{ "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "American Football Conference", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "American Football Conference", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "Arabic numerals", "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "Arabic numerals", "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "Santa Clara", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Arabic numerals", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "February 7, 2016", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "champion Denver Broncos", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Arabic numerals", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "February 7, 2016", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "Arabic numerals", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Arabic numerals", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "Super Bowl 50", "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "Arabic numerals", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "2015", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "Arabic numerals", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "February 7, 2016", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "2016", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "National Football Conference", "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "National Football Conference", "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "Arabic numerals", "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "Arabic numerals", "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Roman numerals", "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "Santa Clara, California", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Roman numerals", "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "Cam Newton", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "eight", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Super Bowl XLIX by defeating them 20\u201318 in the AFC Championship Game. They joined the Patriots, Dallas Cowboys", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "New England Patriots", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "Dallas Cowboys", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "one of four", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Newton", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "49\u201315", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Dallas Cowboys", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "15", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "one of four", "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "Dallas Cowboys", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "one of four teams that have made eight", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "Dallas Cowboys", "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "Cam Newton", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "Cam Newton", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "1995", "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "2\u00bd sacks, and two", "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "linebacker Von Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "2\u00bd", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "linebacker Von Miller", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "seven", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "linebacker Von Miller", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "three", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "2\u00bd sacks", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "Super Bowl MVP", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "2\u00bd sacks", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "2\u00bd sacks, and two", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "five", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "linebacker Von Miller", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "linebacker Von Miller", "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "five solo tackles", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "seven", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "linebacker Von Miller", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "five", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "Bruno Mars", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5 million", "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "Bruno Mars", "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Bruno Mars", "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "$5 million", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Bruno Mars", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "Bruno Mars", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "$5 million", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Bruno Mars", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "Coldplay", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "Coldplay with special guest performers Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "$5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "Bruno Mars", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Bruno Mars", "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "Bruno Mars", "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Bruno Mars", "56d602631c85041400946edb": "Bruno Mars", "56d602631c85041400946edc": "Coldplay", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "$5 million", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Bruno Mars", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Bruno Mars", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Bruno Mars", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger Goodell", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "early 2012", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "Roger Goodell", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "Sun Life Stadium", "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "New Orleans", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Levi's Stadium", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "Sun Life Stadium", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "10", "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "10 times", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "2010", "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "2010", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "October 16, 2012", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "Stanford Stadium", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "May 3, 2013", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "2010", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "10", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "10 times", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "two", "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "2010", "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "South Florida/Miami area", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "May 3, 2013", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "10", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "2010", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "Florida legislature", "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "1985", "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII", "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "May 21, 2013", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "$1.2 billion", "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "Boston", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "$1.2 billion", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "Super Bowl XXXVII", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "1985", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "2014", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "$1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "1985", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "Super Bowl XXXVII", "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "2003", "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "2003", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "Boston", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "1985", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "2014. It is the first Super Bowl held in the San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "1985", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "ten", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "ten", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "John Fox", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "Super Bowl XLVIII", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "John Fox", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "15\u20131", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "15\u20131", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "Super Bowl XLVIII", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four", "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "Super Bowl", "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII, while the Panthers", "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "six", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight", "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "2011 Green Bay Packers. With their NFC-best 15\u20131", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "15", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "Panthers", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "eight", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "eight", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "2011", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "2011", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "torn ACL", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Kelvin Benjamin", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "1978", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "eight", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "eight", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "44", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "60 yards and returned 27", "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Corey Brown (31 receptions for 447 yards). The Panthers backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Jonathan Stewart", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games, along with Pro Bowl fullback Mike Tolbert, who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "447 yards). The Panthers backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Jonathan Stewart, who led the team with 989", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "473 yards and five touchdowns), and second-year receiver Corey Brown", "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "485 yards), rookie Devin Funchess (31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns), and second-year receiver Corey Brown", "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "44", "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Corey Brown (31 receptions for 447 yards). The Panthers backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Jonathan Stewart", "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "44", "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "44", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "44", "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "27", "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "44", "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99", "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "485", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "308", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "6\u00bd sacks. The Panthers line also featured veteran defensive end Jared Allen, a 5", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "24 and boasting four", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "24 and boasting four", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "Josh Norman", "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24 and boasting four", "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Kawann", "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "24 and boasting four", "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "Josh Norman", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24 and boasting four", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "Josh Norman", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "Josh Norman", "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "seven", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "Gary Kubiak", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "John Fox", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "John Fox", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "Osweiler", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Wade Phillips", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "four", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "John Fox", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "shotgun", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "4\u201311 San Diego Chargers, resulting in Manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27", "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "blocking", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "Gary Kubiak", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "John Fox", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "shotgun", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "13\u20137", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "13\u20137", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "John Fox", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "Phillips", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "John Fox", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "13\u20137", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "Wade Phillips", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "17", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Demaryius Thomas", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Ronnie Hillman", "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "67.9", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Owen Daniels", "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "Veteran receiver", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "67.9", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "17", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Demaryius Thomas", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "46 receptions for 517 yards. Running back C. J. Anderson was the team's leading rusher 863 yards and seven", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "17", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Ronnie Hillman", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "Owen Daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards. Running back C. J. Anderson", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "4.7", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "7\u00bd sacks. Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "11 sacks, forced four", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Danny Trevathan", "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "three interceptions) and Chris Harris, Jr. (two interceptions) were the other two", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "Pro Bowl for the ninth time", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "102", "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "fourth", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth", "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "three interceptions) and Chris Harris, Jr. (two", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "Miller", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall", "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7\u00bd sacks", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "Seattle Seahawks", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "Arizona Cardinals", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "49\u201315", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "49\u201315", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "49\u201315", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "Seattle Seahawks", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "49\u201315", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "15", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "Arizona Cardinals", "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "49\u201315", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "49\u201315", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "49\u201315", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "11", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "New England Patriots", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "20\u201318", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "17 seconds", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "23\u201316, by scoring 11 points", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "New England Patriots", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "17", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "11", "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "New England Patriots", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "New England Patriots", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "17", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "major setback when Thomas Davis", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "major setback", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "three", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "major setback", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "major setback", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "Super Bowl", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "11", "56d703d10d65d214001982d7": "major setback", "56d703d10d65d214001982d8": "11", "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "age 39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "Peyton Manning", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "39", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "John Elway", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "two", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "39", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "John Elway", "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "John Elway", "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "Super Bowl XXXIII", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Peyton Manning", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "age 39", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "Peyton Manning", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "13 years and 48 days", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "13 years and 48", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "13 years and 48 days", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "Newton", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "Carolina and Von Miller", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "Newton for Carolina and Von Miller", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "2011", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "13 years and 48 days", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "Chicago Bears", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "first Super Bowl in which both head coaches", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "head coaches", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "first Super Bowl in which both head coaches", "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "Elway", "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Super Bowls XXI and XXIV", "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "XXI and XXIV, this will be the first Super Bowl in which both head coaches", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Mangan", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "grass", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Mangan", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Super Bowl games", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Super Bowl games", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Justin Tucker", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "Super Bowl games", "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "a high enough quality", "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan", "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "grass", "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "NFL re-sodded the field with a new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "Elway", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "21", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "black jerseys", "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "blue jerseys", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "blue jerseys", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "21", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Seattle Seahawks 21", "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "black jerseys with silver pants", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "black jerseys", "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Elway", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "black jerseys with silver pants", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "black jerseys with silver pants", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "blue jerseys", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "blue jerseys", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "San Jose", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Stanford University", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "San Jose", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Stanford University", "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University and stayed at the Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "Stanford University", "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "Stanford University", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Roman numerals", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Lombardi", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "2014", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Arabic numerals", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "Arabic numerals", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "June 4, 2014", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L", "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Arabic numerals", "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "Arabic numerals", "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Arabic numerals", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "gold-tinted logos", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "week 7", "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "50-yard line", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold-tinted logos", "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "logos", "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "logos. Gold footballs", "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "logos. Gold footballs", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "50-yard line on fields", "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "Golden Super Bowl\"; gold-tinted logos", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San Francisco", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Ed Lee", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Ed Lee", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "January 30", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "More than 1 million", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "San Francisco mayor Ed Lee", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "Super Bowl City\"", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone Center in San Francisco", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero", "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Ed Lee", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "games and activities that will highlight the Bay Area's technology, culinary creations, and cultural diversity", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "1 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "San Francisco mayor", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "$5 million", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "Super Bowl City", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "Santa Clara University", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "$2 million", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "week-long", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "$2 million", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "Santa Clara University", "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "Santa Clara Convention Center", "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "$2 million", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "February 1, 2016", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "SAP Center", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San Jose", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Super Bowl Opening Night", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "February 1, 2016", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "re-branded", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "SAP Center in San Jose", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "Tuesday afternoon", "56d71bd80d65d21400198360": "Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities", "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "San Jose", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "February 1, 2016", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Super Bowl", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "$40 million", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!", "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "Super Bowl program", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "40 million", "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "over $40 million", "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Connect, the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl. The host committee", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Super Bowl program", "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "over $40 million", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "25 percent", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25 percent", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "vowed", "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "50", "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "50 fund as its philanthropic initiative", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25 percent", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "50 fund", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "Lombardi", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Lombardi Trophy", "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Tiffany & Co", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "Lombardi Trophy", "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Lombardi Trophy", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Lombardi", "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Lombardi", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "CBS", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "36", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "bullet time\" effects", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "bullet time\" effects", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "bullet time", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "CBS", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "CBS", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "three", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "CBS", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "CBS", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "bullet time\" effects", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "microphones", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "NBC and Fox", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "CBS", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "NBC and Fox", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "December 28, 2015", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Spanish", "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "NBC and Fox", "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "NBC and Fox", "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage, while Martin", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "NBC and Fox", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "NBC and Fox", "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "NBC and Fox", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "NFL Mobile", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "NFL Mobile", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "Windows", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "CBSSports.com", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBSSports.com", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "CBSSports.com", "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming", "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBSSports.com", "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "NFL Mobile", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity, streaming", "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "the NFL Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "CBS broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show", "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "CBS", "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "Stephen Colbert", "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming, CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden", "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "James Corden", "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000,000", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "CBS", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "CBS", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "Crash the Super Bowl\" contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game. Nintendo", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "$5,000,000", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "CBS", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "CBS", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "CBS", "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "CBS", "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "CBS", "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "CBS", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "CBS", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "CBS", "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "Crash the Super Bowl\" contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game. Nintendo", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Death Wish Coffee", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death Wish Coffee beat out nine", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "Wish Coffee", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "nine", "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks", "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "Wish Coffee", "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "nine", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "QuickBooks sponsored a \"Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Death Wish Coffee beat out nine", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Fox paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle", "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane", "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Civil War", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Jim Gray", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Dan Fouts", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Kevin Harlan", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Jim Gray", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "North America", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "RFX", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Dave Logan", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "1110", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "Chester, South Carolina", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "Mick Mixon", "56d724620d65d214001983be": "KOA", "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "KOA", "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "Chester, South Carolina. As KOA and WBT", "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "Dave Logan", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "KOA (850 AM) and KRFX", "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "103.5 FM", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "Radio 5", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "Rocky Boiman on commentary", "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Rocky Boiman", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "United Kingdom", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "Greg Brady", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Peyton Manning", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "43", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "39", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "the national anthem", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Lady Gaga performed the national anthem, while Academy Award", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "ASL) translation", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "American", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Lady Gaga", "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Lady Gaga", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Lady Gaga", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Lady Gaga", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "January 7, 2016", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "Coldplay", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "Coldplay", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson", "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Coldplay", "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Bruno Mars", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "C. J. Anderson", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Andre Caldwell", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "Ronnie Hillman", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "C. J.", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "C. J. Anderson", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "3", "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "C. J. Anderson", "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "C. J. Anderson", "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "deficit", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "C. J. Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "C. J. Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "C. J. Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "C. J.", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "Denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Mike Carey", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Malik Jackson", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Malik Jackson", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "10\u20130 lead", "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "1993", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Mike Carey", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Malik Jackson", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "1993", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Norwood", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "Jordan Norwood", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "28", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "28", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "33", "56d729180d65d21400198426": "51", "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Jordan Norwood", "56d729180d65d21400198428": "10\u20137 with 11:28", "56d729180d65d21400198429": "Mario", "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "33", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jordan Norwood", "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Danny Trevathan", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "40-yard line", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Kony", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Danny Trevathan", "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "Danny Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony", "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Trevathan recovered on the Broncos 40-yard line. However, the Panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end Kony", "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Ea", "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "39-yard line with 1:55", "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Danny Trevathan", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "Danny Trevathan", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Kony", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "intercepted it, returning the ball 19 yards to the Panthers 39-yard line with 1:55", "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "Ealy tipped a Manning", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Emmanuel Sanders", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "Graham Gano", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "44", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "no points when Graham Gano hit the uprights", "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "J. Ward", "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Ginn Jr", "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "no points when Graham Gano hit the uprights", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "Ginn and was intercepted by safety T. J. Ward", "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "J. Ward.", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "J. Ward", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "26-yard line, and it ended with no points when Graham Gano hit the uprights", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Graham Gano hit the uprights", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Emmanuel Sanders", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "Carolina", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "Devin Funchess", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Devin Funchess", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "Panthers", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Ea", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "Carolina", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310.", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "one score at 16\u201310", "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "16\u201310", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "mount a game-winning drive", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "Miller", "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "Miller", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "Miller", "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "cornerback Josh Norman", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "Miller", "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward", "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward", "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "cornerback Josh Norman", "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "24\u201310", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive, and soon faced 3rd-and-9", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "Miller", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "24\u201310", "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Panthers", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "83 yards. Anderson was the game's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown, along with four", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "83", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "four", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "Charles Johnson had four total tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble. Linebacker Luke Kuechly had 11 total tackles, while Thomas Davis", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "83", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "83", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "83", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "Thomas Davis", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown, along with four receptions for 10 yards. Miller", "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "Charles Johnson had four total tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble. Linebacker Luke Kuechly had 11 total tackles, while Thomas Davis", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "Luke Kuechly had 11 total tackles, while Thomas Davis", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "Luke", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "83", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "83", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "five", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "11", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "the Baltimore Ravens", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Chicago Bears", "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "Chicago Bears", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "244", "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "Chicago Bears", "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "Manning", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "200", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "200", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "John Taylor", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "Chicago Bears", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "244 yards by the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV. Only seven", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Szpilman and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie", "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Szpilman and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. Though Chopin was born in the village of \u017belazowa Wola", "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "seven months old", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden. There are over 100", "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "Palace Garden is a popular strolling destination for the Varsovians. The Monument of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "royal garden", "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "east end of the park", "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "royal garden", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "About 15 kilometres (9 miles", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "beaver", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "Czerniak\u00f3w Lake", "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Jewish minority", "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500", "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "638,000, Jews constituted 219,000", "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Jewish minority", "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "migration", "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "higher education", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "the Medical University of Warsaw", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "1816", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "over two million", "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "Irena Bajerska", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Irena Bajerska", "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "over two million", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "infrastructure", "573399b54776f41900660e65": "foreign investment", "573399b54776f41900660e66": "solid economic growth, an increase in foreign investment", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "health care", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "Warsaw", "57339a554776f41900660e75": "CMHI), the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland, as well as an active research and education center", "57339a554776f41900660e76": "the Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "outpatient clinic", "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "many events and festivals", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Teatr Wielki", "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International Stanis\u0142aw Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the Festival of Old Music.", "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "International Contemporary Music Festival", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1939", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Wianki", "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Warsaw", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "herbs", "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "floating of wreaths, jumping over fires", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60 museums", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60 museums", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60 museums", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum. From among Warsaw's 60 museums", "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms", "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "Warsaw Uprising Museum", "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "historic stereoscopic theatre", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "historic stereoscopic theatre", "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "the Katy\u0144 Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60 rooms", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "about 500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "Polish", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "2011", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "Polonia Warsaw", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "1946", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "ten", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Konwiktorska Street", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "financial situation", "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "round seal bordered", "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "syrenka", "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1390", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "sword", "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "long ago two of Triton's daughters", "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas", "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "Warszowa", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "sandy beach by the village of Warszowa, where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz \u0141empicki", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "Tadeusz \u0141empicki", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Art Deco", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Art Deco style in painting and art", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Tadeusz \u0141empicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman", "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "Economist Intelligence Unit", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "Today", "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "FMCG manufacturing", "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "art and club scenes and serious restaurants", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1313", "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Vienna", "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596", "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III Vasa", "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "Vasa moved his court from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Warsaw was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia", "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Roman Catholic archdiocese (left bank", "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "Roman Catholic archdiocese (left bank of the Vistula) and diocese (right bank), and possesses various universities, most notably the Polish Academy of Sciences", "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "historic city-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town", "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "Roman Catholic archdiocese", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "luxurious parks and royal gardens", "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa, approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa", "57332442d058e614000b5721": "approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa", "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Slavic origin Warcis\u0142aw; see also etymology of Wroc\u0142aw. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, and his wife, Sawa", "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Slavic origin Warcis\u0142aw; see also etymology of Wroc\u0142aw. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman", "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszewa and Warszowa", "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Warszowa. The Prince of P\u0142ock", "57332562d058e614000b5731": "The Prince of P\u0142ock", "57332562d058e614000b5732": "Warszowa. The Prince of P\u0142ock, Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia", "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1300", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "1526", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "General Sejm", "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1573", "5733266d4776f41900660714": "freedom", "5733266d4776f41900660715": "Polish", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1573", "57332a734776f41900660726": "1796", "57332a734776f41900660727": "the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia", "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon's army", "57332a734776f41900660729": "1815", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1816", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915", "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "areas controlled by Russia in 1914, which included Warsaw. Germany did so, and underground leader Pi\u0142sudski", "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Pi\u0142sudski", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1920", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "Red Army", "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1 September 1939", "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education", "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "several hundred thousand, some 30%", "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "1943", "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "30%", "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Red Army", "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "the underground Home Army", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "1 August 1944", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "between 150,000 and 200,000", "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign", "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "large prefabricated housing", "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "Palace of Culture and Science", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "Palace of Culture and Science", "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "UNESCO's World Heritage list", "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II", "573330444776f41900660759": "budding solidarity movement", "573330444776f4190066075a": "less than a year", "573330444776f4190066075b": "Victory Square", "573330444776f4190066075c": "incentive", "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "523", "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "523 km (325", "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Vistula River", "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "Masovian Plain, and its average elevation is 100 metres", "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "Masovian Plain", "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two", "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "Vistula River", "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "moraine plateau", "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "Vistula River", "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces. The Vistula River", "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces", "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "flood plain terrace", "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "flood plain terrace", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "pine forest).", "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "flood plain terrace", "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "turbulent history", "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "After liberation, rebuilding", "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "After", "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "Leopold Kronenberg Palace", "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "e.g. Leopold Kronenberg Palace", "573361404776f4190066093c": "Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications", "573361404776f4190066093d": "1411", "573361404776f4190066093e": "Masovian gothic style", "573361404776f4190066093f": "Masovian gothic style", "573361404776f41900660940": "Masovian gothic style", "573362b94776f41900660974": "17th century", "573362b94776f41900660975": "numerous noble palaces", "573362b94776f41900660976": "Kazimierz Church", "573362b94776f41900660977": "Carmelite Church", "573362b94776f41900660978": "1775\u20131795", "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "socialist realism", "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "socialist realism", "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Palais Garnier in Paris). Despite that the Warsaw University of Technology building", "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "socialist realism", "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "Warsaw Citadel", "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising, while the impressive Warsaw Uprising Monument by Wincenty Ku\u0107ma", "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Warsaw Citadel", "573368044776f41900660a29": "Orangery", "573368044776f41900660a2a": "Mokotowskie", "573368044776f41900660a2b": "Pole Mokotowskie", "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Park Ujazdowski (close to the Sejm and John Lennon street", "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1865\u20131871", "573368e54776f41900660a53": "forest there are three cycling and walking trails. Other big forest area is Kabaty Forest", "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Warsaw", "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve", "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest by the southern city border. Warsaw has also two botanic gardens", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two botanic gardens: by the \u0141azienki park", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "1,300,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "420,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1951", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "better only", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "spouses", "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city", "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "56.2%", "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "35.7%", "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "2.8%", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "1944", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a commune", "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "car registration: a gmina cannot register", "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Krak\u00f3w do not have entitlements of powiat", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "unicameral Warsaw City Council", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years", "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "committees", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30", "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "presidents \u2013 i.e. such cities", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej Menich", "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "the City council", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "304,016", "573382d24776f41900660c39": "MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw's economic strength and commercial center. Moreover, Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market", "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "over 650 million euro. Warsaw produces 12%", "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "6.1%", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "Today", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "374", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "Polish United Workers' Party", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1995", "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Polonez", "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Egypt", "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "South Korean car manufacturer Daewoo", "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Fiat 125p (under license from Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p", "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "Vistula River", "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "the Vistula River", "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "Vistula River", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "1.740 million", "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "east-central Poland", "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "the Vistula River", "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Vistula River", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "2.666 million", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9th", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "10th and 11th", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "France. They were descended from Norse (\"Norman\" comes from \"Norseman\") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Charles III", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th century", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "William the Conqueror", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Roger II", "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Romance language of the Frankish", "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "Norseman, Viking", "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "Medieval Latin, 9th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "911", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Charles III", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Gallia Lugdunensis II", "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "Picardy or the \u00cele-de-France, which were considered \"Frankish\". Earlier Viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s", "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "France", "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "north of France", "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "Bohemund I", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "1017", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Montecassino", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Monte Gargano", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "proclaiming prince Guaimar IV of Salerno \"Duke of Apulia and Calabria\". He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm", "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "Henry III", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "the Saracens", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1194", "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Palermo", "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Sicilian populations living in harmony, and its Norman rulers fostered plans of establishing an Empire that would have encompassed Fatimid Egypt", "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Fatimid Egypt", "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "great religious freedom, and alongside the Norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of Jews, Muslims and Christians", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "Pechenegs", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1060s", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin", "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Amalfi", "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks", "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Sassoun and Taron", "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "the Petraliphae", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Comiscortes", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "February 1082", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30,000", "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Mili", "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Bohemond", "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllavenica", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "Dyrrachium\u2014one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "Adriatic", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Duke Richard II", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Richard II", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "Normandy", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Duke Richard II", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "Harthacnut", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1041", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges archbishop of Canterbury and made Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "Battle of Hastings", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "William II of Normandy conquered England", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "Anglo-Saxons", "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Geoffrey Chaucer. The Anglo-Norman language was eventually absorbed into the Anglo-Saxon", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "east of Ireland", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "Fitzmaurice. Other families bearing such surnames as Barry (de Barra) and De B\u00farca (Burke", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Malcolm III", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "Malcolm III", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "Duncan", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sybilla", "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Henry I of England", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Hereford", "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor", "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Confessor", "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Wales", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "zeal of the Normans", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1097", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "pot Isaac Komnenos", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Berengaria", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "1191", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Isaac Komnenos", "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac", "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "silver chains", "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy de Lusignan", "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Sancho", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "1191", "56de41504396321400ee2716": "double coronation: Richard caused himself to be crowned King of Cyprus", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1489", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "the Knights Templar", "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Atlantic coast of Africa. Their troops were gathered in Normandy", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Henry III of Castile. In 1418, Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n", "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Channel Islands", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "two", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Romanesque", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "windows", "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Arab architecture", "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Arab architecture", "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard", "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "early 11th century", "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits", "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century and French Revolution", "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "work of embroidery", "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "the Bayeux Tapestry", "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Odo", "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "royal regalia preserved in Palermo", "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th century", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Sant'Eufemia", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "singing", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "1943", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "Cyrillic: \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "American", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "1884", "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "George Westinghouse", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "George Westinghouse", "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "Thomas Edison in New York City", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "War of Currents", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "1884", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "induction", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "New York City", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "George Westinghouse", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "induction motor and transformer", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "early (1893", "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "New York and Colorado Springs", "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "wireless lighting and electricity distribution", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "Colorado Springs", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "early (1893", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "intercontinental wireless transmission", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "intercontinental wireless transmission", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1943", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "mad scientist", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "New York hotels", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "archetypal", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "success", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1943", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "SI unit of magnetic flux density", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1960", "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "archetypal", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Austrian", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "Serbian Orthodox priest", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "creative abilities", "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "memorize Serbian epic poems. \u0110uka", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "Serbian Orthodox priest. Tesla's mother, \u0110uka Tesla (n\u00e9e Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox priest", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Milutin Tesla", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "\u0110uka Tesla", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "\u0110uka Tesla (n\u00e9e Mandi\u0107), whose father was also an Orthodox priest,:10 had a talent for making home craft tools", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "western Serbia, near Montenegro", "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "fourth of five", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1862", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "Dane", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "Dane and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "in a horse-riding accident", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Gospi\u0107", "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "a pastor. Nikola completed \"Lower\" or \"Primary\" School, followed by the \"Lower Real Gymnasium", "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German", "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "calculus", "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "cheating", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1870", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "cheating", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "Austro-Hungarian", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1873.:33", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "Smiljan", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "a moment of despair", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "priesthood", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "town, Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "a moment of despair", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "best engineering", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Austro-Hungarian", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Tomingaj", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "the mountains in hunter's garb. Tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally. He read many books", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "Austro-Hungarian", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "Austro-Hungarian Army", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "1874, Tesla evaded being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away to Tomingaj, near Gra\u010dac.", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "physically and mentally. He read many books", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Tomingaj", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1879", "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo", "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "1879", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "gambling", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "nervous breakdown", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "nervous breakdown", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "nervous breakdown", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "March 1879, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "Maribor", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "nervous breakdown", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "police guard", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "24 March 1879", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "60", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "unspecified", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Milutin Tesla died", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "contracting an unspecified illness", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "24 March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "Higher Real Gymnasium", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "Gospi\u0107 under police guard", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Prague", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "Gospi\u0107 for Prague", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "lectures", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "Charles-Ferdinand University", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Prague", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "university", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "s uncles", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "chief electrician", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "telephone repeater or amplifier", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "chief electrician", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "Budapest Telephone Exchange", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "chief electrician position. During his employment, Tesla made many improvements to the Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "1882", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "Manhattan's lower east side", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New York City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "Manhattan's lower east side", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "Manhattan's lower east side", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Manhattan's lower east side", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "64", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary", "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "10", "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "64", "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "don't understand our American humor.\":64", "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "64", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "electric lighting", "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators", "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Electric Light & Manufacturing", "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Electric Light & Manufacturing", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "penniless", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "penniless", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "terrible headaches and bitter tears", "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "1886/1887", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "penniless", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "ditch digger for $2 per day. Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of \"terrible headaches and bitter tears", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "terrible headaches and bitter tears", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "89 Liberty Street in Manhattan", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "89 Liberty Street in Manhattan", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "1886", "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "\u2153", "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck", "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "89 Liberty Street in Manhattan", "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "Liberty Street", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "commutator", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "high maintenance", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "polyphase current", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "1887", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "polyphase current", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "self-starting design that did not need a commutator, thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1887", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Galileo Ferraris", "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "patent", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "1888", "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "patents", "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "George Westinghouse", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford Martin", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Galileo Ferraris", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "George Westinghouse that Tesla", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "Galileo Ferraris, but decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "George Westinghouse that Tesla", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "1888", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "one year", "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "George Westinghouse", "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "polyphase induction", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "60,000", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July 1888", "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "one year for the large fee of $2,000", "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Pittsburgh", "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "induction", "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60-cycle AC current", "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "street cars", "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "street cars", "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "traction motor", "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "War of Currents", "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "War of Currents", "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "incandescent light and Westinghouse using his own patented AC system to power arc lights", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "Tesla", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1886", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Thomas Edison", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Chicago", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "Polyphase System\", Tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "Tesla Polyphase System\", Tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "George Westinghouse", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Chicago", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "General Electric", "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "General Electric", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "Westinghouse Electric", "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Westinghouse Electric", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "1893", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "compressed air", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "compressed air", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "1896", "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "$216,000", "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "2.50", "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "J. P. Morgan", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "$216,000", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "35", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "Tesla coil", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "Tesla coil", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "35", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "the Tesla coil", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "35", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "Fifth Avenue laboratory, and later another at 46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit electric lamps", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Institute of Radio Engineers", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892", "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers", "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "vice president", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "radiant energy of \"invisible", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "5th Avenue", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "December 1895", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "gas discharge tube. The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "March 1895", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "Roentgen rays\" or \"X-Rays", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "invisible", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "gas discharge tube. The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens", "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "R\u00f6ntgen", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "In March 1896", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "X-rays", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "Tesla Coil", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "radiography", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "various causes", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "longitudinal waves", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "X-ray-producing devices. In his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to various causes", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "in force-free magnetic fields.", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "various causes", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "longitudinal waves", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields.", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "longitudinal waves", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Benjamin Lamme", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Westinghouse engineer Benjamin Lamme", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "Egg of Columbus", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus.", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "11 July 1934", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "bits of metal projected by his \"electric gun,\" Tesla said, \"The particles in the beam of force", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "electric gun", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "bits of metal projected by his \"electric gun", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "National Electric Light Association", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "Tesla Coil", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Franklin Institute", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "teleautomaton", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Madison Square Garden", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "magic, telepathy", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "magic, telepathy", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1904", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "Oliver Lodge", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1904", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1904", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "Supreme Court", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "Colorado Springs", "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "1978 book Colorado Springs Notes, 1899\u20131900 contains descriptions of Tesla's experiments. On 15 June 1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "five inches", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "lightning signals via his receivers. He stated that he observed stationary waves", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "lightning storms", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "lightning signals via his receivers. He stated that he observed stationary waves", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "Butterflies", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "shocks through their metal shoes. Butterflies", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles away", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off. Horses in a livery stable bolted from their stalls after receiving shocks through their metal shoes. Butterflies", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "blue halos of St. Elmo", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "power outage", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "outage", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "power outage", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "jump through the windings", "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "hearing \"intelligently controlled", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "Julian Hawthorne at the Philadelphia North American on 8 December 1899 and in a December 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society", "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Julian Hawthorne at the Philadelphia North American on 8 December 1899 and in a December 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "hearing \"intelligently controlled", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "July 1899", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "money to fund his Colorado Springs", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "$100,000", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "1899", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "January 1900", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "torn down", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "1900", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "torn", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility", "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications", "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Long Island", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "Tesla's breach of contract by asking for more funds. Tesla wrote another plea to Morgan, but it was also fruitless", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "more funds. Tesla wrote another plea to Morgan, but it was also fruitless. Morgan still owed Tesla money on the original agreement", "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "more funds. Tesla wrote another plea to Morgan, but it was also fruitless", "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "over 50", "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "Wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power", "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "wrote to Morgan that in addition to wireless communication, Wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power", "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "187 feet", "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "150 kilowatts) 16,000", "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "100\u20135,000 hp", "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1906", "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "200", "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "steam-powered", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Houston Street lab", "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "hammer", "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "L. Benson\u2014was published in World Today", "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "hammer", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "electricity", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "saturating them unconsciously with electricity,\" wiring the walls of a schoolroom", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H. Maxwell", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "saturating [the schoolroom] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "overseas", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "overseas investors", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "$20,000", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "$20,000", "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "AIEE's highest honor, the Edison Medal", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "the magazine Electrical Experimenter", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "electric ray\" of \"tremendous frequency,\" with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "tremendous frequency,\" with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "\u00c9mile Girardeau", "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Thomas Edison and Nikola", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner.:245", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "245", "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "$20,000 prize money", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Tesla nor Edison", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1915", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1,655,114", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft) and then be \"gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "$1,000.:251", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "elevator devices", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "$125", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "$125", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "$125", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "$125 per month as well as paying his rent at the Hotel New Yorker, expenses", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "mechanical energy", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "over any terrestrial distance", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "mineral deposits", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "birthday celebration interview", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "bedridden for some months and was unable to continue feeding pigeons", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "doctor", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "broken", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "1937", "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "1937", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "teleforce", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Tesla made claims concerning a \"teleforce\" weapon after studying the Van de Graaff generator", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "peace ray", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "Van de Graaff generator", "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "death", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "a luncheon", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "little time will pass before I can give it to the world.\" His records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "charged particle beam", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "millions", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "charged particle beam weapons. Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a \"superweapon", "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "steal the invention. His room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized, but the thieves, or spies, left empty-handed", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "teleforce weapon was all in his mind.", "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "steal the invention. His room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized, but the thieves, or spies", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "86", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "January 1943", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "maid Alice Monaghan", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "maid Alice Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the \"do not disturb\"", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "coronary thrombosis", "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "an American citizen", "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "John G. Trump", "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla", "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Hotel New Yorker and other New York City hotels", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Louis Adamic", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Louis Adamic", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "Ardsley, New York, where it was later cremated", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "two thousand", "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "Saint John the Divine. After the funeral, Tesla's body was taken to the Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Belgrade", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Sava Kosan", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Sava Kosan", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "Belgrade", "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "Belgrade", "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "278", "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "United States, Britain, and Canada", "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "patent protection", "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "Britain, and Canada", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "8:10", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "9:00", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "eight o'clock ... He dined alone", "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Tesla would telephone his dinner order to the headwaiter", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "10 miles per day", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "toes one hundred times", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "brain cells", "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "brain cells", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "all fundamental laws could be reduced to one", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "telepathy", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "one", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "pigeons", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "over $2,000", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "injured ones", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "64 kg", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "1.88", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "New York City", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "33", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "affliction", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "extreme precision, including all dimensions, before moving to the construction stage", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "affliction", "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "photographic memory.:33", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "48 hours", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "48 hours", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "telephone", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "Swezey", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "chastity", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "women", "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "his life", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Dorothy Skerrit", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "seclude", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "Robert Underwood Johnson", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "genial smile", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "George Sylvester Viereck", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "middle age, Tesla became a close friend of Mark Twain; they spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "late 1920s", "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "secretary", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "her weight.:110", "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "her weight.:110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight.:110", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles, stating there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "pre-atomic understanding of physics", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "atoms are immutable", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy.:247 He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity", "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "Einstein's theory of relativity", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "idle speculations and false conceptions", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "dynamic theory of gravity\" that \"[would] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions", "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "at age 81", "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "selective breeding version of eugenics", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "selective breeding version of eugenics", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "master race", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "1937", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "Queen Bees", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "Queen Bees", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "post-World War I environment", "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "20 December 1914", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "League of Nations", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "Orthodox Christian", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Orthodox Christian. Later in his life, he did not consider himself to be a \"believer in the orthodox sense,\" and opposed religious fanaticism", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "Buddhism and Christianity", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "A Machine to End War", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End War", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "A Machine to End War", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "Ben Johnston", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "Ben Johnston", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "the web", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "the web", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "several", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "Time magazine put him on its cover. The cover caption", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "75th birthday", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "All the world's his power house", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "Albert Einstein", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "70", "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "computation", "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps", "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps", "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "time and storage", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "time and storage. Other complexity measures are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of gates", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "gates", "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "gates", "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "utterance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "abstract question to be solved", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "utterance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "utterance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "primality testing", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "10", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany", "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "Milan whose total length is at most 10 km. For this reason", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects other than bitstrings", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "bitstrings", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "computational complexity theory. A decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "no. The objective is to decide, with the aid of an algorithm", "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "yes, and the non-members are those instances whose output is no. The objective is to decide, with the aid of an algorithm", "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "yes", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "binary strings", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "binary strings", "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "graphs", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "integer factorization", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem, that is, it isn't just yes or no", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "integer factorization", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "integer", "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "integer", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "triples", "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "b, c) such that the relation a \u00d7 b = c", "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input", "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory", "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the space required, or any measure of complexity)", "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms", "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "Cobham's", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "complexity T", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "complexity T", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "complexity T", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "a polynomial in n, then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "pencil and paper", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "Turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing", "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "random bits", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "random bits", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "random bits. The ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently. Algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "randomized algorithms", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "randomized algorithms", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "quantum Turing machines", "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines", "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "quantum Turing machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "random access machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "extra computational power. The time and memory", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "random access machines. Perhaps surprisingly, each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power. The time and memory", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "random access machines", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "non-deterministic time", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms", "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "analyzing computational problems", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "yes", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "one defines sets of problems based on some criteria. For instance, the set of problems solvable within time f(n", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "DTIME(f(n)", "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "Turing machine M on input x is the total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it halts", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "complexities", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "complexities", "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "inputs", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "reverse order", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "reverse order, and the algorithm takes time O(n2", "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "integers", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "algorithm solving a given problem", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "upper bound T(n)", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "upper bound T(n)", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "upper bound T(n) on the time complexity of a problem", "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "all possible algorithms", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "computational model used. For instance, if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation one would write T", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "big O notation", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complexity classes", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a typical complexity class", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "some complexity classes", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "quadratic time", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "tape", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines. If we allow polynomial variations in running time, Cobham-Edmonds", "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "linear time", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "decision problems", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "algorithm. Some important complexity classes", "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "algorithm. Some important complexity classes", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "quantum Turing machines. #", "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP and AM", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "quantum Turing machines", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems (not decision problems). Classes like IP and AM", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "quantum Turing machines", "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "DTIME(n) is contained in DTIME(n2", "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "DTIME(n2", "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "hierarchy", "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy", "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "DTIME(n)", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "PSPACE", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "PSPACE", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "PSPACE", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "a reduction", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "transformation", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "Karp reductions and Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions, such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "Karp reductions and Levin reductions", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "polynomial-time reduction", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "reduction process takes polynomial time. For example, the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "inputs of the multiplication algorithm. Thus we see that squaring is not more difficult than multiplication", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "two integers", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used. For complexity classes", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "no problem in C is harder than X, since an algorithm", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "harder", "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "C is harder than X", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "NP-complete", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "NP-complete problems contains the most difficult problems in NP, in the sense", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "no known polynomial-time solution for \u03a01. This is because a polynomial-time solution to \u03a01", "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "\u03a01", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "mathematical abstraction modeling", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "mathematical abstraction modeling", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "satisfiability problem, the Hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "pure mathematics theorems", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "protein structure prediction in biology, and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems", "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "pure mathematics theorems", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "NP-intermediate problems. The graph isomorphism", "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "NP-intermediate", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "NP-complete, or NP-intermediate", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "isomorphism", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second", "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "Laszlo Babai", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "RSA algorithm", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem, it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "RSA algorithm", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "RSA algorithm", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "RP", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "one class. Proving that any of these classes", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "PH", "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "RP", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "yes/no answers reversed) of NP problems", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes", "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "many complexity classes between the two, such as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "smallest inputs. In fact, the Cobham\u2013Edmonds", "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "more than the smallest inputs", "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "4 \u00d7 1010", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms", "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "hard or even that most of them are. For example, the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic", "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "NP-complete knapsack", "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times", "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "NP-complete knapsack", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "Turing machines by Alan Turing", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Turing machines by Alan Turing", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "Turing machines", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936, which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification", "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "Fortnow & Homer (2003) point out, the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper", "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Richard Stearns (1965), which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems. Also, in 1965 Edmonds", "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "1965", "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965), which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "John Myhill", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1961", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Boris Trakhtenbrot", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "input encoding, one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent of the choice of encoding", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "encoding", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "Manuel Blum", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "speed-up theorem", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "university or college", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "university or college", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "literacy and numeracy", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "numeracy", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "literacy and numeracy", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "numeracy", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "formal education can take place through home schooling", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient", "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "mullahs", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "the Quran, Torah or Bible", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "the Quran, Torah or Bible.", "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "homeschooling", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "homeschooling", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Chartered", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "homeschooling", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "homeschooling", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "extracurricular", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "extracurricular activities. In some education systems", "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "extracurricular activities. In some education systems", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "public interest", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "governments", "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "professional misconduct", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "professional misconduct", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "private schools", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "professional misconduct", "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "In education, teachers facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "a tutor.", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "in a school or academy", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "teachers facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "teach are often referred to as pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "pedagogy", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "practical skill", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "practical skill", "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "pedagogy", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "two manners", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all. This function looks like that of a coach", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving", "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "the whole curriculum", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "will", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "specialist teacher and sur", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "specialist teacher and sur", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "primary education", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "alternative approaches for primary education", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "students", "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "Co-teaching", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "climate of learning", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "every student in the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning", "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "climate of learning", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "corporal punishment. While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms of parental discipline", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "corporal punishment", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "paddling or caning or strapping", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "paddling or caning or strapping", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "United States", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "paddling or caning or strapping", "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "paddling or caning or strapping", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "American schools", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "30", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "wooden paddle", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "American schools", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "Asian, African and Caribbean countries", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "Asian, African and Caribbean countries", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "Saturday detention\" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "a punishment essay", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "school day", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "Saturday detention\" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or a punishment essay", "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "Saturday detention\" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior", "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "teachers and parents", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "East Asia", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "high standards of education", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Western countries", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "40 to 50 students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "little opportunity", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "motivated students", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students", "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "democratic schools", "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws", "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "democratic schools", "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "rote but attempt to find new invigoration", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "rote", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "rote but attempt to find new invigoration", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "daily basis. One of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "vitality", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "demonstrative", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions", "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "enthusiasm", "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined", "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "enthusiasm may act", "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "mere exposure indicates that the teacher's enthusiasm may contribute to the student's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning", "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "excitement", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "teacher relationships", "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "good", "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "the goals he receives from his superior", "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "his", "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "decision making, allow humor", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "humor", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "humor", "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "decision making", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "teaching, enthusiasm about the students", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "tell. They also must enjoy being around their students", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "enthusiasm", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "increased scrutiny from the media and the courts. A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "American Association of University Women", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "United Kingdom", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "priests, religious leaders", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "869", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students\"Its reliability", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "United States", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "sex offenders register", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Women Teachers, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "outrage from child protection and parental rights groups. Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "sex offenders register", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "occupational burnout", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "that 42% of UK", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "twice", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "42%", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "42%", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "Individual-level interventions", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "Individual-level interventions, including stress-management", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "Individual-level interventions", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "work environment", "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "Individual-level interventions", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "university or college", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "Governments may require certification", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "prerequisite \"student-teaching\" time", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "special diploma", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "psychiatric evaluation", "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "individual states", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "high schools", "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "high schools", "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "primary education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "a Bachelor of Education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "provincial government", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "Lehramtstudien", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "Lehramtstudien", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Grundschule", "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "teachers depend on the civil servants' salary index scale", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "Grundschule", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "\u20ac27", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "\u20ac27", "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "\u20ac27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to \u20ac53,423", "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "Extra pay", "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Section 30", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Oireachtas funds", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "non-teaching posts", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "voluntary", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "\u00a320,980", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "bachelor's", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September 2007", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "retirements", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "retirements", "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "General Teaching Council", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "one of the seven", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS). Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "a year", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "April 2008, unpromoted teachers in Scotland earned from \u00a320,427", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "427", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a339", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "\u00a339,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status (requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "main ones being the Educational Institute", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "Education in Wales", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "Welsh", "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "22", "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22", "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education is available to all age groups", "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "NUT or NASUWT", "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "falling", "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "2010", "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "ATL", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools which reached an all-time", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "three years", "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates", "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "charter schools", "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "majority must be certified by the state in which they teach", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "average teacher salaries", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "41,855", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "American Federation of Teachers' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $51,009", "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "American Federation", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "three", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "historic and authoritarian/hierarchical Christian traditions with a long tradition of \"discernment of spirits", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "Rome", "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "archetype", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "archetype", "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "archetype", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "archetype", "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "father of the house when in his home. Further, additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of Patriarch", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "a guru", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "gurus", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "mentorship", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "Hinduism", "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "Dharma", "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "be reborn, often many times", "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tulku", "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "many times", "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "madrassas) to ulemas", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "Islamic tradition of Sufism", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "ulemas, who teach of the laws of Islam", "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "madrassas) to ulemas, who teach of the laws of Islam", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "German", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "1521", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "the Protestant Reformation", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "freedom from God's punishment", "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "Lutherans", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "authority and office of the Pope", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "divinely revealed knowledge from God and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood", "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "Lutherans", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "clerical marriage", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "1484", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Magdeburg", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "the Holy Roman Empire", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Holy Roman Empire", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "leaseholder of copper mines and smelters", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "a beerhouse and whorehouse", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "1505", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "1505", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "Human beings", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "uncertainty", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "Human beings could learn about God only through divine revelation", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason. For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "lightning bolt", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "17 July 1505", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "cloister", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "law school, sold his books", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "terrified of death and divine judgment", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "jailer and hangman of my poor soul.\" Johann von Staupitz, his superior, pointed Luther's mind away from continual reflection", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "his life", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "jailer and hangman of my poor soul", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1507", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "Staupitz", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "1508", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "9 March 1508", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "Biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another bachelor's degree in the Sentences by Peter Lombard", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "21 October 1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "21 October 1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "University of Wittenberg", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "University of Wittenberg", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "Doctor of Theology", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "raise money", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "Roman Catholic theology", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "active", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "active", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "31 October 1517", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Albert of Mainz", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "Ninety-Five Theses. Hans Hillerbrand", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Albert of Mainz", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "Luther wrote to his bishop, Albert of Mainz", "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "coin in the coffer rings", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Luther", "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "God", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "all punishments and granted them salvation", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "all punishments and granted them salvation", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "slacken", "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "false assurances", "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Tetzel", "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences,", "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "no", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Catholic dogma of the time.", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "comments made by Philipp Melanchthon", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "little foundation", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Philipp Melanchthon", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Wittenberg", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "little foundation in truth. The story is based on comments", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "January 1518", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "printing press", "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German", "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two weeks", "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "early as 1519", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Students", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "creative", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "1520", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "1520: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "penance and righteousness", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "penance and righteousness", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "Luther was the doctrine of justification \u2013 God's act of declaring a sinner righteous \u2013 by faith alone through God's grace", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "Desiderius Erasmus (1524). Luther based his position on predestination on St. Paul", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "predestination", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "no less, was a discovery about \"the righteousness of God", "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "predestination", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "railing against the sale of indulgences", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "railing against the sale of indulgences", "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Mainz", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "papal dispensation", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "one half", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "December 1517", "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome", "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "October 1518", "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg", "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "remain silent", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "Johann Eck", "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "popes", "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520", "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "broker a solution", "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "60 days", "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns", "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "3 January 1521", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April 1521", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Charles V presiding", "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "the Archbishop of Trier", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "next day", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "next day", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "raised his arm \"in the traditional salute of a knight winning", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making oratory", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "epoch-making oratory", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "May God help", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "God help me\" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings. However, Mullett", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "evidence", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "more dramatic", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "his literature", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "1521", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "his arrest", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "Worms", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "kill", "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz", "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "Patmos\"", "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz", "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "Mainz", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "All humans are sinners by nature, he explained, and God's grace", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "Be a sinner, and let your sins be strong", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1521", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "a sinner, and let your sins be strong", "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "Melanchthon", "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "1521", "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay", "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "idolatry", "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "private confession and absolution", "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "foundations", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "1521", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "Little Horn", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "Little Horn", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "power", "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "Karlstadt", "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "December 1521", "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "disturbances", "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances", "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "Andreas Karlstadt", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March 1522", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "eight days", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "Invocavit", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "bring about necessary", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "intervention", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "divine mercy", "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "divine mercy", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "divine mercy", "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "divine mercy", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "the Zwickau prophets", "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest", "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "radical reformers", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "committed", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "Peasants' War", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "1524\u201325", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "liberal\" phraseology", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "the 15th century. Luther's pamphlets against the Church", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "aggrieved", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "convents", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "the devil's work", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "on his return to Wittenberg, he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth, condemned the violence as the devil's work", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "13:1\u20137", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "over lawful submission to the secular government, they were ignoring Christ's counsel to \"Render unto Caesar", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "God", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "Divine Right of Kings", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "God and Empire", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "felt betrayed", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "M\u00fcntzer's execution, brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "15 May 1525", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "Frankenhausen", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "radicalism", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "be smuggled out in herring barrels. \"Suddenly", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26 years", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "26 years", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "April 1523", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "1525", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "27 June", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "ceremonial walk", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "27 June", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Bugenhagen", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "clerical marriage", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "celibacy", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "celibacy on Biblical grounds", "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "celibacy", "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "least Melanchthon", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "1526", "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "a wedding present", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "six", "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "poverty", "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "farming", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "Luther's dilemma", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "supervisory church", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "catechisms. Luther's thought is revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross, the negation of every affirmation", "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "catechisms. Luther's thought is revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross", "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "confusing or upsetting the people", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "Rome", "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "one controlling system with another. He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony, acting only as an adviser", "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "John the Steadfast", "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "pronouncements", "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "1526", "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the \"simple people\", a \"public stimulation", "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "Luther", "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "1523", "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "freedom of ceremony. Some reformers", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "1527", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "pastoral care and Christian education", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "all of Christian doctrine", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "well-nigh", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "Catechism", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "1529", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "Bible", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "Catechism", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "Catechism.\" The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "Bible", "56f86966aef2371900626053": "pastors", "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Larger Catechism", "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Lutheran catechical teaching", "56f86966aef2371900626056": "a doctrine to be learned", "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Trinity", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "whole Bible", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "faith\"", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "say", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "Saxon chancellery", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "chancellery", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "intelligible", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "Bible accessible to everyday Germans", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "impediments and difficulties", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "rising demand for German", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "Bible translation", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "the evolution of the German language and literature. Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther, and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Lucas Cranach", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "William Tyndale", "56f87000aef2371900626071": "A Mighty Fortress", "56f87000aef2371900626072": "high art and folk music", "56f87000aef2371900626073": "German", "56f87000aef2371900626074": "German", "56f87000aef2371900626075": "waldzi", "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "Ein neues Lied wir heben", "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn \"Ein neues Lied", "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "A new song we raise", "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone", "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone", "56f87392aef2371900626099": "1524", "56f87392aef237190062609a": "Wir glauben", "56f87392aef237190062609b": "Catechism", "56f87392aef237190062609c": "German creedal hymn, gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies", "56f87392aef237190062609d": "catechetical hymns, although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "1538", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Catechism", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "catechism questions. The extant manuscript", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "catechism questions. The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "Vater unser", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "1523", "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "grace", "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "psalm-hymns for use in German worship", "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "grace", "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "woe I cry to you\") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130", "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium", "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium", "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "gentiles), based on Veni redemptor gentium", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "Lord God", "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation", "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "Wolf", "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541. Preachers and composers of the 18th century, including J. S. Bach", "56f88025aef237190062611e": "in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation.", "56f88025aef237190062611f": "four of eight", "56f88025aef2371900626120": "four of eight", "56f88025aef2371900626121": "24", "56f88025aef2371900626122": "Erfurt Enchiridion", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Christ lag", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "early as possibly 1707", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "early as possibly 1707", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "Bible passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "Bible passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "threatened by the torments and punishments of hell", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "Bible passages, such as the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments", "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "heaven", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Johann Gerhard. Lessing", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Johann Gerhard", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Johann Gerhard.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "1755", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "anima non sic dormit", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "1867", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Francis Blackburne", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "this life", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "1529", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Hesse", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "doctrinal unity", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen points out of fifteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "fourteen", "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "This cup is the new covenant in my blood", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ", "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "Hoc est corpus meum", "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "Real Presence of the body and blood", "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "1530", "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "John of Saxony", "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse", "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Brandenburg-Ansbach", "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "Lutheran scholarship", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "reason", "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "His Word, are in presence of reason sheerly impossible", "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason", "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "God", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "hardline against Judaism", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "mistreatment of the Jews", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "the kind of venom", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "1523", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "1518", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "the Qur'an", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "the Turk", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "the Turk", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "the Turk", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "the papacy and other false Christians", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "God's moral law", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "God's wrath to Christians. Based on this sermon and others by Agricola, Luther suspected that Agricola", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "God's moral law", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "C.", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "one hand", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "work sorrow", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "antinomians", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation. Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians", "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "tantamount", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "a Christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "his eternal will", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "positively teach how the Christian ought to live. This has traditionally been called the \"third use of the law", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments", "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "Luther, also Christ's life, when understood as an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "the sacrament of baptism", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "angel-like life", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear eschatological overtones", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "keep the marriage", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "bigamy", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "Melanchthon and Bucer", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "Martin Brecht, \"giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse", "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "he miscalculated the political implications. The affair caused lasting damage", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "ninety years earlier. He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "the Jews", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "murder of Christ", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "murder of Christ", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "1543", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "envenomed worms", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "rabbis from preaching, seizing Jews' property and money, and smashing up their homes, so that these \"envenomed worms", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "that priest whose name was Martin Luther\u2014may his body and soul be bound up in hell!\u2014who wrote and issued many heretical books", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "the city of Strasbourg", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "Rosheim", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "Luther's anti-Jewish", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "1580s", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther was the most widely read author of his generation, and within Germany", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "ideal underpinning\" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "Jews", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Reinhold Lewin", "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "editor", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "17 December 1941", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Kristallnacht", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "The German people", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "yellow badge", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "racial antisemitism", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "salvation and a racial ideology", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "modern hatred of the Jews", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in German history", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "One could wish that Luther had died", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews as an ethnic group\u2014their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "Paul Rose", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "German culture and national identity", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Paul", "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Jews as an ethnic group\u2014their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "vulgarity and violence\" for effect", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "vulgarity and violence\" for effect, both in his writings condemning the Jews", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "vulgarity", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "Jews", "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "Mark U. Edwards in his book Luther's Last Battles: Politics", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1980s", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "Martin Luther's statements against the Jews", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1928-1933", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "kidney and bladder stones", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "bigamy of the Philip of Hesse", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "kidney and bladder stones", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further. The years of struggle with Rome, the antagonisms", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "harsher", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical health made him short-tempered", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "short-tempered", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Katharina", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "three", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "Eisleben", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "15 February 1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "Eisleben", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "15 February 1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "1545", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "1546", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "his siblings' families", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "17 February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "God for revealing his Son", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "died", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February 1546", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "Wittenberg", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from \"We are beggars", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "German", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "We are beggars", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "frail Catholic saints", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "a stout man with a \"double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "squat neck", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "Protestantism", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "1530s and 1540s", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "18 February", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "historical political divisions", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "10", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "historical political divisions", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "historical political divisions", "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "greater Southern California Megaregion", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "11", "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "Tijuana", "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana", "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Greater San Diego", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "over 22 million", "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "over four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million", "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area", "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "over 22 million", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "the Colorado River", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "the Colorado River", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Mexico", "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "Los Angeles and San Diego", "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "1,307,402", "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "Los Angeles", "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the country's largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621", "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Orange", "5705e99452bb891400689689": "United States", "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "top 15", "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15", "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures", "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles", "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers", "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "music", "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers", "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "skateboard culture. Companies such as Volcom, Quiksilver", "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Volcom, Quiksilver", "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "surf spots are in southern California as well, including Trestles, Rincon", "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "southern California as well, including Trestles, Rincon, The Wedge, Huntington Beach, and Malibu", "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "America's Cup", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "desert city of Palm Springs", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "San Jose", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "around 11 miles (18", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "ten", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "southern California", "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "southern California", "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "Alta California. Following the acquisition of California by the United States", "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Californios of Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles", "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Californios of Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles", "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "Missouri Compromise", "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "southern California", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "quitable taxes", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "southern California attempted three times", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "75%", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "75%", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "John B. Weller", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1999", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1999", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "Imperial", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven", "5705f36452bb891400689718": "the Automobile Club", "5705f36452bb891400689719": "northern, central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State Automobile Association", "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "northern, central, and southern California regions", "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "South of the Tehachapis", "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "north Los Angeles County and eastern Kern", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "Northeastern megalopolis", "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis", "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "megalopolis", "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "San Diego\u2013Tijuana", "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Camp Pendleton", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "San Bernardino and Riverside County areas", "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "the United States", "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "Los Angeles County. While many commute to L.A. and Orange Counties", "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "exurbs formed in the Antelope Valley north of Los Angeles, the Victor Valley and the Coachella Valley with the Imperial Valley", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "Southern California have Mediterranean", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90-60's", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "70-50's", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60's", "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Pacific Ocean islands", "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "topographic, and natural ecosystem", "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains", "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive", "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "Northridge", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "over $20 billion", "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "San Andreas Fault", "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "6.7", "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "6.7", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "USGS", "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "Elsinore Fault Zone", "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "hub of economic activity", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "economic activity", "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "economic activity", "570603c475f01819005e7882": "22,680,010", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "high growth rates, southern California's rate", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7886": "tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento", "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "Greater Los Angeles Area at 17,786,419, and San Diego\u2013Tijuana", "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Southern Border", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles", "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "southern California there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000", "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "twelve", "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000", "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "San Bernardino and Riverside", "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics", "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood", "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "housing crash.", "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "diverse", "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "bubble 2001", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "1920s", "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "major factor", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "citrus", "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "citrus", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries. In one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S., cattle and citrus", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Central business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Santa Monica", "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "San Fernando Valley", "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district", "57060df252bb891400689820": "business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", "57060df252bb891400689821": "San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", "57060df252bb891400689822": "Financial Centre", "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University of California, Irvine", "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "Irvine Tech Center", "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts", "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine", "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights", "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights", "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792b": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third", "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "Six of the seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six of the seven", "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Orange counties directly", "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Long Beach", "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Long Beach", "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Los Angeles", "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast", "5706139252bb891400689865": "descriptor", "5706139252bb891400689866": "Claremont Colleges (Claremont McKenna College, Harvey Mudd College", "5706139252bb891400689867": "5", "5706139252bb891400689868": "5", "5706143575f01819005e7950": "Professional sports", "5706143575f01819005e7951": "MLB", "5706143575f01819005e7952": "NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "MLB", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "LA Galaxy", "5706149552bb891400689880": "Chivas", "5706149552bb891400689881": "two", "5706149552bb891400689882": "2005", "5706149552bb891400689883": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center", "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "College sports", "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "southern California. The UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans", "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "USC Trojans", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "USC Trojans", "5706155352bb891400689894": "Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport", "5706155352bb891400689895": "high school level", "5706155352bb891400689896": "rugby", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014", "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "Sky Deutschland", "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Sky plc", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2007\u201308 season. In May 2006", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "\u00a31.3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid \u00a34", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "BSkyB's monopoly", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a31.3bn.", "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "ONdigital consortium", "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "ONdigital", "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three", "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "ITV, Channel 4 and National Grid Wireless", "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "Sky", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "2007", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "BSkyB", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "January 2010", "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "non-HD variant of its Multiroom", "57094d489928a8140047150a": "NDS", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "NDS", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "Cisco Systems", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", "57094d489928a8140047150e": "PVR", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "BSkyB", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "NTL and Telewest", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "BSkyB denied, on the basis that their new deal offered \"substantially more value\" by including HD channels and Video On Demand", "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "1 March 2007. Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price for the channels", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement", "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "BSkyB and Microsoft announced their settlement", "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "rename its SkyDrive cloud storage service after an unspecified \"reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand,\" plus", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch", "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "Sky", "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband internet services", "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router", "57096505ed30961900e84083": "Bluetooth", "57096505ed30961900e84084": "Bluetooth", "57096505ed30961900e84085": "2016", "57096505ed30961900e84086": "2015", "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "DVB-compliant MPEG-2", "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "Dolby Digital soundtracks", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "MPEG-4", "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "MPEG-4", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "MPEG-4", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "Eurobird 1", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "Eutelsat's Eurobird 1 (now Eutelsat 33C) at 28.5\u00b0E", "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds", "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "28.5\u00b0E", "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "22 May 2006", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "40,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "BSkyB", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "4,222,000", "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "8 February 2007", "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "8 February 2007", "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "digital terrestrial platform", "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media", "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "English Premier League Football", "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription (known as free-to-view", "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription", "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz", "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "Ku band LNB", "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "autumn of 1991", "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "BSkyB", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a318m", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "BSkyB", "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a334", "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "com", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "\u00a315\u2013100,000", "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "BSkyB", "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG", "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "EPG", "57097051ed30961900e84132": "1998", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Sky", "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Active", "57097051ed30961900e84135": "Active", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "100,000", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin Media", "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "4", "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "BBC", "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "locked up\" or otherwise withheld from their platform, although Virgin Media did in fact have an option to carry Channel 4", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", "57097b50200fba140036804e": "36%", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "August 2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", "57097b50200fba1400368051": "BSkyB", "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "alcohol, tobacco and gambling", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "essentials", "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "subscription to BSkyB was \u2018often damaging\u2019, along with alcohol, tobacco and gambling", "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "BSkyB", "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "\u00a330m", "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "BSkyB", "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "BSkyB. As part of the agreements, both BSkyB and Virgin Media", "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "BSkyB", "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "BSkyB", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "Melbourne Cricket Ground", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "Ireland and China", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "New South Wales", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "New South Wales", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1,000", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "cramped and unsanitary; an outbreak of typhoid", "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "new multi-member", "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "eight", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "five", "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "44", "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "44 to 40", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "the environmentalist Australian Greens", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "The Greens", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "the environmentalist Australian Greens", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Buddhism", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "61.1%", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Melbourne", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "second", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "second-most populous", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne", "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Bass Strait and Tasmania", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "Koori", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1803", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "New South Wales", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "New South Wales", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "1803", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "33% for barley and 7%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "33%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "33% for barley and 7%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "United Kingdom Parliament", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "United Kingdom", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum", "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "Act 1855", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32 \u00b0C", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "semi-deserts", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "2\u20137 \u00b0C", "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "on 7 February 2009", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "Jewish and Islamic primary and secondary schools", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Islamic primary and secondary schools", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "extra costs are levied", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Jewish and Islamic primary and secondary schools", "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "Protestant churches", "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "major car brands Ford", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "February 2014", "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "May 2013", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "2017", "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Victorian", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "1,986 m (6,516 ft). There are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "1,986 m (6,516 ft", "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "1,986", "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "river", "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "helmeted honeyeater", "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system", "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "Great Dividing Range mountain system", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west", "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "\u221211", "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "10.9", "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Victorian Government", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne\u2014Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "Victorian Government", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "CFCL Australia", "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "Great Southern Rail", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "37", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "the Legislative Council", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "the Legislative Council", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1 July 1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1 July 1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "shallow alluvial goldfield in the world\" and the largest gold nugget", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "540,000", "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "540,000", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools. More than 462,000", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63,519", "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria", "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "2.2 million", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds", "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "Asia", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "broad gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "broad gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "mountainous areas", "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "1,435", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New Holland", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "New Holland", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "New South Wales", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1854", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "the government of Victoria", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "armed rebellion", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "political party or coalition", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "managing areas of government", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "$8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17% to $8.7 billion", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "60%", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "large-scale livestock and grain productions", "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "60%", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "big part in tourism", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island", "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Bright Autumn Festival", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "southern and central parts of France", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "two million", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1598", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes", "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes", "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "France", "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power", "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "1560", "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "the Protestant movement", "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1487", "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "1487", "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "Paris", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "royal army", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "royal army in 1622", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "1622", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "1598", "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Cape of Good Hope", "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Cape of Good Hope", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "Maria de la Queillerie", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Maria de la Queillerie", "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1671", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1628", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "Bushwick", "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Manhattan on Long Island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbor at the end of Newtown Creek", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Pons in France, was among the first to settle there. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Pons", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "1685", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "North America", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "the League of Augsburg", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Dutch Republic", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "1672", "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Louis XIV", "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "1620s", "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Louis XIV", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted, roughly 500,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "The Catholic Church", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "Bartholomew's Day", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "5,000 to 30,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "political reasons for this as well, as some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power", "57108073b654c5140001f927": "a decade following the death of Henry IV", "57108073b654c5140001f926": "southwestern France", "57108073b654c5140001f928": "Louis XIII", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "Louis XIII", "57108073b654c5140001f925": "the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority. The uprising", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "one million", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", "57108198b654c5140001f939": "C\u00e9vennes mountain region", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes mountain region", "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "C\u00e9vennes mountain region", "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "Staten Island", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "New Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street Historic District", "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "New Paltz", "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "New Rochelle", "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "Staten Island", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the Dutch Republic", "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "75,000", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "ca. 2 million", "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Frisia", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "Edict of Nantes", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "haunted", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "King Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "Purgatory came back to harm the living at night. It was in this place in Tours that the pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s", "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "night. It was in this place in Tours", "571090abb654c5140001f995": "Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor", "571090abb654c5140001f996": "the river", "571090abb654c5140001f997": "the Walloons", "571090abb654c5140001f998": "Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor", "571090abb654c5140001f999": "the river", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "Cork City", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "the Huguenot District and French Church Street", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "France created a brain drain", "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain", "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "non-Catholics", "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "religious dissenters. By the time of the French and Indian War", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759-60", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "religious and political freedom within their domains. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "France", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "disastrous", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "Those Huguenots who stayed in France became Catholics and were called \"new converts", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "Virginia", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "Fort Coligny", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "1555", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Fort Coligny", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1560", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "death", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Blignaut, Cilliers, de Klerk", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "Western Cape", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Western Cape province", "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Blignaut, Cilliers, de Klerk", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Henry Laurens", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Henry Laurens", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Manakin Episcopal Church", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "East Midlands", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Bucks", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a \"combination of Mechlin patterns", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "eighteenth century", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "Napoleon", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1806-07", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Berlin", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "France", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "England", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the rugged C\u00e9vennes region in the south. In the early 18th century, a regional group known as the Camisards", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "1702 and 1709", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Jacksonville", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "Fort Caroline", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "September 1565", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Charlesfort on Parris Island", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "1564", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "War", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "Powhatan", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "Virginia", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "Manakintown", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. Of the original 390", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "12 May 1705", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568\u20131609", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Prinsenhof", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "William the Silent", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "Ireland", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Lortie", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "50,000 Protestant Walloons", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "the Irish linen industry", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "William of Orange", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Ludwig von Nassau", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "1604", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1604", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "the Palatinate", "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia", "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "South Africa", "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "the Dutch East Indies", "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "Hugues hypothesis", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Janet Gray", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "association with Hugues Capet", "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "Hugues hypothesis\" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Jacques Lefevre", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "France", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "1523", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation, establishing a Protestant government in Geneva. Jean Cauvin", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "Bishop of Rome", "57111428b654c5140001faff": "August", "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre", "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "3,000", "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "1573", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "25,000", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions. Escalating, he instituted dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "closed Huguenot schools", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions. Escalating, he instituted dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "dragonnades", "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York", "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "north shore of Long Island Sound", "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor", "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "north shore of Long Island Sound", "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "nineteenth", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, E.I. du Pont", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "French first names and surnames", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "Eleutherian gunpowder mills", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre Bayle", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rotterdam", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Historical and Critical Dictionary. It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "US Library", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Dutch Sint Nicolaas", "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "The French Protestant Church", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square", "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Soho Square. Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1724", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "St. Peter and St. Paul, Angerm\u00fcnde) by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Edict of Potsdam", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Angerm\u00fcnde", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Angerm\u00fcnde) by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Galland", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "ace Adolf Galland", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Arnauld de la Peri\u00e8re. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Federal Minister", "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "solar power, nuclear power", "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Rankine", "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "steam within a boiler", "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "steam within a boiler", "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Steam engines are external combustion engines", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "steam pump", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Papin. Newcomen", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "north-east England", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February 1804", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "Trevithick", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "south Wales", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "south", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "steam jet", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "steam jet", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "the 1850s", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "steam jet", "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "steam jet", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "three or four", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "Olympic class", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "late 19th century", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "4-cylinder", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Olympic", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "various other issues including leakage", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Joy", "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "little effect", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "little effect", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect", "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "little effect", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "10,000", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "stationary steam engine", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "1690", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Giovanni Branca", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered \"engines\" known were, like the aeolipile", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629", "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "Steam engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "expansions", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "reciprocating (piston) steam engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "Steam engines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "steam engine", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "late part of the 19th century", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "rotary", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "geothermal energy, solar energy", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "variously combustion chamber", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "toy steam", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "steam engine", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Porter", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "Richard", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "London", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "90\u00b0", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "90\u00b0", "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "double expansion group is duplicated, producing a 4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180\u00b0", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "one rotation of the crank and two", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes", "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "steam intake", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "steam flow", "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "steam flow", "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine", "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "trunnion", "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "pivot mounting (trunnion", "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "toys and models", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "open loop", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "hydrocarbons", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "open loop", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "42%", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "565 \u00b0C", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "around 30 \u00b0C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63%", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "42%", "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "565 \u00b0C", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "Steam engines", "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "railway locomotives, ships, steamboats", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "Stanley Steamer", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "powering pumping stations", "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "mills and mines", "571153422419e3140095557d": "edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway", "571153422419e3140095557e": "Matthew Murray", "571153422419e3140095557f": "railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway", "571153422419e31400955580": "edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway", "571153422419e31400955581": "edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf", "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British engineer", "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "steam", "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "steam requires a larger cylinder", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", "571154c72419e31400955588": "Turbinia", "571154c72419e31400955589": "Turbinia", "571154c72419e3140095558a": "electric generators", "571154c72419e3140095558b": "Turbinia), steam turbines", "571155ae2419e31400955591": "Rankine", "571155ae2419e31400955592": "steam power", "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", "571155ae2419e31400955594": "coal and nuclear power plants", "571155ae2419e31400955595": "Scottish", "571156152419e3140095559b": "steam engine's energy efficiency", "571156152419e3140095559f": "25 million", "571156152419e3140095559e": "steam engine's energy efficiency", "571156152419e3140095559d": "94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million", "571156152419e3140095559c": "Watt", "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "electric motors", "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "steam engines", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines", "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "John Smeaton", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "water pump", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "1698", "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Bento", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Richard Trevithick", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "Around 1800", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "small enough for transport", "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines", "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Energiprojekt AB in Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "27-30%", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "27-30%", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27-30%", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "boiler via a pump", "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal. The resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink", "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "3600 cubic metres", "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "James Watt for use on a steam engine", "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "Boulton", "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building", "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "steam engine", "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "speed change", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", "57115e532419e314009555b0": "railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge", "57115e532419e314009555b1": "loading gauge", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", "57115e532419e314009555b3": "railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually \"shortening the cutoff", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "kick back", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "short cutoff", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "one direction", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Spanish", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "1698", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1698", "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1698", "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "steam turbine consists of one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft", "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "steam flow", "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "electric motors", "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "steam turbine plant", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "Advanced Steam movement", "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "steam turbine plant, so that indirectly the world's industry is still dependent on steam power", "571161092419e314009555d7": "steam engine", "571161092419e314009555d8": "valve gear", "571161092419e314009555d9": "steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1763\u20131775", "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "coal as John Smeaton", "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "Boulton", "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "partial vacuum", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two", "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "valve", "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "steam pressure. Early valves", "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents", "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "Corliss steam engine", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "Rumford medal", "571163172419e314009555e7": "steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine", "571163172419e314009555e8": "Joseph Black", "571163172419e314009555e9": "steam engine", "571163172419e314009555ea": "Joseph Black", "571163172419e314009555eb": "steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered latent heat", "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "3% of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency", "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "relatively little work is required to drive the pump", "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1% to 3%", "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500", "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "to supply water", "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "vaporisation", "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism", "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "bunker) to the firebox. See: Mechanical stoker", "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "dreadno", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "dreadnought battleships", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", "571166352419e314009555f1": "nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f2": "steam drives a turbo generator", "571166352419e314009555f3": "steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission", "571166352419e314009555f4": "Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission", "571166352419e314009555f5": "Sweden", "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "isobaric", "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "the condenser", "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "isobaric (constant pressure) processes", "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isobaric", "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "isothermal", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend, because of fossil-fuel burning", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "oxygen", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "fossil-fuel burning", "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "diatomic gas with the formula O\n2. Diatomic oxygen", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20.8%", "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "Oxygen", "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "O and atomic number 8", "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "fossil-fuel burning", "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen", "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8", "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds", "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxides", "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "atomic number 8", "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "standard temperature and pressure", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "photosynthesis", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "photosynthesis", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen as it is a part of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "photosynthesis", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "mass of living organisms", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "oxygen as it is a part of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "John Mayow", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "container over water caused the water", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "17th century, Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow (1641\u20131679", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "John Mayow", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "just nitroaereus. In one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "17th century", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow (1641\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Joseph Priestley", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "sunlight on mercuric oxide", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "HgO) inside a glass tube", "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "dephlogisticated air", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "mechanics, Philo of Byzantium", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "Philo of Byzantium", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "Philo of Byzantium", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "classical element fire", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "umatica", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "classical element fire", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "heat", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "perchlorates", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "the oxidant", "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel, but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "oxidant", "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "oxidant", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion. Oxygen is the oxidant", "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "peroxides", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "Steel pipes and storage vessels", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "Steel pipes and storage", "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "pure O\n2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the 1\u20443", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "ignition sources", "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "Apollo 1", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "silicates of magnesium and iron", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "oxygen compounds", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock", "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "magnesium and iron", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "atomic mass of oxygen", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "atomic mass of oxygen", "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "wood or coal", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "phlogiston; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "phlogiston; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "metals", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on observations of what happens when something burns", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "double bond", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals", "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1777", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1777", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Antoine Lavoisier", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Antoine Lavoisier", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "triplet electronic ground state. An electron configuration", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "most organic molecules", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O\n2 molecule", "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "spin triplet state", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "tin and air were heated in a closed container. He noted that air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "azote (Gk", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O\n2 by ultraviolet", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "O\n2", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "protective radiation shield", "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O\n2 by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "O\n2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxygen, O\n2", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "O2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ\u00b7mol\u22121", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "dioxygen", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "O2 is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "Carl von Linde and British engineer William Hampson", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study. The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1895", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "oxyacetylene welding", "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air", "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "approximately 1 molecule", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "4.95", "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "approximately 1 molecule", "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "0 \u00b0C than at 20 \u00b0C (7.6 mg", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "1015 tonnes).[d] Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "49.2%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "About 0.9%", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "ultraviolet radiation", "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "late 19th century", "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide", "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "physicist Louis Paul Cailletet", "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "sulfur dioxide", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "isotope ratios in the Sun, believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "primordial solar nebula", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "primordial solar nebula", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "isotope ratios in the Sun, believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "the Sun", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "molecular oxygen per se. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "organic molecules", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "photosynthesis", "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "photosynthesis", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Seawater molecules", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "seawater", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "%", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "Seawater molecules", "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "Seawater molecules", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "687 and 760", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "radiance", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "remote sensing", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules. Liquid oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "liquid oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "invading microbes", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "microbes", "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "microbes", "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "54.36 K (\u2212218", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "blue light", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "nitrogen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "fractional distillation of liquefied air. Liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air, using liquid nitrogen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "fractional distillation of liquefied air", "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "O\n2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life", "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life", "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae", "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "algae", "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "nitrates or phosphates", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "3.5 billion years ago", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Paleoproterozoic", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "banded iron formations", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "10%", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "When such oxygen sinks became saturated, free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3\u20132.7 billion years ago", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "biosphere, and the lithosphere", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis", "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "biosphere, and the lithosphere", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "nitrogen gas", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90%", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "nitrogen and delivers a gas stream", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "nitrogen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "90%", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "DC electricity", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "hydrogen and oxygen", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "H2O", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "H2O", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "molecular oxygen and hydrogen", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "recreational", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "pharmacological effect", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "pharmacological effect", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "pharmacological effect is doubtful", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "pharmacological effect", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "gas gangrene", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "Increased O\n2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "decompression sickness", "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "gas gangrene", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "oxygen supplementation", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "blood flow", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "O\n2 from the air", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "gaseous oxygen", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "thin film of oxide", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "thin film of oxide", "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "depressurization. Sudden cabin pressure loss activates", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "O\n2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization. Sudden cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators", "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "sodium chlorate inside the canister. A steady stream of oxygen", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 \u00b0C", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "a liquid in specially insulated tankers", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "gaseous oxygen", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "gaseous oxygen", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "oxygen are (where \"R\" is an organic group): alcohols", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\" is an organic group", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "oxygen", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "organic group): alcohols", "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\" is an organic group): alcohols (R-OH); ethers", "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "organic compounds", "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "squalene and the carotenes, contain no oxygen. Of the organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates", "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "biological relevance, carbohydrates", "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "amino acids, and proteins", "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "carbohydrates", "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "fibrosis", "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "O\n2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis", "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160 kPa", "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "fibrosis", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "fibrosis", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "low total pressures", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "about 30 kPa (1.4 times", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30 kPa (1.4 times", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits, the O\n2 partial pressure", "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "O\n2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting O\n2", "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals", "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50%", "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "about 50% oxygen composition", "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "mechanical ventilators", "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "US$3 per barrel", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "second oil shock", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "OPEC plus Egypt and Syria", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "major impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United States foreign policy", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "pull back", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "January 18, 1974", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "March 1974", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "August 15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "fall according to market demand", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "floating the pound sterling", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "August 15, 1971", "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "real income decreased", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "two percent", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1971", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1973\u20131974", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "1971", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October 6, 1973", "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "ten", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter", "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "oil prices", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "posted price of oil by 70%", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "October 16, 1973", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "bargo, a cut in production by five percent from September's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "Libya", "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "over 100 billion dollars", "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "Islam", "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Western demand. Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East", "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "shrinking Western demand", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "Wahhabism", "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "price disruptions", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "USSR", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Kissinger", "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "embargo had a negative influence on the US economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to U.S. energy security", "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. The embargo left oil companies", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts", "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "five to ten years", "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "the Netherlands", "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "Arabs", "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "UK", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Israel, and Harold Wilson's government supported the Israelis during the Six-Day War. His successor, Ted Heath", "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Harold Wilson", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "UK", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374 became a major factor in the change of government", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "1973\u201374", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Germany", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil. The Netherlands", "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "old oil", "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "scarcity", "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "greater scarcity", "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "greater scarcity. The rule also discouraged development of alternative energies. The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration. Scarcity was addressed by rationing", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "1973", "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "Federal Energy Office", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "55 mph", "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "Strategic Petroleum Reserve", "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "National Energy Act of 1978.[citation needed] On November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "November 28, 1995", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National Energy Act of 1978", "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels", "572650325951b619008f6faa": "entrepreneurship and innovation", "572650325951b619008f6fab": "congresses", "57265200708984140094c237": "American occupation would need to last 10 years as the West developed alternative energy sources, and would result in the \u2018total alienation\u2019 of the Arabs", "57265200708984140094c238": "Edward Heath", "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", "57265200708984140094c23a": "Lord Cromer revealed Schlesinger", "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Middle East", "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "panic", "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 22", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "December 25", "57265526708984140094c2bd": "The USSR's invasion of Afghanistan", "57265526708984140094c2be": "American security assurances", "57265526708984140094c2bf": "Saudi Arabia", "57265526708984140094c2c0": "1979", "57265526708984140094c2c1": "December of the same year. In November 2010", "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210", "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "American V8 and six cylinder engines. Japanese", "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8", "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "American V8 and six cylinder engines. Japanese", "572659535951b619008f703f": "1981", "572659535951b619008f7040": "Toyota Corona Mark II", "572659535951b619008f7041": "Toyota Corona Mark II", "572659535951b619008f7042": "Toyota Corona Mark II", "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Dodge D-50", "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "oil crisis", "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi rebranded its Forte as the Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis", "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Ford Ranger", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales", "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "four", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1985, the average American vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon, compared to 13.5 in 1970", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "Chevrolet", "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Thunderbird", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1979", "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "downs", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1979", "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers. The world price, which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis", "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s to less than $10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation", "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "Project Apollo, was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1962\u201366). The first manned flight of Apollo was in 1968", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy", "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "three", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "74", "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Skylab", "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "Soviet Union", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Skylab", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "Apollo 1 cabin fire", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "Budget cuts", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "Five of the remaining six", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "an oxygen tank explosion", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "Apollo 8", "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "Apollo 17", "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "382", "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "technology", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Abe Silverstein", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "early 1960", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "1960", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Maxime Faget", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "three", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "Hugh L. Dryden", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "American", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "military power", "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "John F. Kennedy", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "missile gap", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "American", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "one", "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "make a commitment on America's response to the Soviets", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April 20", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "one week", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "maximum effort nor achieving results necessary", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "NASA's Langley Research Center. So Gilruth", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "Langley Research Center", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "Langley Research Center", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Rice University", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Florida", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "north of Canaveral at Merritt Island", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "Kurt H. Debus", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "LOC", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "Kurt H. Debus", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "three", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "OCB) to which Gemini", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "250,000", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "3.7 million cubic meter", "5725c123271a42140099d131": "George E. Mueller", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "July 23, 1963", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Robert Seamans", "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "OMSF program controller", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "Samuel C. Phillips", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "January 1964", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Bernard A. Schriever agreed to loan Phillips to NASA, along with a staff of officers under him, on the condition", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Robert Seamans", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Nicholas E. Golovin", "5725c604271a42140099d186": "Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961", "5725c604271a42140099d187": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Nicholas E. Golovin", "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Golovin", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "manned spaceflight to Kennedy before the President took office, and had opposed the decision to land men on the Moon", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July 11, 1962", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "von Braun", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "no good", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "Grumman as the LEM contractor", "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "lifeboat", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "a \"lifeboat", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "electrical power", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "cislunar", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "cislunar, and lunar landing missions. Once Kennedy's Moon landing goal became official, detailed design began of a Command/Service Module", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "three", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "conical crew cabin", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "conical crew cabin", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "Parachutes", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "11.42 feet", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "high-gain S-band", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "Command Module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "54,000", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "scientific instrument package", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "North American Aviation", "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "twice", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "two", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth, its fuselage", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "approximately 33", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "33,300 pounds (15,100 kg), and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours", "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Marshall Space Flight Center", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962", "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "1964 and 1965", "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101", "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "translunar environment", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "Saturn IB", "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "1,600,000", "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "890 kN) of thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB", "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "890", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon.", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "33,400", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "liquid hydrogen", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Earth orbit CSM", "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "two landings on Apollo 11", "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Harrison Schmitt", "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Apollo 11", "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "Harrison Schmitt", "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "8", "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "1969", "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "Apollo 8 onward", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "1966", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "4,577", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "4,577 nautical miles", "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "Command Module heat shield", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "fishbow", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "fishbowl", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "AS-207/208, or AS-278", "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Grissom", "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Gemini and Apollo programs", "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "1966", "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Donn F. Eise", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "Apollo crew", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft. Its Saturn IB was allocated to the dual mission, now redesignated AS-205/208 or AS-258", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "1967", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "205/208", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "Apollo 1 backup crew.", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "tiger team", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1967", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "George Mueller", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "countdown", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center", "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "January 27, 1967", "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold", "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "forced a hold", "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "100% oxygen", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "workmanship and quality control", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.", "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "flammable cabin and space suit materials. The Block II", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "causes of the fire", "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen", "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "Saturn V validation; B was unmanned LM validation using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM Earth orbit validation", "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary", "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary", "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM", "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "reentry", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "April 4, 1968", "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "simulated direct-return abort", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "Apollo 5", "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "Saturn IB", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "Grumman", "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1. The LM engines", "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "fire", "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "LM", "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Saturn IBs", "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "10", "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "bold step", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "Apollo 8", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "Sea of Tranquility", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July 1969", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "black-and-white", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "July 1969", "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe", "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe", "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "Command Module Pilot was Gemini veteran Richard F. Gordon, Jr. Conrad and Bean", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "CSM and LM", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "eight", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "over three days", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "mass of the CSM and LM", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "life boat", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "Apollo 13 launched Lovell, Jack Swigert", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "a liquid oxygen tank exploded", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "oxygen tank", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "1970", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "Saturn IB", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "20", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "radiometric dating techniques", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "4.6 billion years", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "geochemical component called KREEP", "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "geochemical component called KREEP", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "shock waves", "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "shock waves", "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$170 billion", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "15", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "$20.4 billion", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "Apollo X", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "CSM as a ferry to the station. This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop", "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "solar telescope observatory", "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "February 8, 1974", "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "Apollo Telescope Mount", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "February 8, 1974", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "Apollo Telescope Mount", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "orbiting 50 kilometers", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "Apollo missions were found to still be standing, with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11", "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "Apollo missions were found to still be standing, with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "Apollo 8", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "on Christmas Eve", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "one-quarter", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas", "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Apollo TV camera", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "magnetic telemetry", "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives", "5725f239271a42140099d360": "massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives", "5725f239271a42140099d361": "NASA", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "Nafzger", "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "Apollo 11", "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "black and white", "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger", "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "black and white", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "Treaties establishing the European Union", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "Treaties establishing the European Union", "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "Secondary sources", "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect", "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "the Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives", "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources include regulations and directives", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "Treaties establishing the European Union", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "the European Parliament", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three sources", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "the Functioning of the European Union", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed", "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "the Functioning of the European Union", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "European Union law is applied by the courts of member states", "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Central Bank", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "Commission oversees departments and various agencies", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "Presidents", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "Presidents of the member states. It appoints the Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank", "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "Commissioners and the board of the European Central Bank", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "Treaty on European Union (TEU", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "Gibraltar", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "direct effect", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "no longer apply", "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "on European Union", "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "metropolitan territories of the member states, as well as certain islands and overseas territories, including Madeira, the Canary Islands", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "All EU member states", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "coal and steel", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1994", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "Nice 2001 and the Treaty of Lisbon 2007. Since its establishment, more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties, from the UK, Ireland", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "coal and steel, and then atomic energy", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1992", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1986", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1972", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "2013", "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "2004", "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "the Netherlands", "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force", "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "constitutional law of the European Union", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "constitutional law", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "constitutional law", "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "European Commission", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "Commissioner for each of the 28 member states, including the President and the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "17", "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote", "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Mogherini", "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Jean-Claude Juncker) sets the agenda for the EU's work. Decisions are taken by a simple majority vote", "572691545951b619008f76e3": "promote the general interest", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", "572691545951b619008f76e5": "The European Commission", "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "\u20ac60m bribe in connection with a Tobacco Products Directive. Beyond the Commission, the European Central Bank", "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Edith Cresson", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice", "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "John Dalli, who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a \u20ac60m", "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "\u20ac60m bribe in connection with a Tobacco Products Directive. Beyond the Commission, the European Central Bank has relative executive autonomy", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Edith Cresson", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Edith Cresson where the European Court of Justice", "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "European Anti-fraud Office", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "kratia", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "polities within all European member states: under TEU article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "five years", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "one million", "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "proportional representation", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "kratia", "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "European Union", "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1999", "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "five years", "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "democratic polities within all European member states", "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "ministers", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk", "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352", "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "European Council\" (a distinct body) that the TEU", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352", "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "European Council", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "all MEPs", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "a majority of all MEPs", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "The essence is there are three readings", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "Commission", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "a majority in the Commission", "572695285951b619008f774b": "294", "572695285951b619008f774c": "Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes", "572695285951b619008f774d": "Commission", "572695285951b619008f774e": "Commission", "572658435951b619008f7025": "European Union (CJEU", "572658435951b619008f7026": "CJEU", "572658435951b619008f7027": "one judge from each member state, 28", "572658435951b619008f7028": "European Union (CJEU", "572658435951b619008f7029": "more public importance, and a General Court that deals with issues of detail", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "Today the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "CJEU", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Bundesgerichtshof", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "28", "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "more public importance, and a General Court that deals with issues of detail", "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "national law, then EU law has primacy", "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "primacy", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1964 and 1968", "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "Costa", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1964", "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Costa v ENEL", "572699db5951b619008f7799": "EU law takes primacy", "572699db5951b619008f779a": "foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights. In the United Kingdom, the basic principle is that Parliament", "572699db5951b619008f779c": "United Kingdom", "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "locus standi", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "European Union's governance structure, administrative law binds EU institutions and member states to follow the law. Both member states and the Commission", "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "European Union", "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "EU law has primacy", "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "Gend en Loos", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "expressly\" confer a right on citizens or companies", "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen it was held that the provisions of the Treaties", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "national authorities the choice of form and methods\" to implement. In part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "4 weeks paid holidays each year, but most member states require more than 28", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "4", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "early 1990s", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "vertical\" direct effect", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "vertical\" direct effect", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "10 years, from age 18 to 28", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc, which made women retire", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "60 and men at 65", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "national courts", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "Spanish", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "Venetian firm", "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "European Court of Justice", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity", "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "When there is a choice between several appropriate measures", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "Article 5", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "onerous", "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s", "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "European Union law", "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "financial obligations", "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "legal certainty prohibits Ex post facto laws, i.e. laws should not take effect before they are published. The doctrine of legitimate expectation", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "constitutional traditions common", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "fundamental rights recognised and protected", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament in 1989 and European Union Treaties.", "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "European Union institutions", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1999", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "December 2007", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "European Union", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "European Union law", "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "European Union has become an integral part of European Union law", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11 of the then 12", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "The UK", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "Social Charter", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1992", "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1996", "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "workforce consultation", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war. Article 65 of the agreement banned cartels", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "covering public undertakings", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1957", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "101", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "price discrimination and exclusive dealing.", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "106 and 107 provide that member state's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed, but that otherwise public enterprises", "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "regulations", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "28", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "physical barriers (e.g. customs), technical barriers (e.g. differing laws on safety, consumer or environmental standards", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "social market economy", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "the Court of Justice", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "be balanced", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "freedom of association is one of the \u2018fundamental pillars", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "sabotage", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Commission v France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries", "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "freedom of association", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "25", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "cocoa butter alone, but British, Danish and Irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "motorcycles", "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "Mithouard", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "best practice", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "presumption that \"selling arrangements\" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers", "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Konsumentombudsmann", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "life goals in any country through free movement", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "European Community", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "social\" Europe", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "irrespe", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "German man claimed the right to residence", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "Weigel v Finanzlandesdirektion f\u00fcr Vorarlberg the Court of Justice rejected Mr Weigel", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "Jean-Marc Bosman", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Bolzano", "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "the Belgian Football Association v Bosman", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "3 and 14", "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "higher education", "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "higher education, along with other forms of vocational training", "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "higher education", "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "higher education", "5726c002708984140094d073": "European Union", "5726c002708984140094d074": "freedom of establishment", "5726c002708984140094d075": "Milan", "5726c002708984140094d076": "freedom of establishment", "5726c002708984140094d077": "Milan", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "shipping toxic waste", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2005", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "German health clinic", "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "National Health Service. Aside from public services", "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "secondary education", "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "freedom (of the German health clinic) to provide services", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "Oktat\u00f3", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "200,000 Danish krone (around \u20ac27,000", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "200,000 Danish krone (around \u20ac27,000", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection. This approach was criticised as potentially opening the EU to unjustified regulatory competition", "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "GmbH", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud", "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "7,000,000", "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "13%", "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "13%, Colombia with 10%", "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "10%", "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "broadleaf forest", "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "broadleaf forest", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "South America", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "10%", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "60%", "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "broadleaf forest", "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "2,700,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "7,000", "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "Selva Amaz\u00f3nica", "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "16,000", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "wetter", "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0", "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Middle Miocene", "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "Middle Miocene", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "far south as 45\u00b0.", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "fluctuations", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the Middle Miocene", "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "66\u201334 Mya, the rainforest extended as far south as 45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "34 million", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "Cretaceous", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "66\u201334 Mya", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "34 million", "5725c071271a42140099d127": "Purus Arch", "5725c071271a42140099d128": "Purus Arch", "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the Andes Mountains rose", "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "5\u201310 million years", "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "the Atlantic", "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "As the Andes Mountains rose", "57283d173acd2414000df790": "Purus Arch", "57283d173acd2414000df791": "Pacific", "57283d173acd2414000df792": "Purus Arch", "57283d173acd2414000df793": "the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solim\u00f5es Basin", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "mid-Eocene", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "Purus Arch", "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "Purus Arch", "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "Purus Arch", "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "deglaciation", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "paleolakes", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "open forest and grassland", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland", "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest", "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000", "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years", "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "paleolakes", "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "paleolakes", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "paleolakes", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "forest and grassland", "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "open forest and grassland", "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "CALIPSO", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "15%", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "1,600 miles (2,600", "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "Atlantic Ocean", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "15%", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "CALIPSO satellite", "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "1,600 miles", "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "1,600 miles", "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%", "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "1,600 miles", "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600", "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "132 million", "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "0.52", "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting, with agriculture", "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "5 million", "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "Betty Meg", "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "0.52", "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "Archeologist Betty Meggers", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia: Man and Culture", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "1 million", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "1540s", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "smallpox", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "0\u20131250", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Orellana", "5729edd56aef051400155113": "1977", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "AD 0\u20131250", "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Dias", "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11", "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management", "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "silviculture", "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "the Xingu", "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Michael Heckenberger", "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest", "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "human management", "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "the Xingu tribe", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Michael Heckenberger", "5729ef266aef051400155120": "human management", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "five", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "2,200", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five", "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40,000", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "378", "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "2.5 million", "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90,790", "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "90,790 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "438,000", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "Ecuador", "5729f2646aef051400155131": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155132": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155133": "90,790 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "438,000", "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "black caiman", "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "piranha", "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "piranha", "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "yellow fever", "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "weed invasion", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "1960s", "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn", "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "slash and burn method. However, the colonists were unable to manage their fields", "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "naked eye", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "227,000", "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "227,000", "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "livestock pasture", "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "et al.", "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91%", "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "transportation", "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "increased settlement and deforestation", "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", "572a020f6aef051400155198": "destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming", "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction of the forest", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "destruction of the forest", "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "about 10%", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37", "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss", "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples", "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "non-human primates", "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "deforestation and ecocide", "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest", "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "lowland South American peoples", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "GPS devices and programs like Google Earth", "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "southern Suriname", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "southern Suriname", "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "remote sensing", "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "conservation of the Amazon", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "forest", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "tree growth stages", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "Kuplich", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "Synthetic aperture radar", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "National Institute of Amazonian Research", "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "tipping point", "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "drought response, coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest", "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "Woods Hole Research Center", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "734,000", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three epicenters", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "1.5", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata", "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "4 ft 11", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "phyla", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "phylum of animals", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "phylum of animals", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11", "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "phylum of animals", "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies", "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11", "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "one phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity", "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "one phylum, Coelenterata", "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata", "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "100\u2013150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25", "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100\u2013150", "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "25", "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100\u2013150", "5725c337271a42140099d164": "deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids", "5725c337271a42140099d165": "100\u2013150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25", "5725c337271a42140099d166": "25", "5725c337271a42140099d167": "spiders", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "100\u2013150 species have been validated, and possibly another 25", "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts, sticky cells", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "spiders", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "wide a range of methods as spiders", "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "25", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "hermaphrodites", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "miniature cydippids", "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "adult size and shape", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "sequential hermaphrodites", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "sequential hermaphrodites", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "rodites", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids", "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "sequential hermaphrodites", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "sequential hermaphrodites", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids", "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "plankton", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "Black Sea", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "phytoplankton", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "Beroe", "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods", "5725c69738643c19005accba": "phytoplankton", "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods", "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "bays", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "bays", "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "copepods", "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "planktonic plants), which are a vital part of marine food chains", "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "Black Sea", "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66 million years ago", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "various cydippids", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "515 million years ago", "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back", "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms, have been found in lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian", "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "Paleogene extinction", "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "various cydippids", "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian", "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "cnidarians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "cnidarians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "cnidarians", "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs", "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "cnidarians", "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "cnidarians", "572647d0708984140094c14b": "mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer", "572647d0708984140094c14c": "diploblastic, along with sponges", "572647d0708984140094c14d": "cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals", "572647d0708984140094c14e": "mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer", "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "locomotion", "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "hairs\") as their main method of locomotion", "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "locomotion", "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "cydippid Pleurobrachia", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid Pleurobrachia", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "Beroe", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "nutritive cells", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "bioluminescence", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "pharynx (\"throat\"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "bioluminescence. The side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "pharynx", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "swimming-plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "swimming-plates", "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "mouth is pointing, unlike jellyfish. When trying to escape predators, one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed", "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "one species can accelerate to six times", "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "2 millimeters (0.079", "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "water of different densities. Their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater", "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "seawater", "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "brackish to full-strength seawater", "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "brackish to full-strength seawater", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "aboral organ", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "mouth", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called \"balancers", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "at the opposite end from the mouth). Its main component is a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "balancers", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "sea gooseberry", "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "egg-shaped", "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "egg-shaped", "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "sea gooseberry", "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "little tentacles\"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "little tentacles", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "three", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "Mexican wave. From each balancer", "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a Mexican wave", "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "muscular, cuplike extensions", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "mouth, many species of lobates", "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "mouth", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "propulsion. Members of the lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "Leucothea has long and active auricles", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "cydippids and beroids", "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "nerves rather than by water disturbances", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "Nuda", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "Nuda", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "lips\" in some species of Beroe, is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "macrocilia", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "macrocilia", "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "The Cestida", "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "warm-temperate waters: Cestum veneris (\"Venus' girdle", "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "ribbon-shaped planktonic animals", "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "can swim by undulating", "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "warm-temperate waters: Cestum veneris", "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "pharynx and using it as a muscular \"foot", "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "muscular \"foot", "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "comb-rows. Platyctenids are usually cryptically colored, live on rocks", "572683075951b619008f7513": "via pores", "572683075951b619008f7514": "fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch", "572683075951b619008f7515": "Mnemiopsis, and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile", "572683075951b619008f7516": "the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis", "572683075951b619008f7517": "epidermis. Fertilization is external in most species, but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs", "572684365951b619008f753f": "tentacle sheaths", "572684365951b619008f7540": "flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae, as they live among the plankton", "572684365951b619008f7541": "Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually", "572684365951b619008f7542": "flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae", "572684365951b619008f7543": "Beroe the juveniles", "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions", "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni", "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "luminesce", "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "will luminesce more brightly", "5726887e708984140094c917": "no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day", "5726887e708984140094c918": "zooplankton (planktonic animals", "5726887e708984140094c919": "stinging cells", "5726887e708984140094c91a": "ambush predators like Salticid jumping spiders", "5726887e708984140094c91b": "cydippid\" Lampea feeds exclusively on salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "organic matter to salt", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "keta", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "organic matter to salt and water", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "flatworms", "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "organic matter to salt and water", "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "drops", "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "accidentally", "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "short-term boost", "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "1993", "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "faster", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "soft tissue", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "prominent vanes", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "early Devonian", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million", "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "soft tissue", "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "about 515 million years ago", "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "Stromatoveris", "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris was an evolutionary", "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "rows of cilia, used for filter feeding. They suggested that Stromatoveris was an evolutionary", "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "about 515 million years ago", "57269016708984140094ca41": "major animal lineages", "57269016708984140094ca42": "muscle cell types were either lost in major animal lineages", "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles", "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "retractable tentacles", "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "2001", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard Harbison", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "San Joaquin Valley", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "220 miles (350 km) northwest of Los Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento, or 185 miles", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "ash tree\"", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin Valley", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "ash tree\"", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "flooding", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1885", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "Millerton", "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7%", "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "today", "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale", "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Pinedale Assembly", "5725d183271a42140099d241": "Pinedale Assembly", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "cardholders to revolve a balance", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "Visa", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Aken", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "neighboring town", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "radio and television show", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Aken", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "Kearney Park", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Chaffee Zoo", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Kearney Park", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "1880s and World War II", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "the Fresno Carnegie Public Library", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the Grand 1401), and the Hughes Hotel", "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "the Hughes Hotel", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Fulton Mall", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "Fulton Mall", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of Fresno, much of the neighborhood is a \"county island", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1970s", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "Fresno County", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P. Bell.", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "north", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1970s", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "Tower Theatre", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Fresno native Audra McDonald", "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "Olive Avenue", "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "a few hundred feet", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "Tower District has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses. Today, the Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "the Tower District is also known as the center of Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "Huntington Boulevard between First Street on the west to Cedar Avenue", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "267", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Huntington Boulevard", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Southwest Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "south of Nielsen Ave", "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "Southwest Fresno", "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Hmong or Laotian", "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "south of Nielsen Ave", "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "Fresno Street", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "tall palm trees", "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "Fresno Street and Thorne Ave", "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven", "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "Fresno Street and Thorne Ave", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "Fresno and B streets", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "Fresno Street and State Route 99 Freeway (Kearney Palm Shopping Center", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "Fresno Chandler", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "low-income", "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph Woodward", "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "0.95 km2), combined with additional acres acquired later by the City, brings the park to a sizable 300", "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "Seven", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "8", "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "April through October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm.", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "William Smilie", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "Sierra Sky Park", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "William Smilie", "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight", "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "July", "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "around 46.5 \u00b0F (8.1 \u00b0C), and there are 14", "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "tule fog. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine", "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "around 11.5 inches (292", "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "115", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "July 8, 1905", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1984", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "115", "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "112.5 mm", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "4,404.5 people per square mile", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "46.9%", "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "68,511 (43.3%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "19.3%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "43.8%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4%", "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "4,097.9", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "149,025", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "8.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "39.9%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2", "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "Federal Communications Commission", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "KMJ-TV", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "June 1, 1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "Fresno television station to begin broadcasting was KMJ-TV", "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "KMJ-TV", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from Atascadero", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from Atascadero", "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "Kings Canyon Freeway", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "SR 99", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "SR 99", "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Santa Fe Railroad Depot", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Fresno", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads cross", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "Southern Pacific branchlines", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fresno", "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Adaptive Message Block", "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense", "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "Adaptive Message Block", "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "coining", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "little resonance", "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Davies", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "communication services", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "cellular communication services", "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time", "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "cellular communication services", "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services", "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time", "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee", "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "10BASE5", "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "10BASE5", "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme", "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "10BASE5", "5726356938643c19005ad300": "10BASE5", "5726356938643c19005ad301": "physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme", "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "distributed adaptive message block", "5726249538643c19005ad080": "distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks", "5726249538643c19005ad081": "survivable communications network", "5726249538643c19005ad082": "survivable communications networks", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "communications network", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "distributed adaptive message block", "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "multiple paths between any two points", "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury", "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Roger Scantlebury", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "a nationwide network", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "ARPANET", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", "5726378238643c19005ad314": "packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network", "5726378238643c19005ad315": "on Operating System Principles", "5726385e271a42140099d797": "transport", "5726385e271a42140099d798": "byte stream", "5726385e271a42140099d799": "byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol, although intermediate network nodes", "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "precludes the need", "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking", "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "Address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase, when the route", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "empty", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "empty", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "empty", "57263b1638643c19005ad335": "empty", "57263b1638643c19005ad334": "empty", "57263b1638643c19005ad336": "empty", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7b": "empty", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7c": "empty", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7d": "empty", "57263c78ec44d21400f3dc7e": "empty", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d": "empty", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8e": "empty", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8f": "empty", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc90": "empty", "57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2": 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