been ordering, the new order will be a large number of units that will ensure the company does not run out of stock. It will be advisable to order such a large number of units because according to the sales review that has been conducted, the product has been increasing its sales remarkably.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: In this paper, the marketing strategies of two fast food restaurants, McDonald's and Little Chef, are reviewed and compared to one another. Both companies are in the fast food sector. Little Chef serves customers from only one country while McDonald's serves clients from different countries across the world, and this creates a significant difference in their marketing strategies.

In this paper, the marketing strategies of two fast food restaurants, McDonald's and Little Chef, are reviewed and compared to one another. Both companies are in the fast food sector. Little Chef serves customers from only one country while McDonald's serves clients from different countries across the world, and this creates a significant difference in their marketing strategies.

An Analysis of Marketing Strategies of Local vs. International Brands in the Fast Food Sector Essay Introduction In this paper, the marketing strategies of two fast food restaurants, McDonald’s and Little Chef, are reviewed and compared to one another. Both companies are in the fast food sector. Little Chef serves customers from only one country while McDonald’s serves clients from different countries across the world, and this creates a significant difference in their marketing strategies. This difference is discussed in the paper. The paper is divided into four distinct parts: definition of terms, overview of the organizations, the marketing strategies and conclusion. Important terms used throughout the paper are defined and explained briefly. The overview helps readers to understand the organizations better, which in turn enables them to understand the marketing mix better. In the marketing strategies, market segmentation, targeting, positioning and marketing mix are thoroughly reviewed before the paper is concluded. Definition of Terms Marketing Strategy Every organization has a number of marketing goals all put together at the start of the business year or the start of the business. In order to achieve these goals, the marketing manager, together with his team, have to sit down and come up with a way to attain these goals. This is the organization’s marketing strategy. The marketing strategy is based on market research done by the organization’s marketing team and focuses on the best product mix that will maximize profits. Once the strategy is complete, it is set out in a marketing plan and executed (BusinessDictionary, 2011). Critical Analysis In academic writing, the critical analysis of a subject or topic involves consideration and evaluation of material authored by other bodies, investigating whether the basis of these claims is sound, and scrutinising whether or not these the claims made by these authors apply to the situation being examined. A critical analysis must not be based purely on description, but must examine the content of other authors and judge how applicable and relevant they are to the topic at hand using knowledge gained in the field, at work, through study or by experience. Not everything written by the authors is to be taken at face value (Birmingham City University, 2011). A critical analysis is a piece of subjective writing, since it expresses the opinion of the writer, and how the writer evaluates a text. An analysis breaks down a topic into study parts to ease the analysis process (LeJeune, 2001). Product Mix In order to achieve maximum profit potential, some of its products have to be marketed together to minimize cost. The process of marketing a range of products that are related to one another and help reduce marketing cost – hence maximising profit – is what finding the organization’s product mix is all about (BusinessDictonary, 2011). Overview of the Two Organizations McDonald’s McDonald’s started as a small restaurant, founded by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald. Despite slow beginnings, McDonald’s soon picked up and became a fast-food selling restaurant, a business idea that was picking up in the 1940s. Success for the company, however, came when the McDonald brothers’ equity in the firm was purchased by Ray Kroc, an American investor and businessman. With aggressive business tactics and tactical genius, Kroc expanded the business into one of the most recognizable brands in the world today. With 64 million customers served daily in its restaurants, it is the globe’s largest hamburger fast food restaurant. Hamburgers and other fast foods are not the only source of income for McDonald’s. It also gains large amounts of income from fees paid by franchises, royalties and rents. The company’s financial performance over the last five years, despite the recession, has been steadily growing, partly because of its marketing strategy. According to figures released by the company in October 2011, the company’s revenue rose by 5.5 per cent because of the popularity of its Monopoly game in the United States. Revenues also rose in Europe by 4.8 per cent and in the Middle East/Asia Pacific/Africa region by 6.1 per cent (Associated Press, 2011). Little Chef Little Chef is one of Britain’s most successful, and most controversial, fast food restaurants. The fast food chain identifies itself as a ‘roadside restaurant’ that serves over ten million people every year. It was established in 1958, the same year that Britain got its first motorway. It has grown from a single, 11-seat restaurant to a 162-restaurant chain. Apart from serving tea, bacon eggs and sausages, it offers its customers additional services like Wi-Fi internet connectivity, free ice cream for children under ten, and a ‘to go’ menu for customers who want to take their food away (Little Chef, 2011). The company went into administration in 2007 after it was revealed that it was losing over three million pounds per year. It was purchased by the investment company RCapital, and revamped to ‘keep up with the needs of customers’ (Baker, 2011). Its marketing campaign after it was bought out of administration also involved a marketing campaign by celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal (Warman, 2009). Little Chef is now picking up, thriving and looking fabulous under the new management. Marketing Strategy Segmentation Market segmentation refers to a marketing practice where organizations divide their target markets into smaller units – or segments – and apply different marketing strategies depending on the nature of each segment. Market segments are demographic, geographic, psychographic, transaction or functional (Wedel & Kamakura, 2000). Demographic markets are divided in terms of the markets demographic elements. The most common used demographic elements used are age, sex, financial status, religion and nationality. Geographic markets are divided according to their geographical location, climatic condition or location from a point. Psychographic segmentation is done based on the knowledge, attitude and opinion that the market has towards a product. Functional segmentation depends on how and why different customers in a market use a product. Transactional segmentation is an easy way of segmenting a market that involves using a large number of unique criteria to divide the market. Transactional segments are based on different elements like memberships or even specific demographic elements (Smith, 2004). Market segments are significant because they enable a company concentrate their resources on one segment and create products that appeal to various segments. If a car company segments its market demographically, for example, younger members of society will have cheaper and perhaps flashier cars targeted at them, while high-end, high performance and expensive cars will be marketed to the older and wealthier. McDonald’s As a global brand, McDonald’s segmentation strategy is geographical on a global scale and demographic at a local scale. This is the case because the company has to consider its global performance as a business, while, at the same time, it has to appeal to different customers and their demographic needs. The key to marketing on a global scale is to reduce cost of marketing, therefore, increasing profits. The key to marketing on a regional or demographical scale is to ensure that customers in a certain region are not left because of demographic issues (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). As a global business, McDonald’s segments its markets regionally first. Every region has countries where McDonald’s franchises are located. The main criterion used to select each country is the potential for growth, and the potential to maintain a high level of annual income turnover. In Europe, for example, the United Kingdom is one of McDonald’s largest markets, with over 1,200 outlets across the country. This comes as no surprise, considering that the UK is one of the world’s largest economies in the world, has one of Europe’s highest populations and is the largest consumer of fast food in the world after the United States, Japan and Canada (Walkman, 2007). The European region has the largest number of McDonald’s franchises. This is because Europe is the richest region in the world, with several countries in the world among the world’s top ten richest economies. In addition, Europe is the richest continent in the world (Masters, 2009), although the current economic decline in the continent may not be an encouraging sign for McDonald’s. After the economic crisis of 2008, McDonald’s pulled out of Iceland, one of Europe’s hardest hit economies, after it realized that it would not be making sustainable profits from the country. Other countries where McDonald’s does not operate in are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Batty, 2009). This mode of market segmentation, where a region is selected, and specific countries within the region are chosen to have McDonald’s franchises, combines both demographic and geographic segmentation. Geographically, more aggressive marketing is done in countries that present higher potential for growth than countries with lower productivity. Higher potential is determined by the country’s location, its infrastructure and its climatic conditions, all of which are geographic factors. However, this potential is also determined using demographic factors like the citizen’s income levels and the markets’ potential for return on investment. In Africa and South America, for example, only countries with the highest GDPs and higher levels of income are targeted. McDonald’s has franchises only in Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Uruguay, Egypt and South Africa (McDonald’s, 2011). Little Chef Unlike McDonald’s, Little Chef is only operational in one country, the United Kingdom. Its market segments, just like McDonald’s, are both geographic and demographic. Naturally, however, the segments are not the same as McDonald’s, as discussed below. Little Chef is a roadside café, with menus specifically designed to serve travellers. Therefore, the main geographic segment is roadside locations. Nearly all Little Chef cafes are located along a road or highway in Britain. The total number of current Little Chef restaurants exceeds seventy, all located along highways. By directly targeting travellers, the restaurant has segmented its market geographically. As defined before, geographic segmentation is not only about countries or regions, but it is also about proximity to certain points. The main demographic element used by Little Chef is age. Most of their foods are relatively affordable and do not focus on a religion, gender or financial status. Most of their foods are ‘normal’ foods consumed by a majority of Britain’s population. This is known as undifferentiated marketing and is further explored in subsequent sections (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). They serve breakfasts, main courses, light choices, desserts and drinks (Little Chef, 2011). However, they have a menu for children. The children’s menu consists of two distinct segments: Children Up to Ten Years, and Toddlers & Babies. For children up to ten years, Little Chef has a distinct menu that serves breakfast, main meals and puddings. For toddlers and babies, they serve food in three categories: 4+ months, 7+ months and 10+ months. Targeting Market targeting is the next step after market segmentation. A market segment is a set of potential buyers with common characteristics that an organization chooses to serve. There are three aspects to consider when choosing a target market. The first is the size of the market, and its potential for growth. The second is the market’s structural attractiveness. The final consideration to make is the business’ objectives and resources (Bragg, 2004). When targeting a market, there are three options an organization may opt for. The first is undifferentiated marketing, where a company may choose to target its product to the entire market, regardless of geographical or demographic differences. Coca-Cola’s initial marketing strategy was in this form, although customer needs are now considered in the manufacture of diet sodas, caffeine free soda and other considerations (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). The second option is to target several segments and develop distinct products for each segment. For example, airline operators have business and economy classes, and marketing is done differently for each target group. This is known as differentiated marketing (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). The third option is to segment the market and target one market. This is known as concentrated marketing. Rolls Royce, for example, develops its vehicles only for high-end customers looking for, and willing to pay for, comfort and luxury (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). McDonald’s Over the years, McDonald’s has become famous for targeting families with their ‘happy meals’. Its lower-priced menu means McDonald’s franchises appeal more to larger families than smaller ones. The traditionally cheaper prices of food at McDonald’s signify that it targets a larger spectrum of customers than other fast food restaurants in the United States and across the world. In addition, most McDonald’s franchises are located in suburbs and downtown areas of crowded cities across the globe, which takes them closer to a large number of middle-class citizens (Greco & Michman, 1995). McDonald’s has been accused in the past of specifically targeting children with its promotional material. The use of colourful advertising and targeted messages has raised concerns in America over business ethics and the regulation of advertising among large corporations. Teinowitz and MacArthur (2005) reported that McDonald’s were reportedly targeting children as young as four in their marketing campaigns. The main ethical issue raised was the manner with which McDonald’s was taking advantage of the vulnerability of children. Little Chef Towards 2007, Little Chef was accused by several publications and experts for their inability to tap into new target markets. Roadside restaurants are a highly lucrative idea. However, their inability to adapt to the changing needs of customers is reported to be one of the major sources of its downfall. Based on the organization’s core concept, Little Chef’s target market are travellers along British roads. All its restaurants are located along busy motorways and highways in the United Kingdom. Just before it went into administration in 2007, criticism was directed towards the company’s marketing strategy by many experts including Andy Poole, a Senior Accounts Manager at a leading Public Relations firm in the United Kingdom. Little Chef still has a vast target market of consumers aged 25 years plus with mass potential that has not been tapped into. Hopefully this will be realised and any future investment spent on unlocking this rather than trying to target new markets with lame publicity campaigns and branding techniques (Poole, 2007). Positioning Once a company decides to target select market segments, the next step is to occupy a unique position within the customer’s mind. This means that the customer has to have a different and unique perception towards a company’s product. As Ries and Trout (1972) explain, “Positioning is not what you do to a product; it is what you do to the mind of a prospect.” In essence, market positioning answers the organization’s question of ‘who’ they want to be. A good example of how to position a product is the case of Coca Cola and the Diet Coke. Most male consumers regarded Diet Coke as a girly and feminine product, and naturally they felt left out and did not feel obliged to purchase that product. In response, Coca Cola introduced the branded Coke Zero, designed to appeal to male consumers. Market positioning is used to reach out to a particular audience in a crowded market place. McDonald’s Dylan (2007) states categorically that McDonald’s has always wanted to be identified as a family-oriented and family friendly. It has, therefore, marketed itself in a way that draws families and family-oriented customers towards it. They developed this identity, as explained by Dylan, even before they developed their product. It is also noteworthy to mention that McDonald’s does not only market itself as a family-oriented fast food chain of restaurants, but also as a reasonably low-priced fast food restaurant that offers meals that taste fantastic. Obviously, McDonald’s has the potential to target a larger market audience, but they chose not to. It chose to position itself as a family-oriented fast food restaurant, and picked families and children as their target audience. To provide better focus McDonald’s market position, certain decisions made by the company can be considered. First McDonald’s does not choose to prepare better quality meals at a higher price and longer preparation hours than its competitors. Secondly, they have the capability to offer more meals, a wider menu and a larger variety of meals, but they choose not to and stick with well-known products. Finally, they have continued to target children and families, but not adults. Little Chef In an article for the Financial Times, Stern (2009) describes Little Chef with the same emotion that most analysts and pundits across Britain do: nostalgia. Most adults in the UK today remember visiting Little Chef as children with their parents. It was a must do for nearly all British children, particularly during journeys across the country. Little Chef’s position, therefore, is already set. However, the cause of their decline in the late nineties and the early part of this century was their inability to adapt to the market’s needs. The arrival of American food and the ‘McDonald’s style’ of service caused a shift in the attitudes of the majority. Currently, the company is undergoing an evolution. They have the advantage of heritage and market presence on their side, but it is necessary that they establish modern methods of doing business (Peletier, 2011). Marketing mix A firm must find a way of marketing itself to success by mixing four key elements, commonly known as the four Ps of the marketing mix. These are product, price, place and promotion. A firm must find the right product, sell it at the right price, find the right place to sell it, and find the most suitable way to promote it. Having the right product means the product must have all the right features, and it must work well. The price of the product also has to be right, because a price too high or too low may compromise the product’s profit margins. It also has to be available in the right place at the right time, so that customers do not fail to get it. Finally, promotion is necessary to ensure customers are aware of the product’s existence and availability (The Times 100, 2011). McDonald’s Product McDonald’s is very particular on the products it offers. Their top consideration when creating their menus is their consideration of the customer’s ability and willingness to spend. There is, therefore, considerable emphasis on the products that are placed on the menu. McDonald’s is also acutely aware of the changing preferences of customers, and they endeavour to ensure that they keep in touch with their customers’ preferences. Figure 1: McDonald’s Product Life Cycle (McDonald’s, 2008) When introducing a new product, however, McDonald’s takes significant caution to safeguard the sales of existing products. The new product must not cannibalize the sales of another product (McDonald’s, 2008). Price Price carries psychological connotation to the customer, and therefore the price of a product has significant bearing to the buying habits of customers. Price is therefore guided by the customer’s perception of value. As discussed in previous sections, McDonald’s has historically targeted customers in the inner cities of highly populated cities (McDonald’s, 2008). The organization must be careful to ensure they do not price the product too high or too low. Pricing the product low could have a negative impact on the customers’ placement of the product. Low prices usually signify compromised quality. In addition, if competitors reduce their prices to match McDonald’s prices, profits will have been reduced without the company gaining market share. Place Place is not only about finding the right location or the best points of distribution of a product. It also about managing a range of processes to ensure the product reaches the end customer in the best possible way. McDonald’s restaurants are located in most of the world’s major cities. It places itself in cities to ensure they get the maximum number of customers that can afford and are wiling to eat fast food. Promotion Promotion covers all aspects of communication by a company. McDonald’s uses promotional methods like promotions, merchandising, telemarketing, exhibitions, seminars, demonstrations, loyalty schemes and point of sale display. Advertising is also widely used, particularly on TV, radio, online, in magazines and in newspapers. All these contribute to ensuring customers are aware of the existence and availability of the company’s products (McDonald’s, 2008). The first step that McDonald’s use is to gain the attention of their customers, and to make sure they retain their interest. The next step is to ensure that these customers like the products that the company offers. The key to reaching their customers has been to combine all these media in ensuring they reach families and young people. The messages, colours, tag lines and promotional material used appeal to the target market. Their promotional style has been accused by protesters and human rights groups as wrong, since it is considered ethically wrong to target vulnerable children with advertising. Little Chef Product The main product that Little Chef offers, of course, is food. They have their menu divided into breakfasts, lighter courses, main courses, desserts, drinks, children and takeaway. Their breakfast dishes include the bloomer butty, the American style breakfast, the healthy breakfast and their famous Olympic breakfast. The Olympic breakfast has bacon, sausage, eggs, mushroom, grilled tomato, baked beans and potatoes, served with fried bread or toast. Their light courses are salads, bloomer bread toasties and various snacks. Their main courses have burgers as their main dishes, with additional options like onion rings and Coleshaw. Little Chef serves pancakes and ice creams for dessert, hot, chilled and alcoholic drinks, and various takeaway meals. Price Little Chef has always priced its commodities quite highly compared to its competitors. Before the takeover in 2007, one of the chief complaints by customers was that the food was not worth the high price that was being charged by the company. The new management has revamped the restaurant, made several key changes to their restaurants and menus and most importantly, prices have not increased by much. This makes the customers appreciate the amount of money they pay for their food. Most customers give a positive review, stating that the food may be a little expensive, but the quality is well worth the price (Little Chef, 2011). Just like McDonald’s, pricing their food too low may have compromised their market position. Place Little Chef targets travelling individuals and families across Britain, so it is natural to locate its restaurants along Britain’s highways. Nearly all major highways have a Little Chef restaurant. However, being on highways, the placement of their business presents two main challenges. First, the business relies heavily on travelling folk. This is not a problem at the moment, however, but if this changes and people start relying more on cooked food, the business could be endangered. Secondly, there are situations where travellers on only one side of the highway are served and not the other. For example, the Barton Stacey, Carcroft and Fenstanton restaurants along the A303, A1 and A14 respectively serve only westbound, northbound and eastbound travellers respectively. Promotion Just like McDonald’s, Little Chef uses communication media to reach its customers. In 2007, however, they had to use a more aggressive method to reach its new customers and inform them about their new look and new restaurants. This led RCapital, the new owners of the company, to hire the services of celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal to promote its restaurants. Little Chef relies a lot on its heritage. They use it to appeal to its customers, who are primarily British. Conclusion Based on the history of the businesses, both companies were started around the same time but have had very different growth paths. McDonald’s has had a meteoric rise to world domination, thanks to proper management and effective marketing, while Little Chef has remained confined to one corner of the world and has struggled. However, looking at both companies at the moment, the marketing approach used is quite similar. They have created products that appeal best to their target markets and served the food in restaurants that promote their standing as restaurants. McDonald’s approach to marketing differs significantly from Little Chef’s because of the magnitude of the company, and its global presence. It has to adapt different marketing strategies to different cultures, regions and markets, while maintaining its core appearance and products. Little Chef, on the other hand, uses a similar marketing approach to all its restaurants no matter where they are located in Britain. For both companies, once they have set a marketing strategy, tasks are given to different people for execution. They quantify success by ensuring they meet their short term targets, and they obtain feedback from the market using set systems. One great way to obtain feedback has been the internet, through which the company can get fast and unfiltered feedback fast. It is important to note, of course, that all these marketing goals have to be reached within the confines of a tight and finite budget. Bibliography Associated Press. (2011). McDonald’s remodelling pays off in revenue rise . Web. Baker, R. (2011). Little Chef cooks up a new look . Retrieved from Marketing Week. Web. Batty, D. (2009). McDonald’s to quit Iceland as Big Mac costs rise . The Guardian , pp. Web. Birmingham City University. (2011). Critical Analysis . Retrieved from Study Guides : Study Skills. Web. Bragg, R. (2004). Target Market Identification & Development. Spring Hill, TN: Welcome to the Center for Profitable Agriculture (CPA). Business Dictionary. (2011). Marketing Strategy . Web. BusinessDictonary. (2011). Product Mix . Web. Dylan, W. (2007). Even McDonald’s has a market position. In W. Dylan, Small Business, Big Marketing (pp. 4-6). Marketing Your Small Business. Greco, A., & Michman, R. (1995). Retaining Triumphs and Blunders: Victims of Competition in the New Age of Marketing Management. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. London: Pearson Books. LeJeune, E. (2001, November 8). Critical Analysis . Web. Little Chef. (2011). A Little Bit About Us . Retrieved from Little Chef. Web. Little Chef. (2011). Menu . Web. Little Chef. (2011). Your Comments . Web. Masters, T. (2009). Snapshot. In T. Masters, Europe on a Shoestring (p. 36). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. McDonald’s. (2008). Marketing At McDonald’s. Oak Brook: McDonald’s Corporation. McDonald’s. (2011). About McDonald’s . Web. Peletier, C. (2011). Little Chef . Web. Poole, A. (2007). How would you save Little Chef? Retrieved from U Talk Marketing. Web. Ries, A., & Trout, J. (2001). Introduction. In A. Ries, & J. Trout, Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (p. 2). New York: McGraw-Hill Books. Smith, B. (2004). Market Segmentation. Perth: University of Ballarat. Stern, S. (2009). Big lessons we can learn from Little Chef . Financial Times , pp. Web. Teinowitz, I., & MacArthur, K. (2005). McDonald’s ads target children as young as 4. Free Press , p. Web. The Times 100. (2011). Marketing mix (Price, Place, Promotion, Product) . Web. Walkman, D. (2007). Top Fast Food Countries . Web. Warman, M. (2009). Heston Blumenthal : Big Chef Takes on Little Chef . Retrieved from The Telegraph. Web. Wedel, M., & Kamakura, W. A. (2000). Market segmentation: conceptual and methodological foundations. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Jim-care medical center has been in operation for the last ten years. As such, it has recorded some considerable growth and it aims to have an increased growth in the next ten years. This is due to its strategic planning that takes a ten year span. The Year 2011 marked its first decade in operation and also marked a period where the hospital's achievement of the set targets was to be evaluated. The institution had achieved virtually all the set goals and this served as an underlying stratum for

Jim-care medical center has been in operation for the last ten years. As such, it has recorded some considerable growth and it aims to have an increased growth in the next ten years. This is due to its strategic planning that takes a ten year span. The Year 2011 marked its first decade in operation and also marked a period where the hospital's achievement of the set targets was to be evaluated. The institution had achieved virtually all the set goals and this served as an underlying stratum for

An analysis of the best investment decision by Jim-care medical venter Essay Introduction This paper, as indicated in the abstract discusses the financial viability appraisal methods that were used to advice the management of Jim-care medical centre on which of the two capital investment options to make. The hospital is a medium, but growing health centre that has a strategic plan to expand to attain a level of a fully fledged 24 hour service hospital with over 300 bed capacity. Currently, the institution has only 25 beds and the future looks as bright as it can be. While the ultimate goal of the hospital is to provide high quality medical care to the community, thus enhancing the social welfare of the people, the hospital has financial goals as well as it aims to make profits (Antony & Robert, 2011). This will go a long way in helping it finance its current and future expansion plans. The challenge at hand is therefore the insufficient funds to undertake many projects at the same time. This has made the hospital carry out several financial appraisal activities in the past so as to establish the ones that deserve the priority over others. This paper discusses one such financial appraisal activity that was commissioned by the management to identify which of the two capital expenditure projects that are in their strategic plan ought to be undertaken first. The main concern by the management of the hospital at the time was the cash flows since the cash generated by the services was not sufficient to meet all their operational and investment needs. The method used to carry out the appraisal was therefore the discounted cash flow method Net present value (NPV). Net present value is a financial appraisal method that takes in to consideration the time value of money and given the present value of the future cash flows (Wolf & Sylvester, 2009). This once obtained is compared with the initial cash outlay and a decision is made to adopt the project that has a higher NPV where there are two or more mutually exclusive projects. If the method is used to appraise just one project an NPV above zero indicates that the project is viable and should be undertaken. The Hospital financial history and their strategic plan Jim-care medical center has been in operation for the last ten years. As such, it has recorded some considerable growth and it aims to have an increased growth in the next ten years. This is due to its strategic planning that takes a ten year span. The Year 2011 marked its first decade in operation and also marked a period where the hospital’s achievement of the set targets was to be evaluated. The institution had achieved virtually all the set goals and this served as an underlying stratum for the next ten year strategic planning (Barney, 1991). The hospital has however had difficulties with finances as sometimes they have been forced to borrow so as to boost their liquidity in order to meet their operational as well as recurrent expenditures. One of the objectives of the institution in the next ten years is to acquire improve in their financial position through increasing their liquidity as well as their cash flows. The Two projects The first project intends to construct a recreational facility for the hospitals’ staff who include the doctors, nurses, and the other medical staff. The aim of the project is to reduce the stress levels of the employees so as to enhance their service delivery. It was noted with concern that some doctors are experiencing fatigue during work and this resulted in some negligence while performing their duties. The project therefore aims to build a facility where the employees can go after work and have some relaxation and which would ensure that they have good rest. Some of the activities that to be carried in the facility is aerobics, in-door games such as table tennis, massage, and several other services. These activities are mean to provide a warm-down to the staff more so after work. The facility’s budget is $1,500,000.00 and is expected to pay back in the ten months. This is because its expected life is two years and before then it needs to have generated enough cash flows to enable the hospital’s management to carry out the other intended capital investments. The second project entailed building a cancer care center for the post admission therapy for the cancer patients. This was established as a need by the community since the hospital has a cancer treatment program that majorly includes chemo therapy. However, after carrying out the chemo-therapy the patients are referred to other medical centers since the institution has not yet built a cancer-care facility. The facility had a budget of $1,000,000.00 and was expected to generate the cash flows to pay back the investment in 8 months after which normal routine maintenance would be undertaken. Some of the activities intended for the facility were the post-chemo therapy care, rehabilitation as well as counseling. The hospital’s management had to choose between the two projects because the amount of cash they had then was not sufficient to undertake the two projects concurrently. By the end of the ten years strategic period, the hospital however intends to have built the two facilities. In this scenario, the limiting factor was the availability of the finances to fund the projects and as such the appraisal method that was used to come up with the investment advice was a financial quantitative method; Net present value as well as the Payback period (Milner, 2003). Other qualitative methods were considered as well but they did not prevail over the quantitative ones (Wild, Supranyam, & Hasley, 2007). The link between the strategic plan and the financial decision As indicated earlier, Jim-care health center has a ten year strategic period in which it evaluates the achievements of the past ten years set goals, re-adjusts where the need arises as well as sets new strategic targets for the next one decade. One such target is to improve the liquidity so as to fully fund their cash needs through proceeds from the hospital operations rather than engaging in borrowings (Barney, 1991). The hospital therefore intends to increase their revenue base through introducing other revenue streams so as to improve the cash-flows. The two projects had were considered since they were expected to generate adequate cash flows to pay back the outlay in a period of less than 16 months. Once these projects had paid back in the set time period, any further cash in-flow is considered to be profits from the investment. The increased cash flow would offer the institution with additional cash flows to carry out further future investment decisions as well as meeting their recurrent expenditure and operational cash needs as they fall due (Frederick, 2001). An attainment of this goal would therefore be a milestone in achieving the hospital’s ten year strategic goal. The results of the projects appraisal were therefore necessary in establishing the most viable of the two projects. The finance team The hospital commissioned a team of five financial professional where I held the position of the chair of the committee. The time period for the whole process was one month where all the available financial literature, data collection, analysis, and presentation of the report were required. The experienced was tremendous since most of the environment provided a practical view of what had been learnt in class as theory. It enabled the whole team apply the financial appraisal methods theoretical framework in real life financial scenarios. The results were however encouraging as the financial and economic knowledge that was learn in class was put into practice. The methods that were used in appraising the two projects were the pay-back period and the Net Present value (NPV). This is because of the specific needs of the management. the hospital required to engage in a project that would generate cash flows which would pay back the cash the soonest. This necessitated the need for payback period as a quantitative method. The hospital also wanted to establish the project that would have higher cash flows in the soonest time and this necessitated the use of the Net Present Value. The Findings from the appraisal methods Using the payback period, the first project which entailed construction of a recreational facility for the staff had the following data. recreation Payback Period month C-flow Cumulative 1 235,200 235,200 2 280,910 516,110 3 320,123 836,233 4 363,483 1,199,716 5 409,909 1,609,625 6 459,617 2,069,242 7 512,840 2,582,082 4.73 The payback period was 4.73 months The second project had the following data available cancer care Cumulative month C-flow 1 160,000 160,000 2 184,500 344,500 3 201,200 545,700 4 230,958 776,658 5 265,328 1,041,986 6 305,236 1,347,222 7 351,820 1,699,042 8 406,478 2,105,520 4.84 The payback period for the cancer care center was 4.84 months Analysis using the Net Present value (NPV) Using the net present value to evaluate the projects, the following data were obtained. recreational facility PERIOD CASH FLOW month Investment cash flow Pvif 12% PV 0 -1,500,000 1 -1,500,000 1 235,200 0.8929 210,010 2 280,910 0.7972 223,941 3 320,123 0.7118 227,864 4 363,483 0.6355 230,993 5 409,909 0.5674 232,582 6 459,617 0.5066 232,842 7 512,840 0.4523 231,958 8 369,495 0.4039 149,239 9 391,194 0.3606 141,065 10 413,917 0.322 133,281 TOTAL 0 2,256,688 NPV 513,775 The data for the cancer care center was as follows cancer care center PERIOD CASH FLOW month Investment cash flow Pvif 12% NPV 0 -1,000,000 1 -1,000,000 1 160,000 0.8929 142,864 2 184,500 0.7972 147,083 3 201,200 0.7118 143,214 4 230,958 0.6355 146,774 5 265,328 0.5674 150,547 6 305,236 0.5066 154,633 7 351,820 0.4523 159,128 8 406,478 0.4039 164,176 TOTAL 0 1,105,520 208,420 The analysis of the findings The first method that was used to evaluate the project was the payback period. Payback period is the time that elapses before the project generates cash in-flows to offset the initial outlay (Wild, Supranyam, & Hasley, 2007). Projects with shorter payback periods are preferred over the ones with longer ones. This is because of the risk that is associated with unforeseen future circumstances more so in the macro-economic environment. When appraising one project, the management sets the required payback period and if the project does not beat the set deadline by the management the project is rejected. Using this appraisal method, the recreational facility construction is the preferred one sine it has a shorter payback period of 4.73 years as compared to the cancer care center payback period of 4.84 years. The Net present value The Net Present Value is the most desired capital appraisal technique since it considers the time value of money. It is defined as the difference between the initial cash outlay and the present value of the future cash in-flows that a project generates (Wendy & Mayer, 2003). It also considers other financial measures such as the cost of capital and as such, the management is able to make informed decisions on the market conditions. When using this method to appraise mutually exclusive projects, the project with the highest net present value is chosen over the one that has a lower one. When appraising a single project’s viability, a project is considered acceptable if it has a net present value above zero. this means that the present value of the future cash flows is more than the present value of the cash outlay. Using this method to appraise Jim-care health center, the project that was preferred was the construction of the recreation facility for the staffs. This is because the study showed that the facility had a net present value of $513,775.00 as compared to the cancer care center that had a net present value of $208,420.00 The qualitative non-financial factors When carrying out financial appraisals, several non-financial factors are considered. These include such factors as the social welfare of the stakeholders, the environment conservation, and the motivational levels of employees which may not be captured in the quantitatively (Chrystal & Lipsey, 1997). The non financial factors that were considered in this study were the welfare of the cancer patients and the motivational level of the staffs. Building the cancer care center would be very beneficial to the cancer patients in the community. This is because though it generated less cash flow projection than the recreational facility, the cancer care center would be of great qualitative need to the organization. This was however not the priority as at then as the hospital had cash flow difficulties and needed projects that would increase their cash flow requirements. The other non-financial qualitative consideration considered was the motivation of employees at the hospital. The hospital management highly regarded this is an urgent need among the organization staff and as such, the choosing of the project highly regarded this need. The recreation center was chosen since it positively impacted n the motivation of the employees who saw that their welfare was being put into consideration by the management. This was an addition reason as to why the team advised the management undertake this project. The outcome of the project The management as was advised went on to undertake the construction of the recreational facility. This resulted in a more than the expected returns since the amount of money invested was recovered in the first 5 months after the completion of the project. This means that the financial techniques used were highly effective and the hospital has been able to improve its liquidity as well as the cash flows. The consideration of the non-financial factors in the appraisal of the project was a also effective since the motivational levels of the employees has gone up considerable. The hospital is now in the process of undertaking the other project of building the cancer care center which promises to be a huge success as well. References Antony, A. A., & Robert, S. K. (2011). Management Accouting: Information for Decision-Making and Strategy Execution. New York: Quorum Books. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management , 99-120. Chrystal, K. A., & Lipsey, R. G. (1997). Economics for Business and Management. New York: Oxford University Press. Frederick, B. (2001). Executive Strategy: Strategic Management and Information Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Milner, J. F. (2003). Ivestment Decisions Under Capital Rationing. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Wendy, C., & Mayer, C. (2003). Finance, Investment and Growth. Journal of Financial Economics , 10-326. Wild, J. J., Supranyam, K. R., & Hasley, R. B. (2007). Financial Statement Analysis. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Wolf, W., & Sylvester, E. (2009). Efficiency of capital taxation in an open economy: tax competition versus tax exportation. European Journal of Political Research , 637-646.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the effects of education on the economy of the UAE.The essay discusses the effects of education on the economy of the UAE. It notes that education is the key element in ensuring that the UAE emerges from the current recession and attains sustainable economic growth. Education is also the key determinant of increased productivity and growth in the economy of the UAE.

The essay discusses the effects of education on the economy of the UAE. The essay discusses the effects of education on the economy of the UAE. It notes that education is the key element in ensuring that the UAE emerges from the current recession and attains sustainable economic growth. Education is also the key determinant of increased productivity and growth in the economy of the UAE.

The UAE Private and Public School Sector Report (Assessment) Introduction There has always been a globally recognized debate on the differences in education quality between private and public school institutions. Majority of the relevant arguments have generally supported the idea that private education tends to produce better graduates in any education level be it elementary, high school or tertiary levels. Public schools are supported by the government while private institutions are owned and run by independent investors who may be individuals or organization. In the UAE, there were 131 private schools during the year 2010. The literacy of UAE falls at 91 percent (Library of Congress, 2007). However, the distribution of private and public schools is quite different to that in other countries of the world such as the U.S. According to our collected data the number of public institutions almost equals the number of private institutions. Public schooling is free for all enrolling students in the UAE. This has hence provided a leveled out system that maintains the literacy level of UAE residents at a reasonably high level. Subject choice The subject choice of this report is education and it will compare the business activities of public and private schools in the UAE. The main activities in this report involve comparison between private and public schools in the UAE. In order to do an effective comparison between these two kinds of schools, the project centers its study on the following areas or aspects of schools, performance, gender based population distributions, mode of transport and nationality population. Such aspects will provide important information on accessibility of education in both the private and the public schools. Also information on the rising demand of private schools and the reason they are preferred by foreign students. Through education the economy of the UAE is expected to grow much faster due to the effects of acquiring knowledge in developing new technologies and applying new work methods in various industries. The fruit of such advancements is the increase in income and living standards for UAE citizens. Effects of education on the UAE economy Education has a core contribution to the economic sustainability and prosperity of the UAE. It is the key determinant of increased productivity and growth in the economy of the UAE. Education is an important element in development of skills necessary in enhancement of modernization and growth in the country. The UAE is endowed with abundant natural resources; oil and gas. In order to ensure improved technology in processing of oil related products, intensive training and education is needed. Such training also provides jobs to the citizens of the UAE. Education plays a key role in research and technology. Research and technology ensure that education provided matches the requirements of the job market. Education is the key element in ensuring that the UAE emerges from the economic crisis facing the world today. The country seeks to play an active role in education in order to ensure an economy which is knowledge based. The reason is that, an educated person is able to turn risks and challenges into social and economic opportunities which are feasible. All strategies and development plans of the UAE are influenced by education because it plays a vital role of removing all obstacles which hinder sustainable development and achievement of high rates of growth. With rapid increase in the country’s population, education is the key investment because this population provides human capital which is important in the UAE’s economy. Comparisons between public and private school will impact the economy because it shall allow us to know how the different institutions affect the kind of education gained by students. Understanding the weaknesses and strength of the entire education system will help in guiding proper planning methods when the government chooses to improve education facilities. The study will affect the economy also by showing contributions of gender and students of different nationalities towards sustainable development. Methods of data collection The data collected is both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through observation. The most employed technique of observation in this report is in-depth technique. Participative and non- participative technique was partly used. In-depth interviews were carried out through a short questionnaire which had the questions on performance, gender, mode of transport and nationality of students was administered. These interviews were done face to face, computer assisted and through telephones. The ones done through computer and telephone calls were directed to known persons like principals, head teachers or head of departments to give information on performance of students and gender population. Questionnaires were administered to students and were done face to face and provided information on all four key areas of study. Surveys were employed too to observe the behavior of students, the mode of transport they preferred and the nationality percentage.. These methods were used to reduce errors that may occur as a result of using one method of collecting data. Participative and non-participative methods of observation were partly used to observe some of the students’ behavior in order to make observations too, mostly on mode of transport and nationality aspects. Secondary data is usually collected and recorded by someone else. This data was derived from records, books, logs and journals. Journals on leaders of the UAE on their plans of investing on education and importance of education to this provided secondary data. Such data was readily available on libraries and internet. Data analysis The data collected was in numerical form. Tally method was used to derive data from every questionnaire, call and survey. A table containing the four aspects of study had to be drawn (columns for performance, transport, gender and nationality and rows for private and public schools). Use of spreadsheet program in form Microsoft Excel was most appropriate in calculations of percentages as well as displaying the results. It provided an appropriate means of summarizing the information collected. Graphs were used to display the results and gave an excellent choice. On x- axis was the independent variable, that public and private schools while on y- axis was the percentages for each (dependent variable). The data was in sets so different colours had to be used for labeling purposes. Also a legend has been provided in all graphs. A number of schools were visited and examined such as the Australian School of Abu Dhabi and Al Iman schools. In total a sample size of 60 schools was achieved from which various variables were collected for parameters concerning transportation, gender distribution, nationalities and school fees. Problems faced during data collection Several challenges were faced during the collection of this data. Some of the techniques opted for were not successfully in sourcing the needed data. For instance not all students to whom questionnaires were sent responded. This diminished the sample size that had been selected at first. Also, during the in depth interview phase of the project some of the targeted respondent were completely unavailable for discussion and hence were left out of the collected database. Although the team had arranged for direct meetings with certain school personnel such as headmasters, we were directed to assistance who would continue with the interview. Some schools were however very resourceful in supplying us with relevant information such as the Al Manhal school whose students provided data on their school fees payments. Such figures were more difficult to extract from other schools’ students. Insights and Explanations of Data Findings Tuition price comparisons As is shown in our comparison of two private schools in Table 1, the Australian School of Abu Dhabi and the International Community School, we see a major difference in fees charges to students. The highest fees charged to International Community School Students are AED 31308 while those of the Australian school of Abu Dhabi show a maximum fee charge of AED 43084. The difference between the two private institutions’ fees is quite high (28 percent of the Australian School’s total fees) and this illustrates the market disparities in the private education sector in the UAE. Despite the fact that the total fees for each student in the various respective grades in the Australian School of Abu Dhabi are greater than those at the International Community School, we still see a change when it comes to the correlation of book fees to grade level. In the TIC school, book fees appear to be higher for Grade 9 level students than Grade 10 students by approximately 500 AED. This is not however not the case for the Australian School of Abu Dhabi where book fees correspond to grade level and total fees. This shows an imperfect market situation for private schools. Total Price Comparision Australia School TIC School Grade Total Grade Total KG 1 AED 21,325.00 KG 1 AED 14,725.00 KG 2 AED 21,325.00 KG 2 AED 16,568.00 G 1 AED 24,847.00 G 1 AED 19,723.00 G 2 AED 24,847.00 G 2 AED 19,608.00 G 3 AED 26,233.00 G 3 AED 20,318.00 G 4 AED 26,349.00 G 4 AED 20,642.00 G 5 AED 27,677.00 G 5 AED 21,132.00 G 6 AED 31,765.00 G 6 AED 21,576.00 G 7 AED 33,709.00 G 7 AED 22,973.00 G 8 AED 33,709.00 G 8 AED 23,615.00 G 9 AED 37,078.00 G 9 AED 24,323.00 G 10 AED 37,078.00 G 10 AED 25,796.00 G 11 AED 43,084.00 G 11 AED 28,672.00 G 12 AED 43,084.00 G 12 AED 31,308.00 Table 1 Chart 1 shows the complete distribution of tuition cost for all the private schools that were analyzed in the sample. The Canadian International School stands as the institution with the highest fees along with the British and American schools. This goes to show that foreign funded institutions have the highest fees rates in the private education sector. The least expensive private school is the Al Iman School which is owned by locals. The curriculum in the Al Iman School is fully Arabic. This is not the case with the much more expensive foreign schools such as the British School which are based on their own foreign curriculums. This hence results in an educational gap that fails to allow students who graduate from these less expensive schools based completely on the Arabic curriculum to find better job opportunities. These employment opportunities may specify requirements for students who have undergone British or American educational systems. The frequent entry of foreign investors will require that locals possess the internationally relevant education needed to fill positions in their firms. Studying strictly under the Arabic system may hence deter the students from benefiting from such opportunities. Nationalities In a categorical assessment of government schools against private schools, it is clear that there is a very strong link between nationality and school type (See Graph 1.) From our sample of 60 schools, we see that all 29 government schools enroll local students while all 31 private schools have a 100 percentage population of students of mixed nationality. This kind of bias further demonstrates the effect of different curricula on the local population. Given that the language of instruction in all government schools is Arabic, it becomes clear that the progress the UAE educational system will make in positioning English as a widely used language by locals will come at a snail slow pace. The neglect in teaching fluent communication in English to local students has made the skilled labor distribution favor foreigners more. Gender We note on Graph 2 that there are more gender based government schools than mixed schools. Only one mixed school was identified against the 11 boy schools and 17 girl schools in the public school sector. The private institutions were all mixed. The higher number of girl schools followed from a move by the UAE government to avail more learning opportunities to the girl child in accordance to the UNDP’s Millennium Development goals to empower women (UNDP, 2011). This has worked well to increase literacy levels for local females. Despite the fact that there is a favorable proportion of girl schools to boy schools, the creation of mixed schools has provided a better platform for interactions amongst the sexes for students in private schools. However, the limits that local Arab Culture imposes on interactions between youth of different genders may contribute to the gender based structure of the public education sector. Recommendations Other aspects of the education system in the UAE that are worth looking into in future research topics related to this one are the training levels and backgrounds of teachers in private and public schools. This may provide insights on the quality of education available and also the possibilities of adjusting the educational curriculum to include a more globalized focus that teaches more diverse languages and subjects. Conclusion We can conclude that the efforts that the government in steering higher availability of public education in the UAE has driven up literacy levels significantly. The structures of public schools however need some improvements in order to match the labour needs demanded by the many foreign companies in the country. Since these foreign industries have a huge impact on the economy it will be important for the educational system to support it by preparing civilians to enter the skilled labour market that serves it. References Library of Congress – Federal Research Division (2007). Country Profile: United Arab Emirates, Retrieved from http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/UAE.pdf UNDP (2011). Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women, Retrieved from Web

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay examines the contemporary policy issues ranging from constraints, successes and suggests future policy recommendations in order to reverse the current challenges that impede policy implementation.Significance and Justifications of StudyThe study seeks to explore the issue of child care disability in Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia. It further examines the contemporary policy issues ranging from constraints, successes and suggests future policy recommendations in order to reverse the current challenges that impede policy implementation.The study is significant as it seeks to explore the issue of child care disability in Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia. It further examines the contemporary policy issues ranging from constraints, successes and suggests future policy recommendations in order to reverse the current challenges that impede policy implementation.

The essay examines the contemporary policy issues ranging from constraints, successes and suggests future policy recommendations in order to reverse the current challenges that impede policy implementation. Significance and Justifications of Study The study seeks to explore the issue of child care disability in Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia. It further examines the contemporary policy issues ranging from constraints, successes and suggests future policy recommendations in order to reverse the current challenges that impede policy implementation. The study is significant as it seeks to explore the issue of child care disability in Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia. It further examines the contemporary policy issues ranging from constraints, successes and suggests future policy recommendations in order to reverse the current challenges that impede policy implementation.

An Evaluation of Care policy of Disabled Children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Dissertation Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Background of Study 3. Significance and Justifications of Study 4. Definition of terms 5. References Introduction Recently, there have been varied views about whether programs of child care disability policies have been successful. Critics of policy implementation in Saudi Arabia have raised claims of lack of proper implementation of policies geared towards addressing disability in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Morton et al 2002, pp 85-90) and (Shawky, Abalkhail and Soliman 2002, pp 61-69). Today, issues of actualization of policies have continued to face numerous challenges at almost every phase and as such, stakeholder policy review is critical in ensuring that policy objectives are met to satisfactory levels. This research endeavors to focus on evaluation of state of disability in Jeddah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A). It further examines the contemporary policy issues ranging from constraints, successes and suggests future policy recommendations in order to reverse the current challenges that impede policy implementation. The research shall use Jeddah as its study area while using abundant literatures that have been directed towards this topic in gaining an understanding of the key issues of child disability in Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia. The research shall entail a focused examination of the diverse structural strategies to establish the usefulness of the policy to the anticipated community. The main aim of the study is to analyse the challenges facing disability policy care of in the K.S.A, Jeddah. Further to this, it also confines itself on analysing the possible improvements on the policy care of disabled children in the K.S.A, Jeddah. Also, it aims to determine the pros and cons of care policy of disabled children in Jeddah. This analysis will help develop a new form of policy that shall be more robust in addressing child disability in Jeddah. The research outlines policy recommendations and gives insights that will help contribute to future researches on the topic. And the field in general. An analysis of the related literature conducted reveals that though there have been significant successes reported about the child care disability policies, policy lags were still inherent and that the concerned authority has exhibited skewed approach to the implementation of policies dealing with disability. This study concludes with a recommendation of a new form of policy implementation that would holistically address the challenges facing child care disability in Jeddah. Background of Study As nations move through the21st century with a renewed form of energy, there remains a commitment towards internationalization of industry, business, media and science. Policy plans and advocacy are being put in place for the awareness of basic rights and urgent needs for children with disabilities. This attention has been given by many countries across the world and Particularly in Saudi Arabia; there has been focus on welfare of disabled persons since the inception of socio-economic programs two decades ago (Young 2002, pp 65) and (Simeonsson 2002, pp.1). The government has been providing means to enable persons with disability to adapt to the society, life and environment while taking into account their intellectual, physical, psychological and livelihood characteristics. The government of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia emphasis the critical importance of human rights especially those touching on disability and the need to improve their welfare. According to study report released in 2000 by Economic Bureau of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 48.80% of children aged zero and thirteen (0-13) years exhibited disabilities of some kind (JICA 2002, pp.3). Further report revealed that disability was more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas with disability rates of 59% and 41% respectively. These results have since generated impetus from both government and private sector with the view of designing and executing policies that would address this overwhelming challenge. As early indicated, plans have been put in motion to ensure that policies on child care disability are addressed. A research conducted by JICA concludes that though medical statistics have been conducted by the government through the Ministry of Health (M.O.H), there has been missing regular reports including the absolute numbers, amputee population, types of disabilities and geographical distribution (JICA 2002, pp.7). Due to lack of these factual reports, there have claims that policy implementation has taken a skewed and unidirectional trend with little or no attention to the needs of disabled in Saudi Arabia and particularly Jeddah. Studies conducted suggest that institutions dealing with disability are most established in urban areas than in rural areas. Stakeholder review of this scenario has cited uneven distribution of infrastructure irrelative to disability distribution (Taneja et al pp 95- 100). Critics of policy and implementation have used lack of or insufficient data (or information) and un-established needs as the basis of their ardent protest and ridicule. Studies reveal that much attention has focused on disability health care while putting education and training within the confines of neglect and as such, little attention has been advanced to ensure self sustainability of persons with disability through access to employment. Prevalence and incremental disability has majorly been accounted for by close intermarriages between close families more than factors relating to socio-economic status of people in Saudi Arabia. The current status of health care reports that the royal family continues to offer support to both private and public organizations to help establish facilities aimed at helping persons with disabilities. Numerous donations are also raised by rich and wealthy people and families within the Kingdom. On the contrary, hospitals, Military, National Guard and Social Security continue to extend their services through their constituency obligation. The extreme sensitivity of these organizations on persons with disability with claims of lack of statistics for security reasons have been highlighted as some of the major impediments of safeguarding the welfare of persons with disability in K.A.S (JICA 2002, pp.7). Studies conducted by Al-Gain (2000, pp 25-31) showed that there were numerous difficulties in conducting research on disability and its related issues in Saudi Arabia. From the study, some of the inhibitors included the nature of Saudi society such as the high incidences of intermarriages between close families and a feeling of shame as a result of disability of a member of a family (Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia 2002, pp 65). To be more concrete, there has been lack of epistemological studies and researches that could contribute to data on dispersion of disability, type of disability and prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Lack of sufficient answers covering the actual or absolute figures about how many people in Saudi disabilities have is one of the major policy challenges facing the struggle to deal with the pandemic in Jeddah, K.S.A. Significance and Justifications of Study Child disability is a major impediment on the socio-economic and political wellbeing of a nation. Growth and childhood development programs across the world have recognized the need for promoting social, physical, psychological and intellectual developments of children. Pegged on this significance, countries have since undertaken to design policies and procedures that would help cope with the challenges of disability (Kurjak, A. and Bekavac 2001, pp 178-182). Building on the situations and experiences of the industrialized nations, comprehensive plans, strategies and programs have been put in place in most of the developing countries to integrate child disability health care, nutrition, and education. These programs have since generated results to some extend measured against their initial objectives (Wegman, 1999) and (Young, 2002). However, studies in health care and education have asserted that though health care plans and policy designed to deal with child disability have been successful to some observable level, there was still much to be expected of these policies (Simeonsson 2002, pp.1-6) Ineffective policies and or lack good will of political, social or economic class have been quoted as the main source of impediments to the results. A review of literature relevant to this research shows that despite programs to promote health childcare disability, policy plans in terms of funding and research on the contemporary challenges facing implementation of child care disability have been extremely limited and have only recently been given attention (Eide and Ingstad 2011, pp 139). To narrow down, this research finds limited literature on the ongoing challenging, issues and successes of child care disability policies in K.S.A particularly in Jeddah. The study hence finds it critical in evaluating the current policy situation in Jeddah a most efficacious study with focus on whether or not policy objectives have been met in the recent past since their inception (Al-hano 2006, pp 55). To support this mission, the research relies on the abundant reports that have cited numerous markers of unsuccessful policy implementation ranging from uneven distribution of facilities, skewed funding and lack of holistic approach to disability with neglect to training and education as part of policy implementation process (UNESCO 2006, pp 6) and (Al-Gain, 2002, pp 25). This study will be useful in helping major policy stakeholders in the Saudi Arabia including the Ministry of health, Centre for population health and other private participants with the view to rethink the policy status of disability child care all aimed at ensuring efficient and sustainable policy and policy implementation in Jeddah. Definition of terms Disability: It is a value laden term that deserves much holistic view and approach in order to give an exclusive and viable definition. According to the Labor and Workman (Article 51), people with disability are defined as any other person whose ability to perform and consistently sustain a job has diminished due to either physical or mental infirmity (JICA 2002, pp. 3). On the other hand, Al-Gain, and Al- Abdulwahab (2002, pp.1) defines disability within the confines of relationship between functional decrease, demands and environmental conditions. Based on this approach, disability can be defined as those functional challenges and inability to meet the environmental demands posed to an individual. Child care disability policy: it refers to the fundamental frameworks, strategies and programs that have been advanced in the process of dealing with issues of child disability with the view to enable them adapt to the society, and their life and environment (Southern, Western and Eastern Area Child Protection Committee 2005, pp 65-85). References Al-Gain, S. Issues and Obstacles in disability Research in Saudi Arabia. Web. Al-hano, I., 2006. The University of Wisconsin – Madison Representations of learning disabilities in Saudi Arabian elementary schools: A grounded theory study . New York: ProQuest. Eide, A., and Ingstad, B., 2011. Disability and Poverty: A Global Challenge . New York: The Policy Press. Kurjak, A. and Bekavac, I., 2001. Perinatal problems in developing countries: lessons learned and future challenges. Journal of Perinatal Medicine . 29(3) 179-187. Marshall, C. A., 2009. Disabilities: insights from across fields and around the world. New York: ABC-CLIO. Morton, R., Sharma, V., Nicholson, J., Broderick, M., and Poyser, J., 2002. Disability in children from different ethnic populations. Child: Care, Health and Development. 28(1) 87-93. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia , 2011. Education and Health. Web. Shawky, S., Abalkhail, B., and Soliman, N., 2002. An epidemiological study of childhood disability in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pediatric Prenatal Epidemiology , 16 (1), pp. 61-69. Simeonsson, R. J., 2002. Early Childhood Development and Children with Disabilities in Developing Countries. University of North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. Simeonsson, R.J., Lollar, D., Hollowell, J., and Adams, M., 2000. Revision of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps: Developmental issues. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53, pp 113-124. Southern, Western and Eastern Area Child Protection Committee. 2005. Intimate Care policy and Guidelines regarding Children . Web. Taneja, V., Sriram, S., Beri, R., Sreenivas, V., Aggarwal, R., Kaur, R., and Puliyel, J. (2002). ‘Not by bread alone’: impact of a structured 90-minute play session on development of children in an orphanage. Child: Care health, and development . 28(1), pp. 95-100. UNESCO., 2006. Directory of Early Childhood Care and Education Organizations in the Arab States, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, France. Web. Wegman, M.E., 1999. Foreign aid, international organizations, and the world’s children. Pediatrics . 103(3), pp. 646-654. Young, H., Buckley, A.E., Hamza, B., and Mandarano, C., 2002. Milk and lactation: some social and developmental correlates among 1000 infants. Pediatrics , 69(2), pp. 169-175.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: This paper discusses two ethical theories. The paper also relates these theories in the operations of the ECG.Utilitarianism TheoryUtilitarian theory tend to characterize an organization trend in fulfilling its needs of self as well as fulfilling the needs of other people. The principle in the utilitarian approach designates that; any action should incorporate certain principles, which create satisfaction, within oneself and others. According to Nina (2005), an action that results in the moral rectitude

This paper discusses two ethical theories. The paper also relates these theories in the operations of the ECG. Utilitarianism Theory Utilitarian theory tend to characterize an organization trend in fulfilling its needs of self as well as fulfilling the needs of other people. The principle in the utilitarian approach designates that; any action should incorporate certain principles, which create satisfaction, within oneself and others. According to Nina (2005), an action that results in the moral rectitude

An Introduction to Ethics Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Utilitarianism Theory 4. Kant’s moral approach 5. Reference List Abstract Ethics is a necessity for organizations and human existence, without ethics, organizations or an individual action would be indiscriminate and purposeless. An ethical dilemma encompasses the decision to choose between two or more equitably satisfactory course of action, where one option constraints choosing the other, or obligation to choose amongst equally unacceptable options. Introduction The Economic Competitiveness Group, ECP is a global company consisting of professional planners, management consultants and economists dedicated in assisting clients attain viable economic success by embracing creativity, group based policy, distinct cooperative implementation practice and a multitude of associated organized and company building services (Economic Competitiveness Group, 2011). More specifically, ECG has aided regions to design and implement action based economic development strategies to achieve their needs. In enduring to empower its clients to achieve economic goals, ECG is faced with unethical dilemma of corruption (Economic Competitiveness Group, 2011). The weakness has been deeply ingrained in the organization as a precondition to win major contracts especially when competition exists among its competitors. This paper discusses two ethical theories. The paper also relates these theories in the operations of the ECG. Utilitarianism Theory Utilitarian theory tends to characterize an organization trend in fulfilling its needs of self as well as fulfilling the needs of other people. The principle in the utilitarian approach designates that; any action should incorporate certain principles, which create satisfaction, within oneself and others. According to Nina (2005), an action that results in the moral rectitude and content should always be viewed as very useful. As the theory asserts, an organization has to decide what is convenient for it to sustain integrity and remain unique among the others besides fulfilling the needs of its clients. ECG can incorporate this approach in assessing the unethical effect that corruption can stand in its quest for securing contracts from its clients. Thus, according to Nina (2005), any activity that provides mutual satisfaction is right, and any action that provides otherwise is unfortunate. The utilitarian theory provides a organization and the human ethical guidelines, that reinforces moral principles and practices. Kant’s moral approach This moral theory is also known as the obligatory theory (deontology). Kant’s moral theory is in contrast with the utilitarian application and it depicts a small correlation exists between actual, moral philosophy and the consequences of an action (Hinman, 2007). The Kant’s approach observes that reverence for the ethical order must be present. By embracing this approach, whenever an action is done positively, the cost, whether good or bad does not matter. Ethical law helps in defining what our consciousness sees is incorrect or good. Thus, it helps to free our minds from guilty thoughts. According to Hinman Naturally, moral principle asserts that bribing to obtain a favor is wrong (2007). This theory can be of importance for ECG in assessing its business practices. A sincere, and transparency strategy of gaining or winning an organization improve support efficiency and integrity. ECG can appreciate the Kant’s moral philosophy. This will provide an opportunity in assessing the abhorrent practices of corruption in its quest in sustaining its competitive advantage among similar firms. Thus, in recognizing the Kant’s theory, ECG will be in appropriate positioning in assessing the unethical implication of corruption. Correct choice of the instrumental value can results also in the attainment of an intrinsic value for ECG. Reference List Economic Competitiveness Group, (2011). The Company Description . Retrieved from http://www.ecgroup.com/about/index.htm Hinman, L. M. (2007). Ethics: a Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory, Connecticut: Cengage Learning. Nina, R. (2005). The Moral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics, New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Internet advertising is a form of marketing communication that uses the internet to deliver promotional messages to consumers. It is a very effective way to reach a large audience quickly and easily.

Internet advertising is a form of marketing communication that uses the internet to deliver promotional messages to consumers. It is a very effective way to reach a large audience quickly and easily.

Analyses of Online/ Internet Advertising as a Marketing Communication Tool Essay Introduction More than any other form of communication tool internet advertising is one of the most precise and effective marketing tool in the modern world. Essentially, internet advertising are distinct from each other but used as a combination to bring out the meaning of internet advertising as a tool for marketing communication. Internet is an amalgamation of networks operating on a laid down technical protocol that make users all over the world to have an access to as well as exchange information. The information exchange and access is usually achieved through the use of tools such as emails, World Wide Web and chart rooms. In contrast, advertising is the paid reconciled form of communication whose source is known and intended to convince the recipient or the target to take the future or an immediate action (Richards & Curran 2002, p. 74). Therefore, by combining internet and advertising, the definition of internet advertising would be any form of communication containing both the elements of advertising and internet. Like any other form of advertising, internet advertising as a form of communication is a multi-faceted phenomenon. It varies from all kinds while spans over time and space The features of internet advertising as a marketing communication tool Internet advertising is distinct from other mainstream traditional forms of advertising tools (McMillan & Hwang 2002, p.46). It combines both the traditional notions of marketing and advertising. Traditionally, advertising focused on the aspects of communication such as awareness and change of attitudes while marketing focused on the behavior change such as brand loyalty and purchasing. Internet advertising incorporates those forms of massages whose elements were found in-between marketing and advertising. Hence, it blurs and compresses the different traditional notions of both marketing and advertising. The internet compression of the traditional forms of marketing and advertising communication tools can be seen in the current internet banner ads. The banner ads are capable of building both the brand awareness as well as selling the presented services. The benefits of such kind of compression are that it reduces cost and at the same time delivers the messages as quickly as possible (Liu & Shrum 2002, p.55). The other important distinctive characteristic of internet advertising is that it allows interactivity among the consumers. Internet adverts are the first known and widely available consumer interactive medium (McMillan & Hwang 2002, p.47). The element of interactivity is a multi-faceted concept with benefits that includes a high-level user engagement, two-way communication, control over messages and timeless communication. Thus, internet advertising is the only form of advertising that has the capacity to develop the consumer’s two-way communication Internet advertising messages also have the unique feature of being intrusive. In the first instances during its development, many users perceived internet advertising as lacking intrusiveness hence taken as being ineffective (Edwards et al. 2002, p.84). Messages within the internet which are intended to persuade consumers are often placed a click away instead of openly intrude on users. The users have to put a request to have access to the adverts (McDonald 1997, p.23). Internet advertising has the capacity to personalize communication. This has made internet to be a revolutionary potential form of marketing communication. The reason is that internet medium facilitates the personalized relationship that could be embraced by the advertising fraternity (Hoffman & Novak 1996, p.57). The idea of personalized relationship with the product or the company brand has broadened through the use of internet adverts. Internet has enabled consumers to create a type of personalization constructed within the structure of internet use experience. This kind of personalization and customization is what make users visit the online store due to appropriate and appealing messages. These appealing massages which are appropriate to the intended user not only draw the users towards intended information but also improve their attitude towards the Website (Chakraborty et al. 2003, p.57). Internet marketing dimensions Basically, internet or online advertising is a marketing communication tool given that it plays two critical roles namely the indirect communication objective and the direct transaction objective. In fact, based on these two dimensions, the clients and consumers are able to access and equally purchase an organization’s products and services. To realize these objectives, internet advertising must help in developing the brand building messages, enhances corporate communication, offer direct response messages to the clients and facilitate electronic transactions. Brand building messages Organizations and business use brand building messages which constitute a significant part of their internet advertising or marketing strategy primarily to communicate to the consumers. This is eminent in cases where marketers and advertisers have proved various potential formats of such kinds of messages. Brand building messages that are often used by businesses incorporate simple hyperlinks or small buttons which are available in different sites. In the customary media sense, brand building messages act as outdoor advertising since they offer very brief messages as regards to the product brand that is being marketed. For instance, the permeating banners adverts have been the subject underlying various internet advertising used to market organizations or entities products and services. The internet banners in many ways look like the customary newspaper and magazine advertising given that they appear in the context of other messages. However, they can be ignored easily since they do not force publicity to the adverts at particular periods. Mitchell and Valenzuela (2002, p.258) as a result claim that, both marketing practitioners and advertisers resorted to better and advanced ways through which they could develop afar the simple banners in order to make internet ads more memorable and visible. According to McMillan et al. (2003, p.402), the first approach of making online advertisement visible and memorable involves building internet adverts to look more like the televisions as they tend to suppress other contents till they are dealt with. Unfortunately, it has been established that as a marketing communication tool, website adverts become less effective and extra intrusive (Edwards et al. 2002, p.84). Besides, like directory advertising, brand marketers have identified listings as the key modules of marketing communication strategies particularly for the b2b (business to business) corporations. The purchased placements that are more similar to the customary promotions or sponsorship appear as the major internet advertising component. These may adopt the sponsored links forms which range from shopping avenues to websites like the Amazon.com. Basically, the sponsored links bring about the payment of commissions to the funding sites for any sales that originate from the hyperlinks. These directly communicate the product brands details to the consumers or purchasers. Marketing practitioners have also acknowledged various forms of the outwardly certified contents as elements of the brand building internet advertising potential. Such techniques always appear to have close relations to the offline practices which are categorized under the public relations domain. In general, the potentiality of this internet advertising technique has been used by marketers to communicate the available brands to the consumers. It has been realized that the customary definitions of the public relations functions and advertising are clouding online, and this creates a close interface between the marketed brands producers and the brand consumers. Moreover, web marketing have the potential of changing the links amid public relation and advertising agencies and their esteemed customers (Rodgers & Chen 2002, p.97). Direct response messages Internet advertising constitutes of direct response messages which are intended for the brand consumers. The direct response internet advertising messages tend to exemplify the somewhat challenging nature of trying to classify ads in mediums which are personalized, intrusive and interactive while the effects of the customary hierarchy are compressed. In reality, any kind of brand building messages might develop into the direct response messages only when they incorporate the call to actions. The hoary difference amid the direct response advertising and brand advertising almost become futile on the internet particularly where call to actions can emerge from simple web addresses. But still, these types of internet advertising messages facilitate communication between brand producers and consumers or purchasers. The ability of the online media placed messages have shown very little or no discrepancy given that they often aid in building brands while others spawn clients engagements like the click-through (Yoon 2001, p.349). Brand marketers furthermore do not question the clients’ intents to take some actions or to purchase. Instead, they measure and observe the relationships between online direct response actions and brand building messages (Gong & Maddox 2003, p.41). Corporate communication More often, online brand building does not appear as a mere internet advertising form. In fact, the product advertising messages are not only placed in the peripheral content in order to become constituents of the online advertising mix, but also to communicate the brand details to the consumers. Sometimes, to spearhead online brand marketing, corporate communication messages are pushed to consumers via channels like opt-in email messages, electronic greeting cards and e-newsletters. Great care is always assumed to preserve the relevance of these advertising strategies to the consumers and shun their treatment as spam. To facilitate online marketing, brand marketers and advertisers have tried to push procedures to maintain the two way communications with the clients (Paul 1996, p.29). The consumer pulled internet corporate communication strategy is not website limited. Other forms include webcasts, brand-related games, fantasy communities, bulletin boards, consumer reviews, blogs and chat rooms. All these internet advertising forms have the capacity to build strong associations between brands and consumers through facilitating interactions and communication. Electronic transactions Marketers perceive electronic transaction as a definitive objective of internet advertising. Internet advertising has the ability to conduct direct transactions with clients in settings that have very minute physical overhead. This is what gave rise to the success of a company like the dot.com corporation (Shen 2002, p.62). Furthermore, internet advertising facilitates brand marketing communications between the consumers and producers given that no website links are required since brand transactions might take place within the online banner ads. The unique internet advertising communication features namely the hierarchical compression of personalization, intrusiveness, interactivity and effects have aided in the client movement to electronic transaction from internet or online advertising (Kim et al. 2001, p.47). In conclusion therefore, it emanates that various kinds of marketing transactions communications can be done thru internet and are ads related. These include job boards which allow employers and job seekers to transact the initial interview and credential review online whereas sweepstakes and coupons are online deliverable for utilization in mortar and bricks retail settings. References Chakraborty, G Lala, V & Warren, D 2003”What do customers consider important in B2B Websites?” Journal of Advertising Research , vol.43no.1, pp. 50-61 Edwards, SM, Li, H & Lee, JH 2002, “Forced exposure and psychological reactance: Antecedents and consequences of the perceived intrusiveness of pop-up ads”, Journal of Advertising , vol.31 no.3, pp.83-96. Gong, W & Maddox, LM 2003, “Measuring Web advertising effectiveness in China”, Journal of Advertising Research , vol.43 no.1, pp.34-49. Hoffman, D & Novak, T 1996, “Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations”, Journal of Marketing , vol.60 no. 3, pp. 50-68. Kim, JW, Lee, BS, Shaw, MJ, Chang, HL & Nelson, M2001, “Application of decision-tree induction techniques to personalized advertisements on Internet storefronts”, International Journal of Electronic Commerce , vol.5 no.3, pp.45-62. Liu, Y & Shrum, LJ 2002, “What is interactivity and is it always such a good thing: Implications of definition, person, and situation for the influence of interactivity on advertising effectiveness”, Journal of Advertising , vol.31no.4, pp. 53-64. McDonald, SC 1997,”The once and future Web: Scenarios for advertisers”, Journal of Advertising Research , vol.37no.2, pp. 21-28. McMillan, SJ & Hwang, JS 2002, “Measures of perceived interactivity: An exploration of communication, user control, and time in shaping perceptions of interactivity”, Journal of Advertising, vol.31 no.3, pp. 41-54. McMillan, SJ, Hwang, JS & Lee, G 2003, “Effects of structural and perceptual factors on attitudes toward the Website”, Journal of Advertising Research , vol.43 no.4, pp.400-409. Mitchell, AA & Valenzuela, A 2002, “The effect of banner advertisements on judgment and choice”, Advances in Consumer Research , vol.29 no.1, pp.257-259. Paul, P 1996, “Marketing on the Internet”, Journal of Consumer Marketing , vol.13 no.4, pp.27-39. Richards, J & Curran, C 2002, “Oracles on “advertising”: Searching for a definition”, Journal of Advertising, vol.31 no.2, pp. 63-77. Rodgers, S & Chen, Q 2002, “Post-adoption attitudes to advertising on the Internet”, Journal of Advertising Research , vol.42 no.5, pp.95-104. Shen, F 2002, “Banner advertisement pricing, measurement, and pretesting practices: Perspectives from interactive agencies”, Journal of Advertising , vol.31 no.3, pp.59-67. Yoon, SJ 2001, “The effects of perceived consumer characteristics on the choice and use of Internet ads”, Journal of Brand Management , vol.8 no.4/5, pp.346-364.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper analyses the image language relations in two text book chapters with special attention to the way in which the ideational, interpersonal and compositional meanings constructed verbally extend, contradict, subvert, or overlap with those constructed visually.The paper analyses the image language relations in two text book chapters with special attention to the way in which the ideational, interpersonal and compositional meanings constructed verbally extend, contradict, subvert, or overlap with those constructed visually.

The paper analyses the image language relations in two text book chapters with special attention to the way in which the ideational, interpersonal and compositional meanings constructed verbally extend, contradict, subvert, or overlap with those constructed visually. The paper analyses the image language relations in two text book chapters with special attention to the way in which the ideational, interpersonal and compositional meanings constructed verbally extend, contradict, subvert, or overlap with those constructed visually.

Analysing image-language Relation in picture Books Essay Abstract Children picture books have had an increasingly significantly important place in early childhood learning. Visual communication relies on both the eyes that see the images and the brain that processes and makes sense of the information received. An active mind therefore is capable of remembering visual images; consequently having both text and images enables one to analyze the pictures. As a result educators are progressively acknowledging that it is imperative to integrate images in the texts and comprehension as it helps the readers and viewers to make meaning faster. The paper analyses the image language relations in two text book chapters with special attention to the way in which the ideational, interpersonal and compositional meanings constructed verbally extend, contradict, subvert, or overlap with those constructed visually. Summary: Little Red Riding Hood by Anderson Hans Christian (1935) and Royal Ravens by Wilhelm Hans (1996) The first chapter, the Little Red Riding Hood by Anderson Hans Christian is a story of a little girl living with her mother and father in a small beautiful cottage. The family stays next to the cottage of the little girl’s grandmother. The little girl-Little Red Riding Hood-is sent to take some food items to her grandmother who is unwell. The excited girl goes to the woods to pick flowers to take her grandmother when she is approached by the wolf. The wolf cunningly obtains information from the little girl and plans to eat her. Fortunately, before the wolf eats her, her father comes to her rescue by killing the wolf with an axe. Both stories are intended for children from across all races and cultural settings as they endeavor to teach family values among children. The second story, Royal Ravens describes a Crawford that has just hatched from the egg. The Crawford, however, quickly realizes that nobody is around to welcome him to the world. Moreover, he felt that the other birds were different from him, making him to start looking down upon himself. Despite the earlier encounters, the Crawford still believes he is special and different. The Crawford is furious about the reception that he receives and wishes he looked different. Crawford attempted to change this in vain. In the end, Crawford went to see a magician woman who transformed him. Crawford, in his effort to get noticed, moved to the Royal Garden where he eventually got noticed by the princess. However, it was not long before Crawford was kicked out of the royal garden. Introduction Children literature should meet certain criteria defined by the intended audience. A picture in children books therefore should be accompanied by a caption that provides salient information about the picture to helps a reader to conceptualize and appreciate the work. However, many literatures in the area of Multi-modal communication analysis explore the grammar of different semiotic modes (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 1996). Yet, the language is just one of the many modes of communication that are employed in communicating messages. For example, images accompany written languages, while facial and body expressions accompany language. Indeed, multimodal discourse does not only include spoken and written language but also images (Painter, 2008).) In order to make sense of the world, Matheson (2005) argues that it is necessary to explore the other modes besides language. According to Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996), one way to recognize the modes apart from language is multimodality. That is, “the use of more than one semiotic mode and their combination to result in a semiotic event or product” (p. 20). By acknowledging the fact that communication is not single phased rather an amalgamation of different modes, multimodality enables in depth understanding of communication. According to Barthes (1989) as cited in Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996) in communication language was superior to image because the meaning attached to an image was largely dependent on the text. As a result, one image could have multiple meanings that could be stabilized by text. Therefore, “…literacy pedagogy can no longer be confined to realm of language alone…but should account for the role of images as well other modes.” (Unsworth, 2006 p. 55) Analysing Image Language Relations in Picture Books The story Little Red Riding Hood by Anderson Hans Christian’s presentation characteristically combines the use of both image and text relying on the exchange of meanings between the two. According to Meek (1998) as cited in (Matheson, 2005), children’s picture books are significant educational texts as they provide the children with implicit and explicit literacy lessons. Furthermore, such books are powerful ideological tools that can be employed in challenging popular social values about home, school, childhood, and family. According to Nodelman (1998), picture book stories can never be understood by reading the words or viewing the pictures alone, but meanings emerges out of the mutual inter animation of the two. Thus, the pictures and words must be viewed and read concurrently in order to achieve a whole experience with picture books. In fact, the communication of visual information and ideas for the last four centuries has been the function that has enabled science to advance, has it has helped people to see how things work. Therefore, following Barthes (1989) as cited in Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996), it can be said that the language used makes the images more specific. The images in the story deal with factors that language is clearly ill equipped to handle, to be precise the visually salient elements of their subjects and of their spatial relations with each other (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 1996). A picture still can also invoke meanings by adding information to the words presented, for example, the story teaches on family values of care, protection and love for family members. At the onset the viewers or readers of the story are introduced to the family of a sweet little maid living in a pretty little cottage not so far from her grandmother’s home. Onwards, family love is discussed and the acts expression of love is depicted by the gifts that receive from family members. Figure 1.1: Little Red Riding Hood and her mother outside their cottage Efforts by adults and the society in general to instil particular codes of behaviour and value systems in children have been an integral part of community life and parenting. Moreover, educational institutions and religious organizations, too, have long professed the advantages of such training from an early age (Unsworth, 2001). Further on the Little Red Riding Hood is set off to go visit the grandmother who had been feeling unwell. Family values are further enhanced in the child by the love and care that her mother extends to the grandmother. The little girl even stops over the woods to pick her favourite flowers to take to her grandmother (See figure 1.2). Figure: 1.2 Little Red Riding Hood picking flowers for her ill grandmother Note the basket full of items given by her mother to take to her grandmother. Visual representational meaning of the stories conveys the relationship between the participants and the depicted structuring. The creation of a visual representational meaning proposed the space-based model for analysis centered in the placement of objects within the semiotic space (Jewitt & Oyama, 2001). However, there has been contention on the harmonious co-existent between the text and the image has been brought by different commentators, still, the images above contents that outside the resistance-compliance question raised by other commentators, their exist a verifiable cosy relationship between the photo and the text. According to Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996), the relationship between the visual participants-interactive or represented- in each particular image is realized by elements defined as vectors or processes which correspond to a group of action verbs. In the two stories, the ‘vectorial’ relations are represented narrative process that according to Jewitt and Oyama (2001), serve to depict the participants in action movement, in terms of dynamic “doings” and “happenings” (p. 141). Furthermore, the narrative processes “…present unfolding actions and events, processes of change, transitory spatial arrangements” (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 1996 p. 56). Moreover, visual analysis of the images presented in the story can be achieved through conceptual processes that are visually characterized by the absence of vectors (Jewitt & Oyama, 2001). They argue that these conceptual processes define, analyze and classify places, people or things including abstract ones. These processes can be classified into Classificational, Symbolic, and Analytical. Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996) state that the Classificational categorizes people, things or places in a tree structure in which things are represented as belonging to a particular class or order. In the story conceptual processes occur when the little girl encounters a cunning wolf that after some interaction with the girl goes ahead to the grandmother’s cottage to wait for her there. The wolf is shown opening the door of the Little Red Riding Hood’s grandmother’s house after mimicking the little girl’s voice. The presentation of the wolf in the story is presented as a new item to the audience so that it has the potential attract attention because it presents problematic and contestable information, as such the audience must pay special attention. For example, the viewers or readers will take keen interest on a wolf that can talk and act like a human character. See Figure 1.3 and 1.4 Figure: 1.3 The wolf opening grandmother’s Cottage Figure: 1.4 The wolf’s head is axed Finally, the father who was passing by heard the screams of her daughter and rushed in axing the wolf’s head. This event further illustrates the intent of the story to instil family values on children. According to Kress and Leeuwen (1996), there are three kinds of meanings that are concerned with building relationships between the reader or viewer and the text: those of (1) attitude, (2) social distance, and (3) contact. Contact is one of the most important visual systems as it enables the viewer or reader to distinguish between images that depict different objects, such as person or animal. Contact visualization is commonly achieved by use text that introduces the characters at the beginning of the story. The first story the Royal Ravens focuses on the aspect of childhood development of from the perspective of a Crawford. In the family context the book shows two families: one, family where almost everybody is left to fend for himself/herself like the case of the Crawford that hatches from the egg alone and none of the other birds even show any little concern for the Crawford’s arrival into the world. This is typical of life of animals in the jungle. On the other extreme end, the book presents a second family that is responsible for its members even having a princess and with a family where the crow is taken into for some time. However, from the story and the pictures, this family everybody is held accountable for their actions and when the Crawford messes up during a family dinner he is kicked out of the home. Furthermore, the story also creates what Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996) refer to as attitude. Attitude, according these authors, relates to the way the viewer or reader relates to images in either horizontal or vertical angle. As Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996) argue, the reader or viewers look from a vertical angle to depict power relations. For example, when the reader or viewer looks up from a low angle, they show authority. On the other hand, when the viewer looks down from a high angle, they show vulnerability. In the story Royal Ravens , the author indicates that after the Crawford had been banished to a huge golden cave, he looked sad and yearned for freedom. The picture presented by the author of the Crawford as he is being led to the cage shows vulnerability. In addition, in the story the Royal Raven , the contact image and social relations between humans and animals is depicted in the shifts in roles of the Crawford that makes the viewer to feel sympathy for him. An example occurs when the Crawford is caged in the royal garden and the Crawford had to literally pluck out its feathers in order to attain his freedom. Despite having abandoned his family for the Royal family, the Crawford is welcomed back even with no feathers on his body. It shows that family is highly valued in both worlds even though at times in the jungle, they might not openly show it. On the other hand, value for family is indicated by the way they princess react when the Crawford messes during a family dinner. The princess realizes that family comes first and cages the Crawford in spite of his beauty. The meanings expressed by humans through visual forms have been conceived to have no literal equivalent in any other form of human communication. Both Arnheim (1969) and Goodman (1968) proposed that it is not possible to transfer thought from one form to another without distortion. According to them, visual and verbal thinking are equal but separate. In a sense, the viewer’s evaluation of the images is facilitated by the far social distance from which they are depicted. Such a distance consists of a level of visual perception between the total intimacy promoted by a close-up shot and the complete detachment promoted by a long one. From a far social distance, the viewer’s judgment about the represented participant has ‘a more formal and impersonal character than that in the close phase’ (Kress & Van Leeuwen, 1996 p.113). In conclusion, besides the language used in communication, in the contemporary society, images also form an important mode of communication. The images offer a reader or viewers with domain of human experience that was both a unique way of knowing and containing a unique content. The stories have achieved their intended purpose of not only instilling family values such as sharing and love in children, but also acting as a deterrence to children who might wonder or interact with strangers. They are taught to keep family secrets to only family members and never to share it with strangers. Table 1: Royal Ravens by Wilhelm Hans (1996). Representation Visual Verbal Visual-Verbal Ideational Actor The Crawford The Crawford crowed to announce its arrival. Despite attempts by some ‘semioticians’ to reduce the visual language, the visual do exist as a model for both representation and communication that is autonomous of the verbal (Kress & van Leeuwen, 1996). Reactor The princess Crawford is transformed into a beautiful creature and gets noticed by the princess There are images on all the pages of the story and texts explaining the images. Process Narrative Crawford was banished into a huge golden cage. Dialogue: the old woman and the princess talk about the plight of the Crawford Royal garden Circumstance The Crawford swooped around the royal garden Forest Interpersonal Ambience Combination of some bright and dim colours. Affect Crawford is ambitious -he yearns for beautiful feathers and even visits a witchdoctor. The Crawford became the most beautiful bird in country There is strong correlation between the pictures and the text. The colours that are used for the golden cage for example resemble gold and royalty. The princess is inconsiderate-she captures and cages the Crawford. Focalisation Actor and Observer First person Narrator Crawford: demanded for better feathers Contact The witchdoctor: offered her help The viewer The princess; demanded the Crawford captured The old woman: empathized Distant Power Textual Informational value Left and right, center The pictures and the texts alternates Framing None Table 2: Little Red Riding Hood by Anderson Hans Christian (1935) Representation Visual Verbal Visual-Verbal Ideational Actor Little Red Riding Hood Little Red Riding Hood and her mother, father and her grandmother and their cottages There are various images right from the beginning of the story event and the rest of the processes are depicted on the texts. Reactor The wolf The cunning wolf mimicking the grandmother Process Narrative The Little Red Riding was sent to see her grandmother, she met the wolf. The wolf asked where she was going and Little Red Riding Hood explained. The planned to eat her but it was axed by Little Red Riding Hood’s father. Circumstance Village-Cottage There was once a sweet little maid who lived with her father and mother in a pretty little cottage at the edge of the village. Her grandmother lived at edge of the woods. There is a contradicting relationship between the text and the image. The text states that the grandmother jumped into her cabinet, yet in the picture there is no cabinet. Woods Interpersonal Ambience Combination of some bright and dim colours. Little Red Riding Hood: submissive The text brings out the emotional response of the characters, the text states that the ‘Little Red Riding Hood was so happy that she wanted to dance through the wood’ Affect Wolf: Cunning Sweet little maid Father: proactive The grandmother is old and sickiling The mother packs for Little Red Riding Hood food items to take to her ailing grandmother. Mother: loving and caring Focalisation Observer No first person word Contact The father axed the wolf The viewer Distant Power Textual Informational value Left and right The pictures and the texts alternates Framing None References Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual Thinking. Berkeley: University of California Press. Goodman, N. (1968). Languages of Art: an approach to a Theory of Symbols . Indianapolis: Bobbs- Merrill. Jewitt, C., & Oyama, R. (2001). Visual Meaning: A Social Semiotic Approach in Handbook of Visual Analysis . London: Sage. Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design . London: Routledge. Matheson, D. (2005). Media Discourses: Issues in Cultural and Media Studies . Maidenhead: Open University Press. Nodelman, P. (1988). Words about Pictures . Athens: The University of Georgia Press. Painter, C. (2008). The Role of Color in Children’s Picture Books: Choices in Ambience. In L. Unsworth (Ed.), New Literacies and the English Curriculum (pp. 89-111). London: Continuum. Unsworth, L. (2001). Describing Visual Literacies in Teaching Multiliteracies: Changing Contexts of Texts and Images in Classroom Practice . Buckingham: Open University Press.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the history of Eli Lilly & Co. in recent years and how they made mistakes in their product development efforts.Eli Lilly pharmaceutical company had been well known for the manufacture of insulin related products needed in the treatment of diabetes. The company had managed to establish very firm foundation in North America, Canada as well as other well developed economies (Christensen, 2004). As a matter of fact, Eli Lilly was one of the global market leaders in the production

The text discusses the history of Eli Lilly & Co. in recent years and how they made mistakes in their product development efforts. Eli Lilly pharmaceutical company had been well known for the manufacture of insulin related products needed in the treatment of diabetes. The company had managed to establish very firm foundation in North America, Canada as well as other well developed economies (Christensen, 2004). As a matter of fact, Eli Lilly was one of the global market leaders in the production

Analysis of Eli Lilly Case Study Review the history in recent years of Lilly that is presented in the case: what mistakes did Lilly make in its product development efforts? Eli Lilly pharmaceutical company had been well known for the manufacture of insulin related products needed in the treatment of diabetes. The company had managed to establish very firm foundation in North America, Canada as well as other well developed economies (Christensen, 2004). As a matter of fact, Eli Lilly was one of the global market leaders in the production of insulin. Its major competitor was Novo Nordisk, a German based pharmaceutical firm. However, the two market rivals merged and formed one big firm. For a considerable period of time, Eli Lilly had enjoyed impressive revenue amounting to over $5 billion. In any case, the second largest generator of revenue at Eli Lilly was insulin. The company started experiencing expedited growth in its manufacturing portfolio when it was awarded an exclusive license to manufacture and market insulin products in the wider North America. Although this was an early development, it greatly gave the company an impetus for growth bearing in mind that it came at a time when demand for insulin in the entire American continent was high due to increased obesity (Christensen, 2004). There were myriad of mistakes that the management at Eli Lilly & Co. made in their path towards product development. It is imperative to note that all the subsequent improvements that were done on insulin especially after 1923 brought about tremendous results. However, the company failed to prioritize its development agenda. It is indisputable that the pharmaceutical company was faced with a major management challenge throughout its operations. For instance, one of the vivid mistakes that Eli Lilly committed was to invest enormous amount of money when innovating in one product only (Insulin). This was executed without a proper audit of the cost benefit analysis. In other words, the company proceeded with an extremely fast pace of innovation which jeopardized its operations in later years due to loss of billions of dollars. For example, the pens and Match insulin that were launched almost on all major markets across the world was done within a very short time. In addition, the test data technology as well as operating CDS centers proved to be an extra and unnecessarily financial burden to the company. It is imperative to mention that the CDS centers were not used to retail insulin products for Eli Lilly Company. These centers were meant for providing education to the population. As a result, there were no direct returns on this multi-million investment. The company also failed or completely ignored to work on its supply chain management as well as product line rationalization. Why were those mistakes made in your opinion? Explain what you mean. In my opinion, Eli Lilly failed to draft its own developmental plan and the various phases through which innovation would take place. While we may appreciate the fact that the company made some considerable gains in its development record in manufacturing and marketing insulin products, it is worth noting that it reached at a point when cash outflows in terms of innovative investment went far above the revenue generated. In addition, the company should have introduced insulin products into the market bit by bit only after assessing the competitiveness and demand of the products. In most of its innovative moves, Eli Lilly did not proceed with caution. The company disregarded the potential of other market players. In addition, it did not carry out any investment appraisal or prior surveys before expanding to overseas markets. As you analyze what lessons Lilly needs to have learned from its past experiences, apply those lessons to the innovation projects on Mr. Larry Ellingson’s current agenda at the time of the case. Is the Company pursuing the right diabetes related opportunities in light of what you perceive matters to most customers? Specify which of the possible projects he should emphasize and why. (Note that as always, there are various different segments of customers, some more important to growth than others). There are several lessons that Eli Lilly ought to have learnt from its past management loopholes. To begin with, it is worth noting that the main management problem at the company was largely a function of how innovation was approached over the years. In the case of Eli Lilly, it was necessary for the company to develop a statistical study source that would capture the internal innovative strategy of the firm as well as analyze the economic features of both the products being sold and innovative response of the market. For instance, the Portable Blood Glucose Meters did not respond well to some markets due to the prime price of the product. Additionally, the market dynamics led to low or reduced sales due to high competition from other market rivals. There were some companies like Boehringer Mannheim that were selling their insulin with free samples attached to the gadget. Mr. Larry Ellingson’s current agenda on innovation may not be addressing the needs of all segments of customers. The management of the company should emphasize on developing more user-friendly insulin gadgets and which are also cost effective. The CDS centers should be operated minimally or eliminated altogether. Mr. Larry Ellingson ought to embark on thorough Research and Development (R&D) especially in foreign markets in order to establish the various needs of consumer segments available in the market before eventually rolling out new products. What about Humulin – what should the Company do with this product on which it has spent so much money with such poor results, why did it do this, what should it do now – should it market it more widely to doctors (advertising was largely still forbidden at this time), market it differently, or discontinue it? The fact Humulin has been assimilated into the market as well as cost the company enormous sum of money implies one important consideration. It should be promoted in the market using the most viable avenues of advertisements. Market promotion should be accompanied by price reduction of the product so that all segments of consumers are reached out. It is most likely that the prime price of Humulin was a major marketing setback for the product. In addition, marketing of Humulin should also target professionals in healthcare such as doctors. Is Eli Lilly & Co. talking to the right persons or groups to determine what product features or advancements would be most appreciated by the “diabetes related market?” Explain your answer, do not just answer yes or no. It is highly likely that Eli Lilly & Co has failed to contract the right persons or professional to carry out market survey before embarking on selling newly innovated products. This has been evident from the fact that a product such as Humulin did not yield positive outcome in the market. Research and Development (R&D) is indeed necessary as part and parcel of successful innovative end. What other steps should Ellingson and/or his bosses do to ensure the success of Eli Lilly’s efforts to grow and expand its diabetes related market? The following are some of the steps that should be taken to ensure growth of diabetes related market: exercise strategic human resource management, conduct cost-benefit analysis, create a distinction between process of innovation viability of individual product in the market as well as understand the various modes of innovation that can be successfully employed in international and domestic companies (Jolly, 2003). What should we learn from this sad case? The main lesson that can be learnt from this case analysis is that the process of innovative development in an organization should be executed with caution and proper planning (Jolly, 2003). References Christensen, M.C. (2004). Eli Lilly and Company: Innovation in Diabetes Care. Harvard Business School . 697(77): 71-86. Jolly, A. (2003). Innovation: harnessing creativity for business growth . London, UK: Kogan Page.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an organization that prepares, prevents, responds to and recovers from natural and manmade disasters. The government created FEMA in 1979, and the organization has gone through various structural and service related changes since then.

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an organization that prepares, prevents, responds to and recovers from natural and manmade disasters. The government created FEMA in 1979, and the organization has gone through various structural and service related changes since then.

Federal Emergency Management Agency Structure and Service Changes Coursework Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. How the agency has changed 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction The organization chosen for analysis is FEMA (Federal Emergency management Agency). Its goal is to prepare, prevent, recover and respond to natural and manmade disasters. The government created FEMA in 1979, and the organization has gone through various structural and service related changes. How the agency has changed In 1979, President Carter created FEMA in order to amalgamate of all the emergency response activities carried out by a series of other federal agencies. Prior to its creation, emergency response was a duty to the Civil Defense, the Federal Insurance Administration, the Federal Disaster Administration and many more; however, this would soon change. As the organization continued to develop, more Presidents began restructuring it. Management, scope and roles within this agency have changed drastically over the past 33 years. During the 1990s, FEMA stopped carrying out Civil Defense work, and this allowed it to dwell only on natural disasters. As a result, the agency did very well in the area. It was able to provide effective support to persons that needed relief from natural disasters. In fact, the 1990s were some of the most successful years of the institution. FEMA’s response to the Oklahoma City Bombing was satisfactory and even commendable in the 1994 LA Earthquake. One might add that the 1990s were quite successful because good political leadership backed the organization. President Clinton appointed authorities that had a long history in disaster relief, such as James Lee Witt. These institutional leaders then listened to experienced personnel in FEMA and this added to their effectiveness (Sylves, 2012). However, after the September eleventh terrorist attacks, the agency underwent another restructure. This time, it would no longer operate as an independent body but as a part of larger organization known as the Department of Homeland Security. 2003 was the year when FEMA reintroduced national security as part of its portfolio. Those changes crippled the organization because they added to the bureaucracy of the organization. For FEMA to do anything during a disaster, it needed to work with other stakeholders in the DHS. The agency also became bloated and had to share resources with other organizations in the Department of Homeland Security. Furthermore, some critics claimed that President Bush made political appointments in the organization, which led to ineffective leadership. In the new body –DHS – natural disasters were quite low in their priority list. This explains why FEMA performed so poorly in 2005 during Hurricane Katrina. In fact, one of the worst criticisms labeled against the institution revolve around this incident. At the time, the institution failed to help the sick, the elderly and other helpless victims of the disaster. It knew that New Orleans was vulnerable to storms, but cut federal funding to prevent it. Additionally, FEMA turned away various external organizations such as police departments and volunteers in order to abide by its many bureaucratic rules. Hurricane Katrina epitomized what can go wrong when an agency becomes too bloated and confused about its mandate. Some changes have continued to occur in FEMA after 2005, with most of them being positive. After the event, the government passed the Post Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act in 2006. This increased funding to the entity and also granted the institution greater authority in management of natural disasters. It eliminated certain positions and created new ones (Bea et al., 2006). Although these policy changes have minimized any embarrassing situations over the past seven years, they still have not addressed the root of the problem, which is having a bloated portfolio. Conclusion In the future, it is likely that the firm will not become as efficient as it was in the 1990s because it is still part of the DHS. Unless it is separated from the latter entity and left to handle natural disasters exclusively, then the agency will never be as effective as it was. References Bea, K., Halchin, E., Hogue, H., Kaiser, F., Love, N. & Schwemle, B. (2006). Federal Emergency Policy Changes after Hurricane Katrina . CRS Report for Congress , RL33729, 1-61 Sylves, R. (2012). Federal Emergency Management Comes of Age: 1979-200. In C. Rubin (Eds.), Emergency Management: The American experience 1900-2010 (pp. 115-166). Washington DC: CRC Press.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses methods that can be employed to examine whether a change in the average of a variable is a real change or a result of subjective influences on survey responses.The study suggests that experimental research designs are not suitable for examining change in organizations because they require a lot of resources, are badly timed, and due to ethical reasons. It also discusses how surveys can be used to measure change in organizations and the challenges they face in doing so.

The essay discusses methods that can be employed to examine whether a change in the average of a variable is a real change or a result of subjective influences on survey responses. The study suggests that experimental research designs are not suitable for examining change in organizations because they require a lot of resources, are badly timed, and due to ethical reasons. It also discusses how surveys can be used to measure change in organizations and the challenges they face in doing so.

Analysis of Organizational Change Outcomes Essay (Article) An Analysis of Understanding Change in Organizational Outcomes-Article in Journal of Management Problem Addressed by the Study The study suggests that experimental research designs are not suitable for examining change in organizations because they require a lot of resources, are badly timed, and due to ethical reasons (Arvey, 2011). Sexual harassment is a strong instance of this issue since it can be both legally and ethically wrong to hold back harassment learning and related organizational interventions from a portion of the population to be utilized as a control group (Arvey, 2011). Thus, organizations often investigate sexual harassment involvements by making surveys to evaluate the incidence of these behaviors before and after the execution. Survey responses though are prone to several subjective factors that affect the soundness of their interpretation. Surveys are especially influenced by response distortion, communication customs and memory ability of the subjects, measurement, reactivity, and phrasing of the questions (Arvey, 2011). In addition, interpretation of survey results can be perplexed by risk of internal and external accuracy presented by historical influences, maturation, non-response preconceptions, etc. Despite the fact that various approaches have been advanced for reducing these threats to validity of surveys such as the internal referencing method, these approaches cannot take care of all the potential influences of personal factors on survey responses. As a result, additional measures are required before valid findings are drawn from survey investigations. This article discusses methods that can be employed to examine whether a change in the average of a variable is a real change or a result of subjective influences on survey responses (Arvey, 2011). These approaches have been examined in relation to sexual harassment in the US military during seven year duration. In particular, the study sought to find out whether the reported drop in incidences of sexual harassment in the military resulted from behavior change or it was just caused by change in the responses of the subjects. Stakeholders in the Research The stakeholders in this study are researchers and organizations in general. Researchers will benefit from the research as they will know the effectiveness of surveys in generating valid responses from subjects and the methods they can employ to ensure that such responses are not affected by respondent’s subjective factors. This will ensure that whenever surveys are used to generate information they will generate accurate information and data from which valid conclusions can be drawn. The other group of stakeholders in the research study is the various types of organizations (Waldo, 2008). The idea of change is very important in organizational settings and these entities usually administer surveys to measure incidences of various change variables. However, the validity of these surveys cannot be guaranteed because of the subjective influences on subjects’ responses. Thus, evaluating the effectiveness of the various methods available for reducing this subjectivity would help in ensuring that change surveys yield only valid results (Waldo, 2008). The Data Collected and How it was Measured The data for this study was based on a 2008 survey administered to members of the US armed forces. The data questionnaires were given to respondents who consisted of members of the US Department of defense who had been actively engaged for at least the last half year. The study employed a non-standardized stratified random sample in a bid to obtain adequate sample sizes for the targeted populations. The study subjects involved both men and women unlike in past studies where samples included women alone. To measure the sexual harassment variable, the study used the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire. This form of questionnaire has been employed extensively in the assessment of the prevalence of inappropriate gender connected behavior in the past few years (Antecol, 2003). The questionnaire comprises of a four-factor model. The four variables covered were sexist behavior, unsolicited sexual attention, offending behavior, and sexual duress. The study measured the responses based on a four-point Likert scale. The responses ranged from never to very often. Quantitative vs. Qualitative This study was quantitative in nature. The research employed quantitative techniques to analyze the responses to the study variables. This entailed calculation of means, standard deviations, as well as correlation coefficients between the variables that were being investigated. Other measures used were covariance, variance, and standardized root mean square. For levels of significance, the study utilized the F-test. Hypothesis The research employed two hypotheses, hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2. Hypothesis 1 stated that responses to the sexual harassment questionnaire are influenced by subjective factors of the respondents. Hypothesis 2, on the other hand, stated that responses to the sexual harassment questionnaire are not influenced by the subjectivity of the respondents. The first hypothesis was an alternative hypothesis while the second one was a null hypothesis. The research used the F-test with a 95 percent confidence level to test the null hypothesis. If the null hypothesis was wrong by over 5 percent it would be rejected. In contrast, if the null hypothesis was wrong by less than a 5 percent margin it would be accepted. The Dependent and Independent Variables In this research, the dependent variable was the change in sexual harassment behavior among members of the US armed forces. Conversely, the independent variable was the cause of the change in sexual harassment behavior. That is, was the cause related to the research approach or instrument or a real change in behavior? Data Analysis To analyze the research data, the study employed several approaches including univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis was used to depict variables such as the study populations and sample constituents among others. In contrast, bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to study the relationship between the research variables. Multivariate analysis methods employed included calculating the means and standard deviations of the responses, determining covariance, and regression analysis. Scatter graphs were also utilized to depict the relationship between the key variables. Research Findings The aim of this study was to investigate the methods for understanding change in organization outcomes. Though crediting the decline in sexual harassment to organization efforts is obviously appealing, the study results indicates that the significant decline in these behaviors is not completely as a result of measures taken by organizations to curb it. This finding is based on the study’s investigation of the association between sexual harassment incidences and organization interventions to reduce the behaviors. Further, the study revealed that incidences of sexual harassment in organizations have not changed significantly as implied by earlier investigations into the subject. What have changed instead are organizational members’ responses to cases of sexual harassment. Additional Research Questions The present study sheds light on the impact of subjective factors on survey responses. Specifically, it shows how change in organizational members’ reaction to cases of sexual violence can influence survey results despite the fact that incidences of sexual harassment have not reduced. Potential research questions arising from this research are the causes of change in organizational members’ responses to incidences of sexual harassment and the most effective ways of measuring such incidences. References Antecol, H. (2003). ‘‘Does sexual harassment training change attitudes? A view from the federal level.’’ Social Science Quarterly, 84: 826-842. Arvey, A. (2011). ‘‘Using surveys to assess the prevalence of sexual harassment: Some methodological problems.’’ Journal of Social Issues, 51: 117-138. Waldo, C. (2008). ‘‘The sexual harassment of men? Exploring the concept with theory and data.’’ Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20: 527-547.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text examines the history of political rhetoric and how it has evolved over time. It also looks at the historical background of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and how it has affected society.

The text examines the history of political rhetoric and how it has evolved over time. It also looks at the historical background of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and how it has affected society.

Analysis of Political Discourse Essay Introduction Political Rhetoric: Brief History Many ancient kingdoms such as the Egyptian Empire and the Mesopotamia Empire highly valued eloquence. A leader would address the public and he would be expected to convince it over various issues. In order to achieve this, such a leader would be expected to be appealing in his speech (Bolman & Deal 1997, p. 65). However, the current political rhetoric traces its roots to the ancient Greece. Aristocrats governed the Athenians. They strongly believed that a man’s worth is determined by his or material wealth. As Corcoran (1979, p. 56) states, this society had a clear groupings of individuals as per their amount of wealth. The speech had to console to the bereaved. Bottery (2001, p. 64) notes that when the Athenians demanded for democracy, the leadership realized that rhetoric was a very useful tool that would help one acquire and stay in power. The speech had to use various stylistic devices and the speaker had to be eloquent enough. Hansen (2007, p. 79) observes that the speaker had to tell the audience what they wanted to hear, not what they ought to be told. This was the beginning of political rhetoric, which is currently in use. Historical Background of the Speech: “I Have a Dream” Situation Martin Luther King Junior was a Black American who was born and brought up in a society that racial segregation was rife. McCarthy (1991, p. 67) argued that King found the situation a little intriguing. Being a black in this country was by itself a condemnation, as McCarthy and Carter (1994, p. 81) observe. As Austin (2007, p.40) observes, the courts were openly biased and whenever a black had a case against a white, the black would most certainly loose despite the evidence that might have been available to validate the case. Baum, Viens and Slatin (2005, p. 60) report that he believed that the blacks, just as whites, had the ability to achieve the most out of their lives and transform the society positively. Reception This speech came at the right time. Lindon (2006, p. 75) reports that in 1963, many African nations were being liberated from the colonial rule and the entire world was feeling liberated. In America, the blacks were joining positions of affluence but racism was still an impediment. King’s speech therefore came at a time when it was needed most. This speech was therefore accepted in different quarters and by different races. The blacks, the Indians and other minority groups felt that the speech was a call for liberation from the chain of segregation that had affected this society for a very long time (Hurst 2007, p. 47). Even a large section of the whites warmly received this speech, as a beacon of hope to all. Effect Blank (2004, p. 39) argued that this was one of the most famous speeches in the world ever. The effect of this speech was gradual but heavily felt. Just as he said in the speech itself, it came as a rude awakening to the American leadership and the society. The society realized that there was need to have a society that was fair for all. President J.F. Kennedy and many other senior government officials, who were whites, felt that as per the message of the speech, it was time for liberation, a time to unite the nation not as per the race but the ambitions of the nation, ambitions that every American had both black American and white American. This would saw many blacks accepted in many forums. They assumed various leadership positions. Soon, America would have the first black American secretary of state that is, Collin Powel. The current president, Barrack Obama, can be seen to be the true realization of this speech for he was judged not by the color of his skin, but the content of his character. This is the dream that Martin Luther King had in his speech, a dream that was to be realized forty years after his assassination. General Issues Themes from the Speech The speech ‘I Have a Dream’ has one central theme and a number of other supportive themes. As stated in the background, the speech was precipitated by the social injustices that were mated towards the blacks. The society was racially segregated. He said, “The Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination”. The central theme that comes out from this speech is racial discrimination. The society was highly polarised along the ethnical lines. He said, “One day right there in Alabama little black boys and little black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers”. Coherence of this theme has been maintained in this speech by use of other supportive themes. A supportive theme that comes out in the speech is social injustice. The blacks, who were discriminated against, also faced social injustice. He said, “Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children”. This speech also brings another theme of irresponsible leadership. King lamented that the country’s leadership had failed to implement policies that would ensure that the nation was governed in a free and fair manner. Through this, the main theme is brought to focus. Introduction of New Subjects This speech is sequential. The message flows freely from one paragraph to another because of the way new subjects are introduced. King was keen to ensure that each new subject drew relevance from the immediate previous subject. In paragraph eight, he talked about a revolution that would lead to gaining of justice. The subject that followed in paragraph nine was a peaceful society, meaning that in the process of seeking justice, let there would be peace. The language used in this speech was very current. Although based on the duration when the American society was racial, the language in this speech is modest. Perspective of the Speech The perspective of this speech is forward looking than backward looking. King dreamt of the future, he dreamt of a better society, a society that would be free from discrimination, a society that all could be viewed as equals. Although the speech refered to past events, much of the focus was on future. He said, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed”. Usage of Personal Pronouns This speech has heavily employed the usage of personal pronouns. This is important to make the audience develop attachment to the speech. According to Kohl (2000, p. 43), a good speech should always make it easy for the audience to relate the message to its own context. King said he had a dream. The audience could easily relate his dream to its own experiences when he directly referred to them. In his introductory speech, he said, “I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation” (McCarthy & Carter 1994, p. 30). The use of the two personal pronouns links him with the audience hence making the audience feel that the speaker is part of them. Rhetorical devices Rhetorical devices are very important in political speeches. As Aristotle, (1998, p. 56) says, political speeches should be as entertaining as music. A listener should be mesmerized by the speech. This is because the speeches are always meant to sway his or her general pattern of behavior. Just as a musician uses different instruments and good voice, a politician should employ the use of rhetorical devices to capture the attention of the audience. Imagery As Austin (2007, p. 78) observes, imagery is very important when making a political discourse. By drawing similarities from objects, a speech creates an image in the minds of the audience. Imagery can be used in two forms which are the metaphor and simile. This speech has heavily used both forms of imagery that is, simile and metaphor. He said, “We will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream” (Bush 2003, p. 57). This simile is used to show the magnitude of their expectation. Justice is compared to a mighty stream. The speech also employs metaphors in various stages. He said, “… staggered by the winds of police brutality.” The sufferings from police brutality are directly compared to wind. He says, “America has defaulted on this promissory note ….” The auth sworn by the founding fathers of America is directly referred to as a ‘promissory note’. Although both serve the same purpose, metaphors are always considered to have a larger effect that simile because instead of saying one thing resembles the other, it directly says that that one thing is the other. In the above example, the force of the police is not said to be causing instability to an individual like wind. Rather, it is referred to as the wind itself. Allusion Many speeches always employ allusion in order to draw the attention of the listener. When a speech is made, the speaker would need to authenticate the speech with some evidence from what the society is well aware of or identifies with. Many speeches take allusions from the bible, especially when the speaker is a Christian and the target audience subscribe to the same religion. This speech has alluded to a number of bible teachings. Literal allusions have been made in this speech in reference to the past speeches. He said, “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note” This speech has used references of the speech made by the great Americans and the binding statements they made when America was gaining its independence way back in 1776. This would help in validating his claim. Cheminais (2006, p. 39) says that human beings are naturally forgetful and at times, it may be necessary to remind them of incidents of the past to make them appreciate the current situation and make them act as per the expectations of the speaker. This speech has also used allusions from the bible. He said, “The glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together” (Gardner 2006, p. 67). This society highly valued the bible and its content. Rhetorical Figures: Repetition As Cogan and Webb (2002, p. 56) observe, political discourses are always very demanding. The speech need to captivate the audience. As this authors note, the audience can easily get bored in case the speech lacks ‘flavor’. Rhetorical figures help in ensuring that a speech is interesting and captivating to the audience. Repetition is one such important device. When used, they help the speech to lay emphasis on the message at hand. Anaphora refers to the use of a pronoun or other word in a sentence, to avoid repeating the previously mentioned noun. It is one of the most popular repetitive devices in a political discourse. Darder and Rodolfo (2003, p. 103) say that the use of anaphora is one of the ways through which a speaker can convince an audience that he or she has a mastery of both the content of his speech and the language in use. In this speech, anaphora was used in several places. King says, “…when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village…” King has avoided repeating the word freedom and instead used the pronoun it. According to Griswold (2004, p. 38), great speeches always leave listeners with one important thing, which is hope. Anaphora helps in achieving this. In fact, this speech has heavily used it. The rule of three is another repetitive device that may help enrich a political discourse. It also helps bring out emphasis in a speech. In this case, the speaker would bring in a historic analogy, give its effect and then give an example in the current setting that the audience can easily relate to. In this speech, King brought the historic event when the founding fathers signed the document that declared the independence of the nation. This had the effect of freeing all members of society in this society. However, the society had not offered a section of this population full freedom, as witnessed in various unjust cases. The speech also used rhetorical questions. He said, “When will you be satisfied?” Other literal devices, such as alliteration and parallelism have been employed in various incidents in the speech. Alliteration is always employed as a sign of mastery of a language. In this speech, King says, “…we must make ….” As stated above, this would make this speech more appealing. Alliteration is also seen when he says, “… the mighty mountains of New York.” Parallelism also helps in ensuring that a speech is and captivating to all the listeners. It also helps in laying emphasis over an issue. In this speech, King says, “… when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village.” King emphasized that people were expected to unite and develop the sense of belonging in order to achieve their dreams. List of References Aristotle, 1998, The Nicomachean Ethics , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Austin J 2007, The Art of Teaching , Noir Publishing, New York. Austin, J 2007, The Last Snake Man , Noir Publishing, New York. Baum, S, Viens, J & Slatin, B 2005, Multiple intelligences in the elementary classroom: a teacher’s toolkit, Teachers College Press, New York. Blank, 2004, “ Teaching qualitative data analysis to graduate students ”, Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 22, no. 2, pp 187-196. Bolman, L & Deal, T 1997, Reframing Organizations: artistry, choice and leadership , Jossey Bass, San Francisco. Bottery, M 2001, “ Globalization and the UK competition state: no room for transformational leadership in education ? ” School Leadership and Management , Vol. 21, no. 1, pp 34-78. Bush, T 2003, Theories of Educational Management , Sage, London. Cheminais, R 2006, Every Child Matters: A practical guide for teachers , David Fulton Publishers, London. Cogan, D & Webb, J 2002, Introducing children’s literature , Routledge, New York. Corcoran, P 1979, Political Language and Rhetoric, University of Texas Press, USA. Darder, A & Rodolfo, D 2003, The critical pedagogy reader , Routledge, New York. Gardner, H 2006, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons, Basic Books, New York. Griswold, J 2004, The meaning of ‘Beauty & The beast’: a handbook , Broadview Press, New York. Hansen, D 2007, Ethical Visions of Education , Teachers College Press, New York. Hurst, C 2007, Social Inequality , Pearson Education, Boston. Kohl, H 2000, The Discipline of Hope: Learning from a Lifetime of Teaching . New York: New Press. Leithwood, K & Steinbach, R 1999, Changing Leadership for Changing Times , Open University Press, Buckingham. Lindon, J 2006, Equality In Early Childhood: Linking Theory and Practice , Hodder Arnold, London. McCarthy, M 1991, Discourse analysis for language teachera, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. McCarthy, M & Carter, R 1994, Language as Discourse: Perspectives for Language Teaching , Longman Group, Essex.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the analysis of growth in India based on Augmented Solow model. The model is significant in understanding future economic growth or differences exhibited between countries in this globe.

The essay discusses the analysis of growth in India based on Augmented Solow model. The model is significant in understanding future economic growth or differences exhibited between countries in this globe.

Analysis of the growth in India based on Augmented Solow model Coursework Introduction The genesis of Solow model emanated from various responses over the Harrod-Domar model. The major concern of Harrod-Domar model was on the possibility of availability, constancy, and alteration to a stable state. Steady state escalation results from exogenous technological change. In addition, this model is significant in understanding future economic growth or differences exhibited between countries in this globe. Nowadays, Solow model has replaced the Harrod-Domar model in explaining the differences in income level over various countries (Jones 2002). Therefore, Solow model have come up with a combination of factors determining the income differences among countries. As a result, various researchers to tackle growth and development issues among countries have used the Solow model (Easterly and Levine 2001). However, Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) had a different view on the way various textbook documented the Solow model. In most books, there is abbreviation of the authors who came up with this augmented Solow model as MRW hence this paper would use the same for this paper. In their view, MRW perceived the introduction of regression analysis to enhance Solow model could yield better description of data from various countries. Since then there have been empirical models formulations based on the augmented Solow model. One of these researches emanated from paper presented by Klenow and Rodriguez-Clare (1997). KRC were on a view that introduction of accounting methods, there were differences in technological field as opposed to capital output ratio in defining differences in cross-country income. Since the development of augmented Solow model by MRW in 1992, there have been many literatures coming up with various versions of this model. Researchers have revealed possibilities of incorporating other factors to this model to yield other measures of economic growth and incomes in countries. Some of these factors suggested by these researchers encompasses both core and noncore various. Some of the factors incorporated have been trade, FDI, inequality among others. These factors have variables to define them categorised as variable and nonvariable. The core variables are determinant of the growth of a country and they include capital and labour. On the other hand, noncore variables are equally significant only that they do so with low magnitude. These noncore variables may include the inputs, salary, wages, and taxes among others (Gujarati and Porter 1988). This study concentrated on the relevance of augmented Solow model in investigating the effects of these variables to the growth of India. There will be three sections in this study as required by the instructions guiding the assignment. The first section has the formulation of an empirical model using the noncore variables determining the growth of India and their influence to this country. In addition, theoretical and empirical evidence were vital to support these variables. Section two included reputable data to study growth of India. The data used in this study came from the latest publication in World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI). Section three included use of Microfit 5.0 to run regressions as suggested by MRW. Setting up an empirical model This section will use additional noncore variable to set up an empirical model and its impact to the growth of the country of study. There are differences prevailing between countries that might have enhanced or hindered the growth of these countries. Each country depends on its output per worker in defining the growth of a country. This forms the central point of Solow model as technology and constant capital output ratio remaining a core factor in any country. However, there are differences exhibited among countries depending on their geographical location, climatic conditions, disease prevalence, and institutional frameworks in these countries. However, after a certain time, these factors may stabilize over time but climate and geographic location are not easy to change toward economic differences. Other factors either have in one-way affect the output of workers (labour) in directly or indirectly as the population grow. Technological differences have been quantifies and their differences measured among countries in regard to agricultural advancement level, presence of technologies in health facilities, and introduction of technology in institutions. Therefore, it is clear that differences among various countries have a foundation on technological differences among countries in these three different areas, namely, climate, health, and institutions. Capital output ratio has been less determining to level of development among countries. Alternative empirical model One major model derived from Solow model is the famous Cobb-Douglas production function in conjunction with Harrod-neutral technology. Details from the two functions would yield the following function Y=K α (AL) (1-α) In which Y represents the output, A for technology, whereas L is labour. In addition, K would be an endogenous in the above function. Once L divides the function, there will be another function involving a log to make new arrangement of terms to yield the production elasticity. The ratio of capital output presented on the right hand side. Y/L= y and K/L= k hence, the second function would be ln y = ln A + α ln ( k / y) +ε (1-α) This step must include the marginal product of capital, which equals the technological change rate as g , downgrading rate as δ, labour force growth as n , and share of saving in GDP as s k. because investment distribution in GDP equals( I/GDP ) and marginal product of capital multiplied by capital output ratio equals α. Therefore, we can derive the third equation as shown below ln y = ln A + α (ln ( I/GDP)- ln (n+ g+ δ)) +ε (1-α) The above equation, MRW used the specifications to perform an approximation of Solow model concerning the various countries perspective. However, there are some problems encountered when using the above empirical model because of lack of standardised A, that is, technology. There have been rapid evolution of technology as shown by A (t) = A (0) e gt that was assumed to be equal in many countries. Therefore, there is urgency to consider the above assumption to create a regression constant when sampling a country. As a result, i=1…n, whereas c=b+gt. ln y i = c + α (ln (I I /GDP i )- ln (n i + g+ δ)) +ε (1-α) The above equation could be the best suited in studying the economic growth in India because the factors and variables presented are evident in the country at large. The presence of high population could provide the required labour in the different sectors leading to growth of the country’s GDP. On the other hand, technological aspect may be a challenging factor in this country given the need to create job opportunities to the citizens. Introduction of new technologies would lead to laying of some worker. This may have a negative effect to the labour force because there would be high rate of unemployment. This is a very critical problem seeking a close response by any country, but India must be in frontline to resolve the puzzle on unemployment, and incorporation of new technologies keeping in mind the high rate of population growth. Theoretically, this empirical model have an augmentation platform because of the presence of contradicting variable that could slow down the rate of income generation to a country hence, affecting the GDP. Various sectors in a country contribute differently to the total GDP. Therefore, it is necessary to pinpoint the major contributor to this GDP so that less or no interference occurs to them. A wise decision on where to employ technology is crucial to ensure the introduction does not affect the overall productivity of that sector. However, if the introduction of technology can be effective, it is advisable to do it so that the country can maintain or improve the income generation as well as development. Based on Cobb-Douglas production function, labour, and capital are the major determinant of the total outputs. A proper combination of the two factors is crucial to determine the output. Sometimes it is advisable to dwell on the factor, which is cost-effective and productive. It is advisable to eliminate one of these factors if the results prove positive. The aspect of opportunity cost becomes very sensitive at this stage and wise decision-making is as well critical. There should be consideration of the Marginal rate to returns so that a country does not dwell on recruiting unproductive labour force in various sectors to minimize on the wages and salaries. Instead, effective use of capital can substitute the labour force through introduction of technology. However, substitution of labour force in India could remain a challenging decision given the presence of high population in the country. There should be introduction of strategies to address the effective way to introduce technology to complement the high population in the country. The high population should nod serve as a hindrance to technological advancement in the country. Data analysis on Indian data based on World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI) This section presented data from WDI to employ various descriptive statistics techniques such as central tendency, distribution, dispersion, histogram, scatter plot, box plot, among others. Data analysis on indicators for India India is one country geographically located in south Asia. The population by 2010 was 1,170,938,000 with the GDP totalling $1,727,111,096,363 in the same year. Most of these people have lower middle-income level that implies that the rate of poverty is certainly high. In the same year, the GNI per capita was $ 1,330. However, the national poverty line has been on decline given that it was 45.3% in 1994 to 37.2% in 2005 as revealed from household surveys. Since 2005, the life expectancy at birth has remained almost constant with the life expectancy improving from 63 years in 2005 to 65 years in 2009. This could be good indication of future increase in labour force and the population in general. The future of India on relying on cheap labour has a boosting factor from this favourable life expectancy. As long as there is a properly maintained health facilities as currently exhibited, there will be enough labour force. The country can be in a better position to hold the capital factor for other purposes. On the other hand, the future of effectiveness of labour force is bright as revealed by the improvement of the percentage of the literate adults aging above 15 years. From this age, there is commendable group of working population. Literacy is crucial in comprehending the rules and regulations in workplace as a well as making wise decision following certain commands. When the population is highly educated, the introduction of technology becomes very easy. India should enjoy this one aspect given that the literacy rate has improved from 41% in 1981 to 63% in 2006. Another encouraging aspect is the low mortality rate currently standing at fewer than five per 1,000. This means that over 99.5% of the newly born children reach an age of five. This country may be owing some foreign bodies such as IMF a 16% debt on the current gross national income (GNI) as revealed in economic policy and external debt. This should be sending an alarm to the country because the higher it can be, it can be a problem to economic growth. This should be discouraged to ensure the country improve its production to facilitate financing their budget without making any deficits. This will encourage concentration over other national matters instead of working hard to pay back debts. A large percentage of urban population can access improved sanitation facilities with 54% of urban residents enjoying correctly structured and properly maintained facilities on sewerage. There is good news on employment level because only a 4% of available labour has not secured any job. However, this should be only effective if the marginal rate of returns to capital is increasing. The high employment rate should not be diminishing the rate of returns to capital. If there is reduction of marginal rate of returns, India should focus on employment of new technologies to boost the current labour force. Private sector, on the other hand, has been a booster to the overall economy with a 31.7% merchandise trade of the GDP. This translates to presence of employment opportunity to unemployed population to reduce the rate of unemployment and improving the living standards of these people (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson 2001). The descriptive data based on the GDP from 1989 to 2009 are shown below year GDP (US $ billions) 1989 292.9 Descriptive Data Statistics 1999 450.5 mean 834.175 2008 1216 standard deviation 541.898 2009 1377.3 skewness 0.003429 kurtosis -5.15908 median 833.25 variance 293653.4 Graph 1: A graph on population against GDP per capita among various countries in the world Source : World Bank, World Development Indicators, CDROM Regressions using Microfit 5.0 GDP per capita for India adjusted by constant prices from 1990 to 2011 Regression outputs based on GDP per capita From the above statistics and graphs, it was clear that the GDP have been on the rise in India regardless of the increasingly growing population. This has outweighed the odds that many countries with high population have not been able to fight out. With time, the country is expected to meet its mandate as a country that can cater for its population if this trend is either maintained or improved further. Reference list Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J.A., 2001. The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation. American Economic Review , 91(5), pp. 1369-1401. Easterly, W. and Levine, R., 2001. It’s Not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models. World Bank Economic Review, 15(2), pp. 177-219. Gujarati, D.N. and Porter, D.C., 1988. Basic Econometrics . New York: McGraw-Hill. Jones, C.I., 2002. Introduction to Economic Growth . 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton. Klenow, P.J. and Rodriguez-Clare, A., 1997. The Neoclassical Revival in Growth Economics: Has it Gone Too Far? NBER Macroeconomics Annual , 12, pp. 73- 102. Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D. and Weil, D.N., 1992. A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics , 107(2), pp. 408-437.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The leader-member exchange theory is a theory that focuses on the interaction between a leader and his subjects. The theory has taken a step further to explain leadership as an act that mainly focuses on the interactions between a leader and his subjects.

The leader-member exchange theory is a theory that focuses on the interaction between a leader and his subjects. The theory has taken a step further to explain leadership as an act that mainly focuses on the interactions between a leader and his subjects.

Analysis of the Leader-Member Exchange Theory Case Study Table of Contents 1. Development of LMX Theory 2. How LMX Theory Works 3. Strengths 4. Weaknesses Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, just like other leadership theories, focuses on leadership from a leader’s perspective, such as the style and trait approaches, and from a point of view of the subject and the context. However, the LMX theory has taken a step further to explain leadership as an act that mainly focuses on the interactions between a leader and his subjects. This paper will analyze the LMX theory based on its development, how it works, its weaknesses and strengths. Development of LMX Theory The LMX theory was first developed as the vertical linkage (VDL) theory. In the VDL theory, leadership is viewed as vertical linkages that leaders establish between them and their followers. The relationship that exists between leaders and their followers is merely a series of vertical dyads that keep the two together. In the VDL theory, two kinds of relationships exist between the leaders and their followers. They include the out-group, which is based on a formal recruitment, and in-group that describes the expanded and negotiated roles that the leaders assign their followers. A follower in an organizational setup that can belong to either the in-group or the out-group and this depends on how well, he or she associates with the leader. The followers, who work well with the leaders, normally have the highest chance of falling in the in-group. The LMX theory was developed by modifying the VDL theory. In the LMX theory, the relationship between the leader and the follower is established in two stages. The first stage, the acquaintance phase, involves the leader coming close to the follower with an aim of enhancing career-development social exchanges, which entail sharing information and resources at work. The second stage, mature partnership, is characterized by leader-member exchanges that are of high quality. In the second stage, the leaders and the followers have at this point assessed their relationship and found out that they can benefit from each other. How LMX Theory Works The LMX theory works based on two principles; the first principle entails leadership description. In leadership description, LMX outlines the way followers in the in-group and out-group operate. The followers in in-group are closer to the leaders and for that reason, are entitled to more benefits at the workplace. The followers in this category, through the guidance of their leaders, are willing and capable of doing more than what is stated in their job description in order to help the company achieve its goals. Unlike the in-group members, the followers in the out-group category do not go beyond what is prescribed in the job contract. The out-group members do not perform any work that falls out of their job description. The leaders give fair treatment to the out-group members as provided for in the formal contract. Since these members do not employ any extra effort in their operations, they are only entitled to benefits that are listed in their formal contract. The second principle, the leadership prescription, explains the efforts that leaders employ in availing various forms of opportunities to help the followers adapt to their new jobs. The principle encourages the leaders to develop ways that can assist them build trust between them and the followers to avoid the coming up of the in-group and out-group categories. The principle ensures that the entire unit of a particular work is made an in-group affair to bring the leaders closer to their followers. Strengths The LMX theory has made significant contributions in the way people perceive the concepts of leadership. Unlike other theories of leadership that do not touch on dyadic headship, the LMX theory addresses the dyadic relationship and describes how the relationship influences the leadership process. Secondly, the LMX theory through its description principle outlines the issues of work units by describing the contribution of every category of followers. It is through the LMX theory that leaders can be motivated to develop a good relationship with their followers. The theory warns the leaders to desist from exercising biased leadership and to treat their followers equally. The theory is the only one of its kind given that it describes how the general performance of a workplace is influenced by the relationship that exists between leaders and their subordinates. The theory also explains how communication influences leadership; this is evident in the high-quality exchanges that are described in the theory. Weaknesses Even though the LMX theory has addressed the most important aspects of leadership, it has a number of shortfalls. The theory does not explain some of the important aspects of leadership, such as decision-making rules and promotions that are also known to affect how an institution is managed. The theory addresses the out-group and the in-group issues, but it does not explain how a follower can shift from one group to the other. In that case, it is difficult to create inequalities using the LMX theory. The LMX theory is seen to operate on a basis that violates some of the basic human values such as fairness. The theory advocates for creation of in-group and out-group options in a workplace. When the subordinates are divided into these options, they are certainly not be treated equally by their leaders. Lastly, the theory does not mention any empirical studies that it uses to reach the conclusions that it makes.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses how Cinderella is a subliminally disturbing story for children, and how it can be seen as a precursor to the modern day "tough love" parenting style.

The essay discusses how Cinderella is a subliminally disturbing story for children, and how it can be seen as a precursor to the modern day "tough love" parenting style.

Analysis of the tale Cinderella Essay Introduction When children read fairy tales they idolize the main characters, mimic them, and consider how they interact to be the most ideal way of behaving. Therefore, when female characters are obedient and passive, young girls will act obediently and passively; when male characters are emotionless, and think only in a logical way, boys will pick up on that trait and learn not to give in to their emotions. Cinderella , by the Brothers Grimm, is a popular fairytale that has been passed down generation to generation, and retold in various ways, but always as a story of ideal love and happiness that is told to amuse children of all ages. What is rarely considered is what the fairytale is subliminally telling us through its specific word choices (Robinson, 2010). After the story is broken down into phrases and then analyzed in terms of gender, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs, what begins to stand out are some pretty disturbing messages. In our criticism of Cinderella , we asked the questions: “What is the disposition of gender in this artifact?” And, “How does the disposition of gender affect the behavior of children under the age of ten?” Then we recast our extractions or phrases in the light of gender, and we found the affect this lighthearted fairytale truly has on children. In order to come to this conclusion though, it is necessary to go through the process of extraction and it is important to understand where the story of Cinderella comes from and what it is about. Then we will explain the method we used to analyze Cinderella and what the story told us. So, here we are at the beginning with the history of the story, Cinderella . Context According to Thomas O’Neill (1999), Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, wrote a story collection called Children’s and Household Tales where Cinderella was included. Brothers Grimm had a very difficult childhood as their family had a lot of financial problems. More so, their father died when they were small children. At one point a man from the school let them use tales books from the library and they were so fascinated by those tales that they eventually started writing their own. The first edition of their book of fairy tales was published in 1812. The purpose of writing those fairy tales for them was to protect the German oral tradition. Their work did not have, in fact, any illustration, but there were scholarly footnotes. Initially their goal was not to entertain or educate children. After the brothers realized that their tales were attracting children’s attention around Europe they decided to soften their books. Their fairy tales did not reach success during their lifetime. It happened only after their death. Later on their fairy tales were translated into more than 160 languages and in the USA it is possible to find it in 120 editions. Their fairy tales have been slightly modified to adapt to the contemporary needs and changes in the society. Their fairy tales have been regarded as socially powerful and containing hidden meanings. Some of the characters have been regarded as evil, like the step-mother of Cinderella. In fact, during the World War II they were banished because they were considered to encourage the Nazi’s persecution. Plus in the 70s they were considered to be sexist in Europe and in the USA (Robinson, 2010). However, as we know they have been slightly modified during the years but those fairy tales still contain gender roles meanings. Content Before dying, the wife of a rich man advises her daughter to be “good and pious” (Brothers Grimm, 2010, n.p.). The daughter obeys and spends much time visiting her mother’s grave. When the rich man remarries, his new wife brings her two daughters. Together, they treat the man’s daughter terribly; they take away her nice clothes and give her an old gown, they call her a kitchen wench and force her to cook, clean, and wash from morning till night. The girl has to complete various tasks from dawn till dusk, and she often has to sleep in the cinders. This is why she looks rather dusty. This is how the new name, Cinderella, appears. When Cinderella’s father goes to a fair, he brings back beautiful dresses, pearls, and jewels for his step-daughters; for Cinderella, he brings back a branch from a hazel bush. The girl plants it on her mother’s grave. Once it grows into a tree, Cinderella sits beneath it, weeps, and prays; whenever she expresses a wish, it is granted. The king announces a three-day celebration. He hopes that his young son will fell in love with one of the beauties during the three balls. Cinderella weeps because she wants to go to the ball, too. However, the step-mother does not want to let the girl go to the balls. Instead, the mean woman makes Cinderella pick lentils out of ashes. The step-mother sets a particular deadline: Cinderella has to complete the task within two hours. With the help of birds, Cinderella succeeds. The step-mother gives the same task to the poor girl, but now Cinderella has to do it within an hour. The birds help her again and she finishes in time. Her step-mother, however, still denies her request and they leave without Cinderella. Cinderella weeps beneath the tree at her mother’s grave, and a bird throws down a dress and slippers. She goes to the ball, where her step-mother and step-sisters do not recognize her. All night long the king’s son dances with her only. When Cinderella wants to leave, he wants to come, too, but she escapes into the pigeon-house. Her father and the king’s son hew the pigeon-house to bits but do not find her. The father wonders if the unknown maiden is Cinderella. On the next day, Cinderella receives an even more beautiful gown, and when she arrives at the ball, everyone is astonished at her beauty. The king’s son dances with her all night long, and when she wants to leave, he wants to follow her, but she escapes into the garden and climbs a tree. The king’s son waits and her father cuts down the tree but they do not find her. On the third day of the ball, Cinderella receives the most beautiful gown and gold slippers. She dances with the king’s son all night long. When Cinderella escapes from the king’s son, her left slipper is stuck on the staircase. The prince claims that he will marry the girl who will be able to put the slipper on. The eldest step-sister tries on the slipper first. The shoe is too small, so the mother makes her cut off her big toe; once the shoe fits, the king’s son takes her as his bride. When he sees blood trickling down her foot, he realizes she is a false bride and takes her back home. The younger step-sister tries to put the slipper on. However, she fails to put it on because of her large heel. Thus, the step-mother tells her daughter to cut it off. The prince takes her as his bride, but when he sees blood running out of her shoe, he returns her as well. The young prince asks Cinderella’s father whether the latter has another daughter. The man says “no,” but he tells the king’s son of the kitchen wench his late wife had left behind. The prince insists that they call Cinderella, and when she tries on the slipper, it fits perfectly. The happy prince understands that this is the girl he has fallen in love with and takes her to his palace. On the day of the wedding, two pigeons sit on either side of Cinderella and poke out the eyes of her evil step-sisters; they are forever blinded. Description of Method When analyzing the Cinderella artifact, the approach group 2 used was an analytical method. By using this method, the group managed to write down all observations and then specify these observations by cutting the cards based on gender, male or female. Separating the cards into gender specific cards allowed an easier separation of male and females based verbs, adjectives, emotions, and possessions. The subcategories of verbs, adjectives, emotions, and possessions allow observations to occur because creation of tables of male and female side by side show differences and similarities of males and females in verbs, adjectives, emotions, and possessions. Procedural Steps 1. Read the entire Cinderella story. 2. Extract any sentence that contains any form of gendered references. 3. From the extracted data create a Master List with all gendered references. 4. Cut up the Master List into strips that could be divided. 5. Divide the strips based on if the phrases are female specific or male specific. 6. Once separated glue specific phrases of female onto one color and male onto another card (example: Blue = girls, Pink= Boys). 7. Take the male phrases and find those that have verbs within them. 8. Write down the verbs in Table 1. 9. Place male verbs back within the male pile. 10. Go through and find cards with male adjectives. 11. Write down the male adjectives in Table 2. 12. Place male adjectives back within the male pile. 13. Go through and find phrases that show male emotions and disposition of gender. 14. Write down the emotions and disposition of gender in Table 3. 15. Place male emotions and disposition of gender back within the male pile. 16. Go through and find phrases that show male possessions. 17. Write down the male possessions in Table 4. 18. Set the male pile aside and retrieve the cards with female phrases. 19. Go through and pull out cards that contain female verbs. 20. Write down the female verbs next to the male verbs within the table 1 chart. 21. Place all female verbs back within the female pile. 22. Go through and find phrases that contain female adjectives. 23. Write down the female adjectives in table 2 next to the male adjectives. 24. Place all female adjectives back within the female pile. 25. Go through and find phrases that show emotion and the disposition of gender. 26. Write the emotions and disposition of gender in Table 3 next to male emotions and disposition of gender. 27. Place all female emotions and disposition of gender back within the female pile. 28. Go through and find phrases that contain female possessions. 29. Write the female possessions next to the male possessions in Table 4. 30. Once all tables are complete, observe data and discuss differences between male and female. Findings It is important to note that female adjectives, verbs, emotions and possessions prevail in the story. For instance, 52 male verbs are used in the story. At the same time, 73 female verbs are used in the story (see Table 1). As for adjectives used, the story contains 5 male adjectives and 31 female adjectives (see Table 2). As far as emotions and the disposition of gender is concerned, 2 units represent male and 33 units represent female (see Table 3). Finally, analysis units representing possessions and the disposition of gender shows that female unites prevail as well. Thus, the story includes 42 units representing male possessions and the disposition of gender, whereas 73 units represent female possessions and the disposition of gender (see Table 4). Table 1: Verbs and the Disposition of Gender Male Female Planted Wept (5) Cried (5) Swallowed (3) Mocked Run (3) Leapt (2) Turned (3) Wash Took (10) Sprang (3) Rode (4) Danced (2) Bought (4) Work Broke off Ran Asked Seated (3) Riding Get up Danced (5) Turned Followed (2) Escaped (4) Employed (2) Obeyed Celebrated Bowed Gave (4) Jumped (2) Recognized Forced (4) Picked (2) Begged Taken Stood (2) Dance Carry Reached Cut Approached Departed Escaped Closed Follow Laughed Insisted Drew Bring Rides Stained Put (5) Caused Empty (3) Work Washed (2) Sleep Cook Brought Clambered Climbed Prayed Lay (2) Table 1 demonstrates the male verbs and female verbs separately. The dominated male verbs are “took” and “danced.” The dominated female verbs are “wept” and “cried.” Table 2: Adjectives and the Disposition of Gender Male Female Proud (4) Positive Rich True (6) Beautiful (5) Young Dirty (2) Dusty Late False Anxious (2) Sick Negative Old (2) Unknown (2) Only (2) Foreign (2) Black of heart Pale Vile Table 2 illustrates the positive and negative adjectives of male and female. The dominated positive adjective of male is “rich”, and negative ones are “anxious” and “old.” The dominated positive adjectives of female are “true” and “beautiful.” The dominated negative adjectives of female are “dirty,” “unknown,” “only,” and “foreign.” Table 3: Emotions and the Disposition of Gender Male Female Wept (5) Delighted (2) Glad (2) Laughed Proud (4) Weary Anxious (2) Cried (4) Pain (3) Terrified Believe (3) Sick Wish (5) Prayed Table 3 depicts the words that describe the male emotion and female emotion. The dominated emotion of male is “anxious.” The dominated emotion of female are “wept” and “wish.” Table 4: Possession and the Disposition of Gender Male Female Beauty Grave (12) Foot (4) Feet Clothes (6) Slipper Face (3) Shoes (2) Bedside Knife (2) Chamber Thought (2) Gown (3) Heel (3) Bride (4) Lentils (2) Wife (1) Hands (2) Son (18) Daughter (2) Horse (8) Step-mother (3) Step-daughter (7) End (2) Palace (2) Eyes (2) Hat (2) Stocking Peas (2) Hand Toes Shoulders Parents Father (2) Step-sisters (2) Shoe Back (2) Injury Dress Mother Daughters Room Fortune Table 4 dwells upon the male and female possession. The dominated possessions of male are “son” and “horse.” The dominated possessions of female are “grave,” “clothes,” and “foot.” Discussion In our extractions what becomes apparent very quickly is the difference in character between men and women. What is interesting about these differences is that they are the same gender differences that we are socially conditioned to believe for all our lives, as to how the ideal man or woman should act. According to the story, Cinderella’s mother tells her to be “good and pious” which lays down the groundwork for gender disposition (Brothers Grimm, 2010, n.p.). Women are passive and emotional in the story (as seen in table 1), they react but they do not cause things to happen. The women also make wishes and pray (as seen in table 3). Admittedly, there are lots of girls who want to throw pennies in a fountain so that their wishes come true. It emphasizes the passive personality trait. Women or girls are supposed to pray and hope their dreams will come true; men with their aggressive nature are supposed to make things happen themselves. Women do the housework and react to men in very different ways, usually fighting over eligible men, and in this story, even to the point of cutting off different parts of their feet to land the ideal man (as seen in table 2): the rich, powerful prince. The men show no emotion other than anxiety and they use force to achieve their goals. The women are very emotional: they mainly cry, they are weary, they are in pain, and then, they have the opposing behaviors of delight, laughter and gladness (as seen table 2). Men own property, they own land, they own horses and according to these findings, they also own women. The women, at an eligible age are passed from their fathers to their future husbands ( as seen in table 4). The data in Table 4, possession and the disposition of gender, reports that women compared with men, have ten different possessions each referring to body parts. The men’s list in Table 4 does not show any body parts. The data also shows seven wardrobe objects belonging to the women’s side and when the same data is compared with the men’s side only the word “hat” appears. The data on the woman’s side also shows kitchen and food objects, while men have no such items. When compared with men’s possessions it looks as if women are objectified and recognized especially by their body’s parts and clothes. Women own things like clothing, physical beauty, and food items. What this tells our young readers is that girls are supposed to do what they are told. Girls are supposed to have dreams but not to fulfill the dreams themselves, but to hope they happen. It is okay for them to cry, because girls are not supposed to have control over their emotions. Girls are supposed to be fixated on their appearance, concentrate on what they are supposed to wear and what they look like. Boys are supposed to be in control, they are supposed to dominate, to own, and to achieve (as seen in table 4). As our original question stated, the children when they read these actions or behaviors will follow them, in order to be the ideal man or woman. This poses an issue to the generations of children who read this story, for the girls will not bother to attain goals if they want to be like Cinderella, instead they will hope the things just happen. They will act like Cinderella does in a world where Cinderella’s mindset is no longer relevant. The boy’s behavior of aggression and force will be considered excellent by standards today but, with girls, struggling with these issues, it will be far harder for them to conform to a real life where fairytales and the Prince Charming are irrelevant. Instead of changing tomorrow, young girls will wish and dream for a better tomorrow. Upon analyzing the data, a problematic pattern emerges, as Table 1 (Verbs) and Table 4 (Possessions) show. Cinderella promotes the idea that men are active and powerful, whereas women are passive and domestic. Most of the female verbs have to do with domestic tasks like cooking, cleaning, and washing (see Table 1). None of the male verbs have anything to do with domestic labor. Similarly, when analyzing possessions, females have more possessions pertaining to household items than males do. Males, in fact, possess other people, but women possess kitchen utensils, their own bodies and little else (see Table 4). This disparity is highly problematic because young, impressionable children are the recipients of folktales like Cinderella , and stories like this foster a distinction between what boys and men do, and what girls and women are supposed to do. This story both reflects and promotes the chauvinistic ideas of men being the breadwinners and women being the submissive homemakers. Although stories do not explicitly state these ideas, they are embedded in the language and plot of the stories. Reference Brothers Grimm. (2010). Household Tales: Cinderella . Web. O’Neill, T. (1999). Guardians of the fairy tale: The Brothers Grimm . Web. Robinson, O.W. (2010). Grimm language: Grammar, gender and genuineness in the fairy tales . Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Appendix I The List of the Raw Data Male Female Verbs and the disposition of gender Turned (3), Took (10), Rode (4), Bought (4), Broke off, Asked, Riding, Danced (5), Followed (2), Employed (2), Celebrated, Gave (4), Recognized, Picked (2), Taken, Dance, Reached, Approached, Escaped, Follow, Insisted, Bring, Stained, Caused, Work Planted, Wept (5), Cried (5), Swallowed (3), Mocked, Run (3), Leapt (2), Wash, Sprang (3), Danced (2), Work, Ran, Seated (3), Get up, Turned, Escaped (4), Obeyed, Bowed, Jumped (2), Forced (4), Begged, Stood (2), Carry, Cut, Departed, Closed, Laughed, Drew, Rides, Put (5), Empty (3), Washed (2), Sleep, Cook, Brought, Clambered, Climbed, Prayed, Lay (2) Positive : Proud (4), True (6), Positive : Rich Beautiful (5), Young Adjectives and the disposition of gender Negative : Anxious (2) Negative : Dirty (2), Dusty, Late, False, Old (2) Sick, Unknown (2), Only (2) Foreign (2), Black of heart, Pale, Vile Emotions and the disposition of gender Anxious (2) Wept (5), Delighted (2), Glad (2), Laughed, Proud (4), Weary, Cried (4), Pain (3), Terrified, Believe (3), Sick, Wish (5), Prayed Possession and the disposition of gender Bride (4), Wife (1), Son (18), Horse (8), Step-daughter (7), Palace (2), Hat (2) Beauty, Grave (12), Foot (4), Feet, Clothes (6), Slipper, Face (3), Shoes (2), Bedside, Knife (2), Chamber, Thought (2), Gown (3), Heel (3), Lentils (2), Hands (2), Daughter (2), Step-mother (3), End (2), Eyes (2), Stocking, Peas (2), Hand, Toes, Shoulders, Parents, Father (2), Step-sisters (2), Shoe, Back (2), Injury, Dress, Mother, Daughters, Room, Fortune

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the relationship between unemployment and GDP as a measure of a country's wealth. It explains that while unemployment is often seen as a negative thing, it can also be seen as a positive thing if the unemployment rate is low. The essay goes on to explain that GDP is a better measure of a country's wealth than unemployment, as it takes into account more factors.

The essay discusses the relationship between unemployment and GDP as a measure of a country's wealth. It explains that while unemployment is often seen as a negative thing, it can also be seen as a positive thing if the unemployment rate is low. The essay goes on to explain that GDP is a better measure of a country's wealth than unemployment, as it takes into account more factors.

Analysis of Trends in UK Employment and GDP as A Measure of a Country’s Wealth Coursework Table of Contents 1. UK Unemployment Trends 2. Using Philips Curve to Explain Unemployment in the UK 3. GDP as A Measure of How Well-Off a Country and Its People Are 4. Alternative Measures 5. Works Cited UK Unemployment Trends Most people have viewed unemployment as being an indicator of economy showing the number of individuals in a particular economy who have a will and ability to work but they have no jobs. If a person is found in this situation, then that person is unemployed. Individuals who lack the will of working for any reason are not categorized as being unemployment, but they are just economically inactive. Economists have concluded that in case the levels of unemployment are too high in an economy, then that particular economy is just struggling to maintain its population. Under this situation, then the economy is not utilizing its resources in the best way possible. From the graph of UK unemployment 1950-2001, in 1950s and 1960s, unemployment rates in UK were very low. According to Politics.co.uk par1 this amounts to about 3% on average. This was attributed to what is referred to as Post-war boom. During Second World War, those individuals who served as servicemen in military were promised to be given full employment after winning. At this time, there was no government that was ready to break this promise. It has been stated that, advancement in technology along with international trade that was stable and “the success of Keynesian economics and the stability of the Phillips Curve created a situation which did approach full employment – although of course, at that time the majority of women remained in the category of the economically inactive” (Politics.co.uk, par. 6). Moreover, in 1950s to late 1960s, the interest rates were very low; there were lots of incentives for those carrying out research and development as well as on general investment. As a result, there were many investments springing up month after month due to the above mentioned escalator mechanisms. Though this strategy worked in those times, in the current times the strategy is ineffective. This is because, in the current times, this strategy will make government budget to increase, the government has no additional sources of revenue. In case the government tries to increase tax, it will affect consumption as well as investments negatively. As a result, it will be very important for the government to raise PSBR with the aim of countering this problem. On the other hand, the current UK government can increase tax, and ensure that it’s spending also increases at the same rate. This balanced budget multiplier will helps the government to increase its national income in general. This is because not all extra money paid inform of tax will be spend. This extra tax will be as a result of increased investment and consumption. In 1970s, unemployment rates in UK started to increase. This has been attributed to the collapse of orthodox boom. This was caused by the energy crisis in 1973, and the ‘generated stagflation’ in 1979. These impacts resulted to high inflation rates as well as high unemployment rates in Europe. In 1972, unemployment rates topped a million for the first time in history. This is because; labours through unions were demanding more salary rates. In around 1979, there was a situation referred to as ‘winter of discontent’, where even grave diggers protested pay freezes by calling for a strike. At this time, unemployment was a 1.1 million. This was the time the Labour party was swept out of power by the Conservatives in the name that the labour party was not doing anything to deal with the situation. When conservatives were in power, it was thought that unemployment rates will decrease in 1980s, but to peoples’ surprise, unemployment rates escalated further. At this time, the number of unemployed people clocked 3 million, which was about 12 percent of the population that was working. However, this was just an average because in some parts of the country, the number was even higher. For instance, in the northern parts of Ireland, unemployment clocked 20 percent of that population that was working. Moreover, those areas that declining industries dominated, for instance coal mining industries, unemployed population was even very large. Early 1990s experienced a fall in unemployment percentage. And by late 1990s, that is 1999, the number was still bellow 2.2 million individuals. This kind of trend went on till 2005, with official figures putting the rate at around 1.398 million individuals. Nevertheless, in the last two years of Blair’s era, unemployment rates went up again. In 2008, when Gordon Brown was dealing with global recessions, figures of unemployment clocked 1.79 million, which has been considered as being the highest in the last decade. In May 2010, by the time the coalition government was coming to power, unemployed population was clocking 2.5 million people. However, the current Prime Minister, (David Cameron) has promised that unemployment rates are expected to fall in the coming years under his government. He said, “At the end of this Parliament unemployment will be falling” (Politics.co.uk par. 4) Moreover, there was a fall in unemployment rate in early 1990s because most industries moved from manual production to technological production. It is clear that, though there was slight unemployment, but those who remained working ended up receiving higher salary rates as a result of increased production, hence increasing aggregate demand for money. Moreover, increased technology led to lower production costs; hence UK commodities gained lots of competitive advantage on global market, hence increased government revenues through tax. These two effects led to unemployment rate reduction in UK (Anderton 1993, 56). However, according to civil societies, unemployment has been rising month after month. For instance, between June and August 2011, unemployment has increased to 2.57 million individuals, which has been considered as being the highest since 1994. To explain this trend, it has been shown that in the entire history, policy makers have been holding a view that macroeconomic advantages of having high unemployment rates are much more as compared to its negative effects on the economy and social openness. This is what happened in 1980s. On the other hand, the government has not been having a will to allow high unemployment rates of unemployment as a result of its effects on social environment, the economy, as well as public costs. Moreover, figures of unemployment in UK just explain a partial story of what is happening in UK. This is because, for many years, there have been structural differences among UK regions making some parts of UK to experience higher percentages of unemployment as compared to others. For instance, unemployment in Wales and Scotland is much higher as compared to other developed areas like London and South East (Curwin & Slater 67). This has been due to the fact that, there are some regions having fewer employers as well as business closures like the closure of mine industries in the 1980s. The recent one has been in Birmingham, where Longbridge plant was closed down. This issue has brought lots of devastating situations in such areas. The figures of unemployment in UK have been rising as a result of other complexities. For instance, “prevalence of unemployment amongst ethnic minorities, women, disabled people, young people, and people who have been unemployed for long periods of time” (Anderton 243), all of these people are grouped together, they make the current figure to be much high. However, this group in early 1950s to early 1970s were still being considered as inactive, hence were not considered as being unemployed. However, the situation has changed since 1980s, as they also add up to the unemployed population. Moreover, according to Begg, Fischer & Dornbusch 126, during election times like in 1997 and 2001, the number of unemployed people goes down, but this might not be true, as a result, the afterwards years the unemployment rates increases again. This strategy was used by Labours party to gun up votes. This strategy has been successful due to the fact that there are two principles of measuring unemployment, namely Labour Force Survey and the Clamant Count. As a result, in some situations, Labour Force Survey has been used as it has the ability to minimize unemployment number for political reasons. Moreover, in 1980s and around 1994, UK experienced higher numbers of unemployed individuals. This is because many workers were moving from one job to the other. According to Anderton Allan 78, most people were moving from military jobs to other jobs, and the period between the two jobs, was being considered as being unemployment. In addition, this was the time workers were demanding higher salary rates, as a result, most workers were reluctant pick the first job they were being offered. Some reasons which led to this reluctance include occupational and geographical immobility, which made some areas to experience higher unemployed rates as compared to others; people were also having higher expectations for higher salary rates, hence many people needed well paying jobs, hence people were reluctant in picking jobs that offered low salary rates (Grand & Vildler 200). However, in around 2003 to 2008, the government did much to reduce this reluctance among people. For instance, the government introduced working trials where by individuals were being given temporary jobs to ensure that in case one gets satisfied with it, then he/she picks it up. In case one is not satisfied, then is moved to another temporary job. Other measures that had been implemented by the UK government to reduce this problem include making some improvements in training and lowering people’s expectations by lowering the working hours. Though these were difficult measures to implement, but they really helped the UK government in reducing unemployment due to reluctance. Between 1994 and 1996, and between 2008 up-to date, UK has been experiencing and is still experiencing real wage unemployment. This is because salary scales had been raised to a level that some industries were making losses hence closed down. Other factors which led to real wage unemployment are setting minimum salaries and high levels of benefits. Moreover, these trends can be explained by Kondratieff wave, which provides prediction of economy success and economy failure as well as world events. According to this theory, unemployment exists for about 10 years due to industrial and trade falls. However, after that, trade and industries picks up again leading to lower employment rates. Moynihan Daniel & Titley Brian 3 has argued that in early 2000, unemployment rates in UK were very low because the government as well as industries had minimized real wage unemployment. In doing this, the average real wage had been levelled to Market-clearing wage. To ensure that labour accepts this wage rates, inflation rates in UK were kept very low. As a result workers salary rates were kept constant, but in real sense they were falling in value. However, this strategy worked till 2007 where workers started realizing the effect of falling value of their salary rates. As a result, in 2008, the worst effects of inflation were experienced. For instance, commodity prices went higher as well as exchange rates. To date, this has not been dealt with, as workers are still demanding higher salary rates as unemployment rates goes higher. It is due to high unemployment rates that led to the public demonstrations against the coalition government in mid 2011. This unemployment has been as a result of UK economic recession and high population. The strategy to deal with this situation has been very difficult in the current complex labour market. This is based on the fact that, though the government has been trying to ensure that workers accept lower salary rates, but due to trade unions salary rates have remained artificially high. Sloman, Hinde & Garrett 45 argue that, the main issue that is leading to high unemployment rates in UK is not really lack of job opportunities, but many employers are not willing to take those who have been unemployed for a long period of time, though this group has a will to accept employment at a lower salary rate. Employers claim that such people lack up-to date skills and experience. In dealing with this, though the Coalition government has tried to initiate retraining programs, but it seems it is not working to employers’ satisfaction. Using Philips Curve to Explain Unemployment in the UK The curve representing the relationship inflation and the unemployment rate is referred to as the Philips curve. According to this curve, unemployment is inversely proportional to inflation (Phillips 283). This curve can be used to explain unemployment in the UK because by the time unemployment is high in the UK, there have been chances that wage rates increases slowly, and when unemployment is low, UK has been experiencing rapid increase in wage rates. This was experienced in 1960s This is because in 1960s, unemployment rates were low, the labour market in the UK was very tight, and as a result, faster industries ended up raising wage rates with the aim of attracting the scarce labour. However, during high unemployment rates, this pressure is abated. According to the classical view of inflation in UK, inflation is as a result of money supply alteration. In case money supply is high, commodity prices also goes higher. Most economists like Phelps 265 have challenged the theoretical understanding at the height of the Philips curve. It has been observed that employers and workers who are well informed and rational concentrate majorly on the “real wages—the inflation-adjusted purchasing power of money wages” (Phelps 265). As a result, real wages are usually adjusted with the aim of adjusting labour supply to ensure that it is at equilibrium with the labour demand. As a result, unemployment will not be associated with real wages (natural rate of unemployment). In addition, the Philips curve calls for the governments to start trading high inflation rates with the aim of achieving lower unemployment rates. This is a theoretical advice that no government will ever aspire to borrow. Take it for instance that unemployment rate is at a natural rate and real wages are also kept constant in UK. At this time, workers expecting certain price inflation end up demanding higher wages to prevent their purchasing power erosion. In case the UK government uses monetary in an attempt to lower unemployment bellow its natural rate in the region. There will be an increase in demand which will make industries to increase prices at higher rates as compared to what UK workers anticipated. Since prices will be higher, companies will start having more revenues hence taking more employers at the old salary rates and even might decide to raise such salary rates a little bit. For a short period, employees will be suffering from what is referred to as money illusion, hence they will supply more labour since their salary rates had increased, leading to unemployment rate drop. However, such employees will not realize that there has been erosion in their purchasing power because prices have increased at a very high rate than what they anticipated. However, as time goes by, workers will start anticipating higher price inflation. As a result, they will start supplying less labour but still insist on the wage increase to keep up with price inflation rates. This will lead to a situation that “the real wage is restored to its old level, unemployment rate returning to natural rate. But the price inflation and wage inflation brought on by expansionary policies continue at the new, higher rates” (Sheffrin 56). This analysis can be of great help in distinguishing ‘short run’ and ‘long run’ Philips curves. As a result, given the fact that average inflation rates will remain constant in the UK just as what happened in 1960s, and then it is true that inflation rates and unemployment will have an inverse proportionality. However, in case inflation rates will change regardless of the direction, particularly when decision makers try to lower unemployment rates below its natural rate, after sometime, unemployment will come back to its normal state as inflation rates remain high. This means that after labour has had enough time to adjust, natural rate of unemployment will withstand whatever the inflation rate. This short run and long run relationships have been combined to mean ‘expectation-augmented’ Philips curve. From this, it is clear that. “the more quickly workers’ expectations of price inflation adapt to changes in actual rate of inflation, the quicker unemployment will return to natural rate, and the less successful the government will be in reducing unemployment through monetary policies” (Friedman 5). This issue of ‘expectation-augmented’ was experienced in most countries in 1970s, where countries experienced both high inflation as well as unemployment. According to Philips theory, such state will never happen. At this time, rates of inflation rose from 2.5% in 1960s to about 7% in 1970s. On the other hand, instead of unemployment rate dropping, it increased from 4% to about 6%. This made most economists to accept the principles presented by the analysis of Friedman and Phelps. All these imply that after price inflation, employees and employers start considering inflation as a whole. These considerations will “result to employment contracts that increase pay at rates near anticipated inflation, Unemployment would then begin to raise back to its previous level, but now with higher inflation rates” (Phelps 268). Friedman and Phelps argued that, there as a certain rate of unemployment which when maintained, unemployment rate and inflation rates will be compatible. This rate is what many economists have referred to as “non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment” (Friedman 10). GDP as A Measure of How Well-Off a Country and Its People Are In most scenarios, GDP has been used in measuring market value of all products and services that have been produced within a particular country in a given time. It is considered as being the most appropriate way of looking at the economy performance of various countries. However, GDP accounts for some things which are not helpful in assessing well-being of the country population. Such parameters include “depreciation, income going to foreigners and regrettable like security expenditure” (Layard 126). GDP was not meant to measure how well-off a country and its people. The main objective that led to the development of GDP is measuring market value of final services and goods that are produced in a particular country. In general, GDP has four major shortcomings when used in measuring how well-off a country and its people. First of all, GDP encompasses depreciated capital replacements. However, depreciation does not contribute to peoples’ welfare in any way, in addition, the process of replacing old capital means that there is nothing that has been happening. From the chart, it is clear that GDP does not help people in any way; instead, it goes back to the replacement of physical capital. Another thing is that, GDP is used in measuring income that is produced within country, but it does not consider people’s income in that country. There is there are some income which do not go into the pockets of the country citizens, but in the pockets of foreigners. Thirdly, due to the fact that GDP only considers monetary transactions, it does not put into consideration other activities that are of more value to the country’s people, like children. The measure also does not consider the value of leisure time that people spent with their families or relaxing with friends. This is a very important parameter when measuring how well-off a country and its people. It also ignores the significance of clean and quality air and water. As a result, any important measure of well-being of citizens in a particular country has to consider the above stated parameters. Last but not least, GDP accounts for a lot of features that not in any way care for peoples’ well-being. For instance, in case earthquakes or hurricane comes and destroy the entire region, the efforts input when reconstruction process is taking place is usually considered as being a boost to GDP. This may even count when the efforts are directed towards replacing something that existed previously. Moreover, costs incurred when preventing crimes as well as setting security measures adds up to the country’s GDP, but this expenses are incurred just with the aim of creating a peaceful environment. Nevertheless, medical expenses incurred in the process of dealing with health effects which arises as a result of pollution also boost GDP. On the other hand, if this reasoning is taken to the extreme, then basic needs like food and clothing are not included in GDP. As a result, there is need for other measures. Alternative Measures According to Frey & Alois 43 and Lyubomirsky et al.120, GDP cannot be used in measuring welfare of people. As a result, he proposes ‘Measure of Economic Welfare’ that includes household services values and leisure to GNP. It minuses capital cost consumptions, as well as bad things like pollution and police services in dealing with crimes. It is true that, “A very comprehensive and thorough Index of Economic Well-Being comes from the Canadian Centre for the Study of Living Standards” (Frey & Alois 409). This measure considers the consumption of both the government and the private sector, though it ignores household work. It also considers the human and physical capital that is owned by the residents of a country. In doing this, the measure puts into consideration stocks of all productive resources that can be managed sustainably to ensure that they can utilized by the coming generations. Thirdly, this measure considers inequality as a Gini coefficient as well as the intensity of poverty. Lastly, this measure considers aggregated components of security like rates of divorce and unemployment rates as well. In determining people’s well-being, a weighted average of the above stated parameters is calculated. From the table provided, Norway is seen as having the highest economic welfare amongst 28 countries provided. However, though Sweden is considered as being the second, but based on GDP, it is number 17. As a result, this ranking greatly differs with the ranking based on GDP. As a matter of fact, this system favours those countries having high income levels, high equality and low levels of insecurity. There are other methods which includes more measures of human welfare. It is clear that such methods consider wealth, security consumption, and equality among other parameters. As a result, these measures include other parameters as compare to the previous method. They are based on the fact that “We have failed to see how our economy, our environment and our society are all one. And that delivering the best possible quality of life for us all means more than concentrating solely on economic growth”( Layard 125). Amongst those methods, ‘The United Nation’s Annual Human Development Index’ is the best known, though it is considered by many as being very narrow. This Index puts together life expectancy levels, education as well as GDP in measuring how well-off a country and its people are. This method is not far from the Measure of Economic Welfare because, it places Norway in the first position, followed by Sweden. However, this is because of higher education levels in such countries. However, countries like China, India and Ireland have gained more because of their high GDP. Whoever, the most comprehensive method of measuring how well-off a country and its people are is ‘Weighted Index of Social Progress’ appreciated as WISP. The index calculated in this method considers many dimensions of people’s well-being. It looks at “income, education, health, role of women, environment, social peace, diversity and welfare – although data limitations admittedly lead to the inclusion of some peculiar measures” (Kahneman et al 133). However, in ranking, this method does not differ greatly from The United Nation’s Annual Human Development Index and Measure of Economic Welfare. This is because, though the two placed Norway as being the first, this method places Norway in the third position bellow Sweden and Denmark which were slightly below Norway in the previous methods. However, the rankings from these methods differ greatly from the ranking based on GDP. Moreover, A Happy Planet Index (HPI) on the other hand considers life expectancy in a country apart from looking at their happiness without environmental destruction. It puts data collected from life expectancy, life satisfaction along with natural resource like energy consumption. This index differs greatly from other methods as according to it, Vanuatu is placed in the first position. This is due to their environmental conservation. Countries around the equator are usually favoured by this method. It is used mainly in determining best destinations for holidays (Danziger & Taussig 501). Measure of Domestic Progress is another method developed in UK with the aim of measuring its welfare. It is stated that “From economic indicators subtract social costs like inequality, accidents; environmental costs and the loss of natural resources. The overall result is an indicator that peaked in the mid-1970s, declined until the mid-1980s and has not yet regained that peak” (Frey & Alois 410). Genuine Progress Indicator is just like Measure of Domestic Progress, but it considers individual consumption, the households work value, net fixed investments, and consumer durable values. Te index also puts into consideration commuting costs, environmental destruction costs and costs of depleting finite resources. The indicators of well-being should show a wider picture of the society state as compared to what GDP provides. However, such methods have not explained how satisfied people are. As a result, the process of measuring happiness ought to take a different approach as compared to the indicators or methods described in the previous section. According to the 2004 survey, “Swedish said they were very satisfied with the life they lead – the highest share in the sample. Only 17% of Germans and just 4% of the Portuguese felt the same way, as chart 11 shows”(Kahneman et al.130). In the past 15 years, studies have indicated that though per capita income has increased, satisfaction with life has not changed greatly. Research in Europe has indicated that happiness in this region does not depend on per capita income, but on other factors like football matches and results. For instance, in France, most people were happy in 1998 the year they hosted the world cup and won it. Moreover, in Europe, individuals get satisfied with life if their compatriots are trustful. As a result, it is very difficult to manage life satisfaction sustainably in Europe. So basing on income levels alone can’t explain happiness in Europe. Works Cited Anderton Allan. Economics , London: Cousseway press, 1993. Print. Anderton Allan. Economics; A New Approach . Staffordshire: Collins Education, 1990. Print. Begg David, Fischer Stanley, Dornbusch Rudiger. Economics , New York: Mc Graw-Hill. 2003. Print. Curwin John and Slater Rebeccah. Quantitative Methods a Short Course , (5th ed), London. Thompson, 2004. Print. Danziger, Van der Gaag. & Taussig, Smolensky. “The Direct Measurement of Welfare Levels: How much does it Cost to Make Ends Meet?’ Review of Economics and Statistics , 66.3(1984):500-505. Frey, Bruno & Alois Stutzer. “What can economists learn from happiness research?” Journal of Economic Literature, 40.2(2002): 402-435. Friedman, Milton. “The Role of Monetary Policy.” American Economic Review . 58.1(1968): 1–17. Grand Steven & Vildler Craig. Economics in context . Heinemann Educational: London, 2000. Print. Kahneman, Daniel., Krueger, Alan. Schkade, David., Schwarz, Norbert. & Stone, Arthur “Toward national well-being accounts”. American Economic Review . 942 (2004):429-434. Layard, Richard. “Happiness and public policy: A challenge to the profession”. Economic Journal 116(2006): 124-133. Lyubomirsky, Sonja., Kennon, Sheldon & Schkade, David. “Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change”. Review of General Psycholog y. 9.2(2005):111-131. Moynihan Daniel & Titley Brian. Economics: a complete course . Oxford: Oxford University press. 2000. Print. Phelps, Edmund. “Phillips Curves, Expectations of Inflation and Optimal Employment over Time.” Economica, n.s . 34.3 (1967): 254–281. Phillips, William. “The Relation between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861–1957.” Economica, n.s. 25.2 (1958): 283–299. Politics.co.uk. Unemployment , 2011. Web. < https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/unemployment >. Sheffrin, Steven. Rational Expectations . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print. Sloman John, Hinde Katherine & Garrett David. Economics for Business , (5th ed). London: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The text discusses the differences between Walmart and Carrefour in terms of their approach to business. Walmart is focused on low pricing to help people live better, while Carrefour is focused on helping the community, employees as well as the environment.

The text discusses the differences between Walmart and Carrefour in terms of their approach to business. Walmart is focused on low pricing to help people live better, while Carrefour is focused on helping the community, employees as well as the environment.

Analysis of Walmart and Carrefour Research Paper Wal-Mart Store, Inc was branded as Walmart in 2008. It is an American multinational retailer corporation that operates chains of discount department stores as well as warehouse stores. It is ranked as the 18 largest public corporations worldwide. It is regarded as the largest retailer in the world and the biggest private employer with over 2 million employees. The firm was started in 1962 by Sam Walton; it was incorporated on 31 October 1969 and privatized in 1972. Walmart is regarded as the biggest grocery retailer in United States of America. In 2009, it realized 51% of its total U.S. sales of $ 258 billion from selling groceries. Walmart has over 8,500 stores in more than 15 countries. The firm operates as Walmart in United States, as Walmax in Mexico, as Asda in United Kingdom, Seiyu in Japan and as Best Price in India. Carrefour was founded in 1959 as collaboration between two entrepreneurs Louis Defforey and Marcel Fournier. Carrefour is ranked as the second largest retailer enterprise in the world. The venture runs over 10,300 stores in France as well as abroad under more than 24 different brands. Among its most successful brands include; Carrefour, Shopi, Champion as well as Promocash. The corporation recent merger with Promodes SA in 2000 enabled it to augment its market share to become the largest operator of supermarkets, discount stores, hypermarkets as well as convenience stores in Europe. It is the Carrefour management that initiated the idea of hypermarkets which enables customers to access variety of merchandise such as groceries, clothing, electronics as well as automobiles from one store. The concept of hypermarket was embraced worldwide which helped to transform many supermarkets to hypermarkets that enabled customers to buy diverse merchandises from one store (Davidson 8). The two corporations have shown great performances locally as well as in their international ventures. Walmart has been noted to record steady earnings both during instances of strong economic growths as well as during periods of economic recessions. Conversely, Carrefour has reflected good earnings during period of economic growth, while performed poorly during periods of recessions to a point of being forced to close some of its stores in some countries. Carrefour is famous in its tasks of assisting the community, employees as well as financing projects that are tailored in upgrading the environment. Walmart on the hand is well known in underpaying its employees as well as being discriminately in its recruitment processes (Ellison 20). That is why it is imperative for this discussion to explore the 2010 annual reports of the two firms in order to establish whether the Carrefour approach of helping the community, employees as well as the environment is more beneficial to the society than the Walmart strategy of low pricing to help people live better. Walmart annual reports are approximately 60 pages long and they reflect financial information from the second page. The first approximately 16 pages mostly concentrates on key facts, letters from executes as well as the progress of Walmart in various areas. After, the 16 th page, Walmart presents its financial statements extensively with footnotes. The footnotes used are colored and appealing. After page 16, the remaining pages of the annual report contain the financial performance of Walmart in the year. Carrefour annual report is more of a marketing tool than a financial reporting tool. The corporation offers two different reports on its website. One of its reports referred as annual activity and sustainability report focuses on the sustainability, employee as well as community participation in the business. The other report that is referred as the financial report comprise of the financial performance of Carrefour Corporation during the year. It is approximately 80 pages in length. Carrefour report has is more extensive in nature than that of Walmart with a lot of charts as well as footnotes. Carrefour financial report is more specific than that of Walmart as it presents exact performance of Carrefour stores in all the countries as well as regions it operates. Moreover, Carrefour financial reports go an extra step to include the company internal control processes. The Carrefour financial report is more detailed than Walmart annual report which makes it to be more suitable and particularly to investors (Walmart 2010 Annual Report 16-30). The two corporations are audited by the BIG 4 firm. Walmart is audited by Ernst & Young, while Carrefour is audited by KPMG. The two reports have some few similarities as reflected by the auditors’ reports. Both auditors’ reports contain a statement that expresses their responsibility to shareholders in expressing their opinion of whether the financial statements presented are free from material misstatement. Similarly, both reports provide a clause that expresses an opinion of whether the financial statements are presented fairly. These two sections indicate that the two auditors share the same responsibility in executing their audits. Conversely, the two reports employ different standards in their auditing. The Ernst & Young’s audit of Walmart was done in accordance to Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. On the contrary, when KPMG presented an opinion with regard to Carrefour financial statements, it did so in accordance to IFRS. Generally, there exists a difference between the United States GAAP and IFRS that subsequently have a direct impact on the financial statements of Walmart as well as Carrefour. As reflected in Ernst & Young’s 2010 report, assets are categorized as current or non-current under the United States GAAP standard as shown in Walmart balance sheets. On the other hand, they are classified as non-current under IFRS standard as shown in the Carrefour’s balance sheet. GAAP permits the use of extraordinary items on income statements, while IFRS does not allow it (VanBreda 23). Another difference between GAAP and IFRS is that IFRS have less prescriptive requirements in term of its income statements as well as in its balance sheet layout (Johnson 5). Lastly, there is a great difference between the Walmart and Carrefour auditors’ reports on how they discussion the internal controls. Walmart has one auditor’s annual report where Ernst & Young discusses both the financial report as well as the internal controls of Walmart in a single report and provide an appropriate opinion for each case. Conversely, Carrefour has two separate auditors’ reports on their annual report. One report discusses the firm’s financial report, while the other one focuses on the firm’s internal controls. KPMG provides a suitable opinion for each of the two reports. The Security and Exchange Commission requires public firms to have a Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) in their annual reports. Thus, MD&A is an essential aspect of a firm’s annual report. The MD&A part in Walmart 2010 annual report comprised of 22% of the entire report. The MD&A in the Walmart 20 annual report outlined the performance of Walmart in 2009 as well as its expected performance and its goal in 2011. The MD&A part of Walmart annual report expounds on the performance of Walmart metrics, the company’s performances in its various specializations, Walmart operations and future goals. The MD&A section played an important role in helping readers to comprehend Walmart financial statement. The MD&A also discussed intensively the company’s risks that it categories into two; the industry risk and market risk. The section in the annual report that is referred as Retail Industry contained a discussion of Walmart industrial risk. Walmart appreciates the idea that it operates in a very competitive retail industry. It admits that it faces very stiff competition from other local as well as international retail corporations. Walmart also explains its difficulties in establishing strategic niche to venture into as well the challenges it faces in recruiting and maintain quality workforce. Walmart also discussed about the possible risks that the management of the company were worried about. The worry pertained to issues such as consumer disposable income, cost of goods sold, consumer debt levels as well as consumer buying patterns which had declined as a result of the previous economic recession. In the section titled market risk in the annual report, Walmart discussed about the risks that it faced because of the changes in foreign exchange rates as well as changes in interest rates. In order for the company to project about possible losses as well as possible gains because of the changes in the foreign exchange rates as well as interest rates, Walmart posed appropriate hypothetical changes on the exchange rates and interest rates and their corresponding changes in interest payments on the outstanding debt and profits or loss on the currency swaps the corporate engages in. On the other hand Carrefour annual report also featured the MD&A section. The MD&A of Carrefour indicated yearly comparisons of the company’s performance in their different regions of operation. Similarly, Carrefour’s MD&A section highlighted the Firm’s goals for the following year. Likewise, Carrefour annual report used the MD& A section to discuss the risks that it faced during the year. Some of the risk it identified includes potential litigation, environmental as well as industrial risk. Walmart annual report used MD&A section to assess its risk basing on how the other business can pose a risk to their business. This strategy was contrary to the one used by Carrefour in evaluating its risk. While Walmart concentrated on the risk that it is likely to experience due to other players, Carrefour looked at the risk their enterprise can impose to other businesses (Walmart 2010 Annual Report 50). Walmart international segment gross profit increased by 0.2 % that of the preceding year. The increase was associated with the high fluctuation in the currency exchange rate as well as the inclusion of D & S. The annual report for Walmart had not clearly illustrated the consolidated information for all company’s foreign segments. Carrefour report had clearly illustrated how foreign segments are consolidated. The report had clearly indicated how the processes that are used to leverage companies in foreign nations with high inflations rate as well as accounting principal adopted. Walmart has diverse inventory assessment methods for its different stores. For instance, inventory for Walmart is calculated at the lower market cost as determined by the LIFO method. Both Walmart stores as well as Walmart foreign operations employ the retail method that uses cost-to-retail ratio to get inventory costs. Walmart uses the U.S. GAAP standard. On the other hand Carrefour uses IAS 2 inventories. It requires inventories to be valued at NPV or the lowest cost. NPV is calculated by an estimated selling price less additional costs that accompanies sale. Carrefour calculates its cost as the latest purchase price plus any additional costs (Carrefour 2010 Annual Report 50-53). In calculating its tax expense as well as the deferred taxes, Walmart employs the liability and asset method. Through this process, deferred taxes are recognized for estimated tax effects of carry forward as well as temporary differences. In Walmart these taxes are measured using enacted tax rates that are recognized as per the year when these temporal differences are expected to be recovered. Walmart breaks down all its tax information in the footnote. These include taxes that are paid to the local and federal government as well as for foreign purposes for current as well as the deferred tax segments. Subsequently, it lists all the items that bring most of the deferred tax, liabilities and assets. Finally it indicates how they are classified in the balance sheet. Carrefour unlike Walmart reports its taxes by using balance sheet method. Carrefour accounts the deferred taxes based on how the firm anticipates settling or realizing the book value of assets and liabilities, by the help of tax rates that have been enacted on the balance-sheet date (Carrefour 2010 Annual Report 70). Works Cited “Carrefour 2010 Annual Report” . 2010. Web. Davidson, Jay, “Carrefour Revisited,” Discount Merchandiser, 1990, pp. 24-30. Ellison, Sarah, “Carrefour’s Net Rises, But Market Share Slips,” Wall Street Journal, 2001, p. A11. Johnson, Sarah. “Guessing the costs of IFRS Conversion.” CFO Magazine. 2009. Web. VanBreda, Michael, “IASB Standards: Converging from US GAAP to IFRS”. 2010. Web. “Walmart 2010 Annual Report” . 2010. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The study was focused on the urgent need for organizations to develop and implement strategies and policies that will facilitate the reduction of gendered occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented domains, particularly in Europe and the Middle East.It is important to note that the researcher received 62 completed questionnaires, representing 62% response rate. 14 in-depth interviews were conducted to their logical conclusion, representing 70% response rate. Of the 62 returned questionnaires, 34 (54.8%) came from Europe while

The study was focused on the urgent need for organizations to develop and implement strategies and policies that will facilitate the reduction of gendered occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented domains, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. It is important to note that the researcher received 62 completed questionnaires, representing 62% response rate. 14 in-depth interviews were conducted to their logical conclusion, representing 70% response rate. Of the 62 returned questionnaires, 34 (54.8%) came from Europe while

Gendered Segregation in Engineering and Technologies Domains Dissertation Introduction The present study is focused on the urgent need for organizations to develop and implement strategies and policies that will facilitate the reduction of gendered occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented domains, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Towards the attainment of this broad objective, a survey was conducted on a sample of 100 female participants working for telecommunication and ICT-oriented firms, either in Europe or in the Middle East. An online in-depth interview was also done on a sample of 20 management personnel/supervisors of the selected firms for the purpose of having a deeper understanding on why female professionals continue to constitute a minority of the labour force in these sectors. This section purposes to detail the results of the two exercises, followed by a wide-ranging discussion of the findings when evaluated against existing literature on the topic. The discussion will be focussed on unearthing the reasons and providing tenable solutions/alternatives to the problem of gendered occupational segregation as per the study’s stated objectives and key research questions. It is important to note that the researcher received 62 completed questionnaires, representing 62% response rate. 14 in-depth interviews were conducted to their logical conclusion, representing 70% response rate. Of the 62 returned questionnaires, 34 (54.8%) came from Europe while 28 (45.2%) came from the Middle East Statement of Results (Questionnaire Schedule) The major highlights of the study are not only interesting, but informative too, particularly in relation to understanding why women persist to constitute a minority of the labour force in engineering and technology-oriented domains of the economy. An analysis of demographic information demonstrates that engineering and technology-oriented firms employ a young female workforce, with the majority of the female participants’ sampled (62.8%) saying they are yet to celebrate their 30 th birthday, both in Europe and Middle East. Only a handful of the participants (5.2%) have celebrated their 40 th birthday. A substantial number of participants (70%) had been in active employment for a period not more than five years. A major research finding is that many participants in the two research regions (Europe and Middle East) reported working in low cadre positions as demonstrated in the figure below. Figure 2: Area of Engagement The above figure demonstrates that 42% of the female professionals in the sampled firms worked as support personnel; while a mere 10 % were engaged in administrative functions. A cross-tabulation analysis aimed at noting the differences between Europe and the Middle East revealed that the problem is much embedded in the former, where only two women (3.2%) reported working in an administrative capacity. In Europe, 4 women (6.5%) worked as administrators or supervisors. Overall, a third of the participants (34.5%) said their satisfaction with their current career engagement was poor, while one in every ten women (11.7%) said they have had very poor experiences with their current career engagement. It is imperative to note that only 15.6% of the female participants agreed that their current career engagements were deeply satisfying. Majority of the women cited discriminative workplace policies and lack of attention from management and fellow male colleagues as the main reasons behind developing negative attitudes towards their current careers. Training and career advancement opportunities, work-life balance initiatives and reasonable pay were cited as contributing to positive workplace experiences and satisfaction. Work Environment The 5-point Likert-type scale was employed to evaluate some critical issues that were perceived to have a domineering influence on the representation of women in engineering and technology-oriented careers. These issues are directly related to the work environment and include: learning opportunities; training opportunities; tools and resources for performance; achievement recognition; cooperation from male work colleagues; adequate communication frameworks, and; inclusion into the company’s vision and mission. Descriptive means were employed to demonstrate how the female participants rated the underlying issues in their respective organizations according to region. As suggested above, a 5-point Likert-type scale was used to rank the responses, with 1 representing ‘highly disagree’ and 5 representing ‘highly agree.’ The table below summarizes the results Table 1: Descriptive Means of Work Environment Ratings N=62 Europe (n=34) Middle East (n=28) Mean Cases Mean Cases Company provides learning opportunities 2.2001 29 2.5006 27 Company provides training opportunities 2.1000 28 2.6000 22 Company provides needed tools and resources 2.3478 25 2.1890 23 I am recognized for my achievement 1.9000 34 1.0967 28 Its easy to get a long with male colleagues 4.5500 28 1.6655 21 Employees communicate adequately 4.6700 24 2.0100 24 I feel I am part of the company’s vision 2.5001 29 1.8990 20 This descriptive analysis evidently demonstrates that female employees in the two regions disagree with the assertion that their respective companies provide them adequate learning and training opportunities, as well as the necessary tools and resources required to successfully complete work engagements. An interesting observation from this analysis is the fact that majority of the female employees in the two regions highly disagree with the statement that that management recognizes their abilities and achievement. Another interesting finding from the analysis is that while majority of female employees in Europe highly agree that they easily get a long with male work colleagues, the scenario drastically changes in the Middle East, with the majority of the female employees sampled highly disagreeing to that assertion. In equal measure, majority of the employees in Europe highly agree to the assertion that there is adequate communication between them and management, while many of the employees in the Middle Easily disagree to that assertion. Two-fifths (41.2%) of women professionals in the Middle East had contemplated leaving their current position in their respective companies, with a substantial number citing cultural barriers, discriminative practices, and unfavourable organizational practices and policies as the main reasons behind the move. Equally, one-fifths (21.7%) of women professionals in Europe had at one time contemplated leaving active employment, mainly due to stagnation in career advancement and lack and inadequate training opportunities. This finding is particularly important to this study as it demonstrates that the variables that inform women occupation representation in engineering and technology-oriented domains are indeed unique to particular regions. Women engineers in the Middle East are overworked than their counterparts in Europe, resulting in a scenario where more women crave to leave active employment so as to have time to raise a family. This observation points to the importance of culture in deciding which career trajectories are meant for women as can be underscored by one of the findings of the in-depth interviews that women are negated to the role of raising a family in many cultures which are predominant in the Middle East. Consequently, a job with huge demands and strict deadlines is not perceived as ideal for women in the Middle East as it makes them abridge their child-rearing responsibilities. On the other hand, many firms operating in Europe seems to have implemented good work-life balance initiatives as fewer women working in these firms reported ever having to allocate additional personal time beyond their normal working hours to meet the work demands of their respective companies. This observation can perhaps explain why few women working for firms in Europe opted to leave active employment, while more women in the Middle East agreed that they had at one time contemplated leaving active employment. Meritocracy and Organizational Policies & Culture The 5-point Lickert-type was once again employed to come up with descriptive rankings of various statements used to measure the influence of meritocracy and organizational policies and culture on the representation of women in engineering and technology-oriented domain. Again, the results demonstrated notable differences of perception between women professionals working in Europe on the one hand and those working in the Middle East on the other, implying that divergent factors might be at play. The mean score was used to rank the responses, with 1 representing ‘highly disagree’ and 5 representing ‘highly agree.’ The table below outlines the results Table 2: Descriptive Means of Meritocracy and organizational Policies Influences N=62 Europe (n=34) Middle East (n=28) Mean Cases Mean Cases Promotions/training based on merit 2.5900 30 1.3005 25 Gender not considered when allocating work 4.1975 30 1.7578 24 Men are paid more for equal work 4.5908 29 4.8900 28 Policies and culture adequately communicated to employees 3.1000 25 2.5907 28 Management actively listens and acts on my contribution 3.5000 27 2.2978 21 Contributions from male colleagues given more weight than own contribution 4.5070 31 4.8900 27 Male work colleagues listen to own contributions 4.0078 30 1.9025 28 Contributions of male colleagues given more weight in strategizing about work and allowances 3.0056 34 4.7679 21 Contributions from female employees viewed with contempt by management 2.8901 30 4.1034 25 A number of important findings arise from this analysis: 1. the progression of women professionals in the Middle East in engineering and technology-oriented firms remains severely constricted by unequal treatment of women and men at the organizational level, 2. women Professionals in Europe seem to be gaining adequate ground in terms of organizational policies intended to encourage them to seek active employment in these fields, 3. discriminative practices against women professionals in the Middle East appears well embedded in the organizational culture and policies of firms operating in this region, 4. the existing culture and organizational policies are galvanized towards carrying male employees in high esteem as opposed to female employees. Overall, 39 (62.9%) of the female participants said they were not happy with their respective company’s policy issues and directions relating to the provisions of a gender-neutral working environment. In considering regional differences, it is important to note that 17 (50.0%) of female employees in Europe were not happy with their companies’ provisions, while 24 (85.7%) of female employees in the Middle East said the provisions adopted by their respective companies could not guarantee a gender neutral working environment. The main reasons given for assuming this perspective include: long working hours; untenable job demands for women, such as on-site/field postings; biased contribution and compensatory schemes; perceived lack of abilities in women as opposed to men, and; lack of career progression and training opportunities for women. Again, about two-thirds (64.5%) of the women polled believed that the current organizational policies practiced by their respective firms were not equally supportive for both male and female employees, and failed to provide an enabling environment for workers to perform optimally in a demanding work environment. A cross-tabulation analysis of the finding demonstrated this perception was more ingrained in the Middle East, with 24 (85.7%) and 16 (47.1%) of the women professionals saying the current organizational policies are not equally supportive for both males and females in the Middle East and Europe, respectively. The region-specific reasons behind this scenario are demonstrated in the figure below. Figure 2: Reasons behind the Lack of Equally Supportive Organizational Policies The above distribution demonstrates that the three leading reasons why women feel unsupported when working in engineering and technology-oriented firms in the Middle East include: 1. women feel constrained to the periphery of service delivery, 2. most job advertisements are intended for males, 3. workplace policies tend to limit the women’s opportunities to lead teams/groups. Equally, the three leading reasons why women working for European-based firms feel unsupported include: 1. biased promotion/training opportunities in favour of men, 2. policies limiting women’s opportunities to lead teams/groups, 3. limiting women to the periphery of service delivery. Education & Abilities Overall, nine in ten women (88.7%) thought they had acquired the right education and abilities required to perform optimally in their current work settings. However, an interesting observation is the fact that despite nearly all the women saying they had they possessed the right education and abilities to do the job, a third (22.4%) agreed to the assertion that they have at one time faced challenges in their work settings as a direct consequence of their level of education. This finding points to a particular misconception that women have when working in demanding work environments – that they are not equal to the task despite their level of education, abilities, or cumulative achievements. This view is reinforced by the fact that about two-thirds (64.8%) of the women polled in this particular survey held a perception that male work colleagues are more qualified than them, mainly due to the reason that it was only males who seemed to lead project teams and other positions of authority in the organizations. Additionally, the women suggested that male work colleagues always received more pay and recognition than their female counterparts and, as a direct consequence, could have been more qualified than the women. An interesting finding suggested by some women participants is that women often held males in high esteem even in situations where they knew the males are less qualified, while males often perceived the women as low achievers even in situations where they knew that they are less qualified than the women. 38 (61.9%) of the women participants said that their level of education is not commensurate to their pay and/or benefits in their respective work stations. Region-wise, 22 (78.6%) of women sampled from the Middle East (n=28) believed that they received extremely low pay, which is not in any way commensurate to their level of education, abilities and achievement. Equally, 16 (47.1%) of women working for Europe-based firms (n=34) said their pay was not commensurate to their level of education. The following distribution captures the reasons behind this perception Figure 3: Reasons why Current Pay is Not Commensurate to Level of Education The above figure shows that the three foremost reasons why women professionals in the Middle East think their current pay is not commensurate to their level of education include: 1. perception that male colleagues are rewarded more for equal work, 2. failure by management to provide their women employees with important benefits such as annual leaves and maternity leaves, 3. payment imbalances between males and females with similar levels of education. Equally, the three foremost reasons why women professionals in Europe think their current pay is not commensurate to their level of education include: 1. lack of career progression to higher positions which guarantee more pay, 2. non-consideration of level of education in making payment decisions, 3. biased training opportunities in favour of male work colleagues at the expense of women with similar qualifications. Statement of Results (In-depth Interview Guide) A number of themes were generated when interviewees were asked to elucidate their perception on women professionals in engineering and technology-oriented domains. Of the 14, interviewees, 6 portrayed women professionals as being equal to the task of what was demanded of them by their employers, while 4 interviewees said engineering is perceived to be a man’s profession and therefore there existed limited encouragement for women to excel in engineering. Another 3 interviewees suggested that women were disadvantaged to work in engineering and technology-oriented firms due to difficult job demands and ungodly working hours. Indeed, someone said that “…women professionals want their job to be pleasurable, have an excellent work environment, make a difference, provide a good remuneration package and allowances, and be flexible.” When the interviewees were requested to state the greatest strengths and weaknesses of women professionals working for engineering and technology firms, a sizeable number said that educational background, talents and abilities were the main sources of strength, while others suggested that an organization’s leadership and management style could provide the needed strength for women engineers. Some underlying themes for the weaknesses facing women working in these domains included: discriminative workplace practices; unequal treatment of men and women, particularly when it came to pay, allowances and leadership roles; non-responsive management, and; lack of role models. A number of notable themes were established when interviewees were asked to explain the reasons for the dwindling numbers of women employees in engineering and technology-oriented domains. One underlying theme revolved around the fact that organizational culture in engineering and technology-oriented firms is traditionally masculine, while another underlying theme suggested that women professionals in these firms are excluded from men’s occupation networks and cannot rely on an authoritative women’s occupational network to compensate the exclusion from men’s networks. The emergence of family businesses, particularly in the Middle East, also made it possible for women to be locked out of engineering fields so as they could take care of family responsibilities. Lack of clear career trajectories and unreasonable work demands such as working odd hours were also noted as significant factors. Interestingly, 8 of the 14 interviewees held a perception that women are constrained to become better engineers and technology experts, not because they have lower educational achievements or abilities than men but due to external factors intrinsically related to the work environment, such as odd working hours, routine travel to the field sites and heavy workload, among other factors. Other interviewees, particularly from the Middle East, blamed cultural barriers and socialisation processes as the main reasons why women continue to be constrained to outperform their male counterparts. Indeed, one interviewee for the Middle East stated that “…despite my level of education, the male colleagues I was working with could not care to introduce me to meetings held to share knowledge about existing networks. I was always left in the dark to manoeuvre my way…and almost felt like giving in.” A number of underlying themes surfaced when the interviewees were asked to suggest the issues that needed to be addressed to reduce gendered occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented fields. One theme that came out strongly is that of women empowerment; that is, the management and male employees of engineering and technology-oriented firms need to see women professionals less as passive recipients of knowledge and instructions, and more as dynamic contributors and innovators of outstanding ideas. Another strand of opinions centred on increasing training career advancement opportunities to not only encourage more women into these domains but also to make sure that they are retained in service. Some interviewees from the Middle East stressed the need for educational institutions to identify established women engineers and use them as role models to encourage more girls choose academic disciplines that would guarantee them a career trajectory in science, engineering and technology-oriented fields. Still, a sizeable number of interviewees supported a rapid shift of organizational culture and policies practiced in these firms, from a masculine-dominated projection to a gender neutral work environment. Discussion The initial objective of the present study was to critically evaluate the reasons why there are few women in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East. A strand of existing studies (e.g., Morganson et al, 2010; Franzway et al, 2009; Hatchel & Aveling, 2008) have already been commenced to look into the broad issue of gendered occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented fields, but only a few have been interested in establishing the scope of the problem beyond the United States of America. This particular study focussed attention to establishing the antecedents and consequences of employment discrimination in telecommunication and ICT-related sectors in Europe and the Middle East. The present study has not only corroborated the findings of previous studies on gendered occupation segregation in the engineering domain, but has demonstrated useful insights into understanding the problem from the employee’s perspective, as well as from organizational and socio-cultural standpoints. Overall, it has been revealed that the problem of gendered occupational segregation in Engineering and Technology-oriented fields in the two regions is precipitated by, among other things: discriminative workplace policies; inadequate attention of women professionals by management, as well as fellow male work colleagues; lack of training and career advancement opportunities; low pay compared to male colleagues; a crash between work and life/family responsibilities exemplified by huge work demands, a continuous need to travel to the field, and ungodly working hours, and; the presence of an organizational culture and policies that are traditionally masculine. These findings reinforce the results of previous studies, which held that despite the fact women were been increasingly absorbed into engineering-related domains in the recent past they have to not only contend with a slump in salaries, status, and working conditions but also with the harsh domain of masculinity that is well entrenched in these sectors (Benson & Yukongdi, 2005; Hafkin & Huyer, 2007; Bystydzienski, 2004). It has also been established that the problem of gendered occupational segregation in engineering and technology domains is more entrenched in the Middle East than in Europe, particularly due to the strict cultural adherence, which outlines that the place of women is in the family setting as opposed to workplace environment. A new finding related to these reasons is that family-related businesses in the Middle East have continually served as active co-perpetrators of gendered occupational segregation as they are usually run by the sons of the founders, condemning the daughters and other women professionals to providing supportive roles despite their level of academic qualification. Again, these findings are reflective of the conclusions of other previous studies, which revealed that religious and social cultural barriers in the Middle East demands that women abide by a social convention that reinforces the need for them to play a supportive role relative to men (Benson & Yukongdi, 2005). An important insight that has been revealed by this study is that the religious and cultural dogmas practiced in the Middle East trigger a scenario which places men in core occupations despite their qualifications relative to women, thus permitting culture to become the basis for gender divergences in recruitment, promotion, training, compensation and decision-making authority. It is important to note that this problem is less entrenched in Europe. However, it underlines the need for policy makers to consider cultural issues, particularly from the social constructionist standpoint, when devising and implementing programs and policies aimed at addressing the problem. As observed by Bhatia & Amati (2010), one of the most elaborated features of the social constructionist perspective is the recognition that women and men are located divergently in society and that not all women or all men share similar experiences or challenges. One of the specific objectives of the present study was to critically analyze how women are impacted negatively as a result of gendered employment discrimination in the telecommunication and ICT-related sectors. The findings demonstrate that women are not only constrained to lower cadre positions with no recognition for their abilities and achievement, but they lack support from management and fellow male colleagues, engage in massive resignations due to unbearable/unfavourable working conditions, as well as lack crucial training opportunities to ensure career advancement and growth. These findings appear to reinforce the conclusions made by Gillard et al (2008), who suggest that women professionals in telecommunication/ICT sectors tend to be concentrated in particular occupational spheres, which are normally the lower skilled support jobs related to data entry. An important disclosure here is that these negative impacts are more intensive in the Middle East, again due to cultural barriers and the presence of male-dominated work-environments. This particular study has established that the negative impacts related to gendered occupational segregation in telecommunication and ICT-oriented firms in Europe triggers massive resignations of women professionals, lending credence to Sappleton & Takrui-Rick (2008) assertion that women experience certain influences upon recruitment into these sectors, which obstructs them and make it hard for them to be retained in the sectors. The interplay between Meritocracy and socio-cultural and organizational variables in entrenching gendered occupational discrimination in engineering and technology-oriented forms have also been evaluated. It has been revealed that most engineering firms operating in the Middle East demonstrate greater bias in favour of men over equally competitive and perfuming women despite the fact that their respective managements argue that these firms subscribe to meritocratic principles in recruitment and promotion. It should be recalled that meritocracy denotes a social system that subscribes to merit, talent and capabilities as the foundation for recruiting employees into positions and dispensing rewards (Castilla & Bernard, 2010; Deem, 2007). A substantial number of women professionals in the Middle East feel that the management of their respective firms limits their career advancement by favouring women over equally qualified women. Indeed, women professionals face more challenges trying to penetrate these critical sectors when job advertisements clearly states some advertised job positions are only reserved for male applicants. This problem is less entrenched in Europe, but it still needs to be addressed to ensure that women access opportunities in these critical sectors. In organizational variables, it has been established how organizational policies and culture entrench gendered occupational segregation of women engineers in engineering and technology-oriented firms by: establishing procedures and policies that consider gender when allocating work; ensuring that men are paid more for equal work; facilitating a masculine organizational culture; ignoring or inadequately recognising the contributions made by women employees, and; poor communication networks between women employees and management. These variables, which are felt across board in Europe and the Middle East, are further exacerbated by social-cultural variables revolving around issues of active work-place discrimination, entrenched cultural barriers, and misplaced perceptions of the women’s role in society. Again, it is imperative to note that these problems are more entrenched in the Middle East than in Europe. Indeed, these revelations lend credence to an assertion by Benson & Yukongdi (2005), who suggested that many organizational policies and strategies orient themselves to the unfounded paradigm that women possess less levels of human capital relative to men. Lastly, the findings of the present study demonstrates that alternatives to check the problem of gendered occupation segregation in engineering and technology-oriented sectors need to be developed and implemented while considering regional variations, in large part because of the fact that some variables are unique to particular regions. In this study, it has been demonstrated that European engineering firms need to deal more with variables touching on organizational policies and culture, while engineering forms operating in the Middle East need to deal more with variables touching on the value of education and abilities, social and cultural barriers, as well as organizational policies and culture. A major alternative for the problem in Europe is to increase training and career advancement opportunities for women professionals with a view to not only encourage more women into these domains but also to guarantee their retention in service. Another alternative is to level the playing ground for both male and female employees by allocating pay and allowances in relation to individual merits and achievements. Third, European firms need to encourage the development and integration of women networks for purposes of availing ready information and opportunities arising from the evaluated sectors. The underlying denominator in all these alternatives is a reduction in male domination in engineering and technology fields. Organizations need to develop policies that are responsive to the needs and demands of women professionals as opposed to maintaining a perception popularized by Kusk et al (2007), which posits that women’s success in engineering and technology-related fields is often contingent upon them adopting an overtly male-oriented career pattern. In the Middle East, stakeholders need to address issues relating to cultural barriers and the value of education in women’s career progression. The study findings demonstrate that the Pipeline Theory, which suggests that increasing the number of women professionals in male dominated sectors should automatically lead to more equality in the labour market (Schweitzer et al, 2011), does not hold much water in Middle East work settings due to cultural barriers that condemn women professionals to the periphery of service delivery, their level of education or achievement notwithstanding. Another alternative for firms operating in the Middle East is to ensure that recruitment and selection of personnel in family-run organizations are done on merit rather than on superficial dimensions such as family lineages. Also, women professionals in the Middle East need to be recognized for their achievement and the girl students aspiring to become engineers need to be provided with adequate role models to identify with. Reference List Benson, J., & Yukongdi, V (2005). Asian Women Managers: Participation, Barriers and Future Prospects. Asian Pacific Business Review , 11 (2), pp. 283-291. Bhatia, S., & Amati, J (2010). ‘If these Women can do it, I can do it, Too’: Building Women Engineering Leaders through Graduate Peer Mentoring. Leadership & Management in Engineering , 10 (4), pp. 174-184. Bystydzienski, J.M (2004). (Re)Gendering Science Fields: Transforming Academic Science and Engineering. NWSA Journal , 16 (1), pp. 8-12. Castilla, E.J., & Bernard, S (2010). The Paradox of Meritocracy in Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly , 55 (4), pp. 543-576. Deem, R (2007). Managing a Meritocracy or an Equitable Organization? Senior Managers’ and Employees’ Views about Equal Opportunities Policies in UK Universities. Journal of Education Policy , 22 (6), pp. 615-636. Franzway, S., Sharp, R., Mills, J.E., & Gill, J (2009). Engineering Ignorance. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies , 30 (1), pp. 89-106. Gillard, H., Howcroft, D., Mitev, N., & Richardson, H (2008). “Missing Women”: Gender, ICTs, and the Shaping of the Global Economy. Information Technology for Development , 14 (4), pp. 262-279. Hafkin, N.J., & Huyer, S (2007). Women and Gender in ICT Statistics and Indicators for Development. Information Technologies & International Development , 4 (2), pp. 25-41. Hatchell, H., & Aveling, N (2008). Those same Old Prejudices? Gendered Experiences in the Science Workplace. Journal of Workplace Rights , 13 (4), pp. 355-375. Kusk, F., Ozbilgin, M., & Ozkale, L (2007). Against the Tide: Gendered Prejudice and Disadvantage in Engineering. Gender, Work & Organization , 14 (2), pp. 109-129. Morganson, V.J., Jones, M.P., & Major, D.A (2010). Understanding Women’s Underrepresentation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: The Role of Social Coping. Career Development Quarterly , 59 (2), pp. 169-179. Sappleton, N., & Takrui-Rick, H (2008). The Gender Subtext of Science, Engineering, and Technology (SET) Organizations: A Review and Critique. Women’s Studies , 37 (3), 284-316. Schweitzer, L., Ng, E., Lyons, S., & Kuron, L (2011). Exploring the Career Pipeline: Gender Differences in Pre-Career Expectations. Industrial Relations , 66 (3), pp. 422-444.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The purpose of the present study is to perform a critical analysis of why women continue to be underrepresented in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East.The study will, among other things, analyze existing literature on women in engineering and technology fields, the dynamics of occupational segregation of women in these sectors, barriers to gendered occupation equality, and issues that need to be addressed to encourage and retain women in technology fields.

The purpose of the present study is to perform a critical analysis of why women continue to be underrepresented in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East. The study will, among other things, analyze existing literature on women in engineering and technology fields, the dynamics of occupational segregation of women in these sectors, barriers to gendered occupation equality, and issues that need to be addressed to encourage and retain women in technology fields.

Women in Technology Fields of Europe and Middle East Dissertation Introduction As society evolves to become more dependent on science and technology for growth and development, the occupational segregation of women in the sciences relative to men, not only in terms of absolute numbers but also in terms of visibility in the upper echelons of the professions, represents a misuse of scarce human capital and continues to alarm academics, policy makers and mainstream commentators (Hatchell & Aveling, 2008). As observed by a number of scholars (e.g., Huffman et al, 2010; Benson & Yukongdi, 2005), it is indeed true that the gendered segregation of jobs and occupations in these critical sectors of the economy is a persistent characteristic in many labour markets globally, and is the proximate foundation of many forms of gender inequality. An extensive and well established literature documents the destructive outcomes of gendered occupational segregation in science and technology fields (Deem, 2007), which include lower wages, expansive income disparities, fewer promotions, and less significant wage increases (Schweitzer et al, 2011). The worrying trend being replicated in nearly all economies worldwide is that although more women are being absorbed in the fields of science and technology than ever before, they persist to be considerably outnumbered by their male counterparts (Jones, 2010; Bhatia & Amati, 2010). It is the purpose of the present study to perform a critical analysis of why women continue to be underrepresented in the telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East. Towards the realization of this broad objective, this section sets out to sample and analyze extant literature on women’s occupational segregation in technology fields, with specific focus on the telecommunication sector in Europe and Middle East. The section will, among other things, analyze existing literature on women in engineering and technology fields, the dynamics of occupational segregation of women in these sectors, barriers to gendered occupation equality, and issues that need to be addressed to encourage and retain women in technology fields. It is imperative to note that due to paucity of Literature on women occupational segregation in the telecommunication sector, the analysis of critical literature will assume a broader scope to encompass segregation of women in technology fields based on the rationale that the telecommunication sector is technology-oriented. Women in Technology Fields Hersh (2000) cited in Kusk et al (2007) observed that although there have been marked increases in the number of women taking up technology-oriented occupations over the last two decades, women still remain a minority in these fields in nearly all countries across the world. Indeed, according to Gillard et al (2008), as many Western technology-oriented organizations endeavour “…to recognize and validate difference through diversity policies, they in fact leave the power mechanisms of conformity unchallenged and intact, individualize the inequities, bypass tensions of coexistence, and actually reinforce and homogenize difference” (p. 266). In particular, these authors note that although the telecommunication and information communication technology (ICT) workforce forms fairly new professional sectors, women persist to occupy a minority of positions and gender segregation that has been well documented in many other occupations is being simulated in the telecommunication/ICT industries. Available literature demonstrate that women in telecommunication/ICT industries tend to be concentrated in particular occupational spheres, which are normally the lower skilled information technology (IT) jobs related to data entry, implying that women in these critical sectors of the economy comprise a marginal percentage of managerial, design, and software development personnel (Gillard et al, 2008). Yet, according to Bystydzienski (2004), as increasing numbers of women get absorbed into the telecommunication/ICT professions, not only are they faced with a slump in salaries, status, and working conditions but they also have to contend with the domain of masculinity that is well entrenched in these sectors. In other words, men still dictate access to, and advancement in, paid employment in telecommunication/ICT fields (Benson & Yukongdi, 2005; Hafkin & Huyer, 2007). Trends in the United States According to a report released by the U.S. Department of Labour (2005) cited in Oswald (2008), women currently make up approximately 50% of the total workforce, but they continue to be segregated in many occupations, particularly in engineering and technology-oriented occupations. This gendered occupational segregation, it seems, has its roots in the educational achievements of women. A report completed in 2007 by the National Science Foundation also cited in Oswald (2008) revealed that “…women earned only 29% of the bachelor’s degrees in math and computer science, 21% of the degrees in engineering, and 42% of the bachelor’s degrees in physical science” (p. 196). These disciplines form the foundation for a career trajectory in the telecommunication field. Available literature demonstrates that leading women engineers and ICT experts in the United Sates are regularly burdened with concerns about not being taken seriously, perceived non-performance, exclusionary social dynamics, reliance on hostile workmates or seniors, and excessive pressure to imitate the male paradigm of doing science (Etzkowitz et al, 2010). Such experiences, according to these authors, not only obstruct interpersonal relationships but frustrate the women’s capacity to reach their full potential, no matter how able or talented they are. A survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labour cited in Coder et al (2009) indicates that while women made up an estimated 43% of the information technology (IT) workforce in 1983, the percentage dropped to a paltry 26 % in 2008 in spite of the fact that the total IT workforce had more than doubled for the indicated period. Trends in United Kingdom Sappleton & Takrui-Rick (2008) posit that “…despite 30 years of equality legislation, women in science, engineering and technology in the U.K. remain severely underrepresented” (p. 284). Indeed, the U.K. has one of the highest levels of gendered occupation segregation in the European Union, particularly in science, engineering and technology domains. Available statistics contained in a report by the Engineering Council UK (2004) cited in Sappleton & Takrui-Rick (2008) “…suggest that only 8% of those employed in engineering work and 15% of those employed in information, communication, and technology (ICT) work in the U.K. are female” (p. 285). Current trends, however, demonstrate that organizations are increasingly realizing the intrinsic benefit of encouraging and retaining women in these fields though tangible results are yet to be achieved (Bhatia & Amati, 2010). The limited success of intervention strategies aimed at achieving equal gender representation in these fields, according to Sappleton & Takrui-Rick (2008), can be partially accredited to the fact that, after “getting in,” certain influences obstruct women in the U.K. from “staying on” and “getting on” in the sectors in parity with their male counterparts. In a recently concluded case study on network engineer training programs in Britain running the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) module, it was demonstrated that career openings commensurate with their skills were substantially restricted for women employees in general, but particularly so for women single parents (Gillard et al, 2008). A study conducted by Hafkin & Taggart (2001) cited in Gillard et al (2007) found that employers in the UK were reluctant to recruit women CCNA programmers and instructors ostensibly because women are poorly qualified and lack fundamental work experience. Indeed, according to Gillard et al (2008), the “…employers frequently maintained that not only were the supposed physical and computational demands of the job too exacting but that it was too risky to permit inexperienced personnel to tinker with the vital network infrastructure” (p. 272). Preferring to recruit men, this unconcealed stereotyped discrimination in expertise recognition has also been experienced by female telecommunication engineers and network administrators in other parts of the world, with job advertisements for telecommunication/ICT professionals frequently specifying male job applicants (Gillard et al, 2008; Hafkin & Huyer, 2007). Extant literature (e.g., Bystydzienski, 2004; Benson & Yukongdi, 2005; Bhatia & Amati, 2010) demonstrate that once in formal employment in these technology-oriented sectors, however, women perform as well as, if not better than, their male counterparts. Trends in Middle East Although gendered occupation segregation is far more entrenched in the Middle East and other Arab-dominated regions than in other areas, Bhatia & Amati (2010) note that it becomes hard to dissect the problem due to paucity of statistical data, particularly sex-segregated data on gender inequality in the Middle East. However, various rationales as to why the problem is so deeply entrenched in the Middle East have surfaced. Benson & Yukongdi (2005) posit that owing to religious and sociocultural barriers, many countries in the Middle East abide by a social convention in which women are widely expected to play a supporting role relative to men. According to Hafkin & Huyer (2007) cultural prohibitions in many countries in the Middle East restrict women from undertaking any gainful employment outside the home. According to Benson & Yukongdi (2005), men in the Middle East are traditionally placed in core occupations and departments, and this becomes the basis for gender divergences in recruitment, promotion, training, rewards and decision-making authority. Dynamics of Occupational Segregation in Technology Fields Available literature demonstrates that in spite of their talent, ability, and opportunity, women continue to be underrepresented in engineering and technology-oriented sectors of the economy (Schweitzer et al, 2011; Bhatia & Amati, 2010). This notwithstanding, it is indeed true that unlike other historically male-dominated jobs that have registered considerable gains in attaining gendered equality, many engineering and technology-oriented fields have remained noticeably unbalanced in terms of gender (Deem, 2007). Still, other studies (e.g., Kusk et al, 2007; Coder et al, 2009; Kotsilieri & Marshall, 2004) have demonstrated that underrepresentation of women in engineering and technology-oriented sectors continue to widen as women engineers and technicians find themselves swimming against the tide of prejudice intrinsically reinforced by the social, cultural, psychological and economic realities of life. A study by Hatchel & Aveling (2008) found that women telecommunication engineers are eight times more likely to be working part-time, while women in ICT-related fields are six times more likely to be working part-time. This section aims to explore critical literature on the dynamics of occupational segregation in technology-oriented fields, with particular focus on telecommunication and ICT sectors. Consequently, literature on the pipeline theory, the social constructionist perspectives, meritocracy and its implications, and organizational policies and culture, will be evaluated with a view to understand why the problem of gendered occupational segregation in technology-oriented fields continue to persist despite the spirited attempts by governments and organizations across the world to curtail the inequality progression. The Pipeline Theory: Problem or Solution? According to Schweitzer et al (2011), “…the pipeline theory suggests that increasing the number of women in male dominated fields should lead to more equality in the labour market…This presumes that women and men in the pipeline expect comparable career outcomes” (p. 422). Given institutional, organizational and countrywide efforts to get girls into engineering and technology-oriented disciplines in institutions of higher learning, it was expected that, with a large proportion of women entering the engineering and technology fields, they would obviously filter into the traditionally male-dominated upper levels of these critical sectors in large numbers (Hatchel & Aveling, 2008; Franzway et al, 2009). Indeed, according to these authors, the metaphor of the “pipeline effect” was based on the assertion that gender imbalances noted in engineering and technology-oriented occupations would be successfully dealt with once women overcame their reluctance to enter these sectors and acquire the requisite qualifications. However, as has been demonstrated in a number of research articles concerned with assessing the reasons behind gender-based underrepresentation in the labour market, the movement of more women into the pipeline failed to correspond with the attainment of enviable trends for women careers, particularly when it comes to engineering and technology-oriented sectors of the economy (Schweitzer et al, 2011; Coder et al, 2009). Hatchel & Aveling (2008) are of the opinion that the pipeline theory promised “…false hope as the pipeline turned out to be very leaky indeed” (p. 357). This view is reinforced by a host of other scholars (e.g. Coder et al, 2009; Bhatia & Amati, 2010), who suggest that women are yet to achieve comparable outcomes relative to men in these sectors even after sustained efforts from various quarters, including organizations and governments, to “feed” the women into the pipeline. Various scholars have attempted to dissect why the “pipeline effect” failed to deliver the intended outcomes, particularly in the attainment of comparable career outcomes for women in engineering and technology-oriented occupations. Hatchel & Aveling (2008) maintain that the pipeline theory has several limitations that make it impossible for women to achieve comparable career outcomes. According to these authors, the theory “…posits a straightforward linear career progression that is quite restrictive and does not easily accommodate the more complex life-patterns of females” (p. 358). Women employees have unique needs and demands, which in most occasions act as barriers to successful gendered occupation equality not only in the science fields but also in other areas (Gillard et al, 2008). These barriers will be discussed at length in the succeeding sections of this review. Other scholars have observed that the pipeline theory fails to take into consideration the multiple layers of culture in its attempt to guarantee comparable career outcomes for women relative to men. To understand the dynamics of occupational segregation and institute a framework which will enable women to achieve comparable career outcomes, therefore, “…gender must always be seen in terms of its cultural context, in which the intersection of gender and culture is closely linked to the issue of power” (Hatchel & Aveling, 2008 p. 358). Lastly, the pipeline theory fails to account for why women are leaving science, engineering and technology-oriented organizations in large numbers relative to their male counterparts (Screuders et al, 2009), even after successful efforts made by various agencies to encourage more girls into science and technology at the school and even the undergraduate level (Hatchel & Aveling, 2008). The Social Constructionist Viewpoints Various scholars have attempted to explain the occupation segregation of women in engineering and technology-oriented occupations using the social constructionist perspectives. Kotsilieri & Marshall (2004) are of the opinion that the experiences and characteristics accredited to women, portrayed in academia and industry as contributing to their current occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented fields, are not timeless and universal but are socially, historically, psychologically, and politically located. To deduce that all women judge, think, or relate in distinctive and universal ways when making career choices, particularly in fields traditionally considered as male-dominated, inarguably denies the contextuality that frames behaviour (Benson & Yukongdi, 2005). To better understand the social constructionist perspectives in general and, by extension, the contextuality that denies behaviour, it is important to explain the difference between sex and gender. Gillard et al (2008) explain that “…while sex reflects biological difference, gender – although often based on biological sex – is a social construction” (p. 264). This therefore implies that individuals are born and straight away categorized as female or male, but with time obtain a gendered identity, that is, what it implies to be feminine or masculine. These authors further posit that “…both gendered concepts are relational, that is, they are construed in relation to each other by defining what the female is not in relation to the Western masculine norm; this varies from one environment to another and shifts over time” (p. 264). According to Bhatia & Amati (2010), one of the most elaborated features of the social constructionist perspective is the recognition that women and men are located divergently in society and that not all women or all men share similar experiences or challenges. In pursuing the social constructionist line of thought, Gillard et al (2008) observe that the gendering of work, technology and indeed many other facets of occupational life and orientation “…constitute individuals as different types of value-added labourers can be made visible by documenting cultural values, beliefs, and activities, which contribute toward identity formulations, roles and responsibilities, and personal aspirations and opportunities” (p. 265). Consequently, these authors underline a value preposition suggesting that the micro dimensions of our everyday existence, reinforced by community, organizational and institutional hegemonic philosophies and processes that maintains the normalized status quo, provides the basis for gendered occupational segregation not only in technology-oriented fields but also in other areas. Meritocracy & its Implications The concept of meritocracy came into the limelight in the late 1950s to denote a social system that prescribes to merit, talent and capabilities as the foundation for recruiting employees into positions and dispensing rewards (Castilla & Bernard, 2010). To date, opinion still remains divided on whether meritocracy promotes gendered occupation equality or occupational segregation. As observed by these authors, “…advocates of meritocracy stress that in true meritocratic systems everyone has an equal chance to advance and obtain rewards based on their individual merits and efforts, regardless of their gender, race, class, or other non-merit factors” (p. 543). This implies that men and women in engineering and technology-oriented occupations have equal opportunities for advancement despite the existence of gendered imbalances and barriers that may act to hinder one group, particularly women, to advance in their careers. Indeed, meritocracy has been culturally accepted as a reasonable and justifiable distributive standard in many developed capitalist countries and organizations (Castilla & Bernard, 2010). In her research, Deem (2007) noted that meritocracy is a universal value that is absolutely compatible with gendered occupation equality, ensuring that recruitment and promotion in the workplace is through open competition rather than through concession or networks of associates. Critics of meritocracy, however, argue that the concept has failed to deliver equal gender representation in a number of occupations, particularly in the sciences. In their research, Castilla & Bernard (2010) came up with what they called the ‘paradox of meritocracy’ to refer to a situation where organizations that prescribe to meritocratic principles were found to demonstrate greater bias in favour of men over equally competitive and performing women. Many modern technology organizations, though based on meritocracy in recruitment and promotions, are heavily bureaucratized. Gillard et al (2008) note that “…the bureaucratization of gender guidelines all too often tends to reinforce institutional influence and silences those whose voices rarely get aired in the development forums where decisions are made” (p. 266). Recent empirical studies as quoted in Castilla & Bernard (2010) found that occupational segregation continues even with the adoption of merit-based recruitment and reward systems, affirmative action and other diversity-oriented policies and strategies. Indeed, according to these researchers, some organizational practices and procedures instituted to entrench the meritocratic paradigm in the organization have been found to negatively affect employees’ opportunities and professions, particularly those practices developed to diminish inequalities for women and ethnic minorities. This assertion leads Bhatia & Amati (2010) to conclude that some organizational policies and practices supposedly adopted to enhance meritocracy are only factored in for symbolic reasons and do not in any way achieve their stated objectives. For example, research has revealed that some organizational recruitment programs and reward practices intended to reflect the meritocratic paradigm act to increase gender and racial inequalities by virtue of the fact that they introduce bias into employee recruitment and compensation decisions (Baron & Cobb-Clark, 2010). Deem (2007) noted at least two challenges with the conception of meritocracy in relation to gendered occupation inequality. First, the researcher argued that meritocracy hindered women’s recruitment and progress in key sectors of the economy due to the “…individualistic focus of meritocratic judgments that reward the successful and stigmatize the unsuccessful” (p. 617). Meritocracy, it was argued, has the supremacy to transfer the responsibility for unequal recruitment and promotional results back onto the individual and consequently to stigmatize the unsuccessful applicants as unskilled or incapable. A second challenge with meritocracy, according to this particular researcher, is the insinuation that it applies culturally and value-neutral standards to the recruitment and promotion of workers. However, it is unfeasible to develop totally neutral standards or evaluations by virtue of the fact that cultural and social ideals do enter into the recruitment and promotion processes. Organizational Policies & Culture: Facilitators or Barriers? A number of studies (e.g., Gillard et al, 2008; Bhatia & Amati, 2010) have attempted to offer a gender construction in which critical reflection is applied to how occupational segregation of women in science and technology fields, of which the telecommunication sector is an integral component, is woven in organizational, national and international policies, business practices and concerns, and public and private employment configurations. Many organizational policies and strategies orient themselves to the unfounded paradigm that women posses less levels of human capital relative to men (Benson & Yukongdi, 2005). Some organizational perceptions practiced in many countries, particularly in the Middle East, makes it permissible for occupations to be allocated along gender lines, implying that women are left with little prospect to develop the necessary work experience that is fundamentally needed in many technology-oriented organizations. For example, men in the Middle East are traditionally placed in core occupations and departments, and this becomes the basis for gender divergences in recruitment, promotion, training, rewards and decision-making authority. In a similar fashion a broad range of organizational policies and practices serve to prevent women from entering technology-oriented occupations. Benson & Yukongdi (2005) point out the challenge of statistical discrimination, where organizations not only in telecommunication/ICT sectors but also in other fields make decisions on recruitment, promotion and training “…based on generalized data rather than on the actual experiences of individuals” (p. 287). For instance, absenteeism data for all women in the firm would be utilized to evaluate the commitment of particular women applying for promotion while not taking into consideration other dynamics that are unique to women, such as maternity leave and family responsibilities. Such an orientation only serves to enhance gendered occupational segregation. In line with this, it is indeed true that many organizations either do not have a statistical database on women occupational segregation or fail to collect such data in a consistent and regular manner, making it almost impossible to address the challenge (Franzway et al, 2009). As underscored by Hafkin & Huyer (2007), the paucity of statistical data on gendered occupational segregation in the telecommunication/ICT sectors makes it difficult, if not unfeasible, to develop a case for the inclusion of gender issues in telecommunication/ICT policies, plans, and strategies to employers and policymakers. Extant literature demonstrate that although there is a substantial increase in the number of women joining engineering and technology-oriented firms (Morganson et al, 2010), the gains are being watered down by misplaced organizational policies and governance issues, which ensure that women do not stay longer in these critical sectors of the economy (Huffman et al, 2010). As noted by Hatchel & Aveling (2008), “…the issue is no longer one of attracting women into the sciences but rather one of keeping them there” (p. 359). Morganson et al (2010) observes that when women complete undergraduate training in technical disciplines, they persist to be underrepresented in these fields and are more likely to leave the labour force than are men. A number of researchers (e.g., Bhatia & Amati, 2010; Bystydzienski, 2004; Franzway et al, 2009) have blamed the gendered dimensions of organizational culture for the high turnover of women in engineering and technology-oriented organizations, while others (e.g., Gillard et al, 2008; Hafkin & Huyer, 2007) argue that structural, cultural, interactional, and identity arrangements, even though irreversibly associated, are important classifications in understanding why women’s occupational segregation in engineering and technology-oriented fields can be fundamentally attributed to the gender subtext of organizations. Barriers to Gendered Occupation Equality in Technology Fields Many studies have been conducted over time to understand the reasons behind the current gendered occupational segregation of women in engineering and technology fields. Kusk et al (2007) is of the opinion that women’s success in engineering and technology-related fields is often contingent upon them adopting an overtly male career pattern, implying that male domination in these sectors is barrier to entry of more women. This view is consistent with Morganson et al (2010) observation that the technology environment is often typified as a chilly environment , “…which tends to be male-dominated, highly impersonal and individualistic” (p. 169). According to these authors, the lack of support in the traditional engineering and technology working environments may be particularly destructive to women given that a number of researchers and theorists have continuously emphasized the fundamental importance of personalized relationships and interpersonal associations to women’s psychological development and well-being. The education system continues to be blamed for the swelling underrepresentation of women in technology-oriented fields, such as the telecommunication sector. According to Bhatia & Amati (2010), girls in institutions of higher learning observe that there are few women in science and technology fields and, consequently, make a conclusion that a career trajectory in these fields is more suitable for men than for women. Faced with the knowledge of both the bleak and subtle obstacles that face women in the male-dominated science and technology fields, girls in colleges and universities opt out of the disciplines and orient themselves for other fields that guarantee better opportunities of educational and career success. This view has been reinforced by Benson & Yukongdi (2005), who observe that “…education, and particularly higher levels of education, has been denied to many women as families and society place more emphasis on women’s role as mother and homemaker” (p. 287). As a direct consequence, few women ever make it to technology-oriented occupations because these fields traditionally require higher levels of education. Historically, the image of technology fields have been perceived under the lens of complexity, time-intensive, challenging tasks, and involving machinery, and, consequently, both women and men continue to perceive engineering and technology fields as masculine both in nature and association (Kusk et al, 2007). Gillard et al (2008) describe how employees in telecommunication/ICT fields, interacting across time and space, are constantly obliged to work long hours to accommodate divergent time zones and regularly operate in crisis mode with strict project deadlines while having to continually update the job skills in response to rapid shifts in technology. In addition to these occupational demands, “…the mobile nature of these types of occupations often works to women’s disadvantage as they experience difficulties when faced with long hours, expectations of overseas travel, and participation in informal social networks” (Gillard et al, 2008 p. 271). Benson & Yukongdi (2005) observe that even in instances where women have similar levels of education to their male colleagues, childbirth and family responsibilities implies that, for many women, gaining the pertinent and equivalent work expertise needed in technology-oriented occupations is impossible. Academics and industry view the gender pay gap as a strong contributing factor toward continued gender segregation of labour in science, engineering and technology sectors. As observed by Blau & Khan (2007), women telecommunication engineers continue to earn substantially less than men even when they are tasked with the same responsibilities. Many research articles (e.g., Blau & Khan, 2007; Franzway et al, 2009) have digested a positive correlation between gendered pay gap on the one hand and prejudice and discrimination on the other. Baron & Cobb-Clark (2010) suggest that the notion of prejudice and its negative ramifications are readily transferrable to women versus men, while Etzkowitz et al (2010) conceptualized discriminatory preferences of women in engineering and technology fields as arising from an active desire by engineering-oriented organizations to maintain social distance from women due to their perceived family responsibilities, which negatively affect their performance and productivity. To reinforce this view of normalized discrimination in the workplace, Hatchel & Aveling (2008) observe that many technology-oriented organizations are more likely to hire males than women, not mentioning that males working for these organizations are more likely than females to be given credit for ideas, concepts or work completed. According to Etzkowitz et al (2010), women are expected to work twice as hard to prove that they are capable of becoming productive telecommunication engineers, systems analysts and ICT experts. There is compelling evidence that women continue to be discriminated against in science and technology-oriented occupations due to their low levels of experience relative to men (Franzway et al, 2009). As rightly pointed out by Blau & Khan (2007), “…the qualification that has proven to be quite important is work experience because traditionally women moved in and out of the labour market based on family considerations” (p. 9). Experience and the accumulation of skills that are fundamental in science and technology fields go hand in hand. Consequently, available studies (e.g., Blau & Khan, 2007; Franzway et al, 2009; Deem, 2007) have demonstrated that women may particularly avoid career trajectories obliging large investments in skills that are distinctive to a particular endeavour mainly because of the fact that the returns to such investments are reaped only as long as the employee remains with that employer. Indeed, many employers may exhibit reinforced reluctance to hire women for such occupations because the organization bears some of the costs of such sector-specific training, not mentioning that their fear is further compounded by the fact that they may not get a full return on that investment due to higher turnover of women telecommunication engineers (Jones, 2010; Bhatia & Amati, 2010). The lack of benefits perceived to be unique to women has worked to the disadvantage of women in technology-oriented fields. Indeed, Gillard et al (2008) posit that the majority of newly created technology and telecommunication occupations in developed as well as developing countries are predominantly found in the private sector, but the absence “…of benefits available means that women are unlikely to pursue these types of employment, instead having to opt for public sector work that is more likely to offer childcare provision, flexible hours, and maternity leave” (p. 272). As some governments formulate policies aimed at passing legislation for these benefits, which are perceived to encourage more women into technology and telecommunication occupations, the full responsibility for availing them often falls into the hands of private sector employers who are then inclined to discriminate against offering job positions to women in a bid to circumvent the financial cost of affording these services and benefits (Gillard et al, 2008; Baron & Cobb-Clark, 2010; Franzway et al, 2009; Deem, 2007). Benson & Yukongdi (2005) note that some organizations avail little in the way of family friendly policies or child care that would assist women professionals to deal with the role conflict arising from engagement with family related responsibilities as they perform organizational roles. According to Kusk et al (2007), “…explicit admittance of a belief in gender differences serve as a mechanism to sustain the status quo of the gender order by affirming current inequalities and prejudices as a natural difference” (p. 111). Women traditionally are perceived to be more oriented toward undertaking family responsibilities than engaging in paid labour. Where women engage in paid work, they nevertheless undertake major domestic responsibilities in addition to their organizational responsibilities. In many instances, as noted by Benson & Yukongdi (2005), the gender-based division of family responsibilities and domestic work leaves women with few choices but to downsize their professional ambitions to fit with their family demands. In addition, some growth mind-sets have been found to influence girls into believing that they are not as good as boys in science and technology-oriented fields, and that men are more appropriate to venture into scientific careers than are women (Jones, 2010). Consequently, when girls and women take a stand that they only have a fixed amount of knowledge that is undesirable in scientific careers, they are more likely to believe in the stereotype, lose confidence and self-belief, and eventually disengage from science, engineering and technology-oriented disciplines. This implies that women career trajectories in the mentioned disciplines become misplaced early in life due to the stereotype (Gillard et al, 2008; Schreuders et al, 2009). Inflexible and unfavourable organizational environment, reinforced by strategies and policies that are unfavourable to the progression of women in engineering and technology fields, have been blamed by leading scholars and practitioners as one of the foremost barriers to gendered occupational equality in these fields (Franzway et al, 2009). Indeed, Kusk et al (2007) observe that some of the best women telecommunication engineers are opting to retire early and set up their own businesses because they can create the type of environment that is free of unfavourable organizational policies and working environment. Encouraging & Retaining Women in Technology Fields While it is clear that some of the issues and challenges contributing to gendered occupational segregation in technology-oriented firms represent the unique situation in a particular country, various studies have concluded that, in most cases, the problems and challenges are more universal in nature and scope (Benson & Yukongdi, 2005). This implies that the solutions to the gender inequalities can also assume universal dimensions. Upon undertaking a comprehensive review of extant literature on continued occupational segregation of women in engineering and technology fields, Kusk et al (2007) noted that “…encouragement from family, friends, teachers and advisors is pivotal both in choosing and succeeding in engineering education” (p. 111). Blattel-Mink (2002) cited in Kusk et al (2007) posited that “…true gender equality requires both that those individual women in scientific subjects should have strong career orientation and that structural, institutional and cultural environs should become more welcoming towards women” (p. 111). Benson & Yukongdi (2005) posit that increased access to educational opportunities for women, particularly in tertiary-level course, could deal a major blow to gendered occupational segregation in technology-oriented fields. Organizations and countries need to pass legislation that will minimize gendered occupational segregation in technology-oriented field as “…legislative reform constitutes an important component of any strategy to achieve equality in employment” (p. 289). According to these authors, legislation can be instrumental in setting up a community standard, not mentioning that it can serve to demonstrate acceptable behaviour. However, legislation cannot avail a swift remedy to the embedded gender equality segregation in technology-oriented fields, and can lead to manifold informal strategies to outwit the intent of such legislation. Countries also need to pass legislation that would allow the girl child to have access to technology in elementary schools with a view to downgrade or diminish the gendered stereotype that a career in technology is only meant for men. According to Hafkin & Huyer (2007), “…ICTs impact men and women differentially, and in almost all cases, women have many disadvantages that result in their having less access to technology and therefore less use of it” (p. 26). Etzkowitz et al (2010) observe that the access to technology in many countries across the world has allowed women to enhance their economic conditions, progress politically and widen participation in science and technology-oriented occupations for future generations. Benson & Yukongdi (2005) are of the opinion that increased marketization of childcare and domestic work could assist women to achieve equal employment opportunities in technology-related sectors by neutralizing the division of domestic labour and the role expectations placed on women. Increasing the range of governmental and organizational support mechanisms through marketization of these services will go a long way to assist women institute a more focused and equitable balance between work roles and family responsibilities. This notwithstanding, the role conflict experienced by women as they attempt to balance their domestic responsibilities and organizational roles will only be assuaged when more substantial social, cultural and attitudinal change transpires within society (Benson & Yukongdi, 2005; Deem, 2007; Schreuders et al, 2009). Coping skills and strategies should be taught in institutions of higher learning to make girls understand the barriers and limitations that women in engineering and technology-oriented curricula face and the coping strategies known to be effective in these environments (Morganson et al 2010). These researchers posit that “…coping is a transportable skill that can continue to assist girls and women in overcoming barriers as they move forward in their careers” (p. 170). It is important to note that men and women cope in different ways; while men tend to cope by attempting to either alter the stressor (problem-focused coping) or ignore it totally (avoidant coping), women, in contrast, engage in social support coping. Consequently, women must rely on others in the work environment not only for emotional support but as a way to deal with work or family related challenges and seek assistance from others to overcome the stressors (Morganson et al, 2010; Schreuders et al, 2009). Lack of adequate social support coping mechanisms in technology-oriented organizations, therefore, may translate into recruitment of fewer women and higher turnover of women. Conclusion From the analysis it is clear that despite spirited attempts by governments and organizations to achieve equal gender representation in engineering and technology-oriented fields, the problem is far from over. In countries which have achieved tangible outcomes in narrowing down the gap, “…the steady increase in participation of women in science is marred by the tendency of fields to lower in status as women achieve equality of representation, and by continued resistance to women reaching positions of authority” (Etzkowitz et al, 2010 p. 83). Consequently, these negative progressions must be reversed if women are to enjoy the economic and social gains that are attached to the highly prestigious fields of science, engineering and technology. Collecting and analyzing data on why women fail to make a tangible impact in these fields is a necessary prerequisite to achieving more gendered occupation equality in the industry. As noted in a report by the United Nations Development Programme cited in Hafkin & Huyer (2007), “…without data, there is no visibility; without visibility, there is no priority” (p. 26). It is this understanding that provides the impetus for the next section, which aims to collect data to analyze why there are few women employees in the telecommunications sector in Europe and Middle East. List of References Baron, J.D., & Cobb-Clark, D.A (2010). Occupational Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap in Private- and Public-Sector Employment: A Distributional Analysis. Economic Record , 86 (273), pp. 227-246. Benson, J., & Yukongdi, V (2005). Asian Women Managers: Participation, Barriers and Future Prospects. Asian Pacific Business Review , 11 (2), pp. 283-291. Bhatia, S., & Amati, J (2010). ‘If these Women can do it, I can do it, Too’: Building Women Engineering Leaders through Graduate Peer Mentoring. Leadership & Management in Engineering , 10 (4), pp. 174-184. Blau, F.D., & Kahn, L.M (2007). The Gender Pay Gap: Have Women gone as Far as they Can? Academy of Management Perspectives , 11 (2), pp. 283-291. Bystydzienski, J.M (2004). (Re)Gendering Science Fields: Transforming Academic Science and Engineering. NWSA Journal , 16 (1), pp. 8-12. Castilla, E.J., & Bernard, S (2010). The Paradox of Meritocracy in Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly , 55 (4), pp. 543-576. Coder, L., Rosenbloom, J.L., Ash, R.A., & DuPont, B.R (2009). Economic and Business Dimensions: Increasing Gender Diversity in the IT Workforce. Communications of the ACM, 52 (5), pp. 25-27. Deem, R (2007). Managing a Meritocracy or an Equitable Organization? Senior Managers’ and Employees’ Views about Equal Opportunities Policies in UK Universities. Journal of Education Policy , 22 (6), pp. 615-636. Etzkowitz, H., Gupta, N., & Kamelgor, C (2010). The Gender Revolution in Science and Technology. Journal of International Affairs , 64 (1), pp. 83-100. Franzway, S., Sharp, R., Mills, J.E., & Gill, J (2009). Engineering Ignorance. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies , 30 (1), pp. 89-106. Gillard, H., Howcroft, D., Mitev, N., & Richardson, H (2008). “Missing Women”: Gender, ICTs, and the Shaping of the Global Economy. Information Technology for Development , 14 (4), pp. 262-279. Hafkin, N.J., & Huyer, S (2007). Women and Gender in ICT Statistics and Indicators for Development. Information Technologies & International Development , 4 (2), pp. 25-41. Hatchell, H., & Aveling, N (2008). Those same Old Prejudices? Gendered Experiences in the Science Workplace. Journal of Workplace Rights , 13 (4), pp. 355-375. Huffman, M.L., Cohen, P.N., & Pearlman, J (2010). Engendering Change: Organizational Dynamics and Workplace Gender Desegregation, 1975-2005. Administrative Science Quarterly , 55 (2), pp. 255-277. Jones, J (2010). Closing the Gender Gap. Civil Engineering , 80 (7), pp. 60-63. Kotsilieri, F., & Marshall, J (2004). Hellenic Women Managers in the Telecommunications Sector: Living in Transition. New Technology, Work & Employment , 19 (3), pp. 177-191. Kusk, F., Ozbilgin, M., & Ozkale, L (2007). Against the Tide: Gendered Prejudice and Disadvantage in Engineering. Gender, Work & Organization , 14 (2), pp. 109-129. Morganson, V.J., Jones, M.P., & Major, D.A (2010). Understanding Women’s Underrepresentation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: The Role of Social Coping. Career Development Quarterly , 59 (2), pp. 169-179. Oswald, D.L (2008). Gender Stereotypes and Women’s Reports of Liking and Ability in Traditionally Masculine and Feminine Occupations. Psychology of Women Quarterly , 32 (2), pp. 196-203. Sappleton, N., & Takrui-Rick, H (2008). The Gender Subtext of Science, Engineering, and Technology (SET) Organizations: A Review and Critique. Women’s Studies , 37 (3), 284-316. Schreuders, P. D., Mannon, S.E., & Rutherford, B (2009). Pipeline or Personal Preference: Women in Engineering. European Journal of Engineering Education , 34 (1), pp. 97-112. Schweitzer, L., Ng, E., Lyons, S., & Kuron, L (2011). Exploring the Career Pipeline: Gender Differences in Pre-Career Expectations. Industrial Relations , 66 (3), pp. 422-444.

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Write an essay about: In the article, the author seeks to enhance the understanding of anaphor agreement effect. It seeks to demystify the prevalent knowledge and general understanding among linguists that anaphors are syntactically positioned and that they happen in harmony with their linguistic agreement. Using the premise of argument marking, the author explains that case and agreement must be in line with LF visibility (Everett, 2001).Nonetheless, Shiraki explains that in case that anaphors occur in

In the article, the author seeks to enhance the understanding of anaphor agreement effect. It seeks to demystify the prevalent knowledge and general understanding among linguists that anaphors are syntactically positioned and that they happen in harmony with their linguistic agreement. Using the premise of argument marking, the author explains that case and agreement must be in line with LF visibility (Everett, 2001). Nonetheless, Shiraki explains that in case that anaphors occur in

Anaphor Agreement Effect Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Critical analysis 3. Summary 4. References Introduction In the article, the author seeks to enhance the understanding of anaphor agreement effect. It seeks to demystify the prevalent knowledge and general understanding among linguists that anaphors are syntactically positioned and that they happen in harmony with their linguistic agreement. Using the premise of argument marking, the author explains that case and agreement must be in line with LF visibility (Everett, 2001). Nonetheless, Shiraki explains that in case that anaphors occur in situations with positioned argument, they cannot be in relation with agreement. In this case, there is no chance for visibility condition. This critique attempts to address various factors that the author considers in the article. Besides, the paper will focus on the content rather than the style that the author uses. Critical analysis From the outset, it is important to appreciate that anaphors can never occur within a sentence in an autonomous way. The author uses numerous arguments to illustrate this perspective by focusing on the manner in which the anaphors are usually distributed within sentences. In harmony with Chomsky’s articulations, Shiraki says that the anaphors have many constraints that include c-command and locality among many other factors (Chomsky, 1993). This makes them unable to occur independently. The author distances himself from various renowned linguists and says that lack of agreement of anaphors may have different perspectives. To him, this agreement ought to be ‘marked’ making it apparent in a sentence. As such, according to Shiraki, agreement presents a way in which an argument may be marked. In fact, the author appreciates that this position is controversial among many linguists but goes a step further to provide research and scholarly articles that reinforce his theory. Throughout the paper therefore, the author provides his theoretical framework that takes a different approach to the prevalent explanations of ‘anaphor-agreement’ effect. The article is categorical that anaphors can agree exquisitely. Particularly, Shiraki asserts that anaphors agree in most instances but when they do, the results are grammatical limitations especially those that relate chain conditioning. It is important to notice that the author agrees that anaphors can never end up becoming grammatically right. Indeed, Shiraki says that such grammatical and syntactic rules as subject-verb constrain the anaphors from making a linguistically right sentence. As such, it is critical to ascertain that whenever such a situation occurs, ‘ theta-marking’ should take precedence and enhance the agreement (Chomsky, 1993). Therefore, the article seeks to reveal ways to mark anaphors in argument by prescribing the marking criteria. Although this perspective by the author may seem surprising, he presents it in an interesting way that brings about new theory of anaphor agreement. While many opponents of Shiraki may insinuate that his theory is not necessarily unanimous, the author illustrates this point by highlighting that some sentences suffer from redundancy that is not desirable in the context of English language (Chomsky, 1993). The rationale is that nominative redundancy in sentences occurs when they lack a case. Therefore, finite subject forces this agreement in opposition to a case (Kerstens, 1993). Further, the article points out that marking an argument occur through placing a predicate upon an argument. It is important to appreciate that a predicate agrees with argument but is dependent on other factors. These factors select theta-features. In what he refers to as ‘argument marking asymmetry’, Shiraki explicates that the aforementioned factors may influence the agreement of a sentence. It is also important to highlight that grammatical relations are dependent on alpha and beta elements. In other words, the article proposes that an argument is dependent on the properties of language. Referred merely as ‘R’, the syntactic relations have various properties that guide the agreement (Chomsky, 1993). At the outset, the author explicates that relations ought to bear an antecedent must have a single reliant factor only. Moreover, Everett (2001) says the antecedent relations occur in such a way that they c-command the reliant relations. Another property that Shiraki highlights as an important property of syntactic relations is that the reliant ought to have an antecedent within its locality of domain. In addition, antecedents that mark these relations may have multiple dependent elements (Kerstens, 1993). Essentially, Shiraki says that ‘R’ typifies the relationship of arguments with case. The author articulates his perspective by revealing two issues that typify different case and argument agreement. First, he shows that arguments are always typical of syntactic relations. In addition, Chomsky (1993) articulates that the issue of argument marking is dependent on the assumptions that are naturally occurring within the context of a sentence. His assumptions surround the aspects and principles of sentence structuring as well as the constituents of anaphors. It is through this platform that the author explicates the existence of ‘anaphor-agreement effect’. The author is in line with conventional arguments that propose that an argument within a sentence should bear marking that is consistent to LF visibility. In this case, the author explicates that argument can be marked using case and agreement. In particular, Shiraki arguments that marking an argument using both the case and agreement results to nominative nature that is not desirable in the many languages is apparent and based on exploration of numerous theoretical frameworks. Germanic languages suffer immensely from the nominative redundancy. To remove this argument, Shiraki explicates that marking a predicate may be an important way to counter the dissonance. The author shows this reduction of the discord is in harmony with syntactic properties in which the grammatical relations ought to have antecedents. It is also within the general theoretical framework of predicate marking that the author formalizes his propositions (Kerstens, 1993). By way of introducing agreement, nominative and case functions, the agreement of appropriate function are fulfilled (Chomsky, 1993). The author goes a step further by exploring the consequences of his assertions by analyzing ‘Anaphor- Agreement’ effect. He articulates that the rationale behind the apparent disagreement of anaphors in a sentence is attributable to the properties of sentence’s reflexive factor. Simply, he says that the element constrains the theta-features that the author introduces. The result is dissatisfaction of the predicate brought about by agreement function (Everett, 2001). Nonetheless, the author’s ability to introduce various functions such as case function has enhanced case satisfaction. This is in line with the ultimate case agreement satisfaction that results from the apparent different constituents. To elucidate this, he points out that English language has reflexives that typify such words as ‘him self ’ and ‘our selves ’. These reflexives only change owing to increase or decrease of quantities and hence, agreement function should have a person in order to achieve satisfaction. He explains that the reflexives in English language cannot attain this sentence’s satisfaction using the head of the reflexive. He also points out that Germanic languages can fail to satisfy this agreement contrary to majority of Asian languages. In this section, the author concludes that in Germanic and English languages, the nominative redundancy can occur easily. To strengthen the perspective of argument marking, Shiraki shows the different roles that case and agreement play in the context of language. While linguists such as Chomsky and Rizzi acknowledge the role of a case in a sentence as minimalistic, the theory proposed by Shiraki uses the case and agreement as the most important aspects of theta-marking (Chomsky, 1993). The conventional linguists carried the assumptions that reflexes of agreements represented the case. Besides, the author criticizes the minimalists’ tendency to assume that there exists no asymmetrical distribution in Italian and Germanic languages. Shiraki questions the accuracy of conventional linguists’ notion that anaphors can never contribute to agreeing positions in sentence. Shiraki says that if their assertion were true, there would be no instances of anaphors appearing in the positions of arguments. The author therefore rests his case by criticizing the prevalent linguistic knowledge especially relating to anaphoric agreement in sentences. Summary The article highlights various ways in which anaphors can make sentences to have agreement nature. In particular, the author appraises the previous assumptions that anaphors cannot occur in place of argument. Shiraki introduces the concept of agreement marking that he justifies throughout the article using extensive research and study. Contrary to many traditional aspects of language, the author assumes a new perspective of looking into the concept of grammatical relations and nominative redundancy. He points the complexities associated with nominative redundancy that makes sentence structure of both Germanic and English languages to be undesirable. Although many linguists hold reservations for Shiraki’s assertions, the author uses complex analysis to articulate his arguments. References Chomsky, N. (1993). A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press. Everett, M. (2001). Paradigmatic Restrictions on Anaphors . Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press. Kerstens, J. (1993). The Syntax of Number, Person and Gender: A Theory of Phi-Features . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Animal Assisted Therapy: Therapy Dogs ReportAnimal assisted therapy, abbreviated as AAT entails the utilization of animals that have been therapy certified to be part of the healing strategy. According to a description by Delta Society, animal assisted therapy is an important component of treatment for different individuals and groups who appear to be cognitively, emotionally, socially or physically challenged. People found in the nursing homes or hospitals particularly the elderly and children normally benefit from the use AAT.

Animal Assisted Therapy: Therapy Dogs Report Animal assisted therapy, abbreviated as AAT entails the utilization of animals that have been therapy certified to be part of the healing strategy. According to a description by Delta Society, animal assisted therapy is an important component of treatment for different individuals and groups who appear to be cognitively, emotionally, socially or physically challenged. People found in the nursing homes or hospitals particularly the elderly and children normally benefit from the use AAT.

Animal Assisted Therapy: Therapy Dogs Report Animal Assisted Therapy Animal assisted therapy, abbreviated as AAT entails the utilization of animals that have been therapy certified to be part of the healing strategy. According to a description by Delta Society, animal assisted therapy is an important component of treatment for different individuals and groups who appear to be cognitively, emotionally, socially or physically challenged. People found in the nursing homes or hospitals particularly the elderly and children normally benefit from the use AAT. Whereas animals namely kittens and stallions having been making exceptional therapy animals, it is clear that dogs are beyond doubt the best and common type of therapy faunae. This might be attributed to the inimitable bond which is shared between humans and canines (Thompson, 2009). Truly, therapy dogs have proved to be making a significant change in the lives of individuals they happen to encounter. The history of Animal Assisted Therapy Even though it looks current and new age, animal assisted therapy or pet therapy can trace back its historical roots to Belgium in the nineteenth century. During this period, farm animals mostly those located within the Belgium town were considered to be an imperative component of therapy for the disabled home-based people. This implies that animals particularly the dogs have incessantly assisted human beings to recover from various mental illnesses since time in memorial. In fact, dogs have lifted human beings spirits, offered them companionship and helped them in working (Thompson, 2009). Nevertheless, in the twentieth century, animals became legitimately acknowledged for their respective therapeutic aptitudes. Elaine Smith in the fiscal 1976 was the first person to establish the initial therapy dogs’ registry in the US called Therapy Dogs international. A year later, the currently known Delta Society was formed under the name Delta Foundation. This foundation was mandated to investigate the impacts that animals had on individuals’ lives (Prothman, Bienert & Ettrich, 2006). Currently, the two groups together with various others have assisted in the provision of therapy animals to individuals who require animal assisted therapy. Legal and ethical issues in AAT Therapy dogs are often selected as puppies founded on their training receptiveness and disposition testing. The breed of dog selected should suit the work it is envisioned to accomplish implying that therapy dogs should contentedly fit into the life of a therapist. If a dog is deemed a fabulous pet it is not true that it will definitely be an operative canine psychotherapist. Ethical attributes needs to be taken into consideration (Halm, 2008). The preferred traits include: the dog can easily calm itself, lacking hostile tendencies, possess high level of frustration tolerance, well socialized, cope well with other canines and desire to constantly be with beings. Dogs that do not enjoy interacting with human beings and those that do not have a gamut of actions and tricks must not be chosen. Therapy dogs must adore creating contacts with beings in order to be groomed and petted. However, the chosen dogs must be accustomed to the therapy surrounding environment and must positively respond to what the client requires (VanFleet, 2008). Since there are dogs of various ages, sizes and breeds, therapy dogs must be non-aggressive and social. After a therapy dog is selected, it should be given the primary obedience training. To realize this, training of the therapy dogs must be handled by competent counselor and trained pet handlers. The training needs to gyrate around fun, praise and positive reinforcement (Shelton, Leeman & O’Hara, 2011). The training and certification of therapy dogs needs to be done and approved by recognized agencies. Since there are global AAT certification programs, therapists who want to use therapy dogs in their psychotherapy work should ensure that the dogs certified to be used in the treatment sessions. Agencies that promote therapy dogs training and certification Delta Society registers and certifies pets which offer animal assisted therapy. Delta Society recommends that any dog that is to be used in animal assisted therapy must exhibit obedience by successfully finishing the testing and training program (Delta Society, 2006). The certifications with Therapy Dogs International (TDI) necessitate that therapy dogs and their trainers must pass the primary Therapy Dogs Test, the Canine Good Citizen as well as the obedience class. The certification further requires the dog handlers to reach an agreement that they will aptly follow the Delta Society standards while maintaining the annual vaccination and health records. Therapy dog handlers are required by TDI to annually renew their membership cards including routine checkups, current vaccinations and yearly veterinary visits (Thompson, 2009). Suitable therapy dogs’ profile Breed: Therapy dogs maybe of any breed, but attributable to the overall temperament traits, other breeds are considered to be more suitable. Examples of the most popular therapy dogs include collies, greyhounds, Newfoundland and retrievers. Some dogs are always too timid, protective or aloof, yet it is important to consider an individual dog. Here are examples of therapy dogs breeds: Retrievers Coolies Size and age : Therapy dogs can take any size ranging from giants to toys. Particular concern should be given clients who could fear larger dogs. Toy breed therapy dogs needs gentle handling. In fact, therapy dogs needs to be at least one-year old and should be allowed to continue provided the dog is mentally and physically able. Uno the beagle Health status and temperament : Therapy dogs must be well groomed, clean, updated on heartworm exams, negative fecal and vaccination. They need to be of good physical health including free of ear and eye discharge and have their nails clipped. Therapy dogs must not be aggressive, must have tolerant temperament and stable. They need to have interests in individuals and outgoing in nature. See picture below for corgi: Approaches of incorporating therapy dogs into therapeutic sessions When a mental health professional intends to bring dog into a therapeutic session, there are a number of factors that must be put into consideration. First, the therapist must set the goals that are allied to the utilization of the therapy dog and this should be done for each client. Secondly, the psychotherapist needs to determine the frequency on how the therapy dog should be used (Phillips, 2003). The therapy dog’s presence might not be important for all therapeutic play sessions. For example, there might be certain kids who actively react to the therapy dogs’ usage in each and every session while other kids may fancy using dogs occasionally. In non-directed play psychotherapy, it might be supportive for the therapist to incorporate the therapy dog in each session given that this kind of therapy requires maintaining some continuity, certainty and constancy in the therapeutic play sessions (Thompson, 2009). Here is picture of a dog used in therapeutic sessions: Pugs In directed psychoanalysis, therapy dogs might occasionally be utilized to respond to a kid’s therapeutic goals and objectives. Third, the health professional must consider the stress and energy levels of the therapy dogs since it might limit the dogs’ usage in different treatment sessions (Sockingam & Li, 2008). When it becomes apparent that the therapy dog is frazzled, worn-out or detached, such a dog’s usage might not be considered therapeutic any more. It is of great significance to permit therapy dogs to quit therapeutic sessions if they display signs of worry or anxiety (Thompson, 2009). This could equally be considered as an imperative modeling session for children. Goals of dog therapy VanFleet and Thompson (2009) in their study highlighted the following as the major goals and intentions of integrating dogs into patient or clients treatment sessions: * To uphold the expressions of children or patients feelings and enhance their self esteems * To develop the patients care giving, sharing and empathetic capabilities * To assist in the quick establishment of rapports and capitalize on the ordinary interest that patients such as kids and adults tend to have in faunae * To provide nurturance via presenting to the clients the unconditional interactions and acceptance * To improve on the children’s confidence levels and social skills whereas decreasing their maladaptive and aggressive behaviors * To provide the children and adults with the sole opportunity of overcoming the fear they might have in dogs * To foster the patients healthy attachment affiliations not just with faunae such as dogs but also with people * To help patients particularly the kids to share their shocking experiences in a passionately harmless manner, and; * To assist in the improvement of problem solving and cooperation capabilities In psychotherapy, animals such as dogs might be used in various ways to help psychotherapists meet these goals. However, very few methodical techniques have been acknowledged. For instance, some health professionals such as nurses and clinicians have used the dogs’ presence during patients’ treatment sessions to simply moderate anxiety. Other psychotherapy professionals have more actively used dogs together with other animals as co-therapists, in allegorical storytelling and role plays. A further category of psychotherapists have seen animals like dogs as an opportunity for kids and other patients to unveil their controls for instance through obedience training (Kottman, 2001). This last category uses dogs as diagnostic tools to solicit children’s ability to link with other living things, their abilities to emotionally self-regulate, their aggressive tendencies and social skills. Benefits of therapy dogs in counseling sessions Animal assisted therapy as an important method of intervention entails introducing an animal such as a dog in the immediate surroundings of a patient or client with some therapeutic intentions. Recent research studies have revealed that AAT proffers innumerable benefits that surpass those that can be offered by customary therapies (Landreth, 2002). Indeed, animal assisted therapy is not a therapeutic style like the rational emotive theory or the cognitive behavioral theory. This is because therapists have the chance to integrate the dog in any professional therapeutic style that has already been enacted by the therapists. Often, the presence of a dog in therapeutic treatments is seen to develop and enhance trust building links amid clients and therapists. If a dog is integrated in healing sessions, it customarily releases the therapeutic angsts and pressures and the relations with such an animal emerge to be exciting, gratifying and very humorous. Through interacting with dogs, clients or patients may be helped to focus on issues that are perceived to be difficult since dogs aid in bringing the ability of the clients to be in touch with the allied state of mind. In fact, when patients’ feelings are shared with therapy dogs, the dogs may prompt the emotive sharing course with the psychotherapists (White &Allers, 1994). For the patients, the dogs are observed as allies and friends, therefore they present a harmless environment to share emotions. Dogs thus provide nurturance by presenting the unrestricted acceptance. To realize the positive results of using therapy dogs, Chandler (2005) identified various key techniques of administering AAT. These included: * Allowing the clients to hug, touch and pet the therapy dog when the desire or need arises * Drawing on the therapy dog as a co-therapist so as to summarize, clarify, paraphrase and reflect on the expressions and actions of the client, therapy dog as well as the relationships amid them * Use therapy dog to develop and improve on the therapeutic association quality * Using therapy dogs to offer access to the clients emotions The value of AAT in the mental health field To enhance therapeutic experience, animal assisted therapy with dogs has always been integrated with the play therapy to form the canine assisted play therapy also abbreviated CAPT. This type of therapy involves the inclusion of therapy dogs into the play therapy sessions so as to upsurge the quantity of chances that could be used to reflect feelings and track behaviors. A therapy dog functions as co-therapist in therapeutic sessions whereby it engages the relaxing influences of the play (Thompson, 2009). Psychotherapist and dogs usually engage clients via the non-directed and directed play therapy. The main intention is to improve the emotional health of the clients especially the children. Studies on dog assisted therapy A research was conducted by Thompson, Weaver and Mustaine (2008) on the usage of dogs in the non-directive play therapy. The study method united both qualitative and quantitative techniques to investigate the variances in kids’ actions in the absence and presence of trained therapy dogs. Both negative and positive behavioral results were yielded by the gathered quantitative data. However, the qualitative data were derived from the general therapist narratives. Study results indicated that there was a considerable effect on the response of the kids to play psychotherapy when therapy dogs were incorporated. For example, kids freely established rapport, portrayed improved knack to participate in thematic play and had enhanced affect and moods. Moreover, kids demonstrated a reduction in play distractions and destructive behaviors. Further research studies have showed that animals play an integral part in the general growth of children. While in the company of animals, kids tend to learn about their social responsibilities, emotional reciprocities, boundaries and interactions. Studies have further revealed that children and adults who own pets particularly dogs, cats and horses have better social skills, higher self-esteem and are more empathetic for others than other kids. According to Jalongo, Astorinno and Bomboy (2004) assertions, the animal to child bond seems to be very strong and it is different from any other kind of connection that children may encounter. Gonski (1985) reviewed the issues of kids and the aged who had behavioral and emotional problems and reported that such children and old age groups had positive response towards animals. In an analogous study of the ill-treated and abandoned kids in the short-term care, Gonski (1985) found that the ordinary company a dog was enough to elicit laughter, create excitements and lively conversation amongst children and the aged who materialized to be generally resistant, hostile and withdrawn. Such findings have formed the basis for instituting animals’ particularly the canines into therapeutic treatments. Conclusion Animal assisted therapy has proved to have the capacity to potentially mediate and successfully intervene for patients only when appropriate steps are assumed. Nevertheless, it is deemed imperative for psychotherapists to have some strong grounds in the play therapy prior to attempting to add therapeutic play dogs to the patients’ treatment sessions or children playrooms. Furthermore, it is of great essence for psychotherapists to hand choose their preferred therapy dogs for temperament and personalities in order to make sure that the selected dogs have the correct certification and training regarded essential for their works. Above all, researches done on compelling counseling intervention have revealed that dogs are wonderful companions, friends and teachers. Currently, dogs appear to play a significant as wonderful therapists. References Chandler, C. K. (2005). Animal assisted therapy in counseling. New York: Routledge. Delta Society (2006). Improving human health through therapy, service and companion animals . Retrieved from https://petpartners.org/learn/ Gonski, Y. A. (1985). The therapeutic utilization of canines in a child welfare setting. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 2 , 93-105. Halm, M. A. (2008). The healing power of the human-animal connection. American Journal of Critical Care, 17 (4), 373-376. Jalongo, M. R., Astorino, T., & Bomboy, N. (2004). Canine visitors: The influence of therapy dogs on young children’s learning and well-being in classrooms and hospitals. Early Childhood Education Journal , 32(1). Kottman, T. (2001). Play therapy: Basics and beyond. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Landreth, G. L. (2002). Play therapy: The art of the relationship. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Phillips, D. (2003). Research and reflection: Animal-assisted therapy in mental health settings. Counseling and Values, 48 , 47-56. Prothman, A., Bienert, M., & Ettrich, C. (2006). Dogs in child psychotherapy: Effects on state of mind. Anthrozoos, 19 (3), 265-277. Shelton, L. S., Leeman, M. & O’Hara, C. (2011). Introduction to animal assisted therapy in counseling . Retrieved from https://www.counseling.org/resources/library/vistas/2011-V-Online/Article_55.pdf Sockingam, S., & Li, M. (2008). Use of animal-assisted therapy in the rehabilitation of an assault victim with a concurrent mood disorder. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29 , 73-84. Thompson, M. J. (2009). Animal assisted play therapy: Canines as co-therapists. Compelling Counseling Intervention, 199-209. Thompson, M., Weaver, A. & Mustaine, B. (2008). Effects of a trained therapy dog in child centered play therapy on children with anxiety disorders: Unpublished doctoral dissertation (Thompson). Sarasota, FL: Argosy University. VanFleet, R. & Thompson, M. (2008). The power of cross-species play: Theory, research, and practice of canine-assisted play therapy. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Society for Anthropology, Toronto, Canada. VanFleet, R. (2008). Play therapy with kids & canines: Benefits for children’s developmental and psychosocial health. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press. White, J., &Allers, C. T. (1994). Play therapy with abused children: A review of the literature. Journal of Counseling & Development , 72, 390-394.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The research paper discusses the increase of animal cruelty over the last two decades due to the increase of human population globally. The competition between animals and human beings for survival has influenced animal cruelty. In most cases, animals are trained through intimidation as they are severely beaten up like they don't have feelings.

The research paper discusses the increase of animal cruelty over the last two decades due to the increase of human population globally. The competition between animals and human beings for survival has influenced animal cruelty. In most cases, animals are trained through intimidation as they are severely beaten up like they don't have feelings.

Animal Cruelty, Its Causes and Impacts Research Paper Research has proved that animal cruelty has been on the rise for the last two decades due to the increase of human population globally. The competition between animals and human beings for survival has influenced animal cruelty. In most cases, animals are trained through intimidation as they are severely beaten up like they don’t have feelings. A good example is presented in animals performing in circuses like the elephants that spend close to 23 hours every day in chains. American scientists subject animals into dangerous complications while they use them to test new inventions especially in the medical arena. Like 25 million vertebrates in America are used to perform medical tests per year (Lockwood, 1998). Various researches indicate an increased rate in animal cruelty thus necessitating the need for viable measures to be taken accordingly by the relevant authorities. Literature Review In this paper I will discuss the different cause’s animal cruelty and their impacts on social, culture as well as environment. Animal cruelty is an ethical question as well as being of potential economic concern. This will be deliberated upon in this paper to determine how cruelty affects the economic growth and undermines ethical standards. In the body also I will be tackling and providing evidences concerning general causes of animal cruelty. In the second part of the body, I will be more specific on the effects of animal cruelty in respect to ethics. I will base my argument on the number of unnecessary deaths in animal parks and reserves. I will show the dangers of neglecting animals including the most prevalent one where extinction can be a possible result. Other general effects of animal cruelty will also feature in my discussion. The third part of my research involves solutions and recommendations to address the issues of animal cruelty. I will split my recommendations into social, cultural, environmental and ethical solutions to solve the issue. I will also offer legal solutions that can be used to deal with this issue. Socio-cultural and environmental causes of animal cruelty Animal cruelty includes every aspect of human behaviors that have a negative impact on animals or threaten the life and wellbeing of an animal. This encompasses intentional and unintentional behaviors that affect the animals. Human activities most of the time undermine the harmonious existence of animals in so many aspects. Animal cruelty can be described as physically causing harm to an animal or deprive an animal of the basics needs such as food, water, shelter the freedom to interact with other animals that is animal socialization and subjecting an animal to torture ( Ingrid, 1999). Other ways through which animal cruelty can take effect are when animals are denied veterinary care. Animal cruelty has been categorized as a form of disorder and unstable behavior seen in people who have been subjected to violence. Some of the abuses animals are subjected to include dog fighting and cock fighting. Animals are subjected to painful identification marks which are put using extremely hot metals on the surface of their bodies. This is done without a pain relievers or anesthesia. Animal cruelty is seen especially while an animal is being taken to the slaughter house. If the animal is injure on the way or it becomes tired, they ear bitten up and moved unassisted due to the fact that they are headed to death. Other abuses included breading animals for food consumption. A good example is that of broiler chicken that are raised to grow fat through genetic modifications. This is done not considering the effects it has on the birds and animals generally but with the selfish human ambition to impress buyers. Electric cattle prods have been in use for a long time now. This is an electric gadget that used to induce an electric shock on cattle to make them move. This gadget transmits electric currents on the animal’s body and even though the voltage is very low to kill, it is enough to cause pain on the animal. Social causes of cruelty are the most reported forms of animal cruelty. People with mental disorders are mostly prone to mishandling animals though most of time unknowingly. This may include causing harm to the animal without really intending to do so. For example, due to mental inability to weigh and reason out, a mentally challenged person may chain his or her pet dog with a very short chain. What the person does not understand is the fact that the dog needs to move freely around the compound. This kind of behavior is quit cruel and unfair to the pet. Immaturity is another cause of cruelty where by children goes around throwing stones at animals on the way. Small boys are especially notorious with this behavior. Whenever a child sees a strolling dog or cat for that matter, the first thing that goes into their minds is to pick a stone and chase the animal away. However there are other individuals who will intentionally cause harm for various reasons with the cruelest one being to derive satisfaction. The most vulnerable animals are the small domesticated animals which most of the times cannot defend themselves. Most of these offenders just enjoy the feeling of dominance hence they keep on harming the animals. With the current increase in population, there has been mounting pressure on land. Humans are pushing away animals from their habitats due to lack or limited space for human existence. The human race is encroaching into land set out to host wild animals. The population of wild animals is also growing with their land growing smaller due to human encroachment. This is also mounting pressure on the animal’s existence since they too are growing in numbers. In the process of encroachment, humans are destroying animals shelter and to some extent sources of food (Matas, 2008). This is cruelty and if allowed to go on it will pose a very negative effect to the existence and survival of wild animals. Domesticated animals as well are living in difficult conditions that do not favor their wellbeing at all costs. Most of the domesticated animals include dogs, cats, chicken, cattle, goats and many others. These animals really require space to play and exercise in an open air. But instead, they are confined in small structured holding where they not even play or move around. This limits and infringes their rights as animals. Some extreme conditions are that the structures used to hold the animals are not well taken care of in terms of decency and cleanliness. Most of them are unventilated dark places in the back yards where no living thing can confidently survive. In the event that an animal gets sick or feels unwell, medical attention is not easily accorded and sometimes the animal might even die out of an illness that could have been otherwise dealt with. However, animal credulity is not always intentional and in some instances, it happens due to economic factors that are beyond the owner’s ability to solve. In a situation where an individual owns a pet but he or she cannot afford to provide the medical attention and nutrition needs of the dog, then cruelty may occur though it would be beyond the owner’s ability to address the issue. This is most likely to be seen in the third world countries where the people are not financially capable of financing some the required rights of an animal. Veterinary services are normally very expensive and may be out of reach to many people in the third world countries. Poverty levels in these countries cannot allow an owner of a pet to even think about thee pets health needs as he or she has enough already to think about with regards to his or her financial needs that are even hard for him. Effects of animal cruelty with special focus on the ethical effects Animal cruelty has many adverse effects on both the environment and human existence. Focusing mostly on ethical effects, I will base my focus on the use of animals in general. My fundamental objection to the use of animals is influenced by the rampant genetic modification of animals to achieve scientific discoveries. I specially target this practice considering the fact that the use of animals for such practices contravenes the whole idea of ethics in general not to mention professional and social ethics. Animals just like humans have interests and reasons to live. Compromising the lives of animals to satisfy human interests is just unethical and cruel in all angle of justification. I do not believe that human interests should be put above the interests of animals. Causing animal’s pain is unacceptable and very cruel to even think about. Genetic modification has been the worst activity that has seen the suffering of animals at the expense of human interest. Genetic modification is unnatural way of altering the DNA formula in an individual living thing. With the widely accepted reasoning that justifies the DNA modification of animals to achieve solutions to human problems, there is one major setback; the results and long-term effects of the modification to the modified animal. The harm that the modified animal will be exposed to is the main concern of ethics. Changing the genetic makeup of an animal goes as far as to replicate the alterations to its progeny and so on and so forth. This may even give rise to totally different species’ characteristics changing the whole identity of the animal. This might cause other accrued effects that may have global effects. Genetic engineering undermines the integrity of animals with the practice causing welfare problems in animals. Techniques used to genetically modified animals are to greater extents harmful to the animals. This includes gene deletion which alters the general characteristics of an animal. Animal cruelty has many negative effects on human the animals themselves. Causing injury to animals can adversely affect the animal by increasing aggression (Pierce, 2007). A dog for example that has been mistreated becomes more aggressive and unfriendly to people due to fear. This makes the animal very hostile and hence affecting its normal welfare. By physically assaulting animals, several harms can occur; the animal may lose reproductive fitness if its reproductive parts are tampered with during the assault, the animal might develop digestive malfunctioning and nutrition disorders due to loss desire for food, physically assaulting an animal can also result into increased stress hormones in the animal as well as increased heart rate and consequently blood pressure goes up. Although more than 42 states have in recent times prepared some systems to define animal abuse crimes, anti-cruelty laws are varying extensively from state to state. In the meantime, most public prosecutors are reluctant to charge or impeach animal cruelty offenses equated to other crimes, with the exception of situations where the crimes are extreme. The unwillingness emanates from a range of aspects comprising of real or apparent inadequate means to do so; inexperienced staff; partial or substandard investigations; pressure from the public to pay attention on other crimes; and prejudice against taking animal exploitation seriously as a violent crime. Solutions and Recommendations to animal cruelty problems Social education on how to treat and handle animals with care should be incorporated in schools and strict measures should be taken to ensure that students uphold them. The authorities should provide the public with toll free numbers for reporting cases of animal cruelty. Most of the time people can see offenders carry out a crime but people do not know what cause of action they can take in regards to reporting the felony. Sometimes an offender is mistreating his or her own pet but no one can ask them to stop. This can be averted if the relevant authorities can offer help by providing the public with ways and means through which the public can reach them with ease. The public can be more alert and vigilant to watch around the neighborhood for such law offenders. Animal cruelty in most circumstances happens because nobody is watching around and stopping offender. It is evident even on the streets you can see children throwing stone on a dog and no body passing by can stop them of caution them let alone calling the relevant authorities. Some of the abuses animals are subjected to include dog fighting and cock fighting. Animals are subjected to painful identification marks which are put using extremely hot metals on the surface of their bodies (Weisner & Sheard1993). This is done without a pain relievers or anesthesia. Animal cruelty is seen especially while an animal is being taken to the slaughter house. If the animal is injure on the way or it becomes tired, they ear bitten up and moved unassisted due to the fact that they are headed to death. Other abuses included breading animals for food consumption. A good example is that of broiler chicken that are raised to grow fat through genetic modifications. This is done not considering the effects it has on the birds and animals generally but with the selfish human ambition to impress buyers. Electric cattle prods have been in use for a long time now. This is an electric gadget that used to induce an electric shock on cattle to make them move (Weisner & Sheard1993). This gadget transmits electric currents on the animal’s body and even though the voltage is very low to kill, it is enough to cause pain on the animal. Social causes of cruelty are the most reported forms of animal cruelty. People with mental disorders are mostly prone to mishandling animals though most of time unknowingly. This may include causing harm to the animal without really intending to do so. For example, due to mental inability to weigh and reason out, a mentally challenged person may chain his or her pet dog with a very short chain. What the person does not understand is the fact that the dog needs to move freely around the compound (Reimer, 2007). This kind of behavior is quit cruel and unfair to the pet. Immaturity is another cause of cruelty where by children go around throwing stones at animals on the way. Small boys are especially notorious with this behavior. Whenever a child sees a strolling dog or cat for that matter, the first thing that goes into their minds is to pick a stone and chase the animal away. However there are other individuals who will intentionally cause harm for various reasons with the cruelest one being to derive satisfaction. The most vulnerable animals are the small domesticated animals which most of the times cannot defend themselves. Most of these offenders just enjoy the feeling of dominance hence they keep on harming the animals. With the current increase in population, there has been mounting pressure on land. Humans are pushing away animals from their habitats due to lack or limited space for human existence. The human race is encroaching into land set out to host wild animals. The population of wild animals is also growing with their land growing smaller due to human encroachment. This is also mounting pressure on the animal’s existence since they too are growing in numbers. In the process of encroachment, humans are destroying animals shelter and to some extent sources of food. This is cruelty and if allowed to go on it will pose a very negative effect to the existence and survival of wild animals. Domesticated animals as well are living in difficult conditions that do not favor their wellbeing at all costs. Most of the domesticated animals include dogs, cats, chicken, cattle, goats and many others. These animals really require space to play and exercise in an open air. But instead, they are confined in small structured holding where they not even play or move around. This limits and infringes their rights as animals. Some extreme conditions are that the structures used to hold the animals are not well taken care of in terms of decency and cleanliness (Gruen, 2011). Most of them are unventilated dark places in the back yards where no living thing can confidently survive. In the event that an animal gets sick or feels unwell, medical attention is not easily accorded and sometimes the animal might even die out of an illness that could have been otherwise dealt with. However, animal credulity is not always intentional and in some instances, it happens due to economic factors that are beyond the owner’s ability to solve. In a situation where an individual owns a pet but he or she cannot afford to provide the medical attention and nutrition needs of the dog, then cruelty may occur though it would be beyond the owner’s ability to address the issue. This is most likely to be seen in the third world countries where the people are not financially capable of financing some the required rights of an animal. Veterinary services are normally very expensive and may be out of reach to many people in the third world countries. Poverty levels in these countries cannot allow an owner of a pet to even think about thee pets health needs as he or she has enough already to think about with regards to his or her financial needs that are even hard for him. Considering the numerous scientific studies, it is imperative to note that emotional harm actually hurts more than the physical harm does and this is true also to animals as well. Animal cruelty has many adverse effects on both the environment and human existence. Focusing mostly on ethical effects, I will base my focus on the use of animals in general. My fundamental objection to the use of animals is influenced by the rampant genetic modification of animals to achieve scientific discoveries. I specially target this practice considering the fact that the use of animals for such practices contravenes the whole idea of ethics in general not to mention professional and social ethics. Animals just like humans have interests and reasons to live. Compromising the lives of animals to satisfy human interests is just unethical and cruel in all angle of justification. I do not believe that human interests should be put above the interests of animals. Causing animal’s pain is unacceptable and very cruel to even think about. Genetic modification has been the worst activity that has seen the suffering of animals at the expense of human interest. Genetic modification is unnatural way of altering the DNA formula in an individual living thing. With the widely accepted reasoning that justifies the DNA modification of animals to achieve solutions to human problems, there is one major setback; the results and long-term effects of the modification to the modified animal. The harm that the modified animal will be exposed to is the main concern of ethics. Changing the genetic makeup of an animal goes as far as to replicate the alterations to its progeny and so on and so forth. This may even give rise to totally different species’ characteristics changing the whole identity of the animal. Social education on how to treat and handle animals with care should be incorporated in schools and strict measures should be taken to ensure that students uphold them. References Gruen, L. (2011). Ethics and animals: an introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Ingrid, N. (1999). You can save the animals: 251 ways to stop thoughtless cruelty /Ingrid newkirk. Rocklin, CA: Prima publishing. Lockwood, R. (1998). Cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence: readings in Research and application / edited by Randall Lockwood and frank R. ascione. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press. Matas, R. (2008). Man found guilty of microwaving a cat . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Pierce, J. (2012, April24). Emotional Pain in Animals: An Invisible World of Hurt. Recognizing the psychological effects of animal abuse. Psychology today. Retrieved from : < https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/all-dogs-go-heaven/201204/emotional-pain-in-animals-invisible-world-hurt > Reimer, K. (2007). Cruelty. Cruelty to animals. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Weisner, B.P., & Sheard, N.M. (1993) maternal behavior in the rat . Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses how antitrust and unfair trade practices have caused a lot of debate for along time.Antitrust and unfair trade practices have caused a lot of debate for along time. Trade practices that are considered unfair include monopoly, formation of cartels and predatory pricing. Monopolies usually dictate over prices of goods that are in the market because in most markets, monopolistic organizations are the sole suppliers or producers.Cartels usually agree on prices that they set for consumers so

The essay discusses how antitrust and unfair trade practices have caused a lot of debate for along time. Antitrust and unfair trade practices have caused a lot of debate for along time. Trade practices that are considered unfair include monopoly, formation of cartels and predatory pricing. Monopolies usually dictate over prices of goods that are in the market because in most markets, monopolistic organizations are the sole suppliers or producers. Cartels usually agree on prices that they set for consumers so

Antitrust and Unfair Trade Practices: The Dynamic Corporate Environment Essay Abstract Antitrust and unfair trade practices have caused a lot of debate for along time. Trade practices that are considered unfair include monopoly, formation of cartels and predatory pricing. Monopolies usually dictate over prices of goods that are in the market because in most markets, monopolistic organizations are the sole suppliers or producers. Cartels usually agree on prices that they set for consumers so that consumers have no choice but to buy the products or services at the prices set by the cartels. This proposal will look at unfair trade practices and antitrust cases in relation to corporate organizations. Corporate companies should remain responsible and transparent to allow accountability of their actions and allow consumers to feel positive effects of fair trade practices such as availability of commodities and fair prices for goods and services. The paper will also look at methods which can be used to allow collection of accurate data concerning antitrust laws and unfair trade practices in relation to corporate organizations. Governments in different countries have the responsibility of formulating policies to ensure that trade carried out in the country is fair. Fair trade promotes availability of commodities and services to consumers get them at the right place and at the right time. Fair trade also promotes growth and development of businesses as organizations try to come up with new ways through which they can attract and retain as many clients as possible. Introduction Antitrust laws in the United States of America have the intent of making trading fair and ensure that all the people involved are treated as they should be. The antitrust laws were enacted by the legislative part of the government because they felt that trade is beneficial to all the stakeholders that are involved. One of the beneficiaries would be the government and the economy because if trade was to thrive, then the government could rake in revenue in form of taxes while the society would benefit if the economy thrives as many jobs would be available and the prices of commodities available in the market would be affordable (Posner, 2001). Most governments have the intention of protecting the consumer by ensuring that there is fair competition among business traders. When there is fare competition like absence of predatory pricing, goods and services are available to consumers at the right prices, at the right time and at the right quantity. The fairness in trade practices in the market should be applicable to both the producer and the consumer. Monopolies and mergers that might lead to oppression of the consumer in terms of prices or unfair trade practices are not recommended. Any contract agreements that might be made between a seller and buyer are strongly advised against. According to Tirole (1989), corporate power is the ability held by organizations to enable them to influence the activities of the society and its people, the government and the overall economy based on the resources that these organizations have control over. When the capability of the corporate organizations to influence the society is high, the corporate power that they hold also increases. Antitrust laws are set mainly to protect small business organizations from big business organizations. Antitrust laws have been associated with the growth and development observed in many industries due to the promotion of fair competition. Many organizations have had to come up and invest in innovation so that they can stay on top of available competition which encourages growth and development in different business sectors. This innovation has especially been observed in the technology industry. According to Areeda (2011), these days, there has also been an increase in the number of mergers that are taking place in the country; both vertical and horizontal mergers. According to Dabbah (2003) ,vertical mergers usually take place when different companies in different lines of business decide to come together and cut on costs they incur when there is prospects of making more money once they are together than when they are apart. The vertical mergers might involve companies that are in different stages of production even though they might be in the same line of business. Horizontal mergers usually take place between companies or organizations at the same level of production of services or goods. There are three major federal antitrust law in the United States of America. These antitrust laws include; The Sherman Anti trust Act, the Clayton act and the Robinson Patman Act. The Regulatory body created under the Robinson Patman Act seeks to enforce the laid down rules by the government. Corporate organizations are expected to be responsible in the way that they carry out their business organizations (Cheeseman, 2009). This is especially done so for corporate organizations that may have the responsibility of serving many people. Big corporate organizations would be expected to be transparent so that they can easily be accountable for their actions to the members of the society, to the larger corporate community and to the government. There are many corporate organizations that are charged with the responsibility of serving a large number of people, and they are expected to do so responsibly without taking advantage of consumers since the consumers might have no other service providers or suppliers of commodities that they might go to (Dabbah, 2003). Corporate organizations may have a responsibility when it comes to public services like telecommunications services, provision of electricity and water service. Such organizations have to be responsible because in most cases, they might be the only ones in a region that might have the facilities needed to provide services to the members of the society. Corporate organizations have the responsibility of not taking advantage of individuals that need their services in the community. In light of protection of the public from any corporate organizations that might take advantage of them, the United States government passed the Sarbanes- Oxley Act in the month of June in 2001 (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). The act was due to highly ranked corporate organizations that were getting bankrupt due to unethical practices that they were engaging in such as Enron inflation of their assets. The accountants at Enron highly inflated their assets so that the organization could appear as if it was really doing well when in real sense it was in financial trouble.The Sarbanes Oxley was seen as one that might result in accountability and transparency by corporate organizations in terms of the information that they give to the public. As a result of the act, many managers especially those in big internationally known companies, have had to ensure that they are well aware of all the activities that go on in organizations to increase accountability for employees and for the decisions that are made in the organization. After the Enron accounting scandal in 2001, corporate firms were banned from having auditors that were also their clients as was the case with Enron with their auditors Arthur Andersen (Hylton, 2003). Problem Statement The areas that are defined by the antitrust act are not clear as they should translate to competitiveness that occurs between firms. Lack of clarity contributes to carrying out of business activities that might be classified as illegal for corporate organizations. Research Questions 1. Approaches on how lack of clarity of antitrust laws and emerging issues impact business organizations in the country 2. Factors on how the existing antitrust laws impact the operations of corporate organizations especially those with high levels of innovation like the technological and insurance industries that both need innovation in order to achieve successful growth and development. Literature Review There have been many antitrust economics proposals that have been proposed to solve problems that have come up on the basis of the economy and the antitrust laws that have been made into law over the years. Many sources of literature including business journals and economics textbooks some of which use complex models and mathematical formulas have been dedicated to the explanation of the antitrust laws and their effect on the behavior and actions of firms. Theoretical and applied economics have been made use of using different approaches such as the structural approach (Allan, 2010). Most of the economic models that have been proposed have tried to utilize different models to explain the competition that occurs in organizations and the connection to antitrust laws applied. Some models such as the heuristic model propose that an organization’s structure should be the main focus to determine how business is conducted. The determination of strategic actions that are taken by an organization should have minimal influence over classification of types of businesses involved in corporate competition for market positions (Dabbah, 2003). A combination of theories that are applicable to micro, macro and meso levels have been used in availble literature to try and explain the innovation that usually occurs in organizations in relation to innovation that most people thought had been restricted by implementation of antitrust laws in the country. The dynamic methods of analyzing markets makes use of antitrust concepts that are utilized in corporate organizations. The antitrust laws are in use in corporate environments to install and maintain healthy competition, and in the protection of buyers from being expolited by suppliers,sellers and producers (Areeda, 2011). The antitrust laws also serve to protect smaller organizations from being exposed to predatory pricing that might push the smaller organizations from business. Using the dynamic theory to analyze markets and corporate organization, monopoly is not seen as a threat to competition between different businesses that are in the same line of production or in the same industry. Using the dynamic approach, monopoly is viewed as coming into play due to competition that exists in the market. For example, businesses that are in the same line of activities might decide to merge their operations in order to cut on costs and take advantage of economies of scale that would be available because of the increase in capital from the resulting company. Companies might be involved in vertical or in horizontal mergers. Un-equilibrium might result in the market but using the progressive dynamic theory, the state of un-equilibrium is viewed as an expected consequence of competition between organizations (Tirole, 1989). People are expected to have strong opinions about antitrust and unfair trade practices that usually exist in the markets. This is a sensitive issue for people because in most cases, it results in unfair trade practices and affects productivity of affected businesses, the economy and living standard of individuals. Awareness of the antitrust laws that exist and their effects on the public and economic activities that are affected has an impact on the public and how they perceive corporate organizations (Posner, 2009). Corporate organizations should therefore ensure that, the effects of the antitrust laws and corporate competition portray them in a positive manner for the benefit of their business and to gain a positive effect on their profit margins. Competition across all lines of businesses and industries has gone global. Corporate organizations need to develop strategies so that they can survive amid the competition that has moved from a national to an international level (Dabbah, 2003). For an organization to ensure that it remains gloablly competitive, it should come up with clear goals and objectives for the employees to perform effectively. Organizations are also supposed to adopt and implement workable policies that foster gains for growth and development in the organization and therefore, maintain or increase profit margin. Once policies have been put in place, an organization should ensure that the necessary resources needed for the achievement of the organization’s objectives are available. The management of an organization should perform an analysis and performance evaluation to determine the areas which the organization can work on in order to improve or maintain its relevance. The quality of performance in an organization should be taken seriously and be considered a continous and not temporary process. Most of the time, organizations that have all the necessary resources would perform highly in comparison to other organization, but they would need to recognize that they have the resources that can give them a competitive advantage over other organizations. Many organizations are introducing ways through which they can develop strategies to remain competivie in their respective lines of business. Some organizations use simple analysis techniques such as SWOT analysis and Porter’s model to diagnose their weak areas and improve on them while expoiting their strenghts so as to be among the top leaders in the business (Posner, 2001). After conducting analyses of their organizations, majority of the businesses strategically implement proposed solutions. In doing so, organizations are able to plan for outcomes that may hinder progress and thefore, remove the obstacles early enough and enable these organizations emerge successfull. Analysis also enables an organization to have more control over problems that they may encounter while impementing policies to achieve the vision and mission of the organization. (Hylton, 2003). Many organizations have been able to capitalize on the needed importance on the strenghts and capabilites that they hold in comparison to other organizations have enabled them to stay afloat especially when there is a lot of competition from other companies that are in the industry as the company in question. A good example is the Motorolla Company that has been able to shift its focus from the manufacture of electronic goods such as televisions, to telephone handsets (Allan, 2011). Therefore, by being able to take advantage of the emotions that consumers have over business practices by various organizations, a company can be able to maximize on returns in terns of profits made.Clyde (1997), cites that, organizations should conduct research on ways and the time periods that they should implement their business strategies so that they can take advantage of competition in the market and the concept of antitrust laws applied. Researchers in organizations are able to find out the business situations and the best seasons that they can take advantage of and maximize on by gathering and utilizing the information that they get from clients. For example, personnel in an organization that interact with clients such as customer care executives can easily gauge how clients perceive the organizations and they have the capability of finding out why clients’ preception are how they are. Organizations can therefore use such information to benchmark themselves against other similar organizations and be able to take the necessary action in order to maintaain or improve on the types of services that are delivered to clients according to Cheeseman ( 2009). Some of the research that has been carried out on the effectiveness of organizations have been found to be negative. This might result to poor outcomes especially to personnel of organizations who might feel that they have done excellent work only to be informed that there are research findings carried out in the field that show that their work has not been done as properly as it should be done (Hylton, 2003). Such results can have a negative effect on the morale of the human resources resulting in reduced productivity in an organization leading to low profit margins. Organizations should therefore, be prepared for negative feedback from clients and prepare their staff for such feedback to avoid unnecessary loses for the organization (Tirole, 1989). The Monopoly, Oligopoly and Market Power in antitrust policy On the basis of antitrust laws, monopoly in business is seen as a means of attempting to cash in on the possible greatest amount of profits available in a market especially when such an organization is the only producer or supplier of commodities or sole provider of services in high demand such as sewerage or electirity services or the sale of necessities such as sugar or milk (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). The government failed to make a case against Microsoft on the charges of monopolization which left many members of the society wondering about the purpose and effects of the antitrust and unfair trade practices that have been established by the government. The case led many people to feel that situations that have recently been thought of as being a monopoly are situations that promote business competition in the line of business or industries that they occur. Recent court cases and their outcomes have shown that practices such as predatory pricing are the kind of practices that are considered to be unfair trade practices. An example is a court case popularly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. vs Zenith Radio Corporation which led to a conclusion that portrayed predatory pricing as an unfair trading practice, most of the time it is not used and even when used, it might not be successful. Courts have made it illegal for businesses that supply products to companies of being selective in the prices that they charge for the commodities that they sell. For example, a company that sells supplies and still uses the supplies to make finished products, cannot sell the supplies to a competing company at a higher price as this would be an unfair practice (DiLorenzo, 1985). Oligopoly involves a few and mostly powerful organizations involved in the provision of services or selling of products. Most of the oligopolistic organizations usually decide to share profits even if it is against the expense of the consumer. Such cartels are common in the petroleum provision industry whereby, the organizations responsible for selling the products might collude to sell their products at high prices yet they know that consumers would have nowhere else to go to get the needed commodity, and there are no subsitutes for such products (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). Antitrust laws reforms Most economists argue that the antitrust laws are of no use and they have no basis of being applied in the corporate market which they further illustrate y giving examples of the current market whereby, those in power seem to ignore the monoplostic events that proceed in nation. It is argued that, economists who are the people on the ground when it comes to effects of the different types of organizations on an economy, were not consulted when the antitrust laws were drafted (Dabbah, 2003). Trusts that led to the formation of the Sherman act were shown to have had an effect that was negative to what was originally intended in the first place. DiLorenzo (1985) showed the antitust laws that were established and were infact, contibuting to the expansion of monopolies and cartels. This is because monopolistic organizations were able to expand their production throughout the nation and this resulted in reduction of prices resulting in more products being availble. The antitrust laws had suggested that monoplies and cartels would not be able to grow for their effects to be felt nationwide which was what was being experienced. Examples of organizations that have thrived even though they have been at different times considered monoplies include Walmart and Microsoft. Many powerful companies also propose the formation of mergers that would potentially lead to the opression of consumers but the law seems to ignore the fact that these organization are formed (Allan, 2011). Research Design Population and sample The research would be carried out through surveying of individuals that would take part in the research study. The twenty individuals that would take part in the study would be selected through random sampling method. This method would reduce the chances of a bias when selecting people to take part in the survey. The names of the invidividuals would be selected from a group of people whose names would have been inputed in the computer. The data for the survey would be collected through indepth oral interviews. The information collected from the interview surveys would then be transcibed into a form that can be analyzed qualitatively. Where applicable, qualitative analysis of the data would also be applied. The research survey will be conducted under the assumption that the participants of the study do not observe antitrust and unfair trade practices. The researchers will try and separate the information given based on whether it is an opinion, a fact or just a feeling (Clyde, 1997). The research survey also intends to design the questions in a manner that it can be able to measure the level of knowledge of individuals concerning antitrust laws. The research survey also intends to establish the difference between an individual behavior and attitude to the knowledge that they might hold of the antiturst laws. Knowledge of the participants unfair trade practices that might exist will also be attempted to be linked to participants’ performance at the workplace and the effect on their perception of different organizations that exist in their line of business, and those that might be considered under different types of classifications by different people such as which organizations might be thought of as a monoploly and cartels in th participants line of business and nationally in general (Cheeseman, 2009). Investigative techniques The research survey intends to gather information concerning antitrust laws and practices that are carried out on unfair trade practices. The research has an intention of finding out the strategies that are practiced in organizations in perpetuation of good customer practices and the promotion of fair trade practices in a line of business or in an industry. Practices of different organization and the effects of their practices on clients will also be considered (Clyde, 1997). Data collection The research will be conducted in a period of twenty months. Literature review composition will be conducted in the first six months of this time together with the collection of data with the intent of coming into terms with the problem that has been stated in the research proposal. The putting together of information in the literature review and collection of data will enable better understanding of the problem statement and therefore, offer better chances of understanding the problem and presenting it in a clearer manner. The availble funds and personnel will be invested in coming up with high quality research questionnaires. The questionnaires form an important part of being able to get the necessary and required information for the study. The next eight months will be allocated to the pilot study of the survey. Longer time is allocated for this part of the survey to account for unforseen events such as harsh weather which might result in delayed dissemanation of the questionnires for the pre testing period. Questionnaires to be used in the study will also be distributed to the participants during this time. Data that will be collected will be evaluated and analyzed to give information that clearly relates to the problem statement and the research questions (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). The last six months will be filled up with presentation of the collected information. The results of the research surveys will be compiled into a report. The report made on an academic basis will be used in the academic defense of the questions that may be asked on how the economy might be affected by antitrust laws and the effects of unfair trade practices. The report will be used as a case study with special focus on the details of anti trust and unfair trade practices and their efffects on corporate organizations (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). Data Analysis Plan Questionnaires were administered to participants by the researchers through hand delivery and via e-mail. The primary data would be obtained from these questionnaires. A deeper study into the antitrust and unfair trade practices would be expansive so that it is not expected that it would cover all the intended material. The research survey will involve the allocation of questionnnaires to the twenty participants chosen to participate in the study via random sampling technique. The study is therefore, deductive. Assumptions of the study The antitrust and unfair trade pracitces information obtained in the study is presumed to be representative of all areas of busineses and of all industries. Limitations of the Study A lot of time is expected to be consumed in the collection of information for the literature review. The information must be from peeer reviewed sources to ensure authenticty of the research study and its content. Some of the information might not be availble to the public for example, the antitrust case about the microsoft vs US governement case concerning antitrust is availble in bits and pieces from books. A critical analysis of the case would be necessary in order to include the information in the literature review (Areeda, 2011). Conclusion This paper has discussed antitrust and unfair trade practices that have been characterized by businesses in the United States for quite some time. An example is the Enron accounting scandal that exposed some of the inflation techniques that firms use in order to make their balance sheets appear as if they are in order. This is an unethical accounting practice. Several antitrust reform laws have also been explored. From the study carried out above, the results are expected to give more information about antitrust and unfair trade practices that are usually carried out in organizations and from the results, a conclusion on the research survey can be made. Corporate organizations are expected to have enacted and followed policies that show that they are ethical in the way that they carry out their business activities. This is supposed to encourage better business practices and promote positive attitude and behavior from both internal and external clients. The research survey has an intention of carrying out a study and giving accurate and timely information about antitrust and unfair trade practices that are carried out by corporate organizations and how they affect the particular organization, other corporate organizations and the whole corporate image and business environment. When there is fair trade in a country, there is healthy competition among organizations. Competition encourages organizations to stay focused on serving their customers which compells them to provide high quality goods and services at the right place and the right time. Therefore, proper guideliness should be established and enacted by the government to ensure that fair trade practices are observed by competing organizations in the industry. References Allan, F. (2010). A Model of Antitrust Regulatory Strategy. New York, NY: Irvine Publishers. Areeda, P.E. (2011). Fundamentals of Antitrust Law, 4 th edition. Oxford: Aspen Publishers. Cheeseman, H. (2009). The Legal Environment of Business and Online Commerce, 6 th edition . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Clyde, W. (1997). Antitrust Policy as Corporate Welfare. New York, NY: Irvine Publishers. Dabbah, M. M. (2003). The Internationalization of Antitrust Policy . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DiLorenzo, T. J. (1985). “The Origins of Antitrust: An Interest-Group Perspective.” International Review of Law and Economics Journal, 5:73–90. Hylton, N. (2003). Antitrust Law: Economic Theory and Common Law . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Posner, R. A. (2001). Antitrust Law, 2nd ed . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sullivan, A., & Sheffrin, S. M. (2003). Economics: Principles in action. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Tirole, J. (1989). The Theory of Industrial Organization. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The Apple Company designs, manufactures and markets computers, networking solutions, software, peripherals and services. They engage in online distribution of television shows, audio books, short films, third-party music-both audio and videos.

The Apple Company designs, manufactures and markets computers, networking solutions, software, peripherals and services. They engage in online distribution of television shows, audio books, short films, third-party music-both audio and videos.

Apple Company’s Management Report (Assessment) The Apple Company designs, manufactures and markets computers, networking solutions, software, peripherals and services. Among the many available products are portable music players which they both design & develop. Notwithstanding, they engage in online distribution of television shows, audio books, short films, third-party music-both audio and videos. Apple has its deepest roots in The United States of America, Europe and Japan. It has about 14,800 employees and has its headquarters in Cupertino, California. Apple distributes its products through retail stores and wholesales, whole sellers and retailers who are third party to the company, a direct sales channeling panel and lastly through online stores. The entire process goes on globally. Anybody can easily access the products as long as he/she is literate (Freedman and Vohr, 1989) Apple manages its investments within a Geographical criterion. As mentioned before, some of the regional managerial segments include Japan, Europe, the Americas, retail and others. The United States of America, Japan and Europe are apparently reportable segments and are known not to include retiling segments. The Americas segment constitute of both American continents (North and South America). The interesting part is that the Middle East and Africa are included in the European segment. The company ensures that hardware and software products produced are similar in each segment. The Services provided in every segment is also similar. Stores owned by Apple in the United States of America, Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom are operated by the retail segment. There are a total of 116 stores in the United States alone. There are a further eight international stores in Japan, The United Kingdom and Canada. The Asia-Pacific, which is an umbrella to Asia and Australia minus Japan, is managed by ‘others’ segment. Filemaker, which is a subsidiary to the company, is also managed by the latter. Publications, developments and distribution of application software for Windows-based systems and Mac OS are all handled by Filemaker. According to analysts, the company is on a yearly steady rise in terms of profit making as it always comes up with unique, effective and efficient products ahead of its major competitors. For example; taking the years of 2004 and 2005 as case study, they collected a gross of $13,931 million by the end of their financial year (September 2005),which compared to the previous year (2004) was an increase of 68.3%. The increase in profits is credited to increased iPod sales, which skyrocketed by a whopping 409% in the year 2005.The operation profits were $1650 million in 2005 in comparison to $326 million in 2004.Their net profit in 2005 was $1335 million in comparison to $276 million in 2004 (Mylavarapu, 2005) Apple Company is internationally known and is popular because of the quality of their products. They are known for durable products for a reasonable price though from their history, occasionally they are known to overprice their products leading to customer complaints. Apple products are also known to be innovative and thus the reason most customers prefer them to others. Top Apple competitors like Sony, Dell, HP, Nokia and IBM also ensure that customers get maximum utility and there is need for maintaining high product standards (Levy, 2006) Apple Inc. (Apple) was founded by Stephen Wozniak and Steve Jobs in the latter’s garage. The two met each other in 1971 through Bill Fernandez and the Company was incorporated in 1997. The two met at a computer club and were working with Hewlett Packard (HP). Wozniak quickly found it a hobby to design and manufacture microcomputers which were fairly priced compared to other microcomputers at the time. Jobs was then fascinated by Wozniak’s creativity & suggested to him that they could team up and start manufacturing Personal Computers (PCs) and then sell them as he was more business minded compared to Wozniak The two premiered the first Apple I computer in the year 1976 but the launch was unsuccessful the reason Apple I differed from other computers at the time and as was the norm, change was hard to embrace. The computer was using a MOStek 6502 Processor while most computers at the time used an Intel 8080 processor. It was US$ 666.66 a price lower than its competitors. On showing the members of the Homebrew club, 25 units were ordered by a local dealer who happened to be present at the time of the demonstration. Accordingly, Wozniak quit HP to join Apple and over the next 10-month they sold 200 Apple I computers (IVEY, 2009) January 3, 1977 saw the arrival of Apple II. The Apple II computer was later introduced by the duo at a West Coast Computer Fair in San Francisco and was to be used as a general purpose computer. It had a 6502 processor, colored graphics, a direct interface color video monitor and a 4 KB RAM audio cassette drive. Its retail price was US $ 1,298. The audio cassette drive was later switched with a floppy drive in 1978 and the RAM storage increased to 48KB.Three years into its launch; the entrepreneurs garnered a total of US $ 139 million. It can be said that the Apple II was quite a success. 1980 Saw the arrival of Apple III. It cost between US $ 4,340 and US $ 7,800. It was reliant on the specific configurations it had eight applications. It was later withdrawn from the market reason being that the initial one had technical difficulties. This did not last as it was re-launched in 1981.The newer version have a much lower price tag US $ 3,495. Of its up to date software system and the RAM being increased to 128KB. The worst part is, after upgrading from the previous one, Apple III was still a failure and in turn the company decided to work on a project dubbed “Lisa”, which involved inventing a computer that had Graphic User Interface (GUI) and a hand held-mouse. Its price was however expensive (US $ 9,995) and it ended up having very low sales (Linzmayer, 2004). Jobs realized that the first three computers they had manufactured all required different operating systems to function and decided to make a new computer and an operating system. That having been noted, Apple decided to recruit both software & hardware engineers They later came up with Macintosh (Mac) whose price tag was US $ 2,495. The PC was equipped with a 32-bit microprocessor and a RAM of 128KB.The Mac and Mac OS (Mac’s Operating system) were both released in 1984 and Apple computers could function using it. The Mac was smaller, less costly, easy to use, flexible and adaptable. It could also handle graphics, something other computers could not handles. Compatibility issues however made it difficult for large co operations to buy the Mac as they were already into IBMs. The Board members dislike to Jobs led to his departure in 1985.He then proceeded to initiate NeXT which was a project designed to cater for students’ computer design. The Company finally started growing in 1993 after eight straight unfruitful years. Ironically, When NeXT embarked on an ascending spree, Apple was rapidly tumbling down because of stiff competition, reduced hardware and software costs and lack of creative products A job was brought on board in 1996 as an informal advisor and Apple absorbed NeXT and NeXT’s operating system at a fee of about US $ 400million. In 1998, Jobs was made interim CEO after helping Apple get profits in three successive quarters of the year. In mid 1998, Customers were shifting from Mac to other computers and Job introduced iMac (Internet MacIntosh) to first time buyers and the migrating customers which sold 2,000,000 units in a year. In 2000 he was made CEO and immediately embarked on releasing new model Macs to regain market share.IMac G5 was released in 2004 and in 2005 they released the Mac Mini. The premier edition of iTunes was introduced at the MacWorld Expo on January 9, 2001.This edition could burn discs and could run with Mac-OS 9.Soon afterwards, they launched I-Tunes Music Store (ITMS) on April 28; 2003.Customers could now use their Macs to pay and download music. ITunes 8, which is the latest version, permits customers to program the contents of iPods and iphones, access the internet to download audio music and music videos, games, TV shows, various podcasts, audio books, movie rentals, feature-length films and ringtones (Linzimaye, 2004) On October 2001 Apple plunged right into the market of digital music. It operated on a 1.8” hard drive and was compared to other portable disc players; its storage space of about 5 GB allowed it to hold up to approximately 1000 songs depending on the track lengths and sizes. This was way above other flash memory-based players which could hold about 30songs or less. The iPod recorded 125, 000 sales in the last quarter of 2001(Alan, 2001). A new model of the iPod was introduced in March 2002 with the storage capacity doubled to 10 GB and was retailing at US$499 which later doubled the capacity to 20 GB making alterations and slashing the prices of the previous models On January 11, 2005 iPod shuffle an iPod that used flash memory was introduced. 58% of the flash player market was already on Apple’s side by May 2005 and by the conclusion of that month, they had increased their customer base in the United States alone to 90 percent. At the beginning of 2006 MacBook Pro came in and replaced The PowerMac and was targeting professionals. The iMac was also introduced which was three times faster than its predecessor. Later Bootcamp was also introduced to allow users with Intel Mac to install Windows XP besides Mac OS X. Apple finally then changed their name at MacWorld 2007,on January 9,2007 From Apple Computer Inc. to Apple Inc. launhing the Apple TV and the iPhone on the very day (Ivey, 2009). Policies of a company are described as a company values, culture and its mission. This is what determines customer loyalty to a company. By ensuring equality in employment and through partnership, Apple tries to create a proper customer environment. The Apple Company ensures that these policies are met through its management. The Individualistic Policy is one of the policies that affect the employees. This policy is directed to the employees to ensure that they engage in production of creative products. This is a major source of innovation in the company. The second policy for its employees is the Unsolicited Idea Submission Policy. Apple and its employees do not consider or even accept any unsolicited ideas. This helps in holding off potential misunderstandings and conflicts in case the end product tends to be similar to or marketing methods may appear similar to those that they had been issued with. Harassment policy is enacted to enhance employee welfare while in the company. This policy seeks to eliminate any kind of harassment in the Company. Harassment policy is mainly aimed at curbing sexual harassment (Llliev, Lindinger and Poettler, 2004). The Privacy Policy is one of the policies for its customers. Apple protects personal information and any information about their customers; that they rightfully obtained from Apple. It could be disclosed to a third party if and only if is completely necessary, and in which case the third party has to be a business associate. The other Apple policy to customers is the rebate policy which is offered to any customer who buys a product online or in Apples retail outlets. In addition, sales refund policy which outlines customer’s right and obligation with regard to purchases is practiced to ensure customers enjoy their rights. The sales and refund policy also contains the customer do and don’ts as outlined in the warranty strategy (Lliev, Lindinger and Poettler, 2004) The first policy aimed at the society is the dividend policy which has helped a great deal in raising the company’s stock in the market environment. It can therefore be argued that the Apple Company culture is adaptive in nature as it tries to sell the importance of creativity and innovation. The second policy aimed at the society is the Apple business conduct policy. The business conduct policies explain how the Apple Company carries out its business worldwide and also illustrates the services they offer to the society. It contains apples do and’ don’ts in business illustrated in details. Some of the customers services offered include setting a helpline for business conduct, Education about the customer’s right to take legal action and support services given to Purchases ops apple products and software. The third policy aimed to the society is the patent policy and copyright policies which mainly warn against patent theft and infringement of the company’s ownership of property. (Apple Company Inc, 2010) Through the environmental policy, Apple Company wishes to limit the harm caused to the Environment, through toxic air emissions by the products, and activities carried out in the manufacture of their products. For this reason Apple has engaged in recycling their products and production of Macs free from chemicals(PVC and BFR,s). The Apple environmental policy also covers suppliers and it encourages them to try as much as possible to carry their business in a manner that will least affect the water and the energy (Apple Company Inc, 2006) In order to survive in a competitive environment, marketing is very important. Apple Company markets its products through advertisements, product promotion, and product revitalization and through product positioning. Apple Company ensures that the demands of customer are met, and for this reason they encourage innovation and creativeness as the major marketing priorities. The Apple Company also uses marketing mix as a marketing strategy (Lliev, Lindinger and Poettler, 2006). Product positioning involves creating a brand image to customer that assumes personalities. This includes creating products that are efficient, intellectual, and stylish so as to capture the attention of the youth. Through brand positioning, Apple Company is able to create brand image and therefore capturing customer loyalty. Customer loyalty ensures that Apple is able to compete favorably with its competitors in saturated markets. This is the major reason as to why the Apple Company stresses on innovation and creativeness, as this catalyses achievement of product loyalty (Lliev, Lindinger and Poettler, 2004). Advertisement is a major marketing strategy used by the apple Company in reaching its target market. The Apple Company uses several media for advertisement, for instance cinemas, bill boards and television. Majorly it uses televisions because it is best in showcasing their creativity in making sleek designs and their level of innovation. Through advertisement Apple is able to market most of its products. The Apple Company also uses their website in marketing images of their products. Details of the products and the brand image are clearly outlined in their website (Lliev, Lindinger and Poettler, 2004). In marketing mix, two essential features are illustrated. First is the issue of pricing. The Apple Company charge different prices in different markets. This has enable it acquire high value for their products where the demand is high to carter for the low value they acquire from the other markets. Secondly, Apple Company uses their retail outlets as an essential feature in market mix. The Apple Company positions their retail outlets with areas with a high population density, for instance in the United States of America. Their outlets are situated next to cinemas, shopping malls and busy streets. In areas with low population, very few outlets are found. Product revitalization is also used for marketing. It involves making communication and development of the product while ignoring the success of making the product appeal to many people. Instead, the Apple Company Target a few potential buyers whose loyalty may benefit the company. The Apple Company concentrates on promising opportunities where a link between the company’s identity and the brand enables relocation of reliable values (Kennedy, 2010) Apple Company is a very successful in its business of dealing with computer software, peripherals, manufacture of computer and selling of computers, marketing, networking solutions and in the offering of quality services. Despite its success, other factors also curtails its operations, limits its maximum enjoyment of profits by lowering the profit margin and trying to restrict its expansion for instance completion. It is therefore necessary to analyze the company’s strength, weaknesses for better understanding of its operations (Apple Computer Inc, data monitor, 2009, pg.18) The Apple Company distributes its products a worldwide its major markets being in Asia, Europe and the United States of America. Statistics however prove that more than 50% of their sales originate from external markets. Apple Company has continued showing a significant growth in its several markets worldwide, registering a 4.2 % profit margin in 2009 and of 2.8% on industrial average. Due to stability in its performance and continuous strength in its operations, a lot of investors are swayed to invest in Apple Company hence improving its strength in the industry (Schoening, Sunder bag and Pazoki, 2005) The Apple Company deals with a variety of services ranging from computes, phones, Computer software, Peripherals, manufacture designs and many other income generating activities. This enables the company to spread any risk of loss from non performance of a product or service since other product will restore their financial performance by generating income throughout. Variety of products and services have made the company a major ball player in the investment and company business, which has been maintained because of the company’s innovation (Kennedy, 2010). The Apple brand image is widely known to customers. Customer loyalty and strong brand name is enhanced by the fact that the company produces quality products with a custom brand image which is widely recognized. Its brand image deters the entry of some products in the market and enables the company to fetch attractive price packages due to the customer loyalty (Newyork times, 2004) Apple Company has widened the scope of its activities by registering with many media companies. Currently, the Apple Company is doing very well in the music industry as their iphones and some iPods can download music directly from music websites for direct enjoyment of their customers. This level of efficiency as generated a lot of awareness and profits for Apple products as music sales alone generate a lot of profit (Levy, 2006) Despite the strength that Apple enjoys in the market, it also has some weaknesses. Apple Company incurs a lot of operational costs in its several retail outlets worldwide, which amounts to limited returns. This gives Apple’s competitors an edge over them (Schoenig, Sundberg, Pazoki, Torres &Marshall, 2005, pg.14). Apple Company incurs a lot of operational costs in its several retail outlets worldwide. In addition, its products lack compatibility, which discourages consumers on using them since they cannot buy a certain part and used it in another machine (Lliel, Lindinger Poettler, 2004, Pg.160) IBM and Freescale are some of Apple Competitors who supply it with key manufacturing components. This is not healthy business wise as this can put the company in undue disadvantage in terms of competition. IBM supplies Apple Company with the G5 processors whereas Freescale supplies the company with G4 processors. These two processors are key components of manufacture of Apple’s products (Apple Company Inc, Data monitor, 2006) Fig 1: market share of some of Apple’s products Apple Company’s market share has continued to grow. It is estimated that currently, their market share has increased to 10% worldwide with a 21% market share in the United States. In 2009 the sale of Apples operating system steadily rose from 9% to 9.63% whereas the market of its competitor Microsoft decreasing with approximately 0.44% (Appendix 1) 9(Martin, 2009). However, its Competitors continue getting more revenue than the Apple Company (see figure 2). Improvement of the Apple Company is credited to the creativity and quality products they manufacture accompanied with the ipod sales which has generally increased. Despite, its increase in market share the incompatibility of Apples products continue hindering its maximum sales as most of their competitors’ products are compatible. Fig 2: Total revenue in comparison with the competitors. Company 2007(Revenue in $ US billions) Apple $24.01 Dell $56.095 Hp $104.3 Microsoft $51.12 Sony $70.303 Nokia $64.68 The history of the Apple Company shows the gradual innovation and growth of the Apple Company. Its success can be credited to its sound business policy that has helped uplift the Company’s Image to the society and the continuity in innovating quality products. The Company’s marketing strategy is good since they focus mostly on the customers’ needs, incorporating them in their products. Apple Company therefore manages to remain relevant in the computer and software market and in production of Mac computers and I Pods that have holds a very strong image, hence which securing customer loyalty. Nevertheless, there is an intensified competition from other companies which strive to push the Company’s products out of the market. It is therefore important for the company to continue carrying out intensive market research so as to improve on its marketing strategies. (Schoening, Sunder bag and (Pazoki, 2005) References Allan, R. A., 2001. A history of the personal computer the people and the technology: Allan Publishing. Apple Company Inc., 2006. Data monitor, reference Code 108. Apple Company Inc., 2006. Environmental Health and Safety Policy Statement Versio1.0. Apple Company Inc, 2010. Business Conduct The way we do business worldwide. Kennedy, N., 2010. From computer geek to style icon. [online]. Leander, K, 2002. Apple: Its All About The Brand. Apple News Web. Levy, S., 2006.The perfect thing How an iPod shuffles Commerce, Culture and Coolness. London: Simon and Schuster. Linzmaye, O.W, 2004. Apple confidential 2.0: the definitive history of the world’s most colorful company. New York: No Starch Press. Lliev, V. Llindinger, A., 2004, Apple Computer Inc Strategic Audit: Dublin institute of Technology FT351 Business and Management year 4. Business and management. New York: No Starch Press. Martin, M., 2009, Apple market share continues to climb, Windows drops by, 2009, [online]. Mylavarapu, V. K., 2005. Channel Conflict at Apple, ICFAI Centre for Management Research. New York: Sage. Newyork times., 2004, State of Arts for I pods: 6 flavors of flattery. Newyork times 12th February, 2004. Freedman, D. R and, Vohr, J., 1989, Apple Computer, Inc. Stern L N. (ed) School of Business1998) New York Times, Sunday February 26, 1989. New York University. Richard Ivey School of business., 2009, Strategic Planning at Apple Inc. New York: The University of Western Ontario (IVEY 9B09A026). Schoening C, Sundberg, M, Pazoki., 2005, Apple Computers, Inc. (AAPL): New York: Comprehensive Business Analysis.

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Write an essay about: The capital assets prices model was developed to illustrate the way prices of a risk is informed by the influence of investors' preferences and the physical characteristics of the capital assets. The main contributions and limitations of the model are illuminated.

The capital assets prices model was developed to illustrate the way prices of a risk is informed by the influence of investors' preferences and the physical characteristics of the capital assets. The main contributions and limitations of the model are illuminated.

Apple Inc’s Economic Principles Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Literature review 4. Synthesis and Integration 5. Conclusion 6. References Abstract Under the analysis of Apple Inc’s economic principles, this paper will analyze the concept of capital asset prices. The main contributions and limitations of the model will be illuminated. Introduction The capital assets prices model was developed to illustrate the way prices of a risk is informed by the influence of investors’ preferences and the physical characteristics of the capital assets. It shows the relationship between an asset’s price and the risks associated with it. At the time of its development, economist lacked enough microeconomic theory to explain the conditions of risks in the capital market (Boyes & Melvin, 2006). Consequently, it was difficult to link the price of Apple’s Incorporation’s asset and the risk associated with it (Krugman & Wells, 2009). Literature review The company was initiated as “Apple Computer” in 1976. It started on a high note with stable brand, high profit rate and rapid growth, before experiencing the worst periods, which led to the decline in its profitability. “The company, incorporated January 3, 1977, was known as “Apple Computer, Inc.” for its first 30 years. On January 9, 2007, the company dropped “Computer” from its corporate name, reflecting the company’s ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers” (Apple Inc., 2008, par. 2). According to Krugman and Wells, after the decline in business, one of the company’s founders called Jobs, embarked on the reconstruction of the company (Krugman & Wells, 2009). The two scholars ascertained that this made the name changed to “Apple Inc” in 2000, where the focus was on sophisticated technology and innovation of non-PC products (Krugman & Wells, 2009). The company designs, manufactures electronics and many other software products. Some of the company products include the iPhone, iPod and Macintosh. As well, the software includes Mac OS X, Final Cut Studio, iLife, and iTunes browser (Krugman & Wells, 2009). Schwartz,Carew, and Tatiana postulated that investors’ preference function is very crucial in analyzing the economic principles of a company, especially the capital assets price model (Schwartz, R., Carew, M., & Tatiana, M. (2010). To begin with, let us consider the assumption that the results of an investment is in the form of a probability distribution. In an attempt to evaluate the suitability of a given investment, the investor can consider two parameters namely, the expected value of the investment and the standard deviation associated with it. Schwartz, Carew, and Tatiana (2010)found out that the preference of the investor can thus be expressed in terms of the total utility function which is illustrated as follows: U= f(E w , δ w ) where, E w is the expected amount of wealth in future and δ w is the forecasted standard deviation which shows the extent to which the future wealth will diverge from E w . Boyes and Melvin studied that this model is based on the assumption that investors “prefer a higher expected future wealth to a lower value, ceteris paribus” (Boyes & Melvin, 2006). This means that dU/dE w will be greater than zero. The model is also based on the assumption that investors are risk-averse (Boyes & Melvin, 2006). Thus they will opt for an investment associated with a smaller value of δ w instead of another investment associated with a greater value of δ w when dU/ dδ w < 0 (Boyes & Melvin, 2006). These assumptions mean that the indifference curve showing the relationship between E w and δ w will be slopping upwards. Thus if an investor decides to invest a portion of his or her present wealth, W 1 , the rate of return on the investment can be given as: R= (W t – W 1 )/ W 1 and W t = RW 1 + W 1 where, W t is the expected future wealth and R is the investment’s rate of return. The two economists viewed that the investor’s preference can thus be expressed as U=g(E R , δ R ). This function is based on the fact that terminal wealth has a direct relationship with the rate of return (Boyes & Melvin, 2006). Economic Principle analysis In the above figure, it is assumed that the investor is rational and thus given a set of investment opportunities, he or she will opt for the opportunity associated with maximum utility (Aikman & Paustian, 2006). The graph of E R and δ R , represents all the investment options available to the investor. If all these investment options are associated with some risk, then the area marked P will represent the investment options. Since the investor intends to maximize returns, he or she will choose an investment option that “places him on the indifference curve associated with the highest level of utility” (Aikman & Paustian, 2006). The investor can choose such an investment option in the following way. The first step involves identifying the most efficient combination of available investment options. At the second stage, the investor will pick one option from the combinations identified in step one. An investment plan or option will be considered efficient if and only if the following conditions apply. First, there is no an alternative plan with an equal E R and a lower δ R . Second, there is no an alternative option with the same level of δ R and a greater E R . Third, there is no an alternative option associated with a greater E R and a lower δ R . Therefore, in the above figure only points on the “lower right-hand of the curve AFBDCX” (Aikman & Paustian, 2006) will be chosen. Assuming two investment plans A and B, available for Apple incorporation, the process of choosing the most efficient plan can be illustrated mathematically as follows. By investing part of the investor’s wealth, α, in A and the rest (1- α) in B, the rate of return expected form this combination can be given as follows: E Rc = αE Ra + (1-α)E Rb The forecasted standard deviation associated with the combination can be given as: δ Rc = square root of (δ 2 δ Ra 2 + (1-α) 2 δ Rb 2 – 2r ab α(1-α) δ Ra δ Rb ) From the above formula, a positive value means that the investor associates the outcome of the two investment options with a positive relationship. A zero value implies that the results of the two investment options are indifferent. A negative value on the other hand implies an inverse relationship between the outcomes of the two investment options for the Apple incorporation. Assuming P is a riskless asset of the Apple Incorporation (δ Rp =0) and its expected rate of return is equivalent to the pure interest rate. If part of an investor’s wealth, α, is invested in P and the rest invested in a risky asset A, the expected rate of return will be E Rc =αE Rp + (1-α) E Ra . The economic standard deviation associated with this combination can thus be given as: δ Rc = square root of (δ 2 δ Rp 2 + (1-α) 2 δ Ra 2 – 2r pa α(1-α) δ Rp δ Rc ) Since δ Rp =0, δ Rc = (1-α)δ Ra . This means that all combinations of investment options involving some “risky asset, δ Rc , must have values of E Fc and δ Rc which lie along a straight line between the points representing the two components” (Aikman & Paustian, 2006). In the figure above, the combinations of E R and δ R on the line PA can be attained if some amount of money is loaned at the pure interest rate and part of it is invested. In a similar way, if at the pure interest rate some amount of money is lent and invested in B the combinations existing on line PB can be attained. In all the cases, one investment option will dominate. The dominant investment plan will be the one found at the “original investment opportunity curve where a ray from point P is tangent to the curve” (Aikman & Paustian, 2006). In the case of borrowing, an investor’s ability to borrow at the pure interest rate is the same as divesting in P. By letting α assume negative values in the equations obtained in the case of lending, it will be possible to determine the consequences of borrowing with the aim of acquiring a given investment in excess of the amount that can be purchased with the existing amount of wealth. This is represented by the points on the extension of line PA in the event that the borrowed money is used to purchase A. If the borrowed money is used to purchase B, the effect will be represented by the points on the extended PB line. It is worth noting that a given investment plan will dominate the rest. When the lending and borrowing rates are equivalent, the dominate investment plan will be the same in the case of both lending and borrowing. Consequently, the investment opportunity curve of the Apple Incorporation will be transformed into a line (PøZ). In the event that the original investment opportunity curve fails to be linear at ø, the efficient investment plan can be chosen as follows. The first step involves identifying the optimum combination of assets associated with some risks. The second stage involves borrowing or lending in order to identify the specific point on line PZ where an “indifference curve is tangent to the line” (Aikman & Paustian, 2006). Synthesis and Integration Determining the equilibrium in the capital market, in which the Apple Incorporation operates, is based on two assumptions. First, a pure interest rate is assumed. Besides, each and every investor is expected to be in a position to borrow or lend money at equal terms. Second, the expectations of investors are assumed to be homogenous. Based on these assumptions, when investors are faced with a set of capital asset prices, they will view their alternatives in a similar manner. An investor whose preferences are indicated by the indifference curves labeled A1 to A4 in the figure below will be interested in lending a better portion of his money at the pure interest rate. Such an investor would invest the balance of his money in the investment or asset combinations represented by point ø. This is due to the fact that such a combination will enable him to attain the optimum point A*. An investor whose preferences are represented by the indifference curves labeled B1 to B4 will be interested in investing his money in combinations represented by ø. For an investor exhibiting the preferences represented by C1 to C2, it will be in his interest to invest all his money and any other additional funds at ø. This will enable him or her to reach the preferred point C*. The process of purchasing asset combinations represented by ø while avoiding to purchase the assets not represented by combination ø, leads to revision of prices. The change in prices will lead to a change in investors’ actions. This means that the investors will find some combinations to be more attractive. This results into different demand and further price revisions. The change in prices is expected to continue until the attainment of a price level at which all assets can “enter at least one combination lying on the capital market line” (Aikman & Paustian, 2006) The possible combinations in the area marked X in the figure above can be attained by combining risky assets. Points on line PZ can be reached through “lending or borrowing at the pure interest rate plus an investment in some combination of risky assets” (Aikman & Paustian, 2006). Effective combinations can be obtained by combining various risky assets. Besides, such combinations should be positively correlated. This illustrates the relationship between asset’s price and the risks associated with the Apple Incorporation. The perfect correlation associated with effective combinations is attributed to the dependence on prevailing economic activity (McConnell & Brue, 2007). In such a case, Apple Incorporation’s investors will be able to avoid all risks except those attributed to economic surveys through diversification. Price adjustments will continue until a linear relationship linking the response to economic activity and the expected rate of return is attained (McConnell & Brue, 2007). The assets which are not affected by the changing economic activities yield the same returns. Assets which are affected by the changes in economic activity will yield a higher return. In theoretical sense the market portfolio includes all types of assets. However, in practical sense it is not possible to observe such a market portfolio. Besides, investors normally “substitute stock index as an alternative for the true market portfolio” (McConnell & Brue, 2007). However, the model undermines the significance of this substitution. Thus, false inferences on Apple Incorporation can be made using the model. These limitations undermines the effectiveness of the model as a tool for analyzing the capital market and prices of assets. Conclusion The capital asset price model was developed to provide a microeconomic foundation in the analysis of the capital market, under which the Apple Incorporation operates. Its main contribution was that it enabled the investors to link the prices of various assets to the risks associated with such assets. Diversification is used to reduce the level of risks involved in economic and financial investments. The model uses the variance of returns as the measure of risks. Despite its contributions in the areas of economic investments, the model also has limitations. For instance, testing the model is challenged by the inability to observe the market portfolio of the Apple Incorporation. References Aikman, D., & Paustian, M. (2006). Bank capital, asset prices and monetary policy. Theorectical and Applied Economics, 6(4) , 47-54. Apple Inc. history (2008). Web. Boyes, W., & Melvin, M. (2006). Economics. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Krugman, P., & Wells, R. (2009). Economics. Boston: Worth Publishers. McConnell, C., & Brue, S. (2007). Economics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Schwartz, R., Carew, M., & Tatiana, M. (2010). Micro Markets:a market structure approach to macroeconomic analysis. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the application of ethical theory to the Vignett Case Study.The essay discusses the application of ethical theory to the Vignett Case Study. Summed up in the professional code of ethics are the professional obligations. The task of code of ethics is to indicate the expectations of the public at the workplace (Hooker, 2000). Historically, organization managers have been bestowed with a duty to ensure maximum wealth of the stakeholders by all legal ways (Hooker, 2000).

The essay discusses the application of ethical theory to the Vignett Case Study. The essay discusses the application of ethical theory to the Vignett Case Study. Summed up in the professional code of ethics are the professional obligations. The task of code of ethics is to indicate the expectations of the public at the workplace (Hooker, 2000). Historically, organization managers have been bestowed with a duty to ensure maximum wealth of the stakeholders by all legal ways (Hooker, 2000).

Application of ethical theory to Vignett Case Study Summed up in the professional code of ethics are the professional obligations. The task of code of ethics is to indicate the expectations of the public at the workplace (Hooker, 2000). Historically, organization managers have been bestowed with a duty to ensure maximum wealth of the stakeholders by all legal ways (Hooker, 2000). This idea is encompassed in the corporate law, arguably on the perspective that it stipulates legal responsibility of directors and managers and shields them from wanton legal procedures. Considering the case at hand, it is evident that the CEO did actually abide by the conditions and provisions of the corporate law as illustrated above by ensuring that the company stayed put and actually regained its grounds. However, the CEO might have contradicted moral ethics but as we shall see, theoretical paradigms may explain his actions. The word stakeholder was invented in the 1980’s to depict the wider collection of individuals that a business should be concerned about (Hooker, 2000). They include employees, customers and the community at large that surround such a company (Hooker, 2000). On the other hand, a situation arose where balancing the duty of the owners and that of the stakeholder was a challenge. A solution to this dilemma was proposed. In organizations, managers and directors are answerable to the owners but on a condition that they have to take responsibility for not only the financial interests but also ethical obligations of the owners related to the business (Hooker, 2000). Thus, their business-related obligations become professional obligation of their fiduciaries (Hooker, 2000). The main ethical issue in our case is the issue of morality. The key stakeholders in this case are the employees, the community and the customer. Focusing on complains presented to Veronica, it is clear that many employees feel that their CEO’s behavior is inappropriate and undermines the acceptable code of conduct for a business professional. The community on the other hand is a vital stakeholder when analyzing moral issues. It is the mandate of each individual in the executive position to uphold good morals since any deviation from this conduct not only affects the current generation but also has negative impact on the future generations. Should this information of the inappropriate conduct by the CEO reach the larger customer fraternity, customers will have a formed opinion about the company. This may negatively affect the company’s market share since the customer will shy away from acquiring goods from this company (Hooker, 2000). This threatens the company, affects the growth of the company, and may ultimately lead to negative growth (Hooker, 2000). Generally, the impacts of violation of accepted code of conduct within a company or an organization are far reaching. Potentially, energy levels of employees are likely to go down, attendance becomes low, turnover excels, and customers lose trust. Worse still, the company profits may dwindle causing to closure of the organization. Theoretical approaches in this case study Ethical theories aims at describing the “meaning of moral language in everyday discourse, and the schema in moral standards or set rules” and in situations where there are variations between different discourse and action as well as different schema, they aim to advocate for an understanding of behavior (Howell, 2010). The author notes that using certain concepts, an ethical theory is able to describe and explain schema and moral language (Howell, 2010). Here, two theoretical approaches will be used to analyze the case study. The Aristotelian Virtue Ethics The two parts of this theory can be used to illustrate the CEO’s actions. First, Aristotle argues that, the ultimate goal is to promote our personal happiness (Gray, 2011). Secondly, he argues that to attain our personal happiness we should endeavor to have habits and behavior that promote happiness (Gray, 2011). Generally, Aristotle’s idea of happiness implies “good life”. In addition, he argues that pleasure, knowledge, and virtue appear to be necessary goals even if they do not cause happiness (Gray, 2011). Aristotle appears reluctant to use rules to make decisions on moral issues. He argues that instead of having rules, people need to develop virtuous character traits through an intuitive understanding of morality. According to Aristotle, Such a person has practical wisdom. Aristotle “finds that wisdom tends to be based on extremes” but he does not think that rules are the best way to understand ethics (Gray, 2011). Looking at this theory, we can argue that the CEO was behaving as he did because he wanted to achieve satisfaction. In this case, Aristotelian would argue that for as long as the CEO acted to the best of his interest in order to achieve his own happiness, then there is no problem. The claims that the CEO is behaving unpleasantly towards young girls at social functions may not be bad if such behavior leads to his happiness. However, the theory is criticized for putting ‘our happiness’ as the ultimate thing (Gray, 2011). Being concerned about other people’s happiness is also important and thus everyone’s happiness should be taken into consideration. Thus, the manager should be considerate of others and avoid verbal and physical sexual aggression towards his juniors. Ross’s intuitionism Ross thinks that by learning more about our moral duties, we are able to struggle to balance our moral obligations as well as our values. Ross denies the existence of one single “overarching moral principle or rule” (Gray, 2011). He therefore proposes that our moral duties are prima facie and that some things have an inherent worth (Gray, 2011). Various prima facie duties exist according to Ross. They are duty of fidelity, reparation, gratitude, beneficence, and non-injury (Gray, 2011). In our case, the latter is more significant. The duty of non-injury prompts us not to harm others. Thus, the CEO has a duty not to cause harm to others and should be held accountable for his actions. Based on the duty of reparation, the CEO should be able to pay for the any harm that may come to others courtesy of his behavior. Intrinsic values are what we think as “common sense” (Gray, 2011). They come because of contemplating for some time and may not be apparent from the beginning. Thus, looking at Mr. Handsome, he might not view his behavior as wrong due to lack of that intrinsic value. It may have to develop over time. Solving the puzzle Ethics and moral issues are very complex. It is therefore not easy for one to make a decision on what actions to take in this case. The situation calls for an understanding of who is involved and the likely consequence of such an intervention, on the involved parties (employees, shareholders, customers, community/public among others). It is important to note that ethics issue is not only a corporate issue, but it is also a societal problem and is rapidly becoming a legal issue as well (Michael, 2006). If I were in Veronica’s shoes, the following would have been my approach to dealing with the situation as is suggested by Michael (2006). Four steps that are involved in making and acting on an ethical decision; recognizing an issue as an ethical one, making an ethical judgment, deciding to do what is ethical and actually behaving ethically. Recognizing the ethical issue To deal with an ethical issue, it is important to understand whether such an issue is apparent in the first place. As indicated by Michael (2006), experiments have revealed that the extent to which we are close to or feel we are close to victims/beneficiaries of our actions influences our ethical actions. To this effect, I would start by involving the CEO and other senior employees in creating an internal brief indicating what is expected of every person within the company in as far as ethical codes relating to unwarranted sexual advances in the company are concerned, both in and outside the company’s environment. This would serve as a deterrent and help in imposing sanctions to individuals who would be found with such misconduct. This way, if later complaints against the CEO continue, actions against him can be taken. This way, he will be punished by his own rules. Making ethical judgment Making a judgment is a function of reasoning or reason-influenced intuition (Michael, 2006). Here, looking at the various situations under which the CEO has been accused of misconduct and borrowing from the professional expectation, the CEO could be warned or be sanctioned. Resolving to do the ethical thing Upon determining an ethical procedure to be used, the next step is to determine the best course of action among the available alternatives. According to the over-justification theory, withdrawing a reward (or introducing a punishment) which had been given to people for something they enjoy makes the significance of the act to them to disappear (Michael, 2006). Thus by instituting sanctions, the CEO may desist from such inappropriate behaviors. Acting ethically Rules give clear directions as opposed to the ethical principles and as so, violations are easily detectable. Although deciding on what to do from an ethical point of view may be difficult, violation of principles of ethics lead to guilt or shame as opposed to rules that come along with fines or imprisonment or even termination (Boeing, 2006). To this effect, people may avoid violation of rules and not breaching ethical principles. Thus, I would ensure that all rules are adhered to. This would be an ethical standard set within the company but with repercussions. Conclusion The solution to ethical misconduct is not exclusively rules alone. However if rules are properly formulated in line with the statutory requirements, they can act as a deterrent factor for employees as well as managers and can be used to protect the various stakeholders that may be affected by ethical misconduct. Nonetheless, there should be clear training on ethics at company’s domestic level so as to ensure that people understands their professional obligation both to the company and the community. Thus, when sanctions are imposed, every individual is aware of their expectations. Reference List Boeing, S., 2006. Ethical Business Conduct Guidelines . Web. Gray, J. W., 2011. Notes on business ethics . Web. Hooker, J., 2000. Some Business-Related Ethical Issues in Engineering . Web. Howell, R., 2010.Choosing ethical theory and principles and applying them to the question: Should the seas be owned?, International Journal of Tran disciplinary Research , 5 (1) 1-28. Michael, L., 2006. Business Ethics, The Law of Rules: Corporate Social responsibility . Cambridge: Harvard University.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The developmental state model is a method of capitalism in which the state has more independence and power over the economy. It has been referred to as a democratic developmental state in some quarters. Intense planning and government regulation is a feature of this model of governance.Towards the end of the twentieth century, East Asia largely adopted this model of capitalism in an attempt to revamp their economic situations. As opposed to regulatory states, there is little governmental ownership of industries. However, privately

The developmental state model is a method of capitalism in which the state has more independence and power over the economy. It has been referred to as a democratic developmental state in some quarters. Intense planning and government regulation is a feature of this model of governance. Towards the end of the twentieth century, East Asia largely adopted this model of capitalism in an attempt to revamp their economic situations. As opposed to regulatory states, there is little governmental ownership of industries. However, privately

Application of the developmental state model Essay The developmental state model is a method of capitalism in which the state has more independence and power over the economy. Of late, it has been referred to as a democratic developmental state in some quarters. Intense planning and government regulation is a feature of this model of governance. Towards the end of the twentieth century, East Asia largely adopted this model of capitalism in an attempt to revamp their economic situations. As opposed to regulatory states, there is little governmental ownership of industries. However, privately owned companies are regulated and monitored by government elites. Contrary to extensive criticism of the model, it is still extensively applied in East Asia. An example of a state that applies this model is China. Elements of the developmental state still persist even in Japan as a result of industrial inertia. Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan are still said to be developmental states. One very important area where this is applied is in the education system which contributes to national development for these countries especially as an element for skill formation. Due to the models capacity to promote development and growth, it has also widely been adopted in some African states. One such state is Botswana. The model is also extensively applied in the industrial sector of many countries to regulate private firms that manufacture industrial goods. The process involves a scenario where the government allows numerous investments by private institutions. The investors are free to exploit the industrial market but under strict rules and regulations enforced by government proxies. In African states, the respective governments allow foreign investors to invest their capital in the counties thereby earning revenue and creating employment in the process. Another sector which is a beneficiary of the developmental state model is the agricultural industry. Farmers are contracted to grow agricultural products for governmental plants. Specific requirements are set to be met by the farmers to grow and supply to the respective plants usually under contract bound by the government. Due to exploitation of the local market by foreign industries, countries that have adopted the developmental state model protect local industries from being phased out. This is carried out by means of providing incentives and government support hence shielding the local industries from exploitation by international firms that have huge funding as well as the capability to phase out the domestic industries. White stated that developmental states have adopted corporatism which involves division of labour into groups such as scientific, business as well as agricultural, based on common interests (White, 98). White further elucidated that one major type of corporatism is fiscal tri-partism which involves negotiations between corporate, labour and specific state interest groups in order to establish economic policies (White, 102). In a synopsis, it is quite evident that the developmental state model has been applied in many sectors of various economies in the East Asian states. Contrary to some (popular) belief that the model is dead, it is in fact is a very reasonable means of measuring and explaining East Asia’s economic success. In the previous years’ Eastern Asia countries success has largely been attributed to use of the developmental state model. The countries have been doubling their economies in ten year periods. Therefore it is right to conclude that the developmental state model is still extensively applied in various sectors of the economy. Work Cited White, Gordon. Developmental states in East Asia . Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the manufacturer-distributor relationship between Audi and its dealers. It focuses on how the two parties have developed a strong mutual relationship despite the fact that the manufacturer is slightly more powerful than the dealer. The essay also talks about the importance of cooperation between the two parties and how it can help to improve their performance.

The essay discusses the manufacturer-distributor relationship between Audi and its dealers. It focuses on how the two parties have developed a strong mutual relationship despite the fact that the manufacturer is slightly more powerful than the dealer. The essay also talks about the importance of cooperation between the two parties and how it can help to improve their performance.

Manufacturer-Distributor Relationship Essay Audi is one of the leading car dealers in German that has specialized in the trade of Mercedes and BMW car models. This has led to the development of a strong mutual relationship between the manufacturer and the dealer despite the fact that the manufacturer is slightly more powerful than the dealer. However, the dealer has certain powers especially when it comes to customer loyalty which can only be achieved through after-sale services that are provided by the dealer. The manufacturer therefore depends on the dealer to ensure that customer loyalty is attained at all levels. Consequently, both the manufacturer and the dealer have the obligation of making the marketing process a success. This is due to the fact that as much as the manufacturer has the vital obligation of the production process, the dealer has similar responsibility of providing and maintaining quality services to customers through warranting mechanical and repair services. This is meant to maintain the quality of the brand as well as the loyalty which is Audi’s main objective to its customers. In this case of high dependence between the manufacturer and the dealer, cooperation between the two parties is an essential tool which works best unlike the use of compulsion. This kind of relationship is much better when the two parties have almost equal powers thus either party has the chance to improve their performance. However, the manufacturer may have more power when the brand is much stronger and there are many potential dealers. The control of the dealer is a major component of the contract since the purchaser of the dealership and the manufacturer differ in interests. The dealer’s interest is based on high prices and is short lived while the manufacturer is interested in building a long term relation with the dealer and the customers as well as building the image of the brand. The car maker expects the new dealer to maintain high standard levels in showroom presentation as well as maintaining quality sales and services. The violation of this clause is prevented by ensuring that the relationship between the two parties is profitable such that there is no need to sell the ownership of the dealer As an Audi dealer, the only challenge I am faced with is dealing with the imbalanced dependence on the manufacturer. However, this relationship gets more workable when there is market stability and predictable conditions (Coughlan, Anderson, Stern, El-Ansary, 2006). In cases where the market is stable, the manufacturer may not use power on the dealer. However, when there is market unpredictability, the dealers are under pressure from the manufacturer to meet the required sales where the demand of Audi may be falling. In these cases, a high mutual relationship between the parties is very crucial. In order to prevent estrangement, the manufacturer aims at creating an equitable relationship with the dealer. One of the best ways to achieve this is by employing the use of distributive justice the same way it is used in allotting the rewards from the relationship. For the dealer to maintain this relationship, there is the need to view the financial benefits as well as comparing the rewards from four perspectives; the contribution of the dealer into the relationship, benefits resulting from other dealers, the possible benefits to the dealer from other prospect brands and finally by viewing the manufacturer’s input into the relationship. The manufacturer also has the responsibility of maintaining the mutual relationship by ensuring that there are procedural ways of ensuring justice between the parties. This is based on the operation of everyday activities between the manufacturer and the dealer. This can only be achieved through open communication to allow honesty and healthy resolution of conflicts. Equity between the parties is equally important as well as adequate knowledge in the situations and needs of the dealers. Reference Coughlan, A., Anderson, E., Stern, L. and El-Ansary, A. (2006) Marketing Channels (7 th ed), Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The paper proposes various procedures and study methods that can be utilized in identifying service needs and in measuring service delivery that can offer the gap assessment.Undergraduate level could be further subdivided based on: discipline.

The paper proposes various procedures and study methods that can be utilized in identifying service needs and in measuring service delivery that can offer the gap assessment. Undergraduate level could be further subdivided based on: discipline.

Approach of Narrative Library Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. Definitions 4. Methodology 5. Data Collection/Analysis 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction The study topic generates a few queries that need responding prior to evaluating the basic concern to bridge the gap between client anticipations and service delivery. The queries include: which clients? Which gap? Various clients have various library requirements and anticipations. It is necessary, thus, to ensure the study and concerns emerging from the study deal with challenges facing clients. Management feedbacks regarding all potential gaps between assumed anticipations and assumed service delivery must be tailored toward meeting the values of the specific client groups. It will in addition be vital in identifying what is the library expectation for the client segments under study, for in the absence of this there cannot be definite gap in library provision to address. As described earlier, various clients can have various library needs. Library managers may embark on researching a single service, and look into how this particular provision could be enhanced to reflect the different client groups that utilize such a service. Nevertheless, it is possible that the generality of service requires to be taken into account, and the most significant service bearing the largest gap becomes the centre for interest. The paper proposes various procedures and study methods that can be utilized in identifying service needs and in measuring service delivery that can offer the gap assessment. Whereas the paper discusses an exact method, Client Value Detection, generally, the paper draws upon an extensive collection of service measure, promoting and library and information science (LIS) literature, in providing a basis to adopt the action plan needed for bridging a gap in client needs and service delivery. Lastly, the paper discusses a few of the crucial recruitment concerns, particularly based on the library customs, that require to be dealt with if a change is to be applied in minimizing the gaps between client expectations and what is actually offered in a new setting of constant quality enhancement. Library services have various client groups and it may not seem practical in addressing concerns for all client segments. The service delivery and promoting literature assess the significance to understand clients of a particular company. This is especially vital in a service industry like a university library. Various clients imply various service expectations (Ryan, 2006). For example in a university environment, the client groups can be classified into wide portions: undergraduate level and postgraduate level learners; research level learners; teaching personnel and non-teaching staff. Nevertheless, it is feasible to further subdivide any of the above segments. For example, undergraduate level could be further subdivided based on: discipline (e.g. business studies, education etc); methodology (part-time and full-time); demographic feature (native and foreign students; fresh and mature entrants; women and men learners; special students; etc). In a public library environment, the client groups can be divided into: infant; young child; teenage; young adult; adult; aged citizen; physically impaired; parent; business and other members of the community; etc. A unique collection would in addition be capable of identifying various client groups. Indeed, any library facility could come up with numerous client groups. It is crucial in identifying which client groups are to be considered prior to commencing any research. A pragmatic decision may be needed in deciding on client segments to be explored. Which is the biggest client group served? Which client set is bearing many challenges? How much funds are available for the study? What is the duration of the study? With no serious consideration of such concerns, the study carried out could be ineffective in identifying beneficial information for mangers to act. Increasing client fulfillment and enhancing library quality, through bridging gaps between expected degree of service delivery and client perception, is a continuous role. Basically, all client groups should be explored; nevertheless, this is not realistic in most situations. Thus, study regarding the different client groups should be the main concern in maximizing profits. Literature Review Parasuraman et al. (1985) carried out influential study regarding quality management and its association with reducing production expenditures and enhancing output, which are necessary for the manufacturer of the products. The authors identified three basic concerns: that service values are harder for the customer to analyze in relation to the value of tangible products; service quality perceived outcome based on relationship between client needs and real service delivery; and value assessments are not only based on the performance but in addition include assessment of the entire process of delivery (Parasuraman et al. 1985). The significance attached to both the process and the real result of the delivery actions, has a strong link to the findings of Lam et al. (2004) that in a non-product sector, for example a library, each of the relationships and actions, the procedure, either with a resource (e.g. journal) or an academic personnel, can both fulfil and frustrate customers. Nitecki (2007) established SERVQUAL which factors in the views of clients and the comparative significance of service elements. It was introduced through the study carried out by Nitecki in 2007 regarding the gap framework of service dimensions. The methodology utilized in developing SERVQUAL comprises surveying clients on core service attributes and then relating the results to a real organization. SERVQUAL was utilized broadly in service organizations, comprising a few library provisions. Parasuraman et al. (1985) present an inventory of articles indicating experimental study on the utilization of SERVQUAL in a library setting. SERVQUAL was initially implemented at the Texas college library, where Dole carried out research encompassing service quality views of clients in 2001. Due to his knowledge in utilizing the tool, he established Lib-QUAL with the assistance of the not-for-profit organizations in 2002 (Dole, 2002). Studies have identified a well-built relationship between client contentment, client value and quality of service. McKnight and Berrington (2008) and Thompson (2009) assert that the outcome from the value-fulfilment relationship proposes that in enhancing client contentment, service organizations can focus their energy to improve the value identified by clients through aiming at features bearing great significance level. They argue that providers can address such crucial flaws that seriously deter their attempts in enhancing client value. By reducing those flaws, service providers could enhance value and consequently client contentment (McKnight & Berrington, 2008). These findings by McKnight and Berrington are wholly underpinned through the Client Value Detection study described in this research. In fact, the study identified that a client identifies irritations and/or flaws associated with a service that he/she in addition values. There are direct correlations between the irritation and value. Therefore, through aiming at minimizing irritants, there are matching enhancements in value for the client (Spreng & MacKoy, 1996). The library collection has numerous indications regarding library service value and client contentment (e.g. Cullen, 2001; Andaleeb & Simmonds, 1998; Phipps, 2001), and service delivery identification in academic library environment (e.g. Ryan, 2006; McKnight and Berrington, 2008) as a way to assess whether a library service satisfies the client. LibQUAL, the quality assessment tool described earlier, is often cited regarding client contentment in library collection (e.g. Gatten, 2004; Woodberry, 2006). While implicitly indicating client fulfilment, the determination of quality of service has been utilized to imply client contentment (Holbrook, 1994). This is mainly crucial while discussing about the utilization of quality tools regarding LIS, because the library quality marks can be understood to be indicators of client contentment (Thompson 2009). Phipps (2001) and Cullen (2001) assert that determining client contentment is the frequently utilized measure of library quality. Nevertheless, it is likely to get more marks during client contentment reviews and fail in meeting the anticipations of library clients (Dole, 2002). A customer can claim he/she is contented with an item or service but still not faithful to the supplier. Levels of contentment and contemplation of entire aspects participating in satisfying are therefore critical, as Spreng and MacKoy (1996) claimed that a fully contented customer is five times expected to remain faithful to his/her provider in relation to a partially contented client. An additional criticism regarding focussing only on client contentment is that the effect of the quality assessment tool may not determine the willingness of library management and academic personnel that will result in constant enhancement in resources and values (McKnight, 2006). Determining client contentment is vital, but it is a multiple stage process. The perception regarding constant enhancement has to be connected with the policy of all libraries since the environment is quickly shifting and the customer anticipations are changing with time. To understand client value will enable continuous struggle for quality enhancement since quality targets and improvement strategies and action plans can be established for delivering these qualities without the ongoing requirement of determining contentment as such (McKnight & Berrington, 2008). Definitions Service quality is described as the worldwide examination or mind-set of general success in service provision. Therefore, service quality refers to the variation between views of a service delivered by providers and clients’ anticipation (Parasuraman et al., 1985). Nitecki (2007) described service quality as the meeting or exceeding client anticipations, or as the variation between service anticipations and client perspective. Client contentment is described as the level of individuals felt condition as a result of relating a service’s expected performance against their own perceptions. Client service coordination refers to management of services so as to suit customer expectations. Delivery measures refer to the aspects necessary for giving customers value. Effective strategy refers to a policy or practice that is both sustainable and cost-effective and collections refer to library resources (Cullen, 2001). Methodology This project utilizes a qualitative approach to identify gaps in library service provision, indicating the disparity between what a client need from the service and the evaluation of existing delivery for that set of services. Basically, the procedure would in addition employ academic library personnel in the study procedure in order that there are higher chances of comprehending of client opinions (Neuman, 2012). An evaluation of LibQUAL and the Client Value Detection methodology is described in table 1, based on individual incident of utilization of the described methods. The institutional needs were described by the researcher in the capacity as institution head. Table 1 : An evaluation of library performance methods vs. institutional needs Institutional needs LiQUAL Client Value Detection Identified what the client illustrated as a real service Implicitly; the client responses predestined queries, but can include observations Yes Identified current policies that frustrated the clients Implicitly; the client responses predestined queries, but can include observations Yes Presented a gap evaluation between the expected degree and the existing service policy Yes Yes Needed the immediate participation of the customer’s attendant in the detection procedure No Yes Provided a gap analysis exposing the difference between customer desires and irritations and what the client’s staff thought these would be Partially; gaps are identified from the perspective of the customer only Yes Provided simple, easy to read reports that included Hierarchies of Value and Irritation, capturing all the customer feedback in thematic schemes No-sophisticated Yes Supported decision-making about actions to take as a result of evidence No Yes, facilitated by the Interactive Value Modelling process Source: as described in Thompson, 2009, p. 28. As indicated above (table 1), the coverage of outcomes utilizing LibQUAL tool is complicated. Some authors have condemned the complicatedness of this reporting mechanism. Thompson (2009) highlighted the complexity to interpret the information and graphical representations presented through the LibQUAL tool. Examples of the Client Value Detection graphs are described below (Fig. 1). The Client Value detection procedure is costly compared to LibQUAL methodology, because of the inclusion of an extrinsic facilitator and the time spend by library personnel. Figure 1 : Graph showing learner Score of Value vs. Performance Source: as described in Phipps, 2001, p. 638. The uniqueness of the above comments is that dependence on tools like LibQUAL may fail in providing all the information that is likely to be collected from a client regarding the specific gap in library performance that exists from his/her opinion. A tool to measure performance and value that utilizes survey queries is only as useful as the value of the phrasing of the queries and in addition the suitability of the intended purpose of these queries. Although the study acknowledges that the quality assumption provided by clients utilizing the Client Quality Detection procedure is same as the measure identified through LibQUAL review tool, a client does express a set of irritations that is not captured by LibQUAL (Thompson, 2009). In addition, this set of irritations and verbal response identified during the Client Quality detection inductions aid plan strategies that can be utilized in addressing the performance gaps. Data Collection/Analysis Ryan (2006) describes quality designing as an extraordinary technique to detect the major success aspects in an organization through obtaining opinions of chosen groups of users in an organized response meeting. A key variation between methods like LibQUAL and Client Quality Detection is the lack of structured review queries; the procedure commences with a plain paper and gives a client an opportunity of describing performance. Client Value detection inductions are implemented for all special client segments, in order that contributors in an induction all originate from a single segment (e.g. postgraduate students). There are at least 15 users in every meeting due to the need of ensuring efficient deliberation at different sections of the induction process (Ryan, 2006). In the initial stage of the Client Quality Detection meetings, the participant, in secret and independently, utilize a manual in identifying the most vital nuisances that he/she perceives regarding the current library performance. The user then transfers these nuisances onto individually drafted texts and scores the severity of all irritants (Scale of 1-9) and how often the irritants occur. This set of nuisances, on the drafted texts, is collected right away for evaluation at the end of the induction period. Then the participant is directed through a modeling quiz, where he/she is requested to express his/her opinion regarding excellence of either a service or a product. The workbook is utilized in capturing views and concepts, and then the independent user’s set of concerns/qualities is transferred onto individually drafted texts. The participant is then allowed to place his/her drafted texts, with a single concept in each text, onto an empty flipchart, in which the facilitators lead a procedure of generating thematic sets utilizing a similarity chart, which compiles a sensible list comprising alike opinions that originated from the contributors’ modeling quiz. The facilitators then seek a title regarding each subject set based on reviewed feedbacks (Nitecki, 2007). The Client Quality Detection study process uses two important software: OptionFinder® which is a workshop feedback model, using wireless methodology that mixes consultation voting, tallying, tabulating, and information coverage instruments; and iThink® which is utilized in generating a model for simulating performance procedures and events; identifying the effects of any newly integrated service, process or practice. The headlines based on the subject sets are transferred onto OptionFinder® and customer feedbacks are captured through pairing each headline/quality with the remaining values utilizing the imposed set relation model. The qualities and irritations in an independent quiz are formalised and rated, with 100 representing the greatest ranking value or irritation, and the remaining aspects represented as a % of the greatest ranking value or irritant. At the induction, small groups comprising of user’s personnel (≤5) contribute in the induction, but as independent participants. A staff votes at the induction on how he/she expects the client to ballot, therefore creating a gap evaluation between a client view regarding quality and the client opinion of performance based on propositions from the user’s personnel. The results are graphed as described in figure 2 and 3. Figure 2 : Hierarchy of Irritants-Students-Gap Chart Source: as described in Phipps, 2001, p. 639. Figure 3 : General Hierarchy of Value-Performance-Gaps Source: Spreng & MacKoy, 1996, p. 209 Despite the study tool, it is evident that service coordination plan requires addressing the performance concerns that are greatly needed by users and in which there is an important gap in service delivery (Nitecki, 2007). Doing contrary may lead to misused energy and finances for small gain for the user. Figure 2 (Pareto Graph) provides a good representation of which quality attributes need to be explored with a view of ascertaining whether amendments to performance can be implemented. Ideally, the first four greatest values represent roughly 70/100 of the total value, while the last six lowest values represent only 10/100 of client quality. Aiming at the other performance sections would not yield substantial enhancement for client views of quality service. The Client Quality Detection graphs fails in giving an overall indication on contentment, but, via the Active Framing procedure, library personnel propositions on their capability of reducing Irritants and improving quality based on the hierarchy representations, are generated utilizing the iThink® model. Models like action or activity paradigms with constant service controlling are needed for ensuring follow-up on all operational plans implemented with a view of bridging the identified gap in library performance. Individual delivery frameworks and evaluation actions for library personnel in addition offer the basic support and coaching needed in enabling the establishment of fresh knowledge essential for amended or improved service provision. These realistic concerns are supported by McKnight and Berrington (2008) as being significant. Conclusion The study description comprises the approach of narrative library management as explained by Thompson (2009). The study process involving Client Value Detection needs the dynamic contribution of provider personnel that results to the narrative within the management; the connecting of action plans to the specific attributes and frustrations originating from clients; the thematic differentiating needed for an amendment of policies that positions the client at the central position of the library performance and the appreciation of what clients experience and views of what they expect. The significance to develop and enact communication strategies that begin prior to and continue after the study is completed is in addition emphasized. Also the gap found between personnel considerations regarding client perspectives of service significance and delivery must serve as an avenue for personnel commitment when initiating the change policy. The expenditure on carrying out Client Value Detection study was identified as an obstacle to its application. Because of the significance of involving service provider personnel in the change procedure, the money spend could be assumed to be training investment rather than an expense. Engaging library personnel in the Client Quality Detection guidelines and in the follow up procedures, and in the generation of a narrative that corresponds to the study findings assists in fostering this important institutional practice. References Andaleeb, S., & Simmonds, P. (1998, March). Explaining user satisfaction with academic libraries: Strategic Implications. College and Research Libraries , pp. 156-166. Cullen, R. (2001). Perspectives on user satisfaction surveys. Library Trends , 49(4), 662-686. Dole, W. (2002). LibQUAL+™ and the small academic library. Performance Measurement and Metrics , 3(2), 85-95. Gatten, J. (2004). Measuring consortium impact on user perceptions. The Journal of Academic Librarianship , 30(3), 222-228. Holbrook, M. (1994). The nature of customer value: An axiology of services in consumption experience. In R. Rust & R. Oliver (Eds.), Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice (pp. 21-71). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lam, S., Shankar, V., Erramilli, M. & Murthy, B. (2004). Customer value, satisfaction, loyalty, and switching costs: An illustration from a business-to-business service context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , 32(3), 293-311. McKnight, S. (2006). Involving the customer in library planning and decision-making. In P. Brophy, J. Craven & M. Markland (Eds.), Libraries without walls 6: Evaluating the distributed delivery of library services (pp. 4-13.), London: Facet Publishing. McKnight, S. & Berrington, M. (2008, March). Improving customer satisfaction: Changes as a result of customer value discovery. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice , pp. 33-52. Neuman, W. (2012). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (3rd ed.). Boston: Pearson; Prentice Hall. Nitecki, D.A. (2007) SERVQUAL: Measuring Service Quality in Academic Libraries [Association of Research Libraries]. Web. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V., & Berry, L. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing , 49(2), 41-50. Phipps, S. (2001). Beyond measuring service quality: Learning from the voices of the customers, the staff, the processes, and the organization. Library Trends , 49(4), 635-661. Ryan, P. (2006). Good Libraries use Evidence: Cultivating a Culture of Assessment and Evidence Based Decision Making in Academic Libraries . Web. Spreng, R. & MacKoy, D. (1996). An empirical examination of a model of perceived service quality and satisfaction. Journal of Retailing , 72(2), 201-214. Thompson, B. (2009). LibQUAL+ changing library service quality: The origins/birth of LibQUAL+® . Web. Woodberry, E. (2006). Benchmarking and statistics: Cheap, useful and fairly valid . Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The Arabic culture is believed to have originated alongside Sabaens in the Arabian Peninsula. The culture is considered to be closely related to the Semitic culture. The original three Arabic communities were further divided into nomadic and sedentary Arabs. The culture flourished again after the first millennium when Prophet Muhammad emerged and the rise of Islam occurred.

The Arabic culture is believed to have originated alongside Sabaens in the Arabian Peninsula. The culture is considered to be closely related to the Semitic culture. The original three Arabic communities were further divided into nomadic and sedentary Arabs. The culture flourished again after the first millennium when Prophet Muhammad emerged and the rise of Islam occurred.

Arabic Culture and its Origins Coursework Socio-cultural history of Arabic Culture The Arabic culture is believed to have originated alongside Sabaens in the Arabian Peninsula. The culture is considered to be closely related to the Semitic culture. The Arabs were originally comprised of three communities and this included the Armenians, Akkadians, and the Canaanites. They moved to the “Near East “about four thousand years ago though they later lost prominence in the region due to various conflicts and political chaos. Aramaic language was the central language in the Near East but was later replaced by Greek following Alexander III’s conquest. The three Arabic communities were further divided into nomadic and sedentary Arabs. The nomadic Arabs were referred to as Bedouins and lived in the arid areas while the sedentary Arabs settled in areas with adequate resources that could allow them to live as a community. The Arabs were thus composed of small and traditional ethnic groups and this led to little economic and martial prominence (UNESCO, 1984). The community concentrated in herding and trading and did not take pleasure in power or prosperity. Proliferation of the Arabs started when their ethnic groups began to coalesce and this caused a decline among the Greek Seleucids and the Sabaeans. The culture faced another decline during the Byzantine Empire when Judaism and Christianity emerged. The two religions existed along with the Bedouin religion of the Arabic culture. The religion was polytheistic and worshipped Allah as their God (UNESCO, 1984). The culture proliferated once again during the first millennium when Bedouin religion and political power grew to remarkable heights. During this time, Mecca was founded as the community’s holy centre and Arabic became the basic language in the region. Arabic poems as well as literature became popular and the idea of “manliness”, or “Muru’a” was established to characterize the patriarchic Arabian community. After a while, the culture rose again and this time the proliferation was characterized by the emergence of Prophet Muhammad and the rise of Islam. It is this prominence that has maintained and solidified the current Arabian culture (UNESCO, 1984). Challenges facing the Arabic culture in the US While the Arabs in America enjoy equal rights as enshrined in the federal constitution, some of them face prejudice that has infringed upon these fundamental rights. According to Boosahda, “what has been happening to Muslims, Middle Easterners, and South Asians in the United States in the wake of September 11 is a process of ostracism from the American community” (Boosahda, 2004). The effect of these is that Arab Americans are seen as perpetual foreigners and are considered as being faithful to their mother land rather than to the United states of America. Such opinions when converted into deeds are clear examples of discrimination against the Arabs in America. Odious words and actions by the general public are examples of how such actions play a major role in “de-Americanizing” the Arabic populace in America. For instance, in the United States when Arabs are injured in a hate crime, they are told to “go back to their country.” This means that the injured parties, in this case, the Arabs, “don’t belong to the United States” (Boosahda, 2004).A mosque in America is seen as an Anti- American symbol. Arabs in America are treated as suspects and this is based on the belief that their race, customs and religion are good indicators that the community is composed of potential criminals. There are many stories of Arabs in America being recognized as suspects and this is unfair since in most cases only their physical features and way of dressing are used with no physical evidence. The community has been highly stigmatized and isolated and is currently referred to as “the terrorist group” (Boosahda, 2004). During this time, all the incidents of the Arab community were stopped and the Arabs were cross examined and confined at airports. Official government principles in the U.S are designed in such a way that they affect the legal rights of Arab Americans. When Arab Americans are detained, the American judges often do not accept financial bonds and if they do, they set this at very high figures than for American detainees. Prejudice concerning domestic matters related to the Arab culture has increased in America and this has affected their medication. According to Asward, “there has been a disturbing tendency in U.S. government’s public discourse to consider Arabs as less deserving of normal courtesies than other ethnic or religious groups” (Aswad, 1996). The government of the United States has established an immigration act and that is made harass the Arabs in the nation. The corpus requires that all immigrants in the nation register with the regime and present their interrogations. However, when Arabs turned up in good faith, they were taken into custody and jailed for a long period. While in custody, the Arabs were treated in a harsh and cruel manner though they had committed no crime whatsoever. The discerning enforcement of current immigration laws in America is a good example of government sanctioned infringement of the rights of persons from the Arabic background. In other situations, the American regime has exclusively depended upon ambiguous and cruel immigration rules in opposition to the Arab community. Chief among these is the rule that Arab immigrants report to the INS of any adjustments in address within ten days of migrating. Arabs in America also suffer from workplace discrimination. The aggravation of Arab Americans at work has become an act of nationalism for most of their co-workers. The kinds of comments and nicknames given to the Arabs have become quite intimidating. Arabs in the nation are referred to as “terrorists and suicide bombers” (Aswad, 1996). Children of Arabic culture suffer from increased incidents of prejudice due to the anti-Arab rhetoric on the media. To these children, anti-Arab jokes and nicknames are a major problem. Employers in America discriminate against Arabs for wearing the Hijab. According to Asward, “When women wear this external symbol of faith, they consider their faith intensely private and will never discuss it unless someone asks them something. When they walk into interviews, the literally interviewers’ jaws drop. They are excited on the phone, but in person they lose the energy” (Aswad, 1996). Arabic women, therefore, face religious bias on wearing headscarfs. The issue of the Hijab is also realized in American schools and many girl students are suspended for putting on the scarf. American school officials claim that the headscarf is against the schools mode of dressing that prohibits caps, bandanas and hoods inside any academic institution (Sabry, 2011). Applying the above information to what I learned from my experiences The three experiences have allowed me to understand and respect the Arabic culture. I can say that my experience from the cultural immersion activities was enlightening. I learned a lot from the experiences and am grateful to have encountered different ideologies to broaden my mindset of international views. The experiences have taught me to be neutral to many views, so that I am not a one minded individual who only focuses on his cultural ways to make decisions. Women in the Arabic culture are treated like second class citizens and have to cover their bodies’ every time. The experiences have allowed me to have a different perspective of Arabic women and how they can express their emotions and desires regardless of the Koran law. Overall my knowledge gained through the experiences has been positive, though this was negative and frustrating for the first few months in the country. I have learned to become patient and understanding because I know this will enlighten my mind and views of the Arab culture, which I can carry with me to America and educate the younger generation. I have learned that we are all humans and should comingle with one another regardless of religious or custom beliefs. The experiences prove that in any culture rules are made to be broken by the influences surrounding them. I am privileged to have the opportunity to experience the Arabic culture first hand both professionally and informally. It seems as if the culture is changing gradually to fit into the international scene from my experience. Ways I can be more responsive to the Arabic culture in academic Institutions Teachers should try to correct cultural differences among all ethnic groups in America by creating opportunities in academic institutions where the learners discover cultural issues among each ethnic group. The objective of this is to make learners understand better the contributions of every culture in the modern life.This bring about a constructive change in attitude and actions and uphold greater respect for learners of Arab culture and a better understanding of the community (Sabry, 2011). The issues facing the Arab community in the United States can be solved by educating learners that personal identification is important and the emotions of other people are significant and need to be treasured and cherished. Tutors can assist children in neutralizing the opinions of the Arab culture that they obtain from their relatives and friends. This can be achieved by offering them an extensive understanding of social, civil and chronological truth of the Arab world. This can also be attained by training children the techniques of critical reasoning to identify typecasts related to Arabs and to evaluate the rhetoric behind government heads and the media. It is important to incorporate reading material on the Arab culture into all classes in academic institutions including literature and geography among others. Textbooks and classroom resources, free from bias, are crucial in promoting a better understanding of the Arab culture. Instructors are encouraged to critically evaluate textbooks and other classroom resources all through the school syllabus to recognize bias and to make sure that Arabs are represented justly and in comparison with other cultures and civilizations in the nation (Sabry, 2011). People thus need to be more sensitive to the Arabic background. References Aswad, C. (1996). Family and gender among American Muslims: issues facing Middle Eastern immigrants and their descendants . Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Boosahda, E. (2004). Arab-American faces and voices: the origins of an immigrant community. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press. Sabry, T. (2011). Arab Cultural Studies: Mapping the Field. New York: Tauris & Company Ltd. UNESCO. (1984). Historical and socio-cultural relations between Black Africa and the Arab world, from 1935 to the present . Paris: University of Michigan.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the social and cultural orientation of the Arabic speaker, and how their beliefs are based on the Quran.

The text discusses the social and cultural orientation of the Arabic speaker, and how their beliefs are based on the Quran.

Social and Cultural Orientation of the Arabic Speaker Essay The Predominant Social and Cultural Orientation of the Speaker of Arabic All the aspects of life of Arab people are based and centered on Quran, the main text in the Arabic world. The whole life, social and cultural considerations are based on this book. People follow Quran in their social relations, cultural and religious beliefs and in other aspects. The main principles of the social relations are based on the domination of men under women. A man is a head of the family who has the power under women. Women are not allowed many things and most of their actions are to be agreed with men. The center of the religion belief of the speaker of Arabic is that life on the Earth is not the final institution, there is another life where possible to appear only if to follow all the rules of Quran and pray. There is a judgment day which is going to be on the Earth when all people who led correct lives are to reincarnate. All life of people is predetermined by the creator and all actions people conduct are based on his will. The Various Religious Beliefs Practiced in Mecca before the Rise of Islam Before the implementation of Islam in Mecca, the most spread religions were Judaism and Christianity. However, people did not believe in reincarnation, that is why the belief is jinn, ghost, and other similar mysterious creatures was a normal affair. The pre-Islamic land was not united under the government of one specific government, people lived in tribes and their cults and traditions differed from tribe to tribe. Even though Judaism and Christianity were the most spread religions with the tendency for fast grow, other religions existed which helped people follow their beliefs. In most cases tribes had one God that made those monotheistic, in spite of the fact that antiquity should be polytheistic. However, such religious directions as idol-worshippers or polytheists, Atheists, Zindiqs, Sabines were also present that added to the diversity of the religious life in the region. Following the religion which existed in the community was presupposed by the tribal organization of the world. Was Tribalism a Form of Government in pre-Islamic Arabia? Tribalism was a form of government in pre-Islamic Arabia. Pre-Islamic world was organized in tribes. Each tribe was like a separate government. The Middle East was not organized in strong countries with centralized ruling power before implementing Islam in the region. The government in tribes was organized on the basis of the family relationships. Such relationships were predominated in the period when the centralized government was absent. The belonging to the ruling family gave individuals the feeling of usefulness to the community. The connection between tribes was also important as being different according to social and political context, having absolutely different cultural and ethnic identities tribes still had to develop the relationships for developing personal societies. The absence of the relationships between the tribes could mean the warfare which was the part of the social and political life of different tribes. Tribalism as the social affair positively impacted the development of human beings and affected the evolution of their development. Tribalism was a form of social structure which helped the tribal heads run affairs and become ready for the centralized government which occurred after setting up Islam.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the importance of enterprise architecture in informed governance. It also highlights the need for more coarse grained modeling languages used at the level of specific development projects.

The essay discusses the importance of enterprise architecture in informed governance. It also highlights the need for more coarse grained modeling languages used at the level of specific development projects.

ArchiMate Architecture, ArchiMate Series, and Related Essay Background of ArchiMate Architecture ArchiMate is a language designed to offer information technology architects, a common language for analyzing, visualizing, and describing enterprise architectures. The language had been under development since 2002, when “the Dutch Telematica Institute” in collaboration with various government organizations, enterprises, and research institutes (Peňa and Villalobos 80) founded it. Since its inception, the language has undergone various stages of growth, and has been adopted into many industries. The company began with ArchiMate 1.0, which became an ideal tool for delivering models founded on the “The Open Group’s global standard framework for enterprise architecture” (TOGAF) (Peňa and Villalobos 80). The current version is ArchiMate 2.0, which is more in alignment with TOGAF, making it possible for businesses and IT experts to collaborate information. The language has proven ideal for a starting point “Model Driven Architecture” or (MDA) for any industry framework, since its design- and service-oriented perspective, have impeccable implementation on “Business Process Modeling Notation” (BPMN) and “Unified Modeling Language” (UML) (Iacob et al. 294). The need to develop ArchiMate arose from the realization that business practices needed an integrated approach, where information technology and business practices were in harmony and linked. However, for many business enterprises, this integration was far from reality, posing major challenges to their organization functionality (Jonkers, Lankhorst and Proper 367). This problem implied that changes within the business strategy and goals were neither effectively represented, nor managed by existing information technology. For such aspects to be represented there was need to develop enterprise architectures, to allow for the representation of core competencies, applications, products, business processes, infrastructure and any core aspects (Jonkers, Lankhorst and Proper 367). Reports on ArchiMate A critique of literature reveals that enterprise architecture is a vital instrument that can enable informed governance. This is through the creation of a relationship between concepts from the various business domains like process, strategy, information, and applications. However, such needs imply that the EA model becomes complex owing to the heterogeneous nature of these relationships. Therefore, any architecture language designed to handle EA must be integrative in nature to link these heterogeneous relationships. For this reason, to determine the effective application of enterprise architecture, it is important to analyze the architecture in term for its ability to meet desired future states. This implies that the enterprise architecture model must be coherent, be specific and detailed. This requirement is “the need for more coarse grained modeling languages used at the level of specific development projects, such as UML and BPMN” (Jonkers, Lankhorst and Proper 367). Based on this need, the report decided to analyze critically, ArchiMate language by looking at its documentation, key design principles, and decisions (Jonkers, Lankhorst and Proper 368). The analysis carried out shows that ArchiMate is a language that is designed with the graphical capability to adapt to industrial semantics (Jonkers, Lankhorst and Proper 369). This capability makes it possible for architects to analyze and evaluate architectures and outcomes and develop consistent support tools. The language is designed to increase interoperability and assist architects develop a common language across the industries, and raise value and awareness on the enterprise architecture discipline. Moreover, ArchiMate documentation, key design principles, and decisions, make it a complement of other EA languages, such as UML, Zachman framework and TOGAF (Jonkers, Lankhorst and Proper 369). This is because ArchiMate performs EA best practices while, constructing, visualizing and analyzing EA as UML, Zachman framework and TOGAF do. A second report analyzed shows that one of the central ideas behind ArchiMate was the ability of the model to play an important role, both as the starting point for driven developments (covers CIM level for MDA) and for keeping the relations between various design models, in different languages (Iacob and Jonkers 1). This article shows that the ArchiMate language is suitable as enterprise architecture, since it can cover a wide range of aspects. The architecture is purposely designed to handle; technical infrastructure layers, software applications, and the business processes supported by the various applications (Iacob and Jonkers 3). Therefore, ArchiMate can integrate these aspects, since it is a modeling language founded on tool and conceptual model integration (Iacob and Jonkers 4). Research identifies this characteristic as a factor that makes the language advantageous over other modeling languages like “Unified Modelling Language” (UML), which are found within a domain (Alsaadi 3). Moreover, research finds that ArchiMate is a language, which can define elements in an enterprise at a higher level of abstraction, and pay attention to the relationship between elements (Iacob and Jonkers 6). The research carried out by Iacob and Jonkers (2007) sought to define the process of model integration for ArchiMate, and found that the language uses integration of detailed designs to visualize, and analyze enterprise architectures (Iacob and Jonkers 6). The report showed that this process is by the transformation process, since the language has plenty of quantifiable attributes. This process uses the meta-model where modeling concepts are stacked in triangular architectural layers. At the base are the concepts used by organizations, along with any existing modeling language. The second layer is made up of all the enterprise architecture concepts, and the last layer is made up of generic concepts (Iacob and Jonkers 7). A rich scholarly background shows the complex nature of enterprise architecture (EA) and the difficulty of making languages to support EA. The research carried by Peňa and Villalobos in 2010 shows that ArchiMate is an “Architecture Description Language (ADL)” which offers architects predefined viewpoints, which model EA and increase communication between IT and business through a common language (Peňa and Villalobos 81). This aspect represents the best practice of EA. Despite this important function, the research by Peňa and Villalobos in (2010) finds that ArchiMate cannot be simply customized or allow the creation or addition of new viewpoints in new domains, which turns out to be a limitation of the language (82). Additionally, the same study also shows that ArchiMate was designed to factor in the various frameworks for EA (Peňa and Villalobos 83). The language is founded on; the set of viewpoints, process of developing architectures based on techniques, guidelines, and best practices (Peňa and Villalobos 83). Moreover, the language is founded on the frameworks of language description architecture, which defines relationships and concepts and the concept of architecture repository with predefined artifacts and models (Peňa and Villalobos 83). To meet these frameworks, the report shows that ArchiMate was designed by TOGAF through the process of “Architecture Development Method” (ADM), to describe techniques, reference models, and viewpoints (Peňa and Villalobos 85). Overall, the report finds that ArchiMate is a useful language for EA since it describes viewpoints, worked out language that offers a concrete visualization, and has a graphical notation (Peňa and Villalobos 85). Akehurst et al. (2010) discussed the importance of viewpoints in EA, as they assist in defining abstractions on a set of models, which represent EA (201). The aim of viewpoints is to meet the needs of each stakeholder and address a set of concerns. This function makes the consideration of viewpoints vital in analyzing the applicability of any language to EA. Akehurst et al. (2010) described that for any language to be viewpoint-oriented, architects need to use a tool environment, which will support the definition, editing, generation, and management of architecture (201). This report realized that ArchiMate employed the use of model integration in different domain specifics, by mapping EA (Akehurst et al. 202). For this language, viewpoints are created and specified through the model transformation method, which is also identified by Iacob and Jonkers (2007). The research carried out by Akehurst et al. (2010) realized that it is possible to create a tool environment for viewpoint specification with ArchiMate, by using two separate prototypes, based on editing and visualization of views founded on ArchiMate concepts and on the execution and specification of transformations (211). The report recommends ArchiMate as a viable language for creating and defining viewpoints for EA since it makes it possible for the creation of a tool environment, which works with existing domain-specific modeling tools (Akehurst et al. 211). This report advocates for the use of viewpoints since they assist in the management of the inherent complex issues of EA. These reports therefore, show that ArchiMate is a language that offers many benefits to EA. The visualization, definition, benefits, and analysis aspects of ArchiMate 2.0 are in the report of Newswire PR (2012), which shows that the language supports the management and preparation of business change, outsourcing scenarios, program, portfolio, and application rationalization better (1). The current version of ArchiMate is proving to perform business and cost analysis calculations, model stakeholders, business goals, drivers of change, and principles (Newswire PR 1). In addition, the language is offering businesses the ability to implement extensions that support project portfolios, transition, and gap analysis (Newswire PR 1). Architects find the language useful as it makes it offers additional updates on the previous version. Moreover, the language has different certifications for different users, these include, individual certification, open group training accreditation, and tool certification program (Newswire 1). A report presented to a conference in Sweden by TOGAF, in 2011, showed that ArchiMate is based on three approaches: (1) language architectural descriptions, (2) framework describing viewpoints, and (3) method of constructing architectures (TOGAF 1). The conference report used real life cases to prove that ArchiMate recent updates are functional. TOGAF added two extensions to motivate the model to carry out the best practices of goals, business requirements, and principles, and migrate and implement planning (TOGAF 1). The presentation used the real-life case of portfolio rationalization for post-merger insurance company, where ArchiMate; (1) ArchiMate and TOGAF offer a complete and comprehensive approach to enterprise architecture, (2) ArchiMate enables modeling deliverables described by TOGAF, (3) the language’s extensions and core cover all aspects of TOGAF (TOGAF 1). Upon reviewing the different analysis carried out by literature on ArchiMate, this research identifies several strengths and weaknesses of the language. ArchiMate is more stable than UML, Zachman framework and TOGAF since it complements these languages. ArchiMate is therefore, the first EA modeling language that meets several aspects of EA supports visualization, offers stakeholders viewpoints and allows for the specification of stakeholder perspectives, allows interrelation of domains. In addition, ArchiMate is an open language, as it is designed by TOGAF to be a non-proprietary language making it applicable in all industries. The language has proven to be applicable and credible, since it is founded on the IEEE 1471 international standards (IEEE 4). The language is simple and light as compared to UML, Zachman, and TOGAF, but is scalable and comprehensive in several respects (TOGAF 1). The language though resembles UML, it is intuitive and lighter to UML for it is smaller (Alsaadi 3), allows for the modeling of all layers and aspects of an organization in an integrative manner (TOGAF 2). As compared to the three languages, ArchiMate incorporates the modern idea of “Service Orientation” easily, which promotes the organization principle of; business, infrastructure, and application) for any service organization with far reaching outcomes (TOGAF 2). There are several weaknesses of ArchiMate, as identified from literature. ArchiMate lacks a foundation since it is not based on an appropriate and rigorous theory, as other languages are (Albani and Dietz 185). This implies that its semantics are undefined, which allows for miscommunication between users to occur, which is a deviation from the open standard approach (Albani and Dietz 185). Moreover, ArchiMate is a second wave language, and therefore it cannot make a distinction between datalogical and fological issues within the business layer (Albani and Dietz 185). On the other hand, Peňa and Villalobos (2010) find that ArchiMate cannot be simply customized to allow the creation of new viewpoints in new domains (81). Overall, the review of reports proves that ArchiMate is a language that can effectively support enterprise architecture since it meets the best practices of linking the business processes and information technology. The language is advantageous over other EA languages since it is integrative-, service- and design-oriented. The language is a complement of UML, Zachman, and TOGAF ADM, since it increases the representation of applications, business processes, products, visualization, description, and viewpoints. However, the language has inherent weaknesses, as it cannot allow communication between users as it lacks the definition of semantics. Works Cited Akehurst, David H., Lankhorst Marc M., Steen Maarten W.A., terDoest ,Hugo W.L. “Supporting Viewpoint-Oriented Enterprise Architecture.” Telematica Instituut, The Netherlands (2004). Alsaadi, Ahmad. “A performance analysis approach based on the UML class diagram.” ACM SIGSOFT software engineering notes , 29.1 (2004). Albani, Antonia and Dietz, Jan L.G. Advances in Enterprise Engineering III: 5 th International Workshop, CIAO! 2009, and 5 th International Workshop, EOMAS 2009, Held at CAiSE 2009, … Notes in Business Information Processing . U.K: Springer, 2009. Print. Iacob, Maria-Eugenia, Jonkers Henk, Lankhorst Marc, Proper Erik, and Quartel Dick, A.C. “ArchiMate(R) for Integrated Modelling Throughout the Architecture Development and Implementation Cycle.” Commerce and Enterprise Computing, 2011 IEEE 13 th Conference Sept . (2011), 294-301. Iacob, Maria-Eugenia, and Jonkers Henk. “Quantitative Analysis of Service-Oriented Architectures.” International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems , 3.1 (2007): 42-60. IEEE. “IEEE standard 1471-2000: Recommended practice for architectural description of software-intensive systems.” IEEE, 2000. Jonkers, Henk, Lankhorst Marc, and Proper Erik. “The Architecture of the ArchiMate Language.” Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling, Lecture notes in Business Information Processing , 29.12 (2009): 367-380. Newswire PR. “The Open Group Releases ArchiMate(R) 2.0 for Better IT/Business Collaboration Across the Enterprise: Open and Independent Modeling Language Now Aligns More Closely with TOGAF(R).” Business and Economics, Newswire PR , 31 st January 2012. Peňa, Castellanons and Villalobos Jorge. “An MDE Approach to Design Enterprise Architecture Viewpoints.” Commerce and Enterprise Computing, 2010 IEEE 12 th Conference 10-12 Nov . (2010): 80-87. TOGAF (The Open Group). ArchiMate 1.0 Specification . Netherlands: Van Haren Publishing, 2009. Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Giotto di Bondone was one of the first greatest personalities in architect and Florentine painting of his time. His greatness in the field of art is attributed to two factors. Firstly, he brilliantly got to the heart of every sacred history event he was representing by breaking down the episode to its fundamental, dramatic core, as well as his ability to design compositional means through which he could express the deepest spiritual meaning of the sacred history episode and its emotional effects in terms of uncomplicated area of paint. Secondly, his art is outstanding for its simple, grave, and clear solution to the central tribulations of an attempt to represent the human figure, volume and the space, solitary and structure of three dimensional forms.

Giotto di Bondone was one of the first greatest personalities in architect and Florentine painting of his time. His greatness in the field of art is attributed to two factors. Firstly, he brilliantly got to the heart of every sacred history event he was representing by breaking down the episode to its fundamental, dramatic core, as well as his ability to design compositional means through which he could express the deepest spiritual meaning of the sacred history episode and its emotional effects in terms of uncomplicated area of paint. Secondly, his art is outstanding for its simple, grave, and clear solution to the central tribulations of an attempt to represent the human figure, volume and the space, solitary and structure of three dimensional forms.

Architector Giotto di Bondone Essay Introduction Giotto di Bondone was one of the first greatest personalities in architect and Florentine painting of his time. According to Pioch (1), during the Italian renaissance Giotto became renowned as the first genus of art. His greatness in the field of art is attributed to two factors. Firstly, he brilliantly got to the heart of every sacred history event he was representing by breaking down the episode to its fundamental, dramatic core, as well as his ability to design compositional means through which he could express the deepest spiritual meaning of the sacred history episode and its emotional effects in terms of uncomplicated area of paint. The second factor is that Giotto’s art is outstanding for its simple, grave, and clear solution to the central tribulations of an attempt to represent the human figure, volume and the space, solitary and structure of three dimensional forms. The solutions that he came up with helped in solving fundamental dramatic narrative problems, as such, these solutions have never been surpassed and in many ways, they have consequently been elaborated (Wolf 29). Discussion Tactile imagination Giotto’s deep understands of other sculptors’ achievements such as Giovanni Pisano, Nicola Pisano, and Arnolf di Cambio is seen as the greatest inspiration of his success in his representation of the basics of human psychological and spiritual reaction to events as well as human form. The aforementioned sculptors were very keen in tackling the fundamental problems of representation particularly in a physically three dimensional medium. Giotto’s paintings do not only appeal to the tactile imagination which the objects of the art possess and represented by the human figures, his paintings also depicts a keener sense of reality, with a more likeness of life than the objects. His paintings are therefore intensely real in that they deeply evoke the tactile imagination of the audience thus compelling them to everything that stimulates their sense of touch while observing the objects (Williamson 15). Movement and action Another peculiar aspect of Giotto’s painting is his treatment of movement and action. In all his paintings, the gestures and the grouping never fail to convey the intended meaning. Giotto used the significant shade and light, significant line, the significant gesture, and the significant look up or down, to convey an absolute sense of motion in his work such as Paduan frescoes of the Ascension of our Lord, of the Resurrection of the Blessed, of the angel in Zacharias Dream . Or of the God the rather in the Baptism. Giotto’s ability to convey action and movement in his work is indeed a claim to perpetual appreciation as an artist (Gillet 6). This genius appreciation enabled him to represent objects in a representation that is more complete and quick, subsequently giving the audience the opportunity to confirm their senses of capacity that in turn bring into being a great source of satisfaction. It is argued that in every piece of Giotto’s work the audience feels its real connotation and he conveys as much of his art work as the general confines of his own skills and art permit regardless of the painting theme (Williamson 47). In instances where the theme of his painting is sacred story, Giotto’s paintings are endowed with careful sacramental intentness, processional gravity, as well as hieratic dignity. He used several symbols to depict an individual dominated by a given vice. This is evidence in his work such as Arena at Padua, at the Injustice, the Avarice , and the Inconstancy , while painting Inconstancy Giotto paints a woman who has a blank face, with aimlessly held out arms, with her feet placed on a wheel side, and her chest falling backwards (King 37). Consequently the painting makes the audience giddy to look at the woman. In the painting injustice he uses a man who is powerfully built in his prime years, the man is clad in a judge costume while grasping a lance that is double hooked in his clawed right hand and clenching his sword hilt with his left hand. The eyes of the man are firmly on the watch, with an attitude that suggests his readiness to devour on his victim. He is seated on a rock that is higher that the trees. It therefore goes without saying that in the aforementioned paintings, there is a clear caption of each of the vices as Giotto has perfectly presented and extracted their visible significance. Conclusion Giotto was greatly concerned with the human figures presentational problems as well as their actions pragmatically on a flat surface which was to embody 3 dimensional spaces. In the earlier times artists used the Byzantine tradition flat forms. They also disregarded what was around them and often imitated each other. Unlike the earlier artist Giotto carefully considered human body and nature and he realized that the two aspects were endowed with deep emotions, humanity, and great dignity (King 58). He therefore placed his human figures in albeit shallow, free space. This led to his acceptance and recognition as one of the greatest artist of his time. Works Cited Gillet, Louis. “Giotto di Bondone.” The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Print. King, Margaret. The Renaissance in Europe. NY: Laurence King Publishing, 2003. Print. Pioch, Nicolas . Giotto di Bondone. Web Museum, Paris 2002. Web. < http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/giotto/ > Williamson, Beth. Approaches to Giotto. A journal on Art History, Vol 34, (2011): 1061 – 1065. Wolf, Norbert. Giotto di Bondone, 1267-1337: the renewal of painting . NJ: Taschen, 2006. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The Internet has been found to have both positive and negative effects on children. While it has been found to increase cognitive abilities in some children, it has also been associated with increased risks. Parents and guardians need to implement various strategies that favor co-use and interaction rules to children to reduce the risk associated with Internet use among children.

The Internet has been found to have both positive and negative effects on children. While it has been found to increase cognitive abilities in some children, it has also been associated with increased risks. Parents and guardians need to implement various strategies that favor co-use and interaction rules to children to reduce the risk associated with Internet use among children.

Are Children Smarter Because of the Internet? Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Internet Use among Children 3. Impact of Internet Use 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction The advent of the Internet elicited both support and reservations almost in equal measure. The debate has gone a notch higher in particular over its use among children. The Internet can be regarded as an essential element in virtually all aspects of life and children have not been left out (Cho and Cheon, 2005; Jackson, Von Eye, Fitzgerald, Witt, and Zhao, 2011). Modern children and the adolescents represent the first generation that has grown surrounded by the Internet technology. This can be compared to the children of the 1920s and 1950s who grew up surrounded by the buzz of the radio and television respectively (Bremer, 2005). In this era of advanced technology, it is almost mandatory that school going children acquire the knowledge on internet use because education curricula are quickly transforming towards technology use. Furthermore, with the widespread use of tech-related gadgets in almost all activities, such as mobile phones, play- stations and many others in day to day life, it seems embracing of technology is a foregone conclusion (Valkenburg & Soeters, 2003). This paper will aspire to explore the question on whether children are smarter or more socialized due to the Internet. Internet Use among Children The use of internet among children today is ranked in the same category with watching television or using the phone. In developed countries, up to 87% of children aged between twelve and seventeen are online. The internet is however better in comparison to the others due to the platform it offers to enhance interaction. According to a study conducted by Genevieve Marie Johnson (2010), it was found out that children were likely to use Internet more at school than at home. However, they enjoyed using the Internet at home more than at school (Johnson, 2010; Jackson, et al. 2007). Children perceive the use of Internet in a different perspective compared to adults (Sandvig, 2006). There is no doubt that the Internet has a significant influence on children (Boonaert and Vettenburg, 2011). Impact of Internet Use The Internet is used both at school and at home by children. At school, the children’s Internet use is governed by the children’s Internet Protection Act (Yan, 2006). The children’s use of Internet is associated with various risks despite being beneficial is some ways. Parents and guardians need to implement various strategies that favor co-use and interaction rules to children to reduce the risk associated with Internet use among children. However, these strategies were found to be less effective in limiting the risks (Livingstone and Helsper, 2008). In a study conducted regarding the influence of the Internet on children from low income families, it was indicated that children who had access to the Internet recorded high scores compared to those who had limited access to the Internet. It was also found out that age did not have an impact on the performance of the children (Jackson, et al. 2006). Another study conducted on the influence of Internet use by the children on family relationships and parental mediation established that parental recommendations on useful websites and co-using were positively associated with the frequency with children would engage in educative, online activities. Nevertheless, it was found that parental restrictions on time and websites did not impact on the actual Internet use by children (Lee and Chae, 2007). Children are difficult to tame when it comes to unsafe Internet use. It has been established that unsafe Internet use among children is likely to occur within the homes (Valcke, Schellens, Van Keer and Gerarts, 2007). With the Internet, it is possible to form virtual relationships among various people. In a study that was conducted by Bonetti, Campbell and Gilmore (2010), it was revealed that children who were lonely engaged more in online communications than those who did not report being lonely. Through the Internet, such children are able to fulfill special needs in respect to social interactions, self exposure, and exploring their identity (Valkenburg and Soeters, 2001). In a study conducted among the Latino children in Los Angeles, it was observed that strict parental strategies limited children in respect to Internet use. Nevertheless, these children were able to pursue their own interests and motivations online though on a restricted level (Tripp, 2010). The Internet has had far-reaching impacts on the society in general and children have not been spared. From the studies that have been conducted, it can be observed that though parents have been restrictive in allowing access of their children to the Internet, this has come with various challenges. The children have always had a way to access Internet and parents have been left with very little in controlling what the children access (Tripp, 2010). In general, this young generation seems to be inseparable with the internet. Much as some are opposed to internet use among children, the benefits accrued from its use surpass the negative impacts especially when used in controlled environments. Based on numerous studies by academics and social experts, it is clear that the use of internet has provided a chance for children to acquire a wide range of knowledge through easy access to information compared to the scenario in the past where information sources were quite limited. Internet also provides a perfect platform for children to gain vital communication skills that in turn enhance social development. Psychology experts have identified a link between constructive use of internet and student performance in school particularly in language expressivity. Children access information by visiting websites and this enhances their learning skills (Rocheleau, 1995). The internet also makes learning an enjoyable experience because most websites contain graphics that effectively capture children’s’ imagination and creativity. This is important in stimulating the functioning of their brains and transforming them into effective learners (Jackson, 2006). The process of acquiring the information from the internet is also vital in a child’s developmental skills such as information evaluation, research techniques as well as work planning strategies. Children with prowess in internet gaming demonstrate better levels of visual memory and pattern recognition when compared to those who did not. This has a positive impact on their ability to interpret graphical data and enhanced diagram visualization and interpretation (Cho & Cheon, 2005). From the data collected by Jennifer Bremmer from Chicago University; department of Child Psychiatry, up to 84% of parents interviewed, agreed that internet use has had a positive impact on their children’s school life and particularly in academics. Eighty one percent of the respondents said that their children acquired most of their information from the internet. Majority of those interviewed said they felt that without the internet their children would perform poorly. According to government budgetary allocations of the United States in 2000, $4 billion was dedicated for connecting students to internet, a clear indication of the government’s commitment towards use of technology in education (Valkenburg and Soeters, 2001). The internet also gives access to more up-dated information compared to books, thus improving on the child’s vocabulary in the offered curriculum and in the research projects. The One Child One Laptop project in Africa is expected to give African children an opportunity to access world wide information and be able to effectively contribute their ideas on a world platform. This could also create a chance for them to earn a living as they mature since they can work on- line and link up with other people in the world (Jackson, 2006). Based on the scientific background information on stimulation and response, it can be conclusively deduced that the use of internet by growing children has a positive effect on their development. The prolonged use of computer while searching for information from the internet could improve the coordination patterns of eye and hand through the use of the mouse, keyboard and screen. Though no specific research has been done on this phenomenon, it’s scientifically proven that habits enhance brain development and the associated physical development (Valkenburg and Soeters, 2001). The use of internet also has a social dimension. Antagonists on internet use argue that it has replaced human interactions. On the other hand, the protagonists claim that with professional use, internet use can be a medium to enhance this interaction. The use of the chat rooms, email services and other communication platforms available on the internet, are believed to enhance social skills alongside communication skills. Social and culture exchanges among young children has been enhanced through the internet mailing facility and through the available social sites such as Face book and Twitter. Children get an opportunity to interact in educative and productive communication (Livingstone & Helsper, 2008). A perfect example is the Spank Magazine, which gives a platform for world wide interactions on youth issues where any one can interact and communicate their ideas for free. Social studies analysts have shown that the use of internet by school going children in class work has a marked positive impact on their performance. This has been linked to the fun associated with learning using the internet. The use of internet also enhances cooperation and sharing of ideas among the children, a vital life skill. Studies have indicated improved performances in many pupils using internet as a learning tool, and who initially had difficulties in using the conventional learning models. This in turn, positively influences their attitude toward school works as among other reasons it gives the students a relatively independent environment for learning and interaction (Bremer, 2005). The internet has become a tool of entertainment. Research on internet use has shown that many children use it as a leisure tool to pursue amusement and enjoyment. The family set ups today are more individualized and physical interactions among children mostly at home is limited to a certain extent. Such children resort to internet for companionship. Through the process of enjoying themselves, they are subconsciously benefiting by acquiring other skills such as analyzing skills, creative and critical thinking leading to improved understanding of concepts. Children are also molded socially by the Internet through listening to music, watching movies and documentaries, world news and any other entertainment features. This makes the children smarter on issues happening in the world and prepares them for more networking in the social world. Internet also provides children with physical impairment, an opportunity to find pleasure they may not acquire anywhere else due to their disabilities (Jackson, 2006). The experts’ research data explained above clearly indicates that, yes, internet is useful and almost a basic necessity for today’s school going children, however; on the other hand, utmost care must be observed since uncontrolled use of the internet has been reported to have negative impacts on the children. As is the norm, everything that has benefits comes along with challenges as well. Social psychologists have revealed several negative impacts of internet use on the social, physical and cognitive spheres of their life. Information fatigue syndrome is among the most common and comes as a result of reading and analyzing too much information from the internet. This can ,however; be controlled by teaching the children the best skills to look for specific sites that carry only relevant information they are looking for(Valkenburg and Soeters, 2001). Internet use may also make some children lose touch with the real world to an extent of lacking social skills necessary to handle real life situations. This can be rectified, through encouraging the students to use other avenues to access information as well as encouraging the children to use other entertainment tools instead of only relying on computers. This acts to re-connect the children with the environment surrounding them. Adults are encouraged to teach children on beneficial use of internet to ensure they use it constructively. This will result in smarter children who are more knowledgeable. Monitoring and guiding these children will ensure they do not use the internet for non –beneficial activities such as gambling, exposure to sexually explicit content, or watching of violent videos, all of which have been found to contribute in deterioration of morals (Bremer, 2005). Conclusion From all these studies, it is clear that monitored or controlled Internet use can for sure make children smarter or more socialized. This is because with the Internet, children become direct learners. The added advantage of internet over other media is that it is interactive. The ease with which these children access information or answers to many questions is unparalleled. Research by social groups indicates improved academic performance among children who have access to internet in addition to improved confidence levels. The fun associated with using the internet has also seen more children acquire knowledge in a friendlier environment, in turn increasing their interest in school work and more developed reading skills. The use of internet should be encouraged as it offers a platform for personalized connection with the world at the touch of a button. The children grow accepting different cultures and understanding their world better through the interaction platform offered by the internet. Encouraging statistics of the positive results accrued from using the internet have made many governments to shift focus and whole heartedly embrace the use of internet in the education sector. Finland has for instance, established a training program for her teachers on how to teach online. The Japanese government offers subsidized broadband facilities to 98% of its household. Such investments are informed by the impact internet has had particularly on children; the leaders of tomorrow. References Bonetti, L., Campbell, M. A. & Gilmore, L. (2010). The Relationship of loneliness and social anxiety with children’s and adolescents’ online communication. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking , 13(3): 279-285. Boonaert, T. & Vettenburg, N. (2011). Young people’s internet use: Divided or diversified? Childhood , 18(1): 54–66. Bremer, J. (2005). The Internet and Children: Advantages and Disadvantages. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 14: 405-428. Cho, C. & Cheon, H. J. (2005). Children’s Exposure to Negative Internet Content: Effects of Family Context. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(4): 488–509. Jackson, L. A. et al. (2006). Does Home Internet Use Influence the Academic Performance of Low-Income Children? Developmental Psychology , 42(3): 429–435. Jackson, L. A. et al. (2007). What Children Do on the Internet: Domains Visited and Their Relationship to Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Academic Performance. Cyber psychology & Behavior , 10(2): 182-190. Jackson, L. A., Von Eye, A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Witt, A. E., and Zhao, Y. (2011). Internet use, videogame playing and cell phone use as predictors of children’s body mass index (BMI), body weight, academic performance, and social and overall self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior , 27: 599-604. Johnson, G. M. (2010). Young children’s Internet use at home and school: Patterns and profiles. Journal of Early Childhood Research , 8(3): 282-293. Lee, S. & Chae, Y. (2007). Children’s Internet Use in a Family Context: Influence on Family Relationships and Parental Mediation. Cyber psychology & Behavior , 10(5): 640-644. Livingstone, S. & Helsper, E. J. (2008). Parental Mediation of Children’s Internet Use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4): 581–599. Rocheleau, B. (1995). Computer use by school-age children: trends, patterns and predictors. Journal of Educational Computing Research 1:1–17. Sandvig, C. (2006). The Internet at Play: Child Users of Public Internet Connections. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 11: 932–956. Tripp, L. M. (2010). The computer is not for you to be looking around, it is for schoolwork’: Challenges for digital inclusion as Latino immigrant families negotiate children’s access to the internet. New media & Society , 13(4): 552-567. Valcke, M., Schellens, T., Van Keer, H. & Gerarts, M. (2007). Primary school children’s safe use of the Internet at home and at school: An exploratory study. Computers in Human Behavior , 23: 2838-2850. Valkenburg, P. M. & Soeters, K. E. (2001). Children’s positive and negative experiences with the Internet: an exploratory survey. Communication Research , 28: 652–675. Yan, Z. (2006). What Influences Children’s and Adolescents’ Understanding of the Complexity of the Internet? Developmental Psychology , 42(3): 418-428.

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Write an essay about: Ahner argues that civic relationship is the set of behaviors that institutions observe while conducting their operations. Business ethics and morality consider how a business interacts with its clients. The two virtues influence companies, other business entities, government organs, and other organizations.

Ahner argues that civic relationship is the set of behaviors that institutions observe while conducting their operations. Business ethics and morality consider how a business interacts with its clients. The two virtues influence companies, other business entities, government organs, and other organizations.

Aristotle’s Ideas on Civic Relationships Essay Aristotle’s ideas on civic relationships According to Aristotle, happiness is a critical provision in life. His perceptions on happiness have remained unchanged for years. Most people still accept happiness to be exactly what Aristotle described it to be. However, the greatest challenge for most philosophers has been determining what exactly constitutes the best life. Numerous genres of happiness from various philosophers are obtained from Aristotle’s perception. He tackled this subject of happiness on the foundation of enquiry into what is really good for human beings in connection to the actual meaning of goodness itself. On the subject of happiness, the philosophy of Aristotle suggests that area is what creates a disparity between Man and animals. He quoted giraffe as an illustration. He found that, in most cases, happiness is closely related to pleasure, which is also closely related to performance. Aristotle argued that man is more absorbed into doing an activity that is pleasant to him. According to Aristotle, evading goodness do not contribute to pleasure, and again pleasure is never restricted to body pleasures like satisfying the physical requirements like starvation and exhaustion or even erotic pleasure since these are the kind of things that would prevent man from achieving happiness. Therefore, according to his argument, these pleasures results into happiness. On the subject of deliberation, Aristotle believed that the responsibility for the morality originates for an individual’s free will. He argues that, since morality is not laws, an individual can never be forced to be responsible morally; instead he should be willing to do that. In addition, these are expectations that each and every individual in any kind of society is anticipated to meet, based on the customs and beliefs of that society. Each and every individual is responsible for the kind of activities they are involved in, which is based on their moral principles in determining whether it is actually good or evil. Each activity is related to knowledge and an individual does an activity because of deliberation. However, a rational expanse of volitional regulator is necessary to be implemented so that an individual can be morally responsible. An individual should be directed by some moral controls in his or her every action (Lynch & Sandra 25). According to Ahner (27), civic relationship is described as the set of behaviors that institutions observe while conducting their operations. Business ethics and morality consider how a business interacts with its clients. The two virtues influence companies, other business entities, government organs, and other organizations. Although a considerable overlap exists amidst business ethics and law, both terms are contradictory. Business law is described as institutionalization or codification of business ethics into precise societal rules, regulations as well as interdictions. Conversely, business laws can be defined as the least tolerable standards of behavior. In contrary, morality considers norms, values, and beliefs entrenched in the societal procedures used to identify the right or wrong deeds. There are arguments that business ethics involves the study of morality and making use of reasoning to clarify certain rules and principles that identify the integrity of any business. In this research paper, how business ethics and morality intersect with life is discussed with respect to already established works. Aristotle argued that justice in a society is comprised of either a virtue or character trait of the person being referred to in any situation. Justice, according to him, is comprised of the motives and the conduct of a person. Aristotle perceived a society to be comprised of both active and passive individuals. He described active individuals to be involved in activities that happen in a society, while passive people does not participate but sit to watch as actions are executed by other people. Aristotle viewed justice to be a kind of an instantaneous act done amid two excesses as a reaction to some situations. He recognizes two extreme ways of identifying the character of a nation. These are its actions and inactions. Therefore, an individual is considered as arrogant if they are deprived of the character traits of a polite person. According to Aristotle, the character traits that are linked to justice are merely equivocal and injustice has some features, which could either be external and internal. Thus individuals who are avaricious or are unruly could be considered as unjust. Keeping law and order is thus essential in addition to evading things that are considered to be against the prospects of the society so as to be just, a virtue encouraged by Aristotle. He further argued that justice have to distributive and practical to every citizen irrespective of their status in the world. An individual can do virtuous things to the other depending on the friendship between them. Aristotle argues that, friendship is dependent upon virtue, love and joint respect on the basis of relationship. This kind of friendship is never grounded on any advantage, desire or material. It is unpretentious relationship which is founded on honest concern for each other, but not for any benefit, material or something else. Such associates convert into soul mates and it clarifies why such relationships are scarce, particularly in the younger generation. An individual who offers a gift to another person might not do this merely due to the simple act of giving it out to them, instead on the deliberation that the receiver of that gift could counter later, probably with something more treasured. Another individual could as well do so because of his or her honest concern for the partner, or since they have their common interest. Moral virtues should not be taken into consideration for individuals in a relationship to achieve the right friends, since not every person can have them (Stern-Gillet & Suzanne 78). Justice provides a systematic approach that defines (in legal terms) the adoption of fair working conditions. The justice theory is set to empower employees by enabling them to understand their rights and terms of working engagement. The theory states that there must be “fair pay for fair work done” by individuals. It disqualifies discrimination and unfair practices that compromise individual’s functionality. The system provides relevant incentives that seek to advance understanding of employee’s rights in terms of compensation, and benefits that they are entitled to in their work place. Justice fights for economic equality and justice in the management of employee remuneration system. It states that employees must be treated with dignity and that their compensation should be provided in a structured manner that satisfies their needs. Consequently, the theory presents pertinent incentives that aid education to workers, advocates, and legal staff on the best strategies for the collection of unpaid benefits. This is to ensure that employees are able to successfully claim their paid wages from the institutions that are not keen in compensating their services. Review of the traits of the “best places to work” from the Best Places to Work Institute The traits proposed in ‘best places to work’ are analogous to those supported by Aristotle on his perceptions and ideas on civic relationships regarding happiness and numerous other issues discussed like moral accountability, justice, friendship as well as deliberations. In trying to make their institute the best place to work in, the Great places to work embarks on different initiatives of paying attention to their work force to ensure that they appreciate whatever it is necessary to be implemented to achieve this objective. The best to work institute acknowledges the importance of conviction amongst all its work force as well as amongst employees and their management. The institutions have developed on a philosophy that nurtures higher levels of confidence within their workstation so as to make it the greatest as they can conceivably attain. This is done by undertaking consistent study of all their employees and analysis of their cultures. Within the Best places to work institute, there are experts in the area of trust which play a very significant role in helping them to build a relationship dependent upon trust not only amongst workers themselves but also between the personnel and their management in order to make it a great workplace. Faith is established in each and every relationship within the institute, something which leads onto development of the institutions. Leaders assist in making sure that the institutions accomplishes this objective. They guarantee an atmosphere that is favorable for teamwork and cooperation so as to realize an optimistic workplace. The foundation of the institute is focused on their employees. Trust is signified in a wide ranging ways, with more attention being paid on its significance so as to ensure great relationships in the workplace. Best places to work support a viable strength while simultaneously building successful relations that are cooperative amongst all individuals, without regard to their rank within the institution. As argued, Institutions s should implement various HRM management practices in order to remain relevant in the global market. Due to its production and marketing capacity, the institutions demands novel HRM practices in the context of HR planning, recruitment of employees, selection criteria, training and development provisions, compensation plans, as well as performance management. Another credible provision is the establishment and ratification of diversity provisions within the Institutions s’ workforce. In trying to make institutes best places to work in, cultural diversity is increasingly being a challenge and a captivating feature of both individual lives as well as the contexts in which companies and institutions operate. Because of the obvious challenges of the culturally-sensitive areas in which the company operates, Institutions s have to take credible policy initiatives to ensure that it attains its diversity tolerance initiatives. A policy herein refers to a statement of procedures guiding the stakeholders of an institution on how responsibilities should be conducted. Foremost, successful institutions s applies diversity within their workforce to gain competitive advantage. Institutions s should adopt policies that increase the cultural, gender, and racial variety within its workforce. To enhance its competitive advantage, diversity recruitment policies will propel the company to the global limelight. In the Aristotle’s context, any institutions should also understand the benefits of a diverse workforce. In this regard, the management should use training programs to elucidate the advantages of indulging diverse ideas within the institutions. Teamwork policies have been critical in most culturally diverse institutions. When adequately incorporated, the policy helps to develop the feeling and spirit of unity as well as togetherness towards a collective goal. In teamwork, the objective for a collective goal overrides the diversity of members. This forms a quality recipe for competitive advantage within institutions. For example, ethical and philosophical concerns as well as corporate policies should be sound and solid to enhance competitiveness amidst cultural diversity of the workforce. The corporate vision statement ought to be constructed in a manner that reflects the institution’s commitment to cultural diversity. This should be backed-up by a powerful vision. The company’s time-off policies should also prop up cultural uniqueness for holidays as well as religious observances. As Aristotle could have argued, other policies should also outline the training of managers on cultural diversity sensitivity. Comparison and contrast of Aristotle’s ideas about civic relationships with the contemporary notions of best places to work It is evident that corporations endeavor to depend on the civic relations, which were suggested by Aristotle for individuals to coexist peacefully and in agreement, not only in the work place but also exterior to work environment. Happiness is stressed as the foundation to satisfaction of workers through forming relations based on trust. Trust is considered as a necessary requisite for a lasting relationship. In order to ensure justice within institutions s, companies employ fair practices, in which the rights of the work force are protected so as to generate good relations among themselves and the administration. The virtues highlighted by Aristotle have proved very significant in these corporations particularly on the subject of moral responsibility. Each and every employee has a moral obligation to be concerned about other people and undertake what is good instead of the evil to nurture good relations amongst the work force and the administration. Workers perform best when they are happy in any work environment. These corporations safeguard happiness amongst their workers and attempt to make everybody appreciated by making sure equality among all individuals. These are the things Aristotle argued for. Concurrently, when legitimate moral values, regulations, and obligations are exposed to ethical examination, their association to fundamental human interests, irrespective of their cultural backgrounds, is very significant. Moral standards may vary, and moral perception seeks whether the actions that are conventionally and precisely legitimated by conviction, law or legislations are certainly worthy of recognition. In the Aristotle’s context, the advancement of ethics in the earlier century has been described by a propensity to revalue and conquest the moral agreements that have steered the relations between sexes, people and animals as well as people and their surroundings. A more current duty of ethics is to repel those predispositions of globalization, marketization and advancements in technology that corrode both biodiversity and respected features of cultural identity-and could even have impacts that lurk human rights. Even though tendencies are most cases accessible as value-neutral, they contain concealed expectations that are impending sources of unfairness and abuse. Such arguments indicate how business ethics and morality intersect life. This is a fundamental provision when considered critically. Such arguments compare and contrast the Aristotle’s ideas on civic relationships with contemporary workplaces. Works Cited Ahner, Christopher. Business ethics. New York, NY: Orbis Press, 2007. Print. Lynch, Sandra . Philosophy and Friendship . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005. Print. Stern-Gillet, Suzanne. Aristotle’s Philosophy of Friendship . Albany: State Univ. of New York Press, 1995. Print.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The Palais des congrès de Montréal is one of the new architectural symbols in Montreal that have gained a worldwide-prolonged applause. Major travel guides the likes of Lonely Planet, Ullysse and Hachette have chosen the building's multicolored glass as well as the pink-lipstick forest as covers for their recent issues. Other tourism articles have recommended visiting the building for a personal experience of the major architectural wonders existing in the Montreal city.

The Palais des congrès de Montréal is one of the new architectural symbols in Montreal that have gained a worldwide-prolonged applause. Major travel guides the likes of Lonely Planet, Ullysse and Hachette have chosen the building's multicolored glass as well as the pink-lipstick forest as covers for their recent issues. Other tourism articles have recommended visiting the building for a personal experience of the major architectural wonders existing in the Montreal city.

Art history Montreal city: Palais des Congres de Montreal Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Experience 3. Conclusion 4. References 5. Footnotes Introduction It is one of the new architectural symbols in Montreal that have gained a worldwide-prolonged applause. Major travel guides the likes of Lonely Planet, Ullysse and Hachette have chosen the building’s multicolored glass as well as the pink-lipstick forest as covers for their recent issues. Other tourism articles have recommended visiting the building for a personal experience of the major architectural wonders existing in the Montreal city. I can attest to the fact that the visit is actually worthwhile. The Palais des congres de Montreal is an exhibition centre holding exhibition each year 1 , situated in Quartier international de Montreal towards the Northern end of Old Montreal in the district of Ville-Marie in Montreal. It seems the building was named after its principle owner whose name is Palais de congres de Montreal 2 . It uses the design of the small number of stone buildings by using limestone that is laid in bands like them. The translucent glass allows the internal to absorb light inconspicuously. Its address is 159; rue Saint-Antoine Quest, 9 th floor, Montreal (Quebec), QC H2Z 1H2. Its neighboring buildings are the Place Jean-Paul Riopelle, Victoria square and Place de la Cite international buildings. The original work was done by a ‘neo-brutalist’ in the name of Victor Prus who built the Palais in 1980 3 and was inaugurated in May 1983 4 . It underwent an expansion between 1999 and 2002 through which its capacity in doubled to 93,000 square meters. The new architecture repaired the urban outlook to provide a ground level public for commercial purposes as well as a pedestrian and transportation link. However, the expansion used a similar design as its original 1980’s except that it has less concrete and more glasses. The new design, to a great extent, integrated well with its surroundings. From its current location, Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International airport is just 20 kilometers away. The building occupies an area of 200,000 square ft and it has 65 conference rooms as well as 18 loading docks, (fig. 1). The vertical panels are 1.5 meter by 3.6 meter. The expansion of the building was designed by a combination of architects i.e. Tetreault, Dubuc, Saiat and Hal Ingberg architects, whose design won the local design competition conducted for the same purpose. Hal Ingberg has earned himself an enviable reputation as among Canadian’s best architects for designing buildings. His unique knowledge on the potential abilities of glass to bring out unimaginable examination of space, the tinge brought by multiple colors, transparency and reflection has been greatly lauded. The modification resulted into Canada’s most remarkable work of art with very promising architectural statements. The total area of expansion is 110,000 square meters while the total area restoration is 100,000 square meters. The leading design architect was Mario Saia and the main project architect was Michael Languedoc. The work was performed by a project group of about 20 project members. The structural engineer was Dessau-Soprin while the mechanical engineer was Pageu Morel et associes, Genivar. The landscape architect was Claude Cormier Architects Paysagistes and the contracting group was Gespro, BFC, Divco. Experience The Palais unique design is characterized by a rainbow of colored glass panels in the exterior and transparent glass panels in the interior that fills it with an atmosphere that is both luminous and energizing. Its multifunctional design enables it to host large-scale conventions and stage exhibitions simultaneously and that makes it the most popular amongst event holders. As opposed to other like buildings in North America, the Palais welcomes you with a warm and friendly atmosphere, which represents the city,’s Latin flavor as well as the nature of the inhabitants of the city themselves. It makes you feel that you are at the right place, where you should be. When the sunrays strike the multicolored outer lay, it reflects a kaleidoscope of colors (fig. 2) which results into a memorable moment of an intense feeling. The space coloration is changed in a continuous pattern as the sun’s angle changes all day through creating a harmonious rhythm of mixture of colors and feelings. Looking through the chartreuse, pink and blue lenses, it instantly creates a lasting impression in your mind. When viewed from the outside, the wall looks carnivalesque resulting from the reflection of the brightly colored curtains but from the inside, the sunrays coming though the multicolored wall takes your breath away. The dramatic size and position of the wall causes the interior spaces; walls, staircases, floors as well as escalators to continuously swaddle in vibrant hues of red, green, yellow and blue. The Palais design connection of the exterior and interior spaces with glass brings out a unique twist in it, not commonly found in modern architecture. The skins colorful membrane diminishes any sense of opacity by its failure to create a condition of continuity between each sphere and as a result produces parallel spatial worlds. As you enter, what meets your eye is an L shaped design, which has been formed by the meeting of the pedestrian shopping centre and the Hall Bleury. This further has three divisions of conceptual rings, which forms the main structure and the central organization of the interiors. The outer layer of the ring are used for commercial activity, while the resulting inward curves are used as loading docks, bus stations, trump ramps and other services. Between the rings, there are two pedestrian passageways, which connects the Old city to the now modern Montreal, link that had previously been separated by the expressway. Inside is a beehive of activities with since it is occupied by many individuals some as staff and others as hotel visitors. Yet in all that, it does not show any signs of chaos and disorganization. The side along the Rue de Bluery grabs your attention from the fineness of the glass walls. In this side, it is just a storey shorter in height than the other like buildings in the neighboring. The doorways are covered with cantilevered translucent canopies of glass, (fig. 3). The insides of the glass walls are illuminated making them glow at night, (fig. 4). The Hall Bleury contains various conference rooms and exhibition halls and hosts major public forums. The rue Viger escalator slowly hovers along the edge of the sidewalk, a passageway for the pedestrian. Above the passageway, there is a curtain wall that is horizontally marked by mullions emerging seamlessly from the existing building’s nose. Where the old and the new buildings meet, is a powerful urban maker which affords a beautiful view from rue Saint-Catherine. The elevation in rue Saint-Antoine is a transparent base of busy commercial space which supports an opaque middle of rafter slabs which are multi-tone grey. By using this kind of stone, it helps identify the new Montreal with the ancient one since this is where it was found in large quantity 5 . While the elongated dimensions, textures and the deeper detailing gives it its look of contemporary construction. the corner at Saint-Antoine contains a translucent glass box illumination and encompasses the full round space of the conference rooms. This corner hangs over the angled wall that is the commercial space below. On the interior, the yellow color is absorbed by the by the excessively shiny dark flooring. One gets a clear outlook of space along Viger Street at the upper level. A shiny finishing is evident supported by a framework made of steel. Escalators move up and down along this path, (fig. 5). The inside west façade portrays a clear yellow shiny area which gives it a serene feeling. The winter garden in the building, occupying a service area of 700 square meters (0.2 acres), is nothing short of genius art by the Canadian Society of Landscape architects. It has a forest of concrete trees which are painted lipstick pink which was done to complement the city’s booming cosmetic industry and portray the city’s inexhaustible creativity and innovation. It adopts the pattern of the hundred-year old maples lining the city’s avenues 6 , (fig. 6) and it is perfectly designed in such a manner that it will remain unaffected by future environmental changes. The well-carved trunks of tree hang between the concrete slabs of the ground floor and the ceiling. This is a symbol of real nature in the modern world. The combination of the typically 1970’s architectural original work and the recent 2000-2002 expansion work of the building, the Palais is an acknowledgment of architectural cohesion, with a combination of the colorful luminescent glass and the permanence of stone. It integrates with brilliant success three centuries of historical design bringing in traces of the old city 7 . Conclusion The Palais offers an exceptional venue for conventions. It is an authentic center where the city’s major attractions meet. It brings together the city’s business centre, arts and entertainment district, international district, Old Montreal as well as Chinatown. It provides a naturally lit environment that magically integrates form and functionality especially for event organizers. This is coupled with the fact that its showrooms are of huge size to accommodate large number of people. With this, it is able to generate major economic spin-offs for the growth of Quebec and has fruitfully contributed to sharing of knowledge through the conferences not to mention enhancing the city’s international image as a first class destination. Since it stated operating in 2003, the new building has been witnessing large number of visitors while enjoying enthusiastic comments from the architectural international community as well as the general public 8 . The reason the design has been so successful is because it focused on one objective and it worked towards achieving it, which it did. It sends a message to all Montreal’s and international community alike that the city is dedicated to provide a center for exchange of knowledge and skills and ideas for developing international agreements and partnerships. By September 2005, the project for the expansion of the building had received 22 awards from thirteen different spheres such as the 2005 PMI Project of the Year in Philadelphia. The success of the project played an important part in the making of the decision by the World Anti-Doping Agency as well as International Design Alliance to move their offices to Montreal. The IATA and ICAO among other major international organizations also have their offices in this great city. Various major events are held in the convention centre such as the Montreal International Show that attracts around 200,000 people annually. It also hosted the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2005 and in 2009, it hosted the 67 th World Science Fiction Convention 9 . The building was awarded BOMA Best environmental certificate 10 for being the best in preserving the environment through its artificial pink-lipstick forest and choosing to ‘go green’. Inside the building, the staff is very attentive and offers personalized planning services with a very well developed technology and ecoresponsible options that makes people want to have their events there. Despite its age, the Palais has continued to be the most magnificent architectural building of its kind. I have always seen it from outside without touring most of its interiors. After a thorough journey throughout the building, I have realized that its beautiful and colorful exteriors, do not even begin to describe the building. A careful analysis of the interiors tells you all you want to know about architectural creativity and art. With the new improvements, it is almost like a dream that something so exquisite could exist in the physical world. The artificial pink-lipstick forest is a sight to behold. Everyone should make a point of making a stop at one of the city’s largest buildings. References Ambassador’s Club. The Palais des Congres de Montreal: Architecture, 27 th July 2011 Artifice. Inc. Unconventionally Colorful, Architecture Week, Design Department, April 2007 Architectural Glazing Project Profile, December 2003, Publication No. 24599944. Boake, Terri Meyer. Image Gallery: Palais des Congres de Montreal, Quebec, February 2007 Carrier, S. Jean. Palais des Congres de Montreal: Nearby Images in Montreal, February, 2009 Cormier, Claude. Lipstick Forest: Winter Garden at the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, July 2011 Demelt, Annie. Aliens Have Invaded Montreal for the 67 th Annual World Fiction Convention, August 2009, CTV.ca Dona, Montreal: The Top 8 Reasons to Go – From Hippy Fest to Foodies, TravelsWithHeart, August 2011. Flickr®. Palais des Congres de Montreal, October 2010 Ingberg. Hal, Expansion of the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Competition Laureate, 1999 Vanceva®. Laminated Glass Takes Centre Stage; At Palais Des Congres in Montreal, Footnotes 1 Carrier, S. Jean, Palais des Congres de Montreal: Nearby Images in Montreal, February, 2009 2 Boake, Terri Meyer, Image Gallery: Palais des Congres de Montreal, Quebec, February 2007 3 Artifice. Inc, Unconventionally Colorful, Architecture Week, Design Department, April 2007, Para. 3 4 Flickr®, Palais des Congres de Montreal, October 2010 5 Ingberg, Hal, Expansion of the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Competition Laureate, 1999 6 Cormier, Claude, Lipstick Forest: Winter Garden at the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, July 2011 7 Ambassador’s Club, The Palais des Congres de Montreal: Architecture, 27 th July 2011 8 Vanceva®, Laminated Glass Takes Centre Stage; At Palais Des Congres in Montreal, Architectural Glazing Project Profile, Para. 7, December 2003, Publication No. 24599944. 9 Demelt, Annie, Aliens Have Invaded Montreal for the 67 th Annual World Fiction Convention, August 2009, CTV.ca 10 Dona, Montreal: The Top 8 Reasons to Go – From Hippy Fest to Foodies, TravelsWithHeart, August 2011

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Write an essay about: The research has shown that infants' reaction to separation is reminiscent of those presented by primate. In this respect, it can be stressed that both attachment and exploratory behavior are significantly influenced by the separation within the identified timeframe.

The research has shown that infants' reaction to separation is reminiscent of those presented by primate. In this respect, it can be stressed that both attachment and exploratory behavior are significantly influenced by the separation within the identified timeframe.

Attachment, Exploration, and Separation: Illustrated by the Behavior of One-year Olds in a Strange Situation Essay The findings presented in the article called Attachment, Exploration, and Separation: Illustrated by the Behavior of One-year Olds in a strange environment provide a deeper view on the concept of attachment and contribute to better understanding of possible strategies and solutions needed to promote favorable relationships between caregivers and infants. This assumption is based on the experiment conducted by the authors where different types of behaviors are discovered during the interaction between stranger and infant. Considering the stranger as a potential caregiver, the research allows to predict more accurate outcomes of these interactions as well as interventions that can introduced to avoid misconceptions and maltreatment. In addition, the given research creates a solid platform for outlining the main problem and constraints that a caregiver may face while establishing secure attachment with infants in a particular setting. Consequently, despite the limitation of the research, it is still possible to resort to the highlighted assumptions for working out effective intervention strategies with reference to particular episodes. Main Points and Details of the Experiment In the article under analysis, the author highlights salient features of the attachment relationships as well as how they are affected by strange situations. The researcher also illustrates interactions and reports on the behavior in strange situation to draw the connection between strange-situation behavior and the one represented in observational, experimental and clinical contexts. The research is composed of 8 episodes to observe how 56 white one-year olds behave in a strange situation. The participants include mothers, infant, stranger, and observer who behave in different ways. The introduced episodes are aimed at defining what classes of behavior (proximity and contact-seeking, contact-maintaining, interaction-avoiding, contact and interaction-resisting, and searching) while interacting both with the mother and with the stranger. While presenting the results of the study, the author pays particular attention to specific aspects, such visual attention to the physical environment, to the mother and to the stranger. While investigating five classes of behavior, the author has managed to find out child reaction to different episodes, such as crying and searching behavior, during all periods of exploration and separation. The research have also shown that revealed that crying and searching as proximity-promoting behaviors have been enhanced and have remained unchanged even when the mother returns to the room. In this respect, it can be stressed that both attachment and exploratory behavior are significantly influenced by the separation within the identified timeframe. However, infants’ reaction to separation is reminiscent of those presented by primates while separating for longer terms. In this experiment, searching and distressed callings for the mother were increased whereas exploratory behavior has been diminished. In whole, the presented finding can give rise to the analysis of attachment establishment in a broader sense, which can also be modified under the influence of external factors. Presenting Supporting Arguments In the research, Ainsworth and Bell (1970) shed the light on the significance of considering the relation between attachment and exploratory behaviors, which is the key to fostering positive relations between toddlers and primary caregivers. In this findings, the researchers state, “attachment behavior is incompatible with exploratory behavior” when it is enhanced (Ainworth and Bell, 1970, p. 64). Nevertheless “the state of being attached facilitate exploratory behaviors” and “the infant is likely to be able to use his mother as a secure base from which to explore, manifesting no alarm in even a strange situation as long as she is present” (Ainsworth and Bell, 1970, p. 64). Judging from this, short-term absence of attachment behavior cannot be considered as it weakening, which proves the possibility of establishing secure attachment between the infant and the caregiver. More importantly, the presented episodes can be used as a part of an approach to transiting children from home to child-care establishment in a less stressful way. Despite the fact that the study is not aimed discussing individual differences among infants, the research stipulates, “attachment relationships are qualitatively different from one attached pair to another” (Ainsworth and Bell, 1970, p. 65). Such an assumption provides a kind of ambivalence on the study of the concept of attachment, but this difference still provide the necessity to further discuss these issues with reliance on social and cultural factors. In this respect, Ebbeck and Hoi Yin Bonnie (2009) support the idea that “continuation of cultural practices from home to centers may not only help infant/toddlers feel that they are accepted into the center’s culture, but may also consolidate their sense of security”. Overview of existing limitations as well as accurate description of the experiment provided by Ainsworth and Bell (1970) contributes greatly to better understanding concerning which strategies should be implemented to eliminate psychological and individual problems during transition. Presenting Interventions and Recommendations for Developing Health Attachment for Children It has been recognized that promotion of positive attachment relationships between caregivers and infants is of paramount importance for psychological well-being of children. These relationships create a solid ground for future favorable intervention to providing emotion support to children. In this respect, two interventions should be implemented. The first one will imply the extension of the adaptation period and spending more time for fostering relationships between toddlers and caregivers (Ebbeck and Hoi Yin Bonnie, 2009). The second approach will involve the enhancement of emotional and responsive reactions while communication with children. Considering the first method in more detail, caregivers and parents should spend more time for playing, nurturing and teaching them. The next step will be the development of a long-term trust through being affectionate and loving. Once the emotional ground has been prepared, it is possible to establish attachment relationships. At this stage, caregivers should pay close attention to the development changes happened in the course of time as well as to infants’ needs and preferences. The second approaches can be carried through several stages as well. To begin with, a caregiver should be as emotionally available as possible; he/she should work and communicate with a child rather than wait until a child adapts to the strange situation. Finally, it is vital for child to feel comfortable in the setting where the communication takes place that should not distract infants from establishing attachment. Such an approach will contribute greatly to building strong bonds between caregivers and toddlers where visual and oral communication should be efficient for strengthening the attachment. Importantly, cultural and social issues should also be taken into the closet consideration because they are quite helpful while transiting children from home to child-care establishments. In conclusion, the research under analysis has greatly expanded the viewing the essence of the attachment relationships and behaviors related to this concept. Particular emphasis should be placed on the different attachment and exploratory behavior that are considered in connection. References Ainsworth, M.S., & Bell, S.M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41 (1), 49-67. Ebbeck, M., & Hoi Yin Bonnie, Y. (2009). Rethinking attachment: fostering positive relationships between infants, toddlers and their primary caregivers. Early Child Development & Care , 179(7), 899-909.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay examines the motivational teaching strategies in the English speaking class and how they affect EFL learners. It also looks at the causes of English speaking difficulties among EFL students.The essay examines the motivational teaching strategies in the English speaking class and how they affect EFL learners. It also looks at the causes of English speaking difficulties among EFL students.

The essay examines the motivational teaching strategies in the English speaking class and how they affect EFL learners. It also looks at the causes of English speaking difficulties among EFL students. The essay examines the motivational teaching strategies in the English speaking class and how they affect EFL learners. It also looks at the causes of English speaking difficulties among EFL students.

Asian Efl Learners’ Perceptions of Motivational Teaching Strategies in the English Speaking Class Essay (Critical Writing) English learning motivation Students’ success in acquiring a foreign language can depend upon various factors, including those of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivating factors can be defined as the inner driving forces making students to make efforts in acquiring a foreign language and their understanding of the main reasons for which they need to learn a second language. According to Belmechri and Hummel (1998), the main students’ orientations toward learning English as a second language included the opportunities of travelling, future career prospects, friendship with children from other countries and prestige (p. 220). These orientations can be recognized as the main predictors of students’ intrinsic motivation. Though Belmechri and Hummel (1998) who investigated motivations of Quebec students did not find much evidence of integrative orientations composed of several factors, the scholars admitted that this issue requires further consideration and integrative intrinsic motivation can appear in other contexts. The intrinsic motivating factors are interrelated with extrinsic motivation based upon social psychological constructs, classroom atmosphere and teaching strategies. Attempting to define the motivational basis for second language acquisition, Clėment, Dornyuei, and Noels (1994) concluded that extrinsic motivational factors, including those of classroom atmosphere and subprocesses can play an important role in the second language acquisition (p. 445). The classroom atmosphere is especially important for oral activities of foreign language learners, which require interpersonal contact between speakers and favorable climate, which would allow reducing the speakers’ anxiety about making mistakes and expressing their opinions. Additionally, the teaching techniques implemented by instructors and the quality of the course books can contribute to the overall classroom atmosphere and corresponding learners’ motivation (Clėment, Dornyuei, and Noels, 1994, p. 243). Wharton (2000) examined about 80 strategies used by instructors and concluded that these approaches to language learning contributed to the extrinsic motivation of students and played a significant role in the language acquisition processes. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors are significant for successful foreign language acquisition and especially creating favorable conditions for doing oral activities and developing proper speaking skills. The causes of English speaking difficulties among EFL students English speaking learning anxiety and difficulties As a complex process, language acquisition requires development of appropriate skills at different levels, including those of reading comprehension, writing and speaking activities. Students may have various difficulties in the process of foreign language production in each of these activities, but the speaking assignments require consideration of students’ personal characteristics, including the levels of their anxiety and self-confidence as well as their perception of motivation and encouragement strategies used by teachers which can be dependent upon students’ cultural background. Taking into account the fact that oral production requires immediate interaction and establishment of interpersonal contact with others, it can be stated that the speaking activities require creating favorable conditions for motivating students to express their opinions and overcome their fear of making mistakes and being laughed at. The problem of learners’ anxiety, which can have a negative impact upon learners’ achievements is discussed by present-day scholars working in the sphere (Crookall & Oxford, 1991; Horwitz & Young 1991). According to Crookall & Oxford (1991), the first step towards solving the problem is recognizing the importance of language-learning anxiety and imposing measures for reorganizing the learning environment and aiding students in overcoming it (p. 142). The methods of reducing the learners’ anxiety and enhancing their self-confidence discussed in the study by Crookall & Oxford (1991) include changes in the classroom roles and accustomed procedures. The games, role-playing activities and different types of simulations are among the strategies which can be used for the purpose of reducing the learners’ anxiety and creating appropriate conditions for developing their speaking skills (p. 150). As to the Asian learners, the peculiarities of their cultural background and mentality need to be taken into account when addressing the problem of learners’ anxiety in a purposeful way. According to the observations of Stein (2004), the Asian learners get accustomed to passive roles in the classroom due to the enhanced respect towards instructors and the prevalence of listening activities (p. 156). These factors need to be taken into account when rearranging the classroom environment for Asian students because the cultural background can affect their perception of teachers’ motivation and encouragement. Defined as students’ uneasiness and discomfort in speaking out aloud in the classroom, the problem of foreign language speaking anxiety needs to be addressed by teachers and school administrators (Horwitz, 1991, p. 21). Researches of the relationship between English learning and speaking learning difficulty The oral interaction skills are important for both beginning-level and experienced language learners because they contribute to the basis of language literacy development and foster further improvement of language skills. According to McKay et al. (2008), learners’ interaction with instructors and their peers can provide them with comprehensible input, which can aid them in future language learning (p. 1). Therefore, creating the situations for learners’ natural interactions with others can contribute to their language skills. Communicating clearly and willing to be understood, learners can polish their language skills. Creating role-playing situations and collaborative environment in the classroom, teachers need to take into account the preferred communication styles, which are characteristic of specific nationalities (McKay et al., 2008, p. 3). For instance, the preference of group assignments in Asian students needs to be taken into account by educators working with these groups of students. Dörnyei (1994) admitted that the existing social psychological constructs cannot be applied to certain educational contexts (p. 515). Pointing out at the importance of further improvement of methodologies for creating favorable classroom environments, Dörnyei (1994) emphasized the importance of comfortable microclimate for developing the learners’ speaking skills and oral production abilities for developing their language skills in general (p. 521). There is evidence that providing students with opportunities for oral interaction and implementing a task-based approach to academic activities, instructors can receive certain gains in terms of learners’ achievements and increase the pace of students’ language acquisition (McKay et al., 2008, p. 2). There is a bilateral relationship between English learning processes and English speaking difficulties. On the one hand, speaking activities require proper level of language competence, favorable psycho-social climate and opportunities for oral interaction. On the other hand, the development of speaking skills can become a valuable contribution to the basis for further language acquisition. The relationship between personality, English learning motivation and English speaking learning difficulty Discussing the issue of English speaking difficulty, the scholars need to shed light upon the interplay between learners’ personal traits, views, cultural background and their intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for learning a foreign language. Naughton (2006) conducted a socio-cultural research for identifying the role of learners’ individual perceptions of learning strategies and classroom communication styles in developing their language skills. According to the findings of this study, the current interaction patterns do not reflect the peculiarities of the learners’ perceptions, which are however important for the second language acquisition (Naughton, 2006, p. 170). Thus, creating conversational opportunities for small groups, instructors need to take into account the socio-cultural characteristics of learners and their correspondence with the implemented teaching strategies. The participation in the training program and socio-cultural research allowed teachers to significantly improve the classroom environment and improve the learners’ outcomes (Naughton, 2006, p. 172). Thus, a psychological perspective is important for selecting the most appropriate classroom communication styles and teaching strategies, interaction and motivation patterns complying with the students’ socio-cultural and personal needs so that they could use their potential and develop the necessary language skills. The motivation of learners for learning the English language in general can differ from the rationale for paying special attention to spoken language skills in particular. Moriam (2008) discussed the motivation of university students to learn spoken English in Bangladesh and their corresponding learning strategies. The research findings have revealed the direct relationship between motivation and strategy use in Bangladeshi students (Moriam, 2008, p. 66). Hence, there is a direct relationship between learners’ personal traits and cultural background and a link between learners’ motivation and corresponding learning strategies implemented by students. Therefore, the main reasons of the English speaking difficulties faced by students can be explained with peculiarities of students’ perceptions and certain inconsistencies in their preferred interaction styles and the strategies used in the classroom. Consequently, teachers looking for the solution of the problems of students’ speaking anxiety need to take into account the learners personal characteristics, socio-cultural background, their learning motivation and strategies. English speaking learning difficulty and English learning motivation Most of educational theorists acknowledge that learners’ motivation can play an Important role in enhancing the effectiveness of the classroom activities, improving the learners’ academic achievements and encouraging them to overcome their learning difficulties and anxiety (Gardner, Tennant, & Mihic, 2004; Tsiplakides & Keramida, 2010 ). Acknowledging the fact that learners’ attitudes towards the process of the English language learning can be regarded as an important predictor of the students’ success and achievements, it can be stated that motivation strategies and rewarding activities organized by educators are important for improving the levels of learners’ motivation and developing positive attitudes towards English reading, writing and especially speaking activities. According to Tsiplakides & Keramida (2010), educators can contribute to learners’ motivation by establishing positive interpersonal relationships with students, fostering positive psychological atmosphere in the classroom and creating attractive environment (Promoting positive attitudes in ESL/EFL classes). Therefore, the appropriate teaching strategies applied for organizing the classrooms and planning the classroom activities can be helpful for improving the levels of students’ motivation and aiding them in overcoming their difficulties and anxiety. In that regard, even seating arrangement and bright boards can be helpful for capturing learners’ attention and creating positive attitudes to English learning activities in them (Tsiplakides & Keramida, 2010). Concerning the oral production discussed in this paper, it can be stated that positive relationships between students and instructors, as well as between students and their peers are important for creating favorable conditions in which students could freely express their thoughts in a foreign language and develop their speaking skills. Gardner, Tennant, Mihic (2004) emphasized the importance of an integrative approach towards affective variables which have impact upon the students’ motivation and English language learning process. Thus, neither of these variables, including those of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, personal characteristics and perceptions, difficulties and anxiety can be underestimated in developing the appropriate teaching strategies and achieving the necessary levels of learners’ motivation. Approaches teachers used in English speaking classes Using cooperation to organize speaking activities Taking into account the predominantly passive role of Asian learners in the classroom, which is preconditioned with the peculiarities of their ethnic background and educational experience teachers need to create specific opportunities for oral interaction and include them into the class activities in order to provide learners with opportunities of oral production. As it was stated in Tremblay & Gardner (1995), the positive relationships and the mode of cooperation are important for expanding the learners’ motivation and constructing favorable language learning environment (p. 507). Therefore, creating the conditions for interaction and imitating the close-to-reality situations as well as organizing group projects, educators can place an emphasis upon cooperative mode of relationships within the classroom and encourage the learners to overcome their fears and foreign language speaking anxiety for the purpose of reaching the project goals, expressing their thoughts clearly in order to be heard and understood. Additionally, implementing proper strategies for correcting students’ errors in the form of rephrasing the questions, explaining a keyword and involving other students, instructors can shift the emphasis from the students’ fear of making mistakes towards cooperation for the purpose of achieving the final goals. On the one hand, there is evidence that learner’s autonomy is necessary for developing students’ language skills (Usioda, 2003, p. 18). On the other hand, it is important to define the most appropriate level of this autonomy. Regarding Asian learners who may feel enhanced anxiety when doing speaking activities, the cooperative mode of relationships in the classroom is preferable for expanding student’ motivation and overcoming their anxiety. Therefore, taking into account the prior educational experience of Asian learners and peculiarities of their perceptions of the speaking activities and attitudes towards the teacher’s role in the classroom, it can be stated that cooperation is the best suitable mode for organizing the classroom activities which would allow students to overcome their fears and realize their potential and develop their language skills. Learning environment Following the generally accepted rules of the teaching-learning process, it can be stated that the learning environment, including the learning materials, equipment and classroom conditions which can be referred to extrinsic motivation factors, can play an important role in expanding students’ motivation and creating positive attitudes towards the English language learning process in them. As it was outlined by Young (1991), the low-anxiety classroom requires fostering students’ motivation and creating appropriate classroom environment (p. 430). Thus, educators need to take into consideration the materials used and the organization of the working space, which would ensure comfort of every learner. According to the findings of the language-anxiety research, learners’ motivation can be helpful for overcoming their fear and foreign language speaking anxiety. Additionally, the attractive materials, pleasant-looking course books and comfortable seating arrangements can become a contribution to positive psychological climate inside of the classroom. Attractive visual aids can concentrate learners’ attention when they get bored and enhance their motivation to attend classes. Students will more gladly attend a comfortably-arranged classroom. Taking into account the fact that students may create the links between certain surroundings and activities, it can be stated that pleasant-looking environment can play an important role in creating positive attitudes towards language learning activities in students which would allow reducing their anxiety (McCroskey & Richmond, 1991, p. 21). Thus, along with using other methods of extrinsic motivation, students should consider reorganization of the classroom environment, including the comfortable seating of students and integration of visual aids into the working space, which would allow creating favorable atmosphere and overcoming students’ difficulties and reducing their speaking anxiety. Planning the reorganization of the working space and classroom environment for complying with the needs of particular groups, educators need to take into account the students’ peculiar perceptions and prior educational experiences. Factors influencing ESL learners’ achievement in English speaking The academic achievements of English learners can depend upon a wide range of factors, including those of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the level of their self-confidence and anxiety and the strategies used for overcoming this anxiety and creating favorable conditions for effective language acquisition. According to the findings of scholarly research the integrative motivations of students play an important role in developing their language skills and overcoming their anxiety of speaking out aloud in the classroom (Wharton, 2000; Belmechri and Hummel, 1998; MacIntyre et al., 1998). Therefore a complex approach needs to be adopted for viewing the variety of motivational factors and defining the main influential aspects having impact upon them so that the educators could select the most effective strategies for overcoming students’ difficulties and providing them with the necessary support in overcoming their anxiety and fears. Thus, the methods of self-control and educational interventions can be applied for improving the levels of students’ motivation and improving their language skills and achievements. Developing educational interventions and selecting the most appropriate teaching strategies, educators need to consider students’ personal perceptions of motivation and encouragement strategies which can be regarded as important factors influencing students’ achievements in English speaking (Moriam, 2008, p. 66; Noels, Cleemnt & Peletier, 2001, p. 428). The peculiarities of personal perceptions and attitudes can be predetermined with the psycho-social characteristic of specific groups and even their ethnical background and prior educational experience. For instance, there is evidence that Asian learners get accustomed to being silent during classes and can feel extremely uncomfortable when doing certain speaking activities (Stein, 2004, p. 156). The enhanced foreign language speaking anxiety of Asian learners should be taken into account for creating favorable conditions which would allow them to overcome their psychological barriers and use the classroom opportunities for oral interaction and development of language skills. Even having developed language skills, most Asian learners try to avoid speaking activities. Considering these peculiarities, educators can develop favorable environment and comfortable classroom atmosphere for reducing students’ anxiety and improving their language skills. Paying proper attention to the interpersonal relationships between the participants of teaching-learning process, classroom environment and organization of teaching activities, teachers can foster the development of students’ language skills. Thus, the main influential factors affecting students’ language skills include their personal perceptions of the learning processes, integrative intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and the appropriateness of the teachers’ strategies for reducing their anxiety and creating comfortable conditions for organizing their speaking activities and developing language skills. Reference List Belmechri, F., and Hummel, K. 1998, Orientations and motivation in the acquisition of English as a second language among high school students in Quebec City. Language Learning, 2, 219-244. Clėment, R., Dornyuei, Z., and Noels, K., 1994, Motivation, self-confidence, and group cohesion in the foreign language. Language Learning , 3, 417-448. Crookall, D. & Oxford, R. 1991, Dealing with anxiety: Some practical activities for language learners and teacher trainees . New York: Springer. Dörnyei, Z 1994, Understanding L2 motivation: On with the challenge! The Modern Gardner, R, Tennant, A, Mihic, L 2004, Integrative motivation: Changes during a year long intermediate level language course. Language Learning , 54 (1): 1-34. Horwitz, E. K. & Young, D. J. 1991 , Language anxiety: From theory and research to classroom implications. Language Journal, 78, 515-523. MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. 1998, Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in an L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82 (4) , 545-562. McCroskey, J. & Richmond, V. P. (1991) Quiet children and the classroom teacher. Clearinghouse on reading and communication skills . New York: Cengage Learning. McKay et al. (2008) Facilitating adult learner interactions to build listening and speaking skills. New Jersey: CAELA. Moriam, Q. M. (2008) A study on motivation and strategy use of Bangladesh University students to learn spoken English. Journal of International Development and Cooperation , 14(2): 51 – 66. Naughton, D., 2006, Cooperative strategy training and oral interaction: enhancing small group communication in the language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 90, 169-184. Noels, K., Cleemnt, R., & Peletier, L., 2001. Intrinsic, extrinsic, and integrative orientations of French Canadian learners of English. Canadian Modern Language Review , 57(3): 424 – 442. Stein, J. S. 2004, The culture of education policy . New York: Routledge. Tremblay, P. F., Gardner, R.C 1995, Expanding the motivation construct in language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 79 (4), 505-520. Tsiplakides, I. & Keramida, A. (2010) Promoting positive attitudes in ESL/EFL classes. The Internet TESL Journal , XVI(1). Web. Usioda, E 2003, Motivation as a socially mediated process. In Little, D., Ridley, J. & Ushioda, E. (Eds), Learner autonomy in the foreign language classroom: Teacher, learner, curriculum and assessment . Dublin: Authentik. Wharton ,P. G. 2000, Language learning strategy use of bilingual foreign language learners in Singapore. Language Learning , 50 (2): 203-243. Young, D. J 1991, Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal, 75, 426 439.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The first criterion, which can be used in attaining the health of a family business, is the system of corporate governance present. A sound corporate governance system forms a firm organizational system that clarifies reporting lines, duties and designation of the tasks. In addition, a governance structure offers clear strategies for recruiting family or non-family members, and unbiased performance-oriented promotion is vital for the continuity of a family business.

The first criterion, which can be used in attaining the health of a family business, is the system of corporate governance present. A sound corporate governance system forms a firm organizational system that clarifies reporting lines, duties and designation of the tasks. In addition, a governance structure offers clear strategies for recruiting family or non-family members, and unbiased performance-oriented promotion is vital for the continuity of a family business.

Assessing the Relative Health of a Family Business Essay To assess a relative health of family business, scholars and other researchers who are interested in this issue employ various criteria. Some of the criteria used rest in the fields of corporate governance, family governance, business performance, philanthropy, social responsibility, ethics and environmental sustainability. This paper will discuss these commonly used criteria in assessing the health of family business, and relate two of them to Gopher IT, which is a family business. Criteria Used by Scholars and Others in the Assessment The first criterion, which can be used in assessing the health of family business, is the system of corporate governance present. As family businesses develop, the relationships between administrators, owners and workers become intricate (Ward 38). A sound corporate governance system establishes the right policies to handle this intricacy. It forms a firm organizational system that clarifies reporting lines, duties and designation of the tasks. Corporate governance detaches policy direction from the daily operation of the business, and distinguishes management from ownership. A healthy family business should have clear guidelines to choose the right family individual, in order to ascertain that management transition does not interrupt the development of the business (Aronoff 2). Prosperous family businesses emerge from years of commitment and effort. Successful family businesses pass on accumulated experience, knowledge, and skills to other family members (Davis 6). Besides, corporate governance helps in preserving family harmony. Members of a family may have disputes among themselves on the administration of the business. A firm governance structure assists in solving such disputes enabling family members to concentrate on other significant issues. In addition, a governance structure offers clear strategies for recruiting family or non-family members, and unbiased performance-oriented promotion is vital for the continuity of a family business (Mallin 76). Management of personnel and recruitment are key aspects in achieving the success of a family business in the long term. Lastly, corporate governance promotes open decision-making and processes that guarantee justice assessing and rewarding both non-family and family workers, in order to avoid anxiety and maintain the reputation of a company. The second criterion, which can be used in attaining the health of a family business, is the family governance. Family governance includes the constitution, which stipulates employment and shareholding terms, as well as governance institutions (Rouvinez 56). Institutions of family governance aid in reinforcing family harmony and building strong relationships with its company. Family institutions augment the links of communication amid the family and its company, and also give chances for family members to discuss issues that can be linked to the family business, through letting members of the family gather under planned structures (Fishman 74; Rouvinez 56). These structured activities assist in enhancing understanding, and promote consensus among members of the family. Family members must be well-versed in the activities and intention of any institutions of family governance. Also, it is essential to ascertain that family members can differentiate the functions of such institutions and the governing units of the business, including the top management and the board of directors (Abouzaid 37). This may be realized through developing written processes for such institutions, and distributing them to all the members of the family. Some family governance institutions of a family business might have include family councils, meetings and retreats. Family councils offer families a medium to settle issues and reflect on position of the business and family. All the members of the family may reconnect with each other, and family matters may be discussed logically instead of being left to aggravate into more serious matters. Family retreats may be performed from two to five days at a different place. They offer a neutral arena to talk about matters regarding the family and business. The third criterion is business performance. Healthy family businesses have a performance program, which assesses and reimburses workers on how well they accomplish their tasks without reference to family knots (Fishman 78). Moreover, healthy family businesses involve workers in this process. Workers should understand the review process and its significance. They also ought to complete a self-evaluation form in regard to their strengths, weaknesses and plans of professional growth for the following years. It is also vital for the company managers to discuss the future of the employees with them. Workers who are uncertain of their prospect may not deliver well. Managers of a healthy family business also discuss the roles that they should accomplish with all the nonfamily workers (Fishman 78). The fourth criterion is philanthropy. Philanthropy is a vital factor for families devoted to the business (Rouvinez 43). A healthy family business may offer meaningful employment for all the family members who are not part of its workforce. Also, it should uphold family values along generations. Charities that get established by commercial families represent a massive share of philanthropic benevolent around the globe. Family foundations also face operational and managerial choices regarding how best to utilize their finances (Gersick 2). Some family businesses have established that in the present, intricate situation, affiliations with nongovernmental organizations or non-profits can uphold social objectives of the family. Such foundations exploit the knowledge and local existence of other institutions, especially if these are executing projects in new localities. That is why, to guarantee continual development and high performance, family foundations should merge expertise with passion and a firm assessment of its consequences. Assessment is vital as it enables the members to distribute resources efficiently. Family foundations must center their monitoring and assessment endeavors on learning and enhanced making of decisions. They should as well approach functions with the attitude of an investor reducing costs of operation and making sensible investments in planning, tactics, qualified staff, and assessment. The fifth criterion is social responsibility. Distributing wealth through social responsibility creates a reputation for the business (Poza 21). Money cannot assure a high social effect. Besides the monetary and operational challenges, which every charitable activity encounters, families have to handle the critical challenge of cultivating a consensus on the management of their charitable actions along the generations. Various family foundations have solved this concern through creating an open spending budget, which lets family members sponsor projects that they want. The others provide them with the chances to serve as board members or to directly contribute to charitable projects via volunteering plans and onsite visits. This system is extremely effective in ensuring the next generation gets involved in it early. The sixth criterion is wealth management. Families require strong competence for controlling their wealth outside the core holdings (Fishman 31). The wealth may exist as liquid assets, stakes in other firms or semi liquid assets. Successful wealth management assists in maintaining harmony through offering a source of money to the family together with liquidity events, and diversifying risks. For big fortunes, the most excellent solution is a wealth-management bureau serving an individual family. A bureau of wealth-management providing services to sets of distinct families can be an alternative when individual lacks for the scale to validate the expense of a single-family bureau. A family wealth-management bureau may offer several services, which raise the possibilities of success including rigorous criteria for divestment/investment and a high degree of professionalism. The final criterion is ownership. Upholding family management or control while increasing new capital for business and gratifying the cash requirements of the family is an equation that should be dealt with because it is a key source of disagreement, especially transferring power from generation to generation (Mallin 76). Lasting family businesses standardize matters regarding ownership, such as the way shares that may be sold outside and inside the family through shareholders’ accords, which have been designed cautiously to last for over 15 years (Fishman 229). Most family businesses limit the sale of shares in order to maintain control. Family members who want to sell their shares should offer the right of first negation to their siblings and, subsequently, to their cousins (Fishman 85). Besides, the holding usually re-buys shares from present family members. Policies of payout are typically long-lasting, in order not to de-capitalize the business. Since exit gets limited and dividends are relatively low, a number of family businesses have turned to generational liquidity dealings, to gratify the cash requirements of the family. These can assume the shape of tax of family shares to the workers or from publicly operated businesses in the investment with the earnings returning to the family. Assessment of Gopher IT Family Business The structure of Gopher IT corporate governance gets well documented in a strategic plan. It comprises policies and values of the business. It defines the roles of the key players of the family business (Sahlman 98). Employees are the in-laws, cousins and non family members who have finished school recently. However, the company’s corporate governance system lacks for clear guidelines to make a choice of the right family individual in the line of succession. Therefore, conflicts always arise in regard to the successor of the wife and husband. Hence, management transition interrupts the development of the business. Also, corporate governance is not part of the family’s culture. Gopher IT as a family business includes favoritism. Family members get employed regardless of whether they become qualified or not. There is no record that the managers have the right education to hold the managerial positions (Sahlman 98). There is also no record that managers have some experience in running the business. Consequently, the business lacks harmony as well as clear strategies for recruiting family or non-family members; thus performance-oriented promotion becomes biased. In such a case, the business does not have free decision-making and processes that guarantee justice in assessing and rewarding both non-family and family workers; these create anxiety in the company. Assessment of Gopher IT Family Business Family governance Gopher IT has a clear system of family governance. The business has a constitution, which stipulates employment and shareholding terms as well as governance institutions. The management of Gopher IT falls under family members, and there is also a board of directors. Membership in the board of directors is mostly reserved for the family members although it may also be given to the non-family members who can be trusted. Roles and duties are clear at Gopher IT. The owners hold more than one role in the business and have different positions as managers and directors. Laura Welch is the general manager who oversees the running of the company (Stempler 53). She handles all the purchases, opening and closing of the office every day. Jack Welch, her husband, is the Sales and Marketing Manager. He creates promotional activities, monitors sales and distributes all the marketing materials. Chris Welch, their son, is the Financial Manager. He is responsible for finance, payroll, accounting taxes, billing and matters related to budgets. The non-family managers are operations manager and human resources manager. The operations manager is in charge of daily operations. The human resources manager supervises employees, and his roles include hiring and firing of new applicants. There is a proper governance in Gopher IT to implant discipline and prevent the conflicts for the business to continue developing. The company communicates its vision, rules and regulations, decisions and ideas to all its members. However, Gopher IT lacks for family governance institutions, such as family councils, which offer a medium to settle issues and reflect on family projects. Consequently, it lacks a proper entry criterion, and family equality does not become practiced in family making business resolutions. In conclusion, after assessing Gopher IT family business, we realized that the company needs to improve its corporate governance. First, we realized that corporate governance is not a part of the family’s culture. We, also, found out that although the company’s corporate governance system has employment policies, it lacks for clear guidelines to choose the right family individual in line of succession. Again, Gopher IT, as a family business, includes favoritism. Family members become employed irrespective of their qualifications. The management is in the hands of family members. As for a board of directors, the membership there becomes reserved for the family members although it may also be given to the non-family members who can be trusted. The company shares its vision, rules and regulations, decisions and ideas with all its members. However, Gopher IT lacks family governance institutions, such as family councils, which could offer a medium to settle issues and reflect on family projects. We made these assessments using different criterions that get used, by scholars, to assess the relative health of family business. The first criterion, which we used, was the present system of corporate governance. Corporate governance detaches policy direction from the daily operation of the business, and distinguishes management from the ownership. Gopher IT lacked a sound corporate governance system, with the right policies to handle this intricacy. It lacked a firm organizational approach that clarifies reporting lines, duties and designation of the tasks. The second criterion that we considered was the family governance. The family governance includes the constitution, which stipulates employment and shareholding terms as well as governance institutions. We realized that Gopher IT lacked links of communication amid the family and its company. Therefore, it did not offer opportunities for its family members to discuss issues that became linked to the family or business through letting members of the family gather under planned structures. The third criterion that we used in this assessment was business performance. Gopher IT has a performance program, which assesses and reimburses workers on how well they accomplish their tasks regardless the family ties. Also, Gopher IT involves their workers in this process. The company ensures that workers get to understand the review process as well as its importance. Also, workers at Gopher IT complete a self-evaluation form mentioning all their strengths, weaknesses and plans of professional growth for the next year. The fourth criterion that we employed to assess Gopher IT was philanthropy. Gopher IT practiced philanthropy activities. Also, the company offers meaningful employment for the family members who are not part of its workforce. The fifth criterion that we used to assess Gopher IT was social responsibility. Gopher IT distributes wealth through social responsibility, which creates the reputation of the business. The company, also, can handle the critical challenge of cultivating a consensus on the management of their charitable actions along generations. The sixth criterion that we used to assess Gopher IT was wealth management. Gopher IT has strong competence in controlling the wealth of the company outside the core holdings. The wealth exists as liquid assets, stakes in other firms and semi liquid assets. Successful wealth management assists in maintaining harmony through offering a source of money to the family together with liquidity events and diversifying risk. The final criterion that we used to assess Gopher IT was ownership. Gopher IT Upholds family management, while increasing new capital for business and gratifying the cash requirements of the family. This ensures that disagreements do not occur, especially in transferring power along the generations. Hence, since Gopher IT meets most of these criteria of measurements, we can say it is a successful family business. Works Cited Abouzaid, Sanaa. IFC Family Business Governance Handbook . Washington DC: International Finance Corporation, 2008. The Business in Society Gateway . Web. Aronoff, Craig. Family business Succession: The Final Test of Greatness. Marietta , GA: Family Enterprise Publishers, 2003.Print. Davis, John. “The Family Business.” Harvard business Review 19.20 (2001): 6. Print. Fishman, Allen. 9 Elements of Family Business Success: a Proven Formula for Improving Leadership & Relationships in Family Businesses . New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. Gersick, Kelin. Generations of Giving: Leadership and Continuity in Family Foundations . Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004. Print. Mallin, Chris. Corporate Governance . New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Rouvinez, Denise. Family Business: Key Issues . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print. Sahlman, Wiiliam. “How to Sustain a Family Business.” Harvard Business Review 4.75(1997): 98-108. Print. Stempler, Gerald. A Study of Succession in Family Owned Businesses . Thailand: University Microfilms International, 1988. Print. Ward, John L. “Governing Family Businesses.” Economic Perspectives 10.1 (2005): 38-42. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Assessment of effective critical analysis of PR and RM to successful promotion of an international eventIn this study, we look at the impacts of public relations transformations towards the changing society, the literature review behind the public relation and relationship supporting theories. Lastly, we assess the importance of public relations and relationship management on a particular organization, Winbeldon championship, and how it has helped it in its various relations with the members of the general public.

Assessment of effective critical analysis of PR and RM to successful promotion of an international event In this study, we look at the impacts of public relations transformations towards the changing society, the literature review behind the public relation and relationship supporting theories. Lastly, we assess the importance of public relations and relationship management on a particular organization, Winbeldon championship, and how it has helped it in its various relations with the members of the general public.

Assessment of effective critical analysis of PR and RM to successful promotion of an international event Essay Public relations can be defined as a management function which establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the general public on whom its success or failure depends (Egan & Jefkins, 2004). Public relation has gone beyond the normal activity of communication. It now encompasses other activities that are aimed at improving the relationship of the organization and its clients (Egan & Jefkins, 2004). On the other hand, relationship marketing encompasses the act of business creating a mutually beneficial exchange with its partners (Egan & Jefkins, 2004). This aims at creating customer loyalty and interaction with the organization. This is achieved through delivering of customer information on needs under an open communication (Breakenridge, 2008). In this study, we look at the impacts of public relations transformations towards the changing society, the literature review behind the public relation and relationship supporting theories. Lastly, we assess the importance of public relations and relationship management on a particular organization, Winbeldon championship, and how it has helped it in its various relations with the members of the general public. The world has undergone various technological changes over the last few decades (Center & Jackson, 2003). This has resulted in changes to the society and the economy at large for various countries. One of the major revolutions in the technological change is in the introduction of computer based programs (Chaffey & Smith, 2008). The information revolution has led to changes in the way of doing business which in turn affects the public relations (Center & Jackson, 2003). The computers have made it easy to write, edit information, and send messages (Chaffey & Smith, 2008). There is also instant receiving of feedback from the respondent. Most services have also been transferred online such as bank services, library among others (Chaffey & Smith, 2008). The telephone industries with the help of computers have also come up with teleconferencing where people can meet and discuss various issues online. Through it, business can be able to reach out to clients and obtain information about their products. Apart from changing the structure of conducting business, there are also new opportunities that have come up as a due to changes in the information (Egan & Jefkins, 2004). These include opportunities such as upgraded research capabilities and electronic media, which helps in reaching out to stakeholders (Curtin & Gaither, 2007). PR experts can now send messages to specific audiences in various locations, job group categories, education levels among other. It is also possible to get instant feedback from the person receiving the message (Curtin & Gaither, 2007). Lastly, practitioners have an improved chance of assessing the effectiveness of the PR campaigns (Curtin & Gaither, 2007). Public relations have borrowed a lot from other fields such as psychology, law, communication among others (Breakenridge, 2008). Many of the theories that try to explain various aspects in PR are borrowed from these fields. One of the theories of PR is the rhetorical approach (Breakenridge, 2008). The theory helps in defining the rhetorical dialogue that arrives at conclusions and influence actions in two ways. In this approach, people could exchange statements between groups about various products, services, public policies among others which help in determining each groups view on values, realities and choices (Duhé, 2007). When there is an eruption of disagreement, clients and PR experts help in adopting a persuasive discourse (Duhé, 2007). One area that rhetorical theory and asymmetrical theory come into an agreement is on the playing ground. This is because they both suggest that it should be level in a moral practice. According to Health (2006), each public policy should be allowed to stand on its own merit in the market place. This statement falls in the asymmetrical view of public relations. However, critics on the theory of rhetorical approach say that it does not make public reactions appear more moral unless the people who are involved are equally resourced (Health, 2006). Another approach to public relations and relationship management is developed by Ledingham and Bruning (Center & Jackson, 2003). They edited a book in the year 2000, which aimed at giving an approach to public relation. It helps in providing a better meaning of public relations in an organizational structure together with the society (Hung, 2009). This approach provides the dimensions of organizational sponsoring and the public. This includes commitment, cooperation, credibility, openness, asymmetry among others. Under this model, it is the role of professional in public relation to outline the elements they mean when they are referring to a relationship in each project (Hung, 2009). Since aspects of relationship are not symmetrical, it is hard to compare it with other theories such as the one above. From the author’s point of view, relationship management approach is more of instrumental procedure rather than an approach (Hung, 2009). It can also be described as an aspect of “goodwill” in public relations. Thus, in this description it is able to cover many relationship dimensions as indicated above although not all of them may be categorized as symmetrical (Health, 2006). A Wimbledon championship is an international sporting event that attracts a lot of interest from the public (Grunig, 2006). It has a rich history dating back to the year 1877. It has continuously improved in regard to changes in the information world. Its first stage was in All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet club in the year 1868 in Wimbledon (Grunig, 2006). The participant of the event had been drawn from the first year tournament of England. It attracted many crowds within the region until the year 1905 when it moved to international. May Sutton from the United States of America was the first champion in the ladies singles after moving international (Grunig, 2006). It continued to attract many crowds all over the world every year except for the period of World War II to the year 1949 when it was not held. It started again after reconstruction of Europe was complete from the destructions of the war. Despite having significant developments in the air travel in the 1950s, many people from overseas could not attend since the championship was not open to overseas participants. It lasted so until the year 1967 when it players from all categories admitted for its reopening. Since then, many changes have been made to give room for development in the organization and improvement of facilities (Barnett, 2008). Long term plans for improvement of All England Lawn Tennis club were started in the year 1993 since it the club that hosts the championship (Grunig, 2006). This plan aimed at building a broadcasting center and increasing the court grass to two. This was achieved in the year 1997. The second stage of the plan involved dismantling the first court in order to build a new building for press, players, officials and the members (Grunig, 2006). It also aimed at increasing the sitting capacity by 768 seats. The third stage involved constructing a housing club for staff, bank, ticket area, museums and also increasing the sitting capacity (Grunig, 2006). This was accomplished in the year 2011, and was crowned with the year 2011 championships. The internal stakeholders of the Wimbledon championships include All England Lawn Tennis Club, club members, volunteers and representatives from the press, club staff and the committee of management (Watson & Noble, 2007). The external stakeholders include International Tennis Federation, players, officials, suppliers, community, The Lawn Tennis Association, transport providers and Wimbledon local authorities among others (Watson & Noble, 2007). In the analysis of the internal stakeholders PR strategies, one strategy is the goal and strategy alignment for public strategies (Sweetser & Metzgar). This is aimed at those working in the planning and preparations of the championships to clearly define their goals together with those of the organization. This will help in setting priorities and keeping them at sight every time. A professional development strategy was developed for three professional development programs. These include the staff, management committee and participants in the preparation of the championship (Sweetser & Metzgar). These were aimed at keeping them focused on their roles and are able to make developments in their fields. One program is online through the website while others are off line. The employee rounding is a crucial management tool that is emphasized for implementation in all departments. Managers interact with each employee, volunteer, representative among other stakeholders in their daily duties or during informal meetings with small groups (Botan & Taylor, 2004). This help in strengthening the relationship between employees and managers as new ideas are easily exchanged in a friendly environment. The other strategy is about recognition and appreciation (Sweetser & Metzgar). This involves giving attention to the employees’ ideas and suggestions and possibly going further to implementing them (Duhé, 2007). It also covers the part of appreciating employees for their exemplary work through various ways of recognising performance. Lastly on internal analysis is the work balance which Wimbledon championship uses in communicating to its staff (Sweetser & Metzgar). This is achieved by developing a flexible schedule with time offs during workdays. During this time, employees have an opportunity to participate in charity events, volunteering or exercises. In the analysis of the external stakeholders and RM strategies, a corporate website has been developed that links Wimbledon championships to the general public (Sweetser & Metzgar). Important messages and information are posted on the website. These include items such as tournament schedules, results, items available in the museum among others (Botan & Taylor, 2004). Members and the general public can also post their comments, suggestions and also questions which they may be having about the championship and the public relations team can easily respond to them (Barnett, 2008). Another strategy is the media room control. This is controlled by the public relations function that is linked to the website and it helps in posting relevant information for the public to know (Botan & Taylor, 2004). The public relations function is updated regularly and carries the same message with the corporate website. A blog spot has also been used in monitoring the relevant weblogs (Botan & Taylor, 2004). The other strategy used by Wimbledon championship is press releases (Sweetser & Metzgar). They have been used in communicating with various stakeholders. The press is involved in preparation of the different events for the championships and thus releases firsthand information to the public (Botan & Taylor, 2004). Also, the events are covered by media houses from all over the world because they attract competitors from all over the world. In the year 2011, championships, the public relation was given a boost. Before the beginning of the tournament, a documentary was first shown which was divided into four parts (Roper, 2005). The first part was about the history of the Wimbledon championships, the achievements it has gained and the anticipated future of the championships. Lastly, public relations also use the social awareness that is done through community service activities and support (Roper, 2005). The championships together with All England Lawn Tennis club are involved in donations and charitable contributions towards the welfare of local communities (Roper, 2005). This has been done in areas such as Merton and Wandsworth. If proceedings from the tournament are excess, they are transferred to the Tennis Association of the country to help in developing the sport. The All England Lawn Tennis club also launched another tournament for championship called Wimbledon Junior Tennis initiative (Gregory, 2000). This was launched in the year 2011 through a program called ‘The road to Wimbledon’. It also launched the Museum education program in the same year together with the department of education (Gregory, 2000). This was aimed at educating the primary and secondary level students undertaking leisure and physical education courses. In conclusion, public relation has improved in the recent past in accordance to the changing information world. Through its changes, it has enabled the Wimbledon championship to grow from just a single country organization to a global organization. This was empowered by the ability to reach people from all over the world and attract large crowds. Relationship management has also improved through a great deal in the recent past. This has helped many organizations to have healthy relationships with their clients. In case of Wimbledon championships, it has assisted in its development through intensive communication of the organizers and the general public, press, supporters, volunteers among others. Thus, public relations and relationship management will continue to undergo transformations in a way to keep up with the fast growing information world. Reference List Barnett, J. (2008). Developing a PR Strategy. Terena Secretariat: London. Botan, C., H. & Taylor, M. 2004. ‘Public Relations: State of the Field’, Journal of Communication. Vol 54 No. 4. Pp 645-661. Breakenridge, D. 2008. PR 2.0: New Media, New Tools, New Audiences. Pearson Education, Inc: New York. Center, A., H., & Jackson, P. 2003. Public Relations Practices: Managerial case studies and Problems . Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River. Chaffey, D. & Smith, P. 2008. eMarketing eXcellence, planning and optimising your digital Marketing. Elsevier: Salt Lake. Curtin, P A., Gaither, T. K. 2007. International Public Relations: negotiating culture, identity, and power, Thousand Oaks. SAGE Publications: California. Duhé, S., C. 2007. New Media and Public Relations. Peter Lang: New York. Egan, B., P, & Jefkins, F. 2004. Public Relations Contemporary Issues and Techniques . Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford. Gregory, A. 2000. Planning and Managing Public Relations Campaign. Kogan Page: London. Grunig, J., E. 2006. ‘Furnishing the Edifice: Ongoing Research on Public Relations as a Strategic Management Function’, Journal of Public Relations Research . Vol 18 No. 2. Pp 151-176. Health, R., L. 2006. ‘Onward Into More Fog: Thoughts on Public Relations’ Research Directions’, Journal of Public Relations Research . Vol 18 No 2. Pp 93-114. Hung, C., F. 2009. ‘Exploring Types of Organization–Public Relationships and Their Implications for Relationship Management in Public Relations’, Journal of Public Relations Research. Vol 17 No. 4. Pp 393-426. Roper, J. 2005. ‘Symmetrical Communication: Excellent Public Relations or a Strategy for Hegemony’? Journal of Public Relations Research. Vol 17 No. 1. Pp69-86. Sweetser, K., D. & Metzgar, E. 2007. ‘Communicating during crisis: Use of blogs as a relationship management tool’, Public Relations Review . Vol 33 No. 3. Pp 340-342. Watson, T. & Noble, P. 2007. Evaluating Public Relations: A Best Practice Guide to Public Relations Planning, Research and Evaluation . Kogan Page Publishers: New York.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of leadership in bringing about positive organizational change, and how Charlotte Beers applied specific knowledge to generate a holistic outlook internally and externally at Ogilvy and Mather.

The essay discusses the importance of leadership in bringing about positive organizational change, and how Charlotte Beers applied specific knowledge to generate a holistic outlook internally and externally at Ogilvy and Mather.

Organizational Behavior in “Ogilvy and Mather” Report (Assessment) Leadership remains as one of the most remarkable models that strongly brings about positive organizational change through moderation of organizational operations, motivation and creation of best working environment. On the other hand, organizational behavior is a term used to denote how manpower in an organization runs the daily process of production towards meeting the set goals and objectives. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2012), it encompasses application of specific knowledge by management and employees in an organization towards generating a holistic outlook internally and externally (page 4). This paper analyses the case study of Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy and Mather in terms of the current leadership structure. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2012), leaders in organizations have increasingly become aware of the need to create change for the sake of being actively involved in the change process (page 518). In the case study of Charlotte Beers, her appointment at the Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide in 1993 improved the performance of the company as she improved the asset base of the company, created groups, enhanced brand stewardship, improved client service and crafted a vision for the company. However, toward the end of 1993, the problem of power balance was seemingly affecting the operations and unity of the company’s management structure. As the company was moving into the following year, it was faced with the challenge of team work among workers. Lack of team work is a critical challenge that may greatly affect the realization of goals. This was the case with the company in 1994. In his publication, Al-Rawi (2008) indicates that teamwork is a critical component in a business since it enhances performance (Page 93). Contingent theory of leadership reflects on the emerging issues as an important factor in defining the ability of a leader at the team or management level to achieve established objectives. Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Company have been able to carry out their operations effectively in the year that has ended due to leadership that encourages team building. However, as true as Al-Rawi’s argument on teamwork may be, it is imperative to note that despite the effectiveness of team work, it is also prone to numerous conflicts that are both functional and dysfunctional. The leadership at Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Company will need to address this challenge by dealing with the functional conflicts that impact on the success of the team via creation of awareness. Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Company management organization structure has undergone major reviews that have pushed it towards decentralization and greater responsibilities to workers and the business environment. A shorter hierarchy that Beers developed allows the company’s employees to have direct contact with their top management and contribute to long-term planning. The company is run through multidivisional structures that allow localized touch with regional cultures as well as the immediate environment. In a bid to reshape the roles and structure of the company, Beers reorganized the business operations into local and international units and sought to promote greater association of all employees with their departments. Through teamwork, the top management and members of the company were able to make their contribution with ease and have felt sense of value for services they offer. Besides, in conjunction with all stakeholders, Beers organizational design seeks to redefine the mission and vision of the organization to incorporate the new objective devoid of discriminative practices and poor working environment. The new culture embraces a greater sense of openness to reduce possible fears of sabotage. Participatory leadership involves inclusion of other stakeholders in decision making at different levels. This kind of leadership creates a platform for middle level managers and lower level employees to communicate and have their views ingrained in an organization. Upon her arrival at Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide, Beers indicated that she wanted to ensure that the organization staff felt engaged. In her first meeting with thirst for change group, Beers started by engaging the staff in a puzzle that required them to come together and craft how they would revive the company, restore its customers and improve performance. Participative leadership nurtures all stakeholders to ensure that their decisions are correct and effective. Having previously employed team work model with great success, Beers should embrace the same to make the groups complaining of power balance and lack of effective communication feel part of the decision making organ and thereby support change in the organization. Indeed, Beers’ intention when establishing local and global strategies was to carefully change the culture of the business and enrich it by enhancing performance and making all workers and top management responsible for organization growth and decisions making. Unlike other leadership styles such as autocracy where a leader believes that he/she always make correct decisions; Beers leadership was different as she always sought to involve all top management personnel. Beers appears greatly worried over the lack of consensus in decision making on matters related to the company. Beers should bring together the different leaders, assist them to understand the importance of working as a team and solve the areas of conflict to minimize resistance. According to Dunn, Dastoor and Sims (2012), transformational leadership seeks to achieve positive change by carefully ensuring that the vision is shared and all stakeholders moving in the same direction (page 46). Transformational leaders therefore, seek to change their organizations to a new status by motivating their subject, reevaluating their organizations’ visions and enriching their cultures. Upon entry at the Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide, Beers was convinced that rapid transformation was needed in rejuvenating the ailing organization. She pursued this in several ways. She first sought to motivate employees and the top management and guided them towards the needed change. As the company gets into the following year, Beers should create teams, encourage team work, and define the problems that affect the company as well as models of addressing them. Motivation is central in transformational leadership because it acts as a special driver for employees to achieve different objectives. In Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide case, Beers should motivate her employees by ensuring to work in teams and follow the organizations mission. Besides, she should create a platform that will ensure all workers feel part of the process to rejuvenate the organization. Motivation will ensure progress and reduce resistance, factors that will bring to the organizations better rewards. Although brand stewardship and crafting of a vision came much later after Beers had joined the organization, it was a major reflection of her transformational leadership. Dunn, Dastoor and Sims (2012) posit that transformational leaders should keep on redefining their visions in ensuring that their focus remains on track at all stages (page 47). Beers should involve employees and the management team of the company in reviewing its mission and underlying values to make all stakeholders conversant and devoted to them as well as to encourage teamwork. Beers’ situational leadership comes out through her ability to assess the prevailing situation and seek the best mechanism to help her achieve the expected objective. There is no one leadership style that is suitable for all leaders. However, a prevailing situation determines the best strategy to use. Hersey and Blanchard’s situational theory and posits that situational leadership creates a highly flexible and dynamic system for the leaders to relate with their environment and employees. Situational leaders must understand the prevailing status of their workers and employ the correct method that elevates them to achieve target results. In her initial meeting with the middle and top managements, Beers realized that the business had major problems such as meeting the needs of customers and inherent drive towards achievement of the mission. Beers situational leadership style has been witnessed in the manner in which she sought to incorporate his roles in order to create a smooth plane where employees of the company can work comfortably to realize preset goals. While considering expansion for Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide, Beers appreciated that the organization in its present form needed to expand to other areas of offering expertise. However, such a system could only be affected when there is unity and team work which are key pillars in enhancing performance. In the coming year, situational leadership calls for a kind of leadership which offers direction when employees have low competences or commitment. The effective operations of my team and the feed back received from the tasks and goals revealed the various strengths we have as a team. One of the strengths we have is strong team management skills which helped the business to grow in the year that ended and which will replicate cohesion and cooperation especially at departmental level. Bedsides, the management team has increased knowledge about management and production was evident with continued understanding of linkages between the market demand for efficiency, product quality, teamwork and motivation of employees. Organizational behavior to agree with Bititci et al (2006) could be summed up as an approach that seeks to change the dynamics an organization culture and replacing it with one that is based on continued performance, teamwork and progress (page. 1326) There is need to embed teamwork and improve performance standards especially for the top management team. Besides, our team has increased competencies in the areas of operation to boost performance. Our success as a team in operations has been attributed to the manner in which we attends to details such as research and collection of information, provision of clean and high quality products and services, and the logical manner through which his tasks and services are performed. Our weakness is found in decision making which sometimes is rush when faced with challenging situations. The impact of rush decisions is that it affects our profitability and sustainability. However, despite the weakness, my teams capacity enables me to bring key stakeholders together especially in different teams. Besides, I have special consideration for diversity that allowed the top management to openly and professionally support the decision to promote rewards at the team and personal level. First, there is need to evaluate other companies and how they arrive at their decisions. This will help to address the problem of lack of consensus when planning to make key decisions. Though considering teamwork was an effective method of promoting goals achievement, failure to understand the needs of the local companies and the problem of power balance will impact on business operations and lock out other viable options brought about by teamwork. I will then seek experts input to help me understand how to address the problem of balance of power and lack of teamwork in order to reduce resistance. The expert will also help me with previous workable examples which I can modify or use to develop specific model for business operations. I will consider seeking further training on key management issues especially in decision making and team building. Either through online learning or participating in seminars, I will seek to improve my communication skills at all levels. Though possible communication faults with local employees could be attributed to bureaucracy in the company, it is no doubt that there is need to treat them equally with the bigger international companies. I will ensure balance of power to enhance decision making and increase motivation through understanding their current status and focusing on addressing their demands. During the year that ended, employees had expressed the need for greater involvement in the management. Involving them in decision making is valid and appropriate as it will elevate employees into the management by establishing and empowering the existing teams in making important decisions. From the discussion, it is evident that leadership forms the foundation upon which organizations are anchored to create inherent understanding of all stakeholders while using individuals, teams and organization’s objectives for sustainability. The leadership by Beers has seen Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide grow to greater heights in terms of performance and profitability References Al-Rawi, K. (2008). Cohesiveness within teamwork: The relationship to performance effectiveness – case study. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 1(2): 92-106. Bititci, U. S., Mendibil, K., Nudurupati, S., Garengo, P., & Turner, T. (2006). Dynamics of performance measurement and organizational culture. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(12): 1325-1350. Dunn, M. W., Dastoor, B., & Sims, R. L. (2012). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4 (1), 45-60. Griffin, R. W. & Moorhead, G (2012). Organizational behavior: Managing people and organizations . Mason, OH: Cengage learning.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of spirituality in clinical practice, and how it can be integrated into Hong Kong's healthcare system.

The essay discusses the importance of spirituality in clinical practice, and how it can be integrated into Hong Kong's healthcare system.

Assimilation of Spirituality in Hong Kong Clinical Practice Term Paper Introduction Canada and Furman define spirituality as the heart of helping, which entails act of empathizing and caring for another human being. It is having the pulse of compassion that drives the energy of service delivery. There is a tie between spirituality and healing. Spirituality is the driving force of the social workers and strengthens them not to feel empty, tiresome and lifeless when delivering their services. Spirituality helps them thrive to successfully face the challenges that come along their precincts. Topics on spirituality and religion have continuously gained popularity over time. Media have written stories on religion and political affiliations, moral and social issues concerning abortion, homosexuality and biotechnological advancement such as human cloning in the laboratories. Recently, much has been brought to limelight by the media, especially on issues regarding the role of religion on war and terrorism. Additionally, the media have publicized the inspirational spiritual lives of great leaders such as Dalai Lama of Tibetan Buddhism and Nelson Mandela the former South African President. In a statement, spirituality has become the major theme in the global market (Canada & Furman, 2010). Scholars have examined the correlation between religion and health in the recent past. Undoubtedly, religion plays an integral role in most aspects of life, including health. The main concern is how the research findings can improve the clinical practice. Spirituality differs from religiousness. Religiousness refers to the degree of involvement to religion. It is an expression of spirituality, which encourages a person’s and religious well being. This paper looks into the relationship between relation, spirituality and health. It will also delineate the importance of integrating spirituality in the Hong Kong clinical practice. Using Empirical studies from other nations, the paper will present the role of religion and spirituality in clinical practice. Lastly, it will look into the barriers of integrating the two aspects into the clinical practice. Relationship between spirituality, religion and health Despite the diverse and tremendous amount of research over the recent past on the correlation among spirituality, religion and health, it is still not exactly known how they relate. It is still unknown on the mechanisms by which religion and spirituality positively or negatively influence the overall well-being of an individual. However, the topic remains an incredible research field. High quality studies can offer credible psychological, social, behavioral and biological mechanism on how religion and spirituality connect to health (Ness & Larson, 2002). Nevertheless, the available theological findings indicate that the relationship between spirituality and health has been cycled between institutions since the time in history. In the past diseases have been associated with bad luck: The most advanced civilizations of ancient times (Assyrian, Chinese, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Persian) equated physical illnesses with evil spirits and demonic pos- sessions. (Lee & Newberg, 2005, p. 1) Treatment, therefore, entailed casting out these spirits. Physicians and health practitioners then were viewed as religious groups irrespective of the source of their healing power. Recently, there has been increased interest in understanding the effects of assimilating spirituality in the medical field. Much has been covered by popular news magazines and televisions on the interplay of religion and health. Additionally, research reveals that most patients highly regard religion and wish that their physicians could discuss religious issues with them (Lee & Newberg, 2005). This remains an imperative topic in Hong Kong. Hong Kong have the right is protected by the law and various other relevant legislative bodies. There are diverse religious groups in Hong Kong Special Administrative Religion (HKSAR) SUCH AS Hinduism, Buddhism, Taosim, Confucianism, Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and Sikhism. All these groups have a significant number of adherents. The religious groups also offer other services apart from religious instructions, including schools and health care facilities (Koenig & Cohen, 2002). The path of spirituality in Hong Kong Clinical practice The paths are guided by various Eastern philosophical religious traditions. Psychological decenter has been identified as the most contemporary relevant attainment of spirituality. According to Daoist philosopher Zhuangzi, spirituality is the act of forgetting oneself to contemplate the welfare and the equality of all things. It is the act of thinking of others first. Spirituality in work contemplates on the mechanisms in which it can be resourced to promote the well-being and harmony within an individual, the society and the entire world. Spiritually sensitized social worker addressed the ways in which the entire community can seek a sense of meaning, connectedness as they aim to attain the highest aspirations, and they work together to overcome challenges and gaps in the resources (Castanheira et al., 2010). Individuals express spirituality in religious or non religious ways across the nation. Healthy spirituality encourages individuals and communities to create a purposefulness, personal integrity, joyful, peaceful and contented coherence of overall world being. It engenders respect and support extending to other people. It encourages the establishment of mutual support, philanthropic activity to appreciate diversity. However, many are times when the concept of spirituality is distorted and misdirected to beliefs, attitudes and behavioral activities that result to hopelessness, oppression and discrimination in the society (Canda, 2009). In this context of spirituality, it is high time for the Hong Kong Medical industry to emulate other nations by establishing ethical principles and standards such as USA’s National Association of Social workers (NASW) and the international association of schools of social work and International Federation of social Workers (IASSW/IFSW). These principles are put in a way that they set in a way to encourage and challenge each of the workers to exercise full responsibility and rightfully in order to enhance social stability between the citizens, spiritual perspectives and the sociopolitical aspects (Canda, 2009). Spiritual health workers enable them to utilize their expertise to help patients to recover by attending biological, physiological and spiritual needs. It assists the worker to utilize his or her strengths and environmental resources in a socially and ecologically responsible manner improving his or her service delivery. Additionally, spiritually sensitive workers will deliver services in fairness, particularly when dealing with the vulnerable and oppressed groups in the society. This way, they will fight environmental racism, international social injustice or any intercultural conflicts prevailing in the nation that can be detrimental to the ecological systems of the universe. Additionally, integrating spirituality in the health care unit will ensure that medical practitioners treat all patients compassionately and respectfully irrespective of cultural differences, or religious diversity. They address the patients with utmost professionalism responsive to the values of the patient and the community at large. This will enhance respectful connections across differences establishing a common ground for harmony and cooperation in Hong Kong (Lee & Newberg, 2005). Medical practitioners honor the universal human needs bringing in purpose, morality to sustain doctor-patient relations, which boost self-determination in the effort to fight communicable and non communicable diseases as a community’s global responsibility. The healthy relationship is important for growth of clinical practice. This is because it facilitates the collaboration between the religious and non religious spiritual support systems. In turn, it strengthens, restores and sustains the well-being of the patient, families and the entire society bringing in the issue of communality. Furthermore, spirituality increases professional competence for effective practice, especially in regard to explicit use of religious and non- religious spiritual beliefs, rituals and other prevailing therapeutic practices. Medical practices across the diverse traditions and cultures equip the practitioner with the relevant knowledge and skills so that the practitioner can perform his duties with respect to the values and preferences of the patient’s traditions. This helps the spiritual practitioner to understand on how to cooperate and collaborate with the community-based health practices with spiritual support of the culturally competent healers (Canda, 2009). Empirical studies on Role of religion and spirituality in Clinical practice Various investigations done indicate that religion and spirituality takes an integral part many individuals’ lives. Americans are dominantly God fearing people: “Over 90% of American adults say that they pray and believe in God or a higher being, two-thirds are members of churches or synagogues, 40% attend religious services regularly” (Lee & Newberg, 2005). Religion gives hope to an individual; it helps to set the mood right. When one has a strong will to live even through hard times, he or she forms the right attitude and approach towards life. Having the right attitude helps one to keep on moving in the right direction. At least, 75% of patients wish the physician would integrate spiritual issues in their medical field such as discussing their religious faith with them. Not many physicians acknowledge the relationship between religion and healing. Research points out inadequate time, inadequate training and difficulty of identifying with the specific patients’ spiritual issues as the main discrepancies that hinders integration of religion into clinical practice (Lee & Newberg, 2005). However, various scholarly reviews show a relationship between morbidity and mortality. In G. W. Comstock and K. B. Partridges (1972) analysis of 91,000 people in a Maryland county, those who regularly at- tended church had a lower prevalence of cirrhosis, emphysema, suicide, and death. (Canda, 2009, p. 1) Several other studies after also revealed that religion and higher religiosity had a beneficial effect on blood pressure. It has been shown that mortality and morbidity are affected by: “religion, biological, behavioral and socioeconomic differences” (Canda, 2009, p. 1). For instance, a study of contemplative monks in the Netherlands showed that mortality compared with the general population varied with time during the 1900s. Another study elsewhere showed that: Greater morbidity and mortality have been reported among Irish Catholics in Britain, which may reflect their disadvantaged socioeconomic status there. (Canda, 2009, p. 1). A number so scholars have shown that being religious help one to recover fast especially after a major surgery. Oxman’s and colleagues research in 1995 on 232 open-heart surgery patients indicated that absence of strength and comfort from religion as consistent predictors of mortality. Similar studies carried out have shown the same results. In study on African-American Women suffering from breast cancer also indicated that longer survivability to religious patients (Anon, 2006). Behavior and lifestyles accounts for the above observed effects of religion on health. Studies in Israel showed that secular citizens had poor eating habits whereby they fed on food rich in saturated fatty acids, high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins as compared to the religious ones. Additionally, religion involvement is associated with the increased use of preventive measurements such as use of seat belts. Religion also plays a large role in preventing sexual immorality. Study by McCree at al. (2003) showed that religion played a significant role in ensuring that young were open to each and could literary discuss any topic. These young people were found to have clear understanding of HIV, proper birth control methods and risks associated to unprotected intercourse. However, the findings are not universal as in some religion traditions and environments suppress open discussion of topics related to sexuality (Lee & Newberg, 2005). Religious groups are the major sponsors of the majority of hospitals and health care clinics. This implies that the religious groups promote and provide access to better health. Additionally, Religious belief provides greater meaning in people’s lives. This helps the patient to cope better with their diseases. Religion views suffering from different perspectives: “many major religions have deemed illness and suffering the result of sin, many also believe that pain and suffering can be strengthening, enlightening, and purifying the individual” (Koenig & Cohen, 2002). It gives hope of restoration to the patient as pain and suffering is inevitable. They are test the virtue that stimulates spiritual growth and defines human life. However, religions differ on how they confront illness. For instance, Buddhists believe in enduring pain Whilst Hindus stress the understanding and detaching from the pain. Muslims and Jews resist of fight the pain whilst Christians seek atonement and restoration/redemption (Koenig & Cohen, 2002). Barriers of assimilating spirituality and religion in Hong Kong Clinical practice Spiritual experiences are not easily articulated verbally. Sometimes they may not even be acknowledged by the individual experiencing it. It is highly personal such that it is not easily revealed to others. Religion has also been associated with negative effects: For instance, some religion directly opposes certain health care procedures such as transfusions or birth control procedures. An example is that of a research carried out by Mitchell and colleagues in 2002 indicated that religious beliefs delayed African-American from seeking medical intervention to diagnose breast lumps (Ho & Ho, 2007). In other occasions, religious laws or dicta can be misinterpreted to justify oppressive behavior causing psychological anguish to the patients. In some cases, spiritual abuse such as telling a patient sinner that they will burn in eternally among others can complicate patient illness (Ming-Shium, 2006). There is a need therefore for doctors to counter such kind thinking and ensure that any person attended to him or her follows strictly prescription. Another major dilemma is the training of the medical practitioner in order to understand the different community based beliefs. The government will be forced to chip in for the faith communities in order to provide the aid desperately needed by the community. Conclusion Media have publicized heavily religious and political affiliations, moral and social issues concerning abortion, homosexuality and biotechnological advancement such as human cloning in the laboratories. Additionally, much has been discussed on issues regarding the role of religion on war and terrorism. This calls for Assimilation of spirituality and religion in Hong Kong Clinical practice to promote harmony locally and globally. Also, it is aimed at strengthening the available resources by incorporating spirituality and religion into the social practice. The move aims at addressing obstacles and gaps in the society brought by tradition and cultural beliefs and practices. Spirituality and religion in the health sector will be used to impede nepotism or social injustice. Evidently, by using each community own religious and spiritual traditions and practices properly, it will result to empowerment, beauty and wisdom in the society eradicating great discrimination that prevailed before. Integrating Spirituality and religion to clinical practice will conceptualize the strengths and resources of the Hong Kong communities in the aim of transforming challenges to opportunities for the society’s welfare. Healthy spirituality and religion will encourage individuals and communities to develop a purposefulness, personal integrity, joyful, peaceful and contented coherence of overall world being. The move will engender reverence and support extending to other people and encourages the establishment of mutual support, philanthropic activity to appreciate diversity. It will facilitate impeding concept distortion and misinterpretation of spirituality and religious concepts by beliefs, attitudes and behavioral activities eradicating hopelessness, oppression and discrimination in the society and in the world. It is advisable that doctors should have different knowledge on how different religion viewed treatment. Such an information is crucial to the doctor as he or she will be in a position make the right judgment which does not conflict the patient belief system. References Anon. (2006). Religion and Health: Effects, Mechanisms, and interpretation . Spirituality and Health. Web. Canada, E. R. & Furman, L. D. (2010). Spiritual diversity n social work practice: the heart of Helping , New York, NY: Oxford University press. Canda, E. (2009). Spiritually Sensitive social Work: An overview of American and International trends. American and International trends. Web. Castanheira et al. (2010). Spiritual care: an essential component of the nurse practice in pediatric oncology . Acta Paul Enferm 2010; 23(3):437-40. Web. Ho, D., & Ho, T. (2007). Measuring spirituality and spiritual emptiness: Toward Ecumenicity and Transcultural applicability . Review of General psychology, Vol 11, No1, 62-74. Web. Koenig, H. G. & Cohen, H. J. (2002). The link between religion and healt h. New York. Oxford University press. Lee, B., & Newberg, A. (2005). Religion and Health. A review and critical analysis. Vol 40, No 2p 443-59. Web. Ming-Shium, T. (2006). Illness: An opportunity for spiritual growth . The journal of alternative and complementary medicine. Vol 12; 101026-33. Web. Ness, P., & Larson, D. (2002). Religion, Senescence, and mental Health: The end of life is not the end of Hope. Am J Getiatr Psychiatry 10:4; 386-97. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the association between respiratory diseases and dust events in the United Arab Emirates.The proposed study aims at establishing if there is a relationship between dust events and respiratory diseases in United Arabs Emirates. This is will help bring to light the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in the region as well equip relevant stakeholders with vital information concerning dust and its effects on human health.

The essay discusses the association between respiratory diseases and dust events in the United Arab Emirates. The proposed study aims at establishing if there is a relationship between dust events and respiratory diseases in United Arabs Emirates. This is will help bring to light the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in the region as well equip relevant stakeholders with vital information concerning dust and its effects on human health.

Association Between Respiratory Diseases and Dust Events in United Arab Emirates Proposal Abstract The proposed study aims at establishing if there is a relationship between dust events and respiratory diseases in United Arabs Emirates. This is will help bring to light the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in the region as well equip relevant stakeholders with vital information concerning dust and its effects on human health. Existing literatures draw association between dust storms and respiratory diseases. Mixed research approach will be used in the study. Both questionnaires and records from hospitals will provide the researcher with the desired data. Before the study begins, the researcher will get approval from Independent Regulation Board from the collage as well as obtain informed consent from the subjects. Introduction and problem statement The study seeks to establish the association between respiratory diseases and dust events in the United Arab Emirates. It is worth noting that UAE is in a region where dust storms occur regularly. Ideally dust is composed of very tiny solid particles floating in the air. This is capable of getting past the lung’s natural defense and build up resulting in serious health complications (Qiu, Zou & Zhan, 2006). Scholars have tried to link dust events and incidences of respiratory diseases. Research shows that when an individual is exposed to air pollutants, they are at higher risk of contracting respiratory related illnesses for instance asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer as well as allergies. Since UAE is in a dry region, the greatest pollutant is dust caused by wind and storms. This poses a great danger particularly to children, teenagers, infants, asthmatic individuals, pregnant women, healthy adults who exercise vigorously in the fields, people suffering from cardiovascular diseases and the elderly in the society. In the United States of America, a study carried out in 6 cities considered to be the most polluted by dust concluded that residents from these cities were at higher risk of being hospitalized as a result of respiratory illnesses. Similarly majority died due to lung cancer as compared to others residing in cities that are less polluted. Additionally children in these areas were 5 times more likely to suffer from low lung functions. It is worth noting that dust events can worsen health conditions of people who suffer from respiratory related diseases (Host et al., 2008). World Health Organization has shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a global health issue and is one of the major causes of chronic morbidity and mortality in the entire world (Kanatani et al., 2010). It is ranked sixth as a leading cause of death globally. Since it is one of the respiratory diseases caused by air pollution, it is estimated that it will continue causing death as well as increase prevalence of respiratory diseases in the coming years (Brunekreef & Forsberg, 2005). Significance of the study The proposed study is of importance as it will evaluate whether or not the relationship between dust events and respiratory diseases exists. The findings will be significant to various stakeholders such as institutions of higher learning, individuals, health organization, and ministry of public health among others. It is worth noting that the findings will make those individuals who thought there was no relationship between dust events and respiratory diseases think twice and take necessary preventive measures. Similarly, health sector in UAE will embark on a campaign to educate people on how to avoid being victims of dust events related diseases. Similarly the government will develop policies aimed at reducing dust events particularly those caused by human activities. This will help reduce the frequency of dust events. Not carrying out this research will clearly depict that the association between respiratory diseases and dust events in the UAE will not be brought to light. This will mean that there will be no action taken to save the lives of the vulnerable population. Scope of the study The scope of the study is to establish the relationship between respiratory diseases and dust events in the UAE. Similarly issues relating to the types of respiratory disease individuals suffer from, prevalence rate and how best to curb the situation are all of interests in this study. Based on this, recommendations will be brought forth to help guide the relevant bodies on the way forward in dealing with the menace. The study will take place in the UAE. Aims and objectives and research questions The aim of the study is to investigate the association between dust events in UAE and respiratory diseases. The specific objectives are; 1. To find out the association between respiratory diseases and dust events among the UAE population. 2. To establish the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in UAE. 3. To establish the strategies that can be adopted to curb respiratory diseases in the UAE. Research questions 1. Is there a relationship between respiratory diseases and dust events among the UAE population? 2. What is the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in UAE? 3. What strategies can be adopted to curb respiratory diseases in the UAE? Literature review Most of the Asian part is either arid or semi arid. This has made the soils dry and loose; this coupled with the fact that winds are more prevalent makes it possible for dust to be carried out from the ground and deposited elsewhere resulting in air pollution. In Middle East the Shamala winds originate from Turkey, Iraq as well as Saudi Arabia. As the wind gain momentum across the Gulf of Arabia dust are kicked up. Numerous studies have linked dust events and the high rate of respiratory diseases. In one study carried out by Kwon, et al., 2002 investigating the effect of Asian dust on daily deaths in South Korea between 1995 and 1998. He established that the relationship between dust events and deaths from heart diseases was strong. Additionally individuals suffering from respiratory diseases are susceptible to dust events in Asia. Similarly another study carried out in Taipei revealed that there was a higher specificity in associating dust effects with respiratory deaths. It is worth noting that a study carried out by Lei, et al., 2004 using rat model examined the inflammation markers in the lung as well as peripheral blood after the animals were exposed to dust storms particles. The outcomes revealed that dust has the potential of increasing lung inflammation as well as injury in pulmonary vein in those rats deemed to be hypersensitive (Peng et al., 2008). According to Chen et al., 2004 dust events tend to impaired human visibility leading to accidents. Biologists have shown that people who live in areas prone to dust events breathe in particles which float in air. Luckily not all these particles get their way through human nose. However smaller particles usually get their way through the nose reaching the lungs. Human respiratory systems have cilia and mucus which help trap dust. In case dusty air reaches the alveoli it is the responsibility of macrophages to remove the dust. Additionally lungs can produce protein to neutralize dusty air. In situations where the dust escapes all these mechanism of purifying air, then there are a number of diseases man will suffer from depending on whether the dust is organic or inorganic (Kanatani et al., 2010). For instance inorganic dust leads to asbestosis, silicosis, coal pneumoconiosis among others. On the other hand, organic dust results in farmers’ lung, sewage sludge disease among others. It is worth noting that particles which are less than 10 microns in diameter might contain dust, smoke, silica, soot enter human lung and cause these problems. Interestingly dust events can impair animals’ health, corrode buildings as well as impair growth in vegetation (Husar et al., 2001). According to Abdelkarim et al., 2011 changes in weather conditions which are characterized with dust events exacerbate chronic lung diseases particularly in those individuals deemed to be suffering from asthma. A study on children suffering from respiratory diseases in this region showed that the prevalence rate among children aged between 6 and 19 years stood at 13.0% (Choi et al., 2011). Asthma in the region has been known to be responsible for higher morbidity rate as well as high rate of absenteeism in schools. Other causes of respiratory diseases in this region include cigarette smoking, genetic history of illnesses such as asthma, low birth weights among others (Wang et al., 1997). It is worth noting that the relationship between dust events and respiratory diseases in UAE is not well documented. Methodology Mixed research approach will be used to guide the study. Thus both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection will be utilized. Data which show the number of patients suffering from respiratory diseases will be collected from health care centers and hospitals in UAE. As suggested by Beiske, 2002 this will allow the study to have exact number of individuals who sought medical attention as a result of suffering from respiratory diseases. It will also allow me to establish the prevalence rate of respiratory disease in the region (Ko et al., 2007). Additionally questionnaires will be distributed to patients who are in hospitals or have recently been discharged. Questionnaire covers a large population at a time as they would be distributed to different participants at a time and be collected later or at the same day depending on the willingness of the respondent in addressing the questions, due to it being standardized they are more objective, data collected from questionnaire are easy to analyze, due to familiarity with the tool, respondents will not be apprehensive, it is also very cost effective compared to face to face interviews and the tool also reduces bias (Robson, 2007). According to Malig & Ostro, 2009 the major problem with questionnaires as a tool of data collection is that there is tendency of respondents to forget vital information, they may answers the questions superficially when it is a long one, to counter this I will develop a short but very inclusive questionnaire, due to standardization, there is no room for explanation incase respondents misinterpret or do not understand the questions. The collected data will be analyzed using SPSS version 12.0. Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be done. Ethical issue Before starting the study, I will seek approval from the University’s Independent Regulation Board. Similarly I will seek personal informed consent from the participants (Robson, 2007). Study time line References Abdelkarim, W. et al., (2011). Respiratory disorders in the Middle East: A review. Respirology, 16(5): 755–766. Beiske, B. (2002). Research methods: Uses and limitations of questionnaires, interviews, and case studies. Manchester: University of Manchester Publishers. Brunekreef, B. & Forsberg, B. (2005). Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health. Eur. Respir. J., 26(1), 309–18. Chen, Y. et al., 2004. Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily mortality in Taipei, Taiwan. Environ Res., 95(3), 151–155. Choi, H, et al. (2011). Asian dust storm particles induce a broad toxicological transcriptional program in human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicol. Lett., 200(1), 92–99. Host, S, et al. (2008). Short-term associations between fine and coarse particles and hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases in six French cities. Occup. Environ. Med., 65(1), 544–51. Husar, B. et al. (2001). Asian dust events of April 1998. J. Geophys. Res., 106(2), 18317-18330. Kanatani, K. et al. (2010). Desert-dust exposure is associated with increased risk of asthma hospitalization in children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 182(2), 1475–1481. Ko, F. et al. (2007). Temporal relationship between air pollutants and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong. Thorax, 62(1), 779–784. Kwon, H. et al., (2002). Effects of the Asian dust events on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea. Environ Res Sec A., 90(1), 1–5. Lei, Y. (2004). Effects of Asian dust event particles on in ammation markers in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Environ Res., 95(2), 71–76. Malig, J. & Ostro, D. (2009). Coarse particles and mortality: evidence from a multi-city study in California. Occup. Environ. Med., 66(4), 832–839. Peng, D. et al. (2008). Coarse particulate matter air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases among Medicare patients. JAMA, 299(22), 2172–2179. Qiu, Z., Zou, K. & Zhan, C. (2006). Research on impact of dust event frequency on atmosphere visibility variance: a case study of typical weather stations locating in the dust route to Beijing. Environ. Sci., 27(1), 1046–51. Robson, C. (2007). How to do a research project: A guide for undergraduate students. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Wang, X. et al., 1997. Respiratory impairments due to dust exposure: a comparative study among workers exposed to silica, asbestos, and coalmine dust. Am J Ind Med., 31(1), 495-502.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The resource-based view is a theory that argues that human resources are one of the most valuable assets of a company. The theory has its roots in the mid-twentieth century when the value and quality of human resources in terms of knowledge and experience were first realized.

The resource-based view is a theory that argues that human resources are one of the most valuable assets of a company. The theory has its roots in the mid-twentieth century when the value and quality of human resources in terms of knowledge and experience were first realized.

Strategic HRM: Resource-Based View Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Models preceding RBV 3. The roots of the RBV 4. Application of RBV to the field of HRM 5. Key Elements of the RBV 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction There is an agreement that human capital can be a basis of competitive advantage; that human resource practices are more influential on the human resource part of the firm; and that the complex nature of HR systems of practice can enhance the inimitability of the system. Human resources belong to a firm’s most valuable assets (Hendry & Pettigrew, 1986, p. 3). In the past few decades, there has been an upsurge on the body of literature focusing on creating sustained competitive advantage for organizations through the development of core competences, tacit knowledge, and dynamic capabilities. Reflecting on these literatures, it can be concluded that the resource-based view has become one of the dominate theories in debate on strategic HRM and on how human resources and related HR practices can have an effect on firm performance (Barney, 2001, p. 42). Models preceding RBV Resource-based view led to a change in strategic management thinking from an ‘outside-in’ approach – with an emphasis on external, industry-based competitive issues to an ‘inside-out’ approach, in which internal resources constitute the starting point for understanding organizational success (Wright, Dunford & Snell, 2001, p. 701). During the 1980s, the main developments in analyzing strategy emphasized on the relationship between strategy and the outside environment. A befitting example on such studies is an analysis done by Michael Porter who analyzed the structure of the industry and competitive positioning (Boxall, 1996, p. 59). However, the link between strategy and the organization’s resources and skills has been neglected in research. Most research focusing on strategic implications of the inside environment of a company has focused on matters pertaining the implementation of strategy and how to analyze the firm process through which strategies come up. Recently, there has been a revival of attention in the role of the firm’s resources as the basis for firm strategy (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004, p. 203). The roots of the RBV The resource-based view roots go back to the mid-twentieth century when the value and quality of human resources in terms of knowledge and experience. In essence, RBV offers a critique of the dominant models of the 1980s, in particular, the model of Michael Porter. Porter-like approaches make implicit heroic assumptions about the cleverness of the leadership team and their ability to make efficient choices and the relative naiveté of cultural changes within a firm (Hendry & Pettigrew, 1986, p. 5). Porter’s framework of industry analysis and resulting competitive strategies focus on the relevance of the external environment, which also makes part of the early HR strategic models. The outside-in approaches put a lot of emphasis on the external analysis in terms of opportunities and threats, while the inside-out approach focuses on the internal analysis and the strengths and weaknesses of the organizations. This shift in strategic management has had significant implications in the field of HRM (Barney, 2001, p. 46). Sustained competitive advantage is determined by resources that are valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable. These are the qualities of desirable resources. These resources can be distinguished in financial resources in terms of equity, debt and retained earnings, physical resources like machines and factories, human resources in terms of experience, intelligence and wisdom associated with the firm, and organizational resources such as teamwork, trust, systems, organizational design, management information systems and budgeting techniques (Wright, Dunford & Snell, 2001, p. 706). There are three reasons as to why firm resources can be imperfectly imitable. The first reason is the ability of the firm to obtain a resource depends on unique historical conditions (path dependency) (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004, p. 205). Secondly, the link between the resources owned by the company and a firm’s sustained competitive advantage is causally ambiguous (causal ambiguity); and thirdly, the resources generating a firm’s advantage is socially complex (social complexity) (Barney, 2001, p. 47). Path dependency captures the idea that valuable resources are developed and the fact that their competitive success does not simply come from making choices in the present, but have theory origin and starting point in a chain of events, incidents, and choices in the past. This chain of events and managerial choices over time, in combination with the complexity of social interactions of actors involved, form the basis of the second barrier to imitation according to RBV: social complexity (Wright, Dunford & Snell, 2001, p. 710). Unique networks of internal and external connections are natural barriers for imitation by rivals. The third type of barrier in RBV is causal ambiguity; it is difficult for people who have not been involved in the decision-making process to assess the specific cause-effect relationships in organizations (Boxall, 1996, p. 64). Application of RBV to the field of HRM The resource-based view when applied to the field of HRM posits that it is people who encompass the properties of value because they contribute to firm efficiency or effectiveness; rarity, since they are not widely available, inimitability, as they cannot be easily replicated by competitors; and non-substitutability, given that other resources cannot fulfill the same function. The above qualities are the necessary conditions for organizational success (Barney, 2001, p. 49). The RBV focuses on competitive advantage from the perspective of inimitable human resources that are less visible or transparent, in contrast with, for example, technological, technological, and physical resources. In addition, the RBV emphasizes the complexity of organizational systems in determining competitive advantage, related to the bundles and systems approach to HRM research. Furthermore, the RBV is concerned with sustained competitive advantage or profitability at the firm level, whereas other theoretical frameworks focus on behavioral outcomes or internal efficiency issues (Hendry & Pettigrew, 1986, p. 6). The fundamental explanation to the resource-based view is relatively straightforward. It begins with the presumption that the top management of a firm desires for the company to have a sustained competitive advantage (SCA). A company that attains an SCA is able to earn economic rents or returns that are above average. In turn, emphasis is laid on the means by which organizations attain and sustain advantages (Boxall, 1996, p. 67). The resource-based view holds that the solution to this is through possession of certain principal resources. These resources, in return, should also have precise features of value, inimitability (Wright, Dunford & Snell, 2001, p. 715). A sustained competitive advantage can be obtained if the company uses these major resources in its product markets. Therefore, the RBV focuses mainly on strategic choice, holding the company’s management responsible for crucial roles of identification, development, and use of major resources to make the most of returns (Barney, 2001, p. 50). Key Elements of the RBV The essential elements of the resource-based view are sustainable competitive advantage and superior performance; key resources; and strategic choices by management. Each of these components is discussed below. Despite its various definitions, strategy entails an attempt by a firm to achieve and sustain competitive advantage in relation to other firms (Hendry & Pettigrew, 1986, p. 7). Although the notion of competitive advantage remains central to the strategy literature, clear definitions of the concept are rare. Advantage can be viewed as a relative concept. In other words, advantage is deemed meaningful only when compared to another entity or set of entities (Barney, 2001, p. 48). Advantages are relative to an arena or context, and that what counts for an advantage in one contest may not be so in another, and, indeed, be a disadvantage. A competitive advantage, therefore; is a merit that one company has over its competitor in a particular market, or even an industry (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004, p. 221). The resource-based view argues that advantages can be sustainable if they are derived from key resources possessing certain characteristics. These features include inimitability, rarity, and non-substitutability. Concisely, a firm’s resources are a source of sustainable competitive if they possess the three characteristics of market value and barriers to duplication (Boxall, 1996, p. 70). The second element of resource-based view is identifying key resources. The current literature is replete with discussion that attributes the superior performance of firms to strengths such as customer service excellence, design capability, managerial expertise and teamwork. At any given, an organization is likely to have a wide range of resources at its disposal (Hendry & Pettigrew, 1986, p. 8). From a resource-based perspective, the normative challenge facing firms is to identify and deploy those resources that meet the characteristics earlier in this essay. Resources can be divided into three principal groups: tangible assets, intangible assets and capabilities. Tangible assets are those assets in a firm, both current and fixed that have long-run capacity. In addition, these assets are transparent and weak at resisting duplication. Intangible assets, on the other hand, are particularly pronounced in industries such as pharmaceuticals, consumer goods industries, and service firms where company reputation is critical. These assets have relatively unlimited capacity (Barney, 2001, p. 47). Firms possessing intangible assets can leverage their value by using them in house, renting them, or selling them. These assets are relatively resistant to duplication efforts by competitors due to their regulatory of position gaps or differentials. Capabilities are skills that the company. The firm manager has a role of converting resources into valuable products for customers (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004, p. 208). The initial task facing mangers is to try to identify the resources possessing the potential to generate sustainable competitive advantage. In order to do this, resources must provide potential access to a wide variety of markets; are relevant to the key buying criteria of customers; and they are difficult to imitate (Boxall, 1996, p. 72). Conclusion The resource-based view posits that the firm’s management ream assumes responsibility for identifying, developing, protecting and deploying value-generating resources. Given the practical difficulties of these tasks, good-quality top management in itself can possibly exhibit the characteristics of a key resource. The resources and capabilities of an organization are the main factors in formulating strategy (Barney, 2001, p. 51). They are the basic constants upon which a company can establish its identity and frame its strategy, and they are the chief sources of the firm’s profitability. The key to a resource-based view to strategy formulation is the comprehension of the links between resources, capabilities, competitive advantage, and profitability- especially, comprehending the mechanisms through which competitive advantage can be sustained over time (Bowen & Ostroff, 2004, p. 215). This calls for the design of strategies that explain to maximum effect each firm’s unique characteristics. Reference List Barney, J 2001, ‘Is the resource-based view a useful perspective for strategic management research? Yes’, Academy of Management Review , vol. 26 no.1, pp. 41-56. Bowen, D, & Ostroff, C 2004, ‘Understanding HRM-Firm Performance Linkages: The role of the ‘Strength’ of the HRM System’, Academy of Management Review , vol. 29 no. 2, pp. 203-221. Boxall, P 1996, ‘The strategic HRM debate and the resource-based view of the firm’, Human Resource Management Journal , vol. 6 no. 30, pp. 59-75. Hendry, C, & Pettigrew, A 1986, ‘The practice of strategic human resource management’, Personnel Review , vol. 15 no. 5, pp. 3-8. Wright, P, Dunford, B, & Snell, S 2001, ‘Human resources and the resource based view of the firm’, Journal of Management , vol. 27 no. 6, pp. 701-721.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay examines the reasons behind the success in administration and coaching of athletic and how it can be used to resolve the problem of excessive marketing of the game.The success in administration and coaching of athletic can be used to resolve the problem of excessive marketing of the game.

The essay examines the reasons behind the success in administration and coaching of athletic and how it can be used to resolve the problem of excessive marketing of the game. The success in administration and coaching of athletic can be used to resolve the problem of excessive marketing of the game.

Athletic Administration and Coaching: Statement of the Problem Essay Over the last few decades, a large body of research has been dedicated to the study of administration and coaching from a sociological angle that focuses on the impact of this sport on culture or on fans’ behavior. It is not surprising to witness this interest in athletics given its importance in the sports industry, which has developed over the last few decades from a relaxing activity in the weekends into a complex industry. This complexity is obvious in various phenomena. What concerns, athletics, its grown complexity as more than just a sport is evident in its magnified status in the media on a daily basis and the interest of sponsors in linking their name to it as part of a larger promotional and marketing strategy. Due to this complexity, it would be interesting to specifically focus the study within the area of marketing, particularly what concerns issues of coaching and administration. The provision of a comparison provides however a broadened perspective of understanding. The study will critically examines the reasons behind the success in administration and coaching of athletic. When it is taken into account that the game of athletics is in many ways devalued through over-commercialization, the problem of sponsorship deals, media’s excessive marketing of the game, and fans’ seemingly blind and at many times overenthusiastic support becomes instantly and sharply clear. For instance, this fervent support is played on by corporate businesses through their advertisements and sponsorship deals. It is thereby unfortunate to observe that regardless of the importance of athletic as both a leisure and culturally significant activity, the issue has nevertheless received limited attention among scholars and researchers in the respective or close fields alike. It is in this regard that this study aims at contributing to through the closer examination of the issue at hand and the review of administration and coaching in athletics. Thus, this study’s examination of both the potential effects of administration and coaching on athletes performance and the ways through which the support of fans is plays to influence the two. This is beneficial to the determination of what could be done to resolve the problem and its impacts, both today and in the future. This is only logical. After determining the causes, the solutions can then be sought. In order to better understand the factors that influence athletic administration and coaching is to study the effects of sponsorships as the aforementioned escort service deal, this study will observe both the psychological as well as professional aspects of the issue of marketing and finance in athletics today. Psychology is being challenged to add to the research database an improved understanding of factors that influence coaches and players’ daily decisions in a positive or negative manner. Therefore, certain sections of this study will be also devoted to the comprehension of the problem from this angle. Nature of the Study To answer this study’s research questions, this paper will utilize a comparative case study research approach. Thereby, a short survey will be also delivered to sports fans to evaluate their perception of the way athletics has changed over the last few years, especially in terms of cultural worth. This paper shall ascertain whether there is a relationship between the high number of sponsorships and the transformation of the administration and coaching into a spectacle and growingly devalued game in terms of a cultural value. The paper aims above all at highlighting the factors that could motivate athletes to adopt a more aware attitude when being coached in order to avoid the negative consequences of being marketed in connection with a corporate name with a negative image. In order to test the hypotheses a number of case studies will be selected and the reasons behind their success, will be reflected on.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The case study examines the entrepreneurship of Mika Salmi, founder of Atom Films, in improving improving company's performance. It highlights how he was able to identify a potential business opportunity as an INSEAD student in France in 1992, and how he used this opportunity to start his own business. The case study also looks at how Salmi overcame challenges such as limited resources and competition to ensure that his business idea succeeded.

The case study examines the entrepreneurship of Mika Salmi, founder of Atom Films, in improving improving company's performance. It highlights how he was able to identify a potential business opportunity as an INSEAD student in France in 1992, and how he used this opportunity to start his own business. The case study also looks at how Salmi overcame challenges such as limited resources and competition to ensure that his business idea succeeded.

Improving Company’s Performance: Atom Shockwave Case Study Table of Contents 1. Case Overview 2. Mika Salmi as an Entrepreneur 3. The Entrepreneurial Process 4. Atom Films Merger with Shockwave 5. Strategies to improve the Company’s Performance 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Case Overview Atom Film was the first entertainment company to distribute a short-format entertainment including short films and animations to a large consumer audience primarily through the internet and television. In 2000, Atom Film’s innovative and quality film content was in great demand among the audience, making it a company of choice for most online media companies. However, towards the end of the same year, a decline of the market, particularly internet advertising market, led to reduced revenues and investment. This forced the Atom Film’s CEO, Mika Salmi, to forge a merger with another online advertising firm, Shockwave.com, in order to strengthen the company. Consequently, Atom Shockwave, with Salmi as the CEO, was founded. Unfortunately, unfavorable economic conditions that plunged the internet-advertising industry between 2001 and 2002 led to increased cost cutting in an attempt to remain profitable. During this time, most companies dealing in internet advertising closed down. However, Atom Shockwave survived but again faced stiff competition in 2003 for the online market from other established internet companies reducing its profitability. It had expanded its investments to include online games, a market niche dominated by powerful internet companies such as Yahoo and Microsoft. Mika Salmi as an Entrepreneur Entrepreneurs are broad-minded people with the ability to recognize potential business opportunities to invest. In this respect, Mika Salmi was an entrepreneur in that, as the founder of Atom Films, he identified the idea of short films as potential business opportunity as an MBA student at INSEAD campus in France in 1992. The French Television, M6, which showed short animations, music, and video clips to the audience, inspired Salmi to pursue his idea. Later in 1997, he launched RealVideo, a streaming video product while working as a director of the Business Development for Real Networks. This shows Salmi’s confidence and determination, which are core qualities of an entrepreneur. Additionally, Salmi was proactive and believed that his idea will later be successful and even carried out market research before starting the business. Successful entrepreneur set out strategies and tactics that can facilitate the accomplishment of their business goals. In this regard, Salmi shared his business idea with Tom Hughes and Mark Torrance who co-founded Photodisc, part of Getty Images. He was able to get technical and material support to further his idea when he worked with Getty images. Successful entrepreneurs always endeavor to ensure that their idea succeeds and do not belief in failure. Despite challenges such as limited resources, lack of sufficient investment, and low business prospects, Salmi went ahead to start his business venture. Unlike other firms that provided online content, Salmi, as an innovative entrepreneur, targeted online entertainment market segment intended for airlines and television stations. To attract investment into the new Atom Films Company, Salmi sought more investment from prospective investors including Thomas Hughes and Tori Hackett. He was able to link with cable television and internet providers, the major target market for the Atom Film Company. He was able to raise enough funds to support the new venture. The new investors helped market the content offered by the new company and structure the content to suit the market needs. The Entrepreneurial Process The entrepreneurial process entails the actions or activities involved in the identification of a business opportunity and establishing an enterprise to pursue the opportunity. The entrepreneurial process involves four distinct stages viz. identification and assessment of the viability of the idea, creation of a business plan, determining the resource requirements, and management of the enterprise. Salmi had identified the short-format entertainment as a profitable business while a student at INSEAD’s campus in France. A local television channel that specialized in short films inspired his idea. The next stage would have been to develop a business plan for his business idea. Salmi developed a business plan that primarily focused on short internet content, which he presented to some people including Thomas Hughes and Mark Torrance. However, the business plan was not adequately prepared as Salmi encountered difficulties in finding investors. A good business plan outlines the means of obtaining resources and the ways of attracting potential investors. Apparently, Salmi’s business plan did not address the potential sources of funding or investment. He had to rely on Thomas Hughes and Mark Torrance, the owners of Photodisc, to sell his idea to other investors. Additionally, the determination of the resource requirements for the enterprise was underestimated and did not factor in future expansion activities of the company. Consequently, Salmi had to struggle to seek funds to sustain the enterprise. Additionally, the resources were not acquired in a timely manner, which forced the company to undergo restructuring and cost cutting and as a result, it merged with Shockwave.com for survival. With regard to management of the enterprise, Hughes and Hackett, the main investors, believed that the management style and leadership structure was quite satisfactory. Atom Films Merger with Shockwave The shrinking advertising market coupled with a decline in investments made it impossible for Atom Films to pursue its growth goals. As a result, Salmi sought alternative opportunities to save the company. A merger with Shockwave, a relatively profitable company, presented an opportunity to save Atom Films. By combining the two companies, higher revenues and reduction in operating expenses were expected. Additionally, the merger aimed at ensuring a wider market access and strategic positioning. The merger was deemed as essential in two ways; firstly, Shockwave’s interactive media software provided an opportunity for Atom Film to integrate its short-format content to reach a wider market. Secondly, it allowed Atom Films access to wider financial resources and attracted investment into the new entity. Salmi also used establishment of syndicates and joint ventures as other strategies to keep Atom Film profitable. Atom Films established a joint venture with Global Media to provide short films and animations through Atom television cable. Atom film also established networks that facilitate armature streaming of armature submissions and sponsored contests to expand the market. The merger with Shockwave was not appropriate in many respects. Although the merger was expected to reduce operating costs, the costs did not reduce as expected. This forced AtomShockwave to undertake extensive cost cutting and restructuring between 2001 and 2002, which targeted the staff, royalties, and infrastructural expenses. Even after all these efforts, AtomShockwave was still not profitable, which forced Salmi to explore other business options. Additionally, even after the merger, Atom Film and Shockwave continued to conduct their business as separate entities. Atom Film ran a sponsored fan film contest and formed a joint venture with Global Media Company while Shockwave.com, in 2002, introduced Gameblast game portal independently. Strategies to improve the Company’s Performance Normally, the strategies to improve organizational performance involve cost reduction and joint ventures or mergers to pool resources (Argyris 142). However, in Atom Films’ case, these interventions constrained organizational performance. Given that the merger with Shockwave was not generating much revenue as anticipated, I would advise Salmi to consider strategies concerning innovation in both products and sales and marketing of these products. Salmi should focus at product differentiation, targeting a wider audience in order to remain competitive. The product offerings should be tailored to suit the changing consumer needs. He should be cautious with his expansion and growth goals by focusing on a single market segment first. This can be achieved through a SWOT analysis. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats -Previous strategic planning and expansion efforts -Failure to evaluate the competition’s strategies -Advanced technologies that promote customer relationship management -Expensive royalties and employee payments -Experienced and talented workforce especially management -Limited investment and resources to sustain continued growth -Availability of experienced management to lead the company -Government legislation and regulations -Good market partnerships with many firms. -Lack of clear performance goals by employees and management -Availability of best human resource practices -Stiff competition from established companies At the same time, Salmi should focus on the external environment factors such as competition from companies that offer short format content online. Importantly, Salmi should understand the marketing strategies and competitive advantages of Microsoft, AOL, and other major competitors before investing in a particular market niche. External factors such as stiff competition affect organizational performance. Additionally, Salmi should undertake to understand the preference and demographics of the target customers. Failure to understand the customers affects a company’s competitive advantage due to poor customer relations. He should also consider the available technologies and utilize them in order to remain competitive. Salmi should ensure that the company is profitable before reaching at a decision to go public. Essentially, an IPO process begins with an executive meeting six weeks before registering with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), followed by identification of partner banks to assist in selling the shares. The management then meets with potential investors to agree on the share price before marketing the IPO. After the price has been agreed on and a final prospectus issued, the stocks begin trading in the SEC. Organizational failure arises when an organization’s performance deteriorates followed by reduction of resources within an organization. Lack of sufficient funds is among the top internal causes of organizational failure. Most companies begin operating with insufficient investment or funding, which affects their performance and growth (Leana and Barry 753). Another internal cause is the poor management skills or style among the leadership of the company. Moreover, lack of clear business objectives and planning leads to business failure. External causes of organizational failure include competition from established companies and business laws and regulations that do not promote the growth of a new business venture (Ramezani, Soenen, and Jung 56). Continuous corporate renewal is a major long-term strategy for most business ventures. The strategy encompasses re-invention with regard to business operations, products, and services, human capital, and market diversification. This can be realized through proper market research and improved investments into the company. Conclusion Given the many challenges faced by Atom Films Company, corporate renewal is the only option of ensuring sustained profitability. Even after its merger with Shockwave.com, the company remained barely profitable. The stiff competition from other established companies and the limited resources in Atom Films Company underscored its failure. However, restructuring aimed at product differentiation and market expansion would be appropriate. Works Cited Argyris, Chris. On Organizational Learning. Blackwell: Malden, 1992. Leana, Bradley, and Barry, Carl. Stability and change as simultaneous experiences in Organizational life. Academy of Management Review 25.4 (2002): 753 Ramezani, Aldrin, Soenen, Leign, and Jung, Archer. Growth, corporate profitability, and Value creation. Financial Analysts Journal 58.6 (2002): 56

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In oligopoly market structure, price competition is not one of the elements and they set prices out of agreement between the stakeholder. The government is therefore mandated by the citizens to control the pricing structures of such markets formation.

In oligopoly market structure, price competition is not one of the elements and they set prices out of agreement between the stakeholder. The government is therefore mandated by the citizens to control the pricing structures of such markets formation.

AT&T & BellSouth: Expansion and Merger Research Paper Holding the fact that oligopoly is the market that is dominated by a limited number of players (sellers and suppliers) who determine the amount or the rate of profit they expect irrespective of the economic situation. It is important for the government to regulate their operations in order to shield the common citizen’s interests. In the oligopoly market structure, there is a possibility that the stakeholders might agree to fix a price of their goods and services without reflecting the customer’s economic interests. In other words, oligopoly market structure is controlled by few corporate institutions hence limiting a chance for others to enter the market (Robert, 2011). The basic factors to determine who is to join and not to join the market are determined by the few players with an intention to avoid fair competition or allow natural price setting in the market where market forces dictate the prices of goods and services. In this case few companies in the oligopoly market structure strive to retain power of determining the prices of goods and services regardless of other factors in the market. With this kind of a market structure, there is a possibility that citizens are subjects to extortion by the few companies. In addition, other interested players are denied or shortchanged their constitutional rights to do business anywhere and in any area of interests. It is therefore the role of the government to regulate these trends in the market (Robert, 2011). The Government is therefore mandated by the citizens to control the pricing structures of such markets formations. By controlling the pricing structure, the government will ensure that the citizens are free from exploitation and their social interests are considered when fixing prices. If the few companies are let to operate freely without government hand in price and operational control, then there is a possibility that they will control the market, as well as exploiting the locals. Considering the fact that some of the services are basic, the government should be interested in making sure that some of these services are available to all. If government fails to control the operations of these companies, the country’s economy will be dented, hence putting at risk the economic growth projected and the job creation in the industry. If this happens, it is possible for the country to witness social unrest hence making the country ungovernable. To avoid this, basic service providers, such as telephone service companies, should be regulated well to avoid inconveniences in the market place. considering the fact that the government promotes entrepreneurship, it is therefore important for the government to regulate the industry whereby it is expected to provide a platform where fair competition is enhanced. In oligopoly market structure, price competition is not one of the elements and they set prices out of agreement between the stakeholders. Thus, it is important for the government to provide quality competition in prices and services as the way of promoting innovativeness and creativity in the industry. Fair competition will enhance job creation and fair pricing structures emanating from natural price forces within the industry (Hyman, 2011). These provisions allow the government to intervene and control market despite of the economic consequences that are determined by government’s direct involvement in the market. The United States economy is not healthy since the cost of living has gone higher than it was expected by its citizens. Euro crisis has also been felt in the United States economy. This therefore calls for the government to put all economic structures and requirements in order to protect common citizen’s interests. To reduce human suffering and ensure that government prevents the loss of jobs, and instead supports a program where job creation is possible, the government must be willing and able to intervene in the operation of the oligopoly market structure in the economy. Oligopoly market situation is an exploitive system which does not support the government economic justifications. To avoid the occurrence of economic crisis, the United States government stands to control the prices of goods and services in all areas of the economy. This will ensure that the cost of living is controlled and inflation rate does not go up from the expected. It is also important to note that the economy stands to grow by creating alternative means in all sectors of the economy. With this regard, the government is expected to protect the upcoming companies. The entry of other players in a large basic services ensures job creation and standardization of the prices in the industry. By this, there will be competition hence providing better and fair prices to the locals. This will lower the cost of living directly. With this respect, the government is justifiably entitled to the prices and operational intervention in an oligopoly market structure (Hyman, 2011). Merger is a tricky decision which involves serious exposure of the two sides to avoid taking up liability of another corporate institution. Management issues are also a concern in a major situation where others feel that they should not lose the company control capacity. Self-expansion therefore remains the only alternative in this case. Besides being the only alternative strategy, capital, management and sustainability issues also arise (Djankov, 2004). In addition, there should be a considerable reason that might be sufficient to bring t forth the need to merger with other stakeholders in the industry. The challenge is whether the company has the capability to source enough capital to facilitate self-expansion. Another possible challenge is whether the company management will be able to control and manage the growth expected. If the company management does not have the structures and capability to control and manage growth, than the company might face a challenge of attracting more customers, as well as retaining the present customers. There is a need to streamline the relationship between the internal stakeholders if growth control and management is expected. Sustainability of growth also turns to be a challenge mainly when the company fails to raise enough capital. Sustainability means the ability to manage the growth, as well as making sure that the company business is growing positively (Djankov, 2004). To streamline the relationship between the stakeholders, (i.e. managers and others) government must be willing and able to structure legislatives to harmonize their relationship. Decisions made by the management offer that stakeholders should be analyzed by several bodies to ensure that others’ interests are preserved. This will create an organization culture where all stakeholders will work together for a common good of the organization. In addition, the motivation programs should be created to ensure that all stakeholders participate in the organization objectives and those who perform well are awarded accordingly without discrimination. Managers should also consider the company product or service consumers by providing good prices for high quality goods and services (Epstein, 2008). The company management is expected to analyze the economic environment and the economic capacity of the targeted customers before fixing prices of goods and services they sale. This will promote the relationship between the company and the customers where customers will find it necessary to associate with the company. To the other players, the management should ensure fair competition, as well as discouraging this motivation. This will enhance competition in the industry hence promoting creativity and innovation in the industry (Epstein, 2008). To maximize the industry profits AT&T stands to lose the interests of other stakeholders. By having an objective of maximizing the industry profit, the company must charge higher for their services to make this objective realistic. This means that the targeted customers will seek fair prices in the industry, hence failing to associate with the company. The company therefore will lose its market share to others. By adding value to the shareholders, the company might not be able to meet its objective in the future, where more resources are needed to cope with the ever changing business environment. More value to the shareholders will only motivate them but will not be sustainable for long. It is important for the company to balance between its corporate objectives and the interests of its shareholders as a way of ensuring sustainability both, economically and socially. Instead of the above two economic moves, the company should give more value to the targeted customers where fair prices and quality services are assured. This will ensure that the company’s future is guaranteed mainly because the company will manage its market share. Another alternative is to provide additional services and products to form a portfolio of a well spread investment (Hyman, 2011). This will secure the company’s future in the telecommunication industry, hence a guaranteed prosperity of the company. References Djankov, S., McLiesh, C., & Klein, M. (2004). Doing business in 2004 understanding regulation. . Washington, D.C.: World Bank :. Epstein, M. J. (2008). Making sustainability work: best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental and economic impacts . Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Pub. ;. Hyman, L. (2011). Debtor nation: the history of America in red ink . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Robert, J. (2011). Transactions and Strategies: Economics for Management . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: AT&T as an Oligopoly Model Company Research PaperIn this paper, the author discusses how AT&T can be classified as an oligopoly model company. Oligopoly model is characterized by operating in an environment where competition is limited. It is a market where the players or the services providers are few and control the large market share. Lest of the market is acquired by small upcoming companies which try to enter in the market.

AT&T as an Oligopoly Model Company Research Paper In this paper, the author discusses how AT&T can be classified as an oligopoly model company. Oligopoly model is characterized by operating in an environment where competition is limited. It is a market where the players or the services providers are few and control the large market share. Lest of the market is acquired by small upcoming companies which try to enter in the market.

AT&T as an Oligopoly Model Company Research Paper AT&T can be classified as an Oligopoly Model company. Oligopoly model is characterized by operating in an environment where competition is limited. It is a market where the players or the services providers are few and control the large market share. Lest of the market is acquired by small upcoming companies which try to enter in the market (Robert, 2011). This market model can also be characterized by the price stability for a some period. According this model, businesses focus on non-price competition and in turn improve on product and services quality as there is the main goal of this marketing strategy. Presentation and other non-prices marketing strategies are used to extend the company market share. In case of prices shift, the market controlling companies must have a formal agreement as a way of discouraging unhealthy competition and also maintaining their market share. Oligopoly products are homogenous or have slight difference between them (AT&T and others offer almost the same services). The four above named companies offer the same services aimed at the same targeted population. The only difference between them is in the way they offer those services. This means that they target the same customers failing to identify a formula by which they do not practice unhealthy competition between them. All these elements can be witnessed in the AT&T market structures, hence fitting to be an oligopoly (Robert, 2011). According to this market model, the general pattern is that the controlling companies in the market have a steady stable income allowing some of them to operate in supper abnormal profit for a long time. This is because they have the clients and they determine what to get in terms of profit. Market prices are agreed upon by the main players, hence limiting chances of competing unfairly. They act as the price setters, and the small companies adopt the set prices. In case of inflation, the companies increase their prices with respect to the cost of production. In case of deflation, the companies might decide to retain the prices or lower them as a motivating factor to their consumers. Holding the fact that this market model operates nearly like a monopoly, other small players can push them to change their pricing strategy, but according to the general or natural way, the pricing of the services of this market model is determined by cost of production and agreement between the players (Hannaford, 2007). In this market model, the companies, for example, AT&T, concentrate more on the long-run goals and objectives. The short-run objectives or behaviors of these companies are to ensure that they retain their customers. Market share retaining is very paramount to them, and they would always better loss some profits but retain their customers. In case where the upcoming companies are to share some of their market share, the monopolistic companies involved agree to lower their prices just for a short time as a way of discouraging the competitors. In the long run, the companies objective is to retain and expand the market share as well as improve their products quality. In case the market share is threatened, the company strategically involves in a vigorous marketing of its services to the targeted customer but later closes down the marketing operation. Holding the fact that the company has well elaborated structures, the firm finds it easy to access its targeted customers. In the long run, AT&T has been investing in long term projects, such as telecommunication infrastructures. Majority of the companies that operate in oligopoly invest in expensive long-term structures with interests to serve their customers’ needs. Change in prices only happens in the short run, and it must be brought forth by the economic change within the economy. When, for example, the cost of living changes, AT&T modifies its prices in regard with the others, in order to accommodate their profit expectations (Hannaford, 2007). Holding the fact that there is no price competition in this market model, the company profit objective is a primary goal. Also, phone services industry is a basic industry where everyone must use telephone in their daily activities. This ensures a steady income for the companies operating in the market. Lack of market and mostly price competition ascertain the company’s profitability irrespective of the situation within the economy. It is also noted that this industry keeps on revolving technology as a way of remaining relevant in the market and retaining a great market share. The ability to improve on the service delivery acts as the competitive edge to the stakeholders. There is an increasing tendency to the stakeholders to keep on improving their technological capability both to ensure long-term and short-term objectives. The telecommunication industry has limited areas where operating company can transact business. There are three main areas, namely, telephone services, data services and telephone and data equipment. Telephone service is the main area of concentration due to which the market players intend to maximize their profits. They have developed infrastructures all around the world to make sure that they deliver their products globally. In the United States, 99% of the people who are between the age of 14 and above posses a phone cell, hence proving a steady market for the mobile phone companies. Data has also become one of the main services offered by the companies in the United States. Most of the services are delivered online. Companies in the industry also have diversified their operational risks by selling phone and data equipments in and outside the region. The three areas also gain considerable cost to the company. The need to increase profits and to diversify the company interests makes such companies and organizations incur the cost of producing and maintain this services. When there is a possible income reduction, the company intensifies other sub areas where it intends to make extra money and support the company activities. AT&T managed to make a profit of 18%, 24%, 35% and 42% in the financial years 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 respectively. These data articulate the economy performance perfectly well. To the management of the company, it is advisable to diversify its interests to other areas of the related field. This will help the company cope with hard economic times whereby their will be a steady income from different sources. Considering the information mentioned above, it shows that the company does not gain good profit when the economic area is not sound. Taking into account these facts, the management should extend the production of its company to the other areas and, mostly, to those that are not directly affected by the economic crisis, for example, to food industry (Baye, 2000). Technology development is the main factor that affects the degree of competitiveness in the telecommunication industry. Streamlining this area ensures the business success, and failure to follow the market trend within the same area will subject the business to an economical challenge. Also, the development of other service providers that are effective and reliable due to the enhancement of the technology has threatened the industry. Facebook and other social sites have affected the industry mainly because the majority of the targeted customers prefer Facebook for communication (Kesavayuth, 2001). References Baye, M. R. (2000). Oligopoly . Bingley, U.K: Emerald. Hannaford, S. (2007). Market domination!: the impact of industry consolidation on competition, innovation, and consumer choice . Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Kesavayuth, D. (2001). Market shares and non-price competition strategy in oligopoly market: A case study of instant noodle market . Bangkok, Thailand: Thammasat University. Robert, J. (2011). Transactions and Strategies: Economics for Management . New York: Willy.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Attribution theory is a social cognitive theory that is concerned with motivation. The theory was first proposed by Heider in 1958.Attribution theory plays a crucial role in mentoring both new orientation and continuous training programs. These programs increase job satisfaction more.

Attribution theory is a social cognitive theory that is concerned with motivation. The theory was first proposed by Heider in 1958. Attribution theory plays a crucial role in mentoring both new orientation and continuous training programs. These programs increase job satisfaction more.

Attributive theory and a new orientation program Essay Attribution theory is a social cognitive theory that is concerned with motivation (Martinko, 2004). The theory was first proposed by Heider in 1958. Nevertheless, other scholars such as Jones and Weiner (1974) developed its framework. Later on, it became a research paradigm in the field of social psychology (Martinko, 2004). Needless to say, the theory explains why people think and act in a certain manner. In line with this, it is arguable that the theory tends to explain the causal effects of certain behaviors that are usually portrayed by employees at their various places of work. It is imperative to note that attribution theory plays a crucial role in mentoring both new orientation and continuous training programs (Martinko, 2004). This paper discusses attribution theory and how new orientation program, mentoring, or continuous training development program increase job satisfaction. It is notable that attribution theory focuses on achievement. Therefore, its proponents aimed at identifying and explaining factors that affect achievement such as ability, effort, luck and task difficulties (Martinko, 2004). In line with this, such attributions are normally classified into three causal domains namely locus of stability, control and controllability (Martinko, 2004). The stability domain focuses on internal and external factors that affect stability. Controllability domain is all about skills and efficacy. Additionally, control domain largely dwells on the mood, emotions, luck and other similar aspects. It is important to note that the theory can be used in numerous fields such as psychology, law, health, communication, marketing and education (Martinko, 2004). The theory focuses on perception, judgment and attribute in all of these various disciplines of study. These aspects assist an individual to achieve cognitive control over the immediate environment. Moreover, they help one to understand the causal factors behind occurrences and individuals’ behavior in a particular environment. Does a new orientation program, mentoring, or continuous training development program increase job satisfaction more? In a shift of focus, resent research has revealed that new orientation programs, mentoring and continuous training development programs tend to increase job satisfaction. At this juncture, one can apply attribution theory in line with these programs to manipulate and shape individual behavior to the desired end. Needless to say, these programs have independent effects on job satisfaction though they all boost effectiveness in organizational performance. For instance, it is evident that orientation and mentoring programs help individuals to be effective especially in new faculties. Notably, mentoring programs involve senior and junior employees sharing variety of issues at work places through seminars, workshops and regular presentations. Savage, Karp and Logue (2004), note that one of the most important elements in job satisfaction is the ability to perform the expected duty at the right time. This can only be realized through mentoring new workers to give them tips on how to perform their duties. It is imperative to note that mentoring and orientation programs boost the confidence of employees (Welch, 2002). Notably, research has revealed that confidence is a crucial aspect in enhancing performance and productivity of workers. According to Savage, Karp and Logue (2004), it is essential to mention that mentoring and orientation programs help organizations to become successful educators. In this case, employees get to learn and experience the various needs of an organization. Moreover, research has revealed that mentoring helps workers to realize and cope with their weaknesses. Welch (2002) asserts that mentoring programs act as a base for employees to seek their strengths and provide room for continuous improvement. Notably, according to attribution theory, mentoring programs have positive effect on job satisfaction since they mould behavior to the desired end. Research has also proven that institutions with numerous orientation programs have workers who execute their roles effectively (Hernes & Brænden, 2012). In this case, it is arguable that these programs boost job satisfaction. To emphasize on this, it is definite that new orientation programs aid employees to become effective in their performance. As a matter of fact, the latter leads to increased productivity and success in organization, a factor that boosts their morale. Orientation enhances employee’s understanding on what they are expected to do. Therefore, this increases their potential to realize their abilities and enhance their satisfaction. It is essential to note that most individuals do not get adequate satisfaction in their jobs due to the fact that they lack effective means to obtain information, knowledge and skills (Hernes & Brænden, 2012). For this reason, continuous training development programs are essential in ensuring that new workers are fully equipped in order to increase their potential for success. It is evident that continuous development training programs reduce failure in organizations by providing effective personal experiences to workers (Hernes & Brænden, 2012). Notable training programs reinforce mentoring programs by addressing issues which mentors are unable to meet. These programs address long-term needs of an organization by equipping employees with skills and recommendations to perform activities in their respective areas. Needless to say, training enhances performance and retention of workers amid constrains in their respective jobs. References Hernes, H. & Brænden, L. (2012). Employees’ Reactions to Imperfect Managerial Behaviors. International Journal of Business and Social Science: Special Issue , 3(8), 1-45. Martinko, J. (2004). Attribution Theory in the Organizational Sciences: Theoretical and Empirical conditions. New York: Information Age Publishing, Inc. Savage, H., Karp, R. & Logue, R. (2004). Faculty mentorship at colleges and universities. College Teaching, 52 (1), 21-4. Welch, G. (2002). A New Faculty Orientation Program : Building a Core of New Faculty to Shape the Future of the College. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2002 (120), 11-17.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the marketing environment of tobacco in Australia and how it has been influenced by the government. It also talks about the costs of smoking and how the government is trying to reduce the use of cigarettes.

The essay discusses the marketing environment of tobacco in Australia and how it has been influenced by the government. It also talks about the costs of smoking and how the government is trying to reduce the use of cigarettes.

The Marketing Environment of Tobacco in Australia Report (Assessment) Australia is known globally due to its initiative in controlling the advertisement and promotion of tobacco. There has been always a controversy concerning how the tobacco and cigarette sellers should advertise their brands. To some extent, the advertisement of the cigarettes by some of the firms in Australia is questionable due to the influence the advertisement imposes to the non-smokers. Some debates have been conducted to put some limitations on the brands of tobacco, and try to curb the consumption of the same. This essay paper will focus on the reaction of the customers concerning tobacco, and the marketing environment of tobacco in Australia. The costs of smoking are also discussed. On the other hand, the cigarette-manufacturing firms in Australia try to fight for their rights of marketing their products, although there are some public sectors that go against the issue. If customers are not informed correctly about the product, they may fail to make informed decisions concerning what they are purchasing. Just like any firm that advertises its products, it is the right of tobacco manufacturers to advertise their products and inform their customers on the available products in the market. Customers react differently concerning the brand advertisement, hence affecting their choice of purchasing the same. The major aspect in marketing is about increment, and concentrating less in dramatic changes in consumers’ behavior. The central government of Australia is working tirelessly to remove even the slightest influence on the packaging of the cigarette. The government is trying to work on this by reducing the amount of branding on a packaging. The main reason that made the Australian government to work on reducing the use of cigarettes was the reason behind the fact that in 1945, 72% of Australian men were smokers. This big percentage was because of the idea that smoking was accepted and an important part of Australian culture. After the interaction of the central government to the issue of smoking, the percentage of the smokers currently has reduced to 17% of the adults in Australia. Severally, the government of Australia has tried to ban the advertising of cigarettes especially its crucial initiative it showed in 1976. Since this important initiative, the advertising and smoking of cigarettes in Australia has been regulated. This action made a great step of moving from normalization of smoking to normalization of non-smoking. Customers’ behaviors are prone to so many changes depending on the forces in the market. Marketing of the brand in the market have a great influence on the customers’ behavior. Marketing provides awareness and influences the attitude of customers in purchasing a certain products or brands. Consumers are always willing to change their behaviors, especially as much as products such as cigarettes are concerned. For instance, there are those customers who get the information concerning the risks of smoking, and they show willingness to quit smoking. To some extent, customer’s behavior towards cigarettes depends on the perception of an individual. There are those who believe that smoking is bad and those who believe it is all right. Other factors may influence consumers’ behaviors. For instance, the idea of Australian government to introduce plain packaging of cigarettes may have a great influence on consumers’ behavior. The government is proposing the cigarettes packet to be plain, with a graphic health warning, with just a small brand written in font type. The cigarette stick is proposed to be olive green in color, and the gold band removed. This action by the federal government of Australia is meant to reduce the desire among the young people, who are mostly the smokers. The government is aiming at influencing the behaviors of the consumers. According to the research done by specialists, it shows that modifying the graphic warning picture to be more visible, and reducing the number and size of the brand elements, will influence the behavior of the young people to quit smoking or never take it up. The color of the packet and the cigarette stick has also great influence on these young peoples behavior. The use of a revolting color and very visible big health warnings on the packet may influence the consumers not to purchase the product. On the other hand, there are those hard-core smokers who will never change their behaviors no matter what. Mostly, the smokers who are above 50 years will be hard to change their behaviors. Even if the government changes the brand on the packet, these old smokers will never change their behaviors. Age is a factor as far as the consumer behaviors are concerned, young consumers are likely to change their behaviors depending on the information they are getting about the product. For the old consumers it would be hard to convince them about changing their behaviors. The type of information that consumers receive concerning the product has a great influence on their decision making processes. The health-warning graphic on the packet of the cigarettes as proposed by the Australian government may influence the behaviors of the customers a great deal, marking a big percentage quitting smoking. The second determinant of the consumer behavior is the price. As the government of Australia is proposing of an increased price per packet of cigarettes, this may discourage the consumers from buying and smoking. Another aspect of pricing that may change the consumers behavior is application of price discrimination to the group of people who are known to smoke heavily. Availing the product to the customer at the right time and place may change his behavior to the positive side and even smoke more. If the product is not available whenever the consumer needs it, he or she may develop some negative attitude towards it. Moreover, anything to do with promoting and advertising the product is very influential to the consumers’ behavior . Consumers develop more trust when they see their products being promoted and advertised regularly in the media. The efforts of the federal government of Australia to curb the advertisement and promotion services of tobacco products may change the consumers’ behavior. Instead of advertising, the media should be giving the public the information concerning the risks of smoking as well as displaying the health warning graphics. What influenced the government of Australia to have a great urge of discouraging smoking were the long-term health costs. Starting with the increased cases of premature deaths and disability because of smoking made the government to make a move towards discouraging smoking. Something else that cost the government a lot of money are the chronic diseases caused by smoking. Such complications included lung cancer, a cause of many deaths in Australia, diabetes, and other life threatening diseases. According to the data that was collected in 2008, it revealed that Australia incurred a social cost worth 31.5 billion dollars because of cases of tobacco smoking . Other costs that were realized are the many lost working hours when people leave their chairs and excuse themselves to go and smoke. That study done in 2008 in Australia revealed so many things that categorized smoking as a very costly thing . It was evident that approximately 1256 deaths had occurred because of smoking related complications, and the country incurred hospital costs of 59.8 million dollars that was meant to cater for the hospitalized patients. The worst part of the study was the fact that out of 1256 deaths, 11 of them were because of passive smoking. Through passive smoking, the country incurred a cost of 5.9million dollars. More than 95% of the total cost that the country incurred because of passive smoking was for very young patients ranging between 0-14 years old. This finding proved to the government that the future of Australia is at great risk if it would continue loosing people at that rate. Due to many types of illnesses that people were suffering because of smoking, the productivity in the workforce and even in the household sectors was affected a great deal decreasing with approximately 400million dollars. Another cost that the country had to bare was about the fires caused by smoking, which was estimated to be approximately 16million dollars. All these costs made the government of Australia to realize that it is loosing a lot of money because of smoking to an extent of affecting the whole economy. Loss of young and energetic people in the country was also alarming, as the country was to be left with very old and very young people with lower productivity. Bibliography Australian Medical Association, (2003), The medical journal of Australia, Tobacco , 56- 79. Collins, D., & Lapsley, H. (2004), The costs of tobacco, alcohol & illicit drug abuse to Australian society, Canberra: Department of Health & Aging. Hammond, D., & Parkinson, C. (2009), The impact of cigarette package design on perception of risk, Journal of Public Health , 343-353. Hoek, J., Gendall, P., & Louviere, J. (2010), Effects oof Dissuasive Packaging on young adult smokers tobacco control, New York: Cengage Learning. Llewellyn, M., & Mylne, L. (2009), Australia for Dummies, Tadan: Publisher for Dummies. Miller, F., & Vandome, A. (2010), Smoking Bans in Australia, New York: VDM Publishing House Ltd. Tyrrell, I. (2002), Deadly enemies: tobacco and its opponents in Australia, Michigan: UNSW Press. Wakefield, M., Horan, J., & Cummings, K. (2002), The cigarette Pack as Image: New evidence from tobacco industry documents, Tobacco Control , 73-80.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the importance of authenticity in cultural tourism sites, and how it can be a guiding principle in tourism studies. The paper explores the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism sites, and attempts to add some new insights on the value of authenticity to cultural tourism sites.

The essay discusses the importance of authenticity in cultural tourism sites, and how it can be a guiding principle in tourism studies. The paper explores the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism sites, and attempts to add some new insights on the value of authenticity to cultural tourism sites.

Authenticity in Cultural Tourism Sites: A Critical Discussion Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Understanding the Concept of Authenticity 3. Brief Overview of Cultural Tourism Sites 4. Authenticity & Cultural Tourism Sites 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction The extent to which tourists search for authentic experiences in visiting new places and peoples has aroused much interest among tourism researchers and practitioners (Alberts & Hazen 2010; Leonard 2011). Indeed, the search for authenticity has become a predominant trend powering tourism because contemporary tourists are looking for experiences that are not only unique as part of their pulsating and diverse world (Canadatourism.com 2006), but symbolize a break from the normal routines of everyday life (Leonard 2011). Today, more than ever, a significant number of tourists are visiting historically significant sites, also known as cultural tourism sites, to expose themselves to novel information and experiences that satisfy their cultural needs (Landorf 2009). It has been demonstrated in the literature that most tourists visit these sites due to their authentic experiences and integrity (Ivanovic 2008). However, with the concept of authenticity receiving wide-ranging following among this group of tourists, its ambiguity, limitations and lack of conceptual clarity continue to be increasingly exposed (Kelner 2006). As acknowledged by Wang (1999), critics are increasingly questioning its value and validity, citing the reason that the motivating agents for tourists’ experiences cannot be fully extrapolated in the realms of the conventional paradigm of authenticity. This paper explores the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism sites. The aim is to provide a critical understanding of whether it is important for cultural tourism sites to be authentic. Most important, the paper will attempt to add some new insights on the value of authenticity to cultural tourism sites. The paper will sample some cultural tourism sites to seek a deeper understanding of the concept of authenticity as it relates to these sites. Understanding the Concept of Authenticity Hillman (n.d.) notes that the concept of authenticity has evolved to become a guiding principle in tourism studies ever since it was brought into the limelight by Dean MacCannell. However, as noted in literature, authenticity is an ambiguous term that continues to resist definition (Kelner 2006), owing to both the vagueness of the concept and the cultural suppositions embedded in it (Alberts & Hazen 2010). Despite the shortcomings in definition and conceptualization, available literature demonstrates the centrality and dominance of the concept not only in tourism development and research but also in affording unique experiences to tourists who wish to sample what other cultures have to offer (Ivanovic 2008). MacCannell (1976) cited in Alberts & Hazen (2010) suggested that tourists have become increasingly disenchanted by the homogenization and contamination of tourist experiences and enthusiastically search for ‘authentic’ others who can afford real and unadulterated connections to the sites being visited. MacCannell’s suggestion fails to illuminate the real meaning of authenticity or authentic experiences, but it definitely bolds the growing desire of contemporary tourists to seek experiences and products that are original and real, and are not tainted by impurities and perceptions of fakeness (Ivanovic 2008). In tourism terms, therefore, authenticity can be defined as “…a desired experience or benefit associated with certain types of tourism destinations…It is presumed to be the result of an encounter with true, un-commercialized, everyday life in a culture different than that of the visitor” (Ivanovic 2008, p. 321). Leonard (2011) identifies ‘authentic-seeking’ tourists searching for real and unadulterated experiences and products not only as a leading growth area in the tourism sector but also one of the most popular across gender, age and sociodemographic groups. According to Alberts & Hazen (2010), the notion of authenticity avails an opportunity for understanding how particular perspectives of location, time and culture attain more influence than others and direct decision-making paradigms about land use and tenure. Such ideas, according to these authors, are of substantial relevance to situations in which tourism practitioners, managers and other stakeholders protect heritage or cultural sites for tourist consumption. In such cases, it is always imperative to question whether the cultural tourism site or the tourist viewer is more dominant in delineating what is considered authentic (Ivanovic 2008). This issue can best be understood by framing the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism sites. Brief Overview of Cultural Tourism Sites Richards (1996) cited in Alberts & Hazen (2010) defines cultural tourism as entailing the movement of people from their routine places of residence to cultural and heritage sites, with the view to share in the new experiences and satisfy their cultural desires. Available literature demonstrates that attractions drive tourism (Wang 1999), and cultural and heritage resources are ideally positioned to become the fastest growing tourist attractions as they encompass the exceptional characteristics of a place, are experiential in nature and assist in promoting the rich tapestry of a destination’s customs, values, ethnic backgrounds and landscapes (McKercher & Yo 2006). As cultural tourism sites universally become of greater significance, tourism authorities and other relevant stakeholders have sought to highlight elements of local and regional heritage by a multiplicity of methodologies with the intention of emphasizing authentic connections between present and past landscapes, cultures and peoples, and so stimulate and inspire tourism (Alberts & Hazen 2010). This view is reinforced by Ivanovic (2008), who suggests that the cultural and heritage resources available in a destination are not only positioned as the ‘turbines’ and the foundation for culture-based tourism development but are the principal justifications for culturally inspired tourism travel to the destination. It therefore follows that the inherent, authentic significance of cultural and heritage resources is the dominant pull ‘muscle’ behind what is primarily considered as tourism generating acumen of cultural or heritage destination. This intersection forms the basis for discussing the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism sites. Authenticity & Cultural Tourism Sites In recent years, there has been wide-ranging debate on whether cultural tourism sites should be authentic (Alberts & Hazen 2010), and the significance or value of authenticity in heritage tourism (Connell & Rugendyke 2010). While some scholars underline the centrality and dominance of authentic experiences in heritage or cultural tourism sites, others are of the opinion that the concept is only a mirage that does not have a place in modern tourism. This section aims to analyze whether it is important for cultural tourism sites to be authentic and the value of authenticity in these sites. Available literature demonstrates that “…heritage resource organizations that have advocated partnerships with heritage tourism have been explicit in their calls for authenticity” (Wiles & Stoep 2007, p. 292). Indeed, authenticity is not only viewed as an engine of growth and prosperity for many heritage sites but also as a necessary prerequisite for their survival and differentiation from other tourist attractions. To be considered for listing as a World Heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), for instance, cultural heritage sites must pass the test of “integrity” and/or “authenticity”, not mentioning that they must be of exceptional universal value (Alberts & Hazen 2010). This then implies that such properties must be able to primarily promote the true story of an area, alongside providing real value and objective appeal to visitors who desire to visit the sites. A strand of existing literature (e.g., Wang 1999; Alberts & Hazen 2010; McKercher & Yo 2006) acknowledges that cultural tourism sites must have the capacity to provide objective, constructive and existential authenticity. In his seminal works on Authenticity and Tourism Experience , Wang (1999) argues that objective authenticity entails a traditional or conservative usage of the concept to denote an original object or product as the principle source of desired experiences by tourists. Wiles & Stoep (2007) reinforce this view by suggesting that cultural tourism sites should be able to provide authenticity as an objective reality by stressing historic preservation and presentation of tangible, authentic products and artifacts to tourists. Consequently, as noted by Ivanovic (2008), authenticity and distinctiveness as the dominant source of new cultural experiences and learning point to an overriding causal association between the critical aspects of an object or product of cultural tourism and gratification with the individual unique experience obtained from such consumption. These assertions lend credibility to the fact that it is of fundamental importance for cultural tourism sites to be authentic. In their contribution to the debate on Authentic Tourist Sites , Connell & Rugendyke (2010) acknowledge that changes toward heritage tourism have resulted in the rejuvenation of culture and traditions, as well as development of tourist attractions that are to a large extent considered as authentic (re)presentations of ancient sceneries and peoples. These authors cite the Glen Innes region in northern New South Wales as a major cultural tourist site that projects objective authenticity. For almost two decades, this region has asserted itself as the Celtic Country, with its magnificent standing stones, the stone monument, and predominantly Scottish culture. The basis for this Celtic Country link, according to these authors, derives from the fact that the Scots settled in Glen Innes town of Australia in 1838, and their tradition and culture has been authentically maintained and preserved to date. Consequently, Glen Innes has managed to claim a leading position in Australian tourism, with its name being perceived by cultural visitors as a key link to uniqueness, distinctiveness and supported by a historical fact (Connell & Rugendyke 2010). It is imperative to note that these attributes are the hallmark of objective authenticity, primarily because the authentic experience is triggered by the recognition of toured objects and products as authentic. Consequently, the importance of cultural tourist sites to be authentic cannot be ignored. Alberts & Hazen (2010) acknowledge that “…authenticity is ascribed to a heritage resource that is materially original or genuine as it was constructed and as it has aged and weathered in time” (p. 60). For example, the cultural landscapes of Maasai Mara in Kenya and the intangible heritage of the Maasai people continue to attract millions of foreign tourists to the region due to the authentic nature of the experience (Leonard 2011). The practices, representations and expressions which the Maasai recognize as part of their cultural heritage, coupled with the original and genuine cultural landscape in Savannah Africa, continue to provide unique experiences to tourists who pay huge sums of money in their desire not only to experience a different way of life but also to be part of a meaningful, quality educational experience. Here, it is important to note that experiences are directly associated with the intensity of authenticity preserved in the products (Ivanovic 2008, p. 322). For example, travelers visiting the Constitution Hill Prison are likely to experience a deep sense of empathy when they learn about the anguish of prisoners in the now-preserved heritage site. These insights demonstrate the importance of cultural tourism sites to remain authentic. Some cultural tourism sites come in the form of historic monuments or sites conceived as a work of art (Alberts & Hazen 2010). For example, the Statue of Liberty, Arlington National Cemetery, and the Liberty Bell are all historic monuments located in the United States, and which receive a significant number of cultural travelers annually (Leonard 2011). In the United Kingdom, Stonehenge, the tower of London and the Trafalgar Square are historic monuments and sites that continue to attract millions of travelers each year in a desire to achieve a unique and distinctive experience (Adams 2012). In all these sites and monuments, being authentic can be understood within the realm of an imaginative process entailing the production of these objects as genuine in time and space, and the effects of their passage through historical era (Alberts & Hazen 2010; Yeoman et al 2007). This can be understood as objective authenticity, implying that it is important for such sites and historic monuments to be authentic. There exists another dimension of authenticity known as constructive authenticity. Debate is ongoing about the relative value of constructive authenticity to cultural and heritage sites and responses have been varied on its relationship to cultural tourist sites (Shen 2011). According to Ivanovic (2008), constructive authenticity refers to the authenticity anticipated in toured cultural or heritage products by tourists or tourism stakeholders in terms of their similes, values, expectations, inclinations, beliefs, powers etc. The school of thought believes there exist a variety of versions of authenticities concerning the same object and, correspondingly, authenticity can only be perceived as a socially constructed interpretation of the realness of toured objects or products (Shen 2011). Put in another way, this notion of authenticity assumes that every single object or a product can be presented and interpreted in diverse ways depending on the interpreter’s point of view, values, beliefs, perspectives or powers (Wang 1999). When this notion of authenticity is illuminated under the prism of cultural tourism sites, it can be argued that the actual interface between host community and tourists creates the notion of authenticity toward toured cultural and heritage objects (Shen 2011). This interface forms the basis for the tourists to construct the authenticity of the toured object through subjective means depending on their beliefs and attitudes; that is, the meaning and interpretation of the cultural settings vary depending on the contexts and the individual tourists. For example, two tourists visiting the Tower of London in Britain may have diverse interpretations of its authenticity depending on their points of view, beliefs, attitudes, values or expectations. However, the subjective interpretations do not imply that authenticity is not central to forming the unique experiences desired by tourists, thus its importance in relation to cultural tourist sites. Wang (1999) introduces yet another typology by suggesting that people may visit heritage sites not because they find toured objects and products authentic but simply because they desire to engage in new and more fulfilling activities and experiences, away from the limitations of their everyday lives. Here, the deviation from everyday life to experience something new triggers a stimulating experience that makes individuals to think that they are much more authentic and more liberally self-articulated by engaging in tourist activities and by sampling new cultures and way of life. A strand of existing literature (e.g., Landorf 2009; Wang 1999) refers to this type of authenticity as existential because it is not achieved by touring the objects and products in the heritage site; rather, it comes as an existential state of being primarily activated by tourist activities. It is often difficult to relate this typology of authenticity to cultural tourist sites as it reframes authenticity in terms of the tourists rather than the toured cultural or heritage products. However, some scholars have argued that this form of authenticity not only enhances self-actualization but also enhances consumption of experiences derived from the external sphere of cultural tourism (Leonard 2011; Yeoman et al 2007). Conclusion This paper has sufficiently discussed the broad topic of authenticity and demonstrated how this concept relates to cultural tourism sites. It has been demonstrated that tourists highly value encounters and experiences with ‘authentic’ others, prompting the subject to become a dominant agenda for tourism study (Wang 1999). The various typologies of authenticity have been comprehensively discussed, with objective authenticity coming out as the critical guiding principle in explaining why cultural tourism sites need to be authentic. However, other typologies, namely constructive and existential authenticity, have provided useful insights into understanding the concept of authenticity and how it relates to heritage and cultural sites. This paper opens up broad prospects for cultural tourism sites to justify and increasingly adopt and reinforce authenticity as the foundation of tourist motivations. Reference List Adams, S., 2012, Historic monuments in England. Web. Alberts, H. C. & Hazen, H. D., 2010, ‘Maintaining authenticity and integrity at cultural world heritage sites’, Geographical Review , vol. 100 no. 1, pp. 56-73. Canadatourism. 2006, Authenticity – what do they (tourists) really want? Web. Connell, J. & Rugendyke, B., 2010, ‘Creating an authentic tourist site? The Australian standing stones, Glen Innes’, Australian Geographer , vol. 41 no. 1, pp. 87-100. Hillman, W., Revisiting the concept of (objective) authenticity. Web. Ivanovic, M., 2008, Cultural tourism , Cape Town: Juta & Company, Ltd. Kelner, S., 2006, Narrative construction of authenticity in pilgrimage touring , Paper presented at the 96 th Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association Anaheim, California. Web. Landorf, C., 2009, ‘Managing for sustainable tourism: A review of six cultural world heritage sites’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism , vol. 17 no. 1, pp. 53-70. Leonard, M., 2011, ‘A tale of two cities: authentic tourism in Belfast’, Irish Journal of Sociology , vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 111-126. McKercher, B., & Ho, P. S. Y., 2006, ‘Assessing the tourism potential of smaller cultural and heritage attractions’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism , vol. 14 no. 5, pp. 473-488. Shen, M. J., 2011, ‘The effects of globalized authenticity on souvenir’, International Journal of Innovative Management, Information & Production , vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 68-76. Wang, N., 1999, ‘Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience’, Annals of Tourism Research , vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 349-370. Wiles, C., & Stoep, G. V., 2007, Considerations of historical authenticity in heritage tourism planning and development , Proceedings of the 2007 northeastern recreation research symposium GTR-NRS-P-23. Web. Yeoman, I., Brass, D. & McMahon-Beattie, U., 2007, ‘Current Issue in Tourism: The authentic tourist’, Tourism Management , vol. 28, pp. 1128-1138.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The concept of autobiographical memory has been shown to mediate the association between different attachment styles and psychological distress. In fact, different aspects of autobiographic memory, such as the phenomenological experience and the emotional content of the memory, have been proposed to determine the link between attachment styles and psychological distress.

The concept of autobiographical memory has been shown to mediate the association between different attachment styles and psychological distress. In fact, different aspects of autobiographic memory, such as the phenomenological experience and the emotional content of the memory, have been proposed to determine the link between attachment styles and psychological distress.

The Concept of Autobiographical Memory Essay Article Summary Considering that relationships form the core of human needs, it is obvious that interpersonal relationships influence people’s psychological functioning, mental health, and wellbeing. For example, individuals experiencing attachment security are known to possess high levels of self-esteem and excellent adaptive or coping strategies. On the other hand, individuals experiencing attachment anxiety and/or avoidance have been found to suffer from psychopathology and emotional distress (Sutin & Gillath, 2009, p. 351). Therefore, many studies demonstrate the relationship between various attachment styles and the subsequent psychological distress, particularly depression. However, to demonstrate this link, many researchers have had to rely on the way people predetermine, store, recover, and use different memories in their interpersonal relationships. Accordingly, Sutin and Gillath (2009) deviated from the previous studies by proposing that some measurable aspects of the autobiographical memory determine the relationship between attachment styles and psychological distress. The proposed components of the autobiographical memory measured by these researchers include the phenomenological experience and the emotional content of the memory. In their study, Sutin and Gillath (2009) tested the two components of the autobiographical memory in two separate studies. In the first study, 454 participants took part in a two-session survey whereby in the first session, the participants’ experiences were evaluated relative to different measures such as self-defining relationship memories, phenomenology, adult attachment, and depressive symptoms while in the second session, the participants were asked to retrieve and rate their self-defining relationship memory experiences regarding romantic interactions. In the second study, 534 participants were introduced to one of the three priming conditions; attachment security (195 participants), attachment insecurity (157 participants), and the control condition (182 participants). After priming, the participants retrieved and rated their experiences regarding a self-defining memory (Sutin & Gillath, 2009, pp. 353-358). The research findings show that memory phenomenology (memory coherence and emotional intensity) determined the relationship between attachment avoidance and depression, while the negative affective content of the autobiographical memory determined the link between attachment anxiety and depression (Sutin & Gillath, 2009, p. 355). On the other hand, priming the participants with attachment security made them to show more coherent relationship memories, while attachment insecurity made the participants to show more incoherent relationship memories. Analysis The concept of autobiographical memory has been shown to mediate the association between different attachment styles and psychological distress. In fact, different aspects of autobiographical memory seem to be the product of a reconstructive process that underlies an individual’s emotional and motivational functioning. Here, various aspects of autobiographical memory play a major role in constructing and maintaining an individual’s self-identity and promoting the development of intimacy. However, these memories are not always related to positive human functions. In some cases, the retrieval style for the autobiographical memories is susceptible to various depressive symptoms in that various intrusive memories can promote psychological distress, particularly the post-traumatic stress disorder (Sutin & Gillath, 2009, p. 352). As a result, autobiographical memories can determine the path to depression vulnerability and psychological distress. According to Sutin and Gillath (2009), two major aspects of autobiographical memory, that is, phenomenology and content, demonstrated a consistent relationship with psychological distress. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that the two aspects mediate attachment avoidance and anxiety. For instance, memory coherence and emotional intensity, which are related to phenomenology, play an important role in terms of mediating distress for avoidance as opposed to anxiety. On the other hand, memory incoherence is closely associated with attachment avoidance. As opposed to avoidance, attachment anxiety is closely related to the memory’s emotional content. Overall, this study provides provocative evidence to suggest that there is a link between attachment styles and autobiographical memory, which in turn mediates psychological distress. Reference Sutin, A. R., & Gillath, O. (2009). Autobiographical memory phenomenology and content mediate attachment style and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 351-364. Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The automobile pollution in the US research paper discusses the major pollutants that come from gasoline-powered vehicles and how they affect the environment.The automobile pollution in the US research paper discusses the major pollutants that come from gasoline-powered vehicles and how they affect the environment. The paper notes that while there has been progress in terms of waste management, more needs to be done to realize a safe and sustainable environment.

The automobile pollution in the US research paper discusses the major pollutants that come from gasoline-powered vehicles and how they affect the environment. The automobile pollution in the US research paper discusses the major pollutants that come from gasoline-powered vehicles and how they affect the environment. The paper notes that while there has been progress in terms of waste management, more needs to be done to realize a safe and sustainable environment.

Automobile Pollution in the US Research Paper Environmental pollution remains a major challenge in the world today. While several strides have been made with regard to environmental waste management, it is believed that a lot has to be done to realize a safe and sustainable environment, with a significant number of pollutants emanating from petroleum products. Research indicates that the United States consumes approximately 26% of the world’s petroleum even though it produces only 10% of the total petroleum annually. Importantly, automobiles consume up to 43% of petroleum, emerging as the world’s leading single consumer (EPA, 1994). Automobiles generally refer to all moving machines that burn gas. They include but not limited to boats, cars, motorcycles and trucks. Even though emissions from individual cars might be considered to be negligible, most cities are finding car emissions to be the greatest single pollutant of the environment. This is as a result of millions of personal cars owned in the world today. From the mechanical functioning of these cars, their movement is made possible as a result of burning fuel, a process, which leads to the emission of several pollutants into the environment (Klepal, 2004). These pollutants are emitted due to the inability to have a perfect combustion process that would involve the breakdown of hydrocarbons into water and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. Common gasoline pollutants include nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other evaporative emissions. Hydrocarbon emissions occur because of incomplete or imperfect combustion of fuel molecules. Chemically, hydrocarbons generate ground-level ozone when they react with nitrogen oxides in air. Noteworthy, ground-level smog is highly responsible for the formation of smog. Ozone is equally dangerous; it causes health problems like cancer, respiratory difficulties, irritation of eyes and damages lungs (EPA, 1994). This has become the commonest air pollutant in urban areas. As mentioned above, nitrogen oxides equally constitute to gasoline pollutants and are sometimes denoted as NOx. These oxides form when nitrogen and oxygen are combined under elevated temperature and pressure. Similarly, nitrogen oxides lead to the formation of ozone, which has an array of effects especially on human health. Apart from ozone, NOx are also responsible for the formation of acid rain, which occurs when NOx react with water to form nitrous acids (EPA, 1994). Acid rain causes corrosion of cars and iron roofs. It has also been blamed for some health complications like skin cancer. Oxides of carbon are also major gasoline pollutants, which have remained harmful to the environment. For example, carbon monoxide forms when carbon is partially oxidized during combustion in automobile engines (WBPCB, 2004). Exposure to carbon monoxide has been found to be fatal. It is highly associated with the inhibition of the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream, a condition that may result into suffocation and instant death. This is a health hazard especially to people who have heart-related problems. Similarly, carbon dioxide is a gasoline pollutant, which has turned out to be lethal to the environment. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, CO 2 is a product of perfect combustion in automobile engines and poses major environmental threats today. Although carbon dioxide does not affect human beings directly, it falls into the category of greenhouse gases and is a key cause of global warming (Klepal, 2004). It therefore follows that automobiles greatly contribute to today’s environmental pollution issues. References EPA. (1994). Automobile Emissions: An Overview. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/ Klepal, D. (2004). Auto pollution increases health risks. Enquirer . Web. WBPCB. (2004). Automobile Pollution. West Bengal Pollution Control Board . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Balanced scorecard management theory has been adopted in the company to evaluate its performance. The theory involves considering both financial and non financial parameters when assessing the value and performance of a business entity. Stakeholders when deciding whether a certain manager in the industry is performing effectively, they need to have a balance scorecard policy in their systems.

Balanced scorecard management theory has been adopted in the company to evaluate its performance. The theory involves considering both financial and non financial parameters when assessing the value and performance of a business entity. Stakeholders when deciding whether a certain manager in the industry is performing effectively, they need to have a balance scorecard policy in their systems.

Balanced Scorecard: Chick-fil-A Essay When evaluating the value and performance of a business entity, stakeholders are more concerned on the monetary value that their management team has been able to attain. When using this notion, there is tendency that non-financial benefits or performance of a firm may be ignored. The use financial data have limitations as a measure of company performance; they only focus on one area of the many aspects that needs to be considered. According to balanced scorecard (BSC) management theory, the performance of a company should involve more than the financial part of it, it should address both financial and non financial parameters (Armstrong, 2006). The hospitality industry is one of the world’s most competitive industries, firms operating in the industry need to focus on their financial gain as well as their non financial part of performance. Stakeholders when deciding whether a certain manager in the industry is performing effectively, they need to have a balance scorecard policy in their systems. With over 1500 outlets across 38 states, chic-fil-A Inc. is the United States’ second largest chicken-based restaurant chain with an estimated value of $1billion, to evaluate its performance, management have implemented a balance scorecard policy. This paper discusses how balance scorecard has been adopted in the company; it will evaluate the management strategy approach and offer recommendations on how they would improve it further. Brief information about the company The company’s success is built around the Chick-fil-A sandwich invented in the 1960s by the establishment’s founder Truett Cathy. It’s a private company based in Atlanta, incorporated in 1964 and currently employing over 57,000 people. The 2009 sales revenue amounted to $ 3.2b representing an 8.6% rise over the previous year’s, with a 2.54% rise in same store sales. Chick-fil-A Inc. dates back to 1946, when two brothers Truett and Ben Cathy, opened a small restaurant called Dwarf House in Hapeville, southern Atlanta, at the cost of $10600. In 1982, other restaurants begun branding and selling their own chicken sandwiches which took away a huge chunk of the company’s clientele, and in an effort to win back the customers, Chick-fil-A put out coupons in newspapers which drew more responses than had been anticipated leading into massive losses for the company, coupled with the delays in the construction industry, a crisis that led into the development of the company’s corporate purpose. It recognized the importance of the Christian roots and faith to the organization which while not seeking to impose their faith on the team members and the clients but to influence them through their exemplary lifestyles, services and products. According to its mission statement, Chick-fil-A endeavors to become ‘The Best’ among America’s fast foods restaurants. while their corporate purpose is “to glorify God by being faithful stewards of whatever is entrusted to them, and to positively influence all people that come in conduct with Chick-fil-A” (Chick-fil-A, 2011). The company aims to “Become America’s Best Quick service Restaurant” (Chick-fil-A, 2011). It operates in the following operating guidelines and core values; * Product differentiation * Customer satisfaction * Integrity * Professionalism and innovation * Creativity and Corporate social responsibility (Chick-fil-A, 2011). The purpose of balance scorecard/non financial measures in the company In general a balance scorecard aims at addressing four main pillars of a business; financial, internal businesses operations, learning and growth, and the customer; the main effect that the strategy aims at is to ensure all the four areas have been addressed when determining the performances and the efficiency of management. When the areas are effectively addressed, managers are able to make strategic decisions that focus their organizations to a path of success. When the system is used, it focuses on looking at the level at which customers are satisfied with the services and goods they are getting from a certain company; it is important to note that a customer is the most valuable thing in a business, it is through customers that businesses exist and prosper. In any firm, buyers are the end users of the products and services delivered by the company. Many a times, stakeholders that form up the distribution channels such as wholesalers and retailers are also categorized as buyers. Therefore, their influence to the firm can be an opportunity as well as a threat as evident from their demand for better services and price changes (Collis and Rukstad, 2008). The next important area that balanced score card should look into are the internal business processes that a business have enacted; when looking at this area, focus is on ensuring that policies set give the firm a competitive edge. When referring to internal structure management should ensure that the structure grows and nature’s development and product growth; the human resources and physical assets combinations should be the main factor that needs to be looked into. The advantage of using this focus is that is assists in gauging a company’s ability to organize and strategize for success. Learning and growth is another area that non-financial measurement strategies looks into; under this title, the main focus is on the ability that the company has to change and adopt new operating systems and policies. To have an effective change policy, the management should ensure that its human resources are well managed that they can make decisions, innovate and invent methods that facilitate the growth of business (Fred, 2008) Current performance measures as adopted at Chick-fil-A’ The company measures it performance using the efficiency level that different management segments have been able to attain; in the case that a certain segment is not meeting the expectations of the company, then the area becomes subject to reviews and improvement. The company’s measures can be classified under the following main areas; Quality assurance measures To ensure that there is quality in produced products the company has an effective supply chain management; the management starts quality measure of products from the supplier’s point of view. Different suppliers offer different quality of goods; the available information about the value of goods from a certain customer are interpolated. One of the major aims of Chick-fil-A supply chain management is to ensure that that goods used in manufacture are of the right quality and quantity; this goes ahead as it is reflected in the final products of the company. It has an integrated purchase system, where it aims at interpolating the demands for good that it has for a certain period of time; it is not always that a supply is constant throughout the year however it varies with time and season. After understanding the amount required at a particular time Gantt charts are used to interpolate data and form the background of the case. Computers are used to give data analysis of the trend in supplies required (Wheelen, Hunger, 1998). Chick-fil-A adopts a TQM management policy. This is a system where a company ensures that it vets all its processes and department for the betterment of the entire organization. It aims at ensuring that all stake holders in an organization benefit from the organization. The organizational culture adopted to ensure that an organization can adopt changes effectively. Organizational structure should be made in such a way that all departments can integrate efficiently and enhance supervision. When departments communicate effectively, they create a level of efficiency in the entire organization. An organization requires both human and physical resources for its operations. Management should ensure that these resources have been blend in the most productive manner. This will ensure that there is maximum resource utilization. Industry (Product) Life Cycles Firms in the fast food industry are always identifying ways that will help them to increase their competitive edge in the market as well as maximization their revenue generating potential. This means that a lot of resources are channeled into research and development, developing new products and other actions that are projected to increase the level of the work force. Many firms in the industry start by introducing a new product campaign to the market to create a market niche for other successful products. Examples include chicken bucket from Kentucky Fried Chicken and Eat Mor Chikin from Chick-fill-A. As time goes, the product life cycle reduces and new products are introduced into the market. Strategies used by firms to achieve such objectives include market differentiation and segmentation of the market. In summary, a new product in the industry will go through the introductory stage, then the growth stage, followed by the maturity stage and lastly the decline stage (Gurvis, 2007). Strategic success factors The US fast food industry is highly volatile in terms of competition and the management leadership of many firms is very careful in their choice of strategic management tools. Every decision made and action taken should be able to bring value to the firm. Therefore, the management formulates and implements plan of actions that are aimed at enabling the organization to achieve the desired results. The strategic success factors include but are not limited to; * Changing the competitive position * Investing in the latest technological tools * New product development * Diversification and * Corporate growth strategy * Christian culture * Moral ethics and values When the above parameters are measured, they are compared by the industries/companies expectations to gauge the company’s success (Porter, 2008) Internal strength growth Chick-fill-A Inc. has been able to distinguish itself from other fast food restaurants by developing unique and identifiable characteristics. Notable of them is its Closed-on-Sunday Policy tradition that reflects the company’s corporate purpose. This is aimed at appreciating the spiritual way of life of its people and as well gives its employees’ quality time to rest and enjoy with family. It has enabled the company to attract high class clientele and honorable employees (Wheelen and Hunger, 1998). Efficiency levels at the organization are high as compared to other fast food outlets. The company’s mission and vision statement is people centered thereby providing a solid ground to expand business operations. Technological innovations have seen the company automate many of its operations to increase service delivery. Quality assurance is among the company’s objectives of becoming the leading fast food company in the delivery of products and services. Employees are highly trained to ensure that they maintain high levels of integrity in the delivery of services. Customer responsiveness is another key factor in ensuring that quality services and products are delivered. The company is always developing new products to their existing portfolio of diversified food items. Personalized services are a new type of service delivery in the industry and the company has not been left behind because it ensures that it meets the customer’s demands. Additional services in the package include home delivery of products to the customer’s premises on order. This has enabled Chick-fill-A to capture the high-class clientele and in the process the customer base has been improved. The drive through experience enables customers to be served at the comfort of their vehicles (Jack, 2001). Level at which the adopted measures meets the level of Kaplan and Norton Balanced score card Although the company seems to have adopted a different route to gauge its rate of performance, to some extent it complies to Kaplan and Norton Balanced score card, the main area that the two systems seems to be different is that Kaplan and Norton Balanced score card has focus on how an organizations prepares for a change and adoption of new measures, innovation and inventions. Chick-fill-A strategy seems to have more focus on improving their deliveries and forget on the need to consider the drivers of the performance; employees (Thomas, 2010). ( please see the appendix for a sample format of Kaplan and Norton Balanced scorecard ) The strengths of the performance measure approach adopted by Chick-fill-A The main strength of the approach as adopted by Chick-fill-A is that the quality of products mades form part of the measures of management success; when the quality of products are used, then the management can know the areas to improve in the efforts of satisfying their customers (Niven, 2006). The next strength of the method is the much focus that it places on its customers; the company when evaluating the level of performance seeks to get responses from customers on their level of satisfaction; when this happens, managerscan know the areas to intervene to improve customer satisfaction and probably build customer loyalty (Hall, Jones and Raffo, 2002). Areas to impove/recommendations When evaluating the level of performance, the management should ensure that it looks into personnel issues; they should ensure that they evaluate the level at which their company can adopt to change and how prepared its human resources are. To look into the above parameters, the management should evaluate the number of staffs’ trainings, mentoring, and coaching that it has been able to offer over a certain period of time and the effects that they have impacted on the company (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). Chick-fill-A leadership team should be sensitive to organisational culture/behavior and ensure that when they are measuring the company’s performance, such parameters be included. Personel matters in performance measurements are qualitative in nature but when interpolated they lead to quality decisions that are reflected in a company’s financail management. In the frameworks of lerning and growth within an organisation, Chick-fill-A should measure the rate at which its company has embraced divesity and culture intelligence parameters; divesity and culture intelligence parameters are new management startegies that seek to prepaire a company on changes brought about by globalization (Mohan, 2004). References Armstrong. M. ,2006. A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice . London: Kogan Page. Chick-fil-A Company Website, 2011. Home Page. Available at < https://www.chick-fil-a.com/ > Collis, D.J and Rukstad, M.G.,2008. Can you say what your strategy is? Harvard Business Review, 86(4), pp. 82-90. Fred, D. ,2008. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Gurvis, S. ,2007. Management Basics: A Practical Guide for Managers. London: Adams Media. Hall, D., Jones R., and Raffo. C. ,2002. Business Studies (Second Edition). Ormskirk: Causeway Press Limited Jack, E., 2001. Management Communication: the threat of group think: Corporate communications. International Journal , 2(3), p. 183-192. Kaplan, S. Norton, D.,2001. The strategy-focused organization: how balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment . Harvard: Harvard Business Press. Mohan, N., 20004. Essentials of balanced scorecard. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Niven, J., 2006. Balanced scorecard step-by-step: maximizing performance and maintaining results . New York: John Wiley and Sons. Porter, M.E. ,2008 The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy , Harvard business Review, January 2008. Thomas, G.,2010. Managing Brand Performance: Alligning Positioning and Experience. Journal of Marketing management, 1(1), p. 68. Wheelen, L. and Hunger, J.,1998. Strategic Management and Business Policy: Entering 21st Century Global Society, 5th edition . Reading, Massachusetts and Harlow: Addison Wesley

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Write an essay about: This study deals with the analysis of the balance of work and study in an organization. A balance of work and family is a major concern for employees in any industry or organization due to role conflict. The organization should support employees to balance work and family to ensure smooth running of their activities.

This study deals with the analysis of the balance of work and study in an organization. A balance of work and family is a major concern for employees in any industry or organization due to role conflict. The organization should support employees to balance work and family to ensure smooth running of their activities.

Balancing work and family Essay Abstract This study deals with the analysis of the balance of work and study in an organization. A balance of work and family is a major concern for employees in any industry or organization due to role conflict. The organization should support employees to balance work and family to ensure smooth running of their activities. The study briefly describes the concepts used in work-family balance such as work-family conflict and work family enrichment. The study also reveals types of interventions used in Industrial/Organization balance of work and family. The interventions discussed are Work-life benefits and programs (WLBPs) /Family friendly policies (FFPs), psychological therapies, psycho-social intervention and preventive intervention. The pros and cons of these intervention are also discussed. Introduction In today’s world, achieving a balance of work and family has been an issue to many employees and their employers. In American way of life, work has been considered as an important component of many American lives. The participation of women in the labor force has been increasing with time. This participation of women to paid employment has led to the change in their social roles which was their responsibility to their husbands and children. Although women participation in labor force has increased, they are still involved in household matters more than men (Apostal & Helland, 1993). This may cause women to have role overload and may lead to stress. Concepts of work-family balance Work-family issues from a stress perspective Many employers and employees have been faced with a conflict between roles due to the incompatibility between work and family demands. This is called Work-family Conflict (Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985). A balance of work and family can be attained and managed if both negative dimension of the conflict and positive dimension of the employee effort of balancing work and family are considered to facilitate a balance in a manner that the two tend to enhance each other (Frone, 2003) Family responsibilities Family responsibilities are the basic duties involved in a family such as taking care of other family members.children in a family requires care from their parents or guardians, and this has posed a challenge to employees to balance this with the work demands. This has been a major cause of work-family stress and is mainly determined by the number of children in a family. Family responsibilities has always been source of conflict between work and family. Work-Family conflict Some people believe that when someone has multiple roles, the result would be role-conflict or overload. The role conflict occurs when an employees tries to meet and satisfy the work demands and family responsibilities at the same time. Work-family role conflict is an inter-role conflict that occurs because the roles of work on one hand and family on the other are not compatible, hence they compete for time and energy of the person playing them. Some past research did not distinct or explain clearly whether role conflict is as a result of lack of job flexibility in an organisation (work to family conflict), or whether is due to lack of alternative child care in the family (family to work conflict).Work conflict can be time based, energy based or behavioural based. For example we can have time based work to family conflict, time based family to work conflict and so on. Work -family enrichment In the perspective of role accumulation, if a person can be able to regulate the allocation of time and energy between family and work efficiently, then it can be easier to achieve a balance between work and family (Voydanoff & Donnelly, 1999). Industrial/Organisational balance of work and family interventions Work-life benefits and programs (WLBPs) /Family friendly policies (FFPs) These are interventions formulated by the organisation which are used to address employees issues concerning their needs and demand. They provide a conducive environment to the employees to enable them cope with the world of conflict between their work and family (Osterman, 1995).this intervention involve three major things. That is policies, benefits and services Policies : this component regulates the ways in which employees work including part-time and overtimeand how they take leave. It ensures the employees get family leaves. Benefits : this is concerned with employee compensation and protection from earning losses. Services : this component ensures that employees are offered medical facilities and councelling and other services such as child care centers which are important to employees and their families. WLBPs also provide other important policies such as mertanity leave telecommuting, flextime among otherrs which facilitates work-family balance. Psychological therapies The psychologist may advice the organisation to apply psychological therapy.This involves the psychologist using talking therapies to solve the the problem presented by the employee. This requires the psychologist to have a high experience for it to be effective. The psychologist engage the employee in talks concerning work and family matters in order to understand the source of stress to the employee. This intervention requires the employee to be honest in the talks and to be free with the psychologist. For example the employee should reveal the problems he/she encounter with his family as well as the problems encountered at work. This is for the purpose of psychologist to understand the problem in a clear dimension. After the psychologist have engaged in talk with the employee, he/she will try to assess the information obtained and try to come with a plan for employee that can assist him/her to cope with the stress and to be able to balance family and work. Psycho-social intervention (PSI) The organisation can also adopt this intervention which involves both psychology and social interventions. From psychological perspective,it involve the use of cognitive behavioural therapy, belief modification and coping strategy whereas from socialogical perspective it involves enhancing confidence and taking into consideration social factors. The psychologist can use this intervention in work-family balance by concentrating on communication, health promotion, problem solving, evaluation of therapeutical responses among other things. From the psychological point of view, the psychologist aims at training employees to manage stress emenating from work and family by changing the perceptions of employees on issues concerning work and family matters. The psychologist may use the cognitive behavioural therapy to determine how the employee thinks on issue concerning work and family and if and try to change the employees mentality on these issues. The psychologist may at the same time use social intervention to solve the problem by trying to instill confidence to the employees. it involves taking into account the social factor surrounding the employee. These are factors such as work mates, neighbours, family members, relatives among others. This will help the psychologist to understand the problem on a broal social perspective, and it would be easier to guide the participant on how to deal with the problem with confidence. Preventive interventions psychologist may adapt this intervention to teach the employees to adopt behavioral , mental and social coping strategies. The first component of this intervention is to train the employees to eliminate the causes of stress, a psychologist can use. the second component involves altering the cognitive processes to be able to instill stress experience to the employee. The third component involve teaching the employee to manage stress. The final component involve creating personal stress management strategies for the employee. Pros and cons of the interventions Work-life benefits and programs (WLBPs) /Family friendly policies (FFPs) Advantages This intervention is effective because it promotes both the work and family interests. It ensures that the employees family interests are catered for by providing services such as medical services. The policies formulated such as telecommuting enable the employee to take both work and ffamily role concurrently without conflict arising, hence it helps to reduce work-family conflict. The family friendly policies reduces employees stress by helping them to balance work and family through the organisation policies formulated. This may have a positive impact toward the productivity of the employees in the work place Disadvantages and challenges of WLPs/FFPs This form of intervention may have negative career consequences to the employees, through policies such as flextime, and this may discourage employees to adopt the intervention. The intervention may also lead to inequality because the workers who don’t use WLBPs may argue that those who use the program are less commited and this may lead to opportunities and increament in salary to them (Allen, 2001). The program may appear good, but some employees may not see any goodness in it and therefore they wont embrace it. This lead to incongruence between employee and the organisation, which are obstacle to the success of this intervention. Psychological therapies Advantages This form of intervention help the employee to get a god strategy for coping up with the stresses that arises from work- family role conflict. This intervention is more cost effective as it does not incur a lot of cost compared to other interventions such as WLBPs. Disadvantages The employee will still be using a lot of energy in trying to balance work and family, and there would still be time allocation conflict Psycho-social intervention Advantages The use of both psychology and social intervention may help reducethe stresses of employees effectively. The psychologist is able to understand the source of stress in a broader perspective, and may give the employee an effective strategy to achieve work-family balance. Disadvantage It is hard to include other social factors because not all individuals would agree to cooperate with the process. Preventive intervention Advantages Preventive psychological intervention helps the employee to cope with the stress, and reduces incidences of drankardness or any other vice that are caused by stress to the family. It gives employees a new convinient strategy of coping up with stress. This may help maintaining and improving good and healthy relationship between employees and their employer. Disadvantage Sometimes employees may not be cooperative, making the process difficult to the psychologist Conclusion The organisation in their attempt to balance the employee work and family, should therefore assess which intervention is effective to both the employees and the organisation. This will help increase the workers productivity through reducing the role conflict between work and family among employees. References Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organisational perspectives,. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 414-435. Apostal, R. A., & Helland, c. (1993). Commitment to and role changes in dual career families. Journal of Career Development , 121-129. Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance: A handbook of occupational health psychology . Washington DC: APA. Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Source of conflicts between work and families roles. Academy of Management Review , 76-88 Osterman, P. (1995). Work/family programmes and the employment relationship. Administrative Science Quarterly , 681-700. Voydanoff, P., & Donnelly, B. W. (1999). psychological distre The intersection of the paid worker, spouse, and parent roles with the role of the adult child. Journal of Marriage and the Family , 739-751.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The Balkan region is a collection of southern European areas that were located at the interface of mainland-Europe and the Near-East. The region was distinguished and fragmented economically, politically and culturally especially owning to the frequent violence that it was involved in as well as the extremely mountainous geography it had. It has often times been used interchangeably with the expression Balkan-Peninsula even though both have never been coterminous.

The Balkan region is a collection of southern European areas that were located at the interface of mainland-Europe and the Near-East. The region was distinguished and fragmented economically, politically and culturally especially owning to the frequent violence that it was involved in as well as the extremely mountainous geography it had. It has often times been used interchangeably with the expression Balkan-Peninsula even though both have never been coterminous.

Balkan Region History and Profile Essay Balkans is an inclusion of Southern European areas which were located at the interface of mainland-Europe and the Near-East. The region was distinguished and fragmented economically, politically and culturally especially owning to the frequent violence that it was involved in as well as the extremely mountainous geography it had. It has often times been used interchangeably with the expression Balkan-Peninsula even though both have never been coterminous. The name ‘Balkans’ is a derivative from Alkan-Mountains that stretches through Bulgaria into Eastern-Serbia covering a landed area of 212,000 square miles (presently) with people numbering up to 55 million. The Balkans as always used is not limited to countries that are found in the enclosure of the Balkan-Peninsula but has often included Romania and Slovenia (shortly after the first world-war to 1991, Slovenia was an element of Yugoslavia that was found around the southern part of Danube-Savaline). Before the year 1991, the general consideration was that the entirety of Yugoslavia constituted Balkan. Presently, the definition of the Balkan-peninsula encloses the entirety of the region of Southern-Europe as it is enclosed by water bodies from the Adriatic, the Mediterranean, as well as the Black seas (Barbara, 1983). In the north, the region is bounded by Danube River, Sava River, as well as the Kupa Rivers. The emergence of power in the Balkan is certainly associated with the advent of its farming culture within the Neolithic period. During the period, the Balkans advanced significantly in the production of livestock and cultivation of grains which was achieved from fertile-crescent through Anatolia. This development continued to advance until soon it had covered central Europe as well as the Pannonia. Based on the significance of the region in terms of its position geographically and in power, the region was termed the-crossroads-of-various-cultures- and by this, it was an amalgamation of Greek and Latin in the then empire of Rome. The region Then became a highly choice place for pagan Slavs who massively migrated to a meeting place for catholic Christians and orthodox, as well as where Christians and Muslims congregated. During the pre-classic and the classical-antiquity periods, the Balkans housed Dacians, Greeks, Thracians, as well as the Paenonians afterwards the empire of Rome took over the majority of places in the Balkans and introduced Roman culture as well as Latin language – even though a part was still controlled by classical Greek. During the 16 th century, there was the influence of the empire of ottoman after there was an expansion from Antolia via the Thrace (Tan, 2000). About the end of the 16th century, the region saw the leadership of Monster, the Ottoman Empire, as the prime administrator. It can be even said that the Ottoman Empire controlled the territory from Antolia to Balkans. By around the 19 th century, the countries in the region became independent. In conclusion, the region was distinguished and fragmented economically, politically and culturally especially owning to the frequent violence that it continually recorded as well as the extremely mountainous geography it had. Reference List Barbara, Jelavich. History of the Balkans. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Tan, Judah. Kosovo: War and revenge. New Haven London: Yale University Press, 2000.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the definition of merging and acquisition, and how they are used in the banking industry. It also talks about the potential drawbacks of merging and acquisition, and how they can be avoided.

The essay discusses the definition of merging and acquisition, and how they are used in the banking industry. It also talks about the potential drawbacks of merging and acquisition, and how they can be avoided.

Bank Mergers and Cost of Capital Coursework Merging, as defined by many scholars, means combining two independent firms to form one company while acquisition refers to a situation where one firm buys another one that is perceived to be financially stable. It is apparent that both vertical and horizontal merging is associated with disadvantages and advantages. In recent times, there have been so many cases of merging between banks over and above other financial institutions. For instance, the recent mergers formed between JP Morgan and Washington Mutual, Wells Fargo and Wachovia among other mergers are some examples. However, it is scaring that current and future merging would increasingly pose more problems that would see many banks suffer from financial constraints as well as technical problems. Due to increasing levels of technology, diverse banks are embracing different technologies that would make it difficult for the two merged firms to match their diverse technologies. In addition, management system practiced by different banks would as well create a problem considering that today’s management system is tending to vary across financial institutions due to increased levels of competition. It is also noted that large banks are merging creating a monopoly problem in the market that subsequently leads to low levels of competition in the market. Loss of employment and uneven distribution of stocks is as well becoming a central issue that may stop merging practices in future (Rosenbaum, & Pearl, 2009). Merging of financial institutions including banks is likely to face diverse problems within the area of regulation. In recent times, most mergers tend to be kept a secret from the public, including employees. This has made it quite difficult for regulators and the government to determine the number of mergers that occur within a specified period. Any merging of two or more independent companies should be reported and registered legally by various market regulators. Furthermore, it is alleged that merging of two dominant firms in the market would create a monopolistic situation, which may hinder competition leading to exploitation of consumers through diverse practices such as provision of low quality products at high prices. Since merging requires more funds, it would prove difficult for mergers to obtain funds from reputable lenders (Fleuriet, 2008). The acquiring firm sometimes may face a range of problems while acquiring a given firm. The problems mainly relate to lack of standardization in addition to inadequate knowledge relating to acquired firm. Lack of standardization denotes failure of two merging banks to have similar systems that would exactly match with each other. The variations arise because of using dissimilar technologies or sometimes having a completely different management system. The acquiring firm might also lack full information regarding the acquired firm management system as well as its financial position. Sometimes, the acquired firm might hide its true financial position, which later leads to more complications when the firm is already acquired. Knowledge pertaining to the firm’s culture and systems is essential in determining whether structures of the acquired firm would match that of the acquiring firm (DePamphilis, 2008). There have been continued issues relating to staff reduction while practicing merging and acquisitions among diverse organizations. The mergers always require additional funds to employ new technologies in their systems in order to remain competitive in the market. Initially, the two firms experience increased overhead costs, which can partly be explained by efforts incurred by mergers to restructure new systems. The merging firms believe that they would be able to pull their funds together and acquire new technology in the industry enabling them to remain effectual in their operations. The merging firms endeavor to reduce overhead costs by combining different departments, which leads to subsequent reduction of employees. It is notable that two CEOs of the merging two companies would hardly be given the top position of the ensuing merger (Rosenbaum, & Pearl, 2009). In the contemporary world market, it is imperative for various organizations to acquire funds that would enable them to carry out their operations effectively. There are various sources of funds, including internal and external sources. The internal sources constitute retained earnings as well as reinvested dividends by the existing stockholders whilst the external sources mostly comprises of equities and debts. However, it becomes essential to determine whether it is more beneficial to raise funds through equity or debts. Each source has its advantages and disadvantages. Although debt has become an expensive way of raising capital, it is evident that debt is the best option of raising capital for further expansion and other investments given that it does not dilute the share capital of existing shareholders (Fleuriet, 2008). Raising funds through equity to many may seem as the cheapest way of raising capital for any organization seeking to expand its operations. Indeed, if a keen examination were to be done on sources of capital, it would come to one’s sense that equity is perhaps the most expensive way of raising capital. Generally, the cheapest way of raising capital is through internal sources such as retained profits, even though a firm does not raise sufficient capital for various investment activities. This forces a firm to seek other means such as issue of debts and equities. Although debt is expensive in terms of interests and principal payment, it is obvious that equities of existing shareholders are not diluted to any extend. On the other hand, issuing equities end up diluting stock of a firm meaning that investors end up sharing dividends with new stockholders. Consequently, investors keep working hard only to take a small portion of net profit after tax as dividends goes mostly to individuals and institutional investors (Peterson, 1999). In the contemporary economy, it is easier for a firm to raise capital through equity as compared to debt. A number of advantages associated with equities make it possible for investors to prefer equity to debt. Frequently, ordinary stock shares allow all firms’ stockholders to share both profits and losses, thereby distributing equal risks among equity holders. Conversely, debt calls for the organization to pay interest to debt holder at the end of agreed period irrespective of whether the firm made a profit or a loss. Most firms in a range of markets are normally uncertain of their performance in the industry making them fear commitments linked to debt’s interests and principal payment. It is as well renowned that debt has become expensive due to their regular high interest rates. A corporate bond, which is offered at a coupon rate of 15%, becomes quite expensive for a firm since most profits go to payment of interests. Finally but not least, equity allows a firm to incorporate diverse experts in running of the firm, which enables the company to make fine and crucial decisions pertaining to operation. Debt does not allow the company to access new management systems, which would help the firm maneuver through turbulent market environment (Peterson, 1999). References DePamphilis, D. (2008). Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities . New York, NY: Elsevier Academic Press. Fleuriet, M. (2008). Investment Banking explained: An insider’s guide to the industry . New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Peterson, P. (1999). Analysis of Financial Statements . New York, NY: Wiley. Rosenbaum, J., & Pearl, J. (2009). Investment Banking: Valuation, Leveraged Buyouts, and Mergers & Acquisitions . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Banks, Bank Firms and Financial Intermediaries essay discusses the importance of having stricter regulation on banks and other financial institutions. The reasons given include ensuring financial stability, preventing market failure, enhancing consumer welfare, and ensuring that banks are liquid at all times.

Banks, Bank Firms and Financial Intermediaries essay discusses the importance of having stricter regulation on banks and other financial institutions. The reasons given include ensuring financial stability, preventing market failure, enhancing consumer welfare, and ensuring that banks are liquid at all times.

Banks, Bank Firms and Financial Intermediaries Essay Non-bank firms acquire and use real assets in a way that makes the value of future benefits received greater than the cost of obtaining them. Banks, on the other hand, acquire and use assets so that the value of their benefits exceeds their costs. A majority of banks hold financial assets while non-bank firms hold real assets. Banks use deposits of their customers (creditors) and owners to acquire financial claims against others. They may extend loans, or may invest in other financial instruments. The returns the banks expect to receive will thus depend on the performance of these investments. Non-bank firms will use funds provided by the owners and borrow loans from financial firms or get credits to purchase real assets. The returns they receive are from selling the assets at a higher price or use them (assets) to produce other products which they sell at a margin. Financial intermediaries, by their existence, contribute greatly to economic performance through bringing both borrowers and investors together. Financial intermediaries reduce transaction costs through brokerage and create their own financial instruments. Financial intermediaries also help in reducing agency costs, which come up because of information asymmetry between the market and investors. Why Is It Important to Have Stricter Regulation on Bank? There has been a lot of debate on whether strict regulation on banks are necessary. The reasons below shows that it is necessary to have strict regulation on banks and other financial institutions: * The main reason why banks need regulation is to ensure that there is financial stability in the economy. This is to ensure that prices of financial instruments are relatively stable and adequate for an economic growth. * Regulation of banks and financial institutions is critical to prevent market failure (financial collapse) caused by externalities from the financial system. * Regulation is necessary to ensure enhancement of consumer welfare including protection from fraud and monetary (macro-economic) policy considerations. * Regulation is necessary to ensure that banks and other financial institutions are solvent enough by stipulating capital levels required. * Lastly, regulation is critical to ensure that these institutions are liquid at all times to be able to meet their financial obligations and when they fall due. Maturity Matching The term maturity refers to the date or to how long it would take for any financial instrument, such as a loan, to be repayable. It also refers to when the interest would be due. Though there is no clear definition, finance scholars have described the circumstances that show maturity matching. In Working Capital Management, maturity matching is a financial plan, whereby one matches the expected life of an asset with the life of the source of funds. Others have tried to define it in Asset Management as the situation where an organization controls its cash inflows and cash outflows. An organization does this by matching the expected life of its income generating assets with the expected life of its interest bearing liabilities. In maturity matching, when used, a firm would finance its fixed assets and permanent current assets with long-term sources of funds, while current assets would be financed using short-term sources of funds. When a firm matches the variations of its assets and liabilities of the maturity, it hedges itself against any unexpected changes in interest rates. Effect on an Economy When it Uses Maturity Matching Instead Of Borrowing from Financial Markets If financial institutions used maturity matching rather than borrowing from financial markets, this action would have an enormous effect in the overall economic growth. This is because when firms match the variations in assets and liabilities, it hedges against the uncertainty in changes the short-term interest rates bring. It is easier for a financial firm to manage its risks caused by changes in interest rates than borrow money from the financial markets. This improves financial markets’ liquidity, which leads to stability in the financial system. Additionally, it helps the firms to maintain high credit ratings since they will rely less on borrowed funds. Therefore, there is less exposure to credit risk. Maturity matching would help the financial institutions to reduce their liquidity risk and improve their profitability. This is because they pay less interest compared with borrowing from financial markets. Consequently, it increases growth in the economy as a whole. Therefore, in conclusion, the usage of maturity matching is more advantageous than borrowing from financial markets. This is because it will lead to increased profitability of the firms and reduction of liquidity risk. At the end, it leads to stability in the financial sector and to increased economic growth. Arbitrage It is a trading strategy, whereby an investor would gain a profit from a transaction without injecting more capital or exposing himself/herself to more risk. For example, purchasing a financial instrument from one market and selling the same instrument in another market with different prices. In this case, the investor takes advantage of the market inefficiencies. Another definition given by economics is that it is an opportunity to buy a financial asset from one market at a low price and sell it to another market at another higher price thus making profit. Therefore, arbitrage is the simultaneous purchase and sale of a financial instrument at a low price and selling it at a higher price to make a profit without commitment of more capital by the investor. The investor makes profits by taking advantage of the differences in prices caused by market inefficiencies in the two markets. This ensures that prices do not deviate from the fair value significantly. Speculation Investors invest in risk assets with an aim of making profit when the prices change through the process. It is not a form of betting because investors make decisions after evaluating the financial asset’s performance before purchasing the asset. It is not a traditional investment since the risk acquired is greater than the average one. Another definition of speculation is the commitment to any transaction containing significant risk but with higher chances of huge profits, especially in financial instruments. Speculation is also the considerate assumption of a risk, which is higher than the average short-term risk with an expectation of receiving huge profits from anticipated changes in prices. Hedging Hedge is an investment situation position taken by an investor to counterweigh potential losses, which is likely to cause another investment. A number of financial instruments such as swaps, options, future contracts, forward contracts, insurance and stocks can construct it. It is the process of decreasing risks using derivatives. It is also the process of dealing with the risk of price changes in assets by offsetting such risks in the financial markets using financial instruments. It can vary in complexity depending on the number and the type financial instruments used. How Arbitrage, Speculation And Hedging Develop An Efficient Market In an efficient market, the prices reflect all the relevant information about the underlying asset. Thus, no one can take advantage of the market and make above normal profits. Arbitrage will help in creation or development of efficient market since all investors will act rationally. Hence, they will sell overpriced assets and buy the undervalued assets. Eventually, the market will correct itself and the asset prices will be correct. Speculation will lead to efficient market through investing in risky assets and expecting their prices to rise. Thus, prices end up in moving towards their intrinsic value. Hedging helps investors to manage risks. Therefore, it allows investments without worrying about unexpected risks. Therefore, financial assets prices will move towards their intrinsic values. Effect of Short Selling In European Markets This refers to selling shares of a company with intention to part ownership. It was quite common in the United States before the fall of Lehman Brothers. This triggered a temporary ban on this trade in Hedge Funds. The aim was to control the use of this derivatives trade to inject poor practice in the stock market. There is also an argument that the risk involved is almost zero. This makes the real owners of the stock to suffer in case of a financial meltdown. However, it is important to note that this ban has a long-term bad effect on an economy. The shares of a company are adversely exposed. This is because the wholesale trading which swings investor’s confidence. Managements of the various listed companies may sometimes make poor decisions. This may lead to possibility of failure in business models. Short selling mitigates the risk associated with this failure. This is because the number of investors available is big. This is unlike a situation where there are limited investors who can easily make radical decisions. This includes selling their shareholding, which may cripple a company. Investors invest in risk assets with an aim of making profit when the prices change through the process. It is not a form of betting because investors make decisions after evaluating the financial asset’s performance before purchasing the asset. It is not a traditional investment since the risk acquired is greater than average. Another definition of speculation is the commitment to any transaction containing significant risk but with higher chances of huge profits, especially in financial instruments. Speculation is also the considerate assumption of a risk, which is higher than average short-term risk with an expectation of receiving huge profits from anticipated changes in prices. In this light, it is not a good idea that European Countries ban short selling. This is especially true if it is a long-term ban. The long-term effects outweigh the short-term benefits by far. This is because nobody will have confidence in investing in a company where the threshold for investing is excessively high. However, if the ban is short-term, like in the United States case, it is possible that the ban will meet the target intended. This is because it will reduce the number of people who want to invest without actually taking a risk.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the barriers to organizational learning and how they can be overcome. The three main divisions of barriers are actual-personal, structural-organizational and technological.

The essay discusses the barriers to organizational learning and how they can be overcome. The three main divisions of barriers are actual-personal, structural-organizational and technological.

Barriers to Organizational Learning Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Journal dimension of organizational learning 3. Comparison of the barriers approaches 4. Conclusion 5. Reference list Introduction Organizational learning has gained momentum in its definition, application and execution. It has a purpose of knowledge creation, transfer leading to behavior change organizational learning as a process does not happen once, but it has continuity. It has been given another point of view that organizational learning involves a learning organization. On the contrary, any process that has a goal in it is a setting with associated barriers to its implementation or practicability. Consequently, there must be a significant consideration with respect factors that may impede Organizational learning as a process. Journal dimension of organizational learning Schilling and Kluge, (2009), give an explicit approach to organizational learning listing individual or group-based means as a vehicle to learning in an organization. The learning involves a relatively permanent change in knowledge which is a direct result of accumulated experience. The two authors assert that the learning process of an organization is related to the improvement of organization performance. The dimension which has been given as much weight as organizational learning is the way of diffusion of knowledge in the organizational routines, processes and structures, and how the future learning activities of an organization’s members (Jacobson & Robertson, 2011). Learning may be possible in an organization, yet a good learning activity must include permanent ways of retaining that knowledge in an organization so that the knowledge gained can be used for future learning needs. The suggested methods are creating the documents, and/or adopting it into the routines or structures of an organization. Comparison of the barriers approaches There is a meshing of the methods employed by Dierkes et al, (2003. Pp, 879), and Schilling & Kluge, (2009). In the first place, the two sources create a lead to future researchers in the field of organizational learning about the barriers to organizational learning. Categories given in the two sources are centered to organizational culture as a major barrier to learning in an institution. This led to the categorization of barriers into three main divisions as discussed below. Actual-personal barriers-it is asserted that these barriers are characterized by individual thinking, attitudes and behaviors. This occurs at an individual level particularly to an employee in an organization. An individual may have an innovative idea which may create knowledge, individual postulates pertaining to rewards, coming from individual effort that led to the creation of knowledge. This hinders intuiting as a process developing insights from experience to create knowledge. Structural-organizational barriers: – these are anchored in the organization’s strategies, technological, cultural and formal regulations. This part borrows so much from Dierkes et al, (2003. Pp, 879), as relates to organizational culture. This is an inhibitor to organizational learning and has, in fact, lethal impacts. With respect to formal regulations and organizational culture, knew knowledge is not created but over-exploitation of existing knowledge. To back up this, I worked with a micro-finance company in Kenya, called Faulu (K), Ltd, as a field credit officer. I knew so much of the market’s competitors thus leading to us, and my team members presented a proposal containing favorable strategies for recruitment and retention of clients (Easterby-Smith & Lyles, 2003). To our surprise, all we received was a reprimand that our job description did not involve business development but credit. Eventually, our client base was captured by competitors leading to heavy business losses. Another barrier was classified as societal-environmental factors- this covers customers, competitors, social political environment and technological advancements outside the boundaries of an organization. The relationship of an organization and its external environment is a direct factor information flow, inside or outside that organization. Changes in the external environmental acts as a stepping stone to learning about market trends, competitor’s new technological advances or strategies (Chung, 2005). This is a pool of new ideas and innovations in response to developments in the external environment. The lack of knowledge in the external environment fatally impedes knowledge transfer and/or acquisition for behavioral change. Conclusion In conclusion, barriers to organizational learning as given in the journal approach are centered in a three-fold system of an individual, organization as an entity and the external environment. The barriers at each level should be given a particular treatment in order to mitigate impacts to organizational learning and improve the process of learning. Reference list Chung, C., (2005). Technology transfer and competition: The Mobile Handset Industry in post-WTO. Hamburg: Springer Business media. Retrieved Dierkes, et al., (2003). Handbook of Organizational Learning & Knowledge. NY: Oxford Publishers. Retrieved Easterby-Smith, M. & Lyles,.M (2003). The Blackwell Handbook of organizational learning and knowledge management. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Retrieved Jacobson, D & Robertson, L, (2011) Knowledge transfer and technology diffusion. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing limited. Retrieved Schilling, J. & Kluge, A. (2009). Barriers to organizational learning: integration of theory and research. International Journal of Management Review. Vol.3: pp.337-357. Retrieved

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The Battle of Verdun was fought for reasons of pride and nationalism, resulting in a costly victory for Germany.The Battle of Verdun was fought for reasons of pride and nationalism, resulting in a costly victory for Germany.

The Battle of Verdun was fought for reasons of pride and nationalism, resulting in a costly victory for Germany. The Battle of Verdun was fought for reasons of pride and nationalism, resulting in a costly victory for Germany.

Battle of Verdun: Nationalism and Pride Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Pride and Verdun 3. Nationalism and Inhuman Treatment 4. Pyrrhic victory 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction Beginning February 21 to December 1916 the Battle of Verdun can be considered one of the largest battles fought during WWI between France and Germany with a total combined death count of 698,000 on both sides (Horne, 1994). Based on the account of Alistair Horne in his book “The Price of Glory” this paper will elaborate and examine some of the more interesting facets of the war involving pride, nationalism and the de-humanization of combatants brought about by the combination of such factors. Going even further into human aspect of the war elaborated on by Horne, this paper will examine the reasons that drove both combatants to fight over what was basically a useless piece of land and how the end result was nothing more than a war of costly attrition with a pyrrhic victory at the end. Pride and Verdun When examining the account of Horne regarding the Battle of Verdun it becomes obvious that the entire context of the battle itself was one of pride between two contenders that entered into what can be roughly described as a “pissing contest” between two countries. For example, if you were to observe the greater context of the First World War it becomes immediately obvious that there was very little to be gained from Germany attacking Verdun while at the same time France had little to lose from merely allowing Germany to take Verdun. The area wasn’t situated in what can be described as a strategically viable position in terms of allowing Germany to push further into France nor would holding the area allow the French army to cut off any German supply routes or allow the Germans to access any viable resources from the region since Verdun itself held little, if any, “war potential” in terms of munitions factories or stockpiled resources. Based on the account of Horne it can be seen that Verdun was a matter of pride between the actors wherein it became a symbol of French resistance against German incursions while at the same time it was a way of showing Germany’s resolve in winning the war. Going even further back to understand that factors that lead to irrational exuberance that permeated this desire to go to war over what can be described as a worthless piece of land, one would come across a variety of historical snippets (as indicated by Horne) which show that the land itself was heavily contested between the French and Germans even before the start of WWI. This in itself is quite interesting, especially when overlaying the “nationalism” that was used as a factor to drive the inexorable war machine forward it can be seen that when nationalism meets pride minor disagreements can often erupt into major conflicts resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people. Despite the overwhelming loss of life on both sides over something that had nothing to do with actually winning the war it can be seen from the account of Horne that extreme nationalism urged both sides to keep on fighting with German Field Marshall Von Falkenhayn famously saying that they would “bleed the French white”. What is interesting about this particular account of the war is that when taking it and overlaying it in the greater context of wars within human society it can be seen that a lot of them were a direct result of pride and nationalism taking precedence over common sense and practicality. Even in the modern-day era with the current “war on terror” it can be seen that a large percentage of radical Islamic militants turn towards terrorism due to feelings related to nationalism and the desire to protect their “traditional” way of life. Nationalism and Inhuman Treatment Continuing the in the same vein of though regarding nationalism, pride and how these fueled the battle of Verdun it is quite interesting to note that it was also during this particular battle that the first recorded instance of poison gas was utilized. This is an important factor to take into consideration since when you combine its usage with the various de-humanizing aspects related to the battle itself it becomes all to obvious that nationalism and pride taken to its zenith enables countries to not think of the ethical and moral considerations of war (as explained by Horne when he elaborated on the various human factors behind and during the battle of Verdun) and as a result de-humanizes the enemy enabling the most atrocious of actions to become acceptable all for the sake of winning. This is particularly enlightening, especially when taking into consideration the inherently hypocritical “noble and “just” reasoning elaborated on by state leaders and generals at time regarding the “justness” of their cause in the face of thousands of deaths. Such a method of justifying atrocities has actually been endemic in countries such as France and Germany in the past wherein the Crusades (various attempts at retaking the Christian Holy Land from Muslim hands which resulted in millions of deaths on both sides) were fueled by religious fervor. In the present religion has been replaced by nationalism however, it is no less effective in justifying the deaths of thousands all for the sake of a “just” cause. Pyrrhic victory The last and but not the least most interesting aspect of the account of Horne was that in the end both sides gained nothing from the battle of Verdun and for the French it was nothing more than a pyrrhic victory while for the Germans they actually accomplished what they set out to do and that was to “bleed the French white” (however in terms of an overall military victory the French actually “won” at Verdun since the Germans were unable to either capture the city of Verdun nor were they able to inflict greater causalities to the French). First and foremost what you have to understand is that despite the sheer amount of deaths on both sides by end of the Battle on December 1916 both sides were quite literally at the same fronts they were in when the battle started in the first place. Thus, from a certain perspective, it can be surmised that the entire battle was useless from start to finish since neither side actually were able to advance, both suffered costly causalities that hampered their war potential and in the end the battle itself was fought for reasons that are both incredibly selfish and can even be described as incredibly stupid given the amount of people died for them. Conclusion Based on the account of Horne and the opinions presented in this paper, it can be stated that the entire battle of Verdun was complete was of human life and shows how nationalism and pride can lead to actions that can basically be described as insanely stupid. Reference List Horne, A. (1994). The price of glory: Verdun 1916 .

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: In her essay, Alice Walker writes about her early years of life as a child, a teenager and a young adult. She comes across a lot of challenges that affect her self-esteem, behaviour and relationship with herself and other members of the society. As a result, her life changes drastically with the changes in her self-consciousness and the manner in which she deals with these encounters.

In her essay, Alice Walker writes about her early years of life as a child, a teenager and a young adult. She comes across a lot of challenges that affect her self-esteem, behaviour and relationship with herself and other members of the society. As a result, her life changes drastically with the changes in her self-consciousness and the manner in which she deals with these encounters.

Beauty: When the Other Dancer is the Self Essay Table of Contents 1. Context of the Essay 2. Presentation 3. Analysis and significance of the Essay 4. Work Cited Context of the Essay This essay focuses on an essay that was written by Alice Walker. The essay focuses on the early part of her life as a child, a teenager and a young adult. During this time, she comes across a lot of challenges that affect her self-esteem, behaviour and relationship with herself and other members of the society. As a result, her life changes drastically with the changes in her self-consciousness and the manner in which she deals with these encounters. The main aim of this essay therefore is to critically analyze the essay with the help of supporting evidences and apply the lessons learned on real life situation. Presentation With the help of her essay, Walker is able to write her own autobiography of her early years of life. She begins the essay by presenting her early years of life. The year is 1947 and she is two and a half years old. Her mother is busy preparing them for the county fair that her father only wants to take three of his eight children. This is because the car that he will use to take the children to the fair only has room for three. Therefore, the one who look best or impress their father will get the chance. It is therefore the work of Alices mother to prepare all the eight children for her husband to pick the three. As they line up, Alice says, “Take me Daddy…I am the prettiest” (Walker 442). Being the last-born and the prettiest girl, Alice is chosen together with two other children. As she continues with her essay, Alice also states that she was a bright child in both academic and performing arts. In 1950, she is picked again to give the Easter speech. Unlike the other children who stammer or forget their lines, Alice is fluent and eloquent. She also dresses magnificently and looks beautiful. People therefore cannot help but comment that, “That girl is a little mess” (Walker 442). As she grows older, she gets to be a tomboy and dress on a cowboy outfit just like her brothers. The go to watch western films together and play cowboy games with his brothers. Here, they pretend as if they are cowboys who are hunting down Indian cattle rustlers. However, things took a different turn when Alice reached 8 years of age. First, her father buys his brothers BB guns. Since she is a girl, her father cannot buy a gun for her. She therefore had to stick with the bow and arrow. This reduces her ranks in their playing games from a cowboy to an Indian. Her brothers now shoot at her since she is an outlaw. From the tone of her voice, it is evident that she is not happy with her new character in the games (Walker 443). This is as a result of gender equality where females have always been viewed as a weaker sex in the society. Alices fate then becomes worse when one of his brothers shoot him with his BB gun. She is shot on the eye and develops a serious injury. Her brothers come up with a lie to cover up the story of the real incident. However, her parents soon find out the truth and by the time that she is taken to the doctor (almost a week later), it is too late to save her eye. She had developed a glob of white scar tissue on the spot where she was shot by her brothers BB gun. In addition, the eye cannot see at all. She becomes even more terrified when she hears the doctor saying, “If one is blind, the other will likely become blind too” (Walker 443). The white globe and being blind on one eye seems to affect the character and self-esteem of Alice. All through her life, Alice had used her beauty to gain her happiness. It is due to the fact that she was pretty that she was chosen by her father to go to the fair. It is also due to her beauty that she was the best student in class and recited the Easter Sunday speech at ease. Now that she only has one eye and a white globe, she cannot stare at people. She separates herself from her other siblings and children. This is because, whenever she wants to interact with them, they normally comment on her eye. This really hurts her feelings. To make the matters worse, they have to move into a new county. The school that she goes to was once a prison and had an electric chair; this affects her thoughts and gives her nightmares. She is however forced to go back to her old church school where other children still make fun of her. One of them calls her, “…the one eyed bitch” (Walker 443). At school, she begins to perform poorly. It is only one teacher who understands her and treats her with respect. During this time, her mother becomes very ill and she is afraid that she might die. In addition, her cousin comes to visit but since she has a low self-esteem, she hides. During all this time, Alice keeps on asking her family members if she had changed. They always tell her that she has not changed (Walker 443). However, when she is 14 years old, the white globe is removed from her eye. She is therefore able to stare at people again. She becomes a bright student in class and manages to get the love of his dreams. Towards the end of her essay, it is evident that she is a successful woman in life. She is even able to see the beauty of the desert before she completely goes blind. Her main fear is that her daughter, Rebecca will recent her for her disability but to her surprise, she stares at her on night and tell her, “Mommy, there is a world in your eye” (Walker 443). At this point, she realises that she has been resenting herself for all the wrong reasons. She is however glad that her daughter is not embarrassed by her physical disability. Analysis and significance of the Essay This essay presents how a small factor occurrence can change the life of an individual. There are many people who have been living normal lives but as a result of an injury, sickness or accidents, their lives have changed and their dreams have been shattered. This comes about as a result of a change in their lifestyles, character, self-esteem and relationship with other individuals. Alices life changed once she got an injury on her eye. Her beauty, which was her advantage in life, was shattered. When she used to pray at night, she did not pray for sight but for beauty (Walker 443). This therefore shows how much she valued her beauty. The same theory applies to individuals who value a specific part of their life and lose it. A good example is Magic Johnson of the LA Lakers. He was diagnosed with the HIV virus at the peak of his career. As a result, he had a difficult time accepting this fact. This made him retire from professional basketball. However, when he accepted his status and publicly announced it, he gained public support. He came back to the game and was chosen as an All Star player in 1996. It is therefore essential to believe in yourself no matter what. Work Cited Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose. Michigan: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. Print

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The beer industry in the United States has been affected by globalization, integrated technology and strict industry regulations. The analysis examines the political environmental, social, technological, economical and legal factors that affect the beer industry in the United States.

The beer industry in the United States has been affected by globalization, integrated technology and strict industry regulations. The analysis examines the political environmental, social, technological, economical and legal factors that affect the beer industry in the United States.

Beer Industry in the United States Essay Introduction The following essay analyses the beer industry in the United States. It looks into the beer industry and developing growth mechanisms in the light of globalization, integrated technology and strict industry regulations. The analysis examines the political environmental, social, technological, economical and legal factors that affect the beer industry in the United States. The political/legal factors Even after beer manufacturing was made legal by the federal government, the state government perpetuates prohibition by limiting the drinking hours and distribution systems of beers to make the Americans accept beer as good drink. The political environment includes taxation procedures that are in the country. Currently, the tax is 40% of the retail prices, which is a higher rate of taxation as compared with taxation in other countries, such as Germany (Lundström 2005). The imported beer sales volume is a part of the locally produced beer in the United States (Appendix 1). Regulation of the beer industry has also affected its profit margins due to regulation on advertising, as it is perceived to be deceptive to public on the advantages of drinking beer (Strokes 2010). The economic factors The United States of America is the world’s largest economy. It boasts of having the world highest gross domestic product as well as the highest per capita income of $48,000. The country has a population of approximately 300,000 million people. It is the largest exporter of electronics and technological goods, such as computers as well as organic waste (The World Bank 2010). The first economic aspect that has affected the beer industry is the global recession, which has reduced the volume of beer consumption in the country. The other economic factor relates to the increased competition across the globe due to the merger and acquisition of the beer companies resulting in concentration of beer industries (Appendix 3). For instance, one of the major manufacturers of beer, Anheuser-Busch InBev, has acquired more than forty establishments of beer distribution in the United States (Espey 1989). Social cultural factors Americans have a high sense of style and self-importance and everything that helps them perpetuate this image has a wide acceptance (Strokes 2010). This explains how Heinemann has succeeded to sell its classic drinks in the United States. In a survey conducted by the institute of beer manufacturers, it is showed that sixty percent of those who drink beer are between eighteen and forty five years of age (Appendix 4). It also indicates that beer drinking exists in all social economic classes although it is low among people with $50,000 per capital income (Espey 1989). To understand the culture better, the existing literature, especially fictional works, indicate instances where the characters are in a binge and the types of beer that they drink (Swedberg 2009). The social cultural environment in the United States of America shows prevalence of drinking beer in the country. It also provides information on how beer marketers can capitalise on this market (Andriani et al. 2004). Technological factors Technology has affected the beer industry in the United States in a number of ways. The first way involves the methods of beer production. With increased technology, especially, with the development of enterprise resources planning systems, beer industries have increased (Appendix 9). The companies have reduced their costs of operations and managed to reduce the selling price. The use of Enterprise Resource Planning has enabled the companies to reduce administrative costs, such as payroll processing to pay the workers, supplier and inventory management (Schultz 2000). Technology is also useful in fermenting, processing and eventual production of beer, and this has significantly reduced costs of production. Technology has also been useful in marketing the beer products all over the globe through the traditional media, such as television as well as social networks. The ability to integrate technology in marketing and production activities gives the companies advantage over their competitors (Pratesi 1994). The environmental and ecological factors Beer is made from fermented food materials such as rice, corn and barley. With the increased global climatic changes, the demand for food has increased and led to growth in the prices of these commodities. This has made the production costs of beer to be high (Appendix 5). The environment advocacy groups advocate for companies to be energy and environment conscious. Most of the companies have also engaged or used their resources in environment conservation efforts (Beverage World 2000). Another environmental factor relates to the increase in lifestyle related diseases in the United States of America where many people suffer from obesity, diabetes, blood pressure and kidney ailments. These have made people more conscious and reserved from enjoying alcoholic beverages due to their contribution to these diseases. This has affected the companies negatively as it has reduced the overall number of beer consumers in the country (Lundström 2005). The buyer power The buyer power of the beer consumers in the United States of America is moderate. This is because, on the one hand, the major beer buyers are hypermarkets and supermarket retailers. This buyer negotiates the beer prices with the manufacturer. The transfer costs of this buyer are not very high, which gives them undue advantage (Schultz, 2000). However, the beer manufacturers have differentiated their products in terms of the ingredients of the beer products that offer the buyer many options of beer brands. This minimizes the buyer power, as the buyers who are supermarkets have to stock different brands of beer for their consumers. The other factor of buyer power is that of an expected market decline which has ensured a reduction in the number of consumers as shown in Appendix 14. Supplier power The suppliers play a significant role in the beer industry, and their influence cannot be underscored. The major suppliers who wield power in the beer industry are those who supply the beer inputs such as barley, rice and corn. The beer industry moderates this power by butting the beer supplies rather from independent farmers than from cooperatives. This makes it easier for them to dictate the quality and price of the product. To reduce the power of suppliers, some of the beer companies decided to have their own ad hoc farms, which supply their own inputs (Appendix 13). This weakens the suppliers. However, the suppliers do have an added advantage in that they can choose not to sell their supplies to the beer manufacturer and instead use the barley, corn for animal supplies. This utility advantage gives the supplier a moderate influence on the beer industry where the farmers can improve their process of production if needed. The suppliers can also sell their supplies to the wines and spirit manufacturers (Appendix 10) New entrants Other than the government stringent regulations on new entrants in the beer industry, the capital required to enter into the beer market poses a major challenge to the new entrants. However, new entrants in the beer industry come in as microbreweries where they fill a certain niche in the market. The main beer manufacturers focus on the major brands where they focus on major brands which have higher prices (Appendix, 13). The new entrants can concentrate on providing low processes beers. The new entrants are, however, at a disadvantage as many of the beer manufacturers focus on the economies of scale that produce large volumes of beer at lower costs, which has increased their profit margins (Appendix 11). The new entrants in the beer market will also have to face the competition in the production of the beer, as they have to take more time before they establish a good network with independent suppliers, and retailers in the market. The new entrants’ influence on beer market in the United States of America is minimal and has little effect on the major players in the industry (Beverage World 2000). Threat of substitutes The substitutes in the beer market play also a significant role as one of Porter’s market forces. The substitutes that pose threat to beer are mainly spirits and wines and non-alcoholic or low alcoholic drinks. With concerns on the impact of alcohol on consumer’s health, a percentage of consumers now prefer non-alcoholic drinks. The retailers have also noticed this trend and stock non-alcoholic or low alcoholic beverages together with the beer (Beverage World 2000). However, the beer manufacturers retain some advantages in that most of the substitute products are new entrants that cannot match the capital intensity of the beer industry. Some of the non alcoholic products take longer shelf space and time, which makes beer a preferred product to stock by the sellers in comparison with other beverages. For instance, it is expensive to stock beer products as compared to wines and spirits (Appendix 12). Degree of rivalry The rivalry in the beer industry in the United States is relatively higher as compared to other market forces. The beer industry in the United States has high concentration although three major industry players, namely, the Anheuser-Busch inBev, SAB Miller and Molson Coors, occupy a large market signet. The extent of this rivalry is seen through the number of beer brands that each manufacturer has in the market, which gives the consumers a wide variety of beer brands to choose. Rivalry is also evident through the advertising that each company spends to promote its brands, with each of the there major players spending over $1 billion in advertising annually (Appendix 15). Conclusion In the next five years, the beer industry is expected to be in a boom mainly due to the expected economic recovery, which will increase consumers’ expenditure. The sales volume is expected to soar by over ten percent by the year 2017. The concentration of the beer brands in the industry will continue to exist in five years, and no major new entrant is expected. The other notable phenomenon is that the taxation for beer products is expected to remain high in the forthcoming years. The prices will also increase due to the increase of supplier power and industry rivalry. The overall sales volume of beer in the country grew by 4% in the year 2012 (Appendix 7). Similar growth is expected in the year 2013, and even more increase is expected in future (Barnes Reports 2012). References Andriani, L, Gold, F, Rotella, M, & Scharf, M. 2004, ‘Travels with barley: a journey through beer culture in America’, Emily Publishers Weekly, vol. 8, pp.42. Barnes Reports 2012, U.S. Beer and ale wholesale industry . Web. Beverage World 2000, ‘Brew u? Labatt USA opens beer academy’, Beverage World News , 15 May, pp.16. Espey, J 1989, ‘The big four: an examination of the international drinks industry’, International Journal of Wine Marketing , vol. 1, no. 2, pp.47-64. Lundström, A 2005, Beer production policy: theory and practice, Springer, New York. Pratesi, C 1994, ’Miller beer,’ Management Decision, vol. 32, pp.25-28. Schultz, M 2000, T he expressive organisation: linking identity, reputation and the corporate brand , Oxford University Press, New York. Strokes, R 2010, E-marketing: the essential guide to online marketing , McGraw Hill, New York. Swedberg R 2009, Beer: the social science view, Oxford University Press, Oxford. The World Bank 2010, Doing business 2011: making a difference in beer industry, International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C. Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Four major beer companies in the globe and their market share Appendix 3 Import versus domestic consumption Appendix 3 Changes in the beer industry. Employment 2009 2010 2012 2013 Establishments 2, 175 2, 187 2, 099 1, 933 Sales 40, 393 44, 164 45, 486 49,877 Employment 111,627 107,104 104,786 101,772 Percentage Change Year to Year 09 – 10 10 – 11 11 – 12 12 – 13 Establishments 0.5% -4.0% -2.2% -2.9% Sales 9.3% 3.0% 5.5% 4.0% Employment 0.6% -4.1% -2.2% -2.9% Appendix 4 Estimated number of beer establishments Establishments beer 480 Beer and ale 80 Beer and other fermented 975 Porter 564 Appendix 5 Estimated number of employees Establishments Employees Beer 23, 947 Beer and ale 13, 335 Beer and other fermented 81, 205 Porter 4, 167 Appendix 6 Estimated number of industry sales Establishments Total sales $ (million) beer 5, 940 Beer and ale 473.20 Beer and other fermented 38,986.4 Porter 86. 7 Appendix 7 Five-year trend of sales Year Employee size of establishment Total sales $ millions 1 – 4 5 – 9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 2009 546 249 992 4,960 7,590 16,920 7,020 720 500 897 40,393 2010 597 272 1,084 5,422 8,297 18,497 7,674 787 547 987 44,164 2011 615 280 1,117 5,585 8,546 19,051 7,904 811 563 1,014 45,486 2012 648 296 1,178 1,178 5,890 9,014 20,093 8,337 855,594 1,073 47,977 2013 674 307 1,224 6,123 9,370 20,887 8,666 9, 017 889 617 1,119 49,877 Appendix 8 Establishments using electronic resource planning software Appendix 9 Contribution to the economy in comparison with other industries in USA Appendix 10 Rise in prices of raw materials Appendix 11 Year Millionlitres Percentage growth 2010 24,685.7 (1.1%) 2011 24,459.1 (0.9%) 2012 24,301.8 (0.6%) 2013 24,198.2 (0.4%) 2014 24,122.7 (0.3%) 2015 23,981.8 (0.6%) Appendix 12 United States beer market category segmentation: % share, by value, 2006–2010 Category 2006 2008 2009 2010 2006-10 CAGR(%) Standard lager 36.2% 35.9% 35.7% 35.6% 35.5% (0.1%) Premium lager 34.9% 34.6% 34.2% 34.1% 34.2% (0.1%) Specialty beer 25.4% 26.0% 26.5% 26.6% 26.6% 1.0% Ales, stouts & bitters 2.8% 2.8% 2.8% 2.9% 2.9% 0.9% Low/no alcohol 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.6% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 2% Appendix 13 Market share of the three major companies Appendix 14 Beer products distribution channels in percentage Appendix 15 Appendix 16 The United States beer market segmentation

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The U.S. beer industry has been able to ensure its growth in the light of globalization, integrated technology and strict industry regulations. The political environmental, social, technological, economical and legal factors that affect the beer industry in the United States have been analysed.

The U.S. beer industry has been able to ensure its growth in the light of globalization, integrated technology and strict industry regulations. The political environmental, social, technological, economical and legal factors that affect the beer industry in the United States have been analysed.

U.S. Beer Industry: Ensuring Its Growth Essay Introduction The following essay is analyses the beer industry in the United States. It looks into the beer industry and what can be done to ensure that the beer it develops an appropriate growth mechanism in the light of globalization, integrated technology and strict industry regulations. The analysis looks into the political environmental, social, technological, economical and legal factors that affect the beer industry in the United States. The political/ legal factors In the year 1940’s the prohibition era was over but alcohol did not have wide acceptance among the potential consumers (Lundström 2005). Even after it was made legal by the federal government, the state government perpetuate prohibition by limiting the hours of drinking and distribution systems of beers to make the Americans accept beer as good drink. The political environment includes taxation procedures that are in the country. Currently, the tax is 40% of the retail prices, which is a higher rate of taxation compared with taxation in other countries such as Germany (Lundström 2005). The imported beer sales volume is at par with the locally produced beer in United States (Appendix 1). Regulation of the beer industry has also affected its profit margins due to regulation on advertising, as it is perceived to be deceptive to public on the advantages of drinking beer (Strokes 2010). The economic factors United States of America is the world’s largest economy. It boasts of having the world’s highest gross domestic product as well as highest per capita income of $48,000. The country has a population of approximately 300,000 million people. It is the largest exporter of electronics and technological goods such as computers as well as organic waste (The World Bank 2010). The first economic aspect that has affected the beer industry is the global recession, which has reduced the volume of beer consumption in the country. The other economic factor relates to the increased competition across the globe due to the merger and acquisition of the beer companies resulting to concentration of beer industries (Appendix 3). For instance, the United Distillers, one of the major importers of beer in the United States has acquired more than forty establishments of beer distribution in the United States (Espey 1989). Social cultural factors Americans have a high sense of style and self-importance and everything that helps them to perpetuate this image has a wide acceptance (Strokes 2010). This explains how Heinemann has managed to sell its classic drinks in the United States successfully. In a survey conducted by the institute of beer manufacturers, it showed that sixty percent of those who drink beer are between eighteen and forty five years of age (Appendix 4). It also indicated that beer drinking exists in all social economic classes although it was low among people with $50,000 per capital income (Espey 1989). To understand the culture better, the existing literature especially fictional works indicate instances where the characters were in a binge and the types of beer that they drunk (Swedberg 2009). The social cultural environment in the United States of America shows prevalence of drinking beer in the country. It also provides information on how beer marketers can capitalise on this market (Andriani et al. 2004). Technological factors Technology has affected the beer industry in the United States in a number of ways. The first way involves the methods of beer production. With increased technology especially the development of enterprise resources planning systems beer industries have increased (Appendix 9). The companies have reduced their costs of operations and managed to reduce the selling price. The use of Enterprise Resource Planning has enabled the companies to reduce administrative costs such as payroll processing to pay the workers, supplier management and inventory management (Schultz 2000). Technology is also useful in fermenting, processing and eventual production of beer and this has significantly reduced costs of production. Technology has also been useful in marketing the beer products all over the globe through the traditional media such as the television as well as the social networks. The ability to integrate technology in marketing and production activities gives the companies advantage over their competitors (Pratesi 1994). The environmental and ecological factors Beer is made from fermented food materials such as rice, corn and barley. With the increased global climatic changes, the demand for food has increased and led to increase in the prices of these commodities. This has made the production costs of beer to be high (Appendix 5). The environment advocacy groups advocate for companies to be energy and environment conscious. Most of the companies have also engaged or used their resources in environment conservation efforts (Beverage World 2000). The other environmental factor relates to the increase in lifestyle related diseases in the United States of America where many people suffer from obesity, diabetes, blood pressure and kidney ailments. These ailments have made people more conscious and reserved from enjoying alcoholic beverages due to their contribution on the diseases. This has affected the companies negatively as it has reduced the overall number of beer consumers in the country (Lundström 2005). Buyer power The buyers have economic power as the capital consumption of beer in the United States is 121 litres. This shows that beer consumption in the country is not ingrained compared with other European countries like Germany, which has per capita consumption of 140 litres. The beer industry in the United States contributes approximately $228 billion where $71 billion goes to wages and salaries of those involved in production of beer in the country (The World Bank 2010). The economic recession, which intensified in the year 2008, has affected buyer power significantly. The unemployment and job losses affected many people negatively. However, the beer industry has not been fully affected mainly because of beer being an addictive substance that people who have a habit of drinking cannot stop doing (Appendix 4). However, this has affected the sale of classic drinks that have reduced since 2008 (Barnes Reports 2012). Suppliers There are two types of suppliers in the United States beer industry. The first type of suppliers deal with raw materials such as barley, rice sugar and corn which are the ingredients of beer. Although their supplies are critical they have diminished influence on the industry as they are many and competition among suppliers lowers the prices of this ingredients (Appendix 10). The second class of suppliers who have influence on the beer market are suppliers who supply technology and equipment. They are powerful and they have more influence as technology reduces the cost of production and operations. Therefore, established beer companies establish good relationship with these suppliers to ensure that they are abreast with technological changes that will improve their operations (Barnes Reports 2012). Globalisation as a political factor has influence on the beer markets in the United States. The liberalisation of markets allowing importation of beer from other countries has led to the entry of variety of beer and alcoholic brands in the country has also reduced the suppliers influence in the industry. New entrants There are new entrants who have entered the beer market since the year 1990, such as Seagram, Allied and Heinemann that entered the market courtesy of globalisation. However, there are stringent licensing regulations in the United States that makes it hard for the new entrants (Appendix 2). However, with globalisation new entrants come in through take over by multinationals or mergers with foreign beer companies (Beverage World 2000). This has hindered creativity in beer industry marketing and advertising due to such regulations. Other regulations pertain to the entry into the industry where the licensing procedures are complicated and designed to lock out new players who want to enter the industry (Lundström 2005). Substitutes The main substitutes for beer about alcoholic industry are wines and sprits. However, this can be termed as differentiation rather than substitution. Substitutes such as non-alcoholic drinks have increased their sales especially processed fresh juices. This is especially due to the health-based marketing, which portrays alcohol as harmful. Pepsi and Coca-Cola have dominated this market of non-alcoholic drinks (Beverage World 2000). The main substitute is the soft drinks that have competed successfully with the beer industry. Pepsi has been very competitive and its products are consumed in the market. Rivalry Rivalry in the industry is fierce due to the need to compete for the market. The competition between the industry players is well displayed through commercials and marketing campaign with each beer company trying to appeal the consumers differently. The rivalry comes through price wars, distributorship and legal actions (Appendix 5). Currently, most of the companies in the industry prefer to use the traditional distribution systems such as retail stores or establishments such as bars and restaurants (Espey 1989). The future of beer industry in the United States is brighter because of the increased number of beer brands and young consumers. The economic forecasts show that the economy will be out of recession in the year 2014 and this will lead to expansion of the beer industry. The overall sales volume of beer in the country grew by 4% in the year 2012 (Appendix 7). Similar growth is expected in the year 2013 and even more growth is expected in the country (Barnes Reports 2012). Conclusion The beer industry is one of the greatest industries in America with significant contribution to the economy of the country. Increasing production as well as ensuring that there are factors relating to the development and creation of resources that pertain to the prosperity of country will ensure the development of resources and the issues relating to the expansion of the industry. References Andriani, L, Gold, F, Rotella, M, & Scharf, M. 2004, ‘Travels with barley: a journey through beer culture in America’, Emily Publishers Weekly, vol. 8, pp.42. Barnes Reports 2012, U.S. Beer and ale wholesale industry . Web. Beverage World 2000, ‘Brew u? Labatt USA opens beer academy’, Beverage World News , 15 May, pp.16. Espey, J 1989, ‘The big four: an examination of the international drinks industry’, International Journal of Wine Marketing , vol. 1, no. 2, pp.47-64. Lundström, A 2005, Beer production policy: theory and practice, Springer, New York. Pratesi, C 1994, ’Miller beer,’ Management Decision, vol. 32, pp.25-28. Schultz, M 2000, T he expressive organisation: linking identity, reputation and the corporate brand , Oxford University Press, New York. Strokes, R 2010, E-marketing: the essential guide to online marketing , McGraw Hill, New York. Swedberg R 2009, Beer: the social science view, Oxford University Press, Oxford. The World Bank 2010, Doing business 2011: making a difference in beer industry, International Finance Corporation, Washington, D.C. Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Four major beer companies in the globe and their market share Appendix 3 Import versus domestic consumption Appendix 3 Changes in the beer industry. Employment 2009 2010 2012 2013 Establishments 2, 175 2, 187 2, 099 1, 933 Sales 40, 393 44, 164 45, 486 49,877 Employment 111,627 107,104 104,786 101,772 Percentage Change Year to Year 09 – 10 10 – 11 11 – 12 12 – 13 Establishments 0.5% -4.0% -2.2% -2.9% Sales 9.3% 3.0% 5.5% 4.0% Employment 0.6% -4.1% -2.2% -2.9% Appendix 4 Estimated number of beer establishments Establishments beer 480 Beer and ale 80 Beer and other fermented 975 Porter 564 Appendix 5 Estimated number of employees Establishments Employees Beer 23, 947 Beer and ale 13, 335 Beer and other fermented 81, 205 Porter 4, 167 Appendix 6 Estimated number of industry sales Establishments Total sales $ (million) beer 5, 940 Beer and ale 473.20 Beer and other fermented 38,986.4 Porter 86. 7 Appendix 7 Five-year trend of sales Year Employee size of establishment Total sales $ millions 1 – 4 5 – 9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 2009 546 249 992 4,960 7,590 16,920 7,020 720 500 897 40,393 2010 597 272 1,084 5,422 8,297 18,497 7,674 787 547 987 44,164 2011 615 280 1,117 5,585 8,546 19,051 7,904 811 563 1,014 45,486 2012 648 296 1,178 1,178 5,890 9,014 20,093 8,337 855,594 1,073 47,977 2013 674 307 1,224 6,123 9,370 20,887 8,666 9, 017 889 617 1,119 49,877 Appendix 8 Establishments using electronic resource planning software Appendix 9 Contribution to the economy in comparison with other industries in USA Appendix 10 Rise in prices of raw materials

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Behavior modification: Reinforcement and Punishment is a discussion on the use of established techniques to determine behavior frequency in people and animals. often, these techniques are empirically tested and used to increase or decrease pre-determined individual or group behaviors. Reinforcement is used to motivate to behave in the following way, while punishment is meant to discourage the person from going on like that. Both reinforcement and punishment are complex concepts that influence behavior especially through applied behavior analysis.

Behavior modification: Reinforcement and Punishment is a discussion on the use of established techniques to determine behavior frequency in people and animals. often, these techniques are empirically tested and used to increase or decrease pre-determined individual or group behaviors. Reinforcement is used to motivate to behave in the following way, while punishment is meant to discourage the person from going on like that. Both reinforcement and punishment are complex concepts that influence behavior especially through applied behavior analysis.

Behavior modification: Reinforcement and Punishment Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reinforcement 3. Punishment 4. Conclusion Introduction Behavior modification is the use of established techniques to determine behavior frequency in people and animals. Often, these techniques are empirically tested and used to increase or decrease pre-determined individual or group behaviors. Behaviors, mostly altered, include individual and group reactions to stimuli through introduction of punishments and reinforcements. Following some behavior patterns can be encouraged or discouraged through reinforcement and punishment respectively. Reinforcement is used to motivate to behave in the following way, while punishment is meant to discourage the person from going on like that. Both reinforcement and punishment are complex concepts that influence behavior especially through applied behavior analysis. This discussion will focus on reinforcement and punishment as important tools in the behavior modification. It is important to note that both concepts involve positive and negative elements in their application. Positive implies presenting while negative means subtracting or taking something away. Reinforcement Reinforcement is always meant to ensure the likelihood of some action happening again. Positive reinforcement involves offering desirable elements to encourage right behavior in individuals or groups. For instance, it may involve praising or giving extra time to play to children if they succeeded in study. Additionally, it is possible to encourage something through negative reinforcement – removal or subtraction of undesirable stimuli. For instance, teachers may stop issuing punishment warnings if a child does his/her homework. The child will, therefore, learn that if he/she does his/her homework, the teacher will not issue punishment warnings. The child will learn over the time to do his/her homework to avoid punishment warnings. Punishment Though there are different assertions from different scholars regarding punishment, there is consensus that punishment as a behavior modification technique is very dependent on operant conditioning principles. Punishment involves administration of adverse stimulus in response to or in an effort to deter occurrence of unwanted behavior. In other words, punishment is supposed to lower the chances of a certain behavior happening. It is important to note that there can be both positive and negative punishment. Positive punishment involves addition of undesirable elements, while negative punishment means taking away something pleasant. Both of the above actions discourage a certain behavior from happening again. For instance, a toy or video game can be taken away from a child if he/she has not completed her homework; this is an illustration of negative punishment. On the other hand, positive punishment involves addition of undesirable elements to ensure a certain behavior will not repeat. For instance, a parent may oblige a child who does not complete his/her to perform some extra duties or house work. Imposing some function is equivalent to adding an unpleasant act to discourage the behavior from happening again. Conclusion Behavior modification is a complex phenomenon that involves more than two concepts discussed. There are varying views on the use of these concepts for behavior modification. Some experts contend that use of punishment is not desirable while others advocate for it so long as there is an effort to show what is required of the subject after the punishment has been meted. Without explanation, however, the punishment is likely to lead to undesirable outcomes, such as rebellion and resentment. Also, some scholars argue that reward may lead to undesirable behavior outcomes, especially if it is carelessly used. According to them, some people or animals may take advantage of a situation and fail to conform to required behavior by ‘blackmailing’ whoever is in charge.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Bowlby's theory of attachment was influenced generally by ethological theory, particularly by Lorenz's research of imprinting. Lorenz showed that attachment was a matter of survival using young ducklings. Bowlby's opinion was that attachment behaviors are natural and its failure was triggered by any conditions that tend to create disconnection for instance insecurity, fear and separation. He also asserted that a child will always behave in a manner that educators contact or proximity to the attachment figure mostly their mother.

Bowlby's theory of attachment was influenced generally by ethological theory, particularly by Lorenz's research of imprinting. Lorenz showed that attachment was a matter of survival using young ducklings. Bowlby's opinion was that attachment behaviors are natural and its failure was triggered by any conditions that tend to create disconnection for instance insecurity, fear and separation. He also asserted that a child will always behave in a manner that educators contact or proximity to the attachment figure mostly their mother.

Behaviors and Development Theories Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Bowlby’s theory of attachment 3. Vygotsky’s socio-cultural cognitive theory 4. Conclusion 5. Reference Introduction There are numerous theories t explaining human behavior. Theses theories attempts to explain changes in human behavior because of certain conditions or situations. Many studies have paid a lot of attention on child development, but there is an increasing interest in the old people, while other age groups have been given little attention (Papalia et al., 2007, p.2). A psycho analyst by the name John Bowlby believed that an individual’s mental health and behavioral characteristics were as a result of his/her early childhood. Bowlby’s evolutionary attachment theory posits that when a child is born his/her brain is already pre-programmed to form attachment with other people, since this will help them to survive (Bowlby, 1980, p.2). However, Lev Vygotsky believed that children’s behaviors are influenced by their socio-cultural environment (Santrock, 2008, p.15). This paper identifies behaviors in each cast study and explains them with each development theory. Bowlby’s theory of attachment Bowlby’s theory of attachment was influenced generally by ethological theory, particularly by Lorenz’s research of imprinting. Lorenz showed that attachment was a matter of survival using young ducklings. Bowlby’s opinion was that attachment behaviors are natural and its failure was triggered by any conditions that tend to create disconnection for instance insecurity, fear and separation. Bowlby also claimed that fear of strangers correspond to a significant survival means which is intrinsic. Children are born with certain behavioral characteristics which help them to ensure that they are always close to their mothers, for instance crying, crawling, and smiling among others (Bowlby, 1980, p.2). Basically, Bowlby believed that attachment was a very important survival feature which results in a close bond between a child and one attachment figure; failure to initiate this close bond will only lead to severe consequences probably psychopathic behavior. He also asserted that a child will always behave in a manner that educes contact or proximity to the attachment figure mostly their mother. Bowlby believed that mothers had great impact on children’s understanding of emotion while fathers impacts on their children understanding of social skills (Bowlby, 1980, p.3). Angela was deprived of one of the attachment figures after his father left their mother. Bowlby had an opinion that fathers impacted significantly on children’s social skills and this can be one of the reasons why Angela got pregnant while still at school. Angela’s child exhibited those weird behaviors because she lacked that motherly attachment. Angela was a frustrated mother and they are high chance that she was never connected to her child. In the case of Alex, his parents divorce affected him a lot. Being separated from his mother made the situation worse for Alex; it seems he was so much connected/ attached to his mother. Alex’s separation from his mother resulted into a psychological distress (Bowlby, 1980, p.2; Santrock, 2008, p.15). Vygotsky’s socio-cultural cognitive theory Lev Vygotsky’s was a major contributor in the cognitive theories of development. Cognitive theories of development presented a constructive view of development, focusing particularly on a person’s conscious thinking. They emphasized on a person’s active construction of understanding. Vygotsky’s contribution was on the socio-cultural cognitive theory. This theory focused on the role of language and social relations on a child’s development (Papalia et al., 2007, p.3-4). Therefore, according to Vygotsky children behaviors are greatly influenced by their surrounding. He believed that language was a very significant tool for children especially in planning activities and solving problems (Papalia et al., 2007, p.3-4). Vygotsky also claimed that cognitive skills acquisition was inseparable from socio-cultural set up (Santrock, 2008, p.15). Alex and Angela’s behaviors were greatly influenced by their family background. Bowlby predicted that children’s emotional and social behaviors are influenced greatly by their two parents. Angela irresponsible was highly influenced by his father; same with Alex’s act of aggressiveness. Conclusion From the study it is apparent that children’s behaviors are greatly influenced by attachment to one figure and their socio-cultural environment. Bowlby’s opinion was that attachment behaviors are natural and its failure was triggered by any conditions that tend to create disconnection for instance insecurity, fear and separation Attachment is a matter of life and death. Children who are deprived of attachment eventually develop psychopathic behaviors in the long run. Language and social environment also plays a major role in nurturing children’s behavior. Reference Bowlby, J. (1980). Loss: Sadness & Depression. Attachment and Loss (vol. 3); (International psycho-analytical library no.109). London: Hogarth Press. Papalia, D. E., Olds, S. W., & Feldma R. D. (2007). Human development. 10th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill. Santrock, J. W. (2008). Educational psychology . 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: New Public Management is a management approach that was introduced in the 1980s and has its roots in Anglo-America. It started being executed in the early 1990s and is characterized by several features, including delegating authority and ensuring flexibility, enhancing management in human resources, creating competition and choice, ascertaining receptive services, performance control and accountability, intensifying steering functions at the center, making use of information technology and developing the quality of regulation.

New Public Management is a management approach that was introduced in the 1980s and has its roots in Anglo-America. It started being executed in the early 1990s and is characterized by several features, including delegating authority and ensuring flexibility, enhancing management in human resources, creating competition and choice, ascertaining receptive services, performance control and accountability, intensifying steering functions at the center, making use of information technology and developing the quality of regulation.

Benefits and problems associated with New Public Management to public administration in relation to policies Essay Table of Contents 1. New Public Management 2. Significance of New Public Management 3. Consequences of New Public Management 4. The Role of the State 5. Rhetoric and Fashion 6. Marxism and Modernity 7. The Neo-Marxist Approach 8. Good Governance 9. Reference List The last two decades have witnessed a revolution calling for reforms within the public sector in the third world and the developed countries. This has mostly been attributed to a number of factors within public administration. These factors include; poor quality and unnecessary services, poor management, lack of motivation, failure to provide the necessary resources appropriate to particular tasks and disregard of the potential market/private sector. Recent research conducted by the Organization for Economic co-operation and development observed that new management practices that concern market-type mechanisms associated with the private sector are being used in order to enhance change in managing public services in various nations. Such practices constitute the new public management (Reinert, 1999). The attempts of NPM to renovate the public sector through the use of managerial reforms that stress on improved productivity with regards to significance, quality of service offered to the public and efficiency does not fit satisfactorily into the approach of public administration. However the approach has some benefits, and is thus worth exploring. This paper aims at assessing the benefits and problems associated with New Public Management to public administration in relation to two policies, gaining insights from the third world and developed countries. New Public Management NPM refers to the application of market and business values as well as management practices found within the private sector into the public domain, in accordance with a neo-liberal insight of state and economy. The approach is seen to draw its practices from the private sector. NPM was initiated in the1980s and its concepts have their roots from Anglo-America and have been powerfully endorsed by some of the international monetary organizations such as the International Monetary Fund as well as the World Bank. It started being executed in the early 1990s. New Public Management is embraced in the neo-classical economic imperialism within the social sciences, which have a trend of handling most issues in neo-classical economic practices. The approach is characterized by several features. These features include; delegating authority and ensuring flexibility, enhancing management in human resources, creating competition and choice, ascertaining receptive services, performance control and accountability, intensifying steering functions at the center, making use of information technology and developing the quality of regulation. These features are based on some collective principles. The execution systems can be assessed as transactions that lay more emphasis on agreed contracts, information asymmetries, moral hazards and conformity monitoring challenges (Doornbos, 2004). New Public Management reforms draw a lot of contribution from various sectors, ranging from economics, political science, technological and organizational approaches. The economic crisis that called for the establishment of NPM also obliged for reforms which called for efficiency in delivering the public services. However, in most third world countries the reforms within public administration are mostly influenced by external pressures and are enhanced within the context of structural adjustment programs. Significance of New Public Management The main objective of NPM was to apply business values of effectiveness in the administration of state affairs. NPM is characterized by terms such as, eradication of vocational civil service, flat hierarchies, project management, de-politization, total quality management, orientation of customers, and contracting-out. The key component of new public management entails the attempt to establish or reproduce performance motivation and disciplines found in the market environment in the public service. This is usually done with the supposition that these practices are favorable with regards to efficiency in divulging public sector activities to the pressures within the market for the purpose of the general public. Moreover, the trend proposes that the government can gain from the private sector in spite of the differences in contexts. As a matter of fact, several administrative functions and the delivery of public services have been subjected to this approach. Even though several scholars have generally agreed on what constitutes NPM, they have often differed on their effectiveness, normative and positive contributions (Drechsler, 2004). NPM mainly involves decentralizing management in the public sector. Since the 1990s, there has been an increased adoption of NPM policies worldwide. Such policies include, downsizing, management decentralization within public services, contacting out, user charges as well as performance contacting. Downsizing as well as user fees have been widely used particularly in Africa and are closely linked to structural adjustment programs. As a matter of fact some independent agencies in the public sector have been introduced in some nations. For instance, we have independent hospitals in Sri Lanka and Ghana. On the other hand, contacting out and performance contacting have become common policy options in several crises states. Contacting out is usually used as a tool of reform in the state- owned enterprises, where they offer the managers some form of operational autonomy, while still upholding accountability in the performance of the enterprises through a structure of sanctions and rewards. Moreover, it is progressively being implemented in the delivery of public services such as waste management, maintenance of roads and secondary health services such as cookery and cleaning. In countries such as Bolivia, India and Ghana, performance contract is used in several sectors such as transport, agriculture, utilities and telecommunications. Even though the adoption of the NPM practices have been to an extent beneficial in several instances such as cost savings and maintaining of roads, there have been several limitations in applying some NPM practices in several nations. Such limitations may be encountered in situations such as developing, monitoring and reporting systems, complex governance and managing a network of contracts (Kaboolian, 1998). As a matter of fact, NPM is discounted for the notion of laying greater emphasis to the role of managers, a concept which can be applied in the control of public organizations. This is also the case in Taylors Scientific Management which stresses on the role of managers in studying, planning and controlling of work in an organization for effective productivity. This notwithstanding, in some of the countries that apply NPM, the managers are given the mandate to manage by loosening restrictions on their prudence while in other nations, the managers are made to manage by compelling them to compete within the market. Moreover, NPM is also concerned with disaggregation and defining of public agency units as well as their roles and functions. In fact, in some nations such as the UK, executive agencies have been removed from some departments and ministries with the aim of enhancing an explicit distinction in policy formulation and policy execution. Another example can be found in New Zealand where the government, departments as well as crown agencies have been delineated with regards to participants in service delivery, the various tasks of ministries for results and departmental executives for productivity. Moreover, both the profitable as well as the non- profitable functions such as delivery and consultative, advisory, provider, funder and purchaser functions have also been defined so as to fit into procurement and performance accords and oblige the private and public contestants to tender for government contracts which may even embrace those that offer policy guidance. However, the implementation of NPM has had several challenges. Its tools are said to be too broad to be applied in governance, a system which is quite susceptible to its political and cultural setting and is hence expected to appear in a variety of institutional forms in diverse national environments. For this reason, the applicability and effectiveness of NPM concepts are likely to differ in different jurisdictions and nations. Consequences of New Public Management Even though NPM called for reforms within the public sector, one may not help to notice the significant difference between the private and public sectors. In reality, a state is primarily symbolized by its domination of authority, force and coercion as well as its orientation towards the well being of the public. On the other hand, the business realm primarily lays more emphasis on profit maximization. However, NPM disregards the disparity between the public and private interests by tending to gather its yields from the public. For this reason, application of business practices within the public domain is likely to complicate the very basic requirements of any given nation, predominantly of a democracy with a legal responsibility of regularity, intelligibility and appropriate features which are more important as compared to the speed and low costs stressed by NPM. As a matter of fact, the speed and low-cost distinctiveness of NPM is directly linked to the main purpose of NPM, efficiency, which has been described narrowly in NPM, increasing the obscurity behind the approach. In actual sense, efficiency is an insight which is highly influenced by environment and suitability. It is absolutely hard to realize the required effects with minimum resources. In the same way, a nation cannot achieve the required outcomes attributed to NPM efficiency which has scarcely been defined. This misconstruction of the insight of efficiency together with the de-politization that comes with it are distinctive indicators of bureaucracy as well as technocracy , features which NPM proposes to combat, while in the real sense promoting them. Consequently, several nations are presently going through an essential adjustment of emphasis in the public administration domain and practice, from efficiency to effectiveness. In other words, the adjustment entails a shift from getting things done cheaply to essentially realizing one’s objectives. As a matter of fact, there is no pragmatic proof that the NPM reforms have contributed to increased productivity or improved public welfare. The constant efforts and experiences of public management reforms that have taken a number of years in Western Europe alongside other nations indicate comparative failure but not accomplishment. NPM has failed to deliver the slogan pledges. Flat hierarchies are a matter of suitability and highly depend in their appropriateness exclusively on the right environment. Handling the general public as mere customers removes their participatory privileges and obligations which does more harm to the state. In addition, eradicating professional civil service is likely to terminate administrative capacity which may lead to de-democratization, leading to the resurgence of imperial bureaucrat camouflaged as entrepreneurial bureaucrat which employs same power but reduced accountability. Moreover, it has become evident that the process of contracting-out which is supported by NPM is extremely costly and more often than not, it has been found to flout on the principle of competence within a nation, and on the primary values of impartiality. Besides, the concept of Total Quality Management is not essentially an idea of NPM. This is because the concept can also be applied anywhere else. Total Quality Management has often been viewed as a constituent of an effective public administration. In general, the economics- based challenges of NPM were to a certain extent expected. This was partly because NPM was not based on authentic economics where the pseudo markets were formed within administrative organizations with the aim of achieving market behavior. Nevertheless, such behavior can predominantly grow in authentic markets but not in pseudo-market. This is a view that can be supported by any market theorist. For instance, in the case of product monopolies, there lacks a liberal consumer choice as in the case of an administrative body which has a contract with another predetermined administrative body, with regards to a service or a product that no one else is allowed to deliver, then, there can neither be a free market nor its benefits (Fry, 1989). In the same light, all human beings act differently and cannot be the same everywhere. Similarly, economic performance goes hand in hand with culture. Nonetheless, NPM reforms represent suppositions that disregard the differences found in both the private and public realm. The approach views these presuppositions as is the most excellent and certainly the only suitable mode. The Role of the State Fortunately, the state is not debilitated, as implied in NPM ideologies, and is perhaps more visible now than it was a decade or two ago. In the light of public administration perspective, it is no doubt that globalization has been a major challenge to the structures of the state. However, this does not make them archaic, but rather, it makes them more indispensable than ever before, as a particular structure or institution must form and make the setting created by globalization inhabitable. As a matter of fact, since 1989, the world has experienced an incredible resilience of the state. In recent years, several states have been formed, a good example being the splitting of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, as well as of Czechoslovakia in Europe. For this reason, we have mostly witnessed the re-emergence of the nation state as well as statehood (Mazamanian & Sabatier, 1983). Moreover, even though there has been some intricate discussions about the legality of the ‘stateness’ of EU, we can comfortably endorse it as a state if we apply the functional definition of public administration. The EU is a continental state which is structured and functions alongside Continental lines. For this reason, despite having some constitutional crisis, the EU is a state structure. Furthermore, the state stands at a better position to address the issues that challenge it. Such issues include ways of communication and organization. Most significantly, the current development and economic concerns which entail modernization, sustainability, technological expertise and development, promotes the role of the state in economic growth. The Schumpeterian, innovation-based context can hardly be successful exclusive of a proficient state institution. In the case of Carlota Perez’ approach of Techno-Economic Paradigm Shifts, then we are now getting towards the synergy period of the Information and Communication Technology course which calls for a predominantly dynamic state with powerful administrative capability. As a matter of fact, it is such concepts that constitute the primary development program of the EU Lisbon Strategy, which emphasizes on innovation as the foundation of EU as well as national development, and therefore completely necessitates a proficient state. The significance of these agenda cannot be dismissed regardless of the existing EU crisis or the challenges associated with the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy. In reality, one may even argue that given that the uncertainties of the upshots of globalization were the primarily source of this crisis, an approach that deals with these causes is of great importance. For this reason, it is evident that the Neo-Liberal ‘policy reforms’ have failed to deliver their principal promise of economic development as the third world nations seemed to develop better under the so called poor policies of the 1970s. Rhetoric and Fashion For the reasons stipulated above, New Public Management has been taken as a an obsession which entails an authentic ideology, or founded on one, which is the neo-liberal belief, whose ideologies are weakened perceptions of veracity, reified by those who adopt them as they are not capable of handling the intricacy of the latter. This notwithstanding, we cannot underrate the influence of fashion. Reform within the Public sector has lately been in fashion and cannot be ignored by all self-respecting governments. In this case, the greatest problem lies on the manner in which the fashion is instituted in public policy. The establishment is mainly achieved through the diffusion of policy which is created from the actions of international officials in conferences that mainly involve policy entrepreneurs, academicians, as well as public administrators. Sadly, the enthusiasm for administrative reform in these officials is mainly driven by their personal gains. As a matter of fact, the main reason why global experts have strongly advocated for New Public Management is that they are usually hired for fissionability reasons as well as their ability to recommend change. Moreover, it is very convenient for politicians to resort to experts as it lessens their pressure to establish the most appropriate decisions and it also facilitates the execution of un­popular practices. For instance, concealed under the concept of efficiency, New Public Management purposely hands over the process of making decisions to the purportedly professional bureaucrat, and thus getting rid of political control, which is aimed at enhancing political accountability (Manning, 2005). This makes the politicians seem to be hiding themselves behind the blanket of managerial decision making. While this may be very convenient for them, it scarcely contributes to the democratic aspect of decision making. Majority of politicians opt to pursue fashion as it is, according to them, the most secure and most spectacular means of continued existence in the political world. The more the politician is weak, the more insecure he is and thus the more likely he is to adopt this approach. These politicians use professional advice but hardly depend on it. Ironically, these features symbolize the genuine rewards of management reform to the politicians. For instance, they are seen to be accomplishing some responsibilities, and thus are likely to gain some form of status and may even end up making a career out of the modernizing and reforming procedures. Rhetoric refers to what suits the demand, which does not necessarily mean that one has performed any action. The use of rhetoric in NPM may lead to the downfall of the state, which may cause delivery issues, weakening the public confidence. Marxism and Modernity According to Max Weber, the NPM system was a very dehumanizing organizational structure. To him, the most proficient form of public administration consisted of a set of offices in which the selected civil servants worked under the principles of chain of command, employment exclusively on merit, division of labor, career development as well as legality. His key term was increased rationality, which according to him, would enhance momentum, cost-effectiveness, range, as well as predictability, which were most needed in a highly developed industrial world. Even though the world has already surpassed that stage, and is currently a network society, these are not archaic criteria, but in actual sense are remarkably close to a good number of the current extensive standards of public administration reform programs globally. These reforms comprise the central principles of the European Administrative Space which include dependability, efficiency, predictability, honesty, intelligibility, responsibility, and efficacy. Undoubtedly, these principles seem to be conscientious and closer to public administration reforms as compared to the slogans of New Public Management (Pollitt & Geert, 2004). On the critique of traditional bureaucracy, it is essential to note that the public field, politics and administration are embedded in every nation and are likely to continue regardless of modernization which is a culturally based concept. Thus, the subject of bureaucracy is not about to go away. For this reason, the solution to poor public administration does not lie in the abolition of public administration, but in ensuring effective public administration, that facilitates development within the society, economy as well as the state. As a matter of fact, historically, it is evident that, the competence of a government is directly related to national development. The ability to generate and allocate wealth in the majority of the most powerful nations cannot be elucidated without recognizing the fundamental functions of public organizations. This also applies to the third world countries. The Merit principle by Marx Weber considerably boosts the prediction of economic development. This can be supported by the recent evolution of the states in Central and Eastern Europe, while ranking their economic and social accomplishment. The findings in this analysis were very similar to those of the Marx Weber concept (Evans & Rauch, 1999). On the subject of information and communication technology, even though the information and communication technology is a very fashionable field of study, we cannot say that the Marx Weber concept is completely obsolete as it recommends for the application of the written form. This is because the written form does not turn out to be less authentic when it assumes the form of an e-mail instead of a physical ledger or letter. Moreover, division of labor, the chain of command, control and information flow, are not as easy as with information and communication technology. The subject of hierarchy may raise some eyebrows but the concept of division of labor calls for a hierarchical system of organization. The Neo-Marxist Approach On the other hand, there are several genuine challenges which are associated with bureaucracy. For instance, the Marxist approach entails some very self-centered administrations which tend to deter economic growth. In addition, it entails common legalistic supremacy of public administration. However, the Neo- Marxist approach has indeed taken care of these challenges to represent a post-post-New Public Management, which is a synergetic structure of public administration. The approach seeks to move from an inner course inclined to bureaucratic rules towards an external orientation which is dedicated to meeting the society’s requirements and desires. The key means of realizing this does not lie in the application of market mechanisms but rather, on the establishment of a qualified tradition of service as well as eminence. On the other hand, the approach entails the process of supplementation of the function of representative egalitarianism through direct representation of the society and various consultation strategies. Moreover, it stresses on realization of goals as compared to pursuing the right course of action during the management of government resources. On the other hand, the approach involves professionalization of the public service in a way that the bureaucrat does not only become a specialist within the law which is pertinent to his/her field of specialty, but also become a proficient manager who is capable of meeting the needs of his/her society. Good Governance Governance is a neutral concept that stresses on directing activities in a given political system giving more emphasis to the relations of state with regards to the citizens, business and the society. However, the term good governance is not at all neutral but a normative impression that represents a powerful quality judgment which stresses on the reduction of expenditure within the state and is required to produce business standards, principles as well as interests. The concept of good governance came as a result of the negative experiences that international finance institutions had in the third world countries. This was mostly because these institutions had very little or no effect on the third world countries. Several principles underlining the concept of good governance are similar to those of the NPM. These concepts include transparency, efficiency, participation, responsibility, and market economy, state of law, democracy, and justice. Even though most of these principles are undoubtedly good, most of them are dependent on context. For this reason, some scholars in the third world countries viewed the concept of good governance as a form of neo-colonialist imperialism or as a component of unconstructive globalization. This was also because good governance calls for the establishment of institutions and structures prior to economic development within the developing nations, while the developed nations created these structures after economic development. As a matter of fact, we cannot have good governance as well as non-governmental involvement without first establishing a properly functioning government which means that we should not weaken the state capacity which beats the logic of New Public Management (Peters & Piere, 1998). In conclusion, it is clear that the adoption of NPM reforms has cost many nations dearly. The reform agenda that signified the adoption of New Public Management was marked by de-regulation, privatization, devolution, and ultimate termination and neglect of administrative functions of government. The end result involved an unsteady and disorganized government which is vulnerable to several challenges which it still takes responsibility to its citizens and whose integrity has been diluted by ideological reduction that went along with reform. Even though there are some similarities between a government and a business, a government cannot be run like a business as the two sectors are quite different. Application of the theory of NPM has also been severely challenged by several issues such as politics and the role of civil servants. Moreover, the approach is likely to make the government act like a business even where not applicable. For instance, it is not possible to apply competitiveness in the Internal Revenue System. Similarly, the regulatory agencies can never be controlled by the customers. Furthermore, most countries which have adopted the approach of NPM go through economical a crisis which necessitates the need for efficiency in order to cut down the cost of delivering the public services. For this reason, the solution to successful public administration reform, which is imperative for economic development and excellent governance, should entail reinforcing the administrative faculty and proficiency of a receptive and accountable state. In other words, the most favorable solution for public administration lies in the adoption of authentic post-post-NPM approach which is based on the Marx Weber concept but detailed with the lessons gained from New Public Management and that which stresses on the significance of the citizens in administrative decision making. The Neo-Marxist approach is the most appropriate remedy for public administration. This is mostly because it emphasizes on an explicit local authenticity, and with the ultimate objective of providing a good life in a good state. The approach replaces the concept of ‘less government is better’ with the phrase ‘a better government is better (Lynn, 1998). For these reasons, New Public Management could not be a solution for all the problems encountered in the public sector, but a guarded selection of some of the elements could be very beneficial. Reference List Doornbos, M. (2004). Good Governance: The Pliability of a Policy Concept. Frames, 8, 4, 372-387. Drechsler, W. (2004). Governance, Good Governance, and Government: The Case for Estonian Administrative Capacity. Frames , 8, 4, 388-396. Evans, P. and Rauch, J. (1999). Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effectiveness of Weberian State Structures on Economic Growth. American Sociological Review , 6, 4,748-765. Fry, R. 1989. Mastering Public Administration; from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham . New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. Kaboolian, L. (1998). The New Public Management: Challenging the boundaries of the Management vs. Administration Debate. and its Critics. Public Administration Review , 58, 3,189-193 Lynn, L. (1998). The New Public Management: How to Transform a Theme into a Legacy. Public Administration Review , 58, 3,231-237. Manning, N. (2005). The New Public Management and Its Legacy . Web. Mazamanian, D. and Sabatier, P. (1983). Implementation and Public Policy . Glenview, IL: Scott, Foreman Peters, B.G Piere., J. (1998). Governance without Government? Rethinking Public Administration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 2,223-243 Pollitt, C. & Geert B. (2004). Public Management Reform. A Comparative Analysis . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reinert, E. (1999). The Role of the State in Economic Growth. Journal of Economic Studies , 26, 4, 268-326.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The internet has played a big role in business as it has influenced most aspects of human life. The business field is among those areas that have been largely affected by the recent developments in information technology, especially the internet.The four P's in marketing refers to Product or Service, Place, Price and Advertisement. The internet has influenced these P's as it has changed how product distribution is carried out and how prices are assessed. The internet has also widened the platforms that marketers use to advertise.

The internet has played a big role in business as it has influenced most aspects of human life. The business field is among those areas that have been largely affected by the recent developments in information technology, especially the internet. The four P's in marketing refers to Product or Service, Place, Price and Advertisement. The internet has influenced these P's as it has changed how product distribution is carried out and how prices are assessed. The internet has also widened the platforms that marketers use to advertise.

Big Role of the Internet in Business Essay Table of Contents 1. How the internet influences the 4ps of marketing 2. Marketing opportunities arising from the Internet 3. Physical evidence 4. The interplay between Social media and marketing 5. The cartoon by Peter Steiner 6. Works Cited How the internet influences the 4ps of marketing The internet plays a big role as it influences most aspects of human life. The business field is among those areas that have been largely affected by the recent developments in information technology, especially the internet. The four Ps in marketing refers to Product or Service, Place, Price and Advertisement. Regarding the first P, the central issue is on what a customer needs in a service or a product. This implies that both the marketers and the customers look at the ingredients and features of a service or a product. The developments regarding the internet have influenced this P since marketers or producers primarily focus on influencing customer choices by making both covert and overt attempts to alter how they perceive services and products. In recent times, businesses concentrate on using the internet to show the differences in the products they offer from those offered by competitors (Stokes 1-10). The second P refers to the place where products or services are located. As such, the focus is on outlets or supply centres. The development in internet has changed this P since marketers are now able to offer products online. Regarding advertising, it is noticeable that this P has changed since the internet has widened the platforms that marketers use to advertise. Referring to the second P, Price reflects the value attached to a product. The price consumers are willing to pay for a product reflects the value they attach to a product. The internet has altered this P by playing a useful role. Customers are able to compare prices of products. In the same way, marketers are able to assess prices of competitors. As such, the internet has influenced the pricing levels as competitors aim to control the market, while the customers aspire to enjoy the cheapest rates. Marketing opportunities arising from the Internet In the recent past, the internet has emerged as a force to reckon with in the marketing industry. The internet offers an additional outlet to businesses. Before the development of the internet, firms had to use physical channels to distribute products. This requirement is no longer mandatory since the internet offers a new platform that is available to all businesses (Stokes 10-20). It is visible to keen observers that the internet presents a cheaper option in terms of marketing. As raised above, the internet changes how product distribution is carried out. As an illustration, products can be distributed using online approaches. Additionally, companies are in a position to advertise using the online platform. This implies that firms have a big opportunity to cut operation costs. Operational costs are reduced since companies would no longer require large numbers of employees to carry out business activities such as selling. Cutting operational costs is important as it helps businesses save funds that could be used in other ventures. In addition, it is important to note that the internet offers a fast approach to solicit customer feedbacks on products. This enhances the provision of quality services. Physical evidence Marketing needs to be packaged in a manner that promotes the goals of an organization. The act of packaging marketing captures the element of physical evidence. Marketing has such important attributes as People and Processes. However, the role of Physical evidence is indispensable in the marketing mix. Physical evidence relates to how a business entity presents its products or services and office arrangement to the market. Organizations need to structure its physical appearance in the best way it desires the public to perceive it. Concisely, physical evidence revolves around assuring customers that the organization is credible. Such demands force organizations to comply with regulations. At another level, physical evidence is viewed in terms of the qualifications of people working in offices. Individuals with top qualifications present a more acceptable picture than those of lesser credentials. In addition, the location of the offices of an organisation may influence how people look at an entity. The AlertPay website is a good example that illustrates how companies show physical evidence. The website shows a picture of a woman and a man, probably browsing. Beside the picture are writings indicating that AlertPay is an equivalent of an online wallet. In addition, the website details the use of the payment system. The website also proves that it is compliant with the relevant rules and regulations. The interplay between Social media and marketing The advancement is social media coincides with developments in the internet. Hence, it is not surprising that social media is among the tools that have changed the conduct of marketing. Social media comes with many advantages to users, especially marketers. To begin with, marketers are able to reach a big number of customers instantaneously. This facilitates the gathering of information regarding customer preferences in addition to understanding the market dynamics. Moreover, social media is among the cheapest platforms available to marketers today. It is however noticeable that those companies using social media should take measures to guard against hackers who have the potential of ruining reputations. Regarding against hacking is thus critical in guaranteeing the success chances of any organization. Although the development in social media enables companies to market their products easily, it is important to take caution. This need arises out of the realization that social media is not available to all consumers. As such, the issue of targeting in marketing emerges. Firms that use the social media approach should ensure that their target market is reachable using the media. However, without paying focus to the target market, it is highly likely that business entities may make losses. This holds if the major customers of a product do not belong to social media clubs. The cartoon by Peter Steiner The cartoon by Peter Steiner is valuable as it captures the changing face of the marketing industry. The main agenda held by Peter Steiner rests on the view that it is almost impossible to determine the identity of online participants in any forum. Further, Peter Steiner uses the cartoon in reference to the determination of the accuracy of the information one receives on the internet. It is true that with the recent rise in the use of the internet, it is important to guard against fraudsters who may take advantage of unsuspecting parties. The focal point of the cartoon rests on the notion that online advertising or marketing is based on the creation of impressions. While pursuing business goals, marketers do whatever it takes to present a picture that they are the best in the business. In practice, such representations may be false. This is the main aspect captured in the cartoon by Peter Steiner. Works Cited Stokes, Rob. eMarketing the essential guide to online marketing . Quirk Education, 2010. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The BOD test is a biochemical test that measures the amount of dissolved oxygen in a water body required by aerobic microbes to oxidize organic matter in a water sample at a specific temperature over a fixed time. The term, BOD, may also be taken to signify the chemical process used to measure this amount.

The BOD test is a biochemical test that measures the amount of dissolved oxygen in a water body required by aerobic microbes to oxidize organic matter in a water sample at a specific temperature over a fixed time. The term, BOD, may also be taken to signify the chemical process used to measure this amount.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand Measurement Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The development of the BOD test 3. The Actual test 4. The Effects of High BOD 5. Water Quality monitoring and management 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) denotes the amount of dissolved oxygen in a water body required by aerobic microbes to oxidize organic matter in a water sample at a specific temperature over a fixed time. The term, BOD, may also be taken to signify the chemical process used to measure this amount. A more refined definition of BOD terms it as the amount of oxygen (in milligrams) taken up by a one liter sample of water incubated in the absence of light for a period of 5 days (Hocking 2007, 127). BOD is the total amount of dissolved oxygen required by microbes to metabolize organic compounds in water. Most of the world’s natural waters have some amount of organic compounds. Aquatic microbes utilize these compounds to produce energy. They oxidize organic compounds in the presence of dissolved oxygen yielding carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The microbes use this energy for their growth and reproduction processes. The Population of the aquatic microbes is directly correlated to the amount dissolved organic compound in water; that is to say, the higher the amount of organic compounds the larger the microbe population (Hocking 2007, 127). The oxygen demand of a water system at any particular time is dependent on factors such as nutrient concentration, temperature, and availability of enzymes to the microbes. Total BOD is the sum of oxygen required to “oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations of microbial growth, death, and decay” (Hocking 2007, 127). In some cases, the rate of microbial metabolism may surpass that of oxygen dissolution in water leading to the depletion of oxygen in water. This situation will lead to loss of aquatic life forms that are dependent on the dissolved oxygen, chief of them being fish and aquatic insects. The dissolved oxygen is introduced into the water system by aeration, photosynthesis, and stream flow. The rate at which oxygen dissolves in water bodies is influenced by the prevailing temperature of the water body; more oxygen dissolves in cold water than warm water (Hocking 2007, 127). The development of the BOD test This test was first conducted in England where it was assumed that waste discharge to the English rivers took an average of 5 days to be deposited to the sea, thus the use of the 5 days incubation period for the samples. The subscript 5 is often used with the BOD label to denote the 5-day period of the test. In the event that the test period differs from this, then the subscript used with the label must indicate the number of days that the test took. The 25-day test is the lengthiest and yields results that are complex to interpret. Then again, the lengthy test is important as it yields results that are closest to imitating the likely oxidation and recovery conditions in the water bodies (Hocking 2007, 127). The Actual test The BOD test is conducted by incubating microbes in oxygenated water at a temperature of 20 o C. The BOD level is measured in mg/L units. The test sample is placed in an airtight jar and left to stand in darkness for a period of five days. This test measures the level of organic pollution in a given water sample. The results obtained from the sample can then be extrapolated to determine the level of pollution in the wider water body where the sample was obtained. Biochemical oxygen demand measurement can be conducted using one of three possible approaches. The first approach is the direct technique where the oxygen required for oxidation comes solely from the oxygen dissolved in the sample water. The second approach, also known as the dilution technique uses aerated dilution water as the primary supply of the oxygen needed. The third and final approach is the manometric technique whose source of oxygen is the closed space above the analyzed water sample. The third technique is tricky to employ with precision and is thus reserved for use with systems that have high oxygen demands (Hocking 2007, 127). BOD for clean river waters is best determined using the direct technique. This entails the complete filling of two 300mL bottles with sample water from the river. The oxygen content of the first river is the tested and recorded as DO initial . The second bottle is incubated in the dark for 5 days at a temperature of 20 o C. The oxygen content of the second bottle is then obtained after the 5 days elapse and recorded as DO final . (Hocking 2007, 128).The difference between the two oxygen measurements is the direct measure of river’s BOD, which is given by: BOD=DO final –DO initial The dilution technique is ideal for measuring BODs of waste streams polluted with sewerage and industrial effluents. The sample is first diluted with distilled aerated dilution water laden with nutrient salt. Then two 300mL bottles are filled with the water sample. The first bottle’s dissolved oxygen measurement is taken immediately and recorded as DO initial . The second bottle is incubated in the dark for 5 days at a temperature of 20 o C. The oxygen measurement of the second bottle is then taken after 5 days and recorded as DO final . The difference between the two oxygen measurements is the dilution measure of waste stream’s BOD. The BOD loading gives the extent of how polluted a water source is. A BOD load of 1 or less indicates that the water source is exceptionally clean with no pollutants, while a BOD load of 20 or more indicates that the test water body is severely polluted (Hocking 2007, 129). The Effects of High BOD The primary focus of wastewater treatment is to reduce the BOD of the effluent released in water. The treatment plants utilize aerobic bacteria, which oxidizes the organic waste found in the wastewater. Excess bacterial growth along with other solid waste is removed as sludge at the treatment plant. Organic pollution disturbs the oxygen balance in the water ecosystem and may result in lethal pathogenic contamination. Phosphorous pollution of water bodies has been credited with the emergence of the alga bloom; a condition where algal population outbursts occur in waters that has been polluted by the phosphorus. The algal bloom turns water green, rendering it unsuitable for human consumption. Water pollution can generally be classified under four broad categories. These include pathogenic, biological, toxic, and physicochemical pollution (Goel 2006, 61). Physicochemical pollution occurs when the pollutants impart color, odors, and disagreeable taste to the receiving waters, making them unfit for domestic use. Heavy metals, cyanide and biocides convey toxicity to the receiving waters making them unfit for aquatic life and human use (Goel 2006, 63). Aside from bearing chemical elements, some wastes like sewerage, also have pathogenic microbes, which leads to pathogenic pollution of the receiving waters. Consumption of pathogenically polluted waters has resulted in waterborne diseases like colitis, typhoid, and cholera. Chemicals contained in the effluents directed to the receiving water bodies may also lead to the death of aquatic flora and fauna. Algae can be affected by pollution in several ways such as reduction of algal growth due to coloration of the waters; heavy metals and pesticides may directly harm the algae; the pollutants may alter the environment preventing or impeding algal growth. Zooplanktons are also affected by aquatic water pollution. High pollution by heavy metals kills zooplanktons while thermal pollution is lethal to this group of aquatic life forms (Goel 2006, 69). Water Quality monitoring and management Water quality describes the characteristics of water that makes it suitable for a particular purpose. The suitability of water at any point is highly influenced by the substances that are deposited or suspended in it. The quality of water varies according to its intended use. Human activities and natural processes affect the quality of water at the receiving water bodies. Monitoring programs are noteworthy as they help in ensuring that the water ecosystems are protected from preventable pollution. Monitoring programs have helped in a big way to narrow down uncertainties. These programs help in explaining how changes have occurred in the water ecosystem. The results from monitoring are crucial in comparing and evaluating the benefits of management options (National Research Council 1990, 21). Successful monitoring is one, which results in the formulation of sound management decisions. The initial water quality modeling that focused on BOD has in the recent decades proved sophisticated. Efforts are now diverted to monitoring of transportation and accumulation of toxic waste substances in aquatic food webs (National Research Council 1990, 23). Extensive monitoring has helped in promotion of effective pollution management. Industries conduct monitoring programs ensuring that effluents released to water bodies have the least possible BOD level. Regulated river and water dischargers principally conduct monitoring programs either to comply with the law or to source for information for decision and policy makers about the effect of their activities. Scientists also conduct monitoring programs. This helps them to comprehend the processes of nature and further hone their technical capabilities (National Research Council 1990, 27). Elected public officials also participate in the monitoring programs. They develop and modify legislations touching on marine monitoring programs. These officials are instrumental in echoing public concerns on environmental matters thereby ensuring that policies made are those that favor the people they represent. Conclusion Processing and chemical industries are the greatest pollutants of the water bodies. Ironically, they are also the greatest consumers of water from these sources. Industrial effluents weighed down with chemical reducing agents are notorious in that they rapidly take up oxygen exerting an immediate demand for oxygen in the receiving water body. Untreated effluents from industrial processes pollute the river and seas where they are discharged. This then leads to severe levels of pollution to the waters. An ideal wastewater treatment is one that occurs in an environment the survival of the decomposing microbes and at the same time keeps their population under control. BOD levels can be reduced by ensuring that the waste waters discharged contains minimal or no pollutants (Jørgensen and Johnsen 1987, 287). Reduction of the high BOD levels will be possible only if concerted monitoring and management efforts are employed by the relevant stakeholders. References Goel, P. K. 2006. Water pollution: causes, effects and control . New Delhi: New Age International. Hocking, Martin B. 2005. Handbook of chemical technology and pollution control . San Diego: Academic. Jørgensen, Erik, and Ib Johnsen. 1989. Principles of environmental science and technology . Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. National Research Council (U.S.). 1990. Managing troubled waters: the role of marine environmental monitoring . Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the question of whether nutrition and hydration should be withheld or withdrawn from patients or not. Even though the discussion is two-sided, this analysis supports the fact that nutrition and hydration should be withheld or withdrawn under medical and ethical circumstances. In particular, the arguments presented in this essay will focus on laws and ethical issues in Australia.

The essay discusses the question of whether nutrition and hydration should be withheld or withdrawn from patients or not. Even though the discussion is two-sided, this analysis supports the fact that nutrition and hydration should be withheld or withdrawn under medical and ethical circumstances. In particular, the arguments presented in this essay will focus on laws and ethical issues in Australia.

Bioethics: Artificial Nutrition and Hydration Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reluctance to withhold food 3. Nutrition and Hydration in Australia 4. Legal provisions in Australia 5. Australian Statutory Provisions 6. Arguments 7. Conclusion 8. Bibliography 9. Footnotes Introduction Development in clinical medicine has made it possible for medical practitioners and care givers to supply nutrition and hydration to patients whose medical conditions do not allow normal eating processes. 1 In most cases, these life-supporting substances are given through a host of methods, including but not limited to intravenous tubes, nasogastric tubes, hyperalimentation and surgical gastrostomy tubes. This procedural provision of food to patients has, however, been viewed by others as a form of treatment, being compared to a respirator, used to allow breathing in patients. On the other hand, this form of feeding is perceived as a form of basic care, which should not be denied patients in need of it. 2 Numerous cases have been decided, involving this matter with no consensus being reached, regarding the implication of tube-feeding in the health of a patient. 3 This essay discusses the question of whether nutrition and hydration should be withheld or withdrawn from patients or not. Even though the discussion is two-sided, this analysis supports the fact that nutrition and hydration should be withheld or withdrawn under medical and ethical circumstances. In particular, the arguments presented in this essay will focus on laws and ethical issues in Australia. Reluctance to withhold food In cases where a person cannot eat because of his or her medical condition, a decision is usually made about providing food through the available feeding methods for such patients. However, emphasis for this decision is based on medical needs of the patient, challenges and benefits of carrying out the process. 4 While physicians find no difficulty in initiating this mode of feeding, it is evident that the main challenge arises when they are supposed to withhold or withdraw nutrition and hydration towards the end of life. Although most physicians are qualified in making other medical-ethical decisions of terminating treatment or life, forgoing feeding is still a problematic issue. Whilst most decisions concerning medical issues are supposed to be weighed thoroughly, there is a notion that decisions to withdraw or withheld nutrition and hydration in patients are never based on advantages and disadvantages of the process. In some cases, physicians are usually reluctant to terminate feeding even when the demerits of the process evidently outweigh the benefits. 5 Additionally, it has been observed that some medical practitioners become biased on the kind of treatment to be forgone when a patient is in a critical situation and is not willing to withdraw or withhold feeding. It is essential to note that this reluctance persists although medical organizations do recognize withdrawing or withholding nutrition and hydration from patients under proper ethical and medical conditions. By considering this kind of feeding as a form of life-prolonging treatment, similar principles of terminating treatment have to be observed within the confines of ethical and medical implications. 6 In fact, there are several professional organizations around the world, which have gone ahead to list nutrition and hydration under life-sustaining treatment, while others do criminalize the withdrawing or withholding of feeding. Moreover, medically provided food and water is viewed a basic human need, which patients in all situations are entitled to. As a result, physicians may develop the fear of subjecting patients to unfair pain or denying them their right to feed and live. 7 While addressing this issue, it is extremely important to appreciate the fact that it can be viewed from a legal, ethical and religious point of view. This further implies that different countries or societies may hold varying views concerning the issue, due to the diverse nature of human ideologies. 8 The following segment narrows down to Australia and how it ethically and legally views the issue of withdrawing or withholding nutrition and hydration from patients. Nutrition and Hydration in Australia The question of withdrawing or withholding feeding in certain circumstances has drawn international attention, from the United Kingdom, U.S., Canada and Australia among other countries around the world. For instance, Australia has witnessed court rulings revolving around the issue of terminating feeding in incompetent patients and its implications. The most mentioned case is Gardner; re BWV in which the Victorian Supreme Court issued a landmark verdict that was to influence the society’s perception towards assisted-feeding in hospitals. 9 Legal provisions in Australia Currently, any life-supporting systems in Australia are partly covered under the country’s common law and statutes from various territories. For example, the first law was the Natural Death Act of 1983, in South Australia, Natural Death Act (NT) 1989, Natural Death Regulations (NT) 1989 and the Medical Treatment Act (Vic) 1988. Unlike these territorial acts, it is worth noting that the common law addresses the issue of withdrawing or withholding treatment in all states, including the Australian Capital Territory. Australian Statutory Provisions The Natural Death Act was enacted by the Australian authorities in 1983. This act gives incompetent patients the freedom to withdraw life-supporting systems under certain circumstances. Notably, it applies to patients suffering from terminal health complications; the illness is incurable, irreversible and any support system would simply prolong the patient’s dying process. 10 In essence, NDA gives power to terminal patients who possess soundness of the mind to direct physicians not to expose them to extraordinary measures, which could be aimed at prolonging life. In this context, extraordinary measures are intended to prolong a patient’s life by supporting certain body operations that cannot operate independently. It is worth noting that patients exposed to this act have to be sound in mind when the direction is being made but incompetent when it is being executed. Additionally, this act does not recognize the withdrawal of extraordinary measures as a cause of death, especially when there is a direction to be acted upon. The implication of this is that physicians who comply with the direction issued by patients are not held responsible for causing the death, by acting accordingly, even when the patient lacked soundness of the mind during the execution time. The Northern Territory of Australia also has similar provisions as those recognized by the South Australian Natural Death Act of 1983. On the other hand, the Victorian statute holds a different stance, regarding the issue of withdrawing or withholding medical treatment from patients. The Medical Treatment Act was enacted in the year 1988 and has undergone a series of amendments to address the changing dynamics of ethical and professional issues in medicine, which present dilemmas for physicians. Unlike NDA which applies only to terminally-ill patients who are incompetent, the MTA applies to terminally-ill patients together with all adult Australians under medical care. 11 Additionally, the decision by a competent patient to be denied treatment is applicable depending on the status of the patient at the time of such a refusal. This means that the decision to withdraw or withhold life-supporting systems cannot be based on the patient’s anticipation of incompetency, but the current medical status. Under the MTA, it is essential to note that a patient is allowed to have medical agents during treatment to ensure that he or she has control over medical decisions made by physicians. These agents are legally permitted to request for termination of extraordinary measures as directed by the patient, while she, or he was competent, based on the health status. As stated under common law, a person is allowed to appoint a medical agent while he or she is in a sound mode, even though the attorney’s powers are withdrawn once the donor is legally out of mind. 12 Of great significance is the fact that the statutory does not give the agent or a competent patient the power to refuse palliative care. The MTA defines palliative care as any form of treatment given by physicians for the well-being of the patient through relieve of pain without curing the illness. Provision of reasonable food and water is also included under this act, and it encompasses life-supporting measures like induced nutrition and hydration. In essence, MTA does not allow patients and their agents to direct physicians to withdraw or withhold artificial feeding like tube-feeding and intravenous feeding. From an analytical point of view, it can be argued that the Medical Treatment Act protects physicians who may consider discontinuing support-treatment from being guilty of causing death of incompetent patients. However, the same immunity is not applied to medical practitioners who may choose to withdraw or withhold “reasonable provision of food and water.” Withdrawal of life-supporting systems from incompetent patients can be supported on the basis that the result would be unreasonably disturbing and that such procedures were not meant to save life but to sustain or prolong the dying process. 13 Despite the course taken by this debate, it is essential to note that the issue of withdrawing or withholding nutrition and hydration is a weighty matter that deserves serious attention and caution in debating it. Importantly, the MTA is not an exception across the globe. In twenty American states, the law favours living wills of patients and further detaches termination of one’s life from denial of reasonable supply of food and water. In summary, the South Australian and Northern Territory laws allow patients to direct the termination of extraordinary measures, which are usually aimed at supporting the biological functioning of the body. 14 On the other hand, the Victorian law gives adult patients the right to appoint a medical agent, to give consent to the withdrawal of life-support measures from a patient who is out of his or her sound mind. Arguments In analyzing the concept of forgoing life-support, it is paramount to consider the implication of certain words and phrases, which are commonly used by medical practitioners. For instance, ordinary and extraordinary measures are used to prolong the life of a person regardless of their status. 15 However, the difference arises in their application and perceived impact in the society. Generally, ordinary measures must be applied by physicians to ensure that a healthy status of the patient is restored. On the other hand, extraordinary measures are commonly applied when handling patients with terminal-illnesses. As a result, extraordinary measures can be withdrawn based on the fact that their continued application would only increase the treatment burden and prolong the dying process of the patient. Based on this argument, there is confusion in deciding whether assisted nutrition and hydration is ordinary or extraordinary. Moreover, some procedures, which are recommended by physicians, may be a composition of medical support and comfort. For instance, Pope John Paul II is historically remembered for having considered assisted nutrition as a normal care, contrary to the view that the practice is a medical act. 16 Although this can be argued from various view points, it suffices to mention that assisted nutrition and hydration procedures involve a lot of medical and professional skills, including surgery. This is commonly used by those who argue against assisted-feeding being considered as a normal act. Nevertheless, the material or food which, is usually given to the patients is natural, thus coupling with idea that the process is a normal act that promotes life. In fact, it would be better to argue that assisted nutrition and hydration encompass natural and medical aspects of supporting life. When one talks about withdrawing or withholding nutrition and hydration, the emotional impact is what dominates the mind of most people. This is highly anticipated since one is expected to die shortly after these life-support measures are withdrawn. The main purpose of maintaining or withdrawing nutrition and hydration depends on the benefits are likely to be witnessed against the burden of prolonging the life of such a patient. 17 In general, the goal of medical care is to restore or preserve one’s health by minimizing the pain. In other words, medical procedures like assisted-feeding are supposed to promote the optimum functioning of the body, so that a meaningful state of health is achieved. Therefore, medical processes do not necessarily cure infections or prolong life. Unlike other medical approaches applied in prolonging life, nutrition and hydration are principally aimed at promoting physiological and psychological aspects of life. In other words, it is capable of offering spiritual and social nourishment to the body. This kind of care is essential in ensuring that a sick person enjoys his or her life to the fullest. They also help a person in ordering his relationship with the maker and are often bestowed in the mind of the patient, through the evaluation of living a better life. Should burdens be considered when deciding whether to withdraw or withhold nutrition and hydration? This is a question, which has drawn a host of controversies in the society. According to religious approaches, medical burdens have the potential of affecting that which is supposed to be enjoyed in life by both the sick and those who are healthy. As such, nobody would prefer being exposed to any form of burdens in life. However, for one to forgo life based on medical and other forms of burdens, it is essential for several factors to be considered. 18 The commonest is the degree and impact of the burden. How excess is the burden? There is no doubt that the determination of the excessive nature of a burden is the greatest challenge encountered in justifying burdens as a reason to withdraw or withhold nutrition and hydration from patients. Needless to say that any form of medical care is a burden and has the potential of making it difficult for one to enjoy life. Theologians, therefore, support the need for one to acquire fortitude, which is a virtue in handling some of the burdens experienced in life. When discussing medical burdens, it is equally important to note that burdens can occur during medication and even in the future. For instance, maintaining a person’s health on assisted nutrition and hydration may be seen as a future problem, on the ability of family members and other caregivers to enjoy their lives normally. Under this, a decision may be considered to withdraw or withhold a life-supporting program like assisted-feeding as a way of averting future burdens. Another aspect of human life that is essential in determining whether or not assisted feeding should be terminated is the quality of life. Even though “quality of life” is medically viewed as a measure of human functioning, it is imperative to note that human life is sacred. In this case, the right to live or die is commonly seen to be beyond human power but rather within the powers of the Supreme Being. 19 It is on this basis that Pope John Paul II argued that assisted-feeding ought not to be terminated. Based on the arguments presented in this discussion, it suffices to mention that withdrawing or withholding of nutrition and hydration remains a controversial issue. Nevertheless, the decision to discontinue assisted–feeding should be based on medical and ethical issues surrounding the patient. With regard to medical factors, physicians are better placed to make this decision even though all parties involved like family members and other caregivers have to be consulted. 20 Generally, medical decisions can also be guided by professional provisions. Legal statues defined by countries’ constitutions equally play a major role in helping family members and physicians to achieve a credible consensus. Conclusion The issue of withdrawing or withholding nutrition and hydration remains contentious around the world. Nevertheless, a concise decision can only be achieved if ethical and medical aspects of the situation are considered. This is important to ensure that all parties involved are treated fairly with dignity while handling incompetent patients. Bibliography Ashby, Michael, and Danuta Mendelson, “ Gardner; re BWV: Victorian Supreme Court makes landmark Australian ruling on tube feeding. ” Medical Journal of Australia 181, no. 8 (2004): 442-445. Web. Buckley, Tom, et al. “ Ethics roundtable debate: Withdrawal of tube feeding in a patient with persistent vegetative state where the patient’s wishes are unclear and there is family dissension. ” Critical Care 8, no. 2 (2004): 79–84. Web. Fisher, Anthony. Catholic Bioethics for a New Millennium . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Hamel, Ronald, and James Walter. Artificial Nutrition and Hydration and the Permanently Unconscious Patient: The Catholic Debate . Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2007. Mendelson, Danuta. “Legal and Ethical Ramifications of Withdrawal of Life Support Systems from Incompetent Patients.” School of Law Deakin University Victoria . 1993. Web. O’ Rourke, Kevin. “The Catholic Tradition on Forgoing Life Support.” The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 5, no. 3 (2005): 537-553. Web. Slomka, Jacquelyn. “Withholding nutrition at the end of life: Clinical and ethical issues.” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 70, no. 6 (2003): 548-552. Staunton, Patricia, and Mary Chiarella. Nursing and the Law . Sydney: Elsevier Australia, 2007. Stewart, Cameron, Ian Kerridge, and Malcolm Parker. The Australian Medico-legal Handbook with Pda Software . Sydney: Elsevier Australia, 2007. Tollefsen, Christopher. Artificial Nutrition and Hydration: The New Catholic Debate . London: Springer, 2007. Footnotes 1 Patricia Staunton and Mary Chiarella, Nursing and the Law (Sydney: Elsevier Australia, 2007) 130. 2 Ibid. 3 Anthony Fisher, Catholic Bioethics for a New Millennium (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011) 229. 4 Jacquelyn Slomka, “Withholding nutrition at the end of life: Clinical and ethical issues,” Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 70, no. 6 (2003): 548. 5 Ibid., p. 549. 6 Tom Buckley et al., “Ethics roundtable debate: Withdrawal of tube feeding in a patient with persistent vegetative state where the patient’s wishes are unclear and there is family dissension,” Critical Care 8, no. 2 (2004): 79. 7 Ibid. 8 Cameron Stewart, Ian Kerridge, and Malcolm Parker, The Australian Medico-legal Handbook with Pda Software, (Sydney: Elsevier Australia, 2007) 159. 9 Michael Ashby and Danuta Mendelson, “ Gardner; re BWV: Victorian Supreme Court makes landmark Australian ruling on tube feeding,” Medical Journal of Australia 181, no. 8 (2004): 442-445. 10 Ibid. 11 Danuta Mendelson, “Legal and Ethical Ramifications of Withdrawal of Life Support Systems from Incompetent Patients,” School of Law Deakin University Victoria, 1993. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 Kevin O’ Rourke, “The Catholic Tradition on Forgoing Life Support,” The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 5, no. 3 (2005): 537. 16 Ibid. 17 Christopher Tollefsen, Artificial Nutrition and Hydration: The New Catholic Debate (London: Springer, 2007) 180. 18 Ibid., p. 181. 19 Ronald Hamel and James Walter, Artificial Nutrition and Hydration and the Permanently Unconscious Patient: The Catholic Debate (Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2007) 119. 20 Ibid.

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Write an essay about: Abraham Maslow was a psychologist who invented the field of study of high-achieving individuals who were emotionally healthy. He later referred to them as self-actualizing individuals.

Abraham Maslow was a psychologist who invented the field of study of high-achieving individuals who were emotionally healthy. He later referred to them as self-actualizing individuals.

Abraham Maslow and the Start of His Career Essay (Biography) Abraham Maslow was born in 1908, in Brooklyn, New York. His parents were Jews who had immigrated into America from Russia. They wanted their children to achieve the best in the new world hence they pushed Maslow to succeed in school. Consequently, Maslow found solace only in books after developing loneliness as he grew up. He first studied law at the City College of New York (CCNY) in a bid to satisfy his parents. He moved to Cornell after the first three semesters and then returned to CCNY. He got married to his first cousin, Bertha Goodman, despite the fact that his parents had opposed his marriage to Bertha. Maslow and Bertha got two daughters and then moved to Wisconsin for Abraham to enroll at the University of Wisconsin. While there, he gained interest in psychology as his academic work started to improve suddenly . Abraham took some time to interact with Harlow, who was credited for his studies on attachment behavior and experiments with the rhesus monkeys. He continued with his education until he received a PhD in 1934. One year after he had graduated, Maslow went back to New York to work with E.L Thorndike at Columbia where his interest to research on human sexuality continued to grow. While he taught full time at Brooklyn College, his interaction with Europeans who immigrated into the US became significant. Some of the people he interacted with included Fromm, alder, Horney and other Freudian and Gestalt psychologists. Between 1951- 1969, he was the chairman of psychology department at Brandeis. While at Brandeis, Abraham met Kurt Goldstein, author of ‘The Organism,’ who had introduced the idea of self-actualization in his book. This marked the period Abraham began his advocacy for humanistic psychology, which was very important to him. In the 1940s, Maslow came up with one of the most remarkable hierarchies in his career, that of inborn needs. He was a professor at Brooklyn College and his goal was to understand and give explanations to the things that motivated human beings. He did this by combining approaches that existed such as behaviorist, Freudian, cognitive and gestalt approaches to make one theory. He argued that the individual approaches were comprised of reasonable points only that they did not include personality in its broader view. Maslow formulated a theory that argued that the motivation behind the actions of human beings was their needs, which he represented in the form of a five-level pyramid. The most important physiological needs were at the bottom of the pyramid while advanced psychological needs appeared as the pyramid progressively went higher. Maslow invented another field of study at the height of the Second World War, which involved the study of high-achieving individuals who were emotionally healthy. He later referred to them as self-actualizing individuals. He started by analyzing the characteristics of his mentors and the results of his investigations excited him. He recorded in his diary that his thoughts on the self-actualizing man were not of ordinary men who had certain things added, but ordinary men who had lost nothing. He described average men as human beings whose powers were inhibited and dampened. Maslow conducted interviews on individuals who had achieved a lot of things and was surprised to find out that most of them had reached the peak of their lives. They had experienced instances of great fulfillment and joy. In addition, their psychological health increased their happy moments. Most of the individuals he interviewed did not share in conventional religion. The language they used to describe their happiness peaks was virtually mystical and was mostly associated with feelings of success and family relations. Maslow published his famous book, Motivation and Personality in 1954. It was a comprehensive synthesis of the many years he had spent advancing theories about the nature of human beings, something that had earned him international recognition. He was very optimistic about human nature and this stirred a lot of interest in the field. He used his position as the head of psychology department at Brandeis University to bring humanistic thinkers such as Victor Frankl and Suzuki to the university to give lectures. Maslow’s career continued to grow significantly in the 1960s when employers wanted to get his advice on how to motivate their workers. The approach he used on employee engagement had a significant impact on regions where new concepts were being introduced. Maslow increased the popularity of the term synergy in a bid to explain work teams where the whole was important than all its parts. He argued that it was possible to increase the productivity and innovative capacity of employees if they were urged to fully use their strengths through challenging and exciting tasks . In 1967, Maslow suffered a serious heart attack which forced him to relocate to San Francisco Bay together with his wife Bertha because the climate was milder. Although his health continued to deteriorate, his passion for writing, teaching, consulting and interest in human potential never declined. After his death in 1970, his ideas continued to inspire many people around the world. Maslow’s Pyramid of Human Needs In his earlier studies of monkeys, Maslow had discovered that the degree of importance of human needs varied. For example, if a people were hungry and thirsty at the same time, they tried to quench their thirst first. It was possible for an individual to miss food for several days. Thirst was therefore considered more serious than hunger. Likewise, if a person was thirsty then got choked such that he could not breathe, the need to breathe became important than the need to quench thirst . Using this idea that some needs were more urgent than others, Maslow came up with the famous hierarchy of needs. Apart from the basic needs such as food, air, water and sex, Maslow expanded the category of needs and included physiological needs, esteem needs, need for love and belonging, safety and security needs and self-actualization needs. Physiological Needs These included needs for oxygen, protein, water, protein, salt, calcium and other minerals and vitamins. They also included the need to have a balanced PH and temperature. Physiological needs also comprised of the needs to rest, be active, eliminate wastes such (CO2, swear, urine) and to avoid pain. Maslow categorized such needs as individual ones whose absence caused individuals to look for them. Safety and Security Needs This second level of needs came in when the physiological needs were adequately taken care of. After these needs were fulfilled, the interest of people was to look for security and protection. Physiological needs were no longer important since the focus shifted to the need for safety and security. The evident of these needs was the desire for individuals to feel safe in their neighborhoods and also have financial security in their places of work. Love and Belonging Needs After physiological and safety needs were fulfilled, the third level started to emerge. Individuals started to feel the need to have friends, children, and affectionate relationships in general. They became increasingly vulnerable to social anxieties and loneliness. The evidence of the needs for love and belonging was the desire of human beings to have families and be recognized by the community members as part of the community. Esteem Needs After the first three levels were filled up, individuals began to look for self-esteem. Maslow identified a lower and a higher version of esteem needs. The lower version comprised of the needs for respect of others, status, fame, glory, attention, recognition and dignity. The higher version was characterized by self-respect needs and a feeling that they were competent, confident, free and that they had achieved. This constituted the higher version which was different from needs such as respect for other individuals. When human beings acquired self-respect, it was not easily lost. The negative side of these needs was seen through inferiority complex and sel-esteem. Maslow reckoned with the proposal made by Adler that these needs formed the basis of psychological problems. In developed countries, majority of the people did not strife to fulfill safety and physiological needs. More often, they had love and a sense of belonging. What proved difficult for them to get was some little respect. Maslow referred to the preceding four levels as deficit or D-needs. If individuals lacked something i.e. deficit, they felt the need. But if their needs were completely fulfilled they did not have the feelings of need. This meant that they were no longer motivated to fulfill the needs because they were already fulfilled . Maslow made reference to homeostasis in a bid to explain the four levels. Homeostasis is a principle of operation used by the furnace thermostat. It switches the heat on and off depending on whether it is cold or hot. In the same manner, Maslow explained that when the body lacked a particular substance, it developed hunger for the substance. When it got enough supply of the substance, the hunger disappeared. The homeostatic principle was extended to needs such as belonging, safety and esteem. He argued that the needs were essentially survival needs which were built in human beings genetically. Maslow argued that the development of human beings generally took place in stages which were represented by the various levels. As newborns, people focused on physiological needs. After sometime, their focus was shifted to the need to be safe and secure. Soon after, they started to look for attention and affection. Later, they began to look for self esteem. When people were exposed to stressful situations or life was difficult for them, they changed to needs that were lower in the hierarchy. When individuals lost their jobs, they usually sought little attention. When people had problems in their families and their family members left them, love became their most important need during such moments. Maslow added that the same things occurred to the society. When the society suddenly got into problems, people started to look for a strong leader to lead the society and take things to their normal course. When they did not have food, their needs were more basic because food was a basic need . Maslow pointed out that sometimes human beings were required to explain their life philosophies. This involved asking them what their ideal world or life would be like. If people went through serious problems during their development such as extreme insecurity, death or separation of family members and neglect, it was possible for to fixate on such needs throughout their lives. This was how Maslow understood neurosis. For instance, he pointed out that people who experienced separation of their parents wee likely to feel insecure even when they got married. They were constantly afraid of being left because they felt that they were not good enough for their partners. Maslow and the Concept of Self-actualization The level of self-actualization in the hierarchy of needs invented by Maslow was a bit different. He used different terms to make reference to this level. For example, it was referred to as growth motivation instead of deficit motivation and he also named it self actualization. The needs at this level did not require homeostasis or balance. Individuals continued to feel them once they were engaged and were likely to become stronger once they were fed. Individuals were characterized by a continuous urge to fulfill potentials and become all that they could become. The needs basically involved individuals becoming the best they could become hence acquiring the feeling of self-actualized individuals (Franken, 2001). For this level to be attained, Maslow argued that it was important for the lower needs to be fulfilled first. If individuals struggled for food, they had to get food first, if they felt unloved and insecure, they had to look for love and security first. He pointed out that with the difficulties that existed in the world, only a small percentage of people attained self actualization. This argument raised a pertinent question of what Maslow really meant by self-actualization. In order to answer the question, he described people he considered to have attained self- actualization through a method he referred to as biographical analysis. Maslow started by sampling a group of historical people he knew well and people he thought fulfilled the requirements of self-actualized people. Some of the people in the group were Abraham Lincoln, William James, and Eleanor Roosevelt among others. He then carefully studied the biographies of these individuals, their acts and writings and derived qualities that seemingly defined them. These were qualities that were not possessed by the rest of the common people. The individuals were reality centered which meant that they were able to differentiate fake and dishonest things from the ones that were genuine and honest. They were problem centered to mean that they looked at difficulties and problems of life that needed solutions not as troubles that required people to give up on them. They perceived means and ends in their unique way because according to them, the saying that the end justified the means was not always applicable. According to them, the means could be ends themselves to imply that the journey was more crucial than the ends. Self-actualized individuals also related with other individuals in different ways. First, they did not like company since they were happy when they stayed alone. However, they preferred deeper personal relations with selected friends as opposed to shallow relations with a large number of people. They were independent from physical and social needs and were not vulnerable to social pressure due to their nonconformist nature. To some extent, they also had mild humor since they did not want to appear humorous or crack jokes to other people. Maslow pointed out that self-actualizers had a quality he called acceptance of self and others. They accepted people the way they were instead of trying to change them to be the way they thought they were supposed to be. They directed the same acceptance towards themselves since they did not struggle to change their negative qualities. This quality enabled them to achieve spontaneity and simplicity since they did not portray themselves as different people. They always remained themselves. Further, these self- actualized individuals were respectful and had humility towards other people. Maslow described this quality as possession of democratic values which implied that they were not against individual and ethnic varieties but instead treasured them. Again, Maslow called this human kinship which was characterized by strong ethics . Moreover, this group of people was characterized by an ability to discern wonder in ordinary things, a quality Maslow referred to as freshness of appreciation. This enabled them to be creative, original and inventive. Finally, they exhibited a higher degree of peak experiences in comparison with the average people. Peak experiences were experiences that took individuals out of themselves and made them feel very tiny. Such experiences were sought after by many people because they influenced them positively. According to Maslow, individuals who had attained self actualization were not perfect because he identified various flaws in their characters. First, he found out that they experienced moments of guilt and were anxious at other moments although their guilt was a bit realistic. Some of them exhibited signs of absentmindedness and were extremely kind. Others were characterized by unpredictable ruthlessness moments and loss of humor. The strongest qualities Maslow discovered of the self actualized individuals were that they had natural values which flowed from their personalities effortlessly. They also rose above certain societal dynamics that were deemed undeniable by other individuals. These included differences such as the ones that existed between masculine and feminine or selfish and generous (Daniel, 2001). Discussion of Maslow’s Work The contribution made by Maslow in personality theories was very significant. In the 1960s to be particular, people had lost faith in the mechanistic messages from the physiological and behaviorist psychologists. They were in search of meaning and purpose in their lives. They possibly looked for higher and mystical levels of meaning. Maslow was among the scholars who tried tirelessly to find the relevance of psychology among human beings and expounded on personality. During the same time, another movement was in place. Some of the things that inspired this movement were the same things that had turned Maslow off. They included computers and information processing, and the rationalistic theories such as the cognitive development theory developed by Jean Piaget and Linguistics by Noam Chomsky. This took root as the cognitive movement in psychology. Criticism of Maslow’s Work Although Maslow made significant contributions in the field of psychology, his work was not without criticism. The most common criticism was in relation to the methodology he used to conduct his study. It was argued that Maslow picked a few individuals he considered to have attained self-actualization then read about them and came up with conclusions regarding what self-actualization was. This was not credible science to most people. However, he knew this in his study and hoped that others would take over what he had started and expand his work. People were curious that Maslow who founded American Humanism had begun his career in the field of behaviorism with a strong inclination to physiology. He was not indeed a believer in science and often biology formed the basis of his ideas. The other reason why the work of Maslow was criticized was that he complicated the concept of self-actualization so much. Self-actualization had been described by Kurt and Carl Rodgers as what every living creature did including growing and fulfilling its biological destiny. Maslow limited this definition into something that was achieved by only two percent of the living things. The argument by Rodgers that babies were an apt example of self-actualization was refuted by Maslow by saying that children rarely attained self-actualization . Maslow argued that individuals fulfilled their lower needs before they attained self- actualization. This was questioned because there were many examples of individuals who had achieved self-actualization yet their low level needs had not been fulfilled. Many known people had experienced poverty, depression, bad upbringing and other traumatizing experiences as they grew up. It was questionable if all these individuals never portrayed some form of self actualization. References Boeree, G. (2006). Abraham Maslow: 1908-1970 . Web. Carducci, B. (2009). The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Daniel, M. (2001). Maslow’s Concept of Self-actualization . Web. Engler, B. (2008). Personality Theories: An Introduction. Washington: Cengage Learning. Ewen, R. (2003). An introduction to theories of personality. New Jersey: Routledge. Franken, R. (2001). Human Motivation . Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Goble, F. (2004). The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow . New York: Maurice Bassett. Hoffman, E. (2011). The Life and Legacy of Abraham Maslow . Web. Huitt, W. (2007). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs . Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta. Web. Schultz, D., & Ellen, S. (2011). A History of Modern Psychology . New York: Cengage Learning.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Bioinformatics is an important field in science. Biotechnology enables mankind to develop cutting-edge technologies when it comes to drug design. Biotechnology enables the capability to develop pest-resistant and drought-resistant varieties of high-value crops such as corn and rice. One of the most important components of biotechnology is the creation and maintenance of a mechanism that will allow for the storage and retrieval of biological data. An example of biological data is nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Due to the staggering amount of data that has to be processed based on a single organism alone, it became compulsory to use Information Technology. The use of IT in the creation of an efficient mechanism to store, retrieve and analyse data is called bioinformatics.

Bioinformatics is an important field in science. Biotechnology enables mankind to develop cutting-edge technologies when it comes to drug design. Biotechnology enables the capability to develop pest-resistant and drought-resistant varieties of high-value crops such as corn and rice. One of the most important components of biotechnology is the creation and maintenance of a mechanism that will allow for the storage and retrieval of biological data. An example of biological data is nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Due to the staggering amount of data that has to be processed based on a single organism alone, it became compulsory to use Information Technology. The use of IT in the creation of an efficient mechanism to store, retrieve and analyse data is called bioinformatics.

Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Report Table of Contents 1. Define Bioinformatics 2. The Evolution of Bioinformatics 3. Applications of Bioinformatics 4. Conclusion 5. References Biotechnology is an important field in science. Biotechnology enables mankind to develop cutting-edge technologies when it comes to drug design. Biotechnology enables the capability to develop pest-resistant and drought-resistant varieties of high-value crops such as corn and rice. One of the most important components of biotechnology is the creation and maintenance of a mechanism that will allow for the storage and retrieval of biological data. An example of biological data is nucleotide and amino acid sequences (National Centre for Biotechnological Information, 2004, p.1). Due to the staggering amount of data that has to be processed based on a single organism alone, it became compulsory to use Information Technology. The use of IT in the creation of an efficient mechanism to store, retrieve and analyse data is called bioinformatics. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of bioinformatics and to illustrate how bioinformatics can be utilised in the design of drugs and the enhancement of agricultural products. It has to be pointed out that biotechnology is the “use of living organisms by humans” (Biotechnology Institute, 2010, p.1). Biotechnology utilises complicated processes. Biotechnology combines the sciences of “biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, computers and information technology in order to harness the best traits nature could offer in order to develop safe and beneficial crops, medical treatments, biofuels and household products” (Biotechnology Institute, 2010, p.1). The best way to study and harness biological traits of living organisms is to go through the molecular level, specifically, through genetic material and protein sequence. The amount of information that can be generated from genome mapping and protein sequencing can easily overwhelm an ordinary database. Define Bioinformatics Before going any further it is important to point out that “Bioinformatics is an emerging interdisciplinary area of Science & Technology encompassing a systematic development and application of IT solutions to handle biological information by addressing biological data collection and warehousing, data mining, database searches, analysis and interpretation, modelling and product design” (Latha, 2012, p.1). Bioinformatics can be seen as an interface between biology and modern information systems. Therefore, bioinformatics can be used not only to store and retrieve information but also in the discovery of new knowledge. The significance of bioinformatics can be fully appreciated if one will compare it to other forms of data storage and retrieval system used in the past. It can be argued that a library is an example of a data storage and data retrieval system. A library is known all over the world as a repository of knowledge. But at the same time people construct libraries not only as a safe place to store information but also as a way to efficiently retrieve information when needed. In order for this to happen, there must be a way to organise and track down the books. The user will come in and retrieve the books from the library but if the librarian has no system in place to locate the books, then, it will take a long time before someone can access the information contained in those books. In the modern age, the library system proved to be an effective way to gather important information in one place and then dispense it to those who needed knowledge that will be used to solve social and scientific problems. As a result bigger libraries were built to house hundreds of thousands of books. The library classification system made it possible to sort books and retrieve them with ease. The system was proven reliable even when it comes to libraries that contain hundreds of thousands of materials that range from books to audio tapes. It has been made clear that the present library system can deal with the storage and retrieval of information through its collection of books and other methods of data storage and delivery such as maps, microfilms, and others. But when it comes to biotechnology there are requirements that even a giant-sized library cannot fulfil. When it comes to biotechnology the amount of information that can be generated from genome mapping and protein sequencing can be staggering. This assertion is based on the fact that the genetic material contained in the DNA of a human being is not only comprised of large amounts of data but each data set is unique to the individual. It took years before scientists were able to establish the correct protocols to map the genome of a bacterium. There is no need to elaborate the implications of a bacterium when compared to the gene map of a human being. The data collected from gene mapping and protein sequencing can easily multiply if one begins to factor in the genome mapping of plants and other organisms. Imagine the kind of structure that needed to built in order to house all the information that can be generated as a result of biotechnology research especially when it comes to the hereditary material found in living organisms. The storage problem is one facet of the overall challenge. The next problem that has to be tackled is the retrieval of information and it has to be made available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Finally, researchers needed to have access to the biological database even if they are not in the same building. Researchers collaborate on certain projects, while others use the research findings of other scientists to create their own solutions to pressing problems in the field of biotechnology. It is clear that the library system can no longer support the technological requirement needed for quick and efficient storage and retrieval of immense volumes of data. But the most problematic feature of a traditional library system is that it is unable to share information in the most expedient and most cost-effective manner. Imagine the constraints brought about by the removal of thousands of books from a library in London and then, ship it to a researcher located in Boston, USA. When the scientist in America completed his research work he had to ship the books back to the United Kingdom. One can just imagine the hassles and the expenses that will be incurred by both parties. Bioinformatics solves the problem when it comes to the storage, retrieval and sharing of voluminous amounts of data. Bioinformatics can be seen as an interface between biology and informatics that will result in the “discovery, development and implementation of computational algorithms and software tools that facilitate an understanding of the biological processes with the goal to serve primarily agriculture and healthcare sectors with several spin-offs” (Latha, 2012, p.2). It has be made clear that bioinformatics is not possible without the invention of computers, the Internet and World-Wide-Web. The Evolution of Bioinformatics As late as the 20 th century, scientists were constrained to use ink on paper when they need to record data and to write down their analysis of a particular experiment. They use ink on paper when they record their insights and various observations when it comes to the study of scientific phenomenon. But the invention of computers changed everything. The evolution of bioinformatics began with the invention of modern computers. In the past, the computing machines resembled those of ancient bead counting devices that were used as crude calculators. In the 20 th century, the perfection of electrical technology paved the way for the creation of electronic technology. It did not take long before scientists and engineers developed the first computer, the predecessor to the personal computer that will change the course of history. The modern version of computers proved to be more powerful than ancient computing devices made of wood and steel. The electronic circuits of a modern computer enabled the user to perform complex computations. The only downside to the first generation computer design was the inability of engineers to shrink the size of computers and make them portable. It required the visionary genius of Steve Jobs of Apple Computer and Bill Gates of Microsoft to set a chain-reaction of event that resulted in the construction of portable computers that are powerful enough and effective enough to be use in offices and homes. The end result was like having the capability to type words using a typewriter and yet the output of the action is recorded in an electronic device simply referred to us the computer. The revolution came in the form of computer software the enable the user not only to perform complex computations but other activities that replaced traditional accounting, secretarial, and design functions. In tracing the development of the PC and the Operating System one commentator said that, “In the first wave came software contractors. They established the software industry in the 1950s selling large-scale software projects to the United States government and large corporations. In the 1960s the industry slowly shifted towards software products… After IBM… unbundled software from hardware in 1969, the software product market took off” (Valimaki, 2005, p. 14). The word “unbundling” simply means that computer devices were sold separate from the software that runs it. This business strategy revolutionized computer software design because companies like Microsoft can focus on the creation of cutting-edge software without the need to deal with the computer hardware requirements of the business. The revolutionary design of the personal computer forms only a part of the IT story that changed the world. The revolution was completed with the creation of the World-Wide-Web and the Internet. This new technology radically transformed the way people communicate to each other. It is not just about the capability to solve mathematical problems in a personal computer but the impact of the networks that were created via the Internet. There is a need to clarify the difference between the Internet and the World-Wide-Web. The Internet can be defined as a computer network of networks that allow computers to link together using standardized protocols (Cerf, 2010). It was Tim Berners-Lee who made this possible. It was Berners-Lee who paved the way so that computers can locate and access files (Wilde, 2008). There was no longer any need for a librarian. This method allowed for an efficient way to share data. It can also be argued that computers can communicate to another computer. There was already a network of computers present in many office buildings, government agencies and universities. But there was no way to make these computers function as an interlinked system until the Internet came along. Scientists and engineers discovered a way to view data and other forms of information online without the need to travel from one place to the next. Tim Berners-Lee created a client program called the World-Wide-Web and became popular all over the world as the Web. The invention became the precursor to the websites that can be efficiently used to send, retrieve and view information through texts, images, and audio or vide files. Without the said World-Wide-Web it will be impossible for ordinary individuals to communicate using programming language (Cerf, 2010). Finally, computer scientists created a more effective way to enhance communication and data sharing through a graphical user interface. Scientific collaboration and other types of project can be completed with less time and resources because of the Internet and World-Wide-Web. Applications of Bioinformatics According to one report “An important step in providing sequence database access was the development of Web pages that allow queries to be made of the major sequence of database. An early example of this technology at the National Centre for Biotechnology Information was a menu-driven program called GENINFO” (Mount, 2004, p.9). The said program enabled researchers to search rapidly through previously indexed sequence database” (Mount, 2004, p.9). In other words there is no need to replicate the experiment and there is no need to construct the data sequence so that other scientists can view it and use it as foundations for new studies. One of the best examples when it comes to the power of bioinformatics is the use of this type of technology to develop a more effective drug design to combat diseases. For example, the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (“ AIDS ”) is a lethal medical condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (“ HIV ”). It is a known fact that since HIV is a type of virus, then, it is comprised of organic building blocks that can be studies in order to develop a drug that can weaken or eradicate it from the system of the human being. The application bioinformatics revealed that this particular virus has an aspartyl protease. It is a type of enzyme unique to HIV. Based on conventional drug design processes it is important to understand the pertinent details with regards to the molecular structure of the said enzyme. Since an enzyme is an initiator of a specific action, then, if scientists can limit the availability of the enzyme, then, it is possible to stop the replication of the virus. But the first thing that has to be done is to determine the crystal structure of the said enzyme. With the use of bioinformatics, numerous teams all over the world collaborated to determine the mechanism of the enzyme and the layout of the active site was carefully mapped (Harisha, 2007, p.177). It was a promising start in a continuing struggle to find a cure for AIDS. Scientists working in the pharmaceutical industry were convinced that the use of bioinformatics can shorten the amount of time needed to develop new drugs that can help solve the AIDS epidemic. They will use sophisticated software to develop simulations in the computer and therefore eliminate their mistakes through a mathematical process. It is more efficient compared to laboratory experiments that require a great deal of resources to complete (Cerf V 2012). Those who continue to question the practical applications of bioinformatics need to be informed with the successful design of drugs to combat debilitating diseases. Consider the following examples “Dorzolamid (trade name Trusopt) marketed since 1995 which is used for the treatment of glaucoma is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that originated as the first drug form a program involving structure-based rational design” (Selzer, Marhofer & Rohwer, 2008, p.133). Another example is Captopril. It is a drug that lowers blood pressure. An example of a bioinformatics tool is sequence alignment. The use of this particular tool enables researchers to: “query databases for sequences similar to an input sequence, find previously characterized sequences, detect relationships amongst sequences, as well as identify possible functions based on similarity to known sequences” (Jain & Brar, 2010, p.104). An example of biological information database for crops is the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative of 2000 and the model monocot rice as well as the ongoing sequencing projects of crop plant species (Kang & Priyadarshan, 2007, p.95). The end result is bioengineered plant species resistant to drought, pestilence, and yet provide higher yield for farmers. Conclusion The most important thing to remember is that bioinformatics is the interface between biology and Information Technology. Data sets that resulted from genome mapping and protein sequencing can be stored and retrieved in the most cost-efficient manner. But at the same time it can be shared to other researchers. Thus, there is access to voluminous amounts of data and at the same time there is no need to replicate the sequencing activities completed in the past. It frees up time and other resources so that scientists can use their talents to solve problems and not worry about the data needed to support their claims. As a result it is relatively easier to design drugs that can help solve the AIDS epidemic. At the same time it is relatively easier to bioengineer high value crops that can help solve food shortages all over the world. References Biotechnology Institute. What is biotechnology? Web. Internet pioneers . Web. Harisha, S. Fundamentals of bioinformatics. New Delhi: I.K. International Publishing; 2007. Jain M, Jain, B. Molecular techniques in crop improvement . New York: Springer; 2010. Kang M, Priyadarshan P. Breeding major food staples. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2007. Latha J. Bioinformatics for a better tomorrow. Web. Mount D. Bioinformatics: sequence and genome analysis. New York: Cold Springs Harbour Laboratory Press; 2004. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Bioinformatics. Web. Selzer P, Marhofer R, Rohwer A. Applied bioinformatics: an introduction. New York: Springer; 2008. Valimaki M. The Rise of Open Source Licensing. Finland: Helsinki University Printing House; 2005. Wilde E. Architecture of the world wide web . Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text provides a critical evaluation of two biometric methods that can be used for the National Identity Cards in terms of their usability, reliability and scalability. The two methods include fingerprints and face recognition technologies.

The text provides a critical evaluation of two biometric methods that can be used for the National Identity Cards in terms of their usability, reliability and scalability. The two methods include fingerprints and face recognition technologies.

Biometric Security Systems Essay Biometric Methods to be used for the National Identity Cards Over the years, there have been numerous concerns about the issue of identification. At first, authentication was simple and was guided by two key factors. One of these factors was what a user needed to have, such as a badge. The badge was a vital identification tool that would allow the one in possession to enter a restricted facility. The other factor is something that one knows about such as a personal identification number for use with an ATM or an appropriate password assigned to a user to guarantee him or her access to confidential or restricted information. However, with a continuous change in technology being experienced all over the world, a third factor has become a necessity. This third factor is something that someone really is and is represented by biometrics (Janker 2002). The use of a biometric security system provides an effective means for ensuring that the privacy rights of any citizen can be secured by accurately and timely identifying individuals without the need to rely on the use of identification papers or information that an individual must provide such as his or her social security number (Zhang 2002). The technology helps in empowering users with the ability to securely prove who they are to anyone, for any purpose, using their biometrics. Of great benefit is the fact that users are able to prove their identities without having to disclose the biometric data itself. The only time that a user’s record will be decrypted and displayed is when there is a positive match. Without a positive match being realized, all the information about the user is made completely inaccessible even to the system administrator (Li & Jain 2009). This strengthens the entire identification process. Defining Biometrics Biometrics refers to the use of unique individual characteristics for identifying or validating individuals. A biometric system may also be regarded as an automatic means by which one can detect a person using his or her behavioral characteristics ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). According to Woodward (2004), biometric security systems have the unique ability to identify who a person really is, as opposed to who he or she claims to be. Characteristics that are commonly used by the biometric system for purposes of identification or validation include fingerprints, the iris of the eye, voice and the face. There are a number of biometric security methods that have been set up or tried both in public and in the private sectors. Among these are fingerprints and face recognition technologies ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). This paper provides a critical evaluation of two biometric methods that can be used for the National Identity Cards in terms of their usability, reliability and scalability. The evaluation will also cover known security vulnerabilities associated with the two methods. The two methods described here are fingerprint and facial recognition biometric techniques (Zhang 2002). Fingerprint Technology The fingerprint biometric security system is very similar to the ink and paper approach used in the past for identification purposes by law enforcement authorities. It is, however, different in the sense that it is an automated system. According to Janker (2002), fingerprints were first used on clay for executing business transactions in the ancient days. Observations regarding the use of fingerprints for identification were first published in the year 1892 by Sir Francis Galton, a British anthropologist. This then set the pace for using the technology and for many years, it has proved to be a helpful method of identifying individuals (Li & Jain 2009). Of all the biometric security systems that have ever been used, the fingerprint biometric security system is the oldest and has been used quite successfully for various purposes. The operation of the fingerprint technique is based on the fact that every person has unique fingerprints ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). Every fingerprint is made up of folds and troughs and these are what are used to be able to determine the uniqueness of an individual. For one to make use of the fingerprint biometric system, he or she is required to put his or her finger on a flat surface to be read. Generally, the biometric fingerprint systems can be applied in three major areas (Zhang 2002). These include law enforcement, fraud prevention, and access control for designated facilities or equipment such as computers. Biometric security systems have several advantages that make them suitable to be used for the national identity cards. First of all, they are quite easy to use and may only require a little training for one to get proficient enough to use them. There is also the advantage that people have several fingers that can be used with the biometric system and as such, operators are not in any way limited as far as the use of fingers is concerned ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). When it comes to space requirement, the biometric fingerprint systems are less cumbersome and often can do with very little space. Considering that the fingerprint biometric security system has proved to be an effective tool in several large scale environments, it is seen to be both scalable and reliable. From a system supporting only a small number of individuals, the system can be upgraded to support a much more significant number of people. The use of the system is further strengthened by the fact that large amounts of data are readily available to perform any required background checks. Besides just being unique from one person to another, fingerprints are also unique from each other on any individual and the folds and troughs are a permanent feature throughout a person lifetime. This characteristic of fingerprints further amplifies its level of reliability. There are, however, some drawbacks that are associated with the use of fingerprints. Some people tend to harbor a negative perception regarding the use of fingerprints systems and as such, a paradigm shift is necessary to get users to embrace the use of fingerprint biometric security systems. Significant concerns have also been raised regarding the idea of an individual being expected to lay a finger on a biometric security system that is used by a huge number of individuals. Some of these concerns may be health-related while others could be linked to what the society in general believes about such practices. Another challenge of using biometric security systems is associated with the level of training as well as skill that is needed for one to capture high-quality images as the required by the system efficiently. Over the years, however, this concern has been addressed with better robust technology being made available. As a person advances in age, this may pose a challenge to sensors as far image capturing is concerned. Getting an accurate and complete fingerprint image may become such a big problem ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). Face Recognition One key feature of the face recognition biometric security system is that it can be used from a distance without the knowledge of the person on whom it is used. According to Janker (2002), the face recognition biometric technology is a less established form of technology than fingerprint-based biometric technologies. Generally, the system makes use of key features that are found on an individual’s face, including the nose and ears. Typically, the facial recognition technologies are based on a two-step approach (Kumar & Zhang 2010). First, an off-line enrollment procedure is established to build a unique template for each registered user. This procedure is based on the acquisition of a pre-defined set of face images, selected from the input image stream or a complete video and the template is built upon a set of features extracted from the image assembly. The next step is an online identification or verification procedure where a set of images are acquired and processed to extract a given set of features. From these features, a face description is built to be matched against the user’s template. Regardless of the acquisition devices exploited to grab the image streams, a simple classification can be generated based on the computational architecture applied to extract distinctive and possibly unique features for identification and to derive a template description for any subsequent matching (Kumar & Zhang 2010) The performance of facial recognition technologies can easily be compromised by improper user behavior as well as by environmental factors such as the available amount of lighting ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). The system is mostly favored because it does not depend on skin color. The system does not also require profiling, which is opposed by many people. The system has been used in many ways to track down criminals who try to escape authorities. Using the technology, it became possible to detect cases of misconduct by drivers who possessed more than one driving licenses and used them to avoid arrest whenever a crime was committed. A severe crackdown on these unfaithful drivers made it possible to get rid of dangerous drivers off the highways (Janker 2002). In England, face recognition systems have been used together with street cameras to bring an end to criminal offences along the streets. The Israelites have also used the system extensively to control crime along its borders. Other countries are already working on modalities of customizing the system to be used in the identification of passports held by aircrew (Janker 2002). Like any other technology, however, the facial recognition technology is not without imperfections. According to a research by the United States National Security Agency (NSA), one can easily create a mask that can make the system fail to work as expected, leading to wrong results. Luckily, different approaches have been identified to help deal with this challenge. One such technology uses infrared technology to create a more rigorous identification process. The use of facial recognition has been witnessed in various areas which include identification of criminals in urban areas and overseas and identification of counterfeit cards in different public forums ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). Many U.S. Department of Defense identity cardholders has no idea that facial biometrics are part of their identification cards. Usually, a photograph will be integrated within a user’s card to give the system the capability of checking for personal identification. The barcode integrated with the system is a critical component that is used to ensure that the biometric system card is properly read. Another drawback of the face based biometric system is the relatively small size of the encryption key that may be securely bound to the biometric security system. This can, however, be made better by using very high resolution or 3D face recognition systems (Leeuw 2008). One of the advantages of the facial biometric system is that it requires no contact and this addresses the worry of numerous people touching the same system as in the case of a fingerprint system. Sensors or cameras used with the facial biometric system are also easily available and it is also possible to access huge amounts of information that can be used for background checks. The technology is also easy to use and verification of results by human beings is not so complicated. Reliability of the facial technology is, however, questionable considering that the face can be obstructed by hair or other things that may be worn such as glasses, hats, or scarves. The system is also susceptible to changes in either lighting or expression. Changes on an individual’s face are also likely to interfere with the operation of the facial biometric system. Conclusion Beyond doubt, there are huge benefits of using the biometric security systems for both identification and validation. According to Janker (2002), biometric security systems are critical tool in linking a person to past terrorists or criminal actions, as well as determining or validating a person identity. When engaging in global war on terrorism, standardization and interoperability are key tenets of success that must be given serious consideration. The Role and the Development of International Biometric Standards According to Woodward (2004), biometric technology is an important component of the identity protection and management for the United States Department of Defense (DOD). This being the case; therefore, the development of biometric standards is critical to the department’s successful use of biometric security systems. Generally, biometric standards are an essential component for enabling information sharing and technology interoperability. Without standards, interoperability is hindered and may affect universal use of biometric security systems. This paper provides a detailed discussion of standards used with biometric security systems and goes on to explain the relevance as well as applicability of these standards to control how biometric security systems are used. The paper also gives a highlight of the major interoperability benefits of having strong standards to control the way biometric security systems are designed and implemented. Standard deficiencies in commercial biometrics marketplace are also explored. To start with, various concerns linked to the use of biometric security systems are discussed. Concerns Associated With Biometrics Just as it is with any new technology that is meant to identify human individuality, critics are concerned with a number of issues regarding the use of biometric security systems (Li & Jain, 2009). First and foremost, there is a concern about accuracy. In general, applications that are meant to prove that one is who he or she claims to be must be completely accurate and reliable. While some biometric security systems have been able to achieve a considerably high level of accuracy, it is quite rare to come by vendors who are ready to commit to offering total accuracy as far as the use of biometric security systems is concerned. Other players in the field are worried about criminals fooling the biometric system and getting their way. There are also fears among others that it may be possible for unauthorized persons to bypass the biometric security system and do all they wish to do with the information available through the biometric system. According to Woodward (2004), studies have revealed that no single authentication system is entirely secure. Almost any authentication technique, at least by itself, can be compromised by any determined individual. The biometric security system is, therefore, not likely to be as foolproof as people may want it to be. Some people are also afraid of the fact that biometric information can be manipulated or misused by anyone with malicious intentions. This being the case, it is imperative that all the information gathered about individuals for use with biometric security systems must be kept under very tight security. The goal is to ensure that no private information falls in the wrong hands. Under no circumstances should anyone be allowed to access information that belongs to other people. Other concerns have also been raised regarding those with disabilities. Because of the disability, these people are unable to make use of the biometric security systems as expected for different reasons. Sometimes, their use of the biometric systems may be hindered by the fact that the design of the system is too complicated for them to use. The most important thing here is to ensure that all biometric security systems are designed to cater for everyone’s need. There are three major categories of concerns that have been raised concerning the use of biometric security systems. The classes include privacy of information, physical privacy, and religious objections. They are briefly discussed in the following subsections. Privacy of Information Woodward (2004), while surveying privacy-enhancing and threatening privacy aspects of biometric security systems, observed that the privacy of information or simply, the ability of an individual to control information about him or herself, was a major worry for most experts in the biometrics sector. Concerns about the privacy of information range from using the biometric information for a purpose other than the one for which the data was originally collected ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). Experts commonly refer to this as function creep. Even though there are times when it would make sense to use private biometric information, this could create serious problems socially. Generally, when data is used without the express authority of the person to whom it belongs, it may be against the norms of the society and consequently, the use of biometric security systems will be perceived negatively. Another major concern regarding the use of biometric technology is the fear of being monitored. Many times, people do not like to be followed around and especially if this has to be done behind their backs. The moment people discover that they are being tracked, they may develop a negative attitude as far as using the biometric system is concerned. The possibility of using private data without the consent of the owners is further worsened by the fact that the information gathered for use with biometric systems could actually be used without the owner consenting to such use ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). Another fear has to do with the fact that without strong security, biometric information may be used wrongful for personal gain. Considering that they are supposed to be unique identifiers, biometric security systems should make identity theft more difficult. This is, however, not the case as biometric data can be stolen or copied when used in certain ways (Aspray & Doty 2011). Bodily or Physical Privacy This arises because everyone considers his or her body as being private property. First and foremost, a lot of people tend to be ashamed of using the biometric security due to the fact that certain technologies used with it are linked to crime. This is especially the case when fingerprint technology is used. Secondly, there is the concern that one can suffer bodily harm as a result of using the biometric security system. Finally, many other people are so fearful that they may end up contracting diseases. These people are strongly convinced that by sharing a biometric security system with so many other people, infections can very easily move from one person to another. There is, however, no scientific proof for these beliefs ( Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007). Religious Beliefs Specifically, this is a problem that affects staunch Christians. The resistance from these people is founded on the teaching about the beast portrayed in the book of revelation. Although the number of such nonconformists is small, their concerns cannot in any way be overlooked. Clearly, those behind the development of the biometric security systems must work hard to come up with solutions that will guarantee people safety from all corners. From the preceding discussion, it is imperative to have standards to control the design, implementation and use of biometric security systems. Such standards will be beneficial in ensuring that all biometric security systems as used as they are expected. As stated earlier, lack of standards or the use of poorly established standards will only serve to destroy the development of biometric standards. Standards and Interoperability The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines the term standards as documented agreements that contain technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their specific purposes. A significant consequence of using technologies that are not fully compliant with the standards established by standards-setting bodies is that the products in question will most likely not interoperate with the products of competing vendors. Again, if the products in question are not standards-based, then integrating local systems into a more extensive regional system at a later date will likely require a costly and operationally disruptive replacement of technology (Janker 2002). Typically, standards provide a level of consistency that makes them the cornerstone for interoperability (Woodward 2004). The need for standards to guarantee interoperability is critical, especially because the biometric industry is currently in an evolving state. One of the major problems affecting the biometric industry has to do with the fact that the biometric record formats, commonly referred to as templates, used in many current biometric security systems are proprietary and do not work with biometric equipment sold by competing vendors. Simply put, the templates are not interoperable. The lack of interoperability in biometric template formats leads to biometric vendor lock-in that compels users to purchase all biometric readers and software from a single vendor. Sadly, this leaves users at a very awkward position in case they are dissatisfied with the vendor’s service. Imagine that an organization X purchases biometric readers and software from a vendor Y. If vendor Y discontinues support for the purchased products because of bankruptcy or for any other reason, the said organization might end up losing its investment and might require doing a very costly replacement of technology acquired from vendor Y. Furthermore, if another vendor developed a product that appears to be much superior to that offered by vendor X, organization Y may be unable to take advantage of the superior product because of the expenses associated with having to change products prematurely (Woodward 2004). There are also no currently approved national or international standards for measuring the accuracy of biometric standards. Due to this lack of established scientific standards for comparing the accuracy of different biometric standards, consumers are generally confused when evaluating the different biometric security systems anytime they are making purchases. Without having reliable standards in place for evaluating the performance of the different biometric products, it becomes practically impossible to scientifically determine the best biometric product that one should go for. Because of these challenges, consumers are unable to tell how well the products they purchase from vendors can actually work. In addition, lack of approved national or international standards for evaluating whether a product that claims to support a biometric standard actually conforms to the expected standard is also a challenge that must be fully addressed. The lack of established conformance testing standards results in an inability to verify that a commercial product conforms to a particular agreed-upon standard, such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) or the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (INCITS). This makes it impossible to guarantee the interoperability of the product with other biometric products or system components. Applicability and Relevance of Existing Biometric Standards The different types of existing biometric standards in the United States are categorized as International Standards, U.S. National Standards, U.S. Government-Wide Standards, Third-Party Standards, and Department of Defense International Standards. International Standards are the standards formally approved and recognized by ISO or the Institute of Electro-technical Commission (IEC). U.S. National Standards are the standards formally approved and recognized by ANSI, which is the official U.S. representative of the ISO and IEC organizations. U.S. Government-Wide Standards are established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for use by the U.S. federal departments and organizations. Third-Party Standards represent standards documents developed by industry consortia or other organizations outside of the U.S. Government and the formal organizational structures such as ISO, IEC, or ANSI. Department of Defense International Standards typically exists for internal use by the U.S. Department of Defense (Woodward 2004). Policies on Fingerprint and Face Recognition Systems As the use of biometric systems continues to increase, policies are being formulated to ensure correct use and reliability of the systems. Even though both the fingerprint and face recognition technologies are designed with powerful features to make them successful, policies are very critical to ensure effectiveness. Among other things, policies on the use of fingerprint and face recognition systems will guarantee proper use and help to reinforce tougher requirements for distortion tolerance, discrimination and security of a biometric system. This would help to strengthen research and development of better biometric sensors and other hardware, as well as new, more accurate algorithms and software. Beyond any doubt, this would bring technological benefits regarding the use of these technologies (Leeuw 2008). Policies being formulated are also meant to help in overcoming the many security vulnerabilities of biometric systems. Some key issues that may be addressed by means of well-established policies include conformance to standards, performance, Biometric data interchange formats, biometric application profiles, and national information assurance partnership. Conformance testing is the process of testing a technology implementation that claims to support a standard to determine if the implementation adheres to the standard. Policies that deal with conformance testing will help to specify the manner in which conformance testing should be performed and recorded. Unlike in other industry, this area remains underdeveloped in the biometric industry (Janker 2002). Policies that relate to performance testing are intended to ensure the presence of uniform, repeatable methods that may be used to measure the accuracy, speed, durability, reliability, and security of biometric systems. Although this can be done with both a national and an international perspective in mind, it may be necessary to develop individual policies for certain applications. As pointed out by Janker (2002), the area of biometric data interchange format specifications is the area in which biometric standards development progress is occurring quite rapidly. Policies formulated around this area are geared towards reinforcing the set standards and ensuring that quality is not in any way compromised. Policies developed regarding this issue are meant to see to it that standards are strictly followed so as to provide logical groupings of subsets of other biometric standards such as data format standards, performance testing standards, and conformance testing standards. The groupings make it possible to offer a consolidated collection of requirements for use in biometric acquisition and system integration. Without such policies, it would be at the discretion of the vendors to decide whether or not a technology will support other standards apart from the core support services. The national information assurance partnership (NIAP) protection profiles provide a comprehensive list of security requirements for biometric products. One of the technical subjects in biometric protection profiles is the concept of strength of function. The strength of function is an estimate of the effort required by an attacker to defeat a security feature embedded in the biometric system. The finger-based interchange format (ANSI/INCITS 377-2004) standard specifies a method of creating biometric templates method of creating biometric template of fingerprint biometric information using ridge pattern measurements found in fingerprints (Moore 2010). Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint and Facial Systems The use of an all-inclusive will serve to encourage the growth of the fingerprint and facial systems. The information made available, defines the content, format, and units of measurement for the purpose of the exchange of fingerprint, and facial recognition system among any others. Finger Image-Based Recognition Data Interchange Format The finger image-based interchange format is applicable to biometric applications requiring exchange of raw or processed fingerprint images that may not be limited by the number of resources required for data storage or transmission time. With this standard, it is possible for scanned images of fingerprints to be exchanged quite easily between different systems for processing (Janker 2002). The Face Recognition Format for Data Interchange This specifies a method of creating biometric images of facial characteristics. Topics addressed by this specification include image dimensions such as position of eyes and the relative of the head in an image, lighting used in the image capture process, image resolution and focus, image colors, and the digital representation of all of these characteristics (Moore 2010). Like the fingerprint pattern technique, the use of the face recognition data interchange format is not widespread and its commercial implementation is extremely slow. With time, however, the use of these formats will become more popular. Biometric Template / Data Interchange Formats When a sample of biometric data is obtained from a user at enrollment, that biometric sample must be stored in some form for later use in biometric identification and verification. At this writing, most vendors of biometric products store representations of biometric samples in proprietary, non-interoperable, data formats. To facilitate interoperability of biometric products, the M1.3 Task Group on Biometric Data Interchange Formats has been developing several draft interchange format specifications since late 2002 (Moore 2010). The draft signature interchange format specifies a method that can be used to create biometric templates of handwriting signature samples. The specification defines a signature image as a set of sequentially sampled X, Y points of a digitized signature. Apparently, the signature or sign interchange format is the only biometric type that is based on the behavioral biometric measurements that are currently going through the standardization process. Most of the other data interchange formats are based on physiological biometric measurements. The hand geometry data interchange format specifies a method that can be used to record and store a digital representation of a hand within a given data structure. Some of the topics addressed by this specification include hand orientation during image capture, the use of finger alignment pins by the hand geometry reader, and the values of data header fields for the resulting data generated in an image capture operation (Janker 2002). Biometric Security Policies According to Aspray and Doty (2011), the review of biometric technologies and their applications raises a host of policy-related questions about usability, safety, security and the privacy of individuals involved. The challenge regarding privacy has four different aspects which include the unauthorized collection where biometric traits about individuals is collected covertly, unnecessary collection of biometric characteristics that have no relation to current systems and do not improve security or convenience of authentication, unauthorized use and disclosure of biometric traits without the express consent of the individual, and function creep which is an expansion of the biometric system (Aspray & Doty 2011). In addition to these concerns, biometric systems operate on the probability of a match. A misidentification error that would allow an unauthorized person to gain access to a system under another identity is also a privacy challenge. Ideally, simple identification does not require a person to make a claim to a specific identity. The performance of the biometric system also affects privacy and this is a challenge that is unique to identity management using biometrics. The National Security and Technology Council Subcommittee on Biometrics published a report that outlined several challenges facing biometric systems. One of the categories of challenges was based on communications and privacy and stated three high priority needs that had to be addressed. One of these needs is the fundamental understanding of biometric operations, technologies, and privacy principles to enable the discussion of the usage of biometric systems. The other need has to do with embedding privacy functionality at every level of the biometric subsystem and finally, there was the need for privacy-protecting applications that enhance public confidence and safeguard information (Aspray & Doty 2011) Selected Policies One of the chosen policies being used by U.S. Department of Defense is the National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Policy (NSTISSP). According to this policy, biometric techniques shall be considered as a requirement for all systems that are used to enter, to process, to store, to display, or to transmit national security information. This shall be achieved through the acquisition and appropriate implementation of either evaluated or validated biometric-enabled products. These products should provide for the availability of the systems, ensure the integrity and confidentiality of information, and ensure the authentication and non-repudiation of parties in electronic transactions. The importance of this policy springs from the fact that there are currently no biometric products that are in compliance with the policy. The process of becoming certified is time-consuming and expensive. However, product certification or validation increases the level of confidence in the security of such products. The other policy is Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Joint Vision 2010. This policy emphasizes the common usage that exists between services as well as increased interoperability among the available services and multinational partners. Furthermore, the policy is also important because it demonstrates a level of commitment to and requirement for interoperability between the services and multinational partners. Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Vision 2020 is another policy that emphasizes interoperability as the foundation of effective joint, multinational, and inter-agency operations. It also emphasizes the general aspect of interoperability that covers technology, processes, and organizations. This policy is also critical as it clearly demonstrates a long term commitment to and requirement for interoperability that will eventually guarantee a successful performance of joint operations. The United States Code, Title 10, Section 2223 is another policy that designates the responsibilities of Chief Information Officers and includes ensuring that Information Technology (I.T.) and national security systems standards that are applicable are well prescribed. The policy is essential as it highlights the value of standards for I.T. and national security systems. DOD Directive 4630.5 is the policy that directs the use of a mission-related, outcome-based approach to ensure interoperability and supportability of I.T. and National Security Systems (NSS) throughout the U.S. Department of Defense. The policy stresses the need for interoperability to be factored into the early stages of the life cycle of all DOD acquisition programs as well as procurements. Finally, the DOD Instruction 4630.8 policy also directs the use of a mission-related, outcome-based approach to ensure interoperability and supportability of I.T. and NSS throughout the Department of Defense. This policy expands upon the guidance in DOD Directive 4630.5 policy and gives the mandate to use interoperability test plans. Conclusion There is always a deep concern about the introduction of new technologies which may greatly impact on personal privacy. All technologies devoted at either identifying or understanding some personal features are looked at suspiciously by the general public (Kumar & Zhang 2010). Although it is widely acknowledged that many individuals are fearful of the introduction of the biometric systems, it is presumed that as biometric methods become more prevalent, the familiarity with their operation should allay some of the fears (Wayman 2005). In the interim, a number of measures could help with their acceptance. Codes of practice written in simpler terms should clarify the rights and obligation of users and system owners. There is little doubt that in the coming years, more organizations will embrace the use of biometric technology to increase the perception of security and to assist their service delivery systems. Also true is the fact that improved technology and advanced computer and biometric technology will make it possible to capture and store a life history of an individual’s information which can the provide information that may be used with a biometric system (Wayman 2005). This fascinating but troubling reality must be accompanied with responsible and thoughtful decision making. In a democracy, power generally rests with the people and if the people feel threatened by the use of biometric technologies, they certainly have to carefully modify or even stop its use in reasonable situation. Ultimately, before biometric technologies can become successfully integrated in public sector settings, there are several challenges that must be met. First, it will be imperative to provide timely and substantive procedures for individuals wishing to challenge adverse decisions based on biometric measures (Li & Jain 2009). This fact acknowledges that any comparisons that are made based on biometric measures are likely to be in error. Secondly, no one should be allowed to use biometric systems to gather information about individuals covertly. This will help to protect people’s privacy and will also go a long way to build public’s confidence as far as the use of biometric systems is concerned. As argued by Woodward (2004), there are no significant legal obstacles to use of biometric systems by the army in the United States. Stakeholders in the biometric industry must certainly devise strong measures that will guarantee the privacy of individuals if the technology is to advance powerfully. Essentially, it must be noted that biometric security standards can help a great deal to address protection of biometric data, management of the security of biometric systems, and assessment of the assurance level of biometric systems. If well controlled, biometric technology can be of great benefit to all citizens. Reference List Aspray, W & Doty, P 2011, Privacy in America: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Scarecrow Press, Maryland. Biometrics: Authentication Technologies 2007. Web. Janker, CPS 2002, United States Homeland Security and National Biometric Identification . Web. Kumar, A & Zhang, D 2010, Ethics and Policy of Biometrics: Third International Conference on Ethics and Policy of Biometrics and International Data Sharing, Hong Kong, January 4-5, 2010, Springer, New York. Leeuw, E 2008, Policies and Research in Identity Management: First IFIP WG11.6 Working Conference on Policies and Research in Identity Management (IDMAN ’07), RSM Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, October 11-12, 2007, Springer, New York. Li, S & Jain, A 2009, Encyclopedia of Biometrics, Volume 1, Springer, New York. Moore, T 2010, Critical Infrastructure Protection IV, Springer, New York. Wayman, J 2005, Biometric Systems: Technology, Design and Performance Evaluation, Springer, New York. Woodward, JD 2004, Department of Defense: Biometric Standards Development, Recommended Approach. Web. Zhang, D 2002, Biometric Solutions for Authentication in an E-World, Springer, New York.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The Bottom Billion is a book that discusses the reasons why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. The book calls for well-performing countries, especially those positioned in the western geographical hemisphere of the world, to use their resources in areas like technology to help uplifting the suffering countries.

The Bottom Billion is a book that discusses the reasons why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. The book calls for well-performing countries, especially those positioned in the western geographical hemisphere of the world, to use their resources in areas like technology to help uplifting the suffering countries.

The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It by Paul Collier Essay (Book Review) Introduction Going by the scholarly reviews that have been done on the book The Bottom Billion by Paul Collier and the numerous praiseworthy comments that have made on it; this book is undoubtedly a geographically-oriented economic masterpiece worth being given a serious reading. According to Wolf (2007) of the venerated Financial Times, this book is indeed “a splendid book” which sheds light on the dark moral challenges that often impede the bottom billion countries from actualizing their economic goals. Stewart (2007) of the Guardian calls it an “important book” and rallies behind Collier who, in the book, calls for well-performing countries—especially those positioned in the western geographical hemisphere of the world—to use their resources in areas like technology to help uplifting the suffering countries. Stewart’s sentiments are echoed by Quinn (2008) who says that the book is a well written masterpiece talking of “a paradigm shift away from poverty alleviation as a goal of development”. All these strong opinions of the book, from authoritative sources duly qualify the book as an epitome of invaluable information on the nature of economies today (Reinert, 2011). Of course, like many other books, there have been a few scholars who have opined that some places in the book were a bit too obvious (like the nature of poverty in Africa) or exaggerated (like the role of western governments in helping in poverty alleviation). However, in one way or another, even these critics have confessed that, generally speaking, the book is an epitome of resourceful information. It is on the basis of such scholarly arguments that the expansive review, detailed below, is done. Book Summary Who is the author? As glimpsed in the introduction, the Bottom Billion was written by Paul Collier. According to the Centre for the Study of African economies (2010), Paul Collier is an astute Professor of Economics, a revered director for the Centre for the Study of African economies at Oxford University and a widely published author whose several books and articles numerous scholarly genres have received a good number of honorary accolades. For example, in 1988, he was prized with the Edgar Graham Book Prize for his worthwhile writings in the book Labour and poverty in rural Tanzania: Ujamaa and rural development in the United Republic of Tanzania. In 2008, the Bottom Billion deservedly “won the Lionel Gelber, Arthur Ross and Corine prizes ” typifying how good the book was written ( Centre for the Study of African economies , 2010). Even more importantly, between 1998 and 2003, he served as a director of the development research group of the World Bank where he was not only able to conduct many high-profile researches on the geographical nature of economic power across the world but he also accessed several factual statistics and proofs of poverty in the world. As will be explicatively detailed later, working in the World Bank greatly helped in getting valuable information which he later used to validate and support his arguments in the Bottom Billion. As of today, Paul Collier continues to serve his aforementioned roles while he occasionally writes for magazines and newspapers like the Independent, the New York Times, the Financial Times, the Washington Post and the Washington Journal. What is the book about? Essentially, the book talks about why impoverished countries continue to dwindle down in abject poverty despite the international aid and support that they get from well-off countries (Batabyal, 2008, p.507-510). In the book, Collier asserts that there is a continued widening gap between the rich and the poor—with a majority of countries being on the poor side of the equation. More specifically, Collier (2007, p.3-15) asserts that whereas most of 5 billion people in the developing world continue to get richer; there is another group of people (especially from Africa and Central Asia) who continually get poorer. This presents the need for fitting solutions to be found for these impoverished countries whose bad economic situation is worsening. In a large section of the book, Collier delves into talking about the root-causes of the problems being faced by these impoverished states. Once a firm background is laid on this issue, Collier then goes ahead and gives an expansive analysis of the effects of the eminent gap widening between the rich and the poor. Towards the ending sections of the book, Collier recommends solutions—basing them on his researches as well as studies done by other scholars—and gives a limelight of what can be expected in the future (Da Cruz, 2009, p.201-204). So in summary, it can be said that Collier offers the cause, effects and solutions of people in impoverished countries—which makes his book well-balanced in terms of his content (Mueller, 2007, p.542-546). More importantly, he sends a distress signal to other scholars calling for help in poverty alleviation. As an answer to this call, a good number of scholars have commendably been able to follow in the footsteps of Collier by spotlighting other areas facing similar problems while intermittently offering solutions. Where does the book “fit” in literature? To a great extent, this book offered a lot of new insightful information into the nature of global poverty—highlighting trends and patterns in various geographical areas. However, taking a closer look at its content, one is bound to realize that the book offers some form of continuity to his previous works—which talked on global poverty and the economic situation in the world. O’Brien (2007) explicates this by saying that Collier’s ideas in this book relies greatly on previous researches that he did with fellow macroeconomic scholars like Anke Hoeffler. This, probably, is the reason why Collier’s ideas on issues like international conflicts, financial aids and the need for help in fragile states, largely, cite previous works done by the likes of Hoeffler (Stewart, 2007). Additionally, it is worth noting that, other than his close associates; the book also borrows heavily from past researchers and studies conducted by other macroeconomists. This is, especially, typified when Collier gives detailed narratives of past economic regimes witnessed in the 1960s and 1970s and the role that such regimes played in paving the way for the current state of affairs. For example, Collier (2007, p.10-30), details how factors like civil wars, colonization, globalization and technological advancements led to shifts in global power. As a result of such shifts, some countries—especially those in the west who were able to bountifully reap from events like colonization—found themselves in spheres of influence which have, to date, been used to exert control, influence and, occasionally, help to the rather powerless countries (Lipton, 2008, 750-760). Moreover, the book gives a detailed analysis of the present nature of economic events. To this regard, events like the 9/11 bombing is USA and the global impact it had, is also given. Additionally, the current eminence of global catastrophes like floods, diseases and droughts has also been given by Collier to explain the reasons behind the suffering of the bottom billion. Notably, around 2007 when the book was written, there was a looming danger of economic meltdown—which, as we now know, happened in 2008 in form of a global economic crisis. In the book, warnings of an economic down-surge happening, if urgent measures were not taken by the concerned parties, was blatantly give by Collier. It is, therefore, say to say that the book was not only presented valid and candid ideas but it was also written at a perfect time when clear-cut ways of reducing poverty and global economic solutions were direly needed (Quinn, 2008). Once he has detailed the current nature of events, Collier gives a rather prophetic insight of what might happen in the future depending on the positive or negative actions taken as an answer to the past and present nature of economic events across the world (O’Brien, 2007). It therefore goes without saying that, topping the fact that the book offers new economic insights; it admittedly plays a huge role in facilitating literary continuity. In other words, the book offers a connection between the nature of past, present and future nature of economic and geographic events that have shaped poverty across the world. In doing so, he has connected facts, opinions, arguments, notions and ideas from various scholars—which, in effect, has also facilitated scholarly continuity. In a nutshell, the book is indeed a literary masterpiece—going by the way the author has fittingly joined various works of art to present his timely message to the world. The many follow-up literary works to support Collier’s ideas as well as the accolades the book has won, since it was written, attest to the book’s invaluable nature. What are the main arguments? In essence, several arguments with regards to the nature of poverty—especially in impoverished countries like New Guinea, East Timor and Solomon Islands—have been variably presented in the book. However, in summary, the plight of the bottom billon has been presented in four major categories, commonly termed by Collier as “traps.” These four traps are succinctly detailed below. Firstly, we have the conflict trap. Here, Collier (2007) states that the prevalence of global conflicts civil wars, coups and international acts of terrorism—like the 9/11 bombings—tend to incur large economic costs (p.35-40). For example, in the book, civil wars are estimated to average at a cost of $64 billion each. Resultantly, countries facing such wars are greatly affected economically. On the other hand, countries which openly or secretly support such wars by providing things like ammunition end up benefiting immensely at the expense of their counterparts. Additionally, such conflicts tend to take a long a long time and even after the war; more time is taken to resuscitate the countries to their initial economic position. This makes it very difficult for progress to be sustained—particularly in war-prone countries that go to war easily (Collier, 2007, p.37). A good example here is the Middle East. Secondly, we have the natural resource trap. On normal occasions, countries that lack natural resources are usually said to be more likely to face poverty. Of course this is true based on examples of countries in Africa which are not able to do much in alleviating their poverty levels (Collier, 2007, p.40-45). However, Collier presents an intriguingly paradoxical view on the presence of natural resources in a country. According to him, countries that are richly endowed with natural resources tend to find themselves in a worse economic trap than their counterparts. Collier (2007, p.38-53) attributes this paradox on the following reasons: * The utilization of useful natural resources can easily lead to a situation whereby a country’s industries become less competitive based on currency valuation that might arise from revenue generated from the resource. * The fight for having a lion’s share of the resources can easily lead to conflicts. * In democratic countries, the availability of natural resources simply means that governments should not tax its citizen on products and services got from these resources. As a result, citizens are less likely to be keen on demanding for important checks-and-balance procedures like accountability thus encouraging ills like corruption and misuse of resources—which are recipes for disasters. Thirdly, we have the landlocked with bad neighbors trap. According to Collier (2007, p.53-56), countries that face high poverty levels yet have well-off neighbors can easily find ways of surviving through their neighbors by borrowing or even learning from them. However, for countries that are poor and have poor neighbors, it becomes utterly impossible for any economic progress to take place since they cannot connect with the rest of the world or even learn since their neighbors are just like them. In addition, these poor landlocked countries tend not to have sufficient infrastructure that can help them market the little that they have to the rest of the world. This delinks them from getting any form of help from others thus further paralyzing the chances of progress. Several poor countries in Africa are alleged to be victims of this trap. Fourthly, and lastly, we have the trap of bad governance in small countries. Principally, bad governance is a factor that affects both small and large countries. However, in small countries, the effect, according to Collier (2007, p.64-78), is bound to worse since the cost of living is normally low which scares-off potential investors. In effect, only the typical labor-intensive work—which is usually less paying—continues to go on while their “economic masters” enjoy spoils of their hard work. Notably, a large portion of the book explains the intricacies of these four traps detailing their effects and solutions. A critical analysis of these major arguments—particularly with regards to the proposed solutions and what other critics say about them—is given in the section below. Critical Analysis Argumentative and literary Critique of the Book In doing a critical analysis of this book, it is worth to preliminarily note that, in spite of stating that there 58 countries that constitute the bottom billion, Collier does not list them. According to him, this name calling and branding might offend the wrong people thus lead to unnecessary conflicts and wars—which are not the intentions of the book (Collier, 2007, p.7). Nevertheless, throughout the book, several countries are used to exemplify the nature of the bottom billion and the economic difficulties they face in their war against poverty. Remarkably, avoiding the giving of a list is duly commendable based on the much tension that was existent at the time the book was written. Any small issue like listing these countries could have easily led to conflict thus worsening the already bad situation at that time. Again, unlike most scholars who just point out problems and stop at that; Collier goes the extra mile and offers applicable recommendations and solutions to the aforementioned traps. For example, in solving the conflict trap, he points out stringent punitive measures should be put in place to punish those who fuel the occurrence of conflicts like civil wars. Additionally, he outlines the crucial role played by some media houses in such conflicts and recommends that, objective journalism should be encouraged so as to guide these media houses in the right path while concomitantly curbing them from overstepping their boundaries (Da Cruz, 2009, p.201-204). With regards to natural resource trap, Collier recommends that the practice of sharing resources should be encouraged across the world. In essence, at no point in time can one country can have everything. This lack, which is normal, can be solved by interrelations by various countries or even across various regions. The forming of the G-8, is given as a good example of positive influence that can be effected from interoperating with others and sharing resources (O’Brien, 2007). Regarding the trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors, the following solutions are given: * Improvement of economic policies across regions starting from the grassroots of the society where abject poverty is normally eminent * Facilitating the construction of proper infrastructure (especially in terms of transport and communication) so as to ease the flow of valuable information and economic resources across region, to be specific, and the world, at large * Instituting economic regulations in terms of unchecked geographical endeavors like migration which, if not regulated can easily lead to increased poverty. Finally, with regards to bad governance in small countries, Collier suggests that changes should be primarily made in the governance so as to offer proper guidance to the people. Once this is done, the economic outlook of such countries can be changed through increased transparency standards being instituted, more governmental checks and balances being put in place, liaising with the rest of the world in the bid to get help in form of aids or even better education that can help them develop on their own. Also, collier stresses that the mentality of overdependence on aids from well-off countries should be replaced with a culture that nurtures and encourages the growth of hard work. This way, such countries are able to survive on their own during crisis or in case their donors withdraw their support (Reinert, 2011). These solutions and recommendations presented have been able to greatly help in facilitating economic progress across the world while concurrently alleviating poverty. The GDP of some countries that had been reported as languishing in abject poverty have been able to, reportedly, improve. The wake-up call issued in the book, even to well-performing countries that had started being complacent of their economic strength, has also been able to yield fruits with positive competition being witnessed even in these well-off countries in their bid to perform better (Reinert, 2011). Nevertheless, as earlier mentioned, a good number of criticisms have been issued concerning this book. Examples of such criticisms include the following. According to Lipton (2008, 750-760), the book does not have bibliography, as professionally written books should. Instead, it has an incomprehensive list of research which does not clearly indicate sources of information and research detailed in the book. This makes it difficult for adequate follow-up to be done on the book’s contents. Again, the failure of clearly listing the bottom billion, as her later did in his book Wars, Guns and Votes once this had been criticized, is considered as cowardice. If he really wanted to prove his facts and nail his ideas appropriately, Lipton (2008, p.750-760) says that he should have given the bottom billion list. Finally, Collier’s criterion for defining the bottom billion based on their economic stagnation is considered by Lipton (2008, p.750-760) as not being utterly appropriate. In supporting his critique, Lipton says that even though the countries cited as the bottom billion did, actually, stagnate, a good number of them had respectable “annual GDP-per-head growth “ between 1975 and 2005. Examples of countries given by Lipton include Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Myanmar, Uganda and Mozambique. Conclusion From the arguments presented herein, it is undeniably clear that the Bottom Billion avails crucial information that was not only relevant in 2007 when it was written but is even vital in solving some of the economic problems being faced today (Reinert, 2011). However, in the process of expressing the ideas in the book, some issues might have been overstated or overlooked thus leading to its criticism. Geographically, several crucial patterns, trends and mannerisms were noted in the book. In solving the nature of poverty in the book, Collier emphasized that apt geographical strategies and initiatives should be put in motion (Mueller, 2007, p.542-546). Commendably, a good number of such strategies are currently underway. Examples here include the realignment of poor landlocked countries such that they are able to interact with those that are developed, the formation of joint regional corporations or even the emphatic agenda placed to maximize the use of natural resources in certain geographical set-ups to help alleviate poverty (O’Brien, 2007). Such initiatives underscore the value of geography in the world. More studies of this kind should, thus, be conducted to not only help in poverty alleviation but also solve the many other problems being faced in the world today. References Batabyal, A. A. (2008). Why the poorest countries are falling and what can be done about it. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 21 (5), 507-510. Center for the Study of African Economies. Professor Paul Collier. Web. Collier, P. (2007). The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it . New York: Oxford University Press. Da Cruz, J. (2009). The bottom billion. Journal of Third World Studies, 26 (1), 201-204. Lipton, M. (2008). Review article: bottom billion: countries or people? The Journal of Development Studies , 44 (5), 750-60 Mueller, S. (2007). The bottom billion. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 40 (3), 542-546. O’Brien, T. (2007). The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it: some insights for the Pacific? Web. Quinn, M. (2008). “The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it” by Paul Collier. Web. Reinert, E. S. (2011). The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it . Web. Stewart, H. (2007). Action will speak louder than words . Web. Wolf, M. (2007). How the bottom billion are trapped . Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper gives a general review of the current standing of cancer and its effects on the society. This includes the causes, and possible preventive measures.It then places particular focus on the testing and treatment of breast cancer, the effects and conditions associated with it, from a financial point of view, and the possible improvements worth making in service or treatment provision, to cater for the patients who cannot afford the expensive procedures necessary for managing cancer.

The paper gives a general review of the current standing of cancer and its effects on the society. This includes the causes, and possible preventive measures. It then places particular focus on the testing and treatment of breast cancer, the effects and conditions associated with it, from a financial point of view, and the possible improvements worth making in service or treatment provision, to cater for the patients who cannot afford the expensive procedures necessary for managing cancer.

Current Standing of Breast Cancer and its Effects on the Society Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Data 4. Literature Review 5. Program Options / Alternate Solutions 6. Implementation 7. Evaluation 8. Conclusion 9. References Abstract Being diagnosed with breast cancer is one of the most traumatizing experiences any person can undergo in life. The claim follows since such a diagnosis, for most people has a reverberating echo of ‘fatalism’ ringing in the background. The media and the health sector have tried to increase awareness of breast cancer, its symptoms, treatment procedures, and survival coefficient. The result of these campaigns is that more people talk about it nowadays, and more women go for regular testing. However, a large portion of the society still cringes at the mention of this incurable condition, and they do so with good cause, because the time, costs, physical discomfort and psychological distress associated with having cancer are too expensive a price for most to pay. Research has proved that most people are willing to talk openly about getting tests done to allay fears over identified suspicious symptoms, when it is friends or relatives suffering these signs. However, the same people are fast to decline such tests for themselves, preferring not to know about the condition of their health, in case they discover that they have it. The paper gives a general review of the current standing of cancer and its effects on the society. This includes the causes, and possible preventive measures. It then places particular focus on the testing and treatment of breast cancer, the effects and conditions associated with it, from a financial point of view, and the possible improvements worth making in service or treatment provision, to cater for the patients who cannot afford the expensive procedures necessary for managing cancer. It also provides an evaluation scheme that can be instrumental in gauging the effectiveness of such reformed policies. Introduction Breast cancer is just one of the various types of cancer that a person can suffer from. It mostly affects women. However, recent studies have discovered that men too are vulnerable to this type of cancer, and that they are least likely to survive it because chances of early detection or any detection at all prove rare. This stands out as one of the detrimental attitudes to the efforts made by health care professionals to increase the awareness of breast cancer normalizing its discussion in the society (Jemal,Thomas, Murray, & Thum, 2002, p. 37). The other issue that needs management is the costs associated with prevention and treatment of cancer, and in particular, mammography. People have vetted mammography as the most accurate and proximate means of making early detections of cancerous cells, hence enabling one to get sufficient treatment, and increases his/her chances of survival. Despite the margin of error associated with the devices, as in the case of false positives, which occur when the results are abnormal but no cancer present or false negatives, which show that no cancerous cells are present, yet they are present thus giving the person a false sense of security, these tests are very expensive. They range from several hundreds of dollars to several thousands of dollars, yet women above 40 years are encouraged to take them at least once in every two years. The costs are likely to keep off most people, and ignorance is likely to keep off even more. There is therefore a need to standardize the costs further spreading awareness in ways that are more effective. Interested people have coined various government policies with the sole purpose of increasing the affordability of mammography (Vilholm, Cold, Rasmussen, & Sindrup, 2008, p. 605). These include measures by various entities such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, the National Cancer Information Services and several legislative reforms with the same purpose. Data Breast cancer is not a new aspect, and neither is mammography. Breast cancer refers to the uncontrollable replication of cells in the breast at inappropriate times. This results in the blockage of lymph nodes, which ultimately disrupts the normal functioning of an organ, and the body at large. People have identified several risk factors having the capacity to make a person more susceptible to breast cancer. Age is at the top of the list because ageing makes people susceptible to all sorts of illnesses and breast cancer is not exempted (Brownson, Baker, Leet, & Gillepsie, 2003, p. 67). Other factors include a personal history of breast cancer. A person diagnosed with it before can as well suffer from it again. A family history of breast cancer, particularly a diagnosis among first-degree relatives (mother, father, sister, or daughter) or second-degree relatives (grandmother or aunt) have a high chance of suffering from breast cancer especially if they were diagnosed before they cloaked 50. Deleterious (harmful) inherited or acquired genetic mutations of DNA traits also increase one’s chances of having breast cancer. The most common of these mutations affect BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, but other genes’ mutation may also cause the condition. These include ATM, CHEK2, TP53, PTEN, MLH1, STK11/LKB1, and MSH2 (Thompson, Easton, & The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium, 2002, p. 1364). Breast density is the other factor that increases the risk of having breast cancer. This is mostly because the denser the breasts the more difficult it is to identify the presence of cancerous cells early enough. Certain breast changes found on biopsy can also increase the chances of cancer development especially atypical hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). These conditions do not indicate presence of cancer but denote a risk for its development if not managed. A woman’s reproductive and menstrual history is also consequential when assessing susceptibility to cancer. If she had her menarche before the age of twelve, had her menopause after 55, or had her first child after 30, she is more likely to develop breast cancer. Another factor is the extended use of menopausal hormone therapy, which normally entails the combined use of estrogen and progestin for over 5 years. Exposure to radiation therapy on the chest and breast area before 30, including during treatment of Hodgkin Lymphoma raise the probability of breast cancer occurrence throughout the life of an individual. Consuming alcohol, inhaling tobacco, lack of physical exercises, and a poor diet or nutritional habits also increase a person’s chances of developing cancer. Finally, women upon whom diethylstilbestrol was administered during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage have also been found to be more susceptible to breast cancer than their counterparts who were not treated thus. However, no study has proven whether the same applies to their daughters who were in the womb at the time. Mammography, clinical breast exams and breast self-exam are the main testing procedures currently in use to detect the growth of cancerous cells. Of the three, mammography is most accurate and it includes both a screening (check for cancerous cells in the absence of symptoms) and diagnostic (check for extent of spread, and viability of ‘symptoms’) mammograms. If diagnosed with breast cancer, there is an elaborate follow-up procedure for radiologists and breast surgeon to follow, and this is contained in the Breast Imaging, Reporting, and Database System (BI-RADS) which enables them to measure and describe results, as well as to match them with the concurrent follow-up procedure, linked to a specific category of mammography results. Other new methods of testing and diagnosing breast cancer include digital mammography which uses FFDMs, and is quite similar to the conventional film mammography, except that the images obtained are recorded and stored in a computer file and can be adjusted, retrieved, and analyzed using computer applications (Vilholm, Cold, Rasmussen, & Sindrup, 2008, p. 609). The method is advantageous because it enables long distance file sharing between healthcare professionals for instance between radiologists and breast surgeons. It makes it easier to identify minute differences between normal and abnormal tissues due to the high resolution capacity as well as ‘magnification’ option, it reduces the number of follow-up procedures necessary after a mammography, and it requires fewer repeat images, thus reducing exposure to radiation. Another method is the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which uses gadolinium as a contrast fluid to produce images of breast tissue. Sonography or the use of ultrasounds (taking pictures using sound waves) is also an option and it is much cheaper than the other procedures. Finally, new inventions are being made such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning or tomosynthesis, and scintimammography (molecular imaging) (Thompson, Easton, & The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium, 2002, p. 1361). Literature Review There is extensive literature on breast cancer, treatment procedures, risk factors, and effects on society based on the many studies carried out in that field. However, on the issue of affordability of breast cancer procedures, no exclusive studies seem to exist. The resource base on that area occurs within the existing research as recommendations made by researcher on cost management. Eadie and MacAskill (2008) suggest that more health care practitioners adopt the use of ultrasounds in checking for cancer, as this method is cheaper (p. 337). This will result in more affordable services to the patients seeking such examinations. Another study proved that patients could indeed be having money to pay for mammography and other expensive procedures. Nevertheless, it is their attitudes that need to be worked on. People focus on the fatalism of cancer, and the inability of the medical field to come up with a cure for it. “Given the fears and limited readiness to change, great awareness and sensitivity is required when developing interventions which seek to engage people in the prevention of cancer” (Jemal, Thomas, Murray, & Thum, 2002, p. 33). The inability to deal with risk and uncertainty results to people advising other to go for check-up while not daring to visit a medical practitioner for one’s own health review. The fear leads to irrational responses. Sarkar (2009, p. 364) suggests the importance of normalizing discussions about breasts, promoting breast awareness, countering misconceptions about breast cancer and advocating for breast screening by promoting free screening campaigns. Another study on the legislative policies that inform the cost of cancer prevention and treatment procedures came up with statutes such as the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA), the Food and Drugs Administration Certification and Accreditation, and the Breast and Cervical cancer Prevention and Treatment Act (Jemal, Thomas, Murray, & Thum, 2002, p. 45). Program Options / Alternate Solutions Instead of continuing with the prevailing conventional mammography, health practitioners should consider adopting digital mammograms, also referred to full-field digital mammograms (FFDMs) which are easier to manipulate and interpret. Consequently, they will stand a chance to analyze the information or results obtained from mammograms much faster, which will make them more efficient. Since these devices do not require as much effort or time as the conventional mammograms, the services rendered should also reduce in costs. Moreover, in cases of transporting patients to other states for procedures such as breast surgeries, part of the increased costs resulted from the need to transport physically the films that had the results of the mammography. With the use of these digital mammograms, such unaccounted expenses, the services rendered will prove cheaper and more affordable to patients. Digital mammograms also produce more accurate and detailed results whose manipulation reduces the need for repetitive exposure to radiations during more tests, as well as the need for more follow up procedures to certify or clarify the first results (Jemal, Thomas, Murray, & Thum, 2002, p. 39). This stands out as a double benefit in terms of reducing costs because patients necessarily need no further radiation. The radiation, in itself is carcinogenic. Therefore, it can actually cause cancer. Secondly, a patient need not to pay for more procedures as ‘follow-up’, since the capturing of all the information required for the entire testing procedure, in terms of images, occurs at once. Another cost effective measure involves the use of Sonography, especially during follow up. Sonography or using ultrasound is not very accurate as a screening procedure (Thompson, Easton, & The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium, 2002, p. 1359). However, after a positive diagnosis, one can use it to measure the rate of spread of cancerous cells. This applies to the use of magnetic resonance imaging as well. People ought to look into government policies, aimed at regulating and standardizing costs. The first in this category is the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act (Bardach, 2000, p. 45). Currently, this act provides for Medicaid by catering for the expenses accrued during post-diagnosis procedures. Whereas that is a noble move, the government can do more than that. It need to first spread awareness of breast cancer including testing and treatment procedures, available insurance policies, survival coefficient of those diagnosed with breast cancer, and the available medical measures for such patients. Armed with this information, the society it then go ahead and introduce measures such as that which it has going with Medicaid. However, it should also increase the scope of its participation to incorporate other insurance organizations as well. The current statistics of breast cancer diagnosis indicate that almost 300,000 remain diagnosed annually with 60,000 of these dying due to either late diagnosis or inability to afford treatment (Brownson, Baker, Leet, & Gillepsie, 2003, p. 78). By government standards, in terms of expenses, providing funds to cater for this number of patients annually should not be too deep a dent in its pockets and the plan can fit well within its budget. Another act that is related is the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA). This act specifically provides for the safety and reliability of mammography in the country. The issue of affordability falls under the reliability provision. It is the responsibility of policy makers to ensure that they make clear provisions highlighting on the importance of making mammography affordable to everybody in need of these services (Bardach, 2000, p. 98). Even with the current lack of provisions, 75% of the people diagnosed with cancer every year manage to afford these expensive procedures somehow. This leaves out a meager 25% only who would require financial support. Surely, the government has economists who can make the necessary calculations to incorporate these people into its budget without going hungry! The Food and Drug Administration is another authority in the matter of costs. It provides accreditation to mammography equipment, which is tested periodically, institutions with trained personnel who both administer and interpret tests and test results, and provides the system for following up on abnormal results. In short, it is a quality assurance body. To manage the costs better, all this body needs to do is set up ‘expense’ as one of the various issues it checks to validate a health institution. After the government has passed whatever policies that are necessary for medical practitioners to standardize costs, this would be the perfect body to execute those policies it imply need to deny certification to any organization that does not provide affordable health procedures, particularly those related to breast cancer and mammography. Implementation To produce quality of life results for patients diagnosed with breast cancer, the expenses related to treatment procedures need proper management. They need thorough standardization and regulation. The parties responsible for these processes include the government, medical practitioners, and insurance policymakers. It is not possible to remove completely the costs of acquiring medical procedures but it is possible to alleviate some of it (Sarkar, 2009, p. 363). It would therefore prove wise to reduce insurance premiums so that more of the society can own medical insurance. The spreading of awareness of breast cancer too seems crucial, as more people will understand the importance of regular testing and early detection in terms of increasing their chances of survival. Finally, it seems necessary to amend the existing acts that relate to the costs of breast cancer procedure to incorporate provisions that will make the services rendered more affordable and more reliable simultaneously Evaluation Such drastic changes require an evaluation scheme that will measure the effectiveness or the implementation of the new rules. Therefore, more bodies like the Food and Drug Administration need to be created, to give such a body authority and credibility, it would help to form it under provisions of acts or statutes passed in parliament (Bardach, 2000, p. 56). The role of such a body would be to ensure that all related entities adhere to the provisions of its parent act. More specifically, that all the stakeholder, and in this case these are hospitals, ministries of health and finance, insurance organizations, mammogram suppliers, private medical practitioners, and the society in general. All these publics should adhere to the cost regulation policies established for them to follow (Bernstein, 1994, p.18). Another regulation that will need evaluation is the public awareness campaign. The people responsible for this should work closely with healthcare professional to ensure that they are up to date on the information with which they are providing the community. Results will come when the number of people reporting to healthcare institutions for testing and treatment services increases, which will in turn increase the number of diagnoses but reduce the rate of death. The ultimate aim of all these practices is to yield quality of life for the entire society by preventing the development of breast cancer as well as providing treatment for those diagnosed with the same (Brownson, Baker, Leet, & Gillepsie, 2003, p. 76). One can carry out evaluation through interviewing patients for the affordability and reliability of the services they are receiving as well as administering questionnaires within the community. This helps to establish people’s attitudes and inclinations towards breast cancer, and conducting multiple researches on the general effectiveness of the various programs that have been put in place, both to spread awareness on cancer, and to standardize the costs of procedures, thereby making them more affordable. Conclusion The paper has provided a comprehensive study on breast cancer, the procedures associated with testing and treatment of the same as well as their reliability and affordability. It has listed various recommendations for future research, especially concerning matters of standardizing the costs of procedures and spreading awareness of breast cancer in particular. Breast cancer is a condition that affects most people, either because they have it, are likely to develop it in future, or have close relation to people who have suffered from it. It is therefore necessary that everybody make an effort to build on their knowledge base concerning this disease, as well as taking the necessary precautions to avoid developing it. Some preventive practices that medical professionals have proposed include increased intake of vitamins, reducing one’s dietary fat, engaging in regular physical exercise, breastfeeding for more than 36 months, having more than four children, conceiving before the age of 19, lowering alcohol and tobacco consumption, having an organic diet, and eating more soybean and soybean related content. In addition to this, it would help to have medical insurance in case of any eventualities. References Bardach, E. (2000). A Practical Guide For Policy Analysis. New York: Chatham House seven Bridges Press. Bernstein, L. (1994). Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute ,1(1), p.18. Brownson, R., Baker, E., Leet, T., & Gillepsie, K. (2003). Evidence Based Public Health. New York: Oxfor University Press. Eadie, D., & MacAskill, S. (2008). Symptom awareness and cancer prevention: exploratory findings from an at-risk population. Douglas Eadie and Susan MacAskill , 3 (2), pp.332-345. Jemal, A.,Thomas, A., Murray, T., & Thum, M. (2002). Cancer statistics 2002. Cancer Journal for Clinicians , 10 (5), pp. 23-47. Sarkar, S. (2009). POPs in breast milk: women’s breast cancer risk. Nutrition & Food Science , 5 (3), pp. 360-369. Thompson, D., Easton, D., & The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. (2002). Cancer incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 1 (1), pp. 1358-1365. Vilholm, O., Cold, S., Rasmussen, L., & Sindrup, S. (2008). The postmastectomy pain syndrome: An epidemiological study on the prevalence of chronic pain after surgery for breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer , 4 (4), pp. 604-610

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