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[ "I don't know about other bugs but mosquitoes have a preference for type O blood. CO2 also attracts them, and pregnant women exhale more CO2. Also alcohol (as little as 12 ounces of beer) seems to increase their attraction to you; possibly because it raises your body temperature.", "I've wondered the same thing, because all of my family have the same blood type but mosquitoes target me more than any of them and I react badly to them too. However deer flies and horse flies almost ignore me. I've always been told it's to do with CO2 and body heat but my body temperature is lower then my sibling's and they have rarely any problem. I think there has to be some sense that we don't have that makes certain people more appealing to mosquitoes, so appealing that bug spray does not work.", "I've often wondered if this is in fact the case. My wife seems to get bitten a lot more than me. I notice fairly recently though that when I do get bitten I have a much lower reaction to the bite. Could it be that you are being bitten at a similar level just that they do not itch?", "I always thought it had to do with what you ate. My grandma would feed her dogs garlic to keep the bugs off of them. And I assumed if you ate a lot of sugar the bugs would be more attracted to you." ]

[ "You basically \"Own\" a part of a property and you only get to use it a few weeks a year, yet you pay property taxes, upkeep costs and \"Association Dues\" year round. Most people don't want to spend all their vacations at the same place every year, but if you have a time-share, you're wasting money if you don't use it.", "First, a great many timeshares are not scams at all. They are legitimate businesses that provide you with some access to a property in return for you taking the financial burden of partial ownership, and paying service charges for its upkeep and for a central agency to advertise and book its availability. It's a very common business model for many convenient vacation locations such as Florida, and it works quite well for a huge number of people.\n\nSome unethical companies, often just slimy brokers that lie or misrepresent what you are actually going to get out of it, are what make it perceived as scammy. They're actually the minority.\n\nThere's also very common recruiting process they follow where you get a deeply discounted stay at a resort as long as you sit in on a half-day high-pressure sales pitch that tries to force you into buying a share in a time-share condominium. It's not so much a scam - you often DO get what you pay for if you do sign up in one of those things - as it is a sales tactic that really turns off a lot of people.", "It's really not the concept of a timeshare itself so much as how they are sold, especially to the \"first\" owners. Let's say you build a resort hotel, and you have 100 nice apartments. Kitchens, 2 bedrooms, a hot tub, nice balcony, the works. Now, there's 52 weeks in a year, so that's *really* 5200 weeks of room-space you have. *But* most people really only want about a dozen to twenty (depending on seasons and location) of those weeks. So you *might* have about 1600 \"weeks\" of space. *Good* space to sell. Anything beyond that is basically a bonus. \n\nIf it cost $20 million to build this place, that's $12,500 a piece to \"sell\" these lots, plus the heat to keep the pipes from freezing and the electric and water and internet connected in the \"off\" season. If somebody buys one of these for a loan of $12,500 plus monthly maintenance for just *one* week a year... Not so great a deal, is it?\n\nBut, when you look at, in relation, how much people spend on an \"average\" vacation, is it worth it? Some people I know *don't* vacation. Not in the traditional sense. Some people do a $2500 cruise every few years. Some people do a 4 hour drive to the nearest ocean for 5 days once a year. It varies, and so do the costs. And so does the budget.\n\nIf you have a stable budget and like to do the same or similar thing (usually a land-based resort near a tourist attraction for week-long periods) a timeshare, over a few years, isn't a bad deal. \n\nBut you can do better. Look on ebay. A *lot* of people get a timeshare, not realizing what they're in for. The beach gets *old.* Trust me, I lived on a beach for the last 5 years. I could go the rest of my life without seeing another goddamn grain of sand or brilliant emerald wave of water breaking over the fucking tangerine sunset. After a while, the beach *sucks.*\n\nAnyway, look on ebay. There are a lot of people selling timeshares because the beach (or Disney, or the golf resort, or whatever) got *old* for them. Often, they don't even care about the initial $12,500 (or whatever it was) that they paid off years ago, they just want out of the maintenance fees, and you can get a timeshare for a fraction of the price.\n\nLike \"pyramid schemes\" and other \"scams,\" they're not a bad deal if what you *paid* for it is *worth it* to you. But if you sit through one of those \"presentations\" at the end of a \"free\" weekend (which I've done *three* of, still don't own a timeshare) and they give you that pitch about how much you *could* spend \"vacationing\" and how much you could manage that cost, be aware that *those* are for the *first* owners of that timeshare, and some poor sucker has to bear that cost of building a massive resort.\n\nI might do the ebay thing one day, but they all exchange, and they all have beaches, and god damn if I don't hate that fukkin' saltwater-soaked, postcard-beautiful, skin-cancer causing sandbar of beauty and misery. Damn sugar sand and sunburn.", "A timeshare is not a scam in and of itself. Fractional ownership is a perfectly legitimate concept. But timeshares are generally not a very good deal.\n\nThe problem is that they are usually sold using very high-pressure sales techniques and have practically zero resale value. So as soon as you've bought a timeshare from the developer, you have an asset that has ongoing costs (maintenance fees), for which you probably paid more than you wanted (because of the high pressure sales pitch), that you can't really get rid of.", "From what I've read over the years, timeshares are nearly impossible to sell and when you do, it is for pennies on the dollar", "Let's put it this way: Imagine if you could buy a condo for $200K in a nice place you want to visit. But you only want to go there for 2 weeks a year. So instead you timeshare it for $15K.\n\nNotice how selling chunks of this $200K property makes the seller $400K? So you're already paying double what the place is worth.\n\nBut the real killer is the fees. Imagine paying $100/month for maintenance on a place you use only 2 weeks/year. And you have to pay a fee for those two weeks you use it, so it's not like it's already paid for. You might get an assessment fee if they decide to redo the parking lot. Nothing like finding out you owe an extra $800 one month. If you exchange your weeks there may be an exchange fee. And if you sell there could a fee for that. \n\nWhat happens if you lose your job or are low on money? You sure wouldn't take a big vacation. But you're still paying those fees no matter what. There are people desperate to get out of their timeshare they paid big bucks for because the fees are killing them.\n\nAnd remember, the management company can just raise those fees and give themselves a bigger paycheck.", "My wife keeps trying to get me to buy in to the Disney vacation club, but good god, its like 20k!\r\rA few months ago, my father in laws wife gave us her timeshare in the smokies for a week, and it was... Meh... Under maintained grounds, tiny, packed pools, just mediocrity across the board. It also had the most uncomfortably small beds I've ever had the displeasure of sleeping on, I'm 5'10\" and the beds were too short... I certainly didn't stay there and say, \"hmm, I could totally come back here for the rest of my life!\" It had a really nice view, though.", "My parents have a timeshare at Disney. I calculated the up front cost, and the approximate maintenance fees they'll be paying, they increase by a variable percentage yearly. I then calculated the cost of a hotel room at disney over the same period. \n \n \nWhat it boils down to is that you're paying essentially the same cost as a normal hotel room, but you're getting better accommodations. So it's not really a scam, but it's not a great deal either.", "Timeshares are great if you want to stay at the same room once a year indefinitely. Think f it as buying a room in a hotel and paying thousands and thousands of dollars for it. As opposed to going where you want and when you want and paying a fraction of that timeshare buy in. Plus taxes and maintenence fees.", "Typically due to the high pressure sales tactics involved in the process of selling them. And then the feelings of regret 99% of timeshare owners feel within hours of the binding contractual purchase.", "Something else that nobody has mentioned yet that needs to be said...\n\nTimeshares, being the genius that they are, are considered property. This is why you're \"buying\" them and not \"renting\".\n\nNot only are you overpaying for the space, but you also possess all the glorious responsibilities of a homeowner / landlord.\n\nIf the property is destroyed in some way - whether it's from a guest lighting the place on fire or a hurricane wiping the building off the face of the planet - you're going to be responsible for some of that cost.\n\nI forget which timeshare company did this, but there was a location in the Philippines(I think?) that lost their entire resort to a hurricane. They passed on the entire cost of reconstruction to the timeshare owners and there was nothing people could do about it. The worst part? The company didn't have any insurance, so it literally was the entire cost.\n\nA few of the owners tried to fight the charges in court but ended up losing to the contracts they had signed." ]

[ "the IS would take over. creating a bigger \"nation\" that's hostile towards US relations. puts israel and our trade partners in the middle east at risk. a middle of the road country is open to trade as long as such a trade agreement does't cause problems with its neighbor. if ISIS is their neighbor, they're less open to agreeing to trade with the enemy of ISIS." ]

[ "As you may know, an earthquake occurs when two slabs of rock move relative to one another over a surface called a \"fault\". Moment magnitude is simply the product of the area of the fault ruptured, the relative movement across the fault, and the stiffness of the rock (called the shear modulus). It is closely related to the energy released in the earthquake, but the relation is not trivial.\n\nThe moment magnitude does not take into account any other factors, so ignores the depth, duration, size of area affected, and so on. The moment magnitude is an important quantity in academia because it is directly related to the fault rupture itself. However, it is not of huge benefit for working out impacts because other parameters like proximity to population centres, building quality, depth and surface geology (the waves that cause the damage are surface waves that only represent a tiny fraction of the total earthquake energy, and these waves can be amplified or suppressed depending on the geology at the surface) are a lot more important than the moment magnitude. \n\nYou may be interested in the USGS's [PAGER program](_URL_0_) which tries to take these factors into account to estimate the economic and humanitarian impact of earthquakes when they happen." ]

[ "There are direct and indirect systems. Direct systems have some sort of sensor in the tires that measure the air pressure, and use wireless communications to feed that data to the car's computer. \n\n\nIndirect systems don't measure the pressure directly, but sensors on the rest of the car (like the suspension system) measure different variables on how the car is riding, and then a computer on the car tries to interpolate tire pressure. Generally the car has to be driven for a little while (on what are assumed to be properly inflated tires) and it creates a sort of baseline profile of how the car rides. Over time, if the sensors measure significant changes from that baseline, then that's a clue that something might be up with the tires. \n\nDirect systems are much more accurate, but require sensors (with a power source (battery)) to be located in each tire, which can be a significant maintenance issue. \n\nThe indirect systems can't give you an actual measurement of pressure in each tire, but can usually detect when a tire gets low enough to be a serious issue." ]

[ "A hypergraph is a collection of nodes and edges as a standard graph is, but this time, the edges don't have to be between just two nodes. Edges in a hypergraph can contain an arbitrary number of nodes. That is all that is going on.\n\nWhile hypergraphs can be useful in theory, in practice I'm not aware of anyone actually using them. You can turn a hypergraph into a graph pretty easily by just replacing each hyperedge with a clique, and now you've got something that is easy to perform typical algorithms on." ]

[ "Also, you can think about companies like cows, and buying stock like buying part of a cow (and buying part not in the sense of the tail of the hooves, but owning a certain portion of the money the cow generates). The cow can make you money in two ways:\n\n1) Whenever the cow is milked the owners of the cow can give you some of the money they get by selling the milk (this money is called dividends). alternatively, the rancher can choose to use some, or even all, of that money to improve the value of the cow, maybe by feeding the cow better food or having a veterinarian give it a check up (retained earnings). You may be okay with not getting even of the milk money if you trust the rancher to use that money wisely to increase the value of the cow (Apple's cow is worth a TON of money despite the fact that, until recently, they never paid out any of their milk money to investors).\n\n2) At some point the cow can be sold (the company can be bought out) and you will be payed based on what percentage of the cow you own. Even if the whole cow is not sold, you can sell your portion of the cow to someone else if you want. \n\nThe value of the cow, and therefore your portion of the cow is decided by a couple things. First, the basic attributes of the cow are important. Is it a healthy cow? Does it produce a lot of milk? Does it produce good milk that people like to drink? Is it likely to grow in the future? How does it compare to other cows that are similar to it? These kind of things are the cow's (or company's) fundamentals.\nIn a perfect world, the price of the cow would perfectly reflect everything that you, or anyone else knows about the cow.\n\nSecond, what people think about your cow, and cows in general affects the price of the cow. Is there a mad cow scare brewing? Is veganism in fashion? Or on the positive end maybe you're expecting a hot summer where a lot more people than usual will want to barbeque hamburgers, or maybe you know of a new beef-based diet that you think will become all the rage and expect the value of your cow to increase. These kinds of things are the \"behavioral\" aspects of the price of your cow (or stock) and are important too, but much harder to see or measure.", "A share of stock is the right to receive a portion of the profits of a corporation, registered in the company's official list of stockholders. A corporation is a special type of business structure recognized by the law. When a corporation is started, a number of people (or other corporations) provide the money that's used to start the company. Those people are given stock shares in exchange for their money; those who put up more money get more shares than those who put less.\n\nGiving those initial investors shares of stock in exchange for the money is really just a formal way of recording the fact that since these guys are the ones who put up the money to start the business, they are the ones who should be paid if the company profits.\n\nThere are two ways a stockholder can get paid by the corporation:\n\n* The corporation makes a cash payment to each of its stockholders. This payment is called a dividend, and the amount is a fixed number per share, so people who own more shares get a bigger payment.\n* The corporation is liquidated; it goes out of business, everything that the corporation owns is sold off, all of the corporations debts are paid off, and the remaining money is split among the stockholders, each getting an amount proportional to the number of shares they own.\n\nIn either case, when the coroporation must pay out money, it uses the official list of shareholders and how much they own to figure out who to pay and how much to pay each of them.\n\nThose are the most basic facts about stocks. The buying and selling is a bit more complex than this, but not that much. The first thing to say about that is that the corporation's shareholders are not obligated to remain shareholders forever. They can, if they wish, sell any amount of the stock that they have to anybody else, at whatever price the seller and the buyer agree on. When the sale happens, the corporation is notified of it, and it changes its records to reflect that the seller sold that number of shares to the buyer; that way the corporation knows, in case of a dividend or liquidation, to pay the new guy instead of the original guy.\n\nStock selling and buying exists because society wants to make it easy for people to provide the money to start corporations: if giving some of my money to start a corporation meant that I had no way of getting any of my money back in 10 years, I would be much less willing to do so, because I may have an emergency that requires me to spend that money before then. If I can sell my stock at any time, then the risk is not as large.\n\nBut the fact that I can sell my stock to somebody else doesn't mean that they will pay me exactly the same amount as I paid for it originally. The amount that the buyer should pay, if they are rational, is based on these things:\n\n1. The value of all of the stuff the corporation owns, minus the all the money the corporation owes. This is called the \"book value.\"\n2. Their guess at how much profit the corporation is going to make in the future.\n\nIf the company has made profits since you bought the stock (making the book price go up) and the buyer is confident that the future profits will be good, they will likely be willing to pay more for the stock than what you paid for it. In that case, you sell at a profit. If the company has been losing money, or the buyer thinks that the future profits don't look very good, then they won't be willing to pay as much, and you may only be able to sell for less than you first paid.\n\nWe're almost done. The next thing to add is that our society, since it wants to make it easy for people to start corporations, has created institutions dedicated to making it possible to buy and sell stocks quickly and easily. These are the public stock exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the NASDAQ. These exchanges, put simply, are just places where people who want to sell or buy stocks can go meet each other and agree on the price. Except that you don't actually have to go there and meet anybody: you just tell a stock broker that you want to buy (or sell) the amount you want of the stock you want at the price you want, and they use the stock exchange to find another person who wants to sell that amount of the same stock at a compatible price. As sales happen throughout the day, they publish the price that each stock most recently sold for. You can look up these prices online.\n\nThe last thing: society isn't as smart and rational as the above makes it sound. The stock market is full of people making mistakes of all kinds. People often overestimate or underestimate how much profit a company will make in the future, and then either pay too much to buy its stock, or sell it for too low of a price when they should have kept it. Or even worse: once in a while, the management of a corporation will lie about its profits, people who believe the lies will pay too much for the stock, and they will lose money. So over short periods of time, whether a stock is going up or down doesn't really mean a lot; a company that's not going to do that well may see its price go up a lot because a lot of people think it will do super-well, or the opposite.\n\nBut 10 to 20 years from now, it will be pretty obvious which of today's companies did well and which did badly; the stock prices of the good companies will have gone up to reflect that, and the bad ones will go down. So over the long term, stock prices go up or down because the company did well or badly. In the short term, it's a random mix of people's often misguided opinions.", "Since this is ELI5, let's do it playground style. If this seems patronizing, then you probably aren't really five. :-)\n\nImagine Susie opens a lemonade stand. She sets it up like this: In order to buy the lemons, and the sugar, and the magic marker to make her sign, she offers all the kids a chance to share in owning her stand. Anyone can buy 1/20th of it a buck. She is going to sell 10 shares, each worth a tenth of her whole business, for a dollar apiece. She will then keep the other ten shares.\n\nSusie gets out her notebook and writes 20 \"ownership\" certificates and signs each one. she keeps half of them for herself, then sells the rest to kids for a dollar apiece.\n\n(Please be aware that each share of the lemonade stand is *indivisible* - it's 1/20th of everything all at once; not, say, three lemons and the stirring spoon. )\n\nA few days later and Susie's stand is doing great. But now Jimmy wants to go buy some Nerds and he needs his dollar back. He offers to sell his share back to Susie. She declines the offer. Jenny says she will buy it for a dollar, though - she wouldn't mind owning two shares instead of one, and has a dollar in her pocket.\n\nHowever, Rudy overhears. He likes how Susie makes her lemonade and was absent the day she sold the shares. He wants in on the business. So he offers Jimmy $2 for his certificate. Jenny counters with $2.50; Rudy ups his offer to $3, and buys Jimmy's share.\n\nOver the two weeks, Susie's lemonade stand does very well. Everybody wants to own a piece of the business. Shares are hard to come by, as nobody seems to want to sell. But if a buyer offers enough, even a reluctant seller will be found. Jordan buys a share from Jenny (who now owns three) for $6.\n\nThen people begin to notice that Susie's sales are slipping. It's getting colder. Fall is coming. Nobody wants lemonade. People start to think that maybe the lemonade train has passed. When Timmy wants to sell a share he bought for $4 the best he can get for it is $2. A week later, Bobbi can't find a buyer for her share for even a dollar. And Jordan, unhappy child, sells her share for 50 cents, a loss of $5.50.\n\nThis little illustration didn't touch on stock splits or dividends, but I think it covers the basic reason prices go up or down. But keep in mind, the real stock market is not a perfect playground. Stocks may move for irrational reasons - deceit and fraud, rumors and manic speculation among them. Good stocks will decline in a falling market, and bad stocks will rise during a bubble." ]

[ "Depends on the species.\n\n1. They hibernate - like lady bugs in the leaf litter, or female queen bumblebees in the soil.\n\n2. They migrate south - like monarch butterflies\n\n3. The adults die, but leave their eggs/larvae in a safe space to \"hibernate\" over winter and their offspring hatch/emerge in the spring - like crickets\n\n4. A small number carry on as usual even in the very cold - like mites and spiders" ]

[ "Mars spins slightly slower than the earth. A day on Mars is called a *Sol* and lasts 1^d 0^h 37^m 22.663^s , [NASA adjusts their timekeeping accordingly](_URL_0_)." ]

[ "Sounds like you should look at the [Nexus 7.](_URL_1_) Good size for portability, amazing price and three different storage capacities (8GB, 16GB, 32GB), lots of free apps, and it starts at $199. There are plans for an even cheaper $100 8GB version in the future, but that is unconfirmed for now.\n\nIf that's too small, maybe look at the [Nexus 10.](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "An electron microscope works by passing electrons across the object that it's scanning. Basically, the object is coated with a heavy metal, and the electrons that bounce off get recorded, and it gets put into a computerized image that gets manually colored for effect.\n\nElectron microscopes require the object to be placed in a vaccuum, so no, it cannot be used on living objects.\n\nSource: Bio student" ]

[ "Poverty\n\nJobs left the city at an ever accelerating pace over the past few years and this has led to lower and lower incomes and, consequently, higher crime and lower property values. \n\nAs it gets worse fewer companies would think of moving in and bringing back jobs and the situation worsens and worsens. Their economy was heavily reliant on manufacturing and that is the way of the past for this country as factories move to the employer friendly south." ]

[ "they could. but what would be the benefit to the owners of the company by having less profit?\n\nwhat would be the benefit to shareholders who are looking for the company to maximize profits?", "It's an economic decision on both sides. The company wants to make a profit, as much as possible. But whoever they hire wants to be paid, as much as possible. That's why you negotiate with your employer for a certain wage or raise. But that all depends on how valuable you are to the company and whether or not they want to replace you. Nobody is eternal at any company and everyone can be replaced. So if you don't want to work for $7.25 then don't. But someone out there is willing to. So they will continue to maximize their profit while someone works for the wage they offered. If nobody would work for the wage then they would be inclined to increase it to fill the position. But why would they raise the wage if there are people who will fill it willingly?", "**tl;dr: The economy is tied together in a bunch of ways and money doesn't just come out of nowhere. It need to come from somewhere and that could have bad repercussions.**\n\n--\n\nIt wouldn't necessarily \"wreck the economy\" but wouldn't be without repercussions.\n\nTake McDonalds as an example and look at their [2015 financials](_URL_0_), in particular page 30.\n\n(I'm going to focus on company-owned revenues and expenses. Franchising is different)\n\nA few numbers to note:\n\n* Operating revenue: $16.4 B\n* Operating expenses (excluding franchising and G & A): $14.0 B\n * Payroll and employee: $4.4 B\n* Net income on company-owned: $2.4 B\n\nSo already you can see that it would be impossible for McDonalds to give their employees more than a 54% raise without losing money. Let's take that as the highest they can go.\n\nBut hey, I'd like a 50% raise. Why not do that? Who is going to miss that money?\n\nWell, also note:\n\n* Earnings Per Share: $4.80\n* Declared Dividend Per Share: $3.44\n\nJust over 70% of what McDonald's earned last year was given back to shareholders as a dividend. So those people would lose money.\n\nBut isn't that just rich fatcats that own stock? Not really.\n\nMCD (McDonalds) is in the DJIA and S & P 500, two of the most common stock indexes, which means they're owned by just about anyone who almost any stock holdings. This includes:\n\n* 401ks\n* Pension Plans\n* Random Small Investors\n\nStocks that pay dividends are more commonly held by retirees. Taking this away would literally impact their income and the value of their holdings (if McDonalds stopped paying a dividend, the stock would tank).\n\n*So if McDonalds gave all their employees raises it would hurt a large large number of American's savings and retirement plans.*\n\nOther potential consequences:\n\n* Increasing the cost of labor could just cause them to raise prices. In the long run this causes inflation. I.e. You have more absolute dollars, but they can only by the same amount (or less).\n* You make the cost of automation more efficient. E.g. At $7/hour it is worth it to pay someone to flip burgers; at $15/hour the $500k Flip-o-tron 4000 starts to look good. MickeyDs buys a bunch of Flip-o-trons and fires a ton of employees.\n\nProbably others.", "Less profit means fewer investors and fewer resources, and a greater likelihood that a competitor who pays market rate wages (rather than artificially inflated ones) will be able to take all of your business.", "The other side is that people will shift and move their business based on small differences in prices- and move to the stores that have the lowest prices. Wal-mart is a great example of 'everyone' complaining about them paying low wages and bringing in foreign made goods all so they can sell stuff at a lower price. The key is that people buy that stuff.\n\nSo the flip side- and the real driver for overall question- is why do we as consumers move towards the low cost providers? That is what is driving the way businesses are run. To call the billionaire companies the problem is to overlook the role and impact of the consumer.\n\nBuy more stuff and eat at local (or even big) businesses that pay their people more.\n\n\"But the Big stores and chains have economic scale on their side\"- Uhm, how do you think they got that big, by people buying things from them.\n\n'Everyone' complains about Wal-mart, but it's the people that shop there that are complicit in that economic model.\n\nThat is the short answer that few people talk about. The longer answer has to do with how companies get money to operate and expand- and how they compete for those resources. But for any large successful 'evil' corporation the other side of the same coin are the people willing to buy from them.\n\nBlaming corporations for these problems is like cracking down on prostitutes while ignoring the influence of the johns.", "The purpose of companies is not to improve (or wreck) the economy. The purpose of companies is to make as much money as possible for the people who own them, their stockholders. It's actually against the law (a violation of fiduciary responsibility) to earn less than the most money you can, officials can be sued (and are) by stockholders.\n\nSo, the \"could\" question isn't relevant, it's not going to happen.", "English is not my first language, so I apologize for any mistakes.\n\nYou are a farmer. You make apples and sell them. You have people helping you make apples.\n\nEvery month, you receive $2000. But after paying all of your expenses (seeds, machines, paying the employees, etc.), you end up with a profit of $1000.\n\nBut now your employees want you to increase their salary by $2.50\n\nLets say you have 100 employees. For them, $2.50 ain't much. But for you, you just lost (2.50 x 100)= $250.\n\nSo your profit will now be $750. You just lost 1/4 of your profits. Because of that, it will take you way longer to expand, it'll be harder for you to hire more people, and it can potentially ruin the business because the profit you make it's just not worth it.\n\nYou see, when you are a big company, the reason you pay your employees such a small amount of money, is not because you don't care about them. Its because you literally cant afford to give one extra dollar to every single one of your thousands of employees without hurting your profits by a significant amount. \n\nMy father works on this (managing businesses). And he explained to me that:\nWhen you start a company you have to take into account:\n resources you are going to need, time you are going to spend on making the product, distribution of the product, and a lot of stuff more I can't remember right now because it's late. But in the end, after taking aaaall of that into account, every single expense and all the time you are going to spend on it, you have to ask yourself: Is it really worth it? You don't pay your employees more because if you do that, it's no longer worth it, you close the company and every one loses.\n\nThe reason it crashes it's because it ends in communism (if that makes sense). Instead of everyone working together to build a ladder and reach the top, everyone decides to create their own ladder and no one reaches it.\n\nI know it's a bit more complex than that, but I need some sleep and I want to keep it simple.\n\nAgain, sorry for any mistakes and if it doesn't make sense.\n\nEdit: this is not the case with all companies. Sometimes they are just greedy. \n\nAnd yes, if you don't like the salary, either negotiate or quit. But before going all out and start a fight with the company, take what I said into account.", "The management of publicly traded companies are legally required to maximize the return on investment of their share holders. \"Giving away\" the profits to increase the wages of the workers would quickly get a CEO removed from power by the board of directors.\n\nWages are largely driven by the scarcity of the underlying skillset. If you hold a skillset that 90% of the population can emulate with little trouble, it would never make sense to the board of directors to pay you anything more than minimum wage. If you hold a skillset that is highly valuable to the company (that is, a skillset that brings in profit a multiple of the cost to keep you as an employee) and is at the same time can only emulated by less than 0.1% of the population, it makes sense to the board of directors to pay you a multiple of the average salary. If that skillset suddenly becomes less valuable, they will start to pay you less until a Nash equilibrium is reached between the need for the skillset, and the minimum salary accepted by employees with that skillset.\n\nBy this method, any easy to get job will never reach a multiple of the average salary unless 1: you bring more value to the company (e.g. a really kickin' salesperson), 2: nepotism in it's many many forms.", "They *could* do so (at least many could, quite easily). It would not ruin the economy. It may well *improve* the economy, especially in slow times, because poor people spend more of their income, helping any number of other businesses.\n\nHowever, in general they will not willingly do so without some substantial external requirement (minimum wage laws, for example) or leadership from their shareholders. They're owned by their shareholders, who generally would object to having the value of their investment reduced.\n\nHenry Ford paid his workers double what car workers of the time earned *so they could afford to buy his cars*. He also gave more time off (shorter working week); that too helped sales ... partly because his workers had time in which to use the cars they could afford to buy. It helped change the culture.\n \nWas he some pinko philanthropist? Nothing of the kind. He was simply smart enough to figure out that if people can't afford your product you're eventually screwed. He could see beyond a one-year time horizon.", "Generally, companies don't think about the entire economy (unless it effects them). They are more concerned about their own bottom line. And why should they? The job of managers and corporate is to maximize profits. Two things:\n & nbsp;\n\n* For large companies like McDonalds who have a lot of employees, increasing wages -- even slightly -- would dramatically lower profits because of how many employees they have.\n\n* People are willing to work that much. \n\nIts best to think of it if you were a Chief Financial Officer of a company. What would you do to maximize profits for a company?\n & nbsp;\n\n[source ](_URL_1_)" ]

[ "Many especialy night active animals have a layer of reflective tissue behind the light sensing cells at the back of the eye. That allows them to caputer more light in their light sensing cells. Additionaly that makes the eyes act as a retroreflector (meaning they will reflect light back paralell to the incomming light) like in the bottom image here: _URL_0_ . The color comes from the tissue that surrounds the lightsensing cells absorbing some of the light." ]

[ "It is usually caused by a staph infection, and can be treated by putting a warm compress on it around four times a day and just leaving it alone. Let it resolve on its own and just take painkillers, or if it is very painful seek medical care." ]

[ "We could now. But this probe was launched 10 years ago, and was designed and built mostly during the 90s.", "To put it simply, more megapixels = higher resolution = larger filesize = more 1s/0s. I'm not sure about the data transfer rate between the probe and Earth, but I'm assuming that it's not a quick process. The lower resolution image probably took a little while to send, therefore a higher resolution image will take a significantly longer time to send.", "1) we don't send probes around the galaxy\n\n2) I don't see the point for a colour camera to shoot an object that it's mostly black/dark grey\n\n3) space exploration is not for pretty youtube videos, it's for acquiring valuable scientific data. This includes high quality images at the wavelengths needed for research. CCDs with RGB filters would be just a way to waste precious weight.", "I'm quoting the answer I gave to [this similar question](_URL_0_).\n\n > /u/Falcon9857 is pretty close to being correct.\n\n > The 28 minute delay isn't so much a problem as it is signal strength/quality. Rosetta and Philae are over 500 million km away from Earth - at those distances it's very very hard to transmit a clear signal that can be picked out from background noise.\n\n > One of the ways we combat this is by setting the transmission rate very very slowly. Iiiiidffff yyyyyooofouuuuu ssssstttttrrrrreeenetttttccccchhhhh ooooobuuuuttttt the signal it makes it a lot easier to ignore the noise and not have bad data. Note that even though I introduced the occasional wrong letter in that sequence you still had enough information to read what I was saying.\n\n > The problem is that for deep space missions like Rosetta they have to slow the data transmission way way WAAAYYYY down... like slower than a dial-up modem if you're old enough to remember those. That helps makes the data crystal clear when we receive it, but comes at the expense of not being able to do high-bandwidth things like send video feeds.\n\nThe point is, sending data at interplanetary distances is really really hard and often extremely slow. This means we have to make tough decisions about what data we want from the probe. Things like color and video and ultra high-def images don't have that much scientific value (on a lot of probes the only reason there's cameras at all is to aid navigation and for PR). Space agencies would much rather save their limited bandwidth for things like sensor data and experiment results.", "As others have said, transmission of the data back to Earth is really slow and error-prone so you're not going to send back a 2GB video file. So, you might as well save the weight since every ounce counts. \n\nOn the other hand, if the spaceship or satellite is going to eventually come back around to orbit the Earth then you could have a hi-res camera and take a ton of hi-resolution video. Then, when you get back to Earth you can broadcast it back easily enough. The problem is that Rosetta took 10 years to get to the comet so a round trip is another decade. It's possible that's the plan but I doubt it." ]

[ "CVV codes are not mandatory, it is up to the person/company as to whether or not they want to require it or not. In some cases their Merchant provider will offer cheaper rates on transaction when CVV is used, as it leads to less fraud however some retailers choose not to do that. Many merchants still refuse to include a security code field in their online checkout forms, because they believe that doing so may confuse some of their customers or otherwise put them off and lead to lost sales. It's also a violation of PCI compliance to store CVV numbers, which helps reduce fraud but since the CVV can't be stored it means that the buyer has to have their card with them at time of purchase (again that is good in terms of anti-fraud), but some companies do believe that can hurt sales.", "Jaymef is correct. But put another way, it's all about risk. The less data you require to authenticated a credit or debit card, the greater the chances of a fraudulent transaction. Some retailers are less concerned than others...", "Zip code is used to check against the billing address of the card. Just an additional safety check." ]

[ "Hi there i tattoo and its exactly how they said. The needles dont need to penetrate too deep and the more times you go over it the darker it becomes you want to go from lightest to dark. You cant take dark back. We water down the black in different amounts or whatever colors and just like water color painting we blend in the shading/colors. White is not the proper way to do a greyscale tattoo. White is meant for accenting and highlighting. Multiple needles at different sizes are also key to this process with the right amount of voltage and speed, and plenty of lubrication for the skin to not be damaged." ]

[ "The Russian Revolution is actually two revolutions, the February revolution and the October revolution (Stalin, btw, was involved in neither).\n\nDuring World War 1, in February 1917, a bunch of workers in Russia started a strike, and basically everybody ended up joining it, including the army and eventually some key figures of the Czar's government. They forced the Czar to step down and give power to the Provisional Government, that was supposed to organize free elections, but ended up being removed from power in November by a group of Bolsheviks, lead by Lenin and Trotsky.\n\nThe basic reasons were that the Russians were losing WW1, and that there was a lot of poverty and hunger. Also, the Czar was very unpopular because he taxed heavily and was very dictatorial. It turned out that the Provisional Government really didn't do that much better, so that gave Lenin the chance he took to get some support for this second revolution." ]

[ "Nuclear engineer here. He was sucked from he ocean to the intake bay. At the far end of the intake bay is where the pumps push water through the plant. \n\nThe intake bay water level is at a slightly lower elevation than the ocean, which created the pressure that sucked him through. He didn't pass through any pumps or the plant, just an intake pump to the bay.", "The inlet leads to a holding pond below sea level, the water in the pipe he entered was flowing due to gravity alone. The water is pumped from the holding pond maintaining the lower level. That pond is where the diver was found.", "I am just offering my wild ass guess, but maybe just pressure from the pipes being lower than the outlet mixed with temperature differential?" ]

[ "They have awesome kidneys. \n\nThe kidneys are able to filter the water to hydrate the body and remove the salt.\n\nHuman kidneys are not so awesome.", "Their skin really locks water in well. They have physical mechanisms to desalinate water during ingestion. They get a fair amount of water from the food they eat without drinking seawater. And their kidneys are very efficient. \n\nLets say that you or I drank some seawater. We drink 12oz of seawater at normal salinity. Ahh it's sour but refreshing when you're stranded in a life raft. Our bodies absorb the water just like normal, woo hoo this was a good idea!! But we also absorb the salt, and we then have to get rid of the salt. That is the job of the kidneys, however the kidneys don't have a conveyor belt. There is no kidney car that drives waste products from the kidneys to your bladder. The kidneys ironically need water in order to flush the salt out of your body. The problem is that the amount of water they need is more than the amount of water you got from drinking 12oz of seawater. So you are temporarily refreshed, but you suffer a net loss of water, which is sucked out of your blood, organs, muscles, and tissues. \n\nOkay so you're thirstier, so you drink more, same thing happens, now your tongue starts to darken, you start getting the shakes and vomiting, losing even more precious water, now you're on the downhill side of dying. Just relax and let gravity pull you down. \n\nIf you had a steady supply of fish though and didn't drink the sea water, you could survive much longer without fresh water because there is water in the meat of the fish. Of course we would just sweat it out because our bodies are like sieves and we really are not built to hold onto water. But if you didn't, if you were built more like a desert mammal, or a cetacean mammal, you might get by without drinking at all.", "Most get their water the same way we do, by drinking it from the closest available source (the water they live in). The reason humans are unable to drink seawater is that we don't have ways to deal with the excessive salt content. Our bodies require a precise balance of salts and by drinking salt water we upset this balance which causes health problems. Sea mammals (as well as other sea critters) have a variety of mechanisms that allow them to process and excrete the extra salts while keeping the water." ]

[ "If I understand this correctly, what its saying is that PTSD only exists as a recognised disorder because of the ability we have to study it.\n\nIt never used to be recognised. In wars, for example, people would get it and be labelled as cowards, because it wasn't understood what the sufferers were going through.\n\nI think its similar to our modern day view of depression. Maybe back in the day, depressed people were seen as someone who just needs to harden up, a bit of a downer all the time. Now, though, we realise its a proper disorder that the patient can't control, as opposed to a voluntary sadness.\n\nIn the same way, now that we have studying PTSD and its effects, we can recognise it as a disorder, not just someone being anxious and touchy and aggressive.", "The implication is that PTSD only exists because we've willed it into existence by labelling it and talking about it. It did not exist as a diagnosis prior to the Vietnam War, and even then it was specific to soldiers. Then, it starting spreading into civilian use and diagnoses after any trauma.\n\nWhether the disorder itself existed prior to Vietnam is up for hot debate. One study shows a decided lack of documented cases of the symptoms in earlier more bloody wars (like the Civil War). Another finds no documentation that would indicate PTSD as a disorder at any time. Studies of those nature could lead someone to believe that PTSD is indeed a modern American construct.\n\nI'm not saying I agree with this. Mostly, I'm framing the slide's statement into some sort of context. Here's a source to start working from if you want more information.\n\n_URL_0_" ]

[ "Whole eyes are really tricky to transplant for a few reasons:\n\n1. The retina dies in only 2-4 hours without a blood supply. The donor and recipient would have to be right by each other.\n\n2. The retina is part of the brain, so if a donor is brain dead, the eye would be dead too. You have to harvest the eye right after the donor's heart stops.\n\n3. You have to connect the optic nerve, which has 1.3 million individual nerves that need to link up.\n\n4. You need to suppress the immune system so it doesn't recognize the new eye as a foreign and attack it. (Although this isn't as bad as for other organs since the eye is generally protected from the immune system.)\n\nActually this stuff isn't that far off. Researchers have already transplanted eyes in mice who survived for 200 days. But they aren't sure how much vision those mice had restored. Still, even 30% vision restored gives people independence and is better than complete blindness.", "Anything in the human body can be transplanted, we just lack the science right now to suppress the immune system from attacking the replacement body part without immune suppressant drug therapy for the rest of your life and hope a common cold does not kill you. \n\nNerve ending reattachment science right now is not exactly precise, and is more like trying to connect Lego pieces together with boxing gloves when it comes to spinal cord injuries. \n\nLastly keeping a brain alive in a jar for a significant amount of time is just too far off from reality at this time, but maybe one day this could happen and the science of human integration of robotics bodies could become a reality. \n\n_URL_0_", "NOT A DOCTOR. But I'm going to say its because they have way too much nerve bandwidth. It'd be like trying to get a new spinal chord.", "Corneas are on every donation checklist.\n\nThe rest of the eye is pointless after you remove those." ]

[ "it's called nystagmus. It can appear as a problem for some people, in which it is uncontrolled, but some people are able to do it voluntarily.\n\nOther than the obvious vision problems for people who have involuntary nystagmus and can't 'switch it off', I'm not aware of it being a cause of any sort of damage.", "Yup, I've been able to do it since I was knee-high to a grasshopper; am 33 now, with better than 20/20 vision. It definitely strains your eyes after a bit, but otherwise is just like crossing them, some people can do it easily while others have to look at their finger moving it closer to their nose." ]

[ "Similar question has been asked more than once today. It's weird.\n\nAll languages have curse or swear words; words used to describe acts, ideas, or concepts that are considered taboo by the culture that uses said language. These can vary widely from culture to culture, of course, but the common taboos in western civilization are (as I'm sure you're aware) sex-related.\n\nIn English, at least, the idea of \"poor\" or \"bad\" language also comes in part from how the language as we know it today developed during the middle ages. In the simplest terms, the common people spoke a different dialect than the Norman French nobility, and the so-called \"vulgar\" (literally \"common\" in Latin) vernacular was seen as dirty, impure, and distasteful to the prim and proper Norman overlords." ]

[ "You're correct that white and black would provide the greatest contrast, but the primary issue isn't contrast. Highway signs are \"retroreflective,\" meaning that at night, when you shine your headlights on them, the light not only illuminates the sign, but the sign also directly reflects a good amount of that light back at you. Black backgrounds would not be efficient retroreflectors (since black absorbs most light, reducing reflectivity), plus they would be difficult to see at night since the sky is black. Green was chosen since the eye is highly sensitive to green, it is clearly visible day and night, and it is a good retroreflector. Green is a common choice in many countries, including Canada, Japan, China, and Australia. Many European countries opt for blue backgrounds with white text or white backgrounds with black text." ]

[ "American cars used to be the hallmark of reliability. I think a variety of reasons contributed to the decline of quality in American cars. From an econ/financial perspective it just became too expensive to build quality cars. Labor costs for automotive companies kept going up because unions kept wanting more benefits and higher pay for less work. The companies can't redistribute the extra costs to the consumers because that will just drive them to their competition even faster so they did the only thing they could and cut down on quality." ]

[ "I asked a school-bus driver once about this, and he replied that kids would use the seat belts as weapons. I, for one, could definitely see my teenage self smacking my seatmate with a seatbelt.", "I've heard that buses don't need seat belts because they'd be useless in most cases. Buses are so heavy that unless they hit a concrete wall they're not going to stop suddenly, they'll slow down gradually at least relative to the way your car will stop if it hits a van or a school bus. It makes sense, I've ridden buses many times but never remember being pushed off the front of my seat while braking." ]

[ "There have been [a number of experiments](_URL_0_) that have shown general relativity to be a more accurate theory of gravity than the classic Newtonian model. \n\nFor example, our GPS satellites have to correct for relativistic effects. The fact that your GPS works is proof positive that general relativity is a thing." ]

[ "Think of a teenager screaming at parents and siblings saying nobody understands me, I'm moving out. Then stays home sulking when they find out they would have to do their own laundry and cooking, and pay for their own groceries. Then says they are staying, but only if they get their own apartment above the garage. Then finally coming out of their room on pizza night, load up their plate, and sits watching tv with the volume up, ignoring everyone else in the family, refusing to share the remote. \n\nSo, yeah, a passive aggressive teenager.", "First it's a province, not providence.\n\nIt's not Quebecians, it's Quebecois.\n\nAlso, the separatist movement is nowhere near achieving anything. There has been 2 public consultations on the matter, in 1980 and 1995, both times the 'No' camp won.\n\nThe 1995 referendum created tensions in the PQ (the separatist party) because Parizeau blamed the minorities for losing by such a small margin. Montreal voted mostly NO and the rest of the province was basically mixed in 1995.\n\n\nThe racism you see/hear about comes mainly from the rural regions outside Montreal, where the separatism is stronger, and also where the minorities are representing a smaller fraction of the population.\n\nThere are stereotypes and mockery associated with Toronto, but it's not the 1980's anymore, most people I know don't care about \"Les Anglais\" anymore.", "Here is one I feel very comfortable answering, being an \"International Quebecois\". I am from Montreal, have lived in 4 countries (over 15 years), have lived in Ontario as well, and am now living in the USA.\n\nThe main point, even putting diverging history aside, is that Quebec is culturally very different from the rest of Canada. Indeed, we don't only speak a very different language, we have a set of values that are fundamentally different:\n- Quebecois people are fundamentally more European (Mediteranean even) in their every day behaviour; they smoke, they like argue, they are generally more flirtatious...etc\n- Quebecois people perceive themselves as being more \"fun\"; Montreal has the most restaurants per inhabitant in the whole of North America, it has the most festivals, you can drink when you're 18.\n- English Canada perceives itself as more responsible and pragmatic then Quebec. It has more successful businesses, and is generally richer, and there is, amongst other things higher education rates, and the big international companies are mostly all there.\n\nSo, in sum, whilst neither approach to life is better, they have different attitudes from the get go.\n\n\nSo to answer the first question: why do some want to separate?\nSimply because they perceive themselves as being very different and feel like they are being ruled by people with a diverging sets of values, and although it makes no pragmatic sense they don't like it.\n\nSecond question: Do people from Quebec and Toronto really dislike each other?\nI'm going to rephrase this as \"do people from Montreal and Toronto really dislike each other.\"\n- Except for a few lunatics there is no real personal hatred between these two cities, so if a guy from Toronto meets a guys from Montreal they'll happily have drinks together. However they do not necessarily like what the other city represents. I don't know if you are familiar with Germany, but basically Toronto is like Hamburg and Montreal is like Berlin. Namely, one is bigger and more traditional, with a focus on core industries, traditional business and values whilst the other one is more hip and artsy.\n\nAlso worth noting, back in the days Quebec was very French and the rest of Canada very English. In recent decades, the American culture has had a very strong impact on Canadian culture, and some would argue that the debate is now more about French culture vs American culture. Although, Quebec as also drastically Americanized. \n\nWith regards to immigrants.\nThere is a significant number of immigrants in most provinces in Canada. Most Canadians (including myself) are generally happy with that.\n\nThere are two differences in Quebec's relation with its immigrants:\n1- They don't get immigrants from the same places. Quebec gets significantly immigrants from Haiti and African countries, whilst the rest of Canada primarily welcomes Asian immigrants. The immigrants in Quebec, are from countries which are generally more unsafe, and some associate their coming to Quebec to the recent increase in crime rate in the province. That's one reason why there is more negative feelings towards immigrants in Quebec, than in the rest of the country.\n2 - Another good proportion of the immigrants in Quebec are from similar countries as the immigrants living in the rest of Canada. These people often already speak English, and some people get pissed off because they would like them to speak French.\n\nLast question. Where is it going?\nNowhere.", "Couple nomenclature things first:\n\nQuebecois not Quebecians\n\nProvince not providence.\n\n--------------\n\n-- Sort of. The Quebecois (view that they) have a distinct culture more separate from the rest Canada than other provinces. This is partially language, but carries over into other things as well (mostly Catholic vs mostly protestant for example). This view may or may or may not be true depending on who you ask.\n\nSo Quebec views itself as a distinct minority in the country. They want to protect 'what makes them special' from out side influence. This includes language laws to promote French, and now laws promoting 'secularism' to protect against immigrants.\n\nFor more information ask about 'the quiet revolution'.\n\n--They want to separate because they view that as the best way to protect their identity/they think they will be better off economically/socially.\n\nThey aren't that close right now. Last federal election they didn't elect the Bloc Quebecois (which is a separatist party). However back in the 90s they came within a couple percentage points of voting to leave in a referendum (there was no legal basis for that vote so no one is really sure what would have happened if it succeeded).\n\n-- Toronto is the biggest city, in the biggest province in Canada. As such it gets a disproportionate amount of news coverage elsewhere (think New York). Pretty much everyone who doesn't live in Toronto has found a reason to hate it. It isn't just a Quebec thing.\n\n-- Well there is the 'charter of values', which a lot of people see as an attack on religious minorities in Quebec. Other than that... it is kinda hard to say. Right now separatism seems to be on the decline. But I'd want to see another couple election cycles before I made up my mind.\n\n-----\n\nLet me know if you want anything else cleared up.", "my family and I have visited both montreal and quebec more than once and our experience has been that, while montrealers are very friendly to americans, the opposite is true for people from quebec. they were very inhospitable to us. just saying.", "> Do many Quebecians have a superiority complex to many of the racial minorities in the larger cities (such as Montreal)?\n\nThere is no easy or apt generalization of Quebecers' attitudes on the matter. Most Quebecers fall into one of three camps: francophones (French), anglophones (English French) and immigrants (international and interprovincial). As such, they have different values and motivations. \n\n > Why do they want to separate? How close are they?\n\nSeparatists seek Quebec sovereignty because they feel they are culturally distinct from the rest of Canada and that they should be allowed to express that distinction in the form of their own country. The Clarity Act that came into being post-1995 (which requires a supermajority and the consent of the federal government) and the ongoing dilution of francophones in the province make separation a practical impossibility.\n\n > Do Quebec people and Toronto people dislike each other? (I always hear the term \"51st state\" for Toronto from Quebecians)\n\nThere's nothing particularly unique about this. Ontario is the largest, closest 'English' province to Quebec, and Montreal and Toronto are often rivals for the unofficial 'most important city in Canada' title. Torontonians were historically considered stuffy, English and bland, but it's an old stereotype that doesn't really pass muster.\n\n > Where is this actually going? From an outsiders perspective it feels like a lot of media dialogue and useless protesting.\n\nThat's essentially it.", "I'm an anglophone who's family has lived in Québec for about a century, so I feel I might have a say in this. I'm bilingual and I'd say about half of my friends are francophone, and not once in my life can I say I've been genuinely discriminated against or abused because of my mother tongue. In fact, by and large, most people I know get along just fine, regardless of language, cultural or religious differences.\n\nOf course there's people in this province who feel differently, and act rudely towards those they consider \"outsiders\", but it's not because they're French, it's because like everywhere else in the world, **some people are dicks**. The problem is, it's exactly these sort of people who get all the media attention, and so sadly the majority gets labelled just because a few people are racist tools. \n\nPoint is, in general the disagreements between Québec and English speaking Canada are based on centuries old conflicts that have long ago become irrelevant, and fueled by generalizations, stereotypes, misunderstandings and the opinions of a few people who **absolutely do not represent the whole province**. And it's sad that there's so much conflict and jostling over these issues in the political arena and media, because most people I know don't really care and just want to get on with their lives. \n\nHope this helps.", "In addition to the problems listed by the other people, there is the constitutional issue.\n\nCanada had 2 constitutions: the 1867 one, and the 1982 one.\n\nThe 1867 said that to be changed, it needed ALL provinces to sign on the changes.\n\nWhy? Because Québec, a French province, wouldn't join Canada without that clause.\n\nThe 1982 one says that you need 7 provinces representing 50% of the population.\n\nThe 10 provinces and the Federal government negociated in 1981 and 1982 to get a new more modern constitution.\n\n9 of the provinces (but not Québec) came to a compromise while the PM of Québec wasn't there, and that's the new 1982 constitution.\n\nQuébec says: \"But, I didn't sign the new constutition and you need ALL provinces to change the old one\"\n\nThe federal and other 9 provinces said : \"no dummy, we must approve the new constitution with the NEW rules of 7 provinces\"\n\nThe Supreme court decided the 9 provinces and federal were right.\n\nQuébec got sad and rejected. Problem is STILL not solved, 21 years later.\n\nFor the 9 provinces and federal, Québec is just a sore loser.\n\nFor Québec, \"We joined Canada on the condition that we could block changes to the constitution and the constitution got changed without our approval\".", "Quebecois here living near Ottawa; yes the separatist movement has died down immensely and things aren't like they were in the 80s, but many of us still struggle with identity. A lot of Quebecers won't say they are Canadian when you ask, but rather Quebecois. There's a political party that shames Quebecois citiziens from speaking English! They believe if you want to call yourself Quebecois you should **only** speak French. \n\n\nI consider myself both Canadian and Quebecois; those high-and-mighty French-only folks get virtually zero respect from any generation born after the 80s and still not that much from those before.", "The major problem with the question is that you are posting this in r/explainlikeimfive instead of r/quebec. If you want good answers, please post in the relevant forum. Here you will only find misinformed answers." ]

[ "Specifically, little at this time. But it is a reduction in the biodiversity that keeps the environment healthy.\n\nBest way to explain it is to simplify things - let's just hope Disney doesn't sue me. Follow the circle of life - the antelope eat the grass, the lions eat the antelope, the dead lions decay and feed the grass. If all of the lions disappear, the antelope will over populate, eat all the grass, and everyone dies. If the grass dies, the antelope die, and the lions starve. If the antelope migrate, the lions starve, and the grass rules everything.\n\nAs a single entity, the white rhino's disappearance is not going to destroy the ecosystem - they are part of a greater collection of animals that fill their step in the circle. But their biodiversity is gone, meaning if there was an event that would wipe out the other rhinos but wouldn't have effected the white rhino, the ecosystem does not have the white rhino to fall back on anymore." ]

[ "How do you define BS? It costs the business money to have employees around to put the item back into inventory, makes their logistics less efficient, etc. \n\nThe entire area of return policies is a strange one. Businesses are under no obligation to accept returns for any reason. Anything they do is strictly for marketing or customer retention reasons. How much did the restocking fee affect your willingness to do business with them down the road? Did it affect your initial purchase decision?", "Sometimes yes, sometimes no. \n\nSo you buy a laptop and decide to return it. Either \n\nA) You opened it, they have to return it to the manufacturer to repackage and maybe confirm the warrantee is all kosher. \n\nB) You opened it and they don't return it to the manufacturer, in which case they can't sell the open item for as much.\n\nC) You return it in its package, but they have no way of knowing if you filled the box with rocks and put new cellophane on it, so they have to open it anyway. \n\nSo for high ticket items, restocking can fees can be necessary. I can also see scenarios where business that rely on the logistics and inventory could need to make up some cost. Now is the percentage they charge fair? I don't know - but I also don't know of any company whose business model is built around restocking fees, because it really is a pain in the ass." ]

[ "If there's internal damage, there will always be some amount of external damage. The amount of external damage can be very small compared to the internal damage, misleadingly so, but there will always be some.\n\nAnd yeah there are a lot of things you look for. Small cracks (a couple millimeters) are expected in certain materials, and don't necessarily mean its unsafe.\n\nOther things are more obvious. If you see piles of debris, a lot of broken windows, huge cracks or the building is actually tilting, its best you stay away.\n\nFor large buildings, they just don't let anyone go in until professionals can inspect the structure to see if its safe or not. With smaller structures and homes, you can have the people occupying it look for any obvious signs of problems, and make judgement calls until an inspector can get around to it (they'll be busy with more vital things like hospitals in the immediate aftermath, so it takes time to getto residential areas.)\n\nUltimately, its usually pretty obvious if there are any major structural problems." ]

[ "Economic liberalism was an economic philosophy that placed a premium on individual autonomy and treating the economy as a collection of individuals making choices. \n\nFor awhile following the great depression, economists tended to look at economies as large systems. This difference in perspective caused these folks to tend to argue more for state intervention in the economy. \n\nStarting in the 50's and 60's, groups of economists began going back to ideas that sounded a lot more like classical liberalism, arguing for deregulation, privatization, and free trade. These groups were collectively called \"neoliberals\"", "Theory: Anything the government can do, the market can do better. Everyone will benefit.\nPractice: the rich get richer, the poor get poorer.", "Neoliberalism is almost always used as an exonym. It's used externally, often as a slur, to describe a nebulous set of political ideas and ideologies. It normally has something to do with economic policies that try to reduce government intervention in the market and decrease taxes. And it's normally supposedly about individualism. That society is really just a collection of individuals rather than some more cohesive unit.\n\nMargaret Thatcher (usually referred to by groups who use this word as a neoliberal) said: \"They're casting their problem on society. And, you know, there is no such thing as society. There are individual men and women, and there are families. And no government can do anything except through people, and people must look to themselves first. It's our duty to look after ourselves and then, also to look after our neighbour. People have got the entitlements too much in mind, without the obligations, because there is no such thing as an entitlement unless someone has first met an obligation\"" ]

[ "There's two - there's MMO Grinding, and there's classic JRPG Grinding. \n\nWith MMO Grinding, it's a [Skinner Box](_URL_0_). Push button, receive reward. Early in the game you're rewarded for doing damn near anything. Talk to someone - get a level. Cast a spell, get a level. As you go up in levels, it stretches out more and more, leading you to do the same repetitive tasks for the reward. It's why people do high level dungeons over and over and over again - they're grinding for the \"reward\" of a slightly different colored items with slightly higher numbers on them than the item they already have.\n\nWith classic JRPG grinding, it's a mechanic to stretch out the gameplay. Selling a game with 20 hours of gameplay when your competitors claim to have 60 is going to get your game ignored. So rather than assume the player will gain two levels traveling to the next area's boss, you tweak it so that you need to add at least ten levels, maybe more. Item prices are much higher as are spell or item prices. This forces the player to fight random encounters for hours on end to gain the experience and money needed to beat the next boss and move on to the rest of the game.\n\nThe first is.... when it's done well, you don't notice it. When it's done poorly, it's all the game is. The second is an outdated mechanic and should be delegated to the dustbin of gaming history as something that, in retrospect, is a terrible design decision." ]

[ "And you're told this by people who sell oil. Maybe that should give you a clue.\n\nCertainly in modern cars, that should be unnecessary.\n\nEdit: Spelling", "You don't, at least not in modern cars. Pretty much all cars manufactured in the last 5-10 years are good for 5,000-6,000 miles with average driving. My 2011 Honda Fit has a computer that calculates oil life. The first oil change was called for at > 9,000 miles, and subsequent changes seem to run ~8,300 miles. Mostly city driving, some highway." ]

[ "Numbering is just a nice way of differentiating the new cards from the old cards. Occasionally it switches. For instances, years ago, NVidia was making cards with thousand series (4XXX up to 9XXX). Then for some reason, they decided not to do 10XXX and started with hundred series (2XX up to currently 6XX).\n\nAs for specs, there really isn't an ELI5 answer to most of it. In General, for all Cards, a Higher RAM number indicates a better card (Some higher end GFX cards have 2 GB of RAM [Though its usually listed as 2048 MB of RAM]). As for the Other Specs, AMD and NVidia have diverged in how they make their cards, so there aren't a whole lot comparisons you can make anymore just looking at each cards specs.\n\nYou could go to a PC Repair shop and ask them to install it for you, though it might run you like $50 or more to have that done.", "> How does numbering work?\n\nHowever the company that makes the cards wants it to. Seriously, they just name (and sometimes *re*-name) the cards whatever the hell they want. The number doesn't necessarily mean anything. Sometimes it does, but you shouldn't count on it. For example:\n\n > Unfortunately as we reported here, Nvidia is playing the re-branding game once again. This time the company is being even more deceptive because some of its product names are direct overlaps. For instance, a third version of the GeForce GT 640 isn't based on GK107 at all, but on the GF116 used in Nvidia's OEM GeForce GT 545. With 114 CUDA cores and a 192-bit memory interface, this card is basically a GeForce GT 545 DDR3 with different operating frequencies. Another re-brand, the GeForce GT 645 is actually a GeForce GTX 560 SE, a recently-released crippled version of the GF114 GPU used to drive the GeForce GTX 560 Ti. Whittled down to 288 CUDA cores, 48 texture units, and 24 ROPs, this card probably performs similarly to the defunct GeForce GTX 460 SE. The only GTX 560 SE we can find available for sale is a $130 card from EVGA. At that price, the card doesn't offer anything compelling for gamers compared to competing products.\n\n- _URL_0_\n\n > What details/specs are important?\n\n\"Important\" is subjective. I would say, look at the amount of memory first. It's a pretty safe bet that a card with 1,024 megabytes of memory will be better than a card with 512 megabytes of memory. \n\nAfter that, look at actual benchmarks by people who actually tested the cards using various games and other programs. These tests should report actual Frames Per Second (FPS) numbers. If they claim to have something useful to say about the performance of a video card but doesn't post FPS numbers, be *very* skeptical. That's like claiming a car can go 160 mph just because the speedo goes up to 160.\n\n > What details are a matter of preference?\n\nThings like a 50 MHz boost in speed on some single component will make no practical difference. A small change (15%) in the number of cores is unlikely to make any practical difference.\n\n > What details/specs are irrelevant to the average gamer/user? \n\nMost of the stuff the hardcore geeks obsess over are very small. Big leaps happen when a change in the architecture of the card is redone, usually every couple of years. Inbetween the cards are slowly refined anbd have small tweaks made, rather than taking big leaps ahead.\n\n > Do I need to install it myself or is there someplace I can take it to be installed?\n\nYou can install it yourself *if* you know how. It isn't hard to do, but it's also not something that's necessarily obvious. Imagine knowing nothing about car engines, then trying to replace a spark plug. If you know what a spark plug is and how it fits into the engine, it's a two-minute thing. If you don't...\n\nIf there's a local PC repair shop, they would probably be willing to install it for a fee. Call them and ask.", "The numbering is pretty random for the model numbers. The higher number doesn't always mean the best performance. Like atatassault said, The companies completely switch their numbering schemes every few years.\n\nI'd suggest ordering a graphics card from _URL_5_ (.ca version too) They are honestly the best computer part company for US/Can. http://www._URL_5_/Store/SubCategory.aspx?SubCategory=48 & name=Desktop-Graphics-Cards\n\nI'd say the Memory size and Core Clock are two of the biggest things to look for in graphics cards. The latest and greatest video cards as of today have like 2-3GB memory. For example: http://www._URL_5_/Product/Product.aspx?Item=N82E16814150586 The ATI 7970 is their top card on the market. It has 3GB of ram and 1000Mhz Core Clock. The standard core clock on the 7970 seems to be 925Mhz, but since I showed you the Black Edition or \"OverClocked Edition\", It's slightly faster.\n\nYou can definitely install it yourself. It plugs into your PCI-E slot and should be secured by 1-2 phillips screws. Easy. This chart may help you: _URL_5_\n\nOnce physically installed, you should install latest drivers for it. Usually the ones that come on the CD are outdated. I'd go to ATI's or Nvidia's website and download/install the latest ones. _URL_5_", "Most People have covered the basics, it's hard to explain and a little random, installation pretty much like lego, if you can follow those instructions you can certainly follow the manual you'll get with any graphics card. Worth mentioning though are review sites. They'll give the relative performance on a card in a number of games and scenarios and most will apply averages and numbers known as \"benchmarks\", bigger numbers in performance, better the card with some doing things for power use, noise etc. Essentially you would not be far off finding a multi card run down where they often pick the card which performs in the best area for it's pricepoint, google will be your friend in this." ]

[ "Because that's how they are set up, ringtones are a separate purchase, so they don't want to lose money buy allowing you to natively create a ringtone from song files on your device. \n \nThere are of course super simple ways to manually make them into ringtones. It's just that when you pay for the song, you are paying for a copy to be downloaded and played, not to be used as a ringtone. \n \nI wouldn't mind so much if it was a 49¢ purchase, but the average one is $1.29, the same price as the whole song, while only a handful are 99¢. \n\nTLDR: greed" ]

[ "Most of them are pretty self-explanatory.\n\n1. There can be no laws against what you say, or what religion you follow, or who you associate with.\n\n2. We need a military force, so you're allowed to own guns.\n\n3. You cannot be forced to house troops.\n\n4. Your home can't be searched without an OK from a judge.\n\n5. You can't be tried twice for the same offense. You can't be forced to testify against yourself.\n\n6. You have to have a fair public trial with witnesses you can cross-examine.\n\n7. If you want a jury trial, you are entitled to have it.\n\n8. The punishment must fit the crime.\n\n9. This is not an all-encompassing list. You may have other rights too.\n\n10. If it's not specifically a federal issue, then it's automatically a state issue. [There's more, but I can't really describe it LY5.]", "**First Amendment**\n\n*Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.*\n\nThe government cannot criminalize or arrest you for speaking your mind, exercising your religion, associating with people, protesting the government, or publishing news.\n\n**Second Amendment**\n\n*A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.*\n\nThe government cannot criminalize or prevent you from having weapons or forming militias.\n\n**Third Amendment**\n\n*No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law*\n\nThe government can't force you to house members of the military.\n\n**Fourth Amendment**\n\n*The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized*\n\nThe government cannot search or seize you or your possessions without a warrant or probable cause.\n\n**Fifth Amendment**\n\n*No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.*\n\nThis one's a doozy, basically it establishes the requirement of a Grand Jury to indict people for major crimes, protects people from being tried for the same crime twice, protects you from self-incrimination, and prevents the government from arresting and incarcerating you without following \"due process.\" Also says the government can't take your stuff without due process and just compensation.\n\n**Sixth Amendment**\n\n*In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.*\n\nYou have a right to a fast and public trial, a partial jury of your peers, be told of the charges against you, be able to question witnesses against you and provide witnesses in your defense, and you have a right to a lawyer.\n\n**Seventh Amendment**\n\n*In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.*\n\nGrants you a right to a jury trial for civil cases exceeding $20 and protects the results of those cases from being overruled by a judge.\n\n**Eighth Amendment**\n\n*Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.*\n\nThe government cannot issue excessive bail or sentence people to cruel and unusual punishments.\n\n**Ninth Amendment**\n\n*The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.*\n\nBasically, just because the Constitution mentions certain rights by name (such as freedom of speech) this doesn't mean people don't have other rights *not* mentioned in the Constitution.\n\n**Tenth Amendment**\n\n*The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.*\n\nAny power not explicitly granted to the Federal Government by the Constitution is instead reserved to the States or the people.\n\nNote: This is a simplification. Centuries of application have created various case laws which flavor and limit these amendments to some degree or another.", "The bill of rights enumerates some of our most important fundamental [natural rights](_URL_0_). It doesn't *grant* any rights. It enumerates them and explicitly forbids the government from infringing on them. This is an important distinction that is clearly expressed with the ninth amendment.\n\nThe constitution doesn't grant you the right to free speech or to bear arms. You already had it.\n\nIt's also interesting to note that the term \"natural\" is used and not \"God given\" like we hear so often today. The founding fathers were surprisingly irreligious considering the limited scientific knowledge of the day.", "The REALLY important thing to understand about the Bill of Rights--which, alas, neither much of the public or the government seems to grasp--is that it was NOT written as a memo from the government to the people saying, \"look at all these sweet-ass perks we're letting you have because we're nice guys.\"\n\nIt was actually intended as a memo from the people to the government saying \"U can't touch this.\" Rights are not revokable, they don't apply to JUST people we like, they are simply not subject to any legislation less than another Constitutional amendment.\n\nYeah, it frequently doesn't work out that way in real life, and people are partly to blame when the government abridges their rights, for not screaming bloody murder and running the scoundrels out of office on a rail.\n\nAnd THAT, Timmy, is why the President of the US today has the authority to order the summary murder of a US citizen on *suspicion* of being an enemy of the state." ]

[ "They use really big cams that do not make power until a certain high RPM, its called the power band. \nAt low RPMs the cam isn't working efficiently. Most drag car cam's power band might be from 3000RPMs to 7000Rpms. Drag cars, right before the green light will raise their RPMS to the power band which is where the cam is designed to run", "check out hydroplane boat motors. Their cams are so huge that they actually go back and forth from high-revved to nearly stopped at idle, over and over again. Same thing, smaller engine.\n\nI've heard it called \"lobing\"", "Large overlap and high lift cams. The engine essentially has a massive vacuum leak at idle, which goes away due to flow characteristics, allowing more air in the cylinder and more exhaust out." ]

[ "No, it's the inverse square of the distance. [link](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "DVD-R and DVD+R are two DVD formats. This means that the way the data is stored on the discs themselves is slightly different. From a user's perspective they both function the same and have almost the same capacity (-R has 7MB more).\n\nDVD-R came first and is the \"old\" format. DVD+R is newer and has some advantages. For example its format is more resilient to errors (can handle more scratches).\n\nDVD-R can be read by any DVD player, new or old. However DVD+R can only be read by more recent DVD players.\n\nCDs come in only one format.", "It's a difference in recording format, stuff to do with track lengths, sector lengths and down to the 1s and 0s kinda stuff. Both DVD-R and DVD+R are write once, and both can be read by most players. If you get a W on the end this means it is rewritable. There is no such thing as a CD+R.", "* CD: holds 720MB of data, or 1 hour of audio CD music (not MP3s)\n* DVD: holds 4GB of data, or 1 hour DVD movie \n* -R older format (more compatible with older drives and players)\n* +R newer format, gaining popularity", "Do the plus and minus represent anything physically and what format is CD±RW then? & #3232;\\_ & #3232;" ]

[ "There's something called the \"Jet Stream\" which controls much of the weather we see on the ground. In early spring it starts shifting north, which leads to storms being pulled behind it landing in various places like the UK or northern North America. I'm not sure if it's actually more than other months in most of the US though.\n\nBasically weather moves in a pattern and april is a point where storms are being sent from the ocean over land more than many other times, so we get more rain." ]

[ "Peristalsis works like this:\n_URL_0_\n\nStick a drinking straw in a cup full of water, place your thumb over the end of the straw, and lift it out of the water so that the straw is full of water but no longer in cup. Pinch the straw flat with the thumb and forefinger of your other hand up near where your thumb is covering the end and pull down, still squeezing and covering the end with your other thumb. \n\nThat's basically how peristalsis works. The muscles pinch the \"tube\" in a small area (be it your esophagus, intestines, etc) and force its contents along with a wave motion. It pinches, pushes a little ways, and releases. The next muscle pinches it again, pushes it a little ways, and releases. This process repeats until the contents get where they're going." ]

[ "So you know when your throw a ball it follows a curved path down back to the ground?\n\nWell the ISS is moving so fast and is so high up that it's curved path equals the curvature of the earth, so it approaches the earth just as fast the earth curves away from it, so the distance between the earth and the station remain, fairly, constant.", "Imagine you have a baseball. Now lay a pencil, horizontally on the baseball. Move the pencil around the baseball so that the pencil remains laying flat on the ball. That pencil represents the trajectory of the ISS. The ISS is travelling incredibly fast horizontally compared to the earth. However the earth's gravity is constantly pulling on the ISS which curves the path. So the result of the gravity pulling down and the ISS moving very fast sideways, is a circular orbit.\n\nEvery once in awhile though, astronauts do have to fire little blasts to maintain their orbit.", "It's in orbit around the Earth. That basically means that it's falling towards Earth just like anything else, except that it's also moving \"sideways\" so fast that the surface of Earth (which is round) curves away from underneath the ISS at approximately the same speed as the station is falling.\n\nThey also regularly give it boosts in altitude, because it is slowly falling." ]

[ "You may have heard of the 'fight or flight response.' When you are stressed (nervous/frightened etc.) your body releases hormones to help your body deal with the situation - the best known one is adrenaline. This hormone tells your body to do a whole bunch of things, and urinate is among them. It is suggested that this might be to lighten your body to make it easier for you to run." ]

[ "Looks price and class. That's it. When you pay for an escort you're paying for \"the girlfriend experience\" you talk to them eat with them you know go on a \"real\" date but at the end you know your getting lucky. With a whore your getting some drug addicted pimp abused woman who only wants to get you off as fast as she can so she can fuck some other guy in 10 seconds with out cleaning up. That's the difference.", "'Prostitute' is a word that describes somebody who has sex for money. It is slightly archaic, and most 'prostitutes' prefer the term 'sex worker' when talking about their profession. All sex workers are technically prostitutes. Well, almost all, as many porn, or cam, or massage girls may wish to define themselves differently.\n\nAn escort describes a certain kind of sex worker, typically one who works independently, either 'outcall' or visiting your place of residence, or 'incall' working from their own hotel or apartment. Another archaic term for escort is 'call girl'. An 'independant' girl could be truly independant, or they could use a booking agency, or they could be working a shift at a brothel and be sent on an outcall.\n\nEscorts occasionally accompany their client to social events or a restaurant, but frankly this is rare. The conceit is that they are *social* escorts that you compensate for their time, but I have never met an escort that I didn't have sex with. In 95%+ of bookings the client will meet the escort at a discrete locale primarily to have sex.\n\nThere is no 'class' of sex worker that specifically defines themselves as a prostitute. Nobody is going to say 'no, I am not an escort, I am a prostitute' or anything like that. Sex workers define themselves as 'streetwalkers', or brothel girls, or masseurs, or tantric massage providers, or many other terms describing the segment of the industry they are in.\n\nAs a client, you never ask for a 'prostitute' either. Firstly, if you are somewhere where sex work is criminalized, those laws may specifically define prostitution as an illegal act. It is hard to deny you are breaking the law, when you have specifically stated that you wish to break the law. You should speak in euphemistic terms, and ask to book an escort, or a date, or you ask the service if you could 'arrange to meet a girl'.", "They're similar and partially overlapping professions. An escort may or may not be a prostitute; a prostitute may advertise as an escort, but offers more 'services'. \n'Prostitute' effectively covers anyone you can pay for sexual 'services', from a hooker on the corner, to an expensive agency girl. Sometimes others like dominatrixes might fall into this category, or might fall outside of either. \nAn Escort could be a few different things:\n- someone you'd hire to be sexy & charming as your plus-one to an event (either if you're single or your SO couldn't make it). Nothing sexual, just to fill the expected seat. \n- someone you pay to take out on a date. Again nothing sexual, just company. \n- someone to offer either of the first two services and then all of the services offered by a prostitute afterwards too. \nUsually if you look up an escort service it'll be offering the last of these.", "Obvious throwaway.\nI once after a drug and alcohol fuelled night with my buddies, decided it was time to get laid. We ordered a couple of escorts from a page that seemed very professional. I think before they came they weren't naive enough to realize what we we're after. Once they came they we're friendly and could tell it was our first time with escorts. Each one of them paired up with one of us made quick 5 minute small talk then asked if we wanted to go somewhere private. We went with them and had a blast, but these girls set timers. Once the hour and fifty minuets was up, you could notice them starting to close it down. Right at 2 hours they were out. 7/10 would do it again.\n\nTl;DR nothing is different, they just keep track of time better, and aren't in it for crack money", "Officially, escorts do not provide sexual services. Perhaps you are a single businessman and have nobody to go along as your \"plus one\"; you book an escort.\n\nHowever, in places where prostitution is illegal, an escort agency may well be a front for actual prostitution. The authorities tend to leave escort agencies alone because all the records will show that you booked an escort for non-sexual services, and if she took a liking to you and slept with you, that's her private business so to speak. Also, the authorities in these places are more concerned with the more visible street prostitution and its attendant problems of drug abuse, human trafficking and so on." ]

[ "Mostly Price. Where I live it costs around £1000-£1500 for 1 dental implant.", "We can and occasionally do, but why surgically rip out your teeth and implant fake ones when the originals do a fine job on their own?\n\nYou still have to clean and maintain the fakes, bacteria will try to colonize them both.", "I think you're underestimating the awesomeness of bone teeth.", "It's mainly money, but lemme tell you something.\n\nMy father is 50. He never lost all his milk teeth because the doctors in the army screwed up his teeth when he was still a teen. He had horrible teeth, all crooked, he never smiled fully cause he was embarassed of them.\n\nSo two years ago he whipped out 20k PLN and got himself full set of porcelain permanents. \n\nI don't think I've ever seen a man smile so much before.", "My grandmother had her teeth replaced and she was told without real teeth in the socket, the bone deteriorates underneath. Otherwise, barring price, we would just replace them.", "I asked my dentist sister in law this very question. Generally dental implants are weaker and more susceptible to bacteria. They are *harder* to care for than natural teeth. \n\nOf course, there may be higher end options, but the standard synthetic teeth are not ideal.", "I am in no way an expert, but I would guess money, pain and the possibility of rejection/infection. Plus, any operation that requires anesthetic carries some risk.", "The underlying issue with people considering implants over natural tooth structure boils down to maintenance. It is just like the argument 20 years ago: why should I fill the tooth, why not pull them all and put dentures in? That way I can throw them in a glass at night and never have to see a dentist! At the time this was the state-of-the-art option. Trauma aside, the number one cause of tooth loss is decay. This decay is caused by any number of strains of oral bacteria. The commercial world likes to classify these purely as \"plaque\" or in calcified form \"tartar\". This plaque not only causes decay in the natural tooth structure but will also cause significant bone loss, gum disease, infection. That is why dental professionals recommend brushing and flossing the teeth, multiple times a day. This removes food particles the bacteria feeds on as well as disturbs the biofilm on and around the teeth to prevent plaque and tartar formation. Now an implant will not decay, since the entire structure is metal and porcelain. The porcelain can still fracture due to trauma but this will not affect the underlying implant. What will cause an implant to fail is the bacteria, build up of plaque and tartar. As soon as the plaque builds up around the implant the bone starts to recede. This will rarely cause pain to the patient, and they will not notice until the implant starts to move and fall out. The basic anatomy of the implant placed in the bone is a screw like structure, it is not smooth so the bone can easily integrate around (and sometimes through) the titanium. The bacteria love rough surfaces and are attracted to these areas faster then natural smooth tooth structure. Thus the need for increased maintenance (brushing and flossing, regular hygiene visits) on these areas. What it comes down to is they have stronger, more decay resistant materials, but what they don't have is the Lazy-fool proof replacement that everyone is dreaming about.", "As someone with two dental implants and two more in my future, I would do about anything to have real teeth. They just don't feel right. I don't think there's anything they could do material wise or implant technique to fix the feeling of fake vs real. I can't invision anything that would make fake better than real.", "I had an implant a couple of years ago and asked this question.\n\nApparently it can be done, but it's about cost. For you and the dentists, who LOVE you coming back for regular treatments.\n\nImplants, BTW, will wear after about 50 years (I was told).", "Another reason natural teeth are better is that the ligament around each tooth provides sensory feedback during chewing, so we keep our jaw moving the right way. There is no equivalent for implants." ]

[ "They get it from the food that they eat. Whales, and dolphins, can't starve to death, they die of dehydration first. \n\nThey do get a little bit from sea water but their kidneys can't remove much salt so if they accidentally drink too much sea water when they eat that could kill them." ]

[ "You've kind of hit the nail on the head. It tends to vary from place to place, but I think a lot of law enforcement organisations don't see a great deal of point going after small-time drug dealers. As you say, there's always going to be demand for drugs and if any police do turn up it's pretty easy just to disappear.\n\nIn Japan, 'grey area' industries like prostitution and drug dealing are technically illegal, but run by the Yakuza, who's existence is tolerated by the state. They don't want to make that stuff legal, but it's going to happen, so better that it happens in the open.", "You illustrated the answer with your words \"...peacefully, almost kindly ask you if you are interested in drugs\". Why should the police make a fuss over people doing anything peacefully and kindly? The police in many civilized countries (i.e. not America) would rather spend their time dealing with people who are being unpeaceful and unkind." ]

[ "Actions speak louder than words. Movement can encode aggression or play or healing or prayer or mating or celebration or grief. \n\nMovement attracts attention because people need to know how to interpret your intentions. Someone dancing through the front door of a bank will draw a different attention than someone dancing the same way through the door of a club, so context is also in play.\n\nAny gesture or movement, done in unison by a group, becomes a rhythmic dance that encodes some agreed on meaning; waving baseball caps up and down in the dugout helps the batter get a hit, or at least feel the support of his teammates.\n\nNow for the music side of your question. Music induces emotions in the audience. Good musical technique has been defined as the audience experiencing the emotions that the musician has prepared for them. \n\nThe derivation of the word 'emotion' contains this: from Latin emovere \"move out, remove, agitate,\". This are all actions.\n\nSo the simple answer is that music can make a group of people feel emotional, and if the emotions are strong enough, the group will move their bodies (dancing, fists in the air and shouting). Getting our emotions outside of ourselves lets us celebrate and control ourselves.\n\nHere's where the confusion comes in: Calm. This could be indifference to the music. This could be unfamiliarity with a specific kind of music. This could also be the intent of the music; creating a calm state of mind. Calm is not an emotion in the classical sense; it is stillness embodied and lacks agitation. However, in the modern sense of states of mind, calm is just another energy level that we can measure and it happens to be associated with stillness rather than actions.\n\nThe function that ties all this together is a shared experience. The musician creates it and the audience participates in it. And that, IMHO, is why we dance." ]

[ "Brains are complex things. While dreaming you are thought to be basically consolidating the memories you want to keep and not keep, and you create scenes in your mind involving things that were important to you recently (consciously or unconsciously). So while your brain is doing all of that, your ears, eyes, nose, and mouth are still wired in. Incoming stimuli from any one of those sensory organs can be implemented into the seemingly chaotic mess of neural activity that we call dreaming." ]

[ "PC hardware comes typically with only a single program baked in, called the \"bootloader\". This program is designed to boot up whatever Operating System, or OS, has been installed on it.\n\nWhen you turn on the PC or PS4, it starts the bootloader, which is a relatively small program that simply loads the PS4 OS or Windows or MacOS or Android, etc.\n\nWhen you restart the PC or PS4 (without shutting it down or turning it off), the OS program exits with an additional instruction to the bootloader program to reload the OS. And that's exactly what the bootloader does: it resets the starting environment and loads the OS, as though it had been turned on for the first time.\n\n*edit, phrasing*" ]

[ "People live sheltered lives, some going through all of it without killing any animals or getting into a fight. There's also social conditioning, people being told since they're toddlers that it's a heinous act to hurt people and animals. People like to elevate themselves to a moral highground by bashing the 'barbaric' practices of their ancestors, something they can afford to do because they've never experienced starvation. Killing animals is necessary to our survival, the only difference is that nowadays the majority of people don't have to get their hands dirty to enjoy the meat and hides." ]

[ "So I'm not quite sure why you have this labeled as chemistry, so I'm going to do my best to mention chemistry, but this is more of a biology question.\n\nYou have these things called **neurotransmitters**. Some of them dictate how you feel. Serotonin is a mood stabilizer, it's very important in making sure you can have \"normal\" emotions. Some people have problems with their serotonin levels, take me. I make maybe half or less of the normal serotonin that a healthy person does. This leads to difficulty controlling my emotions, especially those of anger and depression.\n\nDepression has many forms besides the one above, but in most cases it can become very difficult to think happy thoughts. You may have self deprecating thoughts or focus solely on the negatives.\n\nFinal point: depression is different for everyone, and this answer is influenced by **my** experience.\n\nHope this answered your question." ]

[ "A boat motor works similar to a car motor except they're usually direct drive or have a simple single speed forward gearing, as well as a reverse gear. You have a shaft attached directly to the engine rather than a complex gearbox. The shaft runs through what's called a stuffing box, which is a grease filled tube that keeps water out. \n\nVery large boats (cruise ships, container ships) use azimuth thrusters. Large rotating pods which contain an electric motor that is powered by a diesel generator in the ship's engine room. So no need for a stuffing \n\nAs for the propeller, they work the same way an airplane propeller does, or a fan, or a swimmer doing the front crawl. They scoop water and push it back. Since every action has an equal and opposite reaction, this causes the boat to move forward. Thrust. \n\nYou can change how much water they scoop by adjusting the angle of the blades, the pitch. The sharper the angle, the more water they can scoop at a lower rotational speed. Allowing them to work more efficiently. Since water is more viscous (thicker) than air, you don't need as much surface area or rotational speed as you would with say a plane. Nor will you need to go nearly as fast. So you can make the prop smaller. The downside with adding more pitch is it requires more torque, rotational power. Which is why boats are often powered by high torque engines like diesel, steam, and electric as opposed to gas. With a gas engine, the prop has to turn faster, so it needs a shallower pitch to get the same amount of speed. But it's doing less work per rotation. So when buying a prop, you really have to keep in mind the ones that are designed to work with your engine. \n\nThere's another issue that crops up too if you spin a prop too fast: cavitation. The spinning prop creates a low pressure zone which causes water to boil at below 100c. Bubbles of steam appear and pop, which cause shock waves that can actually damage the prop.", "The small propeller moves a small stream of water, just as wide as the propeller, at a speed that's much faster than the boat moves. This stream of water has more mass than you'd think, because water is quite heavy, and it has a momentum (m • v). All this momentum goes into the boat, because momentum is conserved (the old physics rule \"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction\") so since the boat has a larger mass it gets a smaller increase in velocity.\n\nIt's surprisingly effective because well designed boats experience very little water friction, that's how you can paddle a canoe that floats your weight, plus the canoe, plus your stuff." ]

[ "There is always more than one lens/curved mirror inside the telescope, so the result is different if you reverse the order light goes through them. When there's only one symmetric lens looking either way through it produces same result." ]

[ "\"Political economics\" is an old phrase which means the same thing as just plain \"economics\" means today (or perhaps \"macroeconomics\", if you want to get less-like 5)\n\nBasically, what people used to call \"economics\" is now called \"home economics\", or \"home ec\". And what they used to call \"political economics\" is now just \"economics\".\n\n\"Moral economics\" is just some self-righteous people trying to tell everyone else what to do. It is not particularly comparable to economics as a whole, any more than \"I like blue and so should you\" is comparable to \"color exists and is a property of light as perceived by the brain through the eyes\".\n\nUnless you meant \"moral philosophy\", which is from the same time period as the term \"political economics\" is." ]

[ "I work at a research university, and system administration of our supercomputers falls under my team's responsibilities. What ours supercomputer do is simulation. They simulate things like chemicals interactions, nuclear reactions, electronic systems, and many other things. In many areas of research, it is a lot cheaper to develop models that can be simulated in supercomputers to test ideas, instead of experimenting with real world systems.\n\nOur research groups use their models on our supercomputers to research solar energy, advanced films, water treatment, artificial intelligence, medical imaging, and a lot more.\n\nAll of this requires a lot of processing power because 1, these are complex models involving the interactions between multiple dimensions of variables; 2, because being able to perform calculations faster means either getting results sooner, or being able to simulate systems in more detail, with better results.", "Yucky medicine takes a very long time to make. Because people eat the yucky medicine, it's important that we know what it'll do to our tummies. Because everybody is different, some medicine might make you more sick instead of better!\n\nSometimes the companies will run a computer program that imagines all the different types of tummies and what the yucky medicine will do to the tummies. It's not just tummies either, yucky medicine can effect all the areas of the bodies, even your bum! \n\nTo imagine what the medicine would do to all the areas of your body would be very hard for a human. For a normal computer like yours and mine it would take a really long time! To make things quicker, the companies will get lots of computers and join them together like Lego to make a super computer. This makes all the imagining really quick!", "It depends. It's not very hard to make a model that requires extremely high computing. Say a particle simulation with tons of particles. Some models require numerous iterations to find a solution, particularly flow fields. So a singular \"timestep\" in a simulation that spans some time, could take several iterations for the flow field to be solved. Some simulations require monte-carlo approaches, which means you repeat the same thing a ton of times with certain variables slightly tweaked or some stochastic process added. This is necessary to test uncertainty/sensitivity and get most probably outcome on models that aren't solid enough to run once at take that result." ]

[ "Because at one point during the war (1943) the Italian King had Mussolini arrested and at this point Italy was not part of the Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan) anymore. Germany, from an ally became an invading force of Italy. Also, the anti-Jewish laws were repealed by the new Badoglio government while the war was still going on. \n\n\nBasically, by the end of the war, Italy was not viewed as one of the 'bad guys' anymore. So while for Germany there were the [Nuremberg trials](_URL_0_), where all the atrocities committed by Germany came into surface, no such trial took place against Italy. \n\nSo it's a combination of two things: a. Italy probably didn't commit atrocities comparable to Germany; b. any war crimes Italy did commit did not undergo the same level of inquiry of those commited by Germany.", "My Great Grandfather took part of invading Sicily, and he described it as almost a liberation. The Italians cheered the allied forces and he became friends with many, even a \"POW\". From what i understood from him, he was very well liked, his troop would share their candy rations with the kids, and he got blessed by Pope Pius XII. I feel the Italians were not as caught up in the \"Nazi Craze\" as the Germans were.", "Italy gave hitler the framework for the nazis, tried to act hard, even gassed Ethiopians... Things got hard and they tucked up their penises and ran, crap enemies, crap allies, crap from top to bottom. Italy is shaped like a boot because that much shit won't fit into a running shoe." ]

[ "> but what are the \"eruptions\" coming from it? Was it detonated in the air?\n\nIt was detonated on the top of a tall tower. The \"eruptions\" are the guy-wires that stabilized the tower being boiled into gas and plasma from the light of the explosion before the blast wave proper reaches them." ]

[ "Chemical reactions but instead of releasing (like most of them) heat as energy, or even electricity they release photons aka light" ]

[ "I once had someone cure my hiccups by asking me \"Hey, what color is eggplant? Do you see anything eggplant colored in this room?\" I looked around intently and couldn't find anything, and I told him no. He then asked me if they were gone, and sure enough, totally cured. I think something about the act of suddenly focusing on something else entirely had something to do with it. Maybe someone asking you for money you owe them has a similary effect?" ]

[ "Well, most people use the word \"clone\" to mean something other than it actually is. I blame the popular sci-fi use of cloning to refer to creating an exact duplicate of a person, along with their memories and personality and such.\n\nIn real life, cloning means to take the DNA of an animal, and create a new baby animal with the same DNA. So it's more like creating a new identical twin baby of the original creature, and not at all like creating an exact copy of that creature.", "The how part is that you take the DNA from the living animal, grab an egg cell from the same species and replace the DNA in the egg with the DNA from the live animal. Then you transfer the now fertilized egg into the womb of a surrogate mother. After gestation, you have a genetic duplicate of the original." ]

[ "Shampoo is a type of soap designed for your hair. It gets grease out of your hair. You should only shampoo your head. Don't put shampoo on the ends of your hair if you're a girl, it's too harsh and will damage your hair.\n\nConditioner puts the life back in hair after being shampooed. It moisturizes it.\n\nBody soap is a soap designed for your skin. It gets dirt off your skin. You can't just wash dirt and grease off with water because water and oil don't mix. Soap is an \"emulsifier\" it means that it makes it so water can wash away oil.\n\n2-in-1 is conditioner and shampoo mixed together. So you only have to use one product to wash your hair. There's a lot of rumors that it's bad for your hair. From what I've learned, if you have very fine hair then it's better to not use a 2 in 1. But most hair works just fine for a 2 in 1. \n\n3 in 1 is shampoo, conditioner and body soap all mixed in one. Guys usually use this. You can literally put it on any part of your body." ]

[ "Basically, it comes down to sensing versus perceiving. Generally everyone senses the same things the same way, from vision to taste, excluding those with sensory deprivations (colorblindness, deafness, etc.). \n\nPerceiving is a different story. It's all in your head. We attach meaning to different sensations. Like when you see your SO and get happy if you're in a great relationship. Basically you attach meaning to different sounds you hear. People tend to like major keys that are consonant, but of course not all because different people attach different meanings based on their experiences!\n\nHope this helps, this is the first ELI5 explanation that I've done! Feel free to ask further questions!" ]

[ "Op are you talking about Laser Temperature Guns/thermometers?? (That tell the temp after pointing the device and laser at an object) \n\nIf you are: the laser doesn't have anything to do with the temp, it just aligns the sensor that is located right next to the laser on the front of the device.", "An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called blackbody radiation emitted by the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns, to describe the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined. Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as \"thermal radiation thermometers\"." ]

[ "You need a second camera that is filming from a slightly different perspective, just like humans can see in three dimensions because they have two eyes set slightly apart. (In computer animation you can arbitrarily create a second perspective on a scene, so it's easier but it still requires extra rendering to produce the film.) You play back footage from both perspectives at the same time, but the viewer wears polarized lenses which filter the image so that the left eye sees one thing and the right eye another. You may recall older 3D using colored lenses for the same purpose.\n\nYou can also process a standard film to give it computer-generated 3D effects. This is a lot cheaper than filming a real 3D movie, but the result tends to be ugly." ]

[ "When you wake up in the morning, you get something called sleep inertia. It's the groggyness you feel up to two hours (usually half an hour) after you have woken up. \n\nIt's a \"false\" kind of sleepy, which makes you want to stay in bed. This combined with how comfortable your warm, soft bed is, makes it so darn hard to get up. \n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_\n\nedit: a word.", "An object in motion tends to stay in motion, while an object at rest tends to stay at rest.", "Well, in one situation you're trying to fall asleep. In the other you're trying to wake up. And nobody wants to go to work or school.", "I know what you're talking about. Sleeping in on the weekends/days off never ever feels as good as clinging to an extra ten minutes of zzz's on a workday. The one time the universe really lets you enjoy this kind of sleeping in is inclement weather (snow days, rained out events). That beautiful moment when you wake up for 10-20 minutes to find you can unexpectedly crawl right back to bed.", "That's because of the obligation factor, the 'I have to' is the killer. Think about it, same time of the morning, same cozy bed, but if this time it's YOU who decides to go out for a walk that would not be a problem.", "Philosophically speaking: it's because your consciousness, from the day before, died, and a new you (that happens to have access to the other person's memories) has been reborn in the morning. You are fresh, new, and actually need to orient yourself in order to even remember the stressful burdens which plagued the last consciousness, weighing it down. The sudden urge to escape back into the mindless void, is only natural.", "When you dont move for a long time your muscles start to relax. Thats why in the morning every position feels comfortable and when you are trying to get to sleep you should focus on not moving for the same muscle relaxations." ]

[ "Passing around the data itself can get very expensive. It is fine when the data is small, like a single number or even a small string of text. When you get to large objects or data structures like arrays, it becomes prohibitvely expensive to just pass the data. Instead you pass around pointers to the data, so the data can just sit where it is, and whoever needs it can get to it via the pointer.\n\nFurthermore, pointers give you a layer of abstraction above the data. On this iteration through the loop, the pointer can point to data structure X. On the next iteration through the loop, maybe it points to data structure X-prime. This gives the programmer a general way to use different data objects without having to rewrite the code to copy them around all over the place.\n\nYou posted an example of an array data structure in Java below. That is actually a pointer to the array, under the covers. Languages like C and C++ make this pointer explicit, because they are intended for people who want to be a bit closer to the underlying hardware (for performance reasons, typically).", "As others have said, other languages use pointers behind the scenes. Java (for example) abstracts this away, which is more convenient and less prone to error. In fact, most languages hide these details.\n\nYour question is: why do some languages expose pointers directly instead of hiding them? The answer is that manually using pointers lets the programmer specify in much greater detail exactly what the computer is doing under the hood. In some cases, the programmer can write code that is faster than it would be if the computer were handling the details.\n\nGenerally, programmers use languages like C that expose pointers when they absolutely need the best performance and they're willing to spend a lot more time writing, testing, and debugging the code in order to attain that performance. For example, the performance-critical chunks of most operating systems are written in C or C++, as are the graphical engines of most 3D video games.\n\nAnother reason to use pointers is to interface with hardware at a very low and direct level. Some hardware devices are controlled by writing values to special places in memory. A language that seems to do this without pointers must really be using pointers behind the scenes. Again, abstracting this away is convenient and helps to avoid bugs, but there can be a performance cost. Also, *someone* has to actually write the pointer code to work with the hardware; if you have an uncommon, obscure, or very specific piece of hardware, there may not be a convenient pointer-free abstraction, and writing one may be more inconvenient than just writing it with pointers yourself." ]

[ "When you stand, blood briefly pools in your lower extremities. Your body undergoes what is called vasoconstriction, to equalize the blood pressure pretty quickly, by squeezing blood back up into your body. However, you have a brief period of insufficient blood in your upper body, leaving you to feel faint. People occasionally *do* faint from this in fact, if the effect is severe enough. \n\nThis is called orthostatic hypotension." ]

[ "The asteroid that may have been responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs had a diameter of about ~~170~~ 10-15 km. The moon has a diameter of about 3,500 kilometers.\n\nI'm not a scientist so I won't pretend to tell you exactly what will happen, but I think that it goes without saying this would be a catastrophe unlike anything seen before.", "Nah, as long as you hid inside a fridge you'd probably be fine.", "Despite what some people think, the earth would not \"explode\". The crust of out plant is astonishingly thin, covering a fluid like mantle and outer core. \n\nA big asteroid hitting the earth would be like dropping a bowling ball into a small pool. The surface would splatter off at the point of impact, and massive fluid like shockwaves would reverberate all around the globe. This is of course, in tandem with the planet engulfing firestorm that would scorch the earths surface clean from the point of impact. A MOON sized object hitting the earth would be like dropping a bowling ball into a barrel of water. Gargantuan amounts of planetary material would be ejected out into space (possibly coelescing into another moon, in time) The earth would literally melt into a somewhat less circular shape as it absorbed most of the intruder into itself over thousands of years. Eventually, the crust would resolidify, although the chances of life reforming in any significant quantity before our sun goes dark is pretty low. \n\nWhat you would need to worry about, is the chances that such an impact could knock the earth out of it's current orbital path. We wouldn't go flying off outside the solar system or anything, but there's a good chance our orbiat could become drastically more elliptical, such that during half the year (however long or short that may be now), our planet would burn like the surface of mercury blasting off whatever remained of our atmoshpere, and the other half of the year we'd freeze.", "Not if you have an ocarina...and know a few giants.", "there'd be nothing left, ace. It'd most likely destroy the earth completely.", "If something the size of the moon hit the Earth everything would be very very bad. Thankfully no one would be sad because they would all go away.\n\nRemember the dinosaurs? The asteroid that scientists have figured out was probably what made them go extinct was about 6 miles across (IIRC). It made a crater we now call the Gulf of Mexico. The Moon is over 1000 miles across, which is a lot lot bigger. If something this size hit the Earth everything will turn into lava for awhile. In fact scientists are pretty sure that this has happened before and that this is why we have a Moon!\n\n/ELI5\n\nJust for reference if you go about 6 miles up you are above 95% of the atmosphere. The Earth's crust under the ocean is about 6 miles thick, and the continental crust is about 20 to 30 miles thick. Irregardless of speed, something 1000+ miles across hitting the planet = complete annihilation to the point where there would be no record of our existence other than the Voyagers and their like. Stuff on the moon/in orbit may/may not survive.", "[Details](_URL_0_)\n\nWith help from Wolfram Alpha for velocity and density of the moon. Location of observer is 16000 km away, approximately the distance from New York to Sydney.\n\nBasically the 2000 mph winds would kill everything on the surface. If the asteroid were going any faster than the moon's current orbital velocity, it would cause a lot more damage.\n\nEDIT: Looking again, I'm not sure their Earth density is accurate. They say 2500kg/m^3, but Wolfram-Alpha gives me 5500kg/m^3, which is more in line with my Google-fu. Maybe it refers to the density of sedimentary rock (the target type I chose).\n\nEDIT 2: Also I didn't have the diameter for the moon correct. I fixed the information and added a new link. Numbers are about the same though.", "Like you're 5 huh.....[BOOM](_URL_2_)\n\nOr if a hamster the size of the moon hit the earth....[also BOOM](_URL_2_)\n\nFIXED: Better link. Thanks CaptTard", "Not quite the size of the moon, but an illustrative simulation accompanied by music: _URL_3_", "bad things man, bad things. \n\nfirst, loud boom, everything dead from pressure wave. Then big fire, everything dead now get burnt da fuck up. Then big tsunami and earthquake, everything that got dead and burnt now get all jumbled up and mixed up in the dirt and buried. But bacteria in bottom of ocean maybe still live. Maybe in a few billion years intelligent life look at our fossils, which are mostly just a dark greasy layer in the dirt.", "It would be like if a full grown elephant fell out of an airplane and landed on your house.", "[Here's](_URL_4_) a pretty awesome and terrifying video illustrating a massive asteroid impacting earth." ]

[ "Jesus christ, are you trying to make us feel old, OP? That's how ALL land line phone numbers used to work. If there was less than 10000 lines, they all belonged to the same exchange. You'd get 555-0000, next person got 555-0001, next person got 555-0002.\n\nYou kids and your cell phones and skype and hoola hoops and pacman video games and Zima...", "It's likely that when it was set up, the phone company had an exchange (central office, to use the American term) dedicated to that small area.\n\nIn order to get calls routed correctly to that, they'd configure it so that the exchange for that town had certain sets of numbers allocated to it - the number would be something like:\n\n1(aaa)bbb-nnnn\n\naaa being the area code for the larger area, possibly covering several local towns, and bbb being a sort of unofficial sub-area code, which serves to steer calls to that one exchange.", "The three numbers after the area code are called the exchange. Traditionally, each exchange has been associated with a geographical area. In a small town, everyone might have the same exchange. In the city an exchange represented a neighbourhood or at least some area of several square blocks. \n\nThe three numbers used to be represented by two letters and a number, that's why some phones have three small letters over each number. The two letters would be letters from a word that was descriptive of the exchange: For instance, CR 5-1234 would be pronounced \"CRescenthill 1234\", SO 3-4321 would be \"SOuthside 4321\". There was a famous movie called *BUtterfield 8*.\n\nPeople used to not move around so much; they would live in the same neighbourhood most of their lives and keep the same phone number.\nAs people became more mobile, they still wanted to keep the same phone number when they moved and the phone companies loosened the rules about an exchange being specific to a location. \n\nThe widespread use of mobile phones has created a sea-change in the way we think of telephone communication. It used to be that when you called a number you were calling a location, a house. Somebody answered and you'd say, \"May I speak to Bob, please?\" or \"Is Alice home?\" Now when you call, you're calling the person, not the house.", "That three numbers is called an exchange. If it's a small enough town, they probably only HAD one exchange assigned to that town for a very long time. My original home town only had two up until about 15 years ago.", "In any phone system, numbers were assigned in blocks of 10,000 numbers called \"exchanges\" -- that is, the first three digits are the same. So, in a large city, a phone office might have dozens of exchanges -- that is, many three-digit prefixes.\n\nBut what about a small town? I grew up in one. There were about three thousand telephone customers in town. So our local phone company had exactly one exchange for the town. Everybody's phone number had the same area code and exchange, with only the last four numbers being different. When the phone company applied for numbers for the town, they were assigned that exchange, and then the phone company gets to assign the numbers in that exchange (that, is the last four digits).\n\nTL;DR - in North America, phone companies are assigned the first six digits (area code + exchange) for a local area, and assign the last four themselves.", "Just as large communities have area codes, smaller communities had their own 3-digit code that signified their community. Now, if the first 3 numbers (555 from your example) remain the same, there are ~~715~~ 10,000 possible 4-digit numbers that can follow. Once those 4-digit numbers are used, they need to create a new 3-digit code.\n\nEDIT: Wrong calculation!", "This is very common in small towns, where I grew up it is still like this even for new residents. If you had a phone number you could look at it and be like \"Oh, that's from TownA\". It really isn't any different than an area code in practice.", "Back home we still don't have to use the 10-digit sequence, just the 7. Everyone's number is 243-nnnn. This same number is for 4 nearby communities." ]

[ "They \"set\" the date, they don't know it precisely. \n\nAnd they set that date based on a combination of studied observation when they can (how long an apple will last) a set of conditions (\"keep refrigerated\" or \"consume immediately on opening\"), and known properties of the food and its packaging, and then add a safety margin to it.\n\nThe known properties can include how long a piece of cut meat remains safe before too many bacteria contact it and start growing, or how long before the vegetable starts to get brown and crinkly and so won't sell, or how pristine a plastic wrapper can expect to last if exposed to different temperatures and degrading light sources on a store shelf, or how many preservative chemicals are contained within the product, or when it starts to smell bad, or how long before freezer-burn sets in. \n\nAll of that adds up to a time when it's very likely the product will no longer be AS SAFE (which is not the same as 'safe') to consume, as well as \"as tasty\" and \"as visually appealing\" and \"as mixed uniformly and not all congealed\". Then they stick a time buffer on there so it expires or is 'best before' a bit before that.\n\nFinally, that Best Before date has to pass the inspection of whatever food control agencies are out there. Your business will be shut down, for example, if you sell rotten meat.", "It is an estimate based on what the food is and when it was made. So things like milk and bread have quite short dates, canned and dry food much longer. Generally it is quite conservative, because the food companies do not want to get sued by someone who got ill from eating their food. If it was in date they might be liable, if it is out of date they aren't.\n\nBecause it is quite conservative, it is more likely that not that food that's a few days out of date is fine. But you need to be aware that it might not be. Some foods like dried pasta, honey and vinegar have essentially no real expiration date if stored properly, but companies have to put one on anyway. Other food like meat and milk you need to be much more careful with, though with milk it is pretty obvious from the smell.\n\nOne nice example is eggs. They will often be fine a week or two after the expiration date, and there's a very easy way to check an old egg. Just put the egg in a bowl or glass of water. If it stays at the bottom it is fine, and if it floats it is bad and should be thrown away.", "For goods that have a long shelf life, one way to estimate the lifetime is with the [Arrhenius Equation.](_URL_0_) For something fairly stable at room temperature, like potato chips, they could store bags at 60 C, 70 C, and 80 C for a few months. Every week they would take some of the chips out and measure how much crunch or flavor the chips have lost. Then they can use the Arrhenius equation to predict how long it will take to break down at room temperature.\n\nNote that this only works for thermal instability. If something is prone to go bad by getting moldy, like cheese, this wouldn't predict for that.", "In maths and physics, there is a thing they use to predict when things will decay, it's called differential equations. Basically just an formula with variables where you input the rate of decay observed during a given period of time and extend it till the substance reaches total decay.", "_URL_1_\n\n99% Invisible has an episode on expiration dates. It's worth a listen." ]

[ "Let's start by assuming that we have the nukes to fracture the asteroid. It may be a long shot, but nukes release a *lot* of energy and asteroids aren't necessarily as solid as a typical rock on earth.\n\nThe big thing is that the Earth is still being hit. When you break an asteroid into two pieces, the energy of the original asteroid just gets split between the two, so all of that energy is still headed towards Earth. This is equally true of breaking it into 2 pieces and breaking it into a million pieces. You're not going to reduce an asteroid to sand-sized pieces, but even if you did all of that sand is going to hit the Earth. This could be bad in and of itself as all of that energy gets transferred to the atmosphere in the form of heat, although that is probably not an apocalyptic event in and of itself.\n\nHowever, the bit thing to realize is that the asteroid isn't going to be split into a billion pieces the size of pebbles/sand. There are going to be *lots* of pieces that are still large enough to make it to the ground. By breaking the asteroid up you are just spreading the destruction over a wider area of the planet's surface. This would be like replacing a cannon ball with grapeshot--it's still highly destructive.\n\nUltimately nuking an asteroid would probably have *some* positive effect, but if all of the pieces are still hitting the Earth then it's not really worth it. By contrast, if we find an apocalyptic asteroid with the Earth in its sites we can send a sapcecraft to it to alter its orbit ever so slightly so that it doesn't actually hit the Earth. If we detect the object early enough then the change to its orbit would not have to be that much.", "Nuking an asteroid would be like taping an M80 to a boulder.\n\nSome postgraduate students from Leicester University did the math on the asteroid used in Armageddon (awful movie) it would take 800,000,000,000,000 terajoules of energy to blow up that chunk of rock. The largest nuke mankind ever set off only put out 418,000 terajoules of force. To nuke a large asteroid to the point of blowing it up you'd need 1.9 BILLION of the worlds biggest nukes.\n\n_URL_0_", "Nuking things in space will not have such effect as nukes in atmosphere. There were a thread on some sub around that explained that. Long story short - there will be no shock wave and not so much destruction for an asteroid. Lots of particles and radiation - yes, but not so much physical destruction.", "Amount of force you can apply to an asteroid that is big enough to be a problem is the issue.\n\nThe biggest nuke won't blow up any asteroid that's considered a problem. Anything over a mile wide would simply not be destroyed by any nuke we could send. It will damage it, blow out one side or two... but the asteroid is still going to be on it's way mostly intact, with a couple of riders maybe coming along for the trip in.\n\nIt won't even break up into smaller pieces. It doesn't work like in the movies.\n\nSo the whole 'smaller for friction elimination' won't work because you didn't make it happen in the first place.\n\nThis is why they come up with the rocket pushing or mass diversion or solar sail attachment theories on how to steer the asteroid into a different orbit and miss the Earth.\n\nBut IF you could blow up the asteroid into a bunch of bowling ball sized things? Yes, the Earth would easily survive, provided there was enough spacing between the balls and they didn't clump back together.", "If we sent a nuke(or just something big enough to have a large enough force) and at it to blow up close enough to the projectile(and early enough in it's detection) that the blast will steer it off course, missing earth entirely" ]

[ "Because it's their name, not their nationality. If I live in New York, and my name is Bob France, you wouldn't call me French." ]

[ "Training. Specifically, what is known as \"stress inoculation.\" \n\nThis is why new recruits in the military have to complete tasks while being yelled at and generally messed with by their instructors- a crude imitation of the stress of combat. It's why high quality police training involves responding to crises amidst all sorts of artificial stressors like simulated ammunition and panicked victims. It's why professional boxers get hit again and again and again long before stepping into the ring. \n\nIf you are routinely exposed to a certain kind of stress, you can become desensitized to it. Mental armor, so to speak. You can be trained to *act* when faced with stress rather than freezing up.", "Unless you've prepared for a \"fight or flight\" situation, I don't know if there's a way to prevent a freeze response.\n\nSpeaking from personal experience, I once had a freeze response when I was walking to my car late one night and another car sped around the corner and started to come right at me like it was about to run me over. I froze for a moment before running to get out of the way. I think it was because my mind hadn't prepared itself for a situation like that. I was totally at ease, then, suddenly, I was in danger. I almost couldn't believe it was happening. If I had put myself more in the mindset that something bad could happen as I walked to my car, then I may have reacted more quickly.\n\nNeurological pathways in your brain are strengthened by repetition so preparing yourself through simulation (or even visualization) can strengthen pathways that lead to your body's fight or flight response. I think that the freeze response is caused by your brain not being prepared enough to react. Even if you haven't mentally prepared for an exact scenario, the strengthened pathways can still adapt quickly if a situation is similar to one you're familiar with. For instance, if your mental/physical response has prepared you for responding to people next to you getting in a fight on the bus, you might also be prepared for someone trying to snatch your necklace on the street. They're different situations, but they may use the same neurological pathways to get to your ultimate response.\n\nIf you've rarely had to plead your case in an argument/debate then you probably won't win many of them. Neurological pathways can be strengthened through repetition when it comes to your memory recall in times of stress which can help when in a discussion or when you're in a rap battle like Eminem in the movie 8 Mile. He froze because he wasn't prepared for the stress. By the film's climax, Eminem's character was prepared but the guy he rap battled at the end froze because he wasn't prepared for the stress of being so embarrassed like that. He'd only experienced what it was like to go into a situation knowing what he was going to say—not having to improvise based on new stimulus." ]

[ "[Here's a good article that goes over the positive outcome for Toronto](_URL_0_)\n\ntl;dr: While Ford's campaign was based on \"stopping the gravy train\", he never found one. Gravy leaked out of small cracks in municipal government. Ford saved $100,000 here and there by combining depts, etc.\n\nDidn't see it mentioned in the article, but ~$12mil saved by privatizing garbage collection.\n\nStarted MUCH needed repairs on the elevated Gardiner Expressway (only highway that serves the direct downtown area).\n\nNothing came out of it thanks to council and provincial government, but Ford was adamant about adding and expanding subway lines." ]

[ "1. \\ > 1 billion user accounts, so probably some double-digit percentage of the worlds population\n\n2. no sorting or gating, random people from any community can trip across any other video, and some will. \n\n3. Fans. Youtube culture encourages the type of rabid fan building that . . . okay, look, many of the heavier users on youtube are teenagers. Youtube brags that among teenagers, youtube celebrities are better known than other celebrities. There are many sensible teens. There are many sensible teens who like things that I don't like. There are also many teens who embody the worst of, say, justin bieber fans. \n\n4. Let's combine these three points and imagine the youtube comments as the community basis for flamewars that resemble 'psx vs. n64' or 'ps2 vs. xbox', but the sides are obscure, sometimes wholly imagined by only one side, you can't always discern what point someone is making on an unrelated video from their comment if you aren't part of the sub-community, and youtube comments are the base point for these flamewars because the celebrities are wholly on youtube. You ever see those collapsed comments which begin with something like: \"I like the vocals at 2:17\" [[see 17 collapsed comments]] \"Shitting idiot, Prussia was its own country back then and can't be blamed for that!\"? Okay, that's a real example that was an argument between (I'm ashamed to have searched this up), a hetelia fan and a fan of some youtube channel that uses DnD minis to represent european countries to make racist punchlines. \n\n5. People who aren't into that . . . stuff . . . stop commenting. People who are into that start commenting more. \n\n6. This means there is almost always a confrontational tone/argument expectation in youtube comment sections. Which means some of the more agreeable folks who are left still commenting, are also given into interpreting other comments in the worst possible light. \"Of course it's cavitation!\" \"Well, it's more likely a heat pump operating through sound waves passing through the centre, which is why it needs a certain frequency differential to produce heat past unity. Cavitation wouldn't explain the heat production beyond 100%, and I bet the core of that freezes after too long\" \"You're an idiot, there's no need for any of your fancy heat pump BS, look up cavitation!\" (Real comments on a rotary water heating engine. . . albeit toned down)\n\n\n\nAnd then . . . what's left? A whole bunch of people arguing with each other across the breath of youtube, where 99% of everyone doesn't know what the hell they're on about, and the rest of everyone else commenting is doing so with the expectation of horrible comments & arguments to follow. \n\nWe are left, in short, with the worst fraction of a billion user accounts. And the bottom 1% of that is pretty deep." ]

[ "A cellar is usually colder then the outside as it is kept dark and surrounded by cold dirt. Humidity is based on not only the amount of water in the air but also the temperature of the air. So when air gets down into the basement and gets cooled down its humidity increases. All life needs water to thrive. Basements with a lot of humidity will have a lot more humidity so it is easier for mold to get the water it needs.", "Mold and mildew thrive in locations which are dark, moist, and cool. Basements are often a perfect environment for mold and mildew because they don't see a ton of sunlight, are usually cooler than other parts of the house, and are usually moist environments especially when they are unfinished.", "The best habitats for mold and mildew are cold, dark, and humid. In a basement, away from the light of the sun, it is all three (no light, no warmth, the cold increases the *relative* humidity). That makes basements a good place for them to grow." ]

[ "Just to clarify a little more...\n\n\"Flu\" does not just mean illness. It is specifically illness caused by *Influenza* viruses. In fact 'flu' is short for 'influenza'. The term \"bacterial flu\" is misleading because it means a bacterial infection occurring because your immune system has been weakened by the flu virus. So you can't have bacterial flu without having \"actual\" influenza caused by the influenza virus. So your answer is in your question. You can only have what is confusingly described as \"bacterial flu\" if you have viral flu.\n\nIf you're using the word \"flu\" to describe any illness with similar symptoms then yes, you can definitely have as many infections as you would care to pick up. It will eventually kill you. Immune disorders (like AIDS) are such a problem because you end up with every disease and infection out there and it becomes impossible to stop the sufferer getting sick and dying from any and all kinds of infections." ]

[ "Partly Cloudy means blue skies with some clouds\n\n\nPartly Sunny means a cloudy sky with some occasional sun", "I actually found the answer thanks to NOAA, here it is:\n\nPartly Cloudy:\nBetween 3/8 and 5/8 of the sky is covered by clouds.\n\nPartly Sunny:\nBetween 3/8 and 5/8 of the sky is covered by clouds. The term \"Partly Sunny\" is used only during daylight hours." ]

[ "**TL;DR**: *We have intelligence and spare time and a desire to accomplish something and to leave something behind or give something to other people. Being creative uses the first to fill the second and fulfill those desires.*\n\nIn terms of flair, this isn't so much about culture as it is biology.\n\nThe first reason is that we're a thinking animal that isn't driven solely by instinct. We have thought processes that very very routinely move us out of the realms of \"automatically do X when the environment is like Y\", which cause a caterpillar to munch when placed on a leaf or a deer to run when it hears a loud noise.\n\nThen there's our lifespan and living standards. We do not sleep or have to search for food and shelter and comfort and mating every single second of every single day. We have \"down time\" and the intelligence to both use that \"down time\", and want to use that \"down time\" somehow or we'll get bored.\n\nFinally that intelligence causes many of us to seek creative satisfaction, and to serve some purpose. We want something called 'fulfillment' out of life. It can be a public form of fulfillment for some where they're recognized by others for what they do, a feeling of pride for having helped others feel better by doing an excellent stand-up comedy or rap song or dance routine that spreads joy, or an entirely internal drive which causes someone to feel very satisfied when they have accomplished something creative like completing a work of sculpture. \n\nAll three things - time, ability enabled by intelligence, and the need for some form of personal fulfillment, lead to creative expression. And the level varies greatly from person to person, dictating how central that need is to the way they live their life." ]

[ "Going outside firstly removes the trigger and stimulus that's causing the stress - and so they can get out of an emotionally charged situation. Fresh air may also be a change in temperature, so they have a different physical response too, and that may help them breathe deeper, giving the stress hormones a chance to disperse", "Deep breathing increases the supply of oxygen to your brain and stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes a state of calmness. \nWhen stressed, the opposite happens and we tense up clench muscles, and breathe quickly/shallow this is the FIGHT OR FLIGHT response.\n\nIntentional deep breathing, especially when we are not in immediate physical danger, brings us back to calm.\n\nSTRESS use to be to save our lives (and for many it still does) but a LOT of 1st worlders have self induced stress that isn't actually threatening.", "While we grew up frolicking through fields, swinging at the park and cruising along on our bikes, as adults, many of us spend most of our time indoors. But all of those hours spent outside were actually good for more than using up our unlimited, childhood energy. As it turns out, science shows that some fresh air really will do you good.\n\nFresh air saves lives.\n trees\nJust like you learned in elementary school, trees use photosynthesis to turn carbon dioxide into the oxygen we need to breathe. In just one year, the presence of trees saved 850 lives and prevented 670,000 cases of acute respiratory symptoms, according to new research published in the journal Environmental Pollution. Trees remove pollution from the air, making it healthier for us to take into our lungs. According to the research, the fresh air created by trees is especially beneficial to those living in urban areas, where the air is more heavily polluted.\n\nAir pollution can create some major health problems. Highly polluted air has been shown to cause a burning effect in eyes, noses and throats. Polluted air also makes it harder for those with asthma to breathe. Some toxic chemicals that can live in the air — like benzene and vinyl chloride — are highly toxic. They can even cause cancer, birth defects, long term injury to the lungs, as well as brain and nerve damage. Breathing fresh air that plants produce lowers the chances of coming into contact with these scary pollutants.\n\nIt can boost your immune system.\nIt may be time to step outside if you find yourself cooped up with tons of other people at your office, or even in your own home. Such close quarters exposes you to all sorts of germs. Plus, even a simple walk outside can raise your immune system. “Exercise leads to an increase in natural killer cells, neutrophils and monocytes, which ultimately increases immune function,” Ather Ali, ND, MPH, assistant director of Complementary/Alternative Medicine Research at the Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center tells _URL_0_.\n\nThe smells in fresh air bust stress and increase happiness.\n smiling forest\nScience shows that you really should stop and smell the roses, as the smell of them promotes relaxation. Other flowers, like lavender and jasmine can also lower anxiety and up your mood. Research shows that the scent of pine trees decreases stress and increases relaxation. Even walking through a park or your own backyard can help you feel calmer and happier when you catch a whiff of freshly cut grass. And while rain may put a damper on your outdoor plans, we love nothing more than the scent of a downpour, according to Smithsonian magazine. The smell reminds us of the color green and may be linked with the growth of both the plants and animals that we need to eat, which could explain why it smells so good to us.\n\nFresh oxygen energizes.\nBack away from the energy drink. Research shows that spending time in fresh air, surrounded by nature, increases energy in 90 percent of people. “Nature is fuel for the soul, “ Richard Ryan, researcher and professor of psychology at the University of Rochester, tells the University of Rochester. “Often when we feel depleted we reach for a cup of coffee, but research suggests a better way to get energized is to connect with nature.”", "The vast majority of our biological history was spent roaming around outside and our bodies are more sensitive to the chemicals/particulates floating in the air than we give them credit ie. seasonal allergies, the smell of blood, + endorphin stimulators. Sitting inside rooms that are chock full of bodily aromatics probably puts us into an elevated state of stress that is easily reduced by grabbing a bit of relatively fresh outside city air.", "Research suggests that nicotine may alter the brain in areas that inhibit negative emotions such as anger." ]

[ "The processor in your computer works based on instructions. Instructions like \"add these two numbers\", \"move this number to somewhere else in the computer's memory\", \"erase this section of memory\". \n\nWhen someone writes a computer program in a programming language, the compiler turns their code into a series of instructions for the processor. To make this easier there are standardized \"instruction sets\" that computer makers use that are the same across many processors. The most common instruction set in computers is called x86. This set is based off the instruction set for an Intel processor in the 1970s called the Intel 8086. Since then the standard has been updated many times to add new instructions as processors got more powerful. \n\nBecause this instruction set is so old, it any processor that uses it is only able to use 4GB of memory in your computer. The numbers it can use as addresses in the computers memory can only go up to 2^32, which is 4,294,967,296 (aka 4 gigabytes, giga means billion.) that is to say, x86 processors have 32 bit wide address space.\n\nX86-64 (sometimes just called x64) is an addition to x86 that lets it address memory in a space 2^64 bits wide, allowing up to 256 terabytes (256 thousand gigabytes) of memory space.\n\n\nBasically, programs in Program Files are put together (compiled) for versions of Windows that support x86-64 processors, while programs in the Program Files (X86) folder are built for x86 (32 bit) versions of Windows. 64 bit versions of Windows should have no trouble running x86 programs." ]

[ "If they were proved, in a court of law, beyond a reasonable doubt, to have knowingly and falsely accused someone, they do get sent to prison.", "There is a difference between a false accusation, an accused raper being found not-guilty, and being criminally liable. It is possible that someone gave false witness that they reasonably thought was true. Alternatively, there may have simply not been enough evidence to prove it was rape, but it also does not mean the person was lying (ex.: person claims rape because they had sex when heavily intoxicated, however, the other person was also extremely drunk and had nothing to do with the other person's state. It may still legally be considered rape, but who raped who and establishing criminal intent could be difficult). Finally there is the case where one party intentionally lies to try and get the other in trouble (or get attention, or some other reason). In this case it would be criminal liable and the accuser could get criminally prosecuted.", "It's because the courts don't want to tewwify the pwetty wittle scared girlies with the idea that their actions could have consequences for them.\n\n Admittedly, courtrooms are terrifying and rape is traumatic, but it *is* still a huge flaw in the system that women (not rape victims, but *women*) are coddled this much." ]

[ "A tremendous number of browsers came with it auto-homepaged in the earlier days of the internet. It was the preferred way of accessing search functionality when the web really started taking off, and it had excellent branding.\n\nAnd that stuck, and stuck hard. A whole lot of older users have it as their home page, so every time they browse the web they start there because that's what they did ten or fifteen years ago." ]

[ "They're automated computer programs. Whoever writes them runs them. Anyone can write a bot and read Reddit posts and reply. Automoderator is a special bot that's written by Reddit staff" ]

[ "It's a commonly used phrase to mean \"this company is so big and does so much business that if it were to fail and go under, it would have massive negative effects on the economy as a whole.\"\n\nFor example: We have a lot of banks in the US, but we have some *really really big* ones, too. When those banks started to fail, they were big enough that they caused massive, very bad effects to the economy of the *entire country* and frankly even extending out to foreign countries as well. \n\nSince those companies are *too big to fail,* the government needed to step in and help them to not fail in order to prevent another Great Depression." ]

[ "Biased prejudiced people are feeling empowered since the last general election. So they are coming out in a mass rally. Some of them are quite willing to use violence.\n\nThis is reminiscent of the Brown Shirts in Germany before \nWWII. \n\nThe Psychology of this behavior requires a book. Books have been written about this. [Here is a list of 16 good books](_URL_0_) I especially liked the one about Henrietta Lacks.\n\nBut these books do not really describe the mind set of the protestors. \n\nBeyond Hate: White Power and Popular Culture (The Cultural Politics of Media and Popular Culture) may be one book which does. I have not read it.\n\nMany people in these groups feel disenfranchised. They actually yearn to return to the days not long past when being white automatically meant being selected for a job or admission to college." ]

[ "Practice listening to yourself and *actually* hearing your own voice. Singing in a small, acoustically live room (like a bathroom) can help. I recommend purchasing some pvc pipe and making a small phone shape so that you can sing into one end and have it projected directly into your ear.\n\nI can almost certainly assure you it is not a biological problem." ]

[ "Chobani made a grape yogurt, but I don't think it sold very well. Grape and yogurt doesn't really mix in a way that is large scale marketable to consumers. Yogurt can be kind of sour, mixing that with grape is not a flavor many people can get behind.", "Probably the same reason they don't make grape ice cream; too difficult to make and it doesn't taste good" ]

[ "IPO = Initial Public Offering\n\nCould also be called \"Taking a company public\" \n\nELI5 version - You own a company. It is not small, but not as large as you want it to be. You could borrow money from a bank in order to grow your business, but for a bunch of reasons banks are not always willing or able to loan you large sums of money. Instead, you offer to sell ownership of your company to the general public - in the form of shares - in exchange for their money.\n\nIn effect, your company is now partially owned by private individuals and investors, and you have more money to invest in further business development.\n\nThere are huge legal implications of this. Every country has security laws which must be followed when you take a company public. This is mostly to prevent abuse of the public through various scams and insider trading." ]

[ "Heat resistent in what way?\n\nIf you refer to \"Why doesn't it melt\", simply because it's melting point is incredibly high, much higher than your grill can produce (​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F).\n\nIf you are instead refering to \"Why doesn't it get super hot to the touch\" then you're building on a wrong premise: it isn't heat resistant at all and does get hot. It gets just as hot as the food underneath it. However tinfoil is so thin and so large that any heat that it does have dissapitates into the surrounding air almost instantly. Things that have little mass cannot hold as well to their energy as more massive things, and things with large surface area cool down faster than things that have lower area." ]

[ "Alcohol is a chemical that affects almost every organ in the human body, but in particular it interferes with the brains' cells abilities to communicate with each other. If you drink alcohol faster than your liver and kidneys can process it, it begins to build up in the bloodstream and hence gets carried to your brain, where it basically blocks some of the normal brain behaviour from occurring.\n\n[This paper explains alcohol's physical effects](_URL_0_) in a reasonably simple to understand format.", "Check out the [mouse party](_URL_1_) - a little flash app on the effects of different drugs in the body.", "Basically, it increases the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and causes an overall decrease in neuron firing. The actions of ethanol on different brain structures are responsible for the various effects intoxication has on us - for example, dampening activity in the hippocampus is responsible for the memory loss of ethanol, whereas its inhibitory action on the prefrontal cortex causes us to lose behavioral inhibitions.", "The complex mechanics of how alcohol produces its effects are fairly well studied, as others have indicated. However, among the complex biochemical interactions and pathways, it is easy it miss the forest for the trees. So let me give another point of view.\n\nAlcohol is a very small molecule that very readily mixed with water and alters its chemistry. It is therefore a pervasive poison. In one way or another, it affects almost all body systems, as it is very hard to keep it away, the only defense the body has is to try and get rid of it as fast as possible, and the body IS in fact pretty good at it. (Which is why comparatively speaking, you have to drink so much alcohol to get drunk or to get poisoned). And this is not limited to humans. Animals get drunk too, in fact almost all mammals do to varying extent and effect.\n\nSo the more revealing question then might not be how alcohol gets us drunk but maybe *why* it gets us drunk instead of say just getting us sick immediately. In other words, alcohol almost inevitably would have, and does have, many many effects in the body, and evolution could have picked any of various manifestations for it that made sense. But for us, we get merry and uninhibited for a while, until eventually the body enters its protection mode making you puke and pass out.\n\nSo now this becomes and evolutionary question, and the reasons might be for instance, that alcohol initially occurred in fermenting fruits, so some positive reinforcement would be nice and the brain chemistry circuits aiding that (making us happier) would be selected for. Or that being able to sit around in lean times eating/drinking old fermented stuff productively in merryment led to better survival than the other easier alternatives (getting poisoned, passing out, puking immediately, getting depressed and retracting from the group etc). Or a number of other possibilities... \n\nThe bigger picture I guess is that some effect from alcohol was inevitable, but the particular effect in us is not (evolution has many other choices), so the full story of how/why we get drunk cannot be found just in the chemical mechanics for it (that were selected for in humans), but also in looking at how it came about." ]

[ "Your tongue can detect basic flavours only: sweetness, saltiness, sourness, etc. Most of what we call the sense of taste is actually sense of smell. (An experiment can confirm this: peel an apple and a raw potato and cut a cube from each. Pinch your nose and eat both, and it may be hard to tell which is which.)\n\nThe smell of food while eating comes from molecules being carried from the food into your nose via the back of your mouth. Food that is hot gives off loads of these molecules, but food that is cold gives off hardly any. Hence a large part of the flavour of food is lost when it is cold, so your fries no longer taste as good." ]

[ "There are several methods to calculate the distance of a celestial body. Which one is used depends on the exact circumstance. Here are some of the most important methods:\n\n---\n\n* **Parallax**: Earth orbits the sun. In the process of this orbit, we change our position in space relative to a celestial body (just like you see a nearby tree in a different position if you move 10 steps to one side) Using trigonometry, we can calculate the distance to the celestial body in question. \n * Advantages: very precise for close objects, no complicated instruments needed. \n * Disadvantage: only possible for close objects \n\n\n---\n\n\n\n* **Spectral emission**: Stars emit photons with specific wavelengths based on the material they are fusing in their core. We can identify the composition of a star by analyzing those photons. Due to the expansion of space, however, the wavelengths of photons emitted very far away get redshifted. That means, their wavelengths get longer the further they travel. By comparing the wavelengths of the photons we *measure* to the wavelengths the photons *should have* we can calculate the distance those photons traveled. And thus the distance to the celestial body. \n\n * Advantage: Possible over longer distances\n\n * Disadvantage: The object has to be bright enough so we can measure spectral lines reliably \n\n\n---\n\n\n\n* **Standard candles**: Standard candles are celestial bodies of known luminosity (~brightness). We know this luminosity due to the characteristics of some bodies (special types of super novae etc.) By comparing the absolute brightness to the apparent brightness (the brightness the object has vs the brightness we see from the distance) we can calculate the distance to the standard candle. By identifying standard candles in distant galaxies and nebulae, we can infer the distance of those structures. \n\n * Advantage: Possible over long distances\n\n * Disadvantage: We need to find standard candles\n\n\n---" ]

[ "This was covered in part by This American Life recently. \n\n_URL_0_\n\n\"So, here's the thing about the codes that people don't realize. It's not like he has a piece of paper in his pocket. It's like, here are the nuclear codes. It doesn't work that way. How it works is, there's a military officer that walks around with what's called a Football. That officer, he's got more experience than I do. And at the end of the day, if the president goes off the handle and says, nuke these guys because I don't like them, we're taught, in the military, as officers, that we have a moral obligation to refuse orders that are not moral. So if my commander tells me to do that, and it is not moral, I have an obligation to tell him to [BLEEP] off.\"", "You're the president. You order a nuclear launch. You go to your vault that contains the instructions on how to do this. It probably contains a code. You give this code to the silo that will make the launch. This could be done by a secure internet connection, verbally by satellite phone call, or some other medium of communication. Another high ranking military official probably has to make the same decision. The silo then takes these codes, confirms that they are valid (likely by an on-site manual checksum that was pre-calculated for the codes you and your other military officer have) then enters the codes into the [PAL](_URL_1_) which arms the nuclear missile. The computer directing the missile's flight is then programmed with the target and the missile is launched.\n\nNobody knows *for sure* how the launch would work, because the protocol is highly protected to prevent someone faking the launch code or launch protocol, and nobody has ever done a full launch. Simulated launches are done all the time for tests and training, but the president isn't involved in those. An incoming message with a simulated code is sent to the silo and the on-site personnel act out their part up to pressing \"launch\" which does nothing due to the code being fake and likely the operators using a simulator instead of the real launch room.\n\nNuclear launch codes (or at least PAL codes) at this point are 12-character strings of gibberish." ]

[ "It also messes with your sleep cycle. I'm afraid I can't remember exactly how it goes about doing this, but I saw a documentary where the person who the sleep-scientists gave several large glasses of red wine ended up staying in REM and light sleep relatively longer, and only attaining deep sleep for a short time before coming back into lighter sleep at an early stage than normal" ]

[ "Meek called Drake out for using a ghost writer (aka, having someone else write his songs and hiding that). Drake got offended and started a one-sided twitter war while Meek sat back and laughed.\n\nDrake made a dis track, Meek still sat back and laughed.\n\nIt's a joke because it's like watching a 3 year old throw a tantrum and tell their parents they hate them and they're running away forever while the parents are like \"yea, sure, uh huh, finish your juice sweetie\"." ]