README.md

---
license: mit
language:
  - en
  - hi
tags:
  - multilingual
  - instruction-tuning
  - qwen
  - efficiency
  - hindi
datasets:
  - 1024m/Qwen-2.5-14B-Hindi-Instruct-Data
model-index:
  - name: Qwen-14B-Hindi
    results:
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: MMLU Pro (5-Shot)
          type: mmlu_pro
          config: MMLU Pro
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 5
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 52.63
            name: accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co./datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: GPQA (0-Shot)
          type: gpqa
          config: GPQA
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 0
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 36.24
            name: accuracy (normalized)
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co./datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard 
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: MuSR (0-Shot)
          type: musr
          config: MuSR
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 0
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 44.84
            name: accuracy (normalized)
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co./datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard   
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: Big Bench Hard (3-Shot)
          type: bbh
          config: Big Bench Hard
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 3
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 64.97
            name: accuracy (normalized)
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co./datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard   
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: Math HARD (4-Shot)
          type: math_hard
          config: Math Hard
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 4
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 25.08
            name: accuracy (exact match)
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co./datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard     
---

# Qwen-14B-Hindi

Qwen-14B-Hindi is a 14.7B parameter pre-trained and instruction-tuned bilingual large language model for both Hindi and English, 
trained on a mixed language dataset containing < >. It features Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE), SwiGLU activation, RMSNorm normalization, and Attention QKV bias, optimizing performance and efficiency. 


### Model Details:

- **Developed by:** [Traversaal.ai](https://huggingface.co./large-traversaal)
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Hindi and English
- **License:** MIT
- **Input:** Text-only data
- **Output:** Model generates text
- **Paper :** [Improving Multilingual Capabilities with Cultural and Local Knowledge in Large Language Models While Enhancing Native Performance]( )


## Intended Use

<!-- Address questions around how the model is intended to be used, including the foreseeable users of the model and those affected by the model. -->
We release Qwen-14B-Hindi under the MIT and Apache-2.0 licenses, encouraging researchers, developers, and enterprises to experiment with and build upon the model, particularly for bilingual, multilingual and non-English applications.
At the time of release, the model demonstrated state-of-the-art performance across an extensive English and Hindi evaluation suite.  

Some potential downstream applications are as follows:  
- *Research*: This model serves as a valuable tool for researchers and developers working in NLP.  
- *Commercial Use*: It can be utilized as a foundational model for fine-tuning to meet specific industry needs.  
Possible applications include:  
  - AI-powered Chat Assistants  
  - Customer Support Service  
  - Educational tools for language learning  

Target audiences who may benefit from our model:  
- *Academics*: Researchers focused on Hindi and multilingual NLP advancements.  
- *Businesses*: Companies catering to Hindi-speaking and bilingual users.  
- *Developers*: Those integrating Hindi language capabilities into applications and services.  
- *Educational Institutions*: Schools and universities developing AI-powered learning tools.  


### Out-of-Scope Use

<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the model will not work well for. -->

While Qwen-14B-Hindi is a powerful bilingual model designed for Hindi and English, it is crucial to acknowledge its limitations and the potential for misuse. The model must not be used in ways that violate any applicable laws or regulations. Below are specific scenarios where its use is restricted:  

- *Harmful or Malicious Use*: The model should not be employed to create or distribute harmful, misleading, or inappropriate content, including but not limited to:  
  - Encouraging hate speech, violence, or discrimination  
  - Spreading misinformation or false narratives  
  - Facilitating or promoting illegal activities  

- *Sensitive Data Handling*: The model is not designed to process or generate personal, confidential, or sensitive information.  

- *Language Constraints*: While optimized for Hindi and English, the model should not be assumed to have the same proficiency in other languages.  

- *High-Risk Decision-Making*: It should not be used for critical decision-making without human oversight, especially in medical, legal, financial, or safety-related contexts.

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->

<!-- The model is trained on publicly available data which was in part curated by Inception. -->
~~We have employed different techniqes to reduce bias in the model. While efforts have been made to minimize biases, it is likely that the model, as with all LLM models, will exhibit some bias. 

The model is trained as an AI assistant for Hindi and English speakers. The model is limited to produce responses for queries in these two languages
and may not produce appropriate responses to other language queries.

By using Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat, you acknowledge and accept that, as with any large language model, it may generate incorrect, misleading and/or offensive information or content. 
The information is not intended as advice and should not be relied upon in any way, nor are we responsible for any of the content or consequences resulting from its use. 
We are continuously working to develop models with greater capabilities, and as such, welcome any feedback on the model~~


## Training Details:

### Training Data:


<!-- This should link to a Data Card, perhaps with a short stub of information on what the training data is all about as well as documentation related to data pre-processing or additional filtering. -->

~~For the pre-training of Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat, we used a diverse bilingual corpus sourced from the Web and other sources. We also used publicly available English and code datasets.
To collect Hindi data, we used multiple sources including web pages, Wikipedia articles, news articles, Hindi books, etc.~~


### Training Procedure:

<!-- This relates heavily to the Technical Specifications. Content here should link to that section when it is relevant to the training procedure. -->

~~We performed continuous pre-training followed by instruction tuning, both on Cerebras supercomputer.~~

## Evaluation:
We evaluated our models on multiple well-known benchmarks to measure their effectiveness against other leading models, and the results are as follows:


| Model                           | ARC-C | ARC-E | BoolQ | CMCQ  | MMLU  | Average* | MMLU-Pro | GPQA | MuSR  | BBH   | MATH  |
|---------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----------|----------|------|-------|-------|-------|
| AryaBhatta-GemmaUltra-8.5B      | 22.70 | 25.04 | 22.95 | 62.23 | 23.70 | 31.32    | 22.66    | 25.34| 42.72 | 41.12 | 2.95  |
| Airavata-7B                     | 25.09 | 30.47 | 25.31 | 62.17 | 33.20 | 35.25    | 16.35    | 27.43| 37.57 | 36.00 | 13.60 |
| sarvam-1-2B                     | 30.03 | 33.25 | 62.17 | 42.80 | 27.90 | 39.23    | -        | -    | -     | -     | -     |
| Nemotron-4-Mini-Hindi-Instruct  | 55.80 | 71.63 | 62.11 | 68.10 | 43.20 | 60.17    | 25.95    | 30.87| 41.53 | 40.11 | 2.04  |
| Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat          | 65.36 | 80.64 | 82.29 | 67.60 | 50.61 | 69.30    | -        | -    | -     | -     | -     |
| Krutrim-2-12b-instruct          | 67.32 | 81.10 | 84.74 | 76.30 | 56.10 | 73.11    | -        | -    | -     | -     | -     |
| aya-expanse-8b                  | 74.06 | 87.08 | 86.45 | 83.30 | 56.89 | 77.56    | 30.04    | 30.29| 37.17 | 49.42 | 7.02  |
| aya-expanse-32B                 | 85.41 | 95.08 | 90.43 | 89.80 | 69.71 | 86.08    | 41.30    | 32.55| 38.62 | 56.29 | 13.37 |
| **Our Qwen Model (14b)**        | **90.61** | **94.82** | **88.53** | **90.70** | **75.00** | **87.93** | **52.63** | **36.24** | **44.84** | **64.97** | **25.08** |
| **Our Phi Model (14b)**         | **97.39** | **92.24** | **87.65** | **87.40** | **75.59** | **88.05** | **52.39** | **39.77** | **49.07** | **66.97** | **23.11** |


~~**Table 1: Metrics (.2f) of our Qwen-2.5-14B and other LLMs over several English benchmarks**~~


| Model                              | ARC-C | ARC-E | BoolQ | CMCQ  | MMLU  | Average |
|------------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|---------|
| AryaBhatta-GemmaUltra-8.5B         | 22.70 | 25.08 | 22.95 | 62.17 | 23.80 | 31.34   |
| Airavata-7B                        | 22.87 | 25.13 | 23.28 | 62.17 | 33.20 | 33.33   |
| sarvam-1-2B                        | 32.76 | 35.06 | 62.16 | 47.10 | 24.22 | 40.26   |
| Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat             | 45.99 | 60.56 | 71.96 | 54.70 | 36.35 | 53.91   |
| Nemotron-4-Mini-Hindi-4B-Instruct  | 50.68 | 63.72 | 68.74 | 51.30 | 37.18 | 54.32   |
| Krutrim-2-12b-instruct             | 56.83 | 70.66 | 78.86 | 64.10 | 46.51 | 63.39   |
| aya-expanse-8b                     | 57.42 | 72.90 | 80.42 | 69.00 | 43.39 | 64.63   |
| aya-expanse-32B                    | 73.29 | 85.48 | 87.73 | 79.70 | 56.96 | 76.63   |
| **Our Qwen Model (14b)**           | **74.06** | **81.23** | **84.07** | **78.20** | **53.85** | **74.82** |
| **Our Phi Model (14b)**            | **81.74** | **89.06** | **86.02** | **78.70** | **56.39** | **78.38** |

~~**Table 2: Metrics (.2f) of our Qwen-2.5-14B and other LLMs over several Hindi benchmarks**~~



| Benchmark       | Lang | Qwen-2.5-14B-Instruct | Our Qwen | Change | Phi-4 | Our Phi | Change |
|----------------|------|----------------------|----------|--------|-------|---------|--------|
| ARC-Easy      | En   | 95.45                | 94.82    | 🔻 0.63 | 97.31 | 97.39   | 🔼 0.08 |
|               | Hi   | 78.49                | 81.23    | 🔼 2.74 | 86.87 | 89.06   | 🔼 2.19 |
| ARC-Challenge | En   | 90.87                | 90.61    | 🔻 0.26 | 92.41 | 92.24   | 🔻 0.17 |
|               | Hi   | 69.62                | 74.06    | 🔼 4.44 | 79.18 | 81.74   | 🔼 2.56 |
| BoolQ         | En   | 86.09                | 88.53    | 🔼 2.44 | 86.30 | 87.65   | 🔼 1.35 |
|               | Hi   | 78.89                | 84.07    | 🔼 5.18 | 82.72 | 86.02   | 🔼 3.30 |
| Context-MCQ   | En   | 91.20                | 90.70    | 🔻 0.50 | 86.30 | 87.40   | 🔼 1.10 |
|               | Hi   | 77.40                | 78.20    | 🔼 0.80 | 75.70 | 78.70   | 🔼 3.00 |
| MMLU          | En   | 74.37                | 75.00    | 🔼 0.63 | 74.67 | 75.59   | 🔼 0.92 |
|               | Hi   | 52.16                | 53.85    | 🔼 1.69 | 53.24 | 56.39   | 🔼 3.15 |
| **Average**   | En   | **87.60**            | **87.93**| 🔼 0.33 | **87.40** | **88.05** | 🔼 0.65 |
|               | Hi   | **71.31**            | **74.82**| 🔼 3.51 | **75.54** | **78.38** | 🔼 2.84 |
| **Overall**   |      | **79.46**            | **81.38**| 🔼 1.92 | **81.47** | **83.22** | 🔼 1.75 |

~~**Table 3: Performance of our Qwen-2.5-14B model compared to originals over each benchmark : evals through log likelihoods**~~



| Benchmark       | Lang | Qwen-2.5-14B-Instruct | Our Qwen | Change  | Phi-4 | Our Phi | Change  |
|----------------|------|----------------------|----------|---------|-------|---------|---------|
| MMLU-Pro      | En   | 49.04                | 52.63    | 🔼 3.59  | 53.78 | 52.39   | 🔻 1.39  |
| MATH hard     | En   | 00.00                | 25.08    | N/A   | 12.31 | 23.11   | 🔼 10.80 |
| GPQA          | En   | 32.21                | 36.24    | 🔼 4.03  | 33.72 | 39.77   | 🔼 6.05  |
| MuSR          | En   | 40.87                | 44.84    | 🔼 3.97  | 41.01 | 49.07   | 🔼 8.06  |
| BigBench-Hard | En   | 63.74                | 64.97    | 🔼 1.23  | 68.60 | 66.97   | 🔻 1.63  |
| **Average**   |      | **37.17**            | **44.75**| 🔼 7.58  | **41.88** | **46.26** | 🔼 4.38  |

~~**Table 4: Performance of our Qwen-2.5-14B model compared to originals over each benchmark : evals through eval-harness**~~

### Recommendations

It is advisable for users to:
- Refrain from deploying the model in sensitive domains without human supervision.
- Cross-check factual information generated by the model for accuracy.
- Continuously assess the model to ensure compliance with ethical standards.
- Be mindful of potential biases and unintended outputs, especially in critical applications.


## Terms of use

~~By accessing this model, you are agreeing to the LLama 3 terms and conditions of the [license](https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3/LICENSE), [acceptable use policy](https://github.com/meta-llama/llama-models/blob/main/models/llama3/USE_POLICY.md) and [Meta’s privacy policy](https://www.facebook.com/privacy/policy/)~~