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[ "Your graphics card has it's own RAM. Your CPU's RAM is on the motherboard. Technically you're counting the GPU, it's board, and RAM, and cooling stuff as one thing. So if you do that with the CPU too, the CPU is much bigger since its board is the motherboard.", "Your graphics card isn't just a processor. It has its own memory, cooling, and of course the GPU. It's like a mini computer inside your computer.", "Modern cards have the graphics chip, memory, and cooling all compacted into the card. A big bulk of that size is actually the cooling, as the board gets quite hot during use." ]

[ "They have lower levels (originally servants quarters) besides the main entrance, they usually go below street level. Every place is different, but I would assume that the underground pipping as well as water level do not allow for basements of considerable depth, which is why he main level is above street level. These lower levels have their own exterior door and are rented out.", "For some of the buildings they were built before modern sewer and road systems so the lower part is where the street level was when the building was built. As they laid down sewer piping or other systems and paved roads they built the road up instead of digging out the existing road. \n\nFor some the building were build with servants entrances being on lower levels and people of importance entering at the second floor. \n\nFor some buildings they were not able to get full basements built and so they have what is known as a half basement." ]

[ "It's for much the same reason that private schools are very expensive: teachers' salaries are only a small portion of the costs of operating the business. Add to this these costs: \n\n* Supplies\n* Rent for the facilities\n* Administrative costs (licensed daycares have to cope with mountains of paperwork to comply with state and local laws)\n* Taxes\n* FICA/Medicare for employees\n* Training for the teachers\n* Liability insurance\n* Legal counsel\n* Employee benefits (if provided)\n* etc.", "Thats a great question! I am a teacher and my pay sucks. Daycare can be upwards of $8000 a year. Hm....perhaps its a racket.", "Because other costs such as rent, electric, liability insurance, and the fact that (in the UK at least) there is a restriction of no more than 3 children per teacher, mean that there are limited economies of scale." ]

[ "It's olympic lifts (good) but focused on speed and reps at the expense of form and safety (bad).", "Crossfit is a mix between calisthenics and weight training. Both are good, but bad when put together. Many people who are in great shape and form, can handle crossfit because their bodies are capable of handling aggressive movements. A lot of people at my gym are slowly getting rid of many crossfit routines and sticking with a few of the safer ones. (that kettle bell swing bullshit is dumb as fuck) \n \nAlso, crossfit has gotten so popular. and when things get popular, dumb people do it too. and when dumb people do things, bad things happen. So, a lot of injuries happen because dumb people saw an example once, and ran with it. this when you start seeing a lot more of these injuries. \n \nif you want to build muscle and get more self esteem, then watch some [Bradley Martyn](_URL_0_) and [Alan Thrall](_URL_1_) \nthey teach you proper form and proper workouts. biggest thing to know aside from proper form, is to build strength. start with weights you can handle, and build up from there. \n \nGood luck working out! It's the best thing ever!", "Crossfit is very aggressive, and has lead to injuries. However, I've heard conflicting information about whether the injuries are more severe/ more common than other types of exercise. I suspect the main culprit is people trying to do things they aren't ready for, and trainers who can't identify/ don't care if their clients are ready yet.\n\nIn the end, whether or not it's right for you depends a lot on you. It's certainly not for beginners." ]

[ "Because our bodies don't just sit at our preferred temperature. Humans are warm-blooded; we produce heat constantly as a byproduct of the chemical reactions in our body that maintain our metabolism. That means that we have to constantly get rid of heat at the rate that our body produces it just to stay at the same temperature. Otherwise, we'll overheat and possibly die.\n\nWhen the air is near our internal temperature, the rate at which we lose heat to the environment slows down. When the air reaches our internal temperature, we can no longer lose heat the normal way, and we have to sweat, which allows us to lose heat via evaporative cooling." ]

[ "Gravity is a force, while weight is the effect of gravity on a given mass. You cannot convert gravity in to weight. It's like asking me to tell you the speed of your car using only the measurement of how much gas you have in the tank." ]

[ "That would be a [direct democracy](_URL_0_). The United States of America is a representative democracy, the people's voice is heard by proxy of their representative.", "That site is a parody of a placebo." ]

[ "It all has to do with mechanics and overall health.\n\nIf you're reasonably healthy, well built, and happen to land the \"right\" way so that your body can absorb the shock of the landing, you may be bruised or even break something but you should be ok.\n\nMeanwhile, a leading cause of death in old people is falls. Older people have far more brittle bones and the like and it's much easier for them to fracture something and lead to even more internal damage.\n\nThere's also the mechanics of the fall. If you fall in a way that you can use the momentum to \"correct\" the fall (like you see a lot of parkour practitioners do), you should be alright. But if you fall maybe a short distance and land on your head with nothing absorbing the fall or getting rid of the kinetic energy that really damages you, you're going to be injured or die.\n\nBear in mind that falls are basically vertical collisions. Some people can survive being hit head on by a truck while others die immediately in some other wrecks.", "They don't. If you survive a crazy fall like that it's because you got insanely lucky with tree branches or something. \n\nHumans can't survive a fall like that, it's physics." ]

[ "There is a saying that a verbal contract isn't worth the paper its printed on. But beyond that humorous quote, there is a better reason. \n\nAn elected official can simply say that the situation or information changed in the time between the campaign and the vote, which is a great defense, because that's how we want our representatives to act.", "Because that would lead to an unworkable system.\n\nAs much as some of us like to believe a single politician can change a whole system on their own, they can't. If a single politician doesn't deliver on his campaign promises it might very well not be their fault. They still need support from a majority of the other politicians and if they don't give that support, that one single politician can do jack-shit. \n\nAdditionally, situations are not static. What if a politician promises to cut the budget to our military, but then within the first year of them being in office a major war breaks out? Should we create a situation where politicians cannot change their strategies in response to changing circumstances? That would be pretty disastrous. \n\nVoters have some discourse if a politician doesn't do as they promise, which is to not vote for them again. Instating anything beyond that will probably lead to far more problems than it will fix.", "As a matter of contract law, arguably no element of a contract is present, save for capacity. \n\nFirst, remember that there is an objective standard to determine if there has been an offer. Two actors who sign a contract on stage don't have a legally binding agreement between the two of them because, objectively, no one would think that either the offer or the acceptance was intended to be binding, since they were acting. Likewise, the system knows that political promises are different from a promise between two private parties, and recognizes that there is no intent to be bound.", "Politicians are not dictators or kings. They cannot create edicts and laws alone (at least not here in the US) it takes consensus, and support of majorities, etc. I love when politicians promise crap they cannot deliver. The more obvious, the better. It more clearly defines who is spouting gibberish. (cough Trump cough) ." ]

[ "The look of a Lamborghini does cost lots of money to make. Lots of weird shapes in the metal and plastic. Expensive materials, etc. It's not just the engine that is pricey.\n\nWhat you're describing is basically a kit car, which are available and hobbyists put them together to be exactly this.\n\nPeople who like sports cars don't just like how they look, but how they handle and accelerate and lots of other things. Your average person might want a Lambo in their garage but probably don't want to get stared at or ooed and ahhd at driving it around town, and would probably be terrified of parking it in a public place. Most people don't like nearly lying down in their driver's seat like you do in a lambo. They like to have a place to put a bag of groceries, or a couple other people or kids. \n\nThat said, there are plenty of cheap sporty looking cars out there.", "Companies don't do this, because that would devalue the \"good cars\". If your shitty car can look like a high end car. Why buy a high end cars." ]

[ "They basically just go in and out of the water, and they're prepared with towels and warm clothes as soon as they're done. Even in near-freezing water, it takes at least 10-15 minutes for hypothermia to happen. Also, at least in the bigger polar bear clubs, there's medical staff around in case of emergencies.", "Further, the problem with cold water normally is the shock of falling in as opposed to the actual cold. Hence the importance of preparation." ]

[ "This is coming from a Christian perspective, but marriage is seen as an earthly example of our relationship with Christ, we find fulfillment in caring and loving on our spouse and we get the benefit of them doing the same for us. Now once we get to heaven we are completely and entirely fulfilled by God for He is our ultimate desire of the relationship we were seeking on earth. Now we still get to chill with our loved ones but it marriage is no longer needed like it was, sorry if that was too preachy, hope that makes sense", "Christians do. When people asked Jesus who a widow that had remarried would be with in heaven (her first husband or her second) Jesus answered that there was no marriage in heaven. \n\nSo the line in the traditional Christian Marriage vows of \"till death do us part\" reflects that belief.", "Mormons don't. Marriages performed in temples are called sealings. The last line of the ceremony is \"for time and all eternity\" and not \"til death\". You can also be sealed to your children, so family units remain intact. There will still be single people of course, including those not sealed during mortality, but they believe even after death those who didn't have a chance to do it will receive the opportunity via proxy ordinances.", "Do all religious people think the same things?" ]

[ "Vulgar Latin uses more vocabulary that made it into modern Romance languages, and the sentence structure is often more like the modern Romance languages too. So stuff like: occasionally, you'll see the relative pronoun (qui quae quod) used to mark indirect discourse instead of accusative + infinitive constructions.\n\nThe pronunciation is also different, but that probably won't matter in your class.\n\nMost people I've spoken to have said they found Mediaeval Latin 'easier' than Classical Latin.\n\nAnd the subject matter is often more church-focused, so you'll run into lots of new ecclesiastical vocabulary often borrowed from Greek (eg episcopus for bishop, angelus for angel/messenger (of God)), or new meanings for old words (eg Dominus for the Lord, God, rather than the head of a household)", "it has an article, no neuter, many fewer cases and more prepositions. It's too bad that I know much more bout the Greek koine than vulgar latin.", "Classical Latin was the language which the rich and upper classes should have spoken, while Vulgar Latin was more the language of the lower classes of society, like the farmers and soldiers. \n\nTo become somebody in Roman society, one had to speak the language of the elite. This was Classical Latin and for the most part, it was spoken mostly in Rome among the elite. \n\nNowadays when one learns Latin, one learns Classical Latin. \n\nHowever, since mostly soldiers and farmers colonized Roman colonies, their language (Vulgar Latin) evolved over the centuries into the Romance based languages which we know nowadays." ]

[ "People commenting here don't know what they're talking about. Birds do get fat the closer you get to the cold extremes (arctic, mountain peaks). You've never seen one because, I assume, you haven't been to these types of places. Furthermore, you wouldn't know how fat the bird is until you kill and butcher it, but I promise, there are fat birds.\n\nYes, flight is a big part of their survival, but so is fat in the cold weather. As with most things, there's a balance. When colder season come, birds store fat. Not enough that they cannot fly anymore, but they do store fat. When it's time to migrate, a lot of that fat gets burned off.", "You've never seen [a fat bird](_URL_0_) before? You're [missing out](_URL_1_)." ]

[ "The mechanism of action for Paracetamol/acetomenophen is not entirely understood. It *probably* inhibits COX, which is an enzyme that is part of the chemical pathway for chemical pain signals in the body. Inhibit the enzyme, the body makes less pain-signalling chemicals.", "When you have a fever or other inflammation going on (i.e. sinus pressure, achy joints due to flu) there is an abundance of prostanoids being produced at the site of inflammation. This group of chemicals is responsible for inflammation and vasoconstriction among other things. Now your brain typically interprets this signal as pain or soreness. Think how sore an inflamed sinus is! \n\nparacetomol, or acetominophen in the states, acts by inhibiting the enzyme that creates these protanoids. Therefore stopping the pain and inflammation response at the source." ]

[ "It's supposed to be Anakin's smooth line to use on Padme and it's just so derpy and cringeworthy. Lucas has such a tin ear for dialogue that Harrison Ford said to him, \"You can type this shit, George, but you can't say it.\"" ]

[ "Assuming that all humans alive today survived, there's a tremendous amount of knowledge and experience that could be used to quickly bypass lots of steps along the way.\n\nAs an example of this, check out [the best Commodore 64 games](_URL_0_) from the mid 1980's, and compare that to the winners of the [2010's Commodore 64 Demoscene](_URL_1_) where people take all of the advances in programming from the last 30 years and apply them to old hardware.\n\nIt's true that modern computers are designed and built in part by computers, so it'd probably take several years to rebuild simple computers by hand, then use those to build more and more complex computers from there. But it'd take far less than 70 years to \"catch up\" because we have the advantage of knowing the full history." ]

[ "New air dryers (like the dyson air blade) are more environmentally friendly than paper towels. Older dryers might not be, because they use more power.", "For the most part, the air dryers are better in terms of energy. They cost less to run and you don't have to keep putting towels in them. Lots of people don't like them, though, since they take longer to dry. \n\nIn any case, I suggest this ted video: _URL_0_ - he talks about the different techniques used for drying your hands with paper towels (and various mechanisms for dispensing those towels).", "Air dryers are more environmentally friendly than paper.\n\nPaper is more hygienic - air driers spread germs everywhere." ]

[ "Because that's effectively how your brain functions. Your brain is a collection of neurons that fire in sequence. Your brain is always being adjusted, new connections are formed as you 'learn' new 'information'. Essentially, your brain is correlating an experience of life with the auditory experience of that specific music. So when the neurons for that music are activated the adjoining ones referencing that memory/experience are fired in tandem. Your brain does this for pretty much everything. I say 'game' you think 'fun'. I say 'car', you think 'travel' or 'speed'. The only difference is that it isn't language it's music. So yes I'd go as far as to say this is normal. It would depend on how often you listen, the time difference between the experience and the listening session, as well as how long you hold on to specific tracks of music." ]

[ "It makes it harder for someone to find out your password.\n\nIt's not difficult to build a computer system which tries your username, with a password that's a word from a dictionary, over and over again. Such a system can go through a whole dictionary in a couple of hours. This method of finding a password is known as a \"brute force\" attack. So using a word from a dictionary (or a person's name, or anything else very common that people can easily make a list of) makes it easy for someone to find your password with this method.\n\nUsing a long combination of letters and numbers, which don't form a single word, makes a brute force attack impossible. With a password just 10 or 12 characters long, the number of possibilities, if you don't have a dictionary to work from, is so huge that it would take a lifetime, literally, for a brute force attack to be completed.", "The point is that it is supposed to make it harder to figure out your password to begin with. It is a defense against brute force, dictionary, and hybrid type attacks.\n\nFor example, most passwords are between 6-8 characters. If I want to guess all such passwords just using letters (upper-case and lower-case), that's 20 billion possibilities (52^6) for 6 character passwords, 1 trillion possibilities (52^7) for 7 character passwords, and 53 trillion possibilities (52^8) for 8 character passwords. When you introduce complexity, such as numbers (+10) and symbols (+10, roughly) all of those \"52\"s become \"72\". So 20 billion becomes 140 billion, 1 trillion becomes 10 trillion, and 53 trillion becomes 722 trillion. So you are increasing the difficulty of such attacks by a factor of 7 to 13.", "Having a complex password makes it more difficult for anyone to figure it out by chance" ]

[ "When you make an HTTP connection, there are a bunch of pieces of metadata that are sent before the data. One of those is Content-Length, which tells your client how long the data portion is going to be. If you don't see a file size in a download, it means the server didn't send a Content-Length header, so your client has no idea how much data is going to come, and it just needs to continue receiving data until the server stops sending it.", "Content can be dynamic, or maybe even retrieved from a database, so the server doesn't know the content-length before-hand. It transfers it via Chunks, or Chunked Encoding. The server keps sending Chunks until the last one with the final piece of data, at which time it sends a special indicator to the client to let it know that it's done sending data." ]

[ "a thin layer of water heats up very quickly. Take a wet sponge, put it in the microwave for 10 seconds, it will be extremely hot. A cup of water wouldn't be warm in 10 seconds." ]

[ "Eat food.\n\n\n\nNot too much.\n\nMostly plants.\n\n-*Michael Pollan*" ]

[ "\"Boiling\" is the process of water becoming steam. The \"air\" in those bubbles is water turning into its gaseous form from its liquid form.", "When you heat water, the first bubbles that appear are the air that was dissolved in it. This is because gasses are more soluble in cold water than hot. Once the air is driven off, the bubbles are from steam, or water vapor.", "That's not air. It's steam. It's the water in the pot turning into a gas.", "The air in the bubble, or the bubble as such, is basically water in the gaseous state. When you boil water in a metal container, you would notice that the bubbles start coming from that area where maximum heating happens. The hot metal transfers so much of heat, so fast to the water touching it that, before that water transfers heat to nearby water, it gets converted to steam. This steam is what you see bubbling up to the surface." ]

[ "They were not created, they were captured and bred from wild strains of bacteria. You could start the same sort of thing today, but your quality would be hit or miss (and the misses would be nasty)." ]

[ "Molecules from it break off and float around in the air. Your nose picks them up, and your olfactory center \"reads\" them. Yes this means exactly what you think it means, when you smell poo.", "We can smell things because particles are released from the substance. These particles diffuse into the air, and then we breath them in through our noses where they interact with special receptors that send signals to our brains. Our brains interpret these signals as smell sensations.", "I love to share with people the fact that if you can smell something, it's because you are inhaling some of it. Think about that the next time you walk into a bathroom.", "You eat dead people right? You didn't already know this?", "Smells are produced by gases. So any time that you smell something, that something is evaporating. \n\nThat is why hot soup smells better (and is easier to smell) than cold soup - it's hotter, so it has a higher vapour pressure, so more of the soup is vaporizing and there is more gas for your nose to smell.\n\nLots of chemicals have a smell because they easily vapourize at room temperature, like the distinctive bleach smell is from chlorine gas, and the distinctive smell of a lot of other cleaning products is from ammonia" ]

[ "For one thing, some of that debt is owed to UK banks and institutions. They will have to take a loss, which could mean everything to high interest rates to outright bank failures.\n\nIt will heard the economies of the EU in general, and those are some of the UK biggest trading partners.\n\nOne the other hand, the weakened euro might make the pound more attractive, which could boost the UK economy.", "If Greece defaults on its loan payments, the following might happen (in no particular order):\n\n1. It sets up a bad precedent. Perhaps it will encourage other countries to borrow too much money and do risky things in the future. If Greece doesn't have to repay its loans, why should other countries?\n\n2. It means Greece will have difficulty borrowing any money for a long time. If they decided not to pay back these loans, they might not pay back similar loans in the future.\n\n3. It means people will be more pessimistic in the state of the Greek economy and Greek's trading partners, and by extension in the global economy; such pessimism can hurt stock markets.\n\n4. It means Greece will not pay back the entities it owes money to, which may include your country.\n\n5. Other countries may be more likely to emulate Greece and default on their payments.\n\n5. Other countries may be more likely to leave the Eurozone for other reasons when times are bad, sticking Britain (and other countries) with the bill for their mistakes.\n\nThat's just off the top of my head..." ]

[ "Basically, not getting enough sun makes you depressed. That's why one of the ways to alleviate it is to use a light box." ]

[ "Deductive starts from a broad premise and makes a narrow conclusion. Inductive starts from a narrow premise (edit: or many narrow examples/cases taken together) and makes a broad conclusion.\n\nFor example, \"all Redditors are smart. You're a redditor. Therefore you're smart\" is deductive. I started with knowledge about a large category, then placed you in that category to figure something out about you.\n\nInductive reasoning would be, \"that Redditor is smart. This Redditor is smart. That other Redditor over there is smart. Therefore, most Redditors are probably smart.\" I started by looking at some examples and then made a conclusion about the category they're in or the rules they follow. \n\nIf you want more \"real life\" type examples, then someone might use deductive reasoning to make a simple medical diagnosis. \"People with X Disease have Y symptoms. You have Y symptoms. Therefore you might have X Disease.\" Inductive reasoning is used when we do studies with random sampling. \"We found X result in this chunk of population. That chunk of population represents the whole. Therefore this discovery applies to the whole population.\"", "Copying an example I posted a while back:\n\nI give you a paper bag filled with exactly 100 balls. You are not allowed to look into the bag at all. The only thing you can do with the bag is take one ball out of the bag, observe it, and then put it back. (Only one ball can be outside the bag at a time.)\n\nI tell you that the current theory is that all the balls in the bag are colored red. I now ask you this: \"How many balls of each color are in the bag?\"\n\n****\n\n**Deductive reasoning:**\n\n1. *Premise:* There are 100 balls in the bag.\n2. *Premise:* All the balls in the bag are red. (This is the current theory.)\n3. *Conclusion:* You reason there should be 100 red balls in the bag, and nothing else.\n\n****\n\nYou could give your answer now, based on the above reasoning, but you decide to run some tests to confirm.\n\nFor each test, you pull a ball out of the bag, tally its color, and then put the ball back. You repeat this test 1000 times, and end up with the following results:\n\nColor | Tally\n---|----\nRed | 990\nBlue | 10\n\n\n****\n\n**Inductive reasoning:**\n\n1. *Premise:* There are 100 balls in the bag.\n2. *Premise:* You pulled a blue ball out of the bag 1% of the time.\n3. *Premise:* You pulled a red ball out of the bag 99% of the time.\n4. *Conclusion:* You reason that there is 1 blue ball in the bag, and 99 red balls in the bag.\n\n****\n\nSo, what is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?\n\nIn deductive reasoning, the premises are *assumed* to be true. It is possible that they might not be, but if they are, then the conclusion **must** be true. In our example, premise 2, \"All balls in the bag are colored red\" turned out to be false, so the conclusion ends up being false as well.\n\nIn inductive reasoning, the premises **must** be true. However, the conclusion *might not* be true, even though the premises are true. The conclusion is more of a \"best estimate\" based on the premises. In our example, premise 1 is a fact that we established for this example, and premise 2 and 3 are direct observations that we made. The conclusion is your best explanation for why you observed what you did. For example, is it possible that there are actually 2 blue balls and 98 red balls in the bag, but through luck, red came up more than you expected.", "> all cars are red.\n\n\"Hey I bought a car, Jack!\"\n\n\"Oh, then it must be red!\"\n\n***Jack did a deduction.***\n\n > \"This is swan number 1000, and **again** it is a white one.\"\n\n\"Therefore it must be that all swans are white.\"\n\n***Jack did an induction.***\n\nYou might have noticed that though the deduction is always sound, and that its truth depends only on the truth of the premise, ***inductions are always faulty***: no matter how many swans you investigate, you'll never be certain there is not a black one waiting on you around the corner.\n\nSource: studied philosophy for years at uni in The Netherlands.", "Philosophically, they relate to how we build knowledge: through either empiricism (inductive reasoning) or rationalism (deductive reasoning):\n\n\nEMPIRICISM is about what we can sense (see, hear, touch, taste, smell) and what we experience with these senses. It is the methodology of science. We use experiences of instances to find patterns and build rules, which is inductive reasoning:\n\nEg. I saw the sun rise this morning, and yesterday morning, and on all other mornings before this one. \n\nTherefore - Conclusion: the sun will also rise tomorrow morning.\n\n(The problem with inductive reasoning/empiricism is that just because something has happened several million times before, there is no guarantee it will happen again...)\n\n\nRATIONALISM states that knowledge is built through logical reasoning of true and sound statements (a bit like mathematics). If you start with true premises, and you reasoning is sound, then you can DEDUCE a conclusion that will be necessarily true.\n\nEg. Premise 1: A chauvinist is a person displaying aggressive or exaggerated patriotism.\nPremise 2: Donald Trump has displayed aggressive or exaggerated patriotism.\n\nTherefore - Conclusion: Donald Trump is a chauvinist.\n\n(The conclusion is necessarily true if there first 2 premises are also true. The problem with rationalism/deductive reasoning is that it does not really tell us anything new about the world, we are only working from pre-existing knowledge)\n\n\nSo INDUCTIVE REASONING is when you put on your \"scientist's hat\" and are using past experiences/data from the world to build future predictions or rules. DEDUCTIVE REASONING is when you put your \"lawyer's hat\" and generate a conclusion from a set of pre-existing facts that you know to be true.", "Deductive reasoning removes all the impossible things to arrive at what remains as a necessity. It involves saying \"not this, not this, not this\".\n\nThe problem with deductive reasoning is that there are a huge amount of explanations to rule out, and many people rule things out because they \"just know\" they're not a possibility.\n\nInductive reasoning is where you start with a list of possibilities and search for explanations among them, or near them. \n\nThe problem with inductive reasoning is that sometimes the correct explanation is so far removed from what someone already knows, that they will settle for a familiar but incorrect explanation." ]

[ "People develop patterns for going to sleep. When you lie down, put your head on a pillow and cover yourself with a blanket your body thinks \"ok, it's time to go to sleep\" because you've trained it to react that way.\n\nYou could just as easily train your body with a different set of criteria for sleep.", "Not sure, but I think it`s because we feel safe under a blanket. Like a protection against whatever. Plus it`s what we`re used to" ]

[ "His father was a Cuban who moved to the US in the 1950s (and was probably a US citizen by the time Cruz was born in 1970), his mother was born in US. You don't have to be born in the US to be eligible.", "The term the Constitution uses for presidential eligibility is \"natural born citizen\".\n\nThat term is not defined in the Constitution, nor has it ever been clarified by a court. Some people have taken a very narrow view that you have to be physically born in a US state, thus making Cruz (and McCain and Goldwater) ineligible.\n\nMost legal scholars take the view it means you have to be born in circumstances that grant you US citizenship, either on US soil or to a US citizen, making Cruz eligible. But until it is tested by the courts, no one will no for sure." ]

[ "That is the sort of language they might use in a formal report or when testifying in court. It's filtered through to every day use with the public in part, I think, because the words are carefully selected not to have improper connotations, though it does sound rather awkward.", "It is called \"Jargon\" and all professions have some form of jargon.\n\n _URL_0_\n\nSome of it is from years of report writing, some is to sound as specific as possible because EVERY detail matters. \n\nThe last thing they want is a cop to say \"jerry and barry were fighting and he hit him\" because it is unclear. \n\nEvery profession has some form of \"jargon\"", "People in certain professions need to be able to communicate certain ideas more clearly than standard English allows. If someone says \"they went out the main door\" does that mean \"the front door\" or \"the door by the car port\"? In day to day speech this ambiguity doesn't matter much but there are situations where it could matter quite a lot to a police officer.\n\nThe other thing is that police officers are kind of a \"closed society\" and professions that are like that tend to develop weird dialects. Soldiers are the same way, and even doctors if you want an example of a non-blue collar profession where this happens. \"Cop talk\" is basically unselfconscious if you're a cop, but it's almost impossible for an outsider to imitate it convincingly. There's pretty obvious cultural stuff going on there.", "Just jargon. They're used to writing reports, and giving reports with painstaking concision. \n\nOn the fire side myself, but I catch myself saying radio type shit all the time. Instead of \"Nevermind\" I'll say \"disregard.\" I'll use roger or copy [repeat/summarize what was told to me] in normal conversation to make it known that I've understood something. Goofy odds and ends like that.\n\nIt's no big deal and a force of habit from training, but it makes you sound like a fucking moron when you're just talking, especially to normal people. \n\nEdit: Also, people in front of the camera tend to be a bit more full of themselves. Cop or otherwise" ]

[ "Equity in something means how much of a stake you have in its ownership. If you pay for the house in cash, then you own it, and you can borrow against it. If you take out a loan to buy it, then you only own it conditionally (so long as you keep making your payments to the bank). If you already have a mortgage on the house, then it will be harder to use it as collateral for a loan because you're already in debt on it.", "Simple. Let's say you have a house that's worth $100,000. Let's say you took out a loan of $90,000 to help pay for the house. Here is a list of all your possessions and debts:\n\n* 1 house, worth 100,000\n* 1 loan, worth -90,000\n* ------\n* total value: 10,000. That's your 'equity'.\n\nYour \"equity\" is the amount of money you would have left over if you sold the house, and used the money to pay off your loan.\n\nMaking payments on your loan increases your equity. Let's say you pay the loan for a year - you pay it down by $10,000. Now your list of possessions and debts look like this:\n\n* 1 house, worth 100,000\n* 1 loan, worth -80,000\n* ------\n* total value: 20,000. That's your 'equity'.\n\nImproving your house also increases your equity. Let's say that you build a new addition on your house. This makes your house more valuable. Now your list of possessions and debts looks like this:\n\n* 1 house, worth 120,000\n* 1 loan, worth -80,000\n* ------\n* total value: 40,000. That's your 'equity'.\n\nOnce again: your equity is the amount of money you'd have left over if you sold the house and used the proceeds to pay off the loan. Since you probably *will* sell the house someday, and you probably *will* use the proceeds to pay off the loan, you probably *will* be receiving that money someday. A lot of people think of that equity as savings - it's money you don't have yet, but you'll have it eventually.\n\nAs for \"drawing down the equity for quick cash\" - let's say you go to the bank and say \"I want to borrow some money.\" They say \"how do we know you can pay?\" You say \"look, I have a house that's worth $120,000 and I only owe $80,000. So I've got $40,000 left over if I sell the house. If you loan me some money, I can put up that $40,000 as collateral.\" So the bank loans you $10,000. Now your balance sheet looks like this:\n\n* 1 house, worth 120,000\n* 1 loan, worth -80,000\n* 1 more loan, worth -10,000\n* ------\n* total value: 30,000. That's your 'equity'.\n\nSo \"drawing down your equity\" is just another way of saying borrowing money, using the equity as collateral. This reduces your equity.", "Ok Home Equity as simply as I can. I'll just copy the first paragraph from the wikipedia entry on [Home Equity](_URL_0_) and try to break it down section by section:\n\n > Home equity is the market value of a homeowner's unencumbered interest in their real property—that is, the difference between the home's fair market value and the outstanding balance of all liens on the property. \n\nSo you buy a house, lets say for £100. If you finance your original purchase with a mortgage (I'll asume you stumped up £20 as a deposit, making for an £80 mortgage), then your home equity is the market value (£100) minus the outstanding balance left to pay on your morgage (£80); thus your equity is the original £20 deposit. Your house is only worth £20 to you, since if you sold up and moved on, most of the price of sale would go towards paying off the mortgage. \n\n > The property's equity increases as the debtor makes payments against the mortgage balance, and/or as the property value appreciates\n\nImagine the housing market picks up, and your £100 home is now worth £120. Your £80 mortgage hasn't changed at all, so your equity has increased to £40! \n\nLets say after a few years you've managed to pay off £10 of your mortgage, that reduces it to £70 outstanding. This releases another £10 of equity!\n\nIf you're a cash buyer, you have no mortgage; so your equity starts pretty much as the value of the house. Your £100 house is now worth £100 to you. If the housing prices increase, your equity increases. If the housing market crashes, your equity crashes. \n\nHaving lot's of equity can be useful, for example if you needed quick cash you could re-mortgage your home. Take your £100 house that you own in full, and re-mortgage it for £50. now you only have £50 equity in the property (and a mortgage to pay off over time), but you also have £50 cash in your pocket for whatever you needed it for. \n\nNo idea how it'll affect your tax returns though!", "Equity is stuff you own.\n\nIf you own a house worth £200,000 and you owe the bank £150,000 then you have £50,000 of equity.\n\nIf you have equity, and you need more money for some reason - house improvements for example - then the bank will allow you to borrow more based on your equity, so borrowing another £10,000 and you have £160,000 debt and £40,000 equity.\n\nBanks will only lend to you if you have a certain amount of equity such as 5%. The reason for this, is house-prices may go down.\n\nImagine the house next door get knocked down and a restaurant opens there, your house will lose value, now it is worth only £170,000 and you owe £160,000 giving you only £10,000 equity.\n\nNow, if the house the other side got knocked down and a laundrette opens there, your house might then only go down to £150,000, but you owe £160,000 on it. This is called \"negative equity\" - basically, if the bank took your house and sold it, they wouldn't get all their money back.\n\nIf you buy the whole house in cash, then you don't owe anyone any money, so your equity is the same as the value of your house, and if you need extra money in the future you can go to a bank and use your home's equity as security on a loan. Security means that the bank has a claim on your home, if you don't pay back the loan, they can take your home and sell it to get the money back. Because they know they can always get their money back, they give better interest rates than if you got an unsecured loan, where they take a calculated risk that you will pay them back.\n\nThe more equity you can put up as security, the better the rate will be as the lower the chance to the bank of not being able to get their money back is." ]

[ "The reporting limit is $10,000 but if you arrange multiple transactions that look like you should have done a single over $10,000 transaction you'll trip anti-money laundering law wires. \n\nFor taxes, you should report *all* income earned in a period, regardless of source.", "Why are depositing tax free income? Stop it.", "Think you're missing the point being paid under the table. If you're making money this way it should be paid in cash.", "If you get audited they will look through your accounts. Better report it on your taxes or get that money paid in cash.", "not sure what you mean by under the table bank deposits. under the table generally means there is no paper trail associated with it, nothing is reported. you are degeating that if you are making bank deposits.\n\nDo you mean depositing money that you were paid under the table? Unless you are depositing close to the 10,000.00 mandatory reporting amount at one time, you're probably in the clear. Unless it's an interest bearing account - then stuff WILL be reported to the IRS, since you may need to be paying taxes on the interest.", "Depositing $10,000 at once will require the bank to inform the IRS. Same goes for money you send out so you can't pay a $10,000 bill online. You can pay $9,999 though, I know this because I tried to payoff my student's loan in bulk once.", "It may or may not draw suspicion, but it is illegal if you are not reporting it as income.\n\nSee: _URL_0_" ]

[ "**Background**: The Common Law Rule seeks to make sure that things get used. Why would you want a perfectly good car being held by a dead person? We have property laws to make the world more efficient not less efficient\n\n\n\n\nHere enters the Common Law Rules Against Perpetuities. This is a rule, not written down in a law, but rather a set of practices the court follows (common law). This set of practices deals with giving property to people (most commonly when things are given in a will)\n\n\n\n**What it deals with** When someone gives something to another person, they can put restrictions on it (eg you will get my house when I die). However, sometimes those restrictions can take a very long time to actually occur (you will get my house when man leaves the solar system). The common law rule against perpetuities tries to get people to avoid the second example\n\n\n\n\n\n**Example** So, how does it stop people from making up ridiculous restrictions: by saying that you can only give something to someone if the event occurs within the lifetime of the relevant parties (say yourself and the person who is giving you that house) plus 21 years. If, the person who is giving you the house dies, and 21 years pass (without meeting the restriction that gives the house to you) then the house is no longer yours and goes back to the estate of the person who gave it to you.\n\n\n\n**Modern Context** That said, in Canada at least, the rule against perpetuities has been modified by laws passed by the government in many jurisdictions such that it takes a \"wait and see\" approach. In the example I used that means they would just wait till you die and **then** the house would revert to the estate of the person who gave it to you.\n\n\n**Nuances** There is a caveat here. All of these things are looking at one's interest in property. So for instance, property given to children from their parents is said to already said to be \"burdened\" with the interest of the child. Since the interest is there, the rule of perpetuities is done with. Another example is a marital relationship. Each partner already has a interest in the property even if they don't have outright possession (physical holding and use of the property) or ownership (title to the property). Again, rule of perpetuities is not as important because the interest is there.\n\n**Conclusion** The rule against perpetuities is *not* against perpetual ownership, but rather *perpetual uncertainty.* It is not good that we don't know when someone is going to get a piece of property so the law creates boundaries. When there are boundaries then a piece of property can be used, people can bring order to their lives, and society is more stable", "I am not a lawyer, but I can explain the basics of it.\n\nUnder the traditional common-law rule, any \"interest\" in a will must \"vest\" within 21 years after the death of any person alive at the time of the execution of the will.\n\nAn \"interest\", in this context, simply means anything that you want to give to someone in your will. For example, let's say a gold heirloom watch you want to leave to your oldest son. You are allowed to write in your will that you want the watch to go to him, and are even allowed to say to whom you want the watch to go after *he himself* dies. Even if your son doesn't have kids yet, that's okay. Even grandsons would be okay, as long as the watch passed to them within 21 years of the death of anyone alive at the time of the will was executed.\n\n(In fact, in order to give themselves the maximum time possible, people would write clauses that extend the time until, say, 21 years after the death of the last living descendant of Queen Victoria. Since they are nobility, they will probably live a long time, and their information can easily be looked up.)\n\nBut what you can't do is set up some arcane process where it passes from your son to his son, and then to the Queen of England until she dies, and then to the King of Spain until he dies, and then to the head of the Hapsburg family, and so on forever.\n\nInstead, the \"interest\" must \"vest\" within a reasonable period of time. When it \"vests\", that means that your will stops having control over it, and other people can decide what they want to do with the piece of property, instead of listening to you for all eternity.\n\nThe obvious motive here is to simplify things and allow the living, not the dead, control over property.\n\nHowever, the rule is very difficult to apply, and some U.S. states have abolished it, while others have made the waiting time extremely long. This better respects the intentions of the person originally writing the will (and is less likely to end up in court), but it also allows property to be controlled by a \"dead hand\" for much longer." ]

[ "Men didn't prefer virgins because they got to be the first. It was about legacy. Everything they had and were would be passed on to a son, and they wanted to make sure that boy really was his son. \n\nMarrying a virgin helped ensure this. Not only could the husband be sure she was not pregnant with another man's child, but she had followed the norm of society, and could be expected to continue to do so when married. Conversely, a woman known to have had sex out of marriage defied society, was considered a harlot who could not be trusted to remain faithful.\n\nIn this scheme, a widow is almost as good as a virgin. She followed the rules and just had an unlucky break, so there was no reason to believe she would be any less faithful. Also, widows often inherited their husband's property and were more wealthy than a young woman still living with her family.", "The only way to ensure paternity before the advent of DNA tests was to marry a virgin and keep an eye on her from the wedding until she got visibly pregnant (which was done by the mother in law). This way the firstborn child was almost guaranteed to be legitimate.\n\nFor non-virgin brides, a woman who proved herself not in control of her sexual urges could not be trusted to not do it again and likely cheat on her husband.\n\nModern research shows that a woman who married her first sexual partner is unlikely to ever divorce, while with multiple premarital sexual partners the chance of future divorce can go as high as 80%.\n\nAs for widows, they were considered to be acceptable for an older man, who was usually a widower himself. They were clearly the second choice, but a man needed a wife to take care of his house those days.\n\nAll those rules were often dropped in the high nobility circles, where politics was simply more important and a woman was so thoroughly guarded she couldn't cheat on her husband even if she wanted to." ]

[ "County is nothing but laying and sitting, in a lot of places. Small town? You're just in a cell in a courthouse with a few other guys, beds, and a tv. Prison has other shit to do. Library, classes, exercise and what have you.", "You have sentenced inmates housed with unsentenced ones...often he classification system in a county jail isn't done properly... so youay have a murderer beong housed with someone charged with petit larceny or failure to pay child support\n You could have and do have inmates sentenced to state prison awaiting transport to a facility housed with sentenced and un sentanced county inmates", "Because prisoners are there for shorter periods of time, there are often fewer amenities and activities available (i.e. a gym). Urban jails are typically very overcrowded. There may be a greater effort to provide comfort to prisoners in prison because they're serving longer sentences." ]

[ "Lottery winnings are taxed as ordinary income at the Federal level, and by most states. The highest U.S. tax rate is 39.6%, and it's applied to any income over $418,401 for an individual. So on a big jackpot, that's almost 40% right off the top. Then of course your state gets to tax the income as well." ]

[ "It's made to smell like baby powder, which (fun fact) is rarely actually used on babies these days. But lots of diapers have that as their default scent, so babies still smell like it. \nThe day my daughter was born, it blew my mind that she smelled just like the Cabbage Patch Kid I had when I was little. Then I realized it wasn't her, it was the hospital-issued Pampers she was wearing." ]

[ "What we call \"zero gravity\" in space isn't actually zero gravity. Rather, it's a constant freefall around the earth. Gravity is pulling the space station down, it's just also moving so fast sideways that you fall towards the earth without actually hitting it. Everything in the station is moving together, so there is no relative motion between them (or at least, very little). Farther out in space, you might be pulled by the gravity of a thing (like the sun), but everything around you is also being pulled with the same force so you move together.\n\nSo, yeah, Douglas Adams was right about the secret to flying.\n\nIn any case, zero G flights take you up really high, then plummet back down so you, the plane, the air in the plane, and everything else involved are all falling at the same rate. This is basically what's going on in space, except that you're not going to miss the earth. Instead, the plane pulls up safely, climbs back up again, and then noses back down again...\n\nIt makes you sick because your brain is very good at orienting up and down when you're standing on the ground. Not so much when you're falling. There is liquid in special semi-circular canals in your ears, and gravity pulls them down, which tells your brain which way is down, which by extension tells you which way your head is tilted. If you're in freefall, you're going down just as fast as gravity is pulling the liquid in your ears down, which means your brain can't know which way is down (and which way is up). This is *really* confusing for your brain. Even more confusing is that if you're sitting in the plane, you don't have any good visual cues for up and down, either.\n\nThis makes you *sick* because many poisons have the effect of making you dizzy and upsetting your sense of balance. Over time, we evolved to get violently nauseous when we're dizzy because thousands and millions of years ago, that *probably* meant you ate something poisonous and your best bet for survival was to throw it up before more was absorbed into your system." ]

[ "Non-profits are still business that have expenses. Sometimes it is an organization that pays salaries and overhead expenses. What is leftover from however they produce income is what is provided to their charity or organization. \n\nAs far as getting paid for odd jobs, that usually falls under the consultant category. Basically a company or individual seeks the advice of someone who specializes in a certain field or area. The most popular example would be something like website design where big companies can have an inhouse team, but small companies or non-profits, will contract someone to create their site... in which case the one time cost is significantly cheaper than a full time employee. \n\nBut there are people who specialize in some weird stuff and their specialty is sometimes needed. For example, while in college I met an archaeologist student who specialized in analyzing dung (basically human waste), well that speciality landed him a consulting role for a book that won a Pultizer. \n\nHope that helps", "My previous job was executive director of a non-profit organization. As an organization, a non-profit is chartered through a filing with the government that recognizes the existence of the organization. (This is all U.S. info.) There are no owners. There is a board of directors who have the legal responsibility to oversee the organization. The board members come and go and do not normally have a financial gain or interest. In many organizations, you are expected to donate huge sums of money for the privilege of serving on the board. Some organizations are run by volunteers and others hire paid staff to manage the operations. My position as executive director was paid. Most people involved in non-profits have a strong personal connection to the cause it supports. There are always exceptions and people who are in it to scam money, but usually it is people with altruistic motives.", "For non-profits, They still have to pay for things, including salaries. Profit is the money left over after expenses.\n\nFor odd degrees, they usually get jobs that are associated to that knowledge. If there isn't, they become mostly Professors, Researchers, or Writers" ]

[ "Newsreaders usually have a small screen under the camera. On that screen, the text they read out is shown. This screen is called a \"teleprompter\". But in case the prompter breaks, they have the same text with them on paper, so they can continue reading the news.", "IIRC it comes from the days when newsreaders actually used written notes. A newsreader (Australian?) misjudged his timing and turned to speak to his colleague at the end of the programme whilst the cameras were still rolling. He did what a lot of people would do naturally at the end of a meeting: picked up the paper, shuffled them and tapped them on the desk.\n\nApparently this action scored so highly with focus groups that it the became standard activity for newsreaders the world over.", "sw66sw answered it but I'll explain the shuffling.\n\nThe papers are the entire show in text form. Everything is loaded in to the teleprompter which they read but if that breaks they can read along. the reason they are shuffling them is that they have to keep up with the teleprompter. If, for instance, one story takes up a page of text then at the end of reading the story they need to flip to the next page.\n\nIf they didn't keep up and the prompter died you would see them flip through 20 pages to try and find their place." ]

[ "The heat messes with the functionality of your cells.\n\n\nDifferent mechanisms within the body require that very specific heat range or they fail to function properly. As your core temp increases the biological functions are no longer I their optimal zone so they start malfunctioning or stop malfunctioning.\n\n\nAdditional, especially with the brain temperatures too high can cause damage to certain portions. Buddy of mine was a corpsman and they had a severe heat casualty where his body temp was up over 106 degrees after 10 minutes in an ice bath. Actually damaged the portion of his brain responsible for regulating temperature and now he can even do mild exercise without overheating. Ruined his military career." ]

[ "You take the harder part of your head and aim for a softer part of theirs.", "It is often not, especially as it is often depicted on television with two people essentially mashing foreheads together. \n\nA misplaced strike can easily wound the \"headbutter\" as significantly as the \"headbuttee.\"\n\nOptimally, one would strike the soft parts of one's opponent such as the nose, with the stronger parts of their own skull, such as the rounded portion of the forehead.", "A headbutt is useful in close quarters. It is fast. It is almost always unexpected. You aim your upper forehead for their nose or eye area. It will often cut them. It hurts a little but right now, if nobody is watching, hit yourself with a little force in the forehead. It's pretty fucking tough. I have only headbutted somebody in a fight one time and it worked out well.", "Headbutts are very effective in fights to initiate. A lot of fights these days start with people getting in your face and screaming/insulting you. Well, if they're going to do you the courtesy of getting right into your attack range you might as well abide them. So, its easy to headbutt people these days but make sure you aim for eyes/nose with your forehead. On a side note, a similarly effective way to catch your opponent off guard is to just blow a puff of forceful air in their face. the instinct is always to close ones eyes , then you can mash em.", "* Your hard, roughly spherical forehead against more fragile boney structures around eyes, nose, up into the chin, etc.\n\n* Your forehead near hairline is smooth bone; their eyebrows etc. are sharp bone covered by flesh that will bleed - a LOT - discouraging and/or blinding them\n\n* their soft tissues (eyes, nose) could be directly damaged\n\n* you expect it; they don't. so their neck muscles aren't tensed to take impact and their brain experiences a more violent shaking than yours does", "Your forehead is going to be a lot more solid than the parts your forehead is making contact with-- their nose, mouth, or eyes. It's going to hurt, but you're definitely going to come out on top if your aim is good.", "your forehead is one of, if not the hardest bones in your body. you're supposed to smash it into their face, all of which is fairly soft.", "I once headbutted a guy in a synagogue. It worked very well, though it was probably an over-reaction on my part." ]

[ "There is definitely the potential for fracking to pollute groundwater.\n\nThe truth is, we don't really know for sure exactly how much the underground geology is altered when they use fracking. They inject an extraordinary amount of fluid into the ground under an extraordinary amount of pressure, fracturing the rock formations around the drilling site, which allows for easier extraction of natural gas and/or oil..\n\nIt's possible that these rock formations may have been separating oil or gas deposits from groundwater, and after the shale is fractured, these two may begin to mix, where they couldn't before.", "The only way that happens is by a massive failure in the engineering and drilling of the well. There are tons of cement used in sealing the walls of the well. The use of plugs/holding back pressure outside of the area being fractured is very effective. Not saying it can't happen, just that I've never seen it. My source is my job. Oilfield engineer specializing in down hole completion and pressure control", "Gasland was not accurate. \n\nThe new wells have 7 separate concrete walls. .. all would have to fail for it to occur.\n\nGo read scientific journals on fracking. .. not a blog. Not a documentary.\n\nPeer reviewed journals following the proper scientific method. \n\nAnything that isn't that will be biased." ]

[ "The speed of sound is only about 780 miles per hour, and all you need to do to break the sound barrier is go faster than that. Most normal planes already go about 500~ mph, so boosting that up to 800~ isnt too hard" ]

[ "He would preside over an impeachment trial, in addition to give the oath of office to the president. He is the chief spokesperson for the SCOTUS, and appoints judges to judiciary comittees. He doesn't have that much more power than the other judges,l. First among equals.\n\nHe also makes more money." ]

[ "When the sun, moon, and earth form a 90 degree angle (viewed from far above the North pole) the moon will be visible for part of the day and part of the night since it's only 6 hours ahead or behind the sun but still fairly well illuminated.\n\nIn that case the moon will rise around noon and set around midnight (or vice versa), making it visible during a portion of the day.\n\nThe moon will always rise in the east and set in the west just like the sun, only the position relative to the sun changes from our perspective.\n\nThe moon will never be visible for 24 hours straight unless you're very near the north or south pole." ]

[ "So the TL:NR is going to be \"That line doesn't really do jack\" here's why:\n\nLike someone using music or audio without consent saying \"Blahbity blah belongs to such and such, no claim to copyright is made\" or some such gives you no legal protection in court should that person decide to sue you the same is going to be true in satire.\n\nBeing a public figure, Kim Jung Un, in the U.S., has little to no protection against satire, and even if he wanted to, he'd have to sue Sony, et al in U.S. courts for damages, and that's not going to happen.\n\nThe litmus test, afaik, is simply \"Would a reasonable person believe this to be actual events?\"" ]

[ "This is a very basic explanation: The rapier is dated to the 16th-17th centuries, and the sabre was popularized in the 17th century as well - the late Renaissance. \n\nConcurrent with this was the popularization of gunpowder, and earlier, the popularization of the crossbow. These two weapons were very strong and efficient at countering basic medieval infantry, but vulnerable to attack. This led to the popularization of pike and halberd infantry defending arquebus or musket infantry formations with cavalry support, and a general disappearance of man-to-man combat that dominated medieval warfare. \n\nThe rapier is a weapon of nobility, and intended for dueling or ceremonial usage - not for use in heavy combat. These weapons valued aesthetics and lightness over military efficacy. You would never see a knight or a man-at-arms take a rapier into battle. It was a \"civilian\" weapon, much how hunting rifles and military rifles differ today. \n\nThe sabre was a cavalry weapon, and chosen for its ease of use in cavalry charges. The sabre's design makes it very efficient at slashing, which men on heavy horses charging toward other men would be doing, rather than longsword combat which was best done on foot. \n\nTo summarize, the longsword was the weapon of choice for antiquated fighting styles, and did not have a role in the new armies of the late Renaissance. The rapier and the sabre did play a role, however, in their own niches. The longsword did not so much give way or be replaced as die out, with other combat styles replacing it. A similar question would be asking why cavalry gave way to tanks. \n\nTLDR: Gunpowder and pikes replaced longswords, not rapiers or sabres.", "I like most of the answers below, especially m4nu, but there's one big thing no one's mentioning: Armor. As technology progressed, muskets made armor utterly useless. Then, when hand to hand combat did occur, there was no need for a sword so heavy it would break a man's ribs through iron, just something to stab him with would do just fine.\n\nI always thought it was interesting that through Korea people quit using personal body armor and now it's coming back. Modern soldiers look about as covered up as a knight these days.", "Not answering the question, but I once saw a fascinating documentary about the evolutionary of swords and similar weaponry, balancing between slashing power, weight and agility, and brute force. The eventual discussion actually revealed that the katana is arguably one of the most effective weapons for the combination of its power as well as its flexibility. Has anyone seen this documentary?", "I believe it was because of gunpowder.\n\n Large and heavy swords were quite nice against an opponent in armour or with a shield. A man in heavy armour had much less of an advantage when people could just shoot him. People began to be more mobile and there was eventually less need for expensive heavy plate and a large sword to get through it.", "I'm not sure, but let me call in a buddy of mine who's an expert on renaissance arms & armor." ]

[ "If a woman is a virgin until a penis enters her vagina, then yes, virgin births are possible. If a man were to ejaculate on her, it's possible that sperm cells could swim up the vaginal canal and make her pregnant.", "If semen enters the vagina then there's the possibility of pregnancy -- this could happen in a multitude of ways (some of which have been described). If you are asking if a woman can become pregnant without semen (or some sort of artificial insemination) then the answer is no.", "If she swallows semen and then gets stabbed in the abdomen.\n\n[Source](_URL_1_)\n\n[Pubmed](_URL_0_)", "By the definition of insemination and virginity, it is possible to inseminate without losing your virginity. People can still be inseminated if semen still falls on the labia majora. The penetration is something that usually happens due to evolved sexual competition, but doesn't have to happen. Also artificial insemination would, under most definitions I know, not invalidate virginity (Not that I am caring here, I think that virginity is a rather prudish and useless concept, but because we are discussing how other people view it, I am viewing the situation through their definitions). Artificial insemination doesn't have to be direct injection of sperm nucleus into egg nucleus using a hypodermic needle, it can just mean collecting semen and getting it as close to the cervix as possible to cause insemination. If a concept of virginity means keeping the vagina completely clear of any foreign male sex cells then it is possible through [parthenogenesis.] (_URL_2_) Although there has never been a scientifically verifiable case of parthenogenesis in a human, it can still be possible. Although any case of parthenogenesis would result in a female because all of the sex cells of a female lack the necessary y chromosome to conceive a male. So no, a Jesus who was conceived without the use of semen and male gametes is not scientifically possible." ]

[ "This bully, Pirate von Bayinstein, goes to a school connected to yours. Every day at the joint lunchtime your two schools have together he steals the cookies your mom packed for you. This pisses you off, so you go to your teacher and tell on him. Unfortunately, while he may be breaking your school's rules, he is not breaking his own school's rules, and your teacher does not have the authority to punish him.\n\n\nYour teacher is the US government, pirate von bayinstein is the pirate bay, and you are the MPAA/RIAA ect. TPB's servers are not in the US and are therefore not subject to our laws. The country where they are does not have any laws prohibiting what they do.", "Their servers are hosted in Sweden where what they do is legal. And they're obviously not subject to laws from other nations. They're just resilient (as their website says). They don't bow to pressure.", "There's an awesome documentary about their whole story. It might be a vice documentary, or perhaps it's on Netflix. I'll get back on that if you're interested." ]

[ "Hardcore fans argue otherwise, but the majority of anime *is* poorly-animated entertainment fodder marketed towards teenage boys. This is coming from someone who enjoys some anime series, but it's a medium that most Japanese natives look down on for this reason, too. Because anime is deemed a niche genre unto itself, even in its country of origin, *everything* (including shows that feature paedophilia, rape and so on) is tarred with the same brush.\n\nThere's also the weeaboo phenomenon: Westerners who get into anime are mind-blown at this myopic exposure to one of the world's most unique cultures, and rather than research the parts they would inevitably find disagreeable, they latch onto fictionalised Japan as some kind of utopia willing to let pudgy white kids commandeer their culture.", "Three complementary reasons.\n\nFirst, in the US, \"cartoons\" never moved past a \"kids only\" thing. As such, any adult that watches cartoons \"must\" (according to society) be childish, underdeveloped, etc. One sign of this divide is that the movies of American comics/cartoons are usually done live-action (Avengers, X-men, Batman, etc.); while movies of anime usually maintain the artistic style (Pokemon, Dragonball Z, etc.)\n\nHowever, there are enough people who watch this that they can (and do) hold significant gatherings: there are many anime conventions that draw tens of thousands of people, and a few that draw over a hundred thousand. This makes anime lovers more visible; but they often keep and draw the same stigma: dressing up as fictional character (Cosplay) is mostly seen as a childish thing to do, and spending hours watching the same childish show is irresponsible; at least in the eyes of the larger public.\n\nFinally, many anime have sexual themes, sometimes central themes. This crossing of adult (sex) and child (cartoons) material makes people uncomfortable: imagine Barney or Sesame Street talking about the changes you go through during puberty, or openly talking about sex. For people not familiar with the intended audience of anime (about the same audience as television in the US), and only seeing it as \"cartoons\", this makes it appear as though people who are watching it are obsessed with children and sex: pedophiles.", "Often poorly animated by most western standards\n\n- Really bad frame rate (often the scene even seems to completely freeze)\n\n- Immobile backgrounds\n\n- Inexpressive characters\n\n- Ineffectual lip movement (even in original Japanese)\n\n- Random changes in texturization and detail from shot to shot\n\nDumb tropes\n\n- Gratuitous, juvenile sexuality\n\n- Silly voice acting\n\nFan base\n\n- Fan base", "For me , it is really only the fans....the ones I see locally in the US and many that I see online. When I was much younger I had a passing interest in anime/manga and thought some of them were extremely good (read all of Akira when I was 13 and still think it is one of the best works of media I've ever read/seen). I'm well aware that there are many others out there that I probably would really enjoy and that have excellent storylines. But the culture of the fans, especially the ones that dress up and stuff and want to go to Japan solely because of anime and nothing else, and actually say things like \"baka\" and shit, is literally nauseating to me. Just my personal opinion.", "A lot of people that watch or even talk about it openly are fuckin wierdos.\n\nPlus the sexual content or intimacy in a cartoon is really off-putting for people.\n\nYou really can't get around it. Just watch it in private.", "Lots of people are talking about the content, but the low frame rates are distracting to me. I'm a huge fan of Hayao Miyazaki, so I can get over it, but it always takes me a while to adjust. Anime tends to take a lot of shortcuts to keep the production costs low.\n\nThere are notable exceptions. In think the frame rate is usually better in feature films, and those films spend an enormous amount of time and effort on minute details in the backgrounds.", "It's really the socially-inept weebs that give anime fans a bad image. They don't know how to behave in society and see these anime characters act as they do and have great friends so they mimic it and embarrass everyone around them. The anime fans you don't see are the socially-capable ones who keep it to themselves and only bring it up around their friends that they know enjoy anime.", "Because it is cartoons. Because they feature sexual topics more often than not. And because some of people who watch anime have a bad habit to scream about their hobby on every corner, which is annoying.", "Because there's a fine line between someone who watches anime and enjoys the medium of entertainment that it can provide and someone who collects figures wearing bikinis and start referring to inanimate objects as their 'waifu'. Tell me when you find that line because I still can't tell when one stops and the other starts. And I'm a fan of anime myself. Also, there's the ominous word weeaboo, a term that is much like racist, sexist, paedophile etc in that being labelled it automatically means you're somehow a bad person despite you not even needing to be said weeaboo in order to suffer from the consequences of being a weeaboo. \n\nBasically, it's a self-perpetuating loop of people being weeaboos, causing people to think every anime fan is a weeaboo and then calling more people weeaboos. Pisses me off.", "Because of the image given by the over extreme fans in the mainstream. People get the 100% in it pictures shown to them and not the 30% interest like most people that watch.", "There's a lot of reasons being posted that vary from the content of anime to the societal norms and influence on opinion of people watching cartoons....... But ultimately I personally think it is just plain ignorance and common unwillingness to try to analyze/understand something. If someone walked up to you and wanted to talk about quantum physics, most people would laugh it off or think \"this is dumb/boring\" and instead want to talk about something more interesting to THEM. Although this is reddit and quantum physics might be a bad example, since a lot of ppl on here are fascinated by stuff like that, the context is what i'm going for.\n\nThe same concept applies to video games. Lets say you work at some retail clothing store and ask a group of co-workers if they play video games. Well, nowadays you might be more likely to get a few \"yes\" responses, but even by modern standards you will still get a laugh or two and a sudden perception of yourself as \"childish\" by your coworkers. Hell you might not ever get a promotion in that store for even bringing it up in some cases. The content of the game doesn't matter, the intelligence required to understand its complexity doesn't matter, the skill and hand-eye coordination required to play doesn't matter.... It will be viewed, by these same kinds of people, as irrelevant/childish. It is ultimately the fault of the individuals whose perceptions we are talking about. Dismissing an entire genre of entertainment media based on anything is, well, shallow. It's the same kind of logic that racism/sexism/etc derive from. Saying it's because a lot of anime is bad is kind of a double standard and can't really be used as a real reason for this, either. That reason literally applies to EVERYTHING. Most music is shit. Most movies are shit. Most TV shows are shit. Saying anime has a bad standing in society just because a lot of it is bad, is not exactly right. It's a broad stroke that only covers part of the whole problem.", "Anime gets a bad wrap because a lot of it focuses on superficial aesthetics over human truths. this is why visually it looks so clean but the characters often behave untruthful or the stories are contrived/formulaic. \n\nThat being said, there are some really good anime that does focus on human truths, but these are not as common. A lot of it is garbage designed to appeal to viewers' cravings for aesthetic and escapism much like a drug. \n\nI think another reason Anime gets a bad wrap is the fans. Anime fans are often people who enjoy indulging in fantasy and escapism. As a result they are often more socially awkward/have less social skills/are more likely to be outcasts or eccentrics.", "In the US, the stigma comes because of the people here that are fans of anime. When I, and probably many other average Midwestern people think of anime fans, they think of the awkward, weird kids in middle school/high school that wore Naruto headbands and dressed like characters in those shows on a daily basis. Also, since anime isn't popular over here and many Americans don't understand/like it, the people who like anime over here are normally considered kinda weird because the shows themselves have weird story lines with weird characters.", "When any normal person hears \"anime\", they think of a pasty, pudgy, moldy tshirt wearing, dank ginger hair, grown ass man with freckles and glasses from the 1990s, perhaps with food stains and slobber around his mouth, talking with the intonation of a child about imaginary bullshit.", "Because 99% of all anime produced is low-budget low-effort cookie-cutter fanservice-oriented garbage for children." ]

[ "So, there are 3 major steps in creating the sound of a record. \n\n1) Recording. When you actually put a mic in front of a guitar (piano, singer, etc.) and capture some audio. And/or when you synthesize some sounds directly. \n\n2) Mixing. When you take all the recorded tracks (guitar, bass, drums, and vocals, for instance, will all be separate.) and put them together. The goal is to get each individual part to sound good, and more importantly, for the entire thing to sound good all together. \"Good\" is partly subjective, but a good mix will:\n\n* Let you hear each part as clearly as the artist intended\n* Nothing sounds out of place or \"off\" compared to other instruments\n* No parts get \"lost\" or become hard to hear in the mix\n* Overall volume is loud enough\n* Overall sound is clean, i.e no unwanted distortion\n* etc. \n\nA bad mix will have some instruments hard to hear, seem obviously too loud, or will have unpleasant tonal properties, i.e. they sound \"sharp\", or \"woofy\" or \"muffled', etc. Basically, any time you notice separate instruments as popping out of the song in a distracting, unintentional way, that's a bad mix. Or if the vocals just sound oddly cheap and weird. Etc. \n\nMixing is also where you add EQ, Compression, reverb, and sometimes other artistic effects that change the sound. However, the line between mixing and production is a bit blurry, as is the line between mixing and mastering.\n\nMixing is about 50% of what makes a record sound good, 40% is a good recording, and 10% is mastering. (my opinion.)\n\n3) Mastering used to be, after they made the final mix, where someone would edit the audio so that it would play well on tape, CD, or vinyl record - it was a process specific to the medium and wasn't really artistic in nature. For example: Vinyl requires a special mastering process because the disc physically can't handle too much bass. They take some bass out at the mastering stage, and then the phono preamp puts it back when you play the record. So the mastering engineer's job was basically just to apply that process, not to do anything fancy to the sound of the record. \n\nEdit: forgot this part: Mastering can also encompass making the entire record sound good as a whole. So one song will have a similar character to the next. If the various mixes all sound a little different then the mastering step (whoever does it) will involve bringing them all into line. So if one song basically has more treble or bass than the next, they'll tweak it so they all sound like they came from the same record during mastering. \n\nThese days mastering is also sometimes treated as a \"final touch\" on the mix where someone just tweaks things a bit and makes it sound extra-nice. But it's really almost more like a final step in the mixing process, than a technical process now. Since most music is distributed digitally, which has no technical requirements that would require audible changes to the mix, mastering engineers are more like \"final polish\".", "Depends really.\n\nFor example, the Beach Boys were famous for aiming for a specific sound, as if they were on the beach. They recorded most of the band in one set instead of individually recording everyone on separate tracks.\n\nAs a result, they minimized the amount that could be twiddled with in the studio; every song has the slightly dampened, slightly tinny sound they were going for.\n\nIn most cases today though, each performer/instrument has its own channel, and the studio records each one separately. Then all the feeds are run through algorithms that account for the specific recording equipment used, to filter out known audio effects. After that, the channels are mixed, levels adjusted, and desired acoustic effects manually added back to the channels.\n\nMastering badly is usually the audio equivalent of a badly photoshopped picture; the levels can be off, the balance can be set wrong for the different channels, they can be panned badly, frequencies can be dampened or collide after the mixing causing undesired audio artefacts. Autotune can be abused resulting in flat but choppy vocals, flangers and reverb can muddy the sound.\n\nBut at the end of the day, a badly mastered audio track is one that doesn't sound like the artist wanted it to. So you can get things like Cher's autotune spectacular that sounded exactly the way she wanted it, but by traditional studio rules, it was abysmal." ]

[ "Pyramid schemes are 100% effective so long as the number of people joining exceeds the number of people who are already involved. This works because you can use the joiners money to pay off the oldest members.\n\nThe problem is that the number of fools (while massive) is a finite number. Eventually the scheme cannot maintain cash flow.", "Basically here is how it works.\n\nTake a look at this picture. _URL_0_\n\nWhat this picture is showing us is how pyramid schemes work. It is a system of recruitment. Pyramid schemes show us a company with some made up purpose that ultimately can't make money on it's products alone. The way it makes money is by having people buy into the company as \"members\". \n\nOne person starts at the top and recruits however many people into the company. He/she get's these members to buy into the company via 100$ or whatever. He/she tells these new members that if they recruit new members they will get a margin of the profit. They might make 50$ off of each new member, while they other 50$ goes to the higher level. The problem is that by the time a member has recruit 5 members who went on to recruit another 5 who went on to recruit another 5 who all keep going on to recruit another 5, you run out of world population within a couple weeks. \n\nThen the pyramid collapses because money is no longer being passed up the chain of command and 95% of the members make no profit.\n\nAlso the amount that members make from pyramid schemes ultimately is not that much anyways compared to if they graduated college and got a real job.", "Minor correction: Vemma is a not strictly a pyramid scheme, it's multi-level marketing. The difference is that in MLM there's an actual product being sold, so the company has actual revenues. MLM, while controversial, is sustainable and legal, and some MLM companies (such as Mary Kay) have existed for decades.", "It depends on where you are in the pyramid. It works great for those towards the top, horribly for those at the bottom." ]

[ "The simple answer is because of Newton's laws. They actually aren't using any of the special properties of gyroscopes. If you apply a force with an electric motor to a heavy disk, you are also applying an opposite force to the object the motor is mounted to. Same thing if you apply a force using a set of brakes.\n\nThat opposite force is what you are really after when maneuvering a space craft.\n\nHere's a video showing this in Earth gravity: _URL_0_\n\n\nYou should note also that it is possible to use these disks as gyroscopes in order to maneuver. In that case, you most likely will want to use gyroscopic precession to apply force. That's a property where applying force to a gyroscope to tilt its axis of spin will result in another force acting 90* around the gyroscopes axis of spin. This is actually how helicopters control their orientation. By tilting the blades of the rotors up **on one side of the helicopter**, they can produce a force that lifts or lowers **the front** of the rotor disk.", "You're correct that reaction wheels are basically large gyroscopes. However, the current top answers are incorrect in assuming friction with the spinning wheels is how the spacecraft begins to rotate.\n\nYou've researched gyroscopes some, so you should know that a spinning gyroscope resists rotation. That's why you have those toys that look like they're defying gravity. The gyroscope resists the torque created by leaning over.\n\nA spacecraft can use this to orient itself by pushing against that resisting force. Motors around the spinning gyroscope attempt to push it, but because of that resisting force, the gyroscope will remain oriented largely the same. Instead, the spacecraft will rotate around it.", "Good point. I just thought about it and I think this is reason: if you have a disc spinning clock wise and it has a large mass (gyros usually do) and you apply brakes to it, the space craft will start spinning in the same direction. Real life example: get a bycicle wheel to spin really fast, then using your hand slow down the wheel. Your hand will be pulled in the direction the wheel spins." ]

[ "Radiation is made up of tiny particles. These tiny particles are so small that they can fly right through your body without stopping, but occasionally, they smack into one of your cells. Radiation particles are super-tiny, but so are cells, so sometimes, a particle can kill a cell.\n\nSometimes, there's a lot of particles, so a lot of cells die. But in fact, that isn't usually what kills you. What kills you is what happens next.\n\nYour body notices that there's a bunch of dead cells, and it doesn't know why they're dead. But it suspects a virus, because that's the usual culprit. Your body is wrong, but it doesn't know that. So your body sends in its virus-killers, the white blood cells.\n\nUnfortunately, white blood cells have a hard time swimming through solid muscle. So your body makes it easier for these white blood cells to get to the dead cells by pumping up the muscles with extra water. That's called \"inflammation.\"\n\nUnfortunately, if too many cells died from the particles, the body goes overboard. First, it pumps too much water into all your organs. Your organs can't handle all the water and they start malfunctioning. Then, at the same time, your body tells the white blood cells to get super-aggressive. The white blood cells lose track of friend-vs-foe, and they start wrecking the place.\n\nThat's \"acute radiation poisoning.\"", "Think of the radiation like tiny, tiny bullets. When you get radiation poisoning your bodies cells are getting hit by Billion of tiny bullets that go through your body. These bullets can damage things at the cellular level like DNA, causing it to break apart in the cell and killing the cell. These bullets can also break up alot of the molecules like hemoglobin, or hormones that your body needs. Not only does your body take damage but your body has to clean up the corpses of dead cells and the crazy new molecules that radiation has made.", "The main reason radiation kills your is because it can alter your protein structure and your DNA molecules. \n\nNow, radiation can come from a lot of different sources, but we will look at two cases, UV-Rays which comes naturally from the sun, and gamma rays which comes from nuclear reactions. \n\nUV-Rays will not penetrate a lot of things. In fact, most glass can probably block it very easily, which is why your windows gets so hot, even though all the visible light is coming through. Anyways, an UV-Ray, with an high enough energy level, can cause unwanted reaction in the cell. For example, if your cell there are DNA molecules in a very long chain, and if an UV-Ray happens to hit an important nucleotide of your DNA, such as in the promoter region, and it is not corrected, your DNA just got mutated. If you are exposed to more UV-Rays, and a large amount of DNA has being mutated, you can get cancer. \n\nGamma Rays are essentially the same thing, but with much, much higher energies. If one of these photons hits your DNA, there is a sure chance that that DNA molecule will be changed or knocked off. And Gamma Rays needs very high density metals to block, unlike UV-Rays, which can be easily blocked for glass, and even some part of your dead skin. If you get a lot of Gamma Ray radiation, you are probably going to experience a lot of mutated DNAs, and when you have mutated DNAs all over your cells, you body cannot function properly, and you will die. \n\nSo basically, radiation gives your mutated DNA, which can cause cancer and can also destroy cell function, which will cause death.", "Imagine you're playing with your friend called DAN. He does something to upset you, and you start throwing things you find lying around at him.\n\nIf you throw something small at him, it'll just bounce off and won't hurt him - unless you throw it very hard. If you throw something bigger at him, then it could really hurt him, and do a lot of damage. DAN can't dodge these large things you throw at him very well.\n\nLets look at the small things first. The ones you throw slowly at him have less energy, and do less damage than the ones you throw fast. *Photons* are small particles that carry electromagnetic energy. The ones with lower energy (radio waves/microwaves/light) don't do us much damage, but the ones with more energy (ultra-violet, x-ray, gamma rays) can do more damage.\n\nThe bigger things you threw at DAN were alpha and beta particles. An alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom, and the beta particle is an electron. These can be spat out of radioactive atoms (along with some gamma ray photons), and they have a lot of energy.\n\nNow you remember that your friend isn't really called DAN, he's called DNA. When these particles hit him, they hurt him, and can break him. If they break him enough then he will die.\n\nSo radiation can cause sickness by breaking your DNA. If enough gets broken then the cells can die. The DNA might also mutate in some cells, causing cancer to start growing.", "Radiation is energy that passes through your body. This energy hits the atoms in your body and energizes them, this makes them leave their intended place. When this happens, cells can't do certain jobs as well as before. Imagine if your toothbrush was suddenly lost, but you still needed to brush your teeth. Since these cells cannot function as well, the health of the body generally declines. Also since the radiation affected the DNA of the cell (DNA is like plans on how to make babies) any new cells created from the old ones will have the same problems." ]

[ "Because it's called a \"birth\"day - we define your age as being measured by your date of birth.\n\nWe do that because it's easier to know for sure the day that the baby came out of the mom than the day that the sperm hit the egg. Even with all our technology, there's no real 100% way to know \"Oh yeah, this was fertilized on May 8th.\" So we base our date on what we know, and everything works out about the same.", "Because there is not a concrete date of conception that can be confirmed. Some infants are born later than 9 months of development, and some are born earlier. So we calculate age from a concrete date and time which is the birth.", "Not all babies are born at 9 months. It's just a accepted term because most babies are born around nine months of gestation" ]

[ "Imagine you have a warehouse full of filing cabinets. Tons of them! You can store everything you want in there! As long as they are sheets of paper, of course.\n\nWell, you'll need some way to know how to find stuff in there. If you just put your homework in one filing cabinet and then forget where it is, it would not be a very helpful filing cabinet!\n\nSo, you dedicate some of the filing cabinets right at the front for storing maps, or a gigantic index. This index says \"Your homework is stored in this location\", because you wrote that down when you put your homework away. This is called a File Allocation Table.\n\nAnother feature you'll want, right at the front where it's easy to find, is a list of what filing cabinets are not completely full. This helps you find where you should put your homework before you run out to the filing cabinet to put it away. This is called a free space map.\n\nAnother fun idea is to have a list of related pieces of homework that are easy to find. You'd put some note in your big master list, saying where to find information about this group of files. Then you'd go out to the filing cabinet where that information is stored, and that will point you to other files, or perhaps to notes about another group of related files. We will call this Directories.\n\nNow, what if you have a big report, and it's too big for just one file cabinet? Well, you can just put a special note at the end of the first file cabinet pointing to the next file cabinet that has the rest of the report! Your index at the front just needs to point to the beginning of your report, and your free space map needs to know about the entire report, but you can just keep following your notes to read your entire report.\n\nNow, what happens if you get called to dinner while organizing your files? For example, you wrote down in your index that your homework is at one place, and you put it in the free space map, but you didn't actually have time to run out to the right filing cabinet and put it in there. If you were to completely forget about it, like most computers do when they get interrupted (powered off), then your homework would be lost forever, and attempts to find it by following your index would bring up nothing.\n\nSo, you could keep a Journal of what you are about to do. You'd write down at the front, saying \"I'm going to keep this homework in this filing cabinet\", and include a copy of the homework and everything in there. Then, you'd go out, fill in the index and the map, file the homework away, then cross off that item from your list. If you get interrupted like before, then you can just go back to your journal, see what things haven't been done yet, and then make sure they get done.\n\nNow that you know the principles behind file systems, different filesystems have different features:\n\n* FAT only supports the File Allocation Table and free space index idea.\n* HPFS is like FAT, except that it adds some extra features that were missing in the original version of FAT, like longer filenames, more precise timestamps, and general efficiency increases.\n* NTFS adds a journal on top, and fancy features like compression and encryption and extra notes about each file, including who should be allowed to look at them, enforceable by you.\n* ZFS and BTRFS are the latest generation of file systems, and they include really advanced features such as the ability to automatically store across multiple harddrives, and to detect when files get corrupted and to pull a good copy from the other harddrive, and store previous copies of files whenever you change them." ]

[ "As some examples:\n\nCDC tracks the spread of diseases, looking for the source, transmission vector, and that sort of thing. \n\nCDC also maintains the ‘strategic national stockpile’ of medicine, which is basically something from an action move. They can get tons of medical products to basically anywhere in the US in 12 hours (and I mean tons in the literal sense). \n\n > These so-called push packages are warehoused in a dozen, classified, non-descript facilities under 24-hour, contractor armed guard protection. Geographically situated to allow rapid delivery anywhere in the Continental U.S., material will deploy by unmarked trucks and/or airplanes within 12 hours of the receipt of the request by CDC. The U.S. Marshal provides armed security from these federal sites to local destinations.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nHow cool is that?" ]

[ "It depends a lot on the pants/skirt/underwear you are wearing, and the heat and humidity (sweat seems to make the chaffing much worse)." ]

[ "This is an extremely complex part of biology.\n\nThe processes your body uses for internal time keeping is called the circadian rhythm.\n\nYour circadian rhythm is affected by many different things such as hormone levels and balances within your brain, which in turn can be affected by external stimuli such as temperature and light.\n\nThese hormone levels are controlled by a part of your brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, located in the hypothalamus. \n\nAt the very basic the suprachiasmatic nucleus is stimulated during the day time via a nerve pathway from the retina of your eye during exposure to light. When it gets dark, this signal stops and the suprachiasmatic nucleus turns the pineal gland on; which starts to produce melatonin. The melatonin relaxes the body and causes you to start to feel tired.\n\nIn the morning, when it starts to get light again, the pineal gland is switched off and the levels of melatonin in your blood start to decrease again; causing you to become more alert.\n\nThose are the basics anyway, how the body is able to determine time to an accurate enough level to wake you up within 5 minutes before your alarm goes off, I do not know. I'd be interested for someone to chip in with more detail. :)", "I don't have this :( \n\nIf it weren't for my phone alarm, I'd probably be nowhere in life." ]

[ "all of these answers contain somewhat true points, but something to point out -- no one 'sets' oil prices, not the oil exploration and production companies, not OPEC, not anyone except the market. The two types of oil quoted when people talk about 'oil prices' are WTI (U.S. benchmark) and Brent Crude (North Sea, worldwide benchmark)...and these prices are set by futures contracts that are traded instruments.\n\nIn other words, the price of oil is determined in much the same way the price of a stock is determined, not like the price of a good/service is determined. OPEC decided not to cut production (Saudi Arabia especially), which had the effect of driving prices down (supply/demand imbalance), but they do not actually decide what price they will be able to sell a barrel of oil.", "Now that the US (and other countries) are starting to become more self sufficient through the use of technologies such as fracking, OPEC (the main oil supplier) is starting to get defensive and lowering their prices.\n\nIf their prices stay low enough for long enough, eventually it doesn't make sense to continue Fracking and those competing operations will shut down.", "It's OPEC (mainly Saudi Arabia). First, there is currently a surplus. Second, oil is much cheaper to produce there, and so by driving the prices down (by not cutting production) they can halt production in places such as Russia and the US, since the cost of producing the oil here is more expensive, so it will get to the point where it won't be profitable to produce. This will give Saudi's the lion's share of the market. So basically although Saudi Arabia is making significantly less money than they were before, they see it as worth the gamble to take a huge chunk of the market share. \n\nThere's a popular theory that the US might actually be in on it. Russia's main export is oil, and by driving the price down, coupled with the other economic issues Russia is already facing, theoretically this could totally cripple the Russian economy and destroy their currency's value, essentially putting them in a place of either abiding by what the US and UN want, or being in financial ruin.\n\nEDIT:\ntldr; cheaper to produce in Saudi, drive prices down to keep others from producing so they have the market. Also potentially US is in on it to cripple Russia" ]

[ "An antibody is a protein produced by the body to combat disease. The antibodies will attach to the outside of a virus, coating it and making it inactive. A virus coated in antibodies can't infect other cells.\n\nA reagent is chemical added to a mixture that allows a reaction to occur but is not consumed in the process." ]

[ "Babies and old people have a hard time regulating body temperature. Someone mentioned thinning skin, and that is totally a factor. Another is that, as people age, circulation cuts down a noticable bit. That will make a person colder, as it's the heat in the blood that warms your extremities. \n\nThis is why they say \"check on the elderly\" on the news during heat waves.", "My grandparents are in their 80s. Sometimes they just refuse to wear weather appropriate clothes. Last month they were sweating in the heat and we had to force them to go home and change before they had a heat stroke." ]

[ "It's created electronically, and then used to buy bonds. Because those bonds are now owned, they can't be bought by the private investors anymore, so they have to go put their money other places instead." ]

[ "If a purchase is necessary to enter the game of chance the promotion is classified as a lottery. Some governments, such as the US and the UK, deem as illegal.\n\nYou should be able to get a piece for free by going to your local McDonalds and stating you'd like to enroll without a purchase. Your request must then legally be obliged, possibly with a postage paid form that you fill out and mail in and they will, in turn, will mail you a piece. I am not certain how frequently you can do this, but I believe it's once per day per household." ]

[ "It's an erotic novel, which is about as close to porn as you can get while still being a novel. From what I understand, it goes into great detail about the intimacy involved.", "A better question is why we have the word \"Porn\"\n\nThe word is a pejorative for anything of a sexual nature that you may disagree with. \n\n\"I can describe an axe entering the human skull in great explicit detail and no one will blink twice at it. I provide a similar description, just as detailed, of a penis entering a vagina, and I get letters about it and people swearing off. To my mind this is kind of frustrating, it’s madness. Ultimately, in the history of [the] world, penises entering vaginas have given a lot of people a lot of pleasure; axes entering skulls, well, not so much.” - A Song of Ice and Fire author, George R.R. Martin on American readers’ reactions to his sex scenes." ]

[ "Let's imagine that I'm making a film.\n\nIt costs me $100million to make the film. And the film takes $300million at the box office. But of that $300million, the cinemas themselves keep $100million, so I get $200million. This sounds like $100million profit, right?\n\nI'm going to pay the screenwriter 10% of the profit. So he stands to make $10million. Not bad.\n\nBut as well as spending $100million making the film, I also had to distribute the film to the cinemas. And arrange for it to be advertised. And I had to hire studios in which to film it.\n\nI decided to hire myself to distribute the film. I charged myself $40million for that. And I charged myself $40million for my expertise in arranging the advertising, too. Add to the the $30million I charged myself to hire my own studios, and you can see that the total cost of making the film was $210million. Even though over half those costs go to me.\n\nSo why would I want to do that? Well, now there's no profit. And since the screenwriter's salary is a portion of the profit, I don't have to pay him anything at all! I've just saved myself $10million." ]

[ "The maximum number of subreddits for the drop down list is 50.", "Is there a maximum number it can display?" ]

[ "because of systemic political racism. back in the 1930's, mexicans and blacks smoke weed. white people didn't. so weed was make illegal to have a reason to put mexicans and blacks in jail." ]

[ "It might be the same as how it's done with aircraft wings. In a normal alloy the elements are evenly mixed throughout the structure. In some more modern high strength alloys you have certain regions that have a greater ration of one metal to another than other regions do. This can allow things such as increased flexibility or the same strength for less weight" ]

[ "Young girls fine motor skills tend to develop a few years earlier than young boys. This also coincides with schools teaching handwriting, ages 5-8. As a result girls can get a bit of a jumpstart on developing and perfecting their handwriting. \n\nIf you want to throw socializations in also, it is usually stressed that girls should be neat and precise, while boys tend to be given a bit more leeway in messiness....\"boys will be boys\" excuse.", "As someone who grades written work a lot, it's total bullshit.\n\nSome students go out of their way to add flair like hearts dotting their is or something silly like that, but by and large the two are indistinguishable.", "[Man or woman?](_URL_5_)\n\n[Man or woman?](_URL_1_)\n\n[Man or woman?](_URL_0_)\n\n[Man or woman?](_URL_3_)\n\n[Man or woman?](_URL_4_)\n\nHint! They are all men. Men who learned to write stylish, flowing, neat letters. Beautiful script and prose. A time when both men and women (educated) were expected to have exemplary writing skills. That is not to say that there wasn't people with bad writing...but these men are not going against the cultural grain...they are with the cultural expectations of that time period. If writing styles change over time and across cultures, the how can boys be hardwired or predisposed to a certain style of writing, and vice versa, how can girls be hardwired or predisposed to a different style of writing? If there is a biologically meaningful explanation than it should transcend cultures and time. \n\n**This is a classic case of societal expectation mixed with confirmation bias.** \"Because it's a \"well-known fact\" that women have better handwriting than men, most people are more likely to ignore cases that go against that stereotype, even though they're probably more common than popularly thought.\" I think this argument for sex-based differences really breaks down when we examine the evidence from other cultures and other time periods. \n\n\nWould a man from India have the same image of \"female\" writing in his mind as yours? A woman from rural China? A boy from Russia? A girl from Peru? The image in your head of what is \"girls writing\" is culturally derived. Other cultures will have other ideas of what constitutes a male or female writing style...or perhaps none at all (e.g. there is no gender/sex divide).\n\n\nI really recommend the book [Delusions of Gender](_URL_2_) by Cordelia Fine as an introduction this topic. \"Drawing on the latest research in neuroscience and psychology, Cordelia Fine debunks the myth of hardwired differences between men’s and women’s brains, unraveling the evidence behind such claims as men’s brains aren’t wired for empathy and women’s brains aren’t made to fix cars. She then goes one step further, offering a very different explanation of the dissimilarities between men’s and women’s behavior. Instead of a “male brain” and a “female brain,” Fine gives us a glimpse of plastic, mutable minds that are continuously influenced by cultural assumptions about gender.\"", "Women are taught that they are supposed to have pretty hand writing, so they train themselves to write like that. \n\nMen do not have the same pressure for neat penmanship, so they usually don't bother with it. \n\nTl:Dr: Society", "Disclaimer: I have no sociological or psychological expertise. These are merely my observations.\n\nI've graded some thousands of papers over the years, 1st-12th year.\nThere aren't that many differences, really. What I've seen is that something like 33% of girls have \"boy\" handwriting, and some 25% of boys have \"girl\" handwriting. The differences are in character spacing and size usually, not just neat or chicken-scratch. Girls in grade school / high school typically use more than a line's intended height on capital letters, and more than half of the line on lower-case letters, while boys on the other hand, use less than the entire line for capital letters and still less than intended for lower-case. This gives the girly-handwriting-individuals more room to swiftly curl their letters into formation, also while moving from letter to letter in the quickest manner possible which usually leaves swift swirly tails and end-bits on letters, making most seem \"bubbly\" or \"swirly\". This is for those that write quickly, though.\n\nHowever, some people write just as quickly but still tend to use less than what is intended for height on their lettering. These people write enough to make their lettering neat and tidy and compact, because they were forced to write quickly, but did not adapt the bigger, cleaner techniques. These are the \"boyish\" handwriting ones, but the ones that look professional.\n\nThen some people write loads all of the time and write like a little kid, and probably always will unless they consciously feel the way they write and then do something about it.", "a more interesting question might be; why can you generally tell if a piece of writing is by a man or a woman?\nor is that bs? I could read a book or an article that I know is by a woman and think I could tell even if he identity of the author was not disclosed, is that just hindsight bias or whatever?", "When I was a little girl... I remember the girls being genuinely excited about having nice handwriting and they would practice so that their letters were \"cute\" and nice to look at. The boys couldn't be bothered one way or another, and I think that for them to care so much about something like penmanship would have been considered to be \"girly\" and generally emasculating. I went through a tomboy phase during this time and to this day, my handwriting is terrible. My mom hates it. \n\n\n\nPro-tip: nice handwriting is super hot if you're a guy. +15 attractiveness.", "I once forgot to put my name on my work and the teacher was sure it was a paper written by a boy, based on the handwriting.\nIt was my paper, and she wouldn't let me claim it as mine saying that \"girls don't write like that\"\n\nSome teachers are silly", "My \"interesting handwriting\" comes from probably being left handed but attending pre-school in the early 90s where my teacher could force me to write with my right hand." ]

[ "Phishing is when people make up clever ways to get you to tell them your info. One (fake) example: You're \"You\", and the person trying to phish is B. \n\n**B:** Hello person, my name is Mr. Bankerman! I am from the bank. We're doing a routine check. All you need to tell me is your PIN. \n**You:** Oh, yes, of course! Here it is: 9-9-9-9. \n**B:** Thank you! Congratulations on your banking and stuff. \n\nThe person trying to phish now knows your PIN and you now leave thinking he was from your offical bank, _after all_, he was wearing a fancy suit and tie. \n\n\nIn addition, you're \n1. Too lazy. \n2. Think it would be rude \n3. Just dont have the time \n4. So convinced that you didn't think about it \nto actually check if you're dealing with a legit person.", "From: support@paypal._URL_1_\n\nTo: [email protected]\n\n < Super official looking Paypal logo > \n\nDear jo-fradi,\n\nYour Paypal account has been recently flagged for suspicious activity. If you do not take action immediately, your account may be closed. Please follow [this link](_URL_0_) to log into your Paypal account and verify your recent purchases.\n\nSincerely,\nPaypal Fraud Detection Department" ]

[ "If I remember my awkward Catholic school sex ed, the female reproductive canal is (very slightly) acidic. Therefore, the male ejaculate has to be slightly basic (alkaline) to counteract it.\n\nBleach is a strong alkaline, hence a somewhat similar smell.\n\nAlso, I think semen may contain an element of chlorine, we didn't get that far in class ;)", "I don't think sperm and bleach smell anything alike. \n\nBleach is NaClO, sodium hypochlorite. As /u/fezpaladin pointed out, semen gets its odor from amines, which are (essentially) compounds that contain a nitrogen (N). As you can see from the formulas, bleach does not contain any amines. So you're just weird. Now, if you were to say that semen smells a bit like *urine*, that would make more sense because both contain amines.\n\nFor the record, amines really are stinky. Lots of them smell like fish." ]

[ "Your phone treats the Stingray as a local cell tower. And the Stingray passes through all cell phone traffic. It happens quick enough that any delay is not noticed. No interference is generated.\n\n\nIf you are concerned about Stingrays in your neighborhood see:\n _URL_0_", "IMSI catchers (the proper name for a 'Stringray') work by pretending to be a normal cell tower that your phone happily connects to. All the call information is funneled out to the phone network so service still works. There's no reason why quality would suffer except if the person running it doesn't have enough bandwidth to support all the traffic at once and has to degrade the audio to make it fit but that would be a stunningly incompetent way to run such an expensive piece of equipment." ]

[ "If you print something that was said to you in the course of performing your journalistic duties, you are basically betraying the trust of your source and burning that source. You do it once, you'd need some luck to be able to talk to anyone on the inside ever again." ]

[ "Human instinct is to not repeat a task that hurts you. You have in some way opened up and allowed yourself to be hurt by this person. They hurt you and your natural reaction is to want to not be hurt again so when they try to be nice your brain doesn't want to open back up to them and give them another opportunity to hurt you. The easiest way to prevent yourself from opening back up is to be angry with them. It is one of the strongest emotions and the most difficult to change through reasonable thinking which makes it the go to emotion for when you are upset with someone.", "You're worked up, you're looking for a fight/argument. Your adrenaline is flowing, it's like a car engine racing while stationary. \n\nIt's normal. We all have been there." ]

[ "I like /u/police-ical answer a bit more than my own. \n\nYou need to have a basic understanding of how the body works and what can go wrong with it regardless of what field you go into. Without this knowledge, you can fuck up really badly. Let me give you a couplr examples regarding psychiatry.\n\nSay you have a patient coming into the hospital for a manic episode with psychosis and this patient is sent to the psych service for control. You may think he has bipolar disorder and typically you can give them haldol to control them but one of the things you need to do before giving haldol is the work up for hyperthyroidism. You need to be able to see the signs such as exopthalmos, tachycardia, pretibial myxedema, jitteriness and psychosis. If you miss this diagnosis you will be knocking out this patient over and over again without correction and could place the patient in danger of thyroid storm which could kill him.\n\nSay you have a patient with schizophrenia and you want to prescribe risperidone, an antipsychotic medication. You don't want to do this if the patient is complaining of vision problems or gynecomastia or galactorrhea because the patient may have a prolactinoma (a tumor) in his brain. \n\nIf you want to prescribe clozapine you need to be aware of the potentially deadly side effect of agranulocytosis which can disrupt a patients immune system. If a patient has certain immune problems then it may not be worth placing them on clozapine because you could cause fatal infections. But clozapine is also an amazing antipsychotic. This is a judgement call but you need familiarity with the various immune conditions a patient could have if you want to appropriately make this decision. \n\nI'm not even in the field of psychiatry but I know these things because if one of my patients were to come in on psychiatric meds or have psychiatric conditions, I'll need to take that into account with whatever I do. You could of course consult the hospital psychiatrist but you'll look like a fuckin retard (at least on these basic things). \n\nIt's true that a lot you learn in college and med school isn't applicable in practice but you also gotta realize that knowledge is foundational. You can't skip a layer of knowledge otherwise you'll have gaps and prob won't be able to critically think. And truthfully, there is a certain amount of studying strength you need to make it through med school and if you can't make it through the various science courses you most likely won't have the determination and skill to complete med school.\n\nAlso, from a practicality standpoint there are hundreds of fields you can go into through med school. It wouldn't be financially reasonable to split them all into different groups. You could of course go through different routes to enter certain fields: become a psychologist if you like psych, become a crna if you like anesthesia.", "Humans are one giant interconnected network of neural, chemical, and structural oddities. To understand the brain, you have to understand the body, and vice versa. It isn't a waste of time *at all*, and is quite necessary to have a holistic understanding of any one branch of medicine or psychology.", "This touches on a lot of points I care about, and could merit an essay-length response, so to spare everyone I'll use bullet points:\n\n* It's not a rationally-designed system, so much as the one we have. Medical education in general is a little crappy and broken and outdated, and based more on tradition/convenience than preparing students to be modern doctors. Most people involved agree on this point, but no one's exactly sure what a better system would look like, and there are a lot of obstacles in the way of reform.\n* Everyone working in medicine benefits from some exposure to various parts, so they have an inkling of who to call when unfamiliar stuff shows up. You don't have to be able to handle every skin problem, but knowing a bit about rashes could make the difference between consulting dermatology, rheumatology, or infectious disease.\n* While many people go into medical school with some idea of what they want to do, many change their minds. It would be possible to tailor this somewhat, with the trade-off that people would have to commit to specialties a lot earlier, perhaps without getting as much exposure.\n* Psychiatrists certainly do need a good hunk of general medical training to be good at their jobs. Drugs do all kinds of weird things, psychiatric patients have other medical problems, and the line between \"psychiatric\" and \"non-psychiatric\" is quite tricky sometimes. Sadly, a lot of the medical training we do get isn't very relevant, which makes the stuff that IS relevant frequently get lost in the shuffle. It also tends to squeeze out valuable stuff like psychotherapy, which clinical psychologists get way more training in.\n\n**TL;DR: There's kind of a point. Not a great one.**" ]

[ "Some cities have been around for thousands of years, and still are inhabited today. Rome or example or Istanbul. \n\nMany cities were abandoned because of things like:\n\n1. Natural Disasters\n2. Lack of/exhaustion of local resources\n3. Economic/Trade shifts", "Well, look at your example, Corinth. \n\nIt was sacked and burned by Rome, and its citizens put to the sword, leaving it largely uninhabited to fall into further ruin for years, before being rebuilt by Rome. Then the new city was largely destroyed by earthquakes, and rebuilt again. Then it was attacked by barbarians. Then another earthquake. Then captured by crusaders. Captured by ottomans. Captured by Byzantines. Then Ottomans again. Then Venetians. Then destroyed by the Turks. then owned by the Greeks, then another earthquake. \n\nBasically, the long march of history gives a *lot* of opportunities for the 'current layout' to get totally shitcanned, making you want to build a new, less shitcanned house." ]

[ "We have binocular vision, by using two eyes our brain receives to separate images with everything shifted slightly left or right. Your brain then takes the images and process them together into a single image, using the differences to give you depth perception and three dimensional vision.\n\nFor example I am sitting at my computer screen. If I close one eye, then quickly open and close the other my computer screen seems to shift, this is because it's close to me. If I look out the window at a tree down the street and do the same that jump is minimal or imperceptible. This tells me the tree is far away. \n\nYour brain is doing this in real time with the two images to constantly keep up our sense of depth.", "The above is extremely accurate! Im commenting just to tell you if stuff like this interest you I'd suggest watching the show \"Brain Games\" they have an episode on how vision works! The show is on Netflix, enjoy!" ]

[ "The same reason eggs get more solid when they cook, I believe.\n\nThe heat causes some of the proteins to denature.\n\nProteins are kind of like balled-up organic strings. Since they are round, they easily bump past each other in a liquid. When they denature, they partially or completely unravel, and the loose ends get all tangled up with each other, creating a more solid structure.", "It's because the components of semen include different types of proteins which 1 is a coagulating protein and the other is a de-coagulating protein. The water apparently removes the de-coagulating protein quicker which would make the semen hard.\n\nEdit add:[wisegeek](_URL_0_) has a good article." ]

[ "Legalizing marijuana is not a politically wise proposal to make. There are lots of reasons why this is so, but the core thing is that a politician would lose more votes from the minority that opposes marijuana than from the majority that supports it. As long as that is true, marijuana will not be legalized, no matter how strong the reasons are.", "Because a lot of people still oppose it, and because it would be akin to admitting that the War on Drugs was ineffective and a massive waste of money. It would cause a pretty seismic shift in the American legal system too. I expect you'd see a massive wave of conviction appeals, for example.", "It is also in the interest of the US government to keep such drugs illegal because they act as an indirect coercive force against the countries that export drugs. Keeping it illegal creates and sustains powerful drug lords and networks who can destabilize the sovereign authority of countries, primarily by threatening the policing/judicial institutions. As such governments have to constantly try to contain the threat, which sucks up a lot of social resources. It keeps their hands tied. \n\nAt the same time in the US, keeping drugs illegal legitimates the spending of public money on the war on drugs, massive surveillance and border control operations, for example, in turn benefiting the coffers of powerful defence contrators. Boeing's SBInet is one example of this but the project right now is on hold.", "Because a groups of greedy, bad men called The Cartels sell almost all the marijuana and they don't want anyone to buy it except through them. The Cartels have lots of money so they give a lot to the politicians so the politicians will do what they want and keep things the way they are with everyone buying the marijuana from them. Sometimes The Cartels even threaten to hurt people if they say they want to legalize marijuana.\n\nAlso, marijuana is a drug and drugs can be very dangerous so it is very easy for the politicians to say that it is made illegal for our own good." ]

[ "People thought they wanted to ban/censor music because that's exactly what they wanted to do. And they did it successfully at the time with Body Count's song Cop Killer. They put so much pressure on the label that the album was pulled from the shelf and the song was eventually replaced with a song called Freedom of Speach. \n \nIt wasn't just an emotional response to a perceived threat. It was a very literal threat against the freedom of expression.", "This happened when I was a teenager and all my friends were really anti-PMRC, but the record stores where I lived sold us the records and tapes anyway. Bands loved it because it greatly increased sales.", "For one thing, I think you're downplaying the effect it had at the time on the music industry. Yeah, a lot of people shrugged their shoulders at the label (or outright laughed at it), but a lot of major retailers (Walmart, most of the mall chains) outright refused to stock albums with the sticker. It was pretty effective soft censorship for anyone outside of a big city, especially pre-Internet. It wasn't just about consumer education. On top of that, during the Congressional hearings that led up to the eventual compromise, there was a very strong current from the government that if the record industry didn't self-regulate, the government was going to do it for them, which pushed the needle towards direct censorship.\n\nRelated to this, the 80s was a time where the right wing Christian alliance was in full bloom, and there was one ridiculous moral panic after another. Even couched in politician speech, the whole affair had a pretty distinct whiff of Church Lady about it. One of the categories for being considered offensive was \"occultism,\" which was a pretty direct blow against the First Amendment tradition about government non-interference in religious matters. \n\nThirdly, the way they went about it struck a lot of people as profoundly undemocratic. If they had formed a consumer advocacy group, and used tools like boycotts, media pressure, and the like, that would have been one thing. But they instead formed a lobbying group and started working the levers of Congress, which they had direct access to by virtue of being spouses of Washington insiders including Al Gore and James Baker. The further entrenchment of the lobbying industry since then has born out that this was a pretty legitimate fear.\n\nIf you haven't yet, listen to the testimony delivered by Frank Zappa and John Denver. Zappa is hilariously snarky and condescending, but he also makes a lot of insightful points (including a suggestion that the 'carrot' to the RIAA for their compliance was passing a blank-media tax that they were pushing for at the time, and is still in effect.)\nMeanwhile, Denver (whom the PMRC presumed as an ally) gave a much more polite, but passionate defense of the American tradition of artistic freedom, and also highlighted his own experiences with censors misinterpreting his lyrics to find offensive content where none was intended (in his case, nonexistent drug themes in \"Rocky Mountain High.\")", "They were wanting to ban/censor music and this was a round about attempt to do so. So while it was not a straight-up ban it was a round about method that they could slowly tighten down. \n\nThe government really has no place doing that kind of thing. Parents should make the decision of what their children listen or watch by actively analyzing what they listen to or watch and actively parenting. Your \"giving a parent a solid\" only encourages involvement and negligence on the part of the parent.", "I think the fear was that this was a slippery slope towards actual censorship. There is also the question of indirect effects, such as major retail chains might decide not to carry CDs with the Parental Advisory sticker, and presto, it's no longer economically feasible to release such music albums, constricting freedom of expression without an actual law (sort of like the MPAA rating system works)." ]

[ "Area numbers - The first three numbers originally represented the state in which a person first applied for a social security card. Numbers started in the northeast and moved westward. This meant that people on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest. Since 1972, the Social Security Administration (SSA) has assigned numbers and issued cards based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the original application form. Since the applicant's mailing address doesn't have to be the same as his residence, his area number doesn't necessarily represent the state in which he resides. For many of us who received our SSNs as infants, the area number indicates the state we were born in. You can find out which area numbers go with each state here.\n\nGroup numbers - These two middle digits, which range from 01 through 99, are simply used to break all the SSNs with the same area number into smaller blocks to make administration easier. (The SSA says that, for administrative reasons, group numbers issued first consist of the odd numbers from 01 through 09, and then even numbers from 10 through 98, within each area number assigned to a state. After all the numbers in group 98 of a specific area have been issued, the even groups 02 through 08 are used, followed by odd groups 11 through 99.)\n\nSerial numbers - Within each group designation, serial numbers -- the last four digits in an SSN -- run consecutively from 0001 through 9999." ]

[ "I guess this one's going to depend on your definition of \"language\"\n\nOne way of thinking about a [written] language is as a systematic manner of representing abstract concepts via symbols\n\nFor example, if I write the word \"tree,\" you know that I'm referring to [this](_URL_3_) and not [this](_URL_4_)\n\nIf I say \"tall tree,\" then you know that I'm talking about [one of these](_URL_5_) and not [one of these](_URL_7_).\n\nIf I say \"family tree,\" you might think of something like [this](_URL_2_)\n\nThere's nothing inherently special about the letters t, r, e, e, - they don't look like a tree at all (well, the t does, kind of), and yet when you combine them, they form a coherent thought. When you add on additional words, it modifies the thought and gives it more meaning. The reason that you think of a tree when you see the word tree is because it's generally accepted that when I write \"tree,\" I'm referring to one of those big woody plants growing out of the ground.\n\nSimilarly, math is a system of symbols which convey *a lot* of meaning when arranged in a specific order, despite the fact that the symbols aren't inherently connected to the \"mathematical object\" we're describing.\n\nFor instance, if I write\n\nr(t) = < cos(t), sin(t), t > \n\nthis probably means nothing to you, if you've never seen the notation before. However, a person familiar with vector functions would recognize this as a [parametric representation of a helix](_URL_0_) in ℝ^(3), as opposed to, say, a [sphere](_URL_1_), or a [straight line](_URL_6_). \n\nThere's nothing inherently helical about the collection of symbols used to describe it, but together, they very clearly describe to someone who knows the \"language\" the object in question - the helix in the picture. You could argue that this helix exists regardless of whether or not we have a language to describe it; you've got the picture, right there! There are also multiple ways to describe the helix, using a different collection of symbols.\n\nSimilarly, the more you know a language, the more you can handle abstract concepts in that language. The more mathematics you know, the more \"fluent\" you are with abstract mathematical concepts.", "In one sense math can be construed as the language of nature because it can explain natural phenomena as well as other things such as human behavior and the probability of future events.", "I'll take a stance that differs from the others. Math is a language. Google has defined language as several things, and I'll choose the most beneficial to my argument. \n\nLanguage is defined as a method by which members of the same community communicate. Humans have verbal languages such as English, which can also be nonverbal. In that sense, if I told you that I was taking the integral of sinxdx from 0 to 2pi, you'd understand exactly what I meant as long as you understood the language, and you'd understand that the answer is 0. \n\nThat's communication, is it not? \n\nBeyond that, I suppose that mathematics can be considered a deeper way of communication. We use math to model the universe, and I can describe to you the curvature of spacetime with mathematical equations. I can communicate and help you visualize that concept using math, but as with all languages, you must understand it and know the language to speak it. On top of this, it's the only language where the words (equations) are precise and exact. Certainly, there are functions where we can't integrate, for example, and get a closed form solution (if I recall my calculus correctly, it has been a year). \n\nThis, of course, comes with limits. (Sorry, math jokes, I'm not funny.) I can't explain to you why Cindy broke up with Johnny, so I wouldn't be able to say that this language is capable of everyday communication of events, but it is nonetheless a language.", "Algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols.\n\nEnglish is a bunch of symbols and rules for manipulating them. So how isn't algebra a language?\n\nYou probably understand 2+4/7, but if I write 2++4/*7, then you can rightfully be confused because I'm not abiding by the established rules of algebra. In the same way, \"I'm the the an for many apricot pineapple twist towards\" is a violation of many English rules. In either case I'd best explain myself or you can rightfully say I'm not speaking the language.\n\nThere is math to be had that isn't algebra, in the same way I can write \"two plus two is four\", but algebra permeates or at least is invited by almost all math.", "A language is a set of rules that tell you how to combine symbols into something with meaning.\n\nEnglish, javascript, arithmetic, they all meet that definition of a language." ]

[ "They can store nutrients below ground mostly. Think of syrup, which all decidious trees in northern climates produce. The flow of syrup is the tree moving sugars from its lower storage organs to its leaf buds yo support the new growth. Also woody tissue with secondary cell walls are dead so they aren't really supporting as much living tissue as it seems." ]

[ "Because grids are easy and the structural integrity gained from triangles would not outway the massive extra time investment.", "With rebar being placed in concrete it is used to add tensile strength (which concrete has very little of). The strength of rebar isn't utilized from the grid pattern itself but by the pieces parallel to each other resisting stretching caused by loads causing bending. Laying in a grid pattern is simply the most efficient way of adding support in the X-Y grid with Z loading.\n\nThere are actually complex formulas based on loading, spans, material qualities, etc. but I'm assuming that's not what you came here for." ]

[ "According to [this]( _URL_0_ ), wind turbines are nearly as efficient with one blade. Adding blades barely increases efficiency and adds considerable cost, so the question is really \"why have more than one?\" And the answer presented is that three blades is the smallest number where the forces balance in a way that prevents destructive vibrations.\n\nNow, why the farm-style ones have so many blades, I'm not sure. My guess is efficiency is not a concern, so it may have more to do with increasing durability. It's a small windmill so the cost isn't much greater to have more blades (and I think they're very simple metal blades), but it may be costly in manual effort to repair. So having many redundant blades may just let it last longer. It's also possible that the design *limits* speed since these irrigation mills should only operate at a maximum level of performance: pumping beyond that isn't a bonus, but could actually damage the irrigation system.\n\nEdit: /u/DrScrubbington gives the real explanation for irrigation windmills below.", "Edit: /u/boredguy8 pointed out that i missed somthing, for low turning turbines the efficency goes down even if you add more blades. If i remember it right it was due to effects like friction and imperfect rotor shapes. But i'm not 100% sure about this. So there should be a perfect number of blades, but i couldn't figure out what it is - yet. \n\nMore blades seem to be more efficient. I found [this picture in my old lecture notes](_URL_2_). It's German but i think the pictures are easy to recognize! the y-axis shows a power coefficient, the higher the better and the x axis shows the speed blade in relation to wind speed). More blades would be even more efficient (but with each blade you'd get diminishing returns).\n\nIn addition to that [this diagram](_URL_2_) shows, that more blades mean more torque. Which may be a requirement for those water pumps, the lower torque may not be enough to pump the water up.\n\n\nIt seems like three blades is a nice balance between efficiency and cost of the blades. \n\nThe strain on other parts may play a role, but i'm not really sure how torque affects the strain on the other parts, like the gear box (which i know is a big problem in wind turbines).", "As a wind farm developer, let me direct you to the proper resource:\n\n_URL_3_\n\nEssentially:\n\n > \"Wind turbines extract energy by slowing down the wind. For a wind turbine to be 100% efficient it would need to stop 100% of the wind - but then the rotor would have to be a solid disk and it would not turn and no kinetic energy would be converted. On the other extreme, if you had a wind turbine with just one rotor blade, most of the wind passing through the area swept by the turbine blade would miss the blade completely and so the kinetic energy would be kept by the wind. \n\n > Betz Limit\nAlbert Betz was a German physicist who calculated that no wind turbine could convert more than 59.3% of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. This is known as the Betz Limit, and is the theoretical maximum coefficient of power for any wind turbine.\n\n > the fact is that small scale (1-100 kW) always have lower efficiencies than large scale wind turbines. \"", "Having an even number of blades is undesirable, because of uneven dynamic balance. If you have 2 blades 180 degrees apart, then vibrations in different directions have different properties.\n\nImagine the rotor has blades as 12 o'clock and 6 o'clock. Any vibration that causes the rotor to wobble across the horizontal axis (e.g. the 6 o'clock blade is \"shadowed\" by the tower) will be damped by huge inertia. However, any vibrations along the vertical axis, will not be damped, as there is no horizontal inertia.\n\nWith 3 or more blades, the rotor shows the same inertia in all axes, so is much more stable under wind gusts and as the blades pass the tower.\n\nAdding more blades improves the aerodynamic efficiency by capturing more energy from the air. However, the blades are very expensive, and put huge loads on the tower and bearings - adding blades therefore requires significant tower upgrades. As it is 3 blades get pretty close to optimal energy capture (something like 55% of the energy is captured, compared to 60% which is the theoretical maximum with \"infinite blades\"). So, adding any more blades doesn't get you terribly much benefit.\n\nIf your turbine design has very cheap blades (e.g. a small turbine - for a home), then adding more blades might be worthwhile, if it doesn't mean upgrading the tower/mast much - or if you can better match the properties of your generator. \n\nFor big turbines, where the blades, tower and bearings are very expensive - you want the fewest possible blades with the best possible dynamic stability - which usually means 3 blades.", "Wind Turbines have three blades for a couple of reasons. If we built a wind turbine in an idea world where we had magic materials we would want only one blade. This is because of fluid dynamics and the turbulence generated by the turbine. In the real world there is a problem with this, if there is only one blade it will start to vibrate like an unbalanced washing machine. The reason we go for 3 blades instead of 2 i am not sure of, it could easily be a material reason or it could just be easier to balance. The reason older wind mills have so many blades are because their blades are not engineered to be efficient air foils where the above issue comes up.", "The blade disc \"solidity\", ie. The ratio of blade area to non-blade area has a significant effect on efficiency. On a large turbine you don't need much blade area at all. There are also issues with blade wake, you want to keep the blade out of the wake of the one ahead of it. Technically the wake is a kind of spiral heading downwind from the turbine, but there are still interference effects. \nAnd yes, single blade turbines and propellers can be quite efficient, and can be statically balanced, but aerodynamic loads make for a bumpy ride. \nDisclaimer: worked on wind turbine design - many- years ago.", "Way back when, there was a decree that all wind turbines should have blades numbered by three. Not two, not four, and five is just *straight out.*\n\nBut for realsies, it comes down to getting the most bang for your buck, so to speak. Each blade can only do so much work when you're spinning a turbine, so it would stand to reason that more blades equals more power, right? \n\nWell, sort of. Think back to your childhood when you were riding bikes around the neighborhood. When you go down a steep hill, you gotta pedal *real* fast to increase your speed, right? The same thing works with turbines. Once you get to a high speed, you can only *increase* your speed by adding more blades, but by that point, the amount of blades you would have to add would be comically large to make any difference. \n\nOn top of that, the turbines can only handle so much speed. If you have too many blades and a *super* windy day, you'll see the hub and the blades cartwheeling across the countryside, as the torque exerted on the shaft could shear that bastard right off.\n\nWithout getting too much into it, it's *partly* about the cost of each blade, but **more** about ensuring that it's a low maintenance energy source, while still maintaining a certain level of efficiency." ]

[ "Several factors contribute to the feeling of burning, ranging from the following depending on your particular situation:\n\n* diarrhea poop is more acidic than normal poop. (Normal poop is often alkaline, but diarrhea moves quickly through your intestines without being properly \"processed,\" leaving it more acidic.)\n* reduced time in transit through your gut may also leave more digestive enzymes in diarrhea than regular poop\n* increased water content in your poop means that the entire contents (food, bacteria, etc.) are more easily smeared onto the surfaces of your mucous membranes. Normal poop is more desiccated and thus doesn't spread all the food contents over your rectum and anus.\n* The bacteria that live in your mid-gut may have been expelled more quickly than normal, meaning that the bacteria in diarrhea may be different than those in normal poop.\n* There are many immune cells that hang out near the rectum (a soft mucous membrane), and tissue inflammation (being \"red and puffy\") is a common side effect of your immune cells detecting foreign substances. This doesn't happen as badly for regular poop because it is often more solid, and therefore less accessible. As described above, normal poop is also more alkaline, less digestive enzymes, and has normal bacteria in it.\n\nThe combination of all these things, combined with the need for more wiping is the primary reason why diarrhea burns.", "Not to do with stomach acid, that should be neutralised before it gets anywhere near leaving your body (or it'd wreak havoc on your intestines on its way through). Probably because diarrhoea is wet and this, in addition to wiping more often than usual, irritates the skin around your butthole. Also, think about how babies get nappy rash from having wet nappies against their butts for extended periods, if you have wet soppy faeces (like swamp ass) because you couldn't clean it all properly it's going to start itching and irritating you.", "Because of rapid contractions and expansions of the anal skin.\n\nWhen you release an air filled balloon, its \"exit\", goes like [this](_URL_0_). If a balloon could feel, it'd feel burn.", "Not sure on the accuracy of this one, but I've understood it to be, essentially... muzzle velocity.\n\nI don't think I need to elaborate.", "none of this sounds very definitive. I didnt know I needed to know but now I do know that I need to know, I need to know." ]

[ "Not a scientifically backed explanation as such but it might be to do with minimizing contact with surfaces to reduce the pain the subject is in. Any sort of second degree burn or worse hurts when it has pressure applied.", "Is that a real photo? When is it from if so?" ]

[ "Such is the genius of Thomas Edison. It turns out sound waves are really pressure waves that exert force on your eardrums 'creating' sound. Vinyl is a soft material which is sensitive to subtle changes in force. Therefore to make a recording, an etching needle is placed on the vinyl and when sounds are made it moves the needle up and down according to the pressure exerted by the sound wave. As a result it literally converts a pressure wave into a physical shape.\n\nTo play back, the opposite occurs. You run a needle over the record and the needle moves a diaphragm back and forth converting the 'shape' of the sound wave back into an actual sound.", "The awesome thing is that the music isn't \"encoded\" so much as directly represented on the vinyl. You are listening to the waves, bumps, dust and mites on the vinyl itself. \n\nHere's a [modern explanation](_URL_0_) (no, the vinyl isn't cut directly, they make a master disk out of gold, and then make more durable pressing masters from that). \n\nHowever, I'd highly recommend checking out [this video](_URL_1_) as it details the making of shellac records (\"seventy-eights\"). Which, if you didn't know, is made from resin excreted by a bug." ]

[ "Let's put it this way - you can't divide something into zero parts. You can divide it into one part, but not zero parts. That's an illogical question (what happens if you divide $10 in zero parts?) There's no answer. Here:\n\n$0 x 12 months = I'll give you $0 every month for 12 months. How much money will you have after a year? $0.\n\n$12 x 0 months = I'll give you $12 every month, but no months have occurred yet. How much money do you have? $0.\n\n$0/12 months = You've made $0 in a year - how much did you make monthly? $0\n\n$12/0 months = You've made $12 in the span of no time at all. How much money did you make monthly? Um...well...I didn't make money monthly. There's no way to calculate this, because there's no time on the scale.", "Are you well-versed in mathematics ?\n\nIf so, here's my explanation. The multiplication by a certain number and the division by that same number are reversed operation if the number is different from 0. Indeed, if you apply both operations, no matter which one first, you get your initial number. For example, if you multiply 10 by 2 and then divide it by 2, you get 10 again.\n\nThe mappings f : x - > a.x and g : x/a (for a different from 0) represent the multiplication and the division operations. Since they cancel each other out if you apply both of them, we call them \"reciprocal bijections\" (or \"one-to-one mappings\") of one another. One of the properties of bijections is that if I take a number, apply that bijection and tell you this number, you are able to figure out what the initial number was. For instance, if I take a number, multiply it by 2 and tell you that I got 6, you are able to tell me that my initial number was 3. Similarly, if I take a number, divide it by 2 and tell you that I got 3, you are able to tell me that my initial number was 6. \n\nThe multiplication by a certain number and the division by that same certain number are always bijections of one another, except when that certain number is 0. Indeed, if I take a number, multiply it by 0 and tell you that I got 0, you are not able to tell me what my initial number was. So in that case, the multiplication by 0 is not a bijection and therefore, there is no reciprocal bijection that can be associated with it, i.e. the division by 0 is not defined/cannot exist.\n\nEdit : You are asking for dividing something by 0 being 0, it actually kinda exists, but we have to talk about limits. Consider the mapping f : x^2 /x. This mapping is not defined if x = 0, since we proved that dividing by 0 is not possible. However, we can examine whether that mapping tends to something when x tends to 0. We know that x^2 /x = x. Therefore, we can use that new mapping g : x - > x that is the same as f, except that g has no problem when x = 0. We can see that g(0) = 0, so we can say that f is not defined for x = 0 but f tends to 0 when x tends to 0.\n\nEdit 2 : You are also asking for a multiplication not being possible. This is not possible, you can ALWAYS multiply by a number. \n\nTl;dr : Being able to divide by 0 means that there is a certain number that, if multiplied by 0 would give the number that you initially divided by 0. This doesn't make sense since multiplying by 0 always gives 0. Actually, it is the fact that the multiplication by 0 gives a \"weird\" result which is always 0 that is responsible for the fact that the division by 0 must give a \"weird\" result as well. So \"weird\" that it can't give any result at all.", "I imagine it like pie. You can't have a pie divided into 0 slices. Either it's 1 (whole), 2 (cut in half), and so on. You can multiple by zero, because you are really just saying you have zero instances of that number. Like 2 X 5 is like saying I have two instances of five. 0 X 5 is you don't have any instances of 5." ]

[ "As far as infants, cloth and linen were often used as diapers, this is shown in native tribes. Disposable diapers are relatively new. Many people still use cloth diapers as they tend to be better for an infants skin. Thorough cleaning was just very important.", "People just used cloth which they had to wrap around the baby then wash when it was used. Same with tampons." ]

[ "It comes down to custom and tradition. For instance, with British royalty, they need to pick a British name. Custom dictates they can't go with something like Barbara or Fleur.\n\nCustom shows that typically they choose names to honor other family members or royalty. That's how they chose Charlotte, Elizabeth, and Diana as the three names for the Princess. You want something with historical significance and personal significance.", "Basically some names are not considered 'regal'. Of the names that are regal some of them can't be used out of either the last royal by that name having a bad reputation or conversely because the last holder of that name was too famous (think: Victoria).\n\nIm sure someone will have more technical reasons but thats what I know ow from the top of my head whilst im on the train." ]

[ "They aren't bullet proof, they're bullet resistant, depending on how much you want to spend, what kind of bullets you want to stop, and how many of them.\n\nTypically run-flat tires are standard on those vehicles." ]

[ "It basically means \"We hit the designated target. The target was defined as hostile, therefore everybody there were enemies. If there were any civilians, we define them as enemies as well.\".\n\nIn other words, they only know that the bombs hit as intended, they don't know who was there or if the intelligence that selected the target was correct.", "Believe it or not, there's an incredible amount of people involved in planning a kinetic strike. There is a whole section of doctrine describing the targeting cycle, and it's not trivial, nor is dropping a bomb on areas with people in them okay as long as the \"intended targets\" are in the mix. It's the exact reason ISIL like hiding behind civilians. They understand our targeting doctrine and use it against us.\n\nWhen they mentioned sensors, notice they mentioned other ISR assets supporting the strike. This is most likely where the information came from in this situation. But also understand that this probably was not the first time they had eyes on the target or the people around it. Weeks or months of planning lead up to a few PowerPoints to big wigs explaining why something should be targeted and how.\n\nReddit as a whole seems to have the impression that modern countries don't consider civilian damage because of cynicism and a large gap in their understanding of how this works. In fact I challenge anyone to tell me I'm wrong and we perform deliberate strikes in a way other than I described.", "Most likely what they mean is, \"There were no other buildings near the building we blew up.\"\n\nThere could be any number of non-combatants in that building, there would be no way of knowing." ]

[ "I guess you have never been really hungry. Not an insult I just mean humans do the same thing its just we can just feed our selves or drink water or something to stop the hunger before it gets to that point. As a former homeless dude I have been that hungry you start to drool and it burns in your belly till you just got to let it out. hurts. it sucks.", "Even though a stomach is empty, it is still getting ready for the next meal. So, acid and bile (and other digestive fluids) are being created and released into the stomach and intestines. Just sitting around not doing anything is sometimes, in some individuals, irritating to the gastrointestinal tract. This irritation stimulates vomiting as the body does not realize the cause of the irritation, and tries to get it out of the body.\n\nIn animals (dogs more commonly), this is known as bilious vomiting syndrome. The best way to treat it is feeding smaller, more frequent meals; or at the very least giving a bit of a snack before bedtime.\n\nSource: I am a veterinarian", "Nothing but bile, right? Mine does the same.", "I'd guess because all she has in her stomach is bile, which could irritate the stomach lining. So, puke it up, get rid of excess bile, feel better." ]

[ "I live in China currently and it is a really big deal here. They will never forget.", "The main difference is not the scale of the tragedies, but the nature of them. Yes, the fact that 6 million Jews along with another 2-4 million people being killed is horrific no matter what, as is the systematic violence and genocide perpetrated by the Japanese in China and Korea, but what was *new* about the holocaust was that this was the first time genocide was *industrialized*. Death factories were built. Essentially towns were created whose sole purpose was to kill as many people as efficiently as possible. This had never been done before, but was representative of the change in the nature of warfare and violence in the 20th century as a whole. It will always stand out from other genocides for this reason.\n\nedit: By the way, this explanation is in no way the only reason, and I recognize that a large part of this difference in perception is because of western-centric views of history, attitudes towards race, etc.", "The Rape of Nanking was absolutely terrible, but slaughters after winning seiges and living off a conquered people by the victorious army have happened throughout history. The Holocaust was more cold-blooded and methodical, and thus horrifying.", "I would think that in China the situation would be reversed. They would know all the Japanese atrocities while not knowing much about Holocaust.", "Hi there! Asian Studies major here!\n\nDepends on how you look at it. The pacific theater wasn't entirely complicated for America to enter and defeat the Japanese because a lot of the technology was given over to the Japanese after the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1858 (also the same treaty that caused inner turmoil and removed power from samurai).\n\nJapan had 3 main colonies: Korea, Taiwan, and China. Korea was a testing ground for colony control and historically Taiwan was okay with Japanese control, but between Raping of Nanjing and Unit 731 a lot of this was unseen and won over islands and the Pacific Ocean and two huge infamous catastrophic nuclear warheads which are far more memorable in American history because it was a clean sweep.\n\nThe Japanese didn't have a scapegoat. When they lost, their population and leaders paid the price. The ideal bad guy from the Holocaust was a Nazi, not a German. This might seem minor, but this is key to make a point that this tragedy is not forgotten.\n\nAmerica had to take control of Japan and the southern half of Korea, which of course became complicated due to the Cold War and subsequently the Korean War. Japan was not punished and was integrated into America's capitalistic face lift to revive the war torn country (Godzilla is actually propaganda of Japan's fear for America's capitalistic influence released around the time they've signed an alliance treaty). Because of this turn around by Americans, Japan's youth has little spite for World War 2. This has caused both Japan and America to slowly blend better together as countries willing to move passed recent difficulties. We are allies and because of the strength of their economy and because we weren't about remembering horrific acts that we saw very little of (horrific acts that Japan was punished for), very little is taught or talked about between Japan and America (much like how we had Japanese-American citizens sent to internment camps during WW2).\n\nI say this is recent because it was less than 100 years ago when all of this occurred. America might not seem to be in the \"in\", but East Asia despises Japan. Many interest groups have demanded a solution for the damage Japan had caused to China (mostly petty large donations). Both Chinese and Korean people are still upset from Japanese occupancy. Twice in the past 10 years there was a major issue with Japanese history books distributed by Japan to Asian countries that nearly omits all of Japan's Korean/Chinese actions. This caused more criticism for Japan.\n\nEven recently with *The Interview*, people forget that Sony is a Japanese company. North Korea is their neighbor. North Korea has threatened Japan on many occasions with nuclear weaponry (as empty of a threat as that may be, Japan is the only country who truly knows what its like to be hit with an atomic bomb). North Korea has stolen airplanes and held/killed off Japanese hostages within the past few decades. They still resent Japan.\n\nThere is always a new headline once a year about Japan trying to move away from their past. They've been heavily criticized for openly apologizing because recent generations born after WW2 deny responsibility. My SO is Japanese and she admits to knowing very little about the Raping of Nanjing and she knew nothing about Unit 731 (human testing facility). She says that usually they don't try to paint any light on WW2 and tell it how it is, but I suppose the easiest way to avoid blame is to not mention/detail acts seen as crimes against humanity.\n\nChina has major hostility over Japan. South Korea doesn't trust Japan. North Korea see's them as one of their biggest threats. America, as well as many other countries, filter out enlightening details, opinions, and events in history to keep history mostly neutral. One of the main reasons most history classes can detail and villainize Germans during WW2 is there is a separation of Germans and Nazis. This is why the war details of Japan in a high school history course start at when America is attacked and jumps to when America wins a few battles and drops the bomb.\n\nHope this clears some things up.", "cause maintaining a good relationship with postwar Japan was still a high priority to combat the Communists. and China turned out to be Communists. what good does it do to crucify Japan for killing your used-to be allies but now enemies? \n\nthe US liked having a military base in Asia. it creates a buffer point against the Communist forces that came from Soviets and Communist Chinese.", "Because you live in the West? There are several historians who would argue US actions in the Phillippines in the early 20th century constitutes genocide. Most Americans don't even know we were there prior to WWII.", "The US has closer cultural ties to Europe than we do to Asia - we just don't care about China as much.\n\nFurthermore, after the war, the Chinese Communists sided (sort of) with the Soviets & became the enemy during the Cold War.", "Because the Japanese didn't have a poster boy like Hitler.", "Partly because when we liberated Europe our troops saw the camps and some of the bodies. Then some of our officers made the locals in the nearby towns come see for themselves. And then our higher ups sent film crews around to document what they found. If you check, Alfred Hitchcock did one of the documentaries, before he went to Hollywood and began working for profit. It was far more chilling than any of his horror movies. \n \nI've seen a few pictures and film clips from Nanking but I don't think there is nearly as much footage available as there was in Europe. And, MacArthur was trying to rehabilitate the Japanese and turn them into a valuable ally. Our leaders were trying to prevent the idiocy that happened at the end of WW I from happening again.", "I've always assumed some of the reasons we remember it less, is because there were other points that made the holocaust more remarkable:\n\n- it was meant as a genocide, and succeeded. For how atrocious China's casualties were, the war on China did not succeed as a genocide.\n\n- I'm sure Jews would have fought back dirty if they could have. But they were pretty much defenseless. China had an army, and on the battles it won, were just as atrocious as Japanese army was. It was war as it always is. China was on the receiving end of tragedies because the battle was on their lands, with their civilians around, and was losing ground.", "Because the holocaust mainly affected Jews and Jews have a pretty large standing in American media. I've kind of felt growing up that America has just been ramming the holocaust down my throat in their movies and tv shows and video games etc. but I assume it's because those are made by a relatively hefty amount of Jewish people (mixed with others obviously) who want everyone to remember it. \n\nJust my honest opinion as a Brit, don't mean it to sound offensive or anything before everyone jumps on me.", "I think we live in our bubbles and forget that people in different countries have a different recollection of history and a different writing of history. History books are influenced by cultural ties, political ties, governing power etc. Even the bible was rewritten by King James to further his views and outlook. Truth is not something that can be read, only experienced and even then it is under extreme cultural bias. We have to remember that everything we read and see in our lives is shaped by our values, location and culture. Our way isn't the only way.", "Because there are differences. One was an invasion of a country, the other was a systematic attempt to wipe out an entire group of people. One killed a small percentage of the population (still horrible) while the other killed upwards of 85% of the population in some countries. \n\n70 years on and the worldwide population of Jewish people has \"caught up\" to pre-war levels.", "I think what you mean is why is the Holocause remembered as such a tragedy, while the japanese invasion of China is almost forgotten....in the West\n\nMore Jewish people in the West, more Western countries involved - so it's more well known and remembered.\n\nI'm sure that if you go to Japan or China, there will be knowledge of that there", "You could ask that about everything in history, like why no one I know has ever learned about the holodomor, or other soviet famines in general.\n\n_URL_0_", "Jews make a lot of movies and write a lot of books. \n\nWhy would the U.S. government have a specific policy to educate people about this? There are many tragedy's throughout history. The federal government doesn't go around dictating which ones to propagandize more than others.", "Not forgotten by the Chinese. I was in Qiqihaer once and saw an old building being demolished. The Chinese girl I was with explained it was one of the buildings used by the Japanese during the war. She then told me she hates Japanese people.", "Who the fuck thinks that it's forgotten? Perhaps it's forgotten in the pond that's America, but try telling that to the Chinese and Koreans. Why do you think they are constantly in each other's throats?", "1: It's not forgotten in China.\n\n2: A lot more holocaust survivors emigrated to the US than did Nanking survivors.", "Most of the answers in this thread are missing a critical point. Assuming that OP is American, it's important to remember that most Jewish peoples who are currently alive reside in America. In many ways the legacy of the holocaust lives on here since we harbor the affected population more than any other nation. The Jewish population is also wealthier than average and funnels loads of money into Holocaust museums, institutes of study, and academic publications. Thus we have widespread awareness of the Holocaust, even though there are many other similar tragedies in world history (i.e. Stalin's genocide, the Armenian genocide, and of course Japan's genocide of China)", "What a conceit, you presume to know what the populace around you has forgotten. You speak for yourself on that, World War II buffs such as my self, and there are many of us, know a great deal about the atrocities in WWII. The Armenian genocide in WWI is the least known of modern atrocities, and perhaps not too far behind would be the Khmer Rouge atrocities in Cambodia. But least known does not mean \"almost forgotten\".", "I think that the fact that Japan got nuked tends to lessen the impact of the atrocities that the Japanese committed during WWII. Like, yeah, they did bad shit, but they got theirs too.\n\nI don't think any country that was involved in WWII has been able to spin a better victim's narrative than Japan.", "western perspective. ask someone in china and they probably relate more to tragedies from their own history than ours.\n\nsame can be said of all the genocides in Africa, the Armenian genocide and so on.", "Government propaganda. The United States had more involvement in stopping the holocaust, making the U.S. look like heroes.", "I'm guessing the easy answer is history is written by the winners and the winners of WWII were caucasian. People will feel more emotions if they can relate to something. Since the Holocaust was a tragedy for mostly white people we can look at it and get a sense of that could have been me, my brother, sister, father, mother, etc. where as if you look at the tragedy that happened to the Chinese by the hands of the Japanese, they don't resemble white people so we feel less of a connection.", "One of the reasons is because people of the Jewish faith control a large percentage of the businesses in the United States and virtually all of the media including TV, Hollywood, publishing, etc.. With respect to their percentage of the population, they are grotesquely overrepresented in government and business worldwide. That overrepresentation is because Jews are very intelligent, but they are also very aggressive and tend not to work well with others especially if the others are not Jewish.", "It's mostly because of the western centric perspective of history; also sometimes refered to as \"Eurocentrism\". In the western world you will mostly hear about white people and their actions. That's just the way it is. Even when you do hear about minorities, it's usually in the context of how they interacted with white people (slavery, holocaust, Native Americans, etc.). It's somewhat uncommon for western history to focus on a minority vs. minority issue.", "Correct me if I'm wrong because I'm no historian but:\n\nBecause we live in the west and the holocaust directly effects us unlike the Japanese invasion of China which was an Eastern tragedy.", "My friend (a Jew) is very fond of saying \"we have better advertising\". We have a mutual friend who is Armenian, so we often end up discussing \"other\" genocides.", "Here come the \"Jooos control the media\" folks who share the same bordering-on-superstitious fear of Jews that helped cause the Holocaust in the first place. Sad, sick people.", "\"The Japanese invasion of China is almost forgotten\" must be the most eurocentric shit i've heard in a long time.", "How is it almost forgotten? Who doesn't know about the rape of Nanking or comfort woman?", "I've worked for predominantly-Jewish businesses and I've worked for predominantly-Chinese businesses, and my experience is both groups have an unbelievable hatred for their WWII opponents - and aside from a single person none of them were speaking from personal experience. In both situations I heard heard coworkers/owners say things about Germans and Japanese that were pure hate-speech, and they discriminated against customers who had Germanic or Japanese surnames. \n\nFor example: I worked for several Jewish-owned jewelry businesses, and in one company anyone with blonde hair/blue eyes was referred to as \"Lebensborn\" - which were the Nazi baby-factories dedicated to the Aryan Solution - followed by \"those goddamned Nazis\". A customer who drove a Mercedes was obviously a Nazi sympathizer, yadda yadda. Keep in mind these folks were not around during the Holocaust- they were just spewing the blind hate they'd been taught since they were children. Discounts were never offered to anyone who \"looked like a Nazi\" and so on. When they were \"with their own\" it was even worse, and it sounded like a Klan rally. Before the downvotes begin, remember that I don't have a dog in this fight, I'm just reporting what I observed.\n\nYears later I worked for a Chinese PC manufacturer that had several retail outlets. They wouldn't even accept orders from Japanese companies or end-users, and when I asked about their discrimination I was told that \"Japanese are counterfeiters, their money is fake\", or \"Never trust Japanese, they sell their parents to restaurants for meat\", \"Those motherfuckers don't have enough money to make me sell shit for them to eat\"- outrageous stuff. \n\nAs most of the more-informed commenters in this thread have pointed out, we hear more about the Holocaust because Jews fled to the West, the concentration camps were well-documented for PR purposes and to set up prosecution for war crimes. For the most part the Chinese and Koreans remained in their homeland and so we haven't heard as much about the equally-atrocious destruction that happened in Asia. \n\nThe sad part is that the hatred has been incorporated into the cultural narrative of later generations: there is a difference between learning history and nursing hatred.", "> while the Japanese invasion of China (with similar casualties) is almost forgotten?\n\nThis is not true in China, so part of the answer to your question is obviously one of cultural bias. The Holocaust didn't happen secretly, somewhere in the \"foreign\" distance, it was a state-sanctioned effort that happened right on the doorstep of the civilized Western world.\n\nSo why is the tragedy of the Holocaust so well remembered in Europe/N. America even now? Two reasons seem to stand out: Jews and Germans. After the war, the Jewish survivors nearly immediately initiated an organized effort (that is still ongoing) to never let the memory of their persecution fade. In fact the effort has been so successful that it is sometimes criticized for causing people to forget that **[nearly half of Hitler's victims were non-Jews](_URL_1_)**. The other reason is the Germans--the Germans systematized the killings so methodically that they left heaps of records of their actions, revealing a scale and intention-ality to the Holocaust that is chilling and that challenges many ideals which we still hold as a culture.", "It seems because it was seemingly a non-Western world fight, our culture does not value it as highly as World War II. Because the Western world did not have a hand in it, it does not seem as such a travesty because we had no opportunity to prevent it. \n\nHaving spent time in China, it is not forgotten at all. It's very well known, especially by those who had relatives in the the battle. There are many monuments and museums erected at the historic battle fields. And many Chinese and Japanese people know the stories. \n\nI had a teacher who very clearly hated the Japanese and anything to do with Japan because his grandfather was killed in the battle. He told us in very broken English how his grandfather had not only been killed, but scalped while alive. You could tell he had told this story many times before, and you could still see the anger in his eyes. Scary shit.", "The Holocaust as a genocide itself is just as tragic as any other genocide. The method in which the Holocaust was carried out is the reason why it has stayed fresh in our minds all of these years. The Nazis manufactured death and turned it into a business. The people were sent to institutions where people were automatically and systematically executed by the bulk. No other genocide has been organized like this.", "I live in the USA and any time the holocaust comes up in conversation, I make it a point to educate them on the scale of death that took place during the Japanese occupation of China. \n\nAmericans also tend to forget/ignore the Soviet sacrifice during the fight against the Nazis.", "It is not forgotten, you just happen to live in a culture that decides to promote one story over another.", "It's relative. In Korea and China, the Holocaust isn't talked about nearly as much as the Japanese invasions are.", "Its not the US Governments responsibility to spread awareness. Why would you think that? It is taught in schools", "Because they're both remembered as tragedies? Why do you have to ask a stupid question like this?", "Essentially it boils down to Jews being white. That's why it is a big deal.", "Because the Western powers didn't go in and document the atrocities in Asia.", "Here in China it's far from forgotten and forgiven.", "While the Japanese atrocities in China must not be minimized, the holocaust was a systematic, planned, organized and nearly successful attempt to destroy an entire people based on ethnicity and religion.\n\nThe Nazis system of rounding up Jews (and other non-ayrans, like communists, homosexuals and dissenting Christians) was horrific in its planning, intention and execution. The process of taking people from their homes, shipping them to a processing facility that removed all valuables and items of worth, then staking them like cordwood in a large room to be poisoned was, once discovered, viewed as beyond evil.\n\nKeep in mind that the Nazis and the Japanese Imperial forces did some of the same types of atrocities, such as gathering large groups and gunning them down. \n\nWhat makes the holocaust stand out is that the people targeted were not 'enemy combatants' or even 'enemy citizens' (neither of which excuses the Imperial forces behaviours). \n\nThey were the next door neighbours, the shopkeepers, butchers, delivery men, workers that everyday Germans knew. They didn't look any different, speak a different language or have different customs (other than the religious customs of European Jews). You couldn't identify them as 'coming from' a certain place. They were us. \n\nWith the Japanese Imperial forces, the atrocities were committed against helpless civilians and captured enemy forces but not against their own people, their own next door neighbours and friends. They were, in the minds of the Imperial forces, 'others'.\n\nNot so with the German Jews. Nor with the French, or Polish or Austrian Jews. The blond, blue eyed young man tossed into a Zyklon B poison might, only a year earlier, have been in school with the one who turned the gas on. \n\nThat is what makes it so horrific. That a people could identify their own citizens, their own friends and neighbours, as ones deserving of death was, again with no suggestion that the Imperial actions were in any way justified, beyond evil. That the one who called the authorities to have me, or my family, taken away to be killed might have been my friend and perhaps even a fellow employee or someone I grew up with shocked the world in a way that nothing in modern history could prepare us for.\n\nWhile what the Japanese did was unconscionable it was seen as a Japanese war crime perpetrated on non-Japanese. \n\nWhat the Germans did was to their own. Their own people. As terrible as the Japanese war crimes were, that fact simply makes what the Nazis did even worse. And while the Japanese butchered innocents, the Nazis engaged in the systematic destruction of an entire race! \n\nNo one should ever forget any of these crimes. Even the death of one innocent should make each of us cry out in anger. As you asked why some view the Nazi crimes as 'worse' (How do compare such evils so that one is 'better' and one is 'worse' anyway?) I have tried to explain why the Holocaust seems to stand out among such terrible acts.", "You know in Korea , especially the older generation those 45+ have a serious hatred toward Japanese. The Koreans in the US are more open toward the Japanese but those from South Korea really despise the Japanese. History shows the atrocities committed by them on their colonial subjects. The destruction of thousand year old customs and culture. The enslavement of subjects. The executions , rape, pillage, desecration, history altering, culture stealing , etc. It's no wonder the Koreans hate them it's only been 60 years since the U.S. Took the role of colonizer in South Korea so there's still people alive who remember the atrocities committed. \n\nMy grandfather even told me he had to hide in a ditch of animal and human refuse for three days to escape the Japanese soldiers who were raiding his town and raping and killing children and men. Worse he was half Chinese and Korean which he believed made him a bigger target. He told me he spent months recovering from sores and blisters that he developed from the putrid wastes he had submerge himself in until they literally burned the village to the ground. He tells me it's these things that the citizens had to endure to survive that made the Japanese hated. The only people safe were those who conspired with them. Those were kept from harm but we also traitors to the country. \n\nHere's one example of how bad the rift is and has been - only recently has the South and Japan been venturing together in business. I was watching NHK (Japanese Network) and they were proclaiming that a historic joint venture was formed to extract gas from Indonesia together.... So 60 years later, being neighbors , separated by maybe twice, thrice the distance of the Long Island Sound has the two nations started working together. Also when you watch Korean/Chinese news Japan is talked about with a neutral or slightly debasing tone. Meanwhile Japan news usually belittles Korea/China and sometimes shows the two nations as chaotic and barbaric compared to civilized Japan. \n\n\nOnly a funnier note: \nIt's s no wonder Best Korea keeps firing missiles in their direction , they would like nothing other than complete utter destruction of Japan. I'm sure China and South Korea would posture against their antagonism but secretly wouldn't do much to stop them if they started to rain weapons of mass description on the Japanese. And many people have little sympathy for Japan and it's natural disasters seeing it as a payment for their atrocities.", "I can't wait for the downvotes here but:\n\nIt has a lot to do with marketing. The \"rape of nanking\" is well remembered in China, and neighboring Asian countries, but in America we're more likely to get a story about the WWII \"war crimes\" from Israel than China. Israel \"loves\" to remind us about the holocaust, and that isn't to say that I feel that it should be forgotten, but it is to say that the victim status that it continues to bring the Jews is extremely empowering. As long as the Jews are seen as victims, they will continue to receive billions... and yeah, that's billions, with a \"b\", in military support from other nations, particularly one nation.... looking at you United States. That's not to say that there is no benefit to this. Let's get real here, if any crazy Middle Eastern leader got his hands on a nuke, they would not set it off in the U.S. as long as Israel was still around.\n\nAlso the holocaust is seen as the reason for which WWII was made \"a legitimate war\". I mean if not for the holocaust, what really would have separated WWII from say, Vietnam? Oh no, the spreading of a government by physical force? That's exactly what happened in Vietnam, and is still happening today, particularly in Africa. Having the holocaust makes us the automatic \"good guys\" and we feel better about the war... oh and to be clear, I'm not saying that we shouldn't otherwise feel good about it. We've forgotten how to win wars. Winning a war is not a pretty thing to do. To win, you need to crush a countries spirits, and depending on the type of citizens that means neutralizing a lot of citizens until they give up. Is it \"evil\", well, you tell me, I say kill a lot of people in one year instead of a few people over the course of 10 years. the end result is the same amount of people dead and 9 years less terror.", "You have to remember that western education is western-centric. In the same way that eastern education is eastern-centric. \n\nThere are going to be a lot of people who have no idea who Hitler was but know who Ho Chi Minh was. And vice versa. \n\nDifferent events assume different significance on different cultures depending on when and where it happened. And also, it's just too much to learn, and or take in. \n\nRemember that module of history you did on Chad? Of course you don't because it's silly to teach you about the history of Chad. Why would that ever be useful to you or relevant? \n\nRemembering the events in the European theater of war is key to European and American history because they were involved in it. It's quite possibly the most pivotal string of battles any nations have ever taken part in. There is almost no education on the Pacific theater in Europe. Yet in America you're taught about Pearl Harbour and Japan all the time. \n\nBut in China, memories of the war and hatred against the Japanese is stronger than ever. Hating the Japanese has almost become part of the Chinese national identity. It seems to be a hatred that hasn't gone away. Mainly because of Japanese isolationalism and its westernism. Germany has had the... 'advantage' I supposed of being split, and then 'liberated from communism' by the capitalists. It has now been cemented as a nation in with the 'good guys'. It's strong, rich, and powerful again. There aren't many people that once were at war with Germany that don't like Germany now.", "You're definitely asking as a non-Asian (or Chinese specifically) person.\n\nChina and Korea has not forgotten what the Japanese did to them. Most of the people in those two countries DESPISE the Japanese even until this day. Much of it has to do with the fact that Japan is actively erasing that part of history by censoring/altering what's being taught in schools. This is further aggravated by the whole Diaoyu Island incident. The 2012 Anti-Japanese protests in China were pretty serious. If business/personal properties openly displayed any sort of Japanese characters, they were vandalized. \n\nMeanwhile, Germany pretty much owned up to the Holocaust and did a much better job whitewashing the new government in the last few decades. Also many Holocaust victims have publicly chosen to \"forgive\" what were done to them during the Holocaust. \n\nAs far as the U.S. government's role in the whole thing. Well, the U.S. pretty much considers herself *the* country that defeated the Nazis. Also, a lot of Jews immigrated to the U.S. and hold positions of wealth/power. Gotta keep the tales of heroism going. \n\nA more appropriate comparison would be Pearl Harbor, which Americans have definitely not forgotten.", "Ontop of the rape of Nanking, you have the gulags in Russia, and China's famines which both killed way more than the holocaust. The reason people don't care is because no one focused on it. During WW2, it was America's war. It was the world vs the Nazi's. Because tensions with China and the Soviet Union never escalated, no one acted outraged abou the atrocities that happened, they were just kind of scoffed at. The people talking about \"cold systematic\" nature of the murders are wrong. The same kind of camps and cold murder existed in Gulags and the \"re-education\" villages in China. The fact is that for a while, Germany was an asshole that got its ass kicked. That's why we focus on how horrible it was.", "I can't give you an answer as to why the US government has not spread more awareness of this, but it's evident from posts here that people don't realise the true scale of what the Japanese did to the Chinese. \nI see some people thinking that there was a higher death toll in the holocaust. People aren't taught about what cold blooded things the Japanese did so it's hard to blame them for thinking the holocaust was much worse (They were taught since school of the atrocities in detail)", "Because white people perpetrated the Holocaust. My sister is \"ultra-left white people suck\" and she is under the impression that the Japanese were angels and that Americans were complete racist monsters. She actually calls it a race war inspired by American racism, uhhhh. People just like to recall shit that fits their agenda. The memory of a bunch of really powerful evil white people is useful to western politics today.", "Nazi's were iconic with their symbolism and they were white. Hollywood could essentially slap a swastika on one actor and a serial number on another and have a good story of evil vs. good or the duality of man. The average American couldn't tell the difference between a Japanese and a Chinese person making the story hard to tell and unrelatable. \n\nHating Nazi's became popular American culture.", "My guess is that it's because war crimes are committed by one government against the citizens of another government, whereas the holocaust was a government killing its own people. People like to think that governments exist to protect their own citizens and accept the possibility that they will be less kind to the citizens of other countries, but the holocaust went against that paradigm.", "It was bad, but what happens in a war is different than waking up and deciding to kill millions of people.\n\nPeople don't understand this, but what we call wars now are minor skirmishes in a peaceful world. (Except Africa. They've had some real wars in the last 40 years, but they were more or less ignored by outsiders)", "The German government has repeatedly apologized, admitted and acknowledged their involvement in the Holocaust. It's widely taught in schools now, and there are strict laws on things like hate speech.\n\nWhereas the Japanese government refuses to apologize for the rape of Nanking and other atrocities. In fact, some Japanese people say that it never happened.", "1. I suspect that you're trying to blame \"the Joooos\" (as you Liberals call them) for not making people aware of this\n2. Nobody has forgotten about this. You're building a strawman\n3. What happened in Germany resonates with Americans because German culture right before Hitler was very similar to American Culture.", "Because the Nazi aesthetic is like a team of artists, writers and designers were tasked with creating the most obviously evil looking, sounding, acting group imaginable. If the Nazis didnt exist in real life and were instead created for some movie, people would think it was too over the top and unbelievable.", "The Japanese atrocities were against their enemy. The German atrocities were in large part against their own citizens. That is some fricked up shiz. You're in the middle of one of the biggest wars of all time, and your spending your resources running death camps to kill off your own people.", "I think the big difference lies in the records. In Europe, the Jews tended to be educated and were thus able to share their experiences in writing. The Chinese, on the other hand, were by and large uneducated peasants, who could not do so.", "Propaganda. You're also forgetting the US firebombings of Japanese civilian territories, even prior to our use of atomic weapons on, again, civilian territories. The loss of life from the methodical elimination of Native Americans dwarfs the Holocaust by comparison. Naming only a few.", "This just depends on where you live. I lived in Japan for 4 years and visited China 7 times. China has definitely not forgotten. Hell, Japan hasn't forgotten about the Mongol invasion in the 1200's. Asian cultures have long memories.", "As usual, it all depends on who writes the narrative. Our narrative of WWII is largely that of the US and their European allies. To put things bluntly, at the time they (we) didn't give a fuck about China.", "First of all, those who know their history, have not forgotten Japan's invasion of China but the Holocaust is remembered by the masses more because it happened to white Europeans.", "Who's forgetting anything? And \"spreading awareness\" isn't exactly the US government's forte. (Hell, we can't even get people to believe Obamacare isn't a Satanic conspiracy to steal teeth.)", "It's the systematic nature of it. The way Germany went about rounding up and murdering the Jews in such a systematic process. That's what makes it exceptional.", "There is a significant number of wealthy/elite Jews in the U.S. versus a very small minority of elite/wealthy Chinese. The disparity was even greater in the past.", "Were the Americans involved in that fight? If not, that's why no one here knows about it. General history classes only talk about things that involved us.", "Because that war didn't make Ameircan Heroes. Had they lost many men there, you would have heard about it and seen a few movies.", "Oh- and FYI-the Nazis killed 25 million. Only six million were jewish, but we never hear about the other 19 million.\n\nStrange, neh?", "Jews are way better advertisers. Stalin and Mao killed a lot more and on their homeland and their own.", "My second girlfriend was Canadian. Amazing how much different the history of North America is taught up there.", "Because it it the fundemental pretext of International Zionists for the establishment of the state of Israel.", "i think its because of proximity. i bet in china is not forgotten at all.", "Geography, in eastern Asia the Rape of Nanking is still vividly remembered.", "Because certain individuals who own the large media companies want us to.", "How about Native Americans? \nHuh Mr us government? Don't they count?", "Because they aren't white and we live in North America", "Because it didn't happen to a white ethnicity." ]

[ "There was known plaintext it was trying to match against. I seem to remember they used weather reports which were broadcast each day in the morning, and always had the same initial letters.\n\nOnce you crack the settings for that one, you could then decode all the messages sent the same day (until they change the codes again the next day).", "Every message would end with \"Heil Hitler\" because nazis.\n\nThe weather report came at the same time every day.\n\nThe machine would churn until the last 11 characters matched \"Heil Hitler\" then it would stop. voila.\n\nThe settings changed once per day and the weather report was the first transmission of the day. Crack that, and you've discovered the settings for the day, and you can freely decode all messages until midnight when the nazis would change codes again. wait for the weather message and repeat.", "It didn't know it had solved it, all it knew was it had found a *possible* solution. The settings it found would be checked by hand.\n\nThe Bombe was hugely dependent on the quality of the \"menu\" that it was configured with.\n\nWatch this _URL_0_\n\nAbout 8:30 or so he describes that fact that the bombe may find multiple combinations of letters and that they would be checked on a checking machine.\n\nUnfortunately, the movie isn't very accurate. If you can, a trip to Bletchley Park is recommended. \n\nAlso, its worth reading \"Enigma - The battle for the code\" by Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, its an excellent book that explains the whole story of Enigma and how it was broken.", "In general, there are two ways to do this.\n\nOne is called the known plaintext attack. If you happen to capture both some encrypted text and the corresponding unencrypted text, you can try different enigma settings until you find the right one, then apply those settings to text where you only have the encrypted version. With Enigma, the allies relied on German weather reports, which were broadcast at the same time each day, and had parts that didn't change from day to day.\n\nThe other relies on the relative frequencies of the letters of a language's alphabet. In German, E, N, and I are the most common letters, while Z, V, and P are the least common (not include special letters like ß and Ä that did not appear on Enigma rotors, and Y, X and Q, were are borrowed and only used in foreign words).\n\nThat means that if there are as many N's as P's in your attempted decryption, you kept going. As it turns out if a message has more than about 30 letters, the chances of a false decryption having letter frequencies similar to a real message become statistically insignificant. Even if you do get a false positive, it will be obvious to a human, and you can just have the computer keep going.", "First model did not know. The machine just redused the possible combinations down to a managable (but still significant) number that where printed out (rotor position, plugboard position and message) and it stopped when it was done. These print outs where checked manually for any known german words. Even if there where (lets say)20000 lines of printouts a room of 100 people could check every line in a very short time (you are given a list of 200 possible codes and all you need to do is find the one that has \"heilhitler\" at the end (because Nazis are idiots). It is not rocket science and any dimwith could do it in minutes, its 1/100 chance that it is on your list and if you find it you yell out, if not you check again until someone do) once found you/they deliver it to your manager and he reports the daily code to Allied command. Later models of the code breaker machine automaticly found the message ending with \"heilhitler\" but it was not a revolutionary step forward as it already was a fairly quick procedure.", "The film so so over simplified it even the Wikipedia article adds a lot. The heil Hitler on every message is a fiction, for a start. My favourite nugget is that the British navy started leaving mines where they knew they would be found, and then looked out for the coordinates in messages that day - ie it gave them some known information to work with. Overall it was about 100 times more complicated than the film makes out - they didn't crack all the codes overnight as it suggests", "The Bombe did not know when it had cracked the code. It stopped whenever it found a series of plugboard settings that were possibly correct, because they contained no contradictions. The operators noted the settings that caused the machine to halt, then set it of again until it found the next possible match.\n\nIt was up to cryptographers and analysts to go through the possibilities and work out which one was correct by putting them into an enigma machine and seeing if valid German came out." ]