### Question: Describe the physical and economic landscape of the jurisdiction as outlined in the plan. Include the name of the planning jurisdiction, its location, population, demographics, and average income. Include major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, and coastline, as well as any key infrastructure like airports or seaports. Highlight details about the local climate, including any mentions of aridity or water challenges. Additionally, summarize the city’s energy production (oil, gas, renewables) and natural resources, and provide information about industries and economic drivers that are crucial to the region. **Answer:** The document provided does not contain specific details about the physical and economic landscape of the planning jurisdiction, including its name, location, or demographics. There is no information about the average income, major geographic features, key infrastructure, local climate specifics, energy production, natural resources, or specific industries and economic drivers. The focus of the document is on climate change and related adaptation, resilience, and mitigation strategies rather than a comprehensive overview of the jurisdiction's physical and economic landscape. ### Question: To what extent does the plan address resilience, mitigation, and adaptation? After providing a brief summary of how it addresses each component, classify the plan as a whole as one of the following: mitigation dedicated, adaptation/resilience dedicated, mitigation only climate action plan, mitigation primary climate action plan, equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan, or sustainable/green plan. **Answer:** **Resilience:** The Green Cincinnati Plan emphasizes resilience as a foundational pillar and a distinct focus area. It defines resilience as the capacity for individuals and communities to anticipate, accommodate, and positively adapt to climate change through social cohesion and strong partnerships. The plan includes actions to increase resilience, such as: - "Decrease sewer backups, sewer overflows, and overland flooding by supporting community-wide sewer infrastructure improvements" (Resilience Section). - "Establish prioritized facilities as 'Resilience Hubs'" (Resilience Section). - "Incentivize green infrastructure projects in communities with extreme heat and flood vulnerabilities" (Resilience Section). **Mitigation:** The plan outlines strategies to reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. It includes high-impact strategies aiming for a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 and 100% carbon neutrality by 2050. Mitigation strategies highlighted include: - "Decrease energy usage in new and existing buildings through the adoption of energy efficiency programs" (Sustainability Section). **Adaptation:** Adaptation is addressed through the resilience strategies, emphasizing the need to prepare for and respond to climate challenges. The plan outlines goals and actions, such as: - "Complete five climate adaptation and resilience projects per year by 2028" (Resilience & Climate Adaptation Focus Area). - "Increase access, stability, and security of mixed-income housing and resilience hubs for local residents" (Resilience & Climate Adaptation Focus Area). **Classification:** The Green Cincinnati Plan can be classified as an **equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan**. It has a balanced focus on both reducing carbon emissions through mitigation strategies and enhancing community resilience and adaptation to climate impacts. ### Question: Does the plan describe a scenario of climate change the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation? If so, please summarize any such scenario. **Answer:** Yes, the plan describes a scenario of climate change impacts that Cincinnati will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation. The scenario includes the following elements: - **Rising Temperatures and Severe Storms:** "The earth is getting hotter and so is Cincinnati. Historically, Cincinnati experiences about 30 days a year with a heat index over 90°F. By mid-century, it will be 79 days. By 2080, the average daily temperature is projected to be more than 10°F hotter." Additionally, "Cincinnati is actually experiencing more storms. Annual precipitation in the Midwest has increased 5-10% since 1950." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) - **Local Impacts on Ecosystem, Infrastructure, and Health:** "As Cincinnati’s climate changes, there will be impacts to our ecosystem, infrastructure, and the health and well-being of residents." The document mentions health implications such as an increase in heat-related illnesses and additional pressures on healthcare services. (Climate Change in Cincinnati—Why we need the Green Cincinnati Plan) - **Agricultural Disruptions:** Rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns are expected to lead to a "5-25% decline in corn and soybean crop yields by mid-century" and other challenges such as flooding, increased pest and weed populations, and loss of native species. (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) - **Climate Migration:** "Extreme heat, more frequent large flood events, forest fires, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are displacing people from their communities," indicating that climate migration is a consideration for the planning jurisdiction. (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) The plan outlines strategies to address these scenarios through resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, such as reducing carbon emissions, developing policies to protect vulnerable lands and infrastructure, and focusing on equity to ensure that priority communities are equipped to handle climate impacts. ### Question: What climate hazards does the plan identify as presenting climate risks for the planning jurisdiction? For each identified climate hazard, summarize the plan’s description of: 1. The climate hazard. 2. The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction. 3. Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard.Generate a numbered list of every hazard identified in the plan. Make the list as long as necessary to accomodate every single hazard. **Answer:** 1. **Rising Temperatures** - *Description:* "The earth is getting hotter and so is Cincinnati. Historically, Cincinnati experiences about 30 days a year with a heat index over 90°F. By mid-century, it will be 79 days. By 2080, the average daily temperature is projected to be more than 10°F hotter." (Why is Climate Change Happening?) - *Climate Risks:* "An increase in the number of dangerously hot days will lead to an increase in heat-related illnesses, including heat rash and cramps, and potentially fatal illnesses like asthma and heat stroke. Similarly, extreme temperatures put additional pressures on hospitals, emergency rooms, and medical services." (Why is Climate Change Happening?) - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* "The 2020 Heat Watch Cincinnati study identified the neighborhoods in Cincinnati with the greatest urban heat island exposure. These include predominately low-income communities of color that were historically red-lined and where residents have been systematically denied access to financial services." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) 2. **Severe Storms and Flooding** - *Description:* "While many parts of the world are experiencing drought, Cincinnati is actually experiencing more storms. Annual precipitation in the Midwest has increased 5-10% since 1950. Not only will the Cincinnati region see more storms, the storms will be more severe." (Why is Climate Change Happening?) - *Climate Risks:* "Increasing storms and flooding can also lead to adverse health effects, especially in areas where sewer and water infrastructure is inadequate. Flooding from storms can cause sewer back-ups into homes and businesses, and water intrusion into buildings, resulting in increased exposure to pathogens and illness. Flooded homes can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* "Similarly, with storms, these issues do not impact residents equally. The effects of storms more severely impact residents in neighborhoods on hillsides and in valleys." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) 3. **Agricultural Disruptions** - *Description:* "As increased heat causes local waterways to evaporate, this decrease in water supply will negatively impact agricultural productivity. Crop loss is one of the chronic threats to agriculture from climate change in the Greater Cincinnati Area." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) - *Climate Risks:* "Rising temperatures are expected to extend the frost-free season 20 days by mid-century. While this might increase crop yield, hotter summers and periods of drought are expected to lead to a 5-25% decline in corn and soybean crop yields by mid-century." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* The plan does not specify particular areas or populations vulnerable to agricultural disruptions. 4. **Climate Migration** - *Description:* "Extreme heat, more frequent large flood events, forest fires, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are displacing people from their communities." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) - *Climate Risks:* "Cities in the Midwest are expected to experience climate migration from communities impacted by sea level rise and other natural disasters." (Why a Green Cincinnati Plan?) - *Vulnerable Areas/Populations:* The plan does not specify particular areas or populations vulnerable to climate migration. ### Question: What resilience options are identified in the plan? For each option, summarize: 1. The specific climate threat it addresses; 2. Details on cost, timeframe, and location, including any references found in tables, charts, or images that might contain this data; 3. Other important attributes, such as economic, environmental, or infrastructural considerations. **Answer:** **Resilience Options Identified in the Green Cincinnati Plan:** 1. **Decrease Sewer Backups, Sewer Overflows, and Overland Flooding:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the threat of flash flooding and sewer infrastructure failures. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify exact costs, timeframe, or specific locations, but it emphasizes prioritizing projects in "priority communities" (Resilience). - **Other Important Attributes:** This action supports community-wide sewer infrastructure improvements, which are crucial for environmental health and preventing property damage. 2. **Establish Resilience Hubs:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses the need for community preparedness during emergencies. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not provide specific details on cost, timeframe, or location. - **Other Important Attributes:** Resilience hubs foster community connection and preparedness, enhancing social cohesion and providing resources during climate challenges (Resilience). 3. **Incentivize Green Infrastructure Projects:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option targets extreme heat and flood vulnerabilities. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific details on cost, timeframe, and location are not provided in the plan. - **Other Important Attributes:** Green infrastructure projects are environmentally beneficial and help reduce urban heat islands and manage stormwater (Resilience). 4. **Conduct Inventories, Assessments, and Clean-Ups of Brownfields:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This addresses the presence of contaminated industrial sites and aligns with community revitalization priorities. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify cost, timeframe, or location. - **Other Important Attributes:** Cleaning up brownfields supports community health and revitalization, offering economic and environmental benefits (Resilience). 5. **Implement Affordable Housing Strategies:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This addresses community destabilization due to climate change impacts. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific details on cost, timeframe, or location are not provided. - **Other Important Attributes:** Stabilizing communities through affordable housing supports social cohesion and economic stability (Resilience). 6. **Fund and Expand the Climate Safe Neighborhoods Program:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses social impacts of climate vulnerabilities. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not specify details on cost, timeframe, or location. - **Other Important Attributes:** This action cultivates social infrastructure for resilient communities and provides green workforce training, enhancing economic opportunities (Resilience & Climate Adaptation). 7. **Develop a Climate Migration Response Plan:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This plan addresses potential climate-induced migration. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** There are no specific details on cost, timeframe, or location mentioned. - **Other Important Attributes:** Preparing for climate migrants ensures infrastructure and social systems can handle potential population increases (Resilience & Climate Adaptation). 8. **Increase Access, Stability, and Security of Mixed-Income Housing and Resilience Hubs:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This addresses the threat to affordable housing from climate impacts. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** The plan does not provide specific details on cost, timeframe, or location. - **Other Important Attributes:** Enhancing housing security is crucial for maintaining social cohesion and economic mobility (Resilience & Climate Adaptation). 9. **Protect Landslide-Prone Hillsides and Overland Flood Risk Zones:** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** This option addresses land instability and flood risks. - **Details on Cost, Timeframe, and Location:** Specific details on cost, timeframe, or location are not mentioned. - **Other Important Attributes:** Utilizing land development policies like Low Impact Development helps protect vulnerable areas while promoting sustainability (Pollution Reduction & Adaptive Land Use). ### Question: What mitigation options does the plan identify? For each identified mitigation option, summarize the information provided in the plan regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes. **Answer:** The Green Cincinnati Plan identifies several mitigation options, which are summarized below with the information provided regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes: 1. **Green Infrastructure Projects** - **Summary**: The plan aims to complete 25 green infrastructure projects by 2028 to address vulnerabilities like extreme heat and overland flooding. - **Cost**: Not explicitly mentioned. - **Timing**: Completion target by 2028. - **Location**: Priority given to communities vulnerable to extreme heat and flooding. - **Attributes**: Includes the use of natural features or planned ecological systems, such as green roofs, bioswales, green medians, wetlands, parks, permeable pavements, and landscape gardens. These projects help manage stormwater and mitigate extreme heat. (*Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation*) 2. **Sponge City Initiative** - **Summary**: Create a "sponge city" with diverse green infrastructure. - **Cost**: Not explicitly mentioned. - **Timing**: Not specified. - **Location**: Public and residential areas. - **Attributes**: Involves incorporating green infrastructure like green roofs, bioswales, and wetlands to absorb and manage stormwater effectively. (*Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation*) 3. **Sewer Infrastructure Improvements** - **Summary**: Decrease sewer backups, sewer overflows, and overland flooding by supporting infrastructure improvements. - **Cost**: Not explicitly mentioned. - **Timing**: Ongoing. - **Location**: Priority communities. - **Attributes**: Focuses on improving existing sewer infrastructure to handle extreme weather events better. (*Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation*) 4. **Pollution Reduction and Adaptive Land Use** - **Summary**: Protect landslide-prone hillsides and overland flood risk zones through land development policies such as Low Impact Development. - **Cost**: Not explicitly mentioned. - **Timing**: Not specified. - **Location**: Sensitive land use areas in Cincinnati. - **Attributes**: Policies aim to reduce pollution and adapt land use to be more resilient to climate impacts. (*Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation*) 5. **Mitigation of Pollution and Cleanup of Brownfields** - **Summary**: Mitigate pollution and clean up legacy brownfield sites for community revitalization. - **Cost**: Not explicitly mentioned. - **Timing**: Not specified. - **Location**: Lower Mill Creek Valley neighborhoods. - **Attributes**: Focuses on reducing known and emerging pollutants and revitalizing contaminated industrial properties. (*Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation*) The plan emphasizes the integration of these mitigation options with community revitalization and sustainability goals, highlighting their alignment with broader city planning and environmental justice priorities. ### Question: What mitigation options does the plan identify? For each identified mitigation option, summarize the information provided in the plan regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes. **Answer:** The plan does not explicitly mention specific mitigation options along with detailed information about cost, timeframe, or location. However, it does outline general strategies and goals related to reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. Below are the relevant excerpts and summaries: - **Green Infrastructure:** - **Strategy:** "Reduce extreme heat, overland flooding, landslides, and water-pollution vulnerabilities by incentivizing, improving, and increasing green infrastructure and other mitigating methods." (Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation) - **Attributes:** Includes green roofs, bioswales, green medians, wetlands, parks, permeable pavements, and landscape gardens. (Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation) - **Carbon Emission Reduction Goals:** - **Goal:** "Reduce our carbon emissions 50% by 2030 and achieve 100% community-wide carbon neutrality by 2050." (Executive Summary) - **Attributes:** The plan emerged from a community-driven effort and is grounded in sustainability, equity, and resilience. - **Federal Funding Opportunities:** - **Opportunity:** Leverage funding from the Infrastructure Investment & Jobs Act (IIJA) and Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) for energy efficiency, clean energy access, and emissions reduction. (How was the Green Cincinnati Plan Co-Created?) - **Attributes:** $1.6 trillion in funding opportunities through IIJA and IRA to support sustainability projects. The plan emphasizes leveraging federal funding and community involvement to implement these strategies, aiming for broader environmental and social benefits. Specific costs, timeframe, and locations for these options are not detailed in the provided excerpts. ### Question: What adaptation options does the plan identify? For each identified adaptation option, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. Information provided in the plan regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes. **Answer:** The plan identifies several adaptation options and the climate threats they address. Here's a summary of each: ### **1. Community-Based Assessments and Planning** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Social impacts of climate vulnerabilities, such as health effects, lack of food access, and displacement. - **Attributes:** - The plan emphasizes the importance of informing and equipping residents to adapt and recover from climate events. - *"Use more community-based assessments, planning, programs, and training to reduce the social impacts of climate vulnerabilities."* (Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Strategy 2) ### **2. Protection of Vulnerable Lands and Infrastructure** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Vulnerability due to urbanization, such as heat islands, flood zones, and hillsides. - **Attributes:** - Policies like Low Impact Development are suggested to protect vulnerable land use and infrastructure. - *"Increase protection of vulnerable lands and infrastructure through policy development."* (Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Strategy 2) ### **3. Green Infrastructure Projects** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat, overland flooding, landslides, and water pollution. - **Attributes:** - The plan aims to complete 25 green infrastructure projects by 2028 in vulnerable communities. - Examples of green infrastructure include green roofs, bioswales, and permeable pavements. - *"Reduce extreme heat, overland flooding, landslides, and water-pollution vulnerabilities by incentivizing, improving, and increasing green infrastructure and other mitigating methods."* (Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Strategy) ### **4. Resilience Hubs and Mixed-Income Housing** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Threats to social cohesion and increased vulnerability of affordable housing. - **Attributes:** - Resilience hubs are proposed to foster community connection and increase emergency preparedness. - *"Increase access, stability, and security of mixed-income housing and resilience hubs for local residents and anticipated climate migrants."* (Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation, Strategy 1) ### **5. Climate Migration Response Plan** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Displacement due to climate impacts like extreme heat and flooding. - **Attributes:** - The plan includes developing a climate migration response plan to address community needs. - *"Develop a climate migration response plan."* (Community Planning & Social Cohesion, Priority Actions) ### **6. Sewer Infrastructure Improvements** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Sewer backups, overflows, and overland flooding. - **Attributes:** - The plan supports improvements in sewer infrastructure to decrease flooding in priority communities. - *"Continue to decrease sewer backups, sewer overflows, and overland flooding (flash flooding) by supporting sewer infrastructure improvements in priority communities."* (Stormwater & Heat Adaptation, Priority Actions) ### **7. Use of Heat Reflective Materials** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat. - **Attributes:** - The plan includes using heat reflective materials on surfaces like roads and roofs to mitigate heat effects. - *"Use heat reflective materials when appropriate (roads, parking surfaces, roofs, etc.)."* (Stormwater & Heat Adaptation, Priority Actions) The plan provides specific actions and strategies to address various climate threats, with a focus on community involvement, policy development, and infrastructure improvements. ### Question: What climate policies does the plan identify to advance climate justice? For each climate policy, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard. **Answer:** **Climate Policy 1: Fund and expand the Climate Safe Neighborhoods Program** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** - The Climate Safe Neighborhoods Program addresses social impacts of climate vulnerabilities, such as health effects, exposure to pollution, lack of fresh food access, migration, displacement, and loss of community identity. It also aims to prepare communities for climate migration due to sea level rise and other natural disasters. - **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** - Priority communities, which include areas with lower levels of tree canopy and higher levels of impervious surfaces, predominantly low-income communities of color, and neighborhoods historically red-lined and systematically denied access to financial services. **Climate Policy 2: Develop a Climate Migration Response Plan** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** - The plan prepares for climate migration resulting from sea level rise and other natural disasters, requiring infrastructure and economic resilience to accommodate incoming populations. - **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** - The plan targets the City of Cincinnati as a whole, with a focus on improving infrastructure, increasing housing availability, and enhancing transportation to support a growing and diverse population, including anticipated climate migrants. **Climate Policy 3: Low Impact Development Policies** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** - These policies focus on reducing vulnerabilities in flood zones and landslide-prone hillsides, areas sensitive to urban heat islands and stormwater-impermeable hardscapes. - **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** - Priority communities located in highly urbanized areas, flood zones, and hillsides, where disruptions to core infrastructure like energy, water, transportation, and healthcare can have significant socio-economic impacts. **Climate Policy 4: Targeted Universalism and Equity Framework** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** - The policy addresses the inequitable distribution of climate change effects, such as poor air quality leading to higher asthma rates, degraded infrastructure causing flooding, and urban heat islands. - **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** - Vulnerable populations, particularly communities of color and low-income neighborhoods, who experience compounded effects from climate hazards due to historical and systemic discrimination. **Climate Policy 5: Resilience Hubs and Affordable Housing** - **Climate Threat Addressed:** - Ensures stability and security of affordable housing and resilience hubs to strengthen social cohesion amidst climate change impacts. - **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** - Communities needing affordable and mixed-income housing, and those requiring enhanced community connections and emergency preparedness, particularly in priority neighborhoods. ### Question: Identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. For each identified climate policy, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. The resilience, mitigation, or adaptation option that the climate policy proposes. 3. Why it may cause inadvertent maladaption. **Answer:** Based on the provided excerpts from the Green Cincinnati Plan 2023, here are potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies: 1. **Climate Policy: Low Impact Development** - **Climate Threat it is Addressing:** - This policy addresses vulnerabilities to climate change in urban areas due to land use sensitivity, particularly in "highly concentrated urban areas (e.g., heat islands and stormwater-impermeable hardscapes), flood zones, and hillsides" (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation). - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** - The policy proposes using Low Impact Development techniques to "protect vulnerable land use and core infrastructure" (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation). - **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** - The policy may inadvertently result in maladaptation if it prioritizes infrastructure protection without considering the socio-economic impacts on priority communities, which "need these services to survive" (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation). If the policy leads to increased development costs or restricts affordable housing in these areas, it could exacerbate existing vulnerabilities rather than alleviate them. 2. **Climate Policy: Green Infrastructure Implementation** - **Climate Threat it is Addressing:** - This policy addresses the urban heat island effect and stormwater management, particularly in areas with "large areas with impervious surfaces and gray infrastructure" (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation). - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** - The policy promotes the use of green infrastructure solutions such as "green roofs, bioswales, green medians, wetlands, parks, permeable pavements, and landscape gardens" (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation). - **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** - While green infrastructure is generally beneficial, if not carefully managed, it may lead to increased maintenance costs or insufficient performance under extreme weather conditions. Additionally, if green infrastructure is implemented without adequate community involvement, it may not meet the needs or address the priorities of the local residents, potentially marginalizing vulnerable groups further. 3. **Climate Policy: Resilience Hubs Development** - **Climate Threat it is Addressing:** - This policy is intended to increase emergency preparedness and serve as coordinated resource distribution centers in response to climate challenges (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation). - **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:** - It proposes creating resilience hubs that are "Community institutions enhanced to increase adaptive capacity" and provide various support services (FOCUS AREA Resilience & Climate Adaptation). - **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:** - If resilience hubs are not strategically located or are inadequately resourced, they may fail to effectively serve the priority communities most in need. Additionally, focusing resources on resilience hubs might divert attention from addressing underlying infrastructure vulnerabilities or fail to integrate with existing community systems, leading to ineffective resilience building. These examples highlight the importance of considering broader socio-economic impacts and ensuring equitable implementation to avoid maladaptation. ### Question: In what ways does the plan measure the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option? List any specific metrics used, such as reductions in CO2 emissions, improvements in air quality, or other quantifiable impacts. Identify the exact units (e.g., tons, percentages, index values) mentioned in the plan for tracking these outcomes. Additionally, outline any concrete goals or targets set for each option, including deadlines or specific numerical objectives. **Answer:** ### Adaptation and Resilience Metrics and Goals **Resilience & Climate Adaptation Goals:** - **Goal:** "Complete five climate adaptation and resilience projects per year by 2028 that create 10 green jobs per project." *(Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation)* **Metrics and Measurements:** - **Data Sources:** US EPA Office of Community Revitalization, US EPA Climate Change Adaptation Program, US EPA Environmental Justice Screening Tool; Climate and Economic Justice Screen; Climate Safe Neighborhoods; Climate Equity Indicators Report; Hamilton County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan; USDN Resilience Hubs Project. *(Focus Area Resilience & Climate Adaptation)* ### Mitigation Metrics and Goals **Carbon Emissions Reduction Targets:** - **Community Emissions Inventory:** "The Cincinnati Community Emissions Inventory quantifies the amount of carbon emissions from different sources within the City." *(Carbon Emissions)* - **CO2 Emissions Reduction Targets:** "Cincinnati commits to 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030, and 100% community-wide carbon neutrality by 2050." *(Moving Forward toward Carbon Neutrality)* **Specific Metrics for Carbon Emissions:** - **Reduction from Baseline:** "Cincinnati’s 2021 community emissions inventory estimates total community-wide emissions of 5.9 MMT CO2e (million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent), representing a 36.6% decrease from the 2006 baseline of 9.3 MMT CO2e." *(Carbon Emissions)* **Focus Areas for Mitigation:** - **Stationary Energy Sources:** "Stationary sources account for approximately 66% of all emissions." *(Carbon Emissions)* - **Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Projects:** "Energy efficiency and renewable energy projects to stationary energy sources (buildings, factories, etc.) have been the driving force behind the reductions." *(Carbon Emissions)* ### Overall Plan Metrics and Goals **Plan-wide Goals:** - **Carbon Neutrality:** "Reduce our carbon emissions 50% by 2030 and achieve 100% carbon neutrality by 2050." *(Executive Summary, Focus Area Action Plans)* **Tracking and Accountability:** - **Quantitative Goals:** "Each GCP Focus Area identifies quantitative Goals in order to drive accountability, learning, and adaptation over time." *(Focus Area Action Plans)* - **Progress Tracking:** "The City will track progress on each Goal on an annual basis." *(Focus Area Action Plans)* **Tools for Measurement:** - **ClimateView Platform:** "The City of Cincinnati is using the ClimateView platform to assist in carbon emissions measurement, tracking, and forecasting." *(ClimateView—Making climate data accessible and interactive)* ### Question: Generate a table that summarizes the following features from the document: Location/City Name, Population, Threats Identified, Measures Identified **Answer:** ```markdown | **Feature** | **Description** | |-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Location/City Name** | Cincinnati | | **Population** | Not specified in the document | | **Threats Identified** | - Rising temperatures and severe storms
- Health implications
- Impact to infrastructure
- Agricultural disruptions
- Climate migration
- More pests and disease
- Decreased air quality
- More flooding | | **Measures Identified** | - 50% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030
- 100% carbon neutrality by 2050
- Embedding racial equity throughout engagement
- Green infrastructure solutions
- Partnering with community champions | ```