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README.md
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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language:
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- af
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- ar
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- bg
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- bn
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- de
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- el
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- en
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- es
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- et
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- eu
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- fa
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- fi
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- fr
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- he
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- hi
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- hu
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- id
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- it
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- ja
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- jv
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- ka
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- kk
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- ko
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- ml
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- mr
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- ms
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- my
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- nl
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- pt
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- ru
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- sw
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- ta
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- te
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- th
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- tl
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- tr
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- ur
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- vi
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- yo
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- zh
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---
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# Model Card for EntityCS-39-MLM-xlmr-base
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This model has been trained on the EntityCS corpus, a multilingual corpus from Wikipedia with replaces entities in different languages.
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The corpus can be found in [https://huggingface.co/huawei-noah/entity_cs](https://huggingface.co/huawei-noah/entity_cs), check the link for more details.
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Firstly, we employ the conventional 80-10-10 MLM objective, where 15% of sentence subwords are considered as masking candidates. From those, we replace subwords
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with [MASK] 80% of the time, with Random subwords (from the entire vocabulary) 10% of the time, and leave the remaining 10% unchanged (Same).
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To integrate entity-level cross-lingual knowledge into the model, we propose Entity Prediction objectives, where we only mask subwords belonging
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to an entity. By predicting the masked entities in ENTITYCS sentences, we expect the model to capture the semantics of the same entity in different
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languages.
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Two different masking strategies are proposed for predicting entities: Whole Entity Prediction (`WEP`) and Partial Entity Prediction (`PEP`).
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In WEP, motivated by [Sun et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09223) where whole word masking is also adopted, we consider all the words (and consequently subwords) inside
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an entity as masking candidates. Then, 80% of the time we mask every subword inside an entity, and
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20% of the time we keep the subwords intact. Note that, as our goal is to predict the entire masked
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entity, we do not allow replacing with Random subwords, since it can introduce noise and result
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in the model predicting incorrect entities. After entities are masked, we remove the entity indicators
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`<e>`, `</e>` from the sentences before feeding them to the model.
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For PEP, we also consider all entities as masking candidates. In contrast to WEP, we do not force
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subwords belonging to one entity to be either all masked or all unmasked. Instead, each individual
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entity subword is masked 80% of the time. For the remaining 20% of the masking candidates, we experiment with three different replacements. First,
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PEP<sub>MRS</sub>, corresponds to the conventional 80-10-10 masking strategy, where 10% of the remaining
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subwords are replaced with Random subwords and the other 10% are kept unchanged. In the second
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setting, PEP<sub>MS</sub>, we remove the 10% Random subwords substitution, i.e. we predict the 80% masked
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subwords and 10% Same subwords from the masking candidates. In the third setting, PEP<sub>M</sub>, we
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further remove the 10% Same subwords prediction, essentially predicting only the masked subwords.
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Prior work has proven it is effective to combine
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Entity Prediction with MLM for cross-lingual transfer ([Jiang et al., 2020](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.479/)), therefore we investigate the
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combination of the Entity Prediction objectives together with MLM on non-entity subwords. Specifically, when combined with MLM, we lower the
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entity masking probability (p) to 50% to roughly keep the same overall masking percentage.
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This results into the following objectives: WEP + MLM, PEP<sub>MRS</sub> + MLM, PEP<sub>MS</sub> + MLM, PEP<sub>M</sub> + MLM
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This model was trained with the **MLM** objective on the EntityCS corpus with 39 languages.
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## Model Details
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### Training Details
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We start from the [XLM-R-base](https://huggingface.co/xlm-roberta-base) model and train for 1 epoch on 8 Nvidia V100 32GB GPUs.
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We set batch size to 16 and gradient accumulation steps to 2, resulting in an effective batch size of 256.
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For speedup we use fp16 mixed precision.
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We use the sampling strategy proposed by [Conneau and Lample (2019)](), where high resource languages are down-sampled and low
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resource languages get sampled more frequently.
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We only train the embedding and the last two layers of the model.
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We randomly choose 100 sentences from each language to serve as a validation set, on which we measure the perplexity every 10K training steps.
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**This checkpoint corresponds to the one with the lower perplexity on the validation set.**
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## Usage
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The current model can be used for further fine-tuning on downstream tasks.
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In the paper, we focused on entity-related tasks, such as NER, Word Sense Disambiguation, Fact Retrieval and Slot Filling.
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## How to Get Started with the Model
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Use the code below to get started with the model: https://github.com/huawei-noah/noah-research/tree/master/NLP/EntityCS
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## Citation
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**BibTeX:**
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```html
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@inproceedings{whitehouse-etal-2022-entitycs,
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title = "{E}ntity{CS}: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switching",
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author = "Whitehouse, Chenxi and
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Christopoulou, Fenia and
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Iacobacci, Ignacio",
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booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022",
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month = dec,
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year = "2022",
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address = "Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates",
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-emnlp.499",
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pages = "6698--6714"
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}
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```
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## Model Card Contact
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[Fenia Christopoulou]([email protected])
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