diff --git "a/eval_predictions.json" "b/eval_predictions.json" --- "a/eval_predictions.json" +++ "b/eval_predictions.json" @@ -1,344 +1,344 @@ { - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "Denver Broncos", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Carolina Panthers", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "Santa Clara, California", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "Denver Broncos", - "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "Arabic numerals 50", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Arabic numerals", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ec": "American Football Conference", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ed": "Roman numerals", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ee": "Arabic numerals", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502ef": "Roman numerals", + "56be4db0acb8001400a502f0": "Arabic", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d1": "Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl L\"), so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic", "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d2": "February 7, 2016", - "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Arabic numerals 50", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Arabic numerals", - "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "Arabic numerals 50", + "56be8e613aeaaa14008c90d3": "Roman numerals", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91b9": "Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as \"Super Bowl L\"), so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic", + "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91ba": "Roman numerals", "56bea9923aeaaa14008c91bb": "February 7, 2016", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "Denver Broncos", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Levi's Stadium", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Santa Clara, California", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "Super Bowl L", - "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "2015", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "2016", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Santa Clara, California", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Levi's Stadium", - "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "Arabic numerals 50", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91df": "Roman numerals", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e0": "Arabic numerals", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e1": "Arabic numerals", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e2": "Arabic", + "56beace93aeaaa14008c91e3": "Arabic numerals", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fd": "2015", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94fe": "Arabic numerals", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff": "Arabic numerals", + "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9500": "Arabic numerals", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c9501": "February 7, 2016", "56d20362e7d4791d009025e8": "2016", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "Denver Broncos", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "Carolina Panthers", - "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "Denver Broncos", - "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "2015", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Denver Broncos", - "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "Santa Clara, California", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Super Bowl 50", - "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "Denver Broncos", - "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "quarterback Cam Newton", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025e9": "American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025ea": "the National Football Conference", + "56d20362e7d4791d009025eb": "Roman numerals", + "56d600e31c85041400946eae": "Arabic numerals", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb0": "Roman numerals", + "56d600e31c85041400946eb1": "San Francisco Bay Area", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb50e": "Roman numerals", + "56d9895ddc89441400fdb510": "American Football Conference", + "56be4e1facb8001400a502f6": "Cam Newton", "56be4e1facb8001400a502f9": "eight", "56be4e1facb8001400a502fa": "1995", - "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c2": "Dallas Cowboys", "56beaa4a3aeaaa14008c91c3": "New England Patriots", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona Cardinals", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91e9": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ea": "England Patriots a chance to defend their title from Super Bowl XLIX", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91eb": "Dallas Cowboys", "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ec": "one of four", - "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Cam Newton", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "12\u20134", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Cam Newton", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "12\u20134", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "one of four", - "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "New England Patriots", + "56bead5a3aeaaa14008c91ed": "Newton", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9507": "15\u20131 record, and quarterback Cam Newton was named the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP). They defeated the Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9508": "Dallas Cowboys", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c9509": "15", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950a": "one of four teams that have made eight", + "56bf159b3aeaaa14008c950b": "Dallas Cowboys", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f3": "Cam Newton", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f4": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d2045de7d4791d009025f5": "eight", - "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "Arizona Cardinals", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "Cam Newton", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "Arizona Cardinals", - "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona Cardinals", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "Cam Newton", - "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals", + "56d2045de7d4791d009025f6": "Patriots, Dallas Cowboys", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ebe": "Newton", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec1": "Patriots, Dallas Cowboys", + "56d6017d1c85041400946ec2": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52a": "Newton", + "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52b": "Arizona Cardinals 49\u201315", "56d98a59dc89441400fdb52e": "1995", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "two", - "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "Broncos", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50302": "Newton", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50303": "2\u00bd sacks, and two", + "56be4eafacb8001400a50304": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d2": "Von Miller", - "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "five", + "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d3": "2", "56beab833aeaaa14008c91d4": "Newton", "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f4": "seven", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "three", - "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "two", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f5": "linebacker Von Miller", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f6": "2\u00bd sacks", + "56beae423aeaaa14008c91f7": "2\u00bd sacks", "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9511": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2\u00bd sacks", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "five", - "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "two", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9513": "lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9514": "2\u00bd sacks", + "56bf17653aeaaa14008c9515": "three", "56d204ade7d4791d00902603": "Denver linebacker Von Miller", - "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "2\u00bd sacks", + "56d204ade7d4791d00902604": "five", "56d601e41c85041400946ece": "seven", "56d601e41c85041400946ecf": "seven", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown.", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed0": "Von Miller", "56d601e41c85041400946ed1": "linebacker Von Miller", - "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "Super Bowl MVP", + "56d601e41c85041400946ed2": "five solo tackles", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53b": "seven", - "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "three", + "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53c": "seven", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53d": "linebacker Von Miller", "56d98b33dc89441400fdb53e": "five", "56be5333acb8001400a5030a": "CBS", "56be5333acb8001400a5030b": "$5 million", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "Coldplay", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Super Bowl XLVIII", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "CBS", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030c": "Bruno Mars", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030d": "Bruno Mars", + "56be5333acb8001400a5030e": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fd": "Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91fe": "$5 million", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c91ff": "Bruno Mars", "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9200": "Bruno Mars", - "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "CBS", + "56beaf5e3aeaaa14008c9201": "Bruno Mars", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951b": "Coldplay", "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951c": "$5 million", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "third", - "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "CBS", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951e": "Bruno Mars", + "56bf1ae93aeaaa14008c951f": "CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million", + "56d2051ce7d4791d00902608": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII", "56d2051ce7d4791d00902609": "$5 million", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260a": "Coldplay", "56d2051ce7d4791d0090260b": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "CBS", - "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Coldplay", - "56d602631c85041400946edb": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56d602631c85041400946edc": "Coldplay", + "56d602631c85041400946ed8": "Bruno Mars", + "56d602631c85041400946eda": "Bruno Mars", + "56d602631c85041400946edb": "Bruno Mars", + "56d602631c85041400946edc": "Bruno Mars", "56d98c53dc89441400fdb544": "$5 million", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Coldplay", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", - "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Beyonc\u00e9 and Bruno Mars", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb545": "Bruno Mars", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb546": "Bruno Mars", + "56d98c53dc89441400fdb548": "Bruno Mars", "56be53b8acb8001400a50314": "Roger Goodell", - "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "50th", + "56be53b8acb8001400a50315": "50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", "56be53b8acb8001400a50316": "2012", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9207": "Roger Goodell", "56beafca3aeaaa14008c9208": "early 2012", "56bf42f53aeaaa14008c95a3": "Roger Goodell", "56d2053ae7d4791d00902610": "Roger Goodell", "56d6edd00d65d21400198250": "Roger Goodell", - "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "spectacular", - "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", + "56d6edd00d65d21400198251": "50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", + "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54e": "Roger Goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th Super Bowl \"spectacular", "56d98d0adc89441400fdb54f": "2012", - "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", + "56be5438acb8001400a5031a": "New Orleans", "56be5438acb8001400a5031b": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56be5438acb8001400a5031c": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920b": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56beb03c3aeaaa14008c920d": "Levi's Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9580": "Levi's Stadium", - "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", + "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9581": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56bf3c633aeaaa14008c9582": "Sun Life Stadium", - "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium", + "56d20564e7d4791d00902612": "New Orleans", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198254": "three", - "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "New Orleans", + "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198255": "Miami's Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198256": "Sun Life Stadium", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198257": "New Orleans", "56d6ee6e0d65d21400198258": "Levi's Stadium", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", - "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "Levi's Stadium", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "October 16, 2012", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "10", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "Super Bowl XLIV", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb552": "New Orleans", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb553": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", + "56d98db6dc89441400fdb554": "New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50322": "May 3, 2013", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50323": "two finalists were Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium.", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50324": "10 times", "56be54bdacb8001400a50325": "2010", - "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "1985", + "56be54bdacb8001400a50326": "2010", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921b": "Sun Life Stadium", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921c": "October 16, 2012", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921d": "Stanford Stadium", "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921e": "May 3, 2013", - "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "1985", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "10", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "XLIV", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium", - "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "Levi's Stadium.", - "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "1985", - "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "South Florida/Miami area", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "October 16, 2012", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "10", + "56beb0f43aeaaa14008c921f": "2010", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9525": "two", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9526": "Sun Life Stadium and Levi's Stadium. The South Florida/Miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9528": "two", + "56bf21b43aeaaa14008c9529": "Miami's chances", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198260": "2010", + "56d6ef6a0d65d21400198262": "Florida/Miami area", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb558": "May 3, 2013", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb559": "two", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55a": "New Orleans", "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55b": "1985", - "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "the Florida legislature", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "May 21, 2013", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "owners", - "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "2014", + "56d98f0ddc89441400fdb55c": "Florida legislature", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032c": "1985", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032d": "San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII", + "56be5523acb8001400a5032e": "May 21, 2013", "56be5523acb8001400a5032f": "$1.2 billion", - "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco Bay Area since Super Bowl XIX in 1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego", + "56be5523acb8001400a50330": "San Francisco", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9225": "Boston", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9226": "May 21, 2013", "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9227": "$1.2 billion", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII", - "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco Bay Area", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "2014", - "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "2014", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9228": "Super Bowl XXXVII", + "56beb2153aeaaa14008c9229": "San Francisco", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c952f": "1985", + "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9530": "May 21, 2013", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9531": "$1.2 billion", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9532": "1985", "56bf23363aeaaa14008c9533": "Super Bowl XXXVII", - "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "1985", - "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "2014", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198268": "1985, and the first in California since Super Bowl XXXVII took place in San Diego in 2003", + "56d6f0770d65d21400198269": "May 21, 2013", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826a": "1985", "56d6f0770d65d2140019826c": "Boston", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "May 21, 2013", - "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "2014", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb562": "1985", + "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb563": "May 21, 2013", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb564": "$1.2 billion", "56d98fbfdc89441400fdb565": "1985", "56be572b3aeaaa14008c9052": "John Fox", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c922f": "ten", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "six", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "Denver Broncos", - "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "Super Bowl XXXVIII. Coincidentally, both teams were coached by John Fox in their last Super Bowl appearance prior to Super Bowl 50.", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9230": "six teams to have acquired a 15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four teams to have made eight", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9231": "John Fox", + "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9232": "Super Bowl XLVIII", "56beb2a03aeaaa14008c9233": "John Fox", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "eight", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c9539": "second Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953a": "six", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "Super Bowl XXXVIII", - "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "six", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "number one", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "number one", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "John Fox", - "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "John Fox", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953c": "Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56bf28c73aeaaa14008c953d": "15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198272": "Super Bowl", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198273": "Super Bowl appearance in three years, having reached Super Bowl XLVIII", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198274": "Super Bowl 50.", + "56d6f1190d65d21400198275": "Super Bowl 50", "56d6f1190d65d21400198276": "six", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "one", - "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "six teams to have acquired a 15\u20131 record, while the Denver Broncos became one of four", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56c": "three", + "56d99179dc89441400fdb56d": "three", "56d99179dc89441400fdb570": "John Fox", - "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "DeAngelo Williams", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c9058": "2011 Green Bay Packers. With their NFC-best 15\u20131", "56be59683aeaaa14008c9059": "Kelvin Benjamin", - "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "1978.", + "56be59683aeaaa14008c905a": "eight", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923d": "1978", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "Carolina Panthers", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "Ten", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923e": "Saints and the 2011 Green Bay Packers", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c923f": "eight", "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9240": "eight", - "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Kelvin Benjamin", + "56beb3083aeaaa14008c9241": "Carolina Panthers", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9543": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9544": "1978", - "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "2011", + "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9545": "1978", "56bf2afe3aeaaa14008c9547": "torn ACL", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827c": "Kelvin Benjamin", - "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo Williams", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827d": "DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers", "56d6f2000d65d2140019827e": "1978", - "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "Ten", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Carolina Panthers", + "56d6f2000d65d2140019827f": "eight", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb576": "Orleans Saints", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb577": "1978", - "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "Carolina Panthers", + "56d9943fdc89441400fdb578": "Green Bay Packers", "56d9943fdc89441400fdb57a": "eight", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "six", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "45", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "10", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "27", - "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Greg Olsen", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "45", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99.4", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "77", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "39 receptions", - "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "Cam Newton", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "six", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Cam Newton", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", - "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "45", - "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "six", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9247": "60 yards and returned 27", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9248": "636, while recording a career-high and league-leading 45", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c9249": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924a": "60 yards and returned 27", + "56beb3a03aeaaa14008c924b": "Corey Brown (31 receptions for 447 yards). The Panthers backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Jonathan Stewart", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960b": "3,837 yards and rushing for 636", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960c": "99.4. Newton's leading receivers", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960d": "99.4. Newton's leading receivers", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960e": "best quarterback rating", + "56bf6b303aeaaa14008c960f": "Pro Bowl quarterback Cam Newton", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198286": "44", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198287": "Newton", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198288": "60 yards and returned 27", + "56d6f2960d65d21400198289": "13", + "56d6f2960d65d2140019828a": "473", "56d997cddc89441400fdb586": "500", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "3,837", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "45", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99.4", - "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "39", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "308 points", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "136", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "88", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb587": "44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns; Ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb588": "13", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb589": "99", + "56d997cddc89441400fdb58a": "44", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925b": "308", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925c": "5\u00bd sacks, four", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925d": "four", "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925e": "four", - "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "Kawann Short", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "308 points", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Kawann Short", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "four", - "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "four", + "56beb4343aeaaa14008c925f": "Josh Norman", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198290": "24 and boasting four", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198291": "Josh Norman", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198292": "24 and boasting four", + "56d6f3500d65d21400198293": "5\u00bd sacks, four forced fumbles, and four", "56d6f3500d65d21400198294": "Josh Norman", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "308 points", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "Kony Ealy", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "Kawann Short", - "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "four", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "John Fox", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "Brock Osweiler", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "the Indianapolis Colts", - "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "Osweiler", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59c": "24 and boasting four Pro Bowl selections. Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59e": "Norman", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb59f": "Josh Norman", + "56d9992fdc89441400fdb5a0": "four passes of his own. Carolina's secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Kurt Coleman, who led the team with a career high seven", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9265": "Gary Kubiak", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9266": "John Fox", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9267": "Gary Kubiak", + "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9268": "John Fox", "56beb4e43aeaaa14008c9269": "Wade Phillips", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "four", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "Gary Kubiak", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "Indianapolis Colts", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "39", - "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954d": "four years", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954e": "John Fox", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c954f": "shotgun", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9550": "4\u201311 San Diego Chargers, resulting in Manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27", + "56bf301c3aeaaa14008c9551": "shotgun", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829a": "Gary Kubiak", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "Brock Osweiler", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "heel", - "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "39", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829b": "John Fox", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829c": "13\u20137 against the 4\u201311 San Diego Chargers", + "56d6f4030d65d2140019829d": "13\u20137", "56d6f4030d65d2140019829e": "13\u20137", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c8": "John Fox", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "Brock Osweiler", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5c9": "27", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5ca": "John Fox", - "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Osweiler", + "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cb": "Peyton Manning's shotgun", "56d99b7bdc89441400fdb5cc": "Wade Phillips", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "67.9", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Manning", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Manning", - "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "nine", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "67.9", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "17", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Manning", - "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "67.9", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c9279": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927a": "17", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927b": "Owen Daniels", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927c": "Owen Daniels", + "56beb57b3aeaaa14008c927d": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956b": "67.9 passer rating", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956c": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions.", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956d": "106", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956e": "Owen Daniels", + "56bf38383aeaaa14008c956f": "1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a4": "67.9 passer rating", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a5": "17", "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a6": "Demaryius Thomas", - "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "nine", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "67.9", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "17", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Emmanuel Sanders", - "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "C. J. Anderson", + "56d6fe0b0d65d214001982a7": "517 yards. Running back C. J. Anderson was the team's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns, while also catching 25", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d6": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d7": "2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d8": "Emmanuel Sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores, while adding another 106 yards returning punts. Tight end Owen Daniels", + "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5d9": "Owen Daniels", "56d99c44dc89441400fdb5da": "4.7", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "4,530", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "5\u00bd", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Brandon Marshall", - "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "three interceptions", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "Linebacker", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "Linebacker", - "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "Defensive ends", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928d": "7\u00bd sacks. Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c928e": "11 sacks, forced four", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9290": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall", + "56beb6533aeaaa14008c9291": "three", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9588": "Pro Bowl for the ninth time", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c9589": "102", + "56bf3e803aeaaa14008c958b": "fourth", "56d6fea90d65d214001982ae": "fourth", - "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "Von Miller", + "56d6fea90d65d214001982af": "DeMarcus Ware", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b0": "Brandon Marshall", "56d6fea90d65d214001982b2": "three", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "Aqib Talib", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall", - "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5fd": "sacks", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb5ff": "Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles", + "56d99da8dc89441400fdb600": "Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7\u00bd sacks", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a1": "Seattle Seahawks", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "Arizona Cardinals", - "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "487", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a2": "Seattle Seahawks", + "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a3": "49\u201315", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a4": "49\u201315", "56beb6f23aeaaa14008c92a5": "49\u201315", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c9559": "Seattle Seahawks", "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955a": "49\u201315", - "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "49\u201315, racking up 487", + "56bf34293aeaaa14008c955b": "15", "56d701280d65d214001982b8": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d701280d65d214001982ba": "Seattle Seahawks", - "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "seven", + "56d701280d65d214001982bc": "49\u201315", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb616": "Seattle Seahawks", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb618": "49\u201315", "56d99e78dc89441400fdb619": "Seattle Seahawks", - "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "487", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "11 points", + "56d99e78dc89441400fdb61a": "49\u201315", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ab": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ac": "11", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ad": "New England Patriots", "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92ae": "20\u201318", - "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "17 seconds", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "New England Patriots", + "56beb7953aeaaa14008c92af": "17", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9561": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9562": "11 points", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9563": "New England Patriots", "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9564": "17", - "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "Manning's problems with interceptions during the season, he didn't throw any", - "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "11 points", - "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "New England Patriots", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "New England Patriots", + "56bf36b93aeaaa14008c9565": "Manning", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c2": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c3": "11", + "56d7018a0d65d214001982c5": "Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb628": "the Pittsburgh Steelers", + "56d99f99dc89441400fdb629": "Super Bowl XLIX champion New England Patriots", "56d99f99dc89441400fdb62c": "17", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b5": "Thomas Davis", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b6": "major setback", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b7": "three", "56beb7fd3aeaaa14008c92b8": "11", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "three ACL", - "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "broken arm", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9575": "major setback", + "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9576": "major setback", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9577": "11", "56bf3a223aeaaa14008c9579": "Super Bowl", "56d703d10d65d214001982d6": "three", @@ -347,151 +347,151 @@ "56d9a026dc89441400fdb632": "Thomas Davis", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bd": "39", "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92be": "John Elway", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "38", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager", - "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "the Broncos", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "the Broncos", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92bf": "39", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c0": "Peyton Manning", + "56beb86b3aeaaa14008c92c1": "Peyton Manning", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9591": "John Elway", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9592": "John Elway", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "38", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9593": "39", "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9594": "John Elway", - "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "39", + "56bf3fd53aeaaa14008c9595": "multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39", "56d704430d65d214001982de": "two", "56d704430d65d214001982e0": "Peyton Manning", - "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "39.", - "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "XXXIII", + "56d704430d65d214001982e1": "John Elway", + "56d704430d65d214001982e2": "Super Bowl XXXIII", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63e": "Peyton Manning", - "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "39", + "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb63f": "age 39", "56d9a0eadc89441400fdb640": "Peyton Manning", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c7": "2011", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c8": "2011", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "26", - "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "26", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92c9": "13", + "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92ca": "13", "56beb90c3aeaaa14008c92cb": "Newton", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Manning", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959b": "Newton", "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959c": "Newton", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "26", - "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "quarterback", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "1998 NFL draft", - "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "1998 NFL draft", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959d": "13", + "56bf41013aeaaa14008c959e": "largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fc": "Newton", + "56d7096b0d65d214001982fd": "Newton", "56d7096b0d65d214001982fe": "Newton", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb647": "2011", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "26", - "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "26", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "XXI and XXIV", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb648": "13 years and 48 days", + "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649": "largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92db": "Chicago Bears", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dc": "Chicago Bears", - "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "linebacker", + "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92dd": "first Super Bowl in which both head coaches", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92de": "Elway", "56beb97c3aeaaa14008c92df": "Chicago Bears", - "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "linebacker", - "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "Elway", - "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Rivera", - "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "XXI and XXIV", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Justin Tucker", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "Bermuda 419", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9615": "first Super Bowl in which both head coaches", + "56bf6c3e3aeaaa14008c9617": "Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX, and Kubiak replacing Elway", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198306": "Super Bowls XXI", + "56d709ef0d65d21400198307": "Chicago Bears", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e5": "Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e6": "Levi's Stadium", "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e7": "Ed Mangan", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Baltimore Ravens", - "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "kicker", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Justin Tucker", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "kicker Justin Tucker", - "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "Bermuda 419 turf", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Justin Tucker", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "high enough quality", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "Bermuda 419 turf", - "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "to change their cleats", - "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "Justin Tucker", - "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "Bermuda 419 turf", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "blue", - "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "blue jerseys", - "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "white jerseys and pants", - "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Pittsburgh Steelers", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "Super Bowl XXXIII", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "blue", - "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "blue", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e8": "Super Bowl games", + "56beba103aeaaa14008c92e9": "Super Bowl games", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a5": "Baltimore Ravens", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a6": "great shape\" for gameday", + "56bf467d3aeaaa14008c95a7": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198311": "Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198312": "a high enough quality", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198313": "great shape", + "56d70adc0d65d21400198314": "Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb678": "great shape", + "56d9a419dc89441400fdb679": "great shape", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92f9": "Elway", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fa": "21\u201310", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fb": "Super Bowl XXI", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fc": "black jerseys", + "56bebad93aeaaa14008c92fd": "blue jerseys", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ab": "blue jerseys", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ac": "21\u201310", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95ae": "Super Bowl XXI", + "56bf48cc3aeaaa14008c95af": "black", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831d": "black jerseys", + "56d70ccc0d65d2140019831f": "Super Bowl XXI", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb697": "Seattle Seahawks 21", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb698": "blue jerseys", + "56d9a637dc89441400fdb699": "blue jerseys", "56d9a637dc89441400fdb69a": "blue jerseys", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "Stanford University", - "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "Stanford University", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9303": "San Jose", + "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9304": "San Jose", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9305": "Santa Clara Marriott.", "56bebb293aeaaa14008c9306": "Stanford University", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "San Jose Marriott", - "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "San Jose Marriott", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b5": "Santa Clara Marriott", + "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b6": "San Jose", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b7": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University", "56bf49993aeaaa14008c95b8": "Stanford University", - "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University", - "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "San Jose Marriott", + "56d70d240d65d21400198326": "Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott. The Broncos practiced at Stanford University", + "56d70d240d65d21400198327": "Santa Clara Marriott", "56d70d240d65d21400198328": "Stanford University", - "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "Stanford University", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose State", - "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "San Jose Marriott", + "56d70d240d65d21400198329": "San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a0": "San Jose", + "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a1": "Santa Clara Marriott.", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a2": "Stanford University", "56d9a6b4dc89441400fdb6a3": "Stanford University", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9315": "June 4, 2014", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "Super Bowl 50", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9316": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317": "Jaime Weston", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9318": "Super Bowl XLV", - "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Vince Lombardi Trophy", + "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9319": "Lombardi", "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95bd": "2014", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Super Bowl LI", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Super Bowl 50", - "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95be": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c0": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals", + "56bf4e1b3aeaaa14008c95c1": "Arabic numerals", "56d70daa0d65d21400198332": "June 4, 2014", "56d70daa0d65d21400198333": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Arabic", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Vince Lombardi Trophy", - "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "June 4, 2014", - "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", - "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Super Bowl 50", - "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "gold", - "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "week 7", - "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "50-yard line", - "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "gold", - "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "gold", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "50-yard line on fields", - "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Gold footballs", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198334": "Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198335": "Arabic numerals", + "56d70daa0d65d21400198336": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6a8": "Arabic numerals", + "56d9a7addc89441400fdb6ab": "Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c931f": "logos", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9320": "2015", + "56bebc383aeaaa14008c9321": "50-yard line on fields was colored gold, and beginning on week 7, all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed logos", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c7": "logos", + "56bf52483aeaaa14008c95c8": "logos", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833c": "logos", + "56d70e570d65d2140019833e": "Super Bowl-winning teams at games", "56d70e570d65d2140019833f": "50-yard line on fields", - "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "gold", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "Super Bowl City", + "56d9b01fdc89441400fdb6d4": "logos. Gold footballs", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9325": "San Francisco", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9326": "San Francisco", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Ed Lee", - "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Jane Kim", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9327": "Jane Kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the NFL to reimburse San Francisco for city services", + "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9328": "Jane Kim unsuccessfully", "56bebcbe3aeaaa14008c9329": "January 30", "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cb": "1 million", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Ed Lee", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "Moscone Center", - "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "Super Bowl City", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "Moscone Center", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Super Bowl City", - "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Ed Lee", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "Super Bowl City", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cc": "Jane Kim unsuccessfully", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95cd": "the Moscone Center", + "56bf53e73aeaaa14008c95ce": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834c": "the Moscone Center in San Francisco", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834d": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30", + "56d7145c0d65d2140019834f": "Jane Kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the NFL to reimburse San Francisco for city services", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ec": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ed": "1 million", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "Ed Lee", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ee": "San Francisco city supervisor", "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6ef": "$5 million", - "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "Super Bowl City", + "56d9b389dc89441400fdb6f0": "Super Bowl City\" opened on January 30", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c932f": "Santa Clara University", "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9330": "$2 million", - "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field", + "56bebd713aeaaa14008c9331": "2 million", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d3": "$2 million", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d4": "pep rally", "56bf555e3aeaaa14008c95d5": "the city council", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "Bellomy Field", - "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "the city council", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198356": "Santa Clara Convention Center", + "56d714cd0d65d21400198358": "Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", "56d714cd0d65d21400198359": "the city council", "56d9b43edc89441400fdb700": "$2 million", - "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "the city council", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "Tuesday afternoon", - "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "Monday evening", + "56d9b43edc89441400fdb701": "Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9335": "February 1, 2016", + "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9336": "Tuesday afternoon", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9337": "SAP Center", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9338": "San Jose", "56bebde53aeaaa14008c9339": "Golden Gate Bridge", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Tuesday afternoon", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "Tuesday afternoon", - "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95d9": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95da": "February 1, 2016", + "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95db": "re-branded", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dc": "SAP Center", "56bf57043aeaaa14008c95dd": "San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d2140019835e": "Tuesday afternoon", @@ -499,4354 +499,4354 @@ "56d71bd80d65d21400198361": "San Jose", "56d71bd80d65d21400198362": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb708": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", - "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Super Bowl Opening Night", + "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb709": "Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70a": "San Jose", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70b": "Golden Gate Bridge", "56d9b4ebdc89441400fdb70c": "February 1, 2016", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Super Bowl", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "40 million", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health", - "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "$40 million", - "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "$40 million", - "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "Super Bowl 50", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee and the NFL have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in Business Connect", - "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "over $40 million", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c933f": "Super Bowl program", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9340": "$40 million", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9341": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9342": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!", + "56bebe873aeaaa14008c9343": "Apple, Google, Yahoo!", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e3": "Super Bowl 50", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e4": "over $40 million", + "56bf59523aeaaa14008c95e5": "over $40 million", + "56d71cb60d65d21400198368": "the Super Bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the Super Bowl. The host committee", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb720": "Super Bowl 50 Host Committee", + "56d9b5ffdc89441400fdb721": "$40 million", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c9349": "25 percent", "56bebec43aeaaa14008c934a": "Super Bowl 50", "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95e9": "25 percent", - "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "youth development, community investment and sustainable environments", - "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "most giving", - "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "25 percent", - "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "50 fund", + "56bf5abc3aeaaa14008c95ea": "50 fund as its philanthropic initiative", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836e": "vowed", + "56d71d150d65d2140019836f": "50", + "56d71d150d65d21400198370": "philanthropic initiative", "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb72f": "25 percent", - "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "the 50 fund", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Vince Lombardi", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "18", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "Vince Lombardi Trophy", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Tiffany & Co", - "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Tiffany & Co", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi Trophy", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "Vince Lombardi Trophy", - "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Tiffany & Co", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Vince Lombardi Trophy", - "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Tiffany & Co", + "56d9b6a3dc89441400fdb730": "Super Bowl ever\", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934d": "Lombardi", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934e": "18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33 lb (15 kg", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c934f": "large, 18-karat gold-plated \"50\". Each digit will weigh 33 lb", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9350": "Lombardi Trophy", + "56bec0353aeaaa14008c9351": "Co.", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ed": "Vince Lombardi", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95ef": "Lombardi Trophy", + "56bf5b933aeaaa14008c95f1": "Lombardi Trophy", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198374": "Lombardi Trophy that all Super Bowl champions receive, the winner of Super Bowl 50", + "56d71d9d0d65d21400198377": "Lombardi", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9357": "CBS", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Phil Simms", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9358": "Jim Nantz and Phil Simms", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c9359": "Tracy Wolfson", "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935a": "36", - "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "5K", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "CBS", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "CBS", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "36", - "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "5K", + "56bec0dd3aeaaa14008c935b": "bullet time\" effects", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f7": "three", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f8": "Vision", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95f9": "bullet time", + "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fa": "bullet time", "56bf5e7b3aeaaa14008c95fb": "CBS", "56d71ed50d65d2140019837c": "CBS", - "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "CBS", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "CBS", + "56d71ed50d65d2140019837d": "three", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb740": "Super Bowl XXXV", "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb741": "CBS", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "5K", - "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "cameras and microphones", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb742": "CBS", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb743": "bullet time", + "56d9b7dcdc89441400fdb744": "bullet time\" effects. (An earlier version of EyeVision", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9361": "CBS", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "John Sutcliffe", - "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9362": "CBS", + "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9363": "CBS", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9364": "December 28, 2015", "56bec1823aeaaa14008c9365": "Spanish", - "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "CBS and the NFL", - "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "ESPN Deportes", - "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "John Sutcliffe", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "ESPN Deportes", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "John Sutcliffe", - "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "John Sutcliffe", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "NFL Mobile", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "NFL Mobile", + "56bf6d343aeaaa14008c961b": "NBC and Fox", + "56d71fc00d65d21400198386": "Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox", + "56d71fc00d65d21400198389": "Sutcliffe", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb754": "NBC and Fox", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb757": "Sutcliffe", + "56d9ba95dc89441400fdb758": "Sutcliffe.", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9371": "CBSSports.com", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9372": "Mobile", "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9373": "CBSSports.com", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "tablets, Windows 10", - "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "tablets, Windows 10", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBS", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "CBS", - "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "CBS Sports", - "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "Verizon Wireless", - "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "NFL", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "digital streams of the game via CBSSports.com", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "NFL", - "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "WatchESPN.", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show", - "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show", - "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", - "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show", - "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", - "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "special episode of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert following the game.", - "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "break", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9374": "Windows", + "56bec2013aeaaa14008c9375": "10, Xbox One", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c961f": "CBSSports.com", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9620": "CBSSports.com", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9621": "CBSSports", + "56bf6e7a3aeaaa14008c9622": "CBSSports.com", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198391": "CBSSports.com", + "56d7205e0d65d21400198392": "the NFL Mobile", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75e": "Chromecast and Roku). Due to Verizon Communications exclusivity", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb75f": "CBSSports.com", + "56d9bc13dc89441400fdb760": "Mobile service. The ESPN Deportes Spanish broadcast was made available through WatchESPN.", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937b": "lead-out programs for Super Bowl 50, beginning with a special episode of The Late Show", + "56bec2573aeaaa14008c937c": "James Corden", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9631": "James Corden", + "56bf6f743aeaaa14008c9632": "Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming, CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden", + "56d720c70d65d21400198396": "Stephen Colbert following the game. Following a break for late local programming, CBS also aired a special episode of The Late Late Show with James Corden", + "56d720c70d65d21400198397": "James Corden", + "56d720c70d65d21400198398": "lead-out", "56bec3153aeaaa14008c9389": "$5,000,000", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "Anheuser-Busch InBev", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "Doritos", - "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "20th", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938a": "CBS", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938b": "CBS", + "56bec3153aeaaa14008c938c": "Crash the Super Bowl\" contest that allowed viewers to create their own Doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game. Nintendo", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9635": "$5,000,000", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "Anheuser-Busch InBev", - "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "Doritos", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9637": "CBS", + "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9638": "CBS", "56bf717d3aeaaa14008c9639": "CBS", - "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "CBS", - "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "Anheuser-Busch InBev", - "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "Doritos", - "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "Doritos", - "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "Doritos", - "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "Crash the Super Bowl", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Small Business Big Game", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30-second", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839e": "Crash", + "56d721af0d65d2140019839f": "CBS", + "56d721af0d65d214001983a0": "CBS", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb768": "CBS", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb769": "CBS", + "56d9bdc1dc89441400fdb76a": "Crash", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9397": "Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9398": "Small Business Big Game\" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee", + "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c9399": "30", "56bec38b3aeaaa14008c939a": "nine", - "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "QuickBooks", + "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c963f": "Wish Coffee", "56bf71e73aeaaa14008c9640": "nine", - "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "QuickBooks", - "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "Death Wish Coffee", - "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "Small Business Big Game", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "QuickBooks", - "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Death Wish Coffee", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Secret Life of Pets", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Walt Disney Studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl.", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Secret Life of Pets", - "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle", - "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle", - "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Secret Life of Pets", - "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "Gods of Egypt, Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane", - "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Captain America: Civil War", + "56d722330d65d214001983a6": "Death Wish Coffee", + "56d722330d65d214001983a7": "Wish Coffee", + "56d722330d65d214001983a8": "nine", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb770": "Death Wish Coffee", + "56d9be16dc89441400fdb771": "Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks. Death", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93a9": "Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93aa": "Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ab": "Egypt, Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", + "56bec4343aeaaa14008c93ac": "Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", + "56d723560d65d214001983ac": "Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", + "56d723560d65d214001983ad": "Egypt", + "56d723560d65d214001983ae": "Egypt, Paramount paid for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows and 10 Cloverfield Lane", + "56d723560d65d214001983af": "Jason Bourne and Disney paid for Captain America: Civil War", "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77b": "Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", - "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "Westwood One", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Kevin Harlan", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77c": "Fox paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", + "56d9bf70dc89441400fdb77d": "Fox paid for Deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle, Lionsgate paid for Gods of Egypt", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b1": "North America", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b2": "Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b3": "Jim Gray", - "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "Boomer Esiason", + "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b4": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56bec4a33aeaaa14008c93b5": "James Lofton", "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9655": "Dan Fouts", - "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Kevin Harlan", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Westwood One", - "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "Kevin Harlan", + "56bf738b3aeaaa14008c9656": "Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b4": "Kevin Harlan", + "56d723ad0d65d214001983b5": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", "56d723ad0d65d214001983b8": "Jim Gray", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Kevin Harlan", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "Dan Fouts", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "Kevin Harlan", - "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "halftime", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78e": "Jim Gray", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb78f": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb790": "James Lofton and Mark Malone", + "56d9c049dc89441400fdb791": "Mark Malone", "56d9c049dc89441400fdb792": "North America", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "KRFX", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Dave Logan", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "1110 AM", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93cf": "KOA (850 AM) and KRFX", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d0": "Mick Mixon", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d1": "99.3", "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d2": "Chester, South Carolina", - "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "Dave Logan", - "56d724620d65d214001983be": "Dave Logan", - "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "Ed McCaffrey", - "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "WBT", - "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "Dave Logan", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "KOA", - "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "WBT", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "5 Live Sports Extra", - "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Darren Fletcher", - "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra", + "56bec5233aeaaa14008c93d3": "Mick Mixon", + "56d724620d65d214001983be": "KOA", + "56d724620d65d214001983bf": "KOA", + "56d724620d65d214001983c0": "Chester, South Carolina. As KOA and WBT", + "56d724620d65d214001983c1": "Mick Mixon", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a0": "eastern United States throughout the game (for Carolina). In accordance with contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the Broncos and Panthers radio networks", + "56d9c203dc89441400fdb7a3": "Chester, South Carolina", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e3": "Radio 5", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e4": "Live and 5", + "56bec5ff3aeaaa14008c93e5": "Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman", + "56d724ea0d65d214001983c8": "United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest. The BBC", "56d724ea0d65d214001983c9": "Greg Brady", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Bart Starr", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Harvey Martin", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93e9": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ea": "Peyton Manning", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93eb": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ec": "2001", - "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Peyton Manning", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39 of the 43", + "56bec6573aeaaa14008c93ed": "Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cc": "39", "56d7251d0d65d214001983cd": "Peyton Manning", - "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "Bart Starr", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "39 of the 43", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "39 of the 43", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Bart Starr", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Bart Starr", - "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Harvey Martin", + "56d7251d0d65d214001983cf": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b4": "43", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b5": "39", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b6": "Peyton Manning", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b7": "Peyton Manning", + "56d9c3a6dc89441400fdb7b8": "Harvey Martin, co-MVP of Super Bowl XII", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fd": "Six", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "the national anthem", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin provided American Sign Language (ASL) translation.", - "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "American Sign Language", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93fe": "the national anthem, while Academy Award", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c93ff": "national anthem, while Academy Award", + "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9400": "ASL) translation", "56bec6ac3aeaaa14008c9401": "American Sign Language", "56d20650e7d4791d00902614": "Lady Gaga", - "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Marlee Matlin", + "56d20650e7d4791d00902615": "Lady Gaga", "56d7253b0d65d214001983d4": "Lady Gaga", - "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Marlee Matlin", + "56d7253b0d65d214001983d5": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c4": "Lady Gaga", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c5": "Six", "56d9c455dc89441400fdb7c6": "Lady Gaga", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940d": "January 7, 2016", "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940e": "British", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "Coldplay.", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Hymn for the Weekend", - "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "Coldplay.", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c940f": "Mark Ronson", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9410": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson", + "56bec7353aeaaa14008c9411": "Mark Ronson", "56d725790d65d214001983d8": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson", - "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Pepsi", - "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Hymn for the Weekend", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Bruno Mars", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay.", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Hymn", - "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "Denver", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell", + "56d725790d65d214001983da": "Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press", + "56d725790d65d214001983db": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d0": "Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1": "Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d2": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay", + "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d3": "Mark Ronson", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9417": "C. J. Anderson", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9418": "Andre Caldwell", "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c9419": "Ronnie Hillman", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "Brandon McManus", - "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941a": "C. J. Anderson", + "56bec7a63aeaaa14008c941b": "C. J. Anderson", "56d728a10d65d21400198413": "22", - "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "Shaq Thompson", - "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "Brandon McManus", - "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "a deficit", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "Denver", + "56d728a10d65d21400198414": "C. J. Anderson", + "56d728a10d65d21400198415": "Brandon McMan", + "56d728a10d65d21400198416": "deficit", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d8": "C. J. Anderson", "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7d9": "Owen Daniels", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "Peyton Manning", - "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "a deficit", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7da": "C. J. Anderson", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7db": "C. J. Anderson", + "56d9c5e7dc89441400fdb7dc": "Denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942b": "Mike Carey", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "Cam Newton", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Von Miller", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942c": "incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge. CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942d": "Jackson", "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942e": "Malik Jackson", - "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "Super Bowl XXVIII", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "Cam Newton", + "56bec8243aeaaa14008c942f": "10\u20130 lead", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841c": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d2140019841d": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "Von Miller", - "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "Von Miller", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841e": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", + "56d728e00d65d2140019841f": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d728e00d65d21400198420": "1993", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e7": "Mike Carey", - "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "linebacker Von Miller", + "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e8": "CBS analyst and retired referee Mike Carey", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7e9": "Malik Jackson", "56d9c660dc89441400fdb7ea": "1993", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "both teams", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9435": "Norwood", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9436": "McMan", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9437": "28", - "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "51", + "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9438": "33", "56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9439": "33", "56d729180d65d21400198426": "51", - "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Jonathan Stewart", - "56d729180d65d21400198428": "11:28", - "56d729180d65d21400198429": "Mario Addison", - "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "51", - "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart", - "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "73", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Darian Stewart", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "fullback Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Kony Ealy", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "DeMarcus Ware", - "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "DeMarcus Ware", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Mike Tolbert", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Kony Ealy", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "19", - "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Darian Stewart", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "Mike Tolbert", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Mike Tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety Darian Stewart, which linebacker Danny Trevathan", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Kony Ealy", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "had to punt", - "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "DeMarcus Ware", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Ted Ginn Jr.", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "McManus", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "McManus", - "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "T. J. Ward", - "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Corey Brown", - "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "the uprights", - "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "Corey Brown", - "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "T. J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but Trevathan", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Corey Brown", + "56d729180d65d21400198427": "Jordan Norwood", + "56d729180d65d21400198428": "25 yards, while Jonathan Stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 10\u20137 with 11:28", + "56d729180d65d21400198429": "Mario", + "56d729180d65d2140019842a": "33", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f0": "Jordan Norwood", + "56d9c6e0dc89441400fdb7f4": "25", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9445": "Danny Trevathan", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9446": "40", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9447": "Ealy tipped a Manning", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9448": "Danny Trevathan", + "56bec9133aeaaa14008c9449": "Danny Trevathan", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198430": "Danny Trevathan", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198431": "Ealy tipped a Manning", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198432": "39-yard line with 1:55", + "56d729ec0d65d21400198434": "Manning", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb804": "linebacker Danny Trevathan", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb805": "Danny Trevathan", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb806": "Kony", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb807": "19 yards to the Panthers 39-yard line with 1:55", + "56d9c79edc89441400fdb808": "Manning", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9455": "Emmanuel Sanders", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9456": "Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9457": "44", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9458": "Emmanuel Sanders", + "56bec98e3aeaaa14008c9459": "J. Ward", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198408": "Ted Ginn Jr", + "56d7282f0d65d21400198409": "no points when Graham Gano hit the uprights", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840a": "J. Ward", + "56d7282f0d65d2140019840c": "J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but Trevathan", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80e": "Emmanuel Sanders", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb80f": "26", "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb810": "Graham Gano", - "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "T. J. Ward", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "Carolina on the 50-yard line. A 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "39", + "56d9c92bdc89441400fdb811": "Emmanuel Sanders", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c945f": "Carolina", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9460": "39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9461": "Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart", - "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "41", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Ealy", + "56bec9e83aeaaa14008c9462": "Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e0": "the Panthers 41-yard line", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e1": "Ea", "56d7261e0d65d214001983e2": "Carolina", - "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "punts", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "Ealy", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "41-yard line", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "39", - "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "41-yard line.", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "regulation", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "Newton", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "Josh Norman", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "Newton", - "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Bennie Fowler", + "56d7261e0d65d214001983e4": "39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310.", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb820": "Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb821": "Panthers 41-yard line", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb822": "12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16\u201310", + "56d9ca0adc89441400fdb823": "16\u201310", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946d": "Bennie Fowler", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946e": "Miller", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c946f": "cornerback Josh Norman", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9470": "Miller", + "56beca913aeaaa14008c9471": "Josh Norman", "56d726b60d65d214001983ea": "Miller", - "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "Ward", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "Josh Norman", - "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "24\u201310 lead with 3:08", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "24-yard line", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "Miller", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "three", - "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Anderson", + "56d726b60d65d214001983eb": "Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by Ward", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ec": "Miller", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ed": "cornerback Josh Norman", + "56d726b60d65d214001983ee": "2-yard touchdown run and Manning completed a pass to Bennie Fowler for a 2-point conversion, giving Denver a 24\u201310", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb832": "3rd-and-9", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb833": "3rd-and-9. On the next play, Miller", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb834": "Miller stripped the ball away from Newton, and after several players dove for it, it took a long bounce", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb835": "24\u201310", + "56d9cb47dc89441400fdb836": "Bennie Fowler", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9481": "five", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "zero", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9482": "83", "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9483": "four", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "Thomas Davis", - "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "18 of 41 passes", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "13 of 23", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "zero touchdowns", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "Anderson", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "Sanders", - "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "Thomas Davis", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "Sanders", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "Anderson", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "11", - "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "18 of 41 passes", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9484": "McMan", + "56becaf93aeaaa14008c9485": "83", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f4": "83", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f5": "83", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f6": "Charles Johnson had four total tackles, a sack, and a forced fumble. Linebacker Luke Kuechly had 11 total tackles, while Thomas Davis", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f7": "Anderson", + "56d7270c0d65d214001983f8": "McMan", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb842": "McMan", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb843": "McMan", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb844": "2\u00bd sacks, and two forced fumbles. Ware had five total tackles and two sacks. Ward had seven", + "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb845": "83", "56d9ccacdc89441400fdb846": "11", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "244", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "Baltimore Ravens", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Jordan Norwood", - "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "Gary Kubiak", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948b": "315", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948c": "seven", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948d": "the Baltimore Ravens", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948e": "Chicago Bears", + "56becb823aeaaa14008c948f": "John Taylor", "56d7277c0d65d214001983fe": "244", - "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", - "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "Chicago Bears", - "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "Baltimore Ravens", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "21 to 11). Their 194 yards and 11", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Baltimore Ravens", + "56d7277c0d65d214001983ff": "200", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198401": "John Taylor", + "56d7277c0d65d21400198402": "Chicago Bears", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84c": "seven", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84d": "200 yards in a Super Bowl, and all of them had lost. The Broncos' seven", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84e": "Chicago Bears", "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb84f": "Chicago Bears", - "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "Denver", + "56d9cd9adc89441400fdb850": "seven", "5733a5f54776f41900660f45": "Nobel Prize", "5733a5f54776f41900660f48": "1745", "5733a5f54776f41900660f44": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "Casimir Pulaski", - "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "seven", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f46": "\u017belazowa Wola", + "5733a5f54776f41900660f47": "seven months old. Casimir Pulaski, a Polish general and hero of the American Revolutionary War, was born here in 1745", "57336755d058e614000b5a3d": "100", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "The Saxon Garden", - "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "east", - "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "The \u0141azienki Park", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "About 15 kilometres", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3f": "ducks on and a playground for kids, the Krasi\u0144ski Palace Garden", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3c": "royal garden", + "57336755d058e614000b5a3e": "the park", + "57336755d058e614000b5a40": "15.5 ha, was formally a royal garden", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbb": "15 kilometres (9 miles", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbc": "beaver", "57337ddc4776f41900660bba": "13", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd": "13", - "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "clean them of plants and sediments", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "Jewish minority", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "1,178,914", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "around 34%", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Jewish", - "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "internal migration and urbanisation", - "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "Warsaw University of Technology", + "57337ddc4776f41900660bbe": "Czerniak\u00f3w Lake", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd0": "urbanisation", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd3": "1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd2": "638,000, Jews constituted 219,000", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd1": "Jewish minority", + "57337ea24776f41900660bd4": "migration", + "57339555d058e614000b5df4": "the second academic school of technology", "57339555d058e614000b5df5": "2,000", - "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "Warsaw University of Life Sciences", + "57339555d058e614000b5df6": "Economics", "57339555d058e614000b5df3": "1816", - "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Warsaw School of Economics", + "57339555d058e614000b5df7": "Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology", "57339902d058e614000b5e70": "1816", "57339902d058e614000b5e71": "over two million", - "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "Marek Budzy\u0144ski", + "57339902d058e614000b5e72": "architects Marek Budzy\u0144ski and Zbigniew Bad", "57339902d058e614000b5e73": "Irena Bajerska", - "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "more than 10,000 m2 (107,639.10 sq ft), and plants covering 5,111 m2", + "57339902d058e614000b5e74": "over two million", "573399b54776f41900660e64": "infrastructure", - "573399b54776f41900660e65": "Three-Year Plan", - "573399b54776f41900660e66": "solid economic growth", + "573399b54776f41900660e65": "infrastructure in Warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an Eastern Bloc economy \u2013 though it is worth mentioning that the initial Three-Year Plan to rebuild Poland", + "573399b54776f41900660e66": "economic growth", "573399b54776f41900660e67": "health care", "57339a554776f41900660e74": "Warsaw", - "57339a554776f41900660e75": "Children's Memorial Health Institute", - "57339a554776f41900660e76": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute of Oncology", + "57339a554776f41900660e75": "CMHI), the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland, as well as an active research and education center", + "57339a554776f41900660e76": "the Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Institute", "57339a554776f41900660e77": "700", "57339a554776f41900660e78": "outpatient clinic", - "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres", + "57339ad74776f41900660e86": "the Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the Chamber Opera, the National Philharmonic Hall and the National Theatre", "57339ad74776f41900660e87": "many events and festivals", "57339ad74776f41900660e88": "Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw", - "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Warsaw", - "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "the Jazz Jamboree", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski", + "57339ad74776f41900660e89": "Teatr Wielki", + "57339ad74776f41900660e8a": "the Jazz Jamboree, Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the International Stanis\u0142aw Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec5": "Saski", "57339c16d058e614000b5ec6": "Ogr\u00f3d Saski", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1870 to 1939", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "Momus", - "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Wianki", - "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "Midsummer\u2019s Night", - "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec7": "1939", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec8": "The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre", + "57339c16d058e614000b5ec9": "The Wojciech Bogus\u0142awski Theatre (1922\u201326), was the best example of \"Polish monumental theatre", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecc": "Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", + "57339dd94776f41900660ecd": "thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", + "57339dd94776f41900660ece": "Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths", "57339dd94776f41900660ecf": "herbs", - "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "fern flower", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", + "57339dd94776f41900660ed0": "Vistula on Midsummer\u2019s Night for a festival called Wianki", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef6": "Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef7": "60", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", - "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "the Warsaw Uprising Museum", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "Katy\u0144 Museum", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef8": "Posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world, Museum of Hunting and Riding and the Railway Museum", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5ef9": "art posters", + "57339eb9d058e614000b5efa": "Adolf Hitler's private collection", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0a": "the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0b": "historic stereoscopic theatre", "5733a1854776f41900660f0c": "historic stereoscopic theatre", - "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "Warsaw Fotoplastikon", + "5733a1854776f41900660f0d": "Katy\u0144 Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre", "5733a1854776f41900660f0e": "60", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "17th century Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "about 500", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f28": "Royal Ujazd\u00f3w Castle", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f29": "500", "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2a": "Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "modern art", - "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "last weekend of September", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2b": "a year. Zach\u0119ta National Gallery of Art", + "5733a2a9d058e614000b5f2c": "2011", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f32": "Polonia Warsaw", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f33": "1946", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "1946, and won the cup twice as well.", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f34": "2000", "5733a32bd058e614000b5f35": "Konwiktorska Street", - "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "disastrous financial situation", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "syrenka", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "The mermaid (syrenka", - "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "mid-14th century", + "5733a32bd058e614000b5f36": "4th league (5th tier in Poland", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f23": "The mermaid", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f24": "syrenka", + "5733a45d4776f41900660f25": "in use since at least the mid-14th century. The oldest existing armed seal of Warsaw is from the year 1390", "5733a45d4776f41900660f26": "1390", "5733a45d4776f41900660f27": "sword", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "Triton's daughters", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "depths of the oceans and seas", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "on the coast of Denmark", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f77": "Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f78": "Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f79": "the coast of Denmark", "5733a560d058e614000b5f7a": "Warszowa", - "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "songs", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Warsaw", + "5733a560d058e614000b5f7b": "beautiful", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f58": "Warsaw. She was born Maria G\u00f3rska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz \u0141empicki", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59": "1916", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5a": "Art Deco", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music", - "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Isaac Bashevis Singer", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "Economist Intelligence Unit", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5b": "Art Deco style in painting and art", + "5733a6ac4776f41900660f5c": "Tadeusz \u0141empicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e6": "Economist Intelligence", "573312fcd058e614000b56e7": "2012", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing", - "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "Stock Exchange", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e8": "a wide variety of industries", + "573312fcd058e614000b56e9": "Paris and Barcelona", "573312fcd058e614000b56ea": "Frontex", "5733140a4776f419006606e0": "1313", - "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Krak\u00f3w", - "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "1313", - "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "Sigismund III Vasa", - "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "wars", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Roman Catholic", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "the Polish Academy of Sciences", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "The historic city-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town in 1980 was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site", - "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "King Sigismund's Column", + "5733140a4776f419006606e1": "Warsaw dates back to the year 1313, at a time when Krak\u00f3w served as the Polish capital city", + "5733140a4776f419006606e2": "1918", + "5733140a4776f419006606e3": "King Sigismund III Vasa", + "5733140a4776f419006606e4": "Congress Kingdom\". Only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f0": "Roman Catholic archdiocese", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f1": "the Polish Academy", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f2": "a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other main architectural attractions include the Castle Square", + "573314e3d058e614000b56f3": "St. John's Cathedral, Market Square", "573314e3d058e614000b56f4": "luxurious parks and royal gardens", - "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa", - "57332442d058e614000b5721": "belonging to Warsz\"", - "57332442d058e614000b5722": "Warcis\u0142aw", - "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Warcis\u0142aw", - "57332442d058e614000b5724": "miasto sto\u0142eczne Warszawa", - "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Jazd\u00f3w", - "57332562d058e614000b5731": "The Prince of P\u0142ock", - "57332562d058e614000b5732": "about 1300", - "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1413", + "57332442d058e614000b5720": "Warszawa, approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa", + "57332442d058e614000b5721": "\"belonging to Warsz\"", + "57332442d058e614000b5722": "fisherman", + "57332442d058e614000b5723": "Capital City of Warsaw\"). A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian", + "57332442d058e614000b5724": "Warszawa, approximately /v\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8\u0283\u0251\u02d0v\u0259/ (also formerly spelled Warszewa and Warszowa", + "57332562d058e614000b5730": "Boles\u0142aw II of Masovia", + "57332562d058e614000b5731": "Warszowa", + "57332562d058e614000b5732": "1300", + "57332562d058e614000b5733": "1300", "57332562d058e614000b5734": "1526", "5733266d4776f41900660712": "General Sejm", - "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1569", - "5733266d4776f41900660714": "religious freedom", - "5733266d4776f41900660715": "the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", + "5733266d4776f41900660713": "1573", + "5733266d4776f41900660714": "freedom", + "5733266d4776f41900660715": "the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland", "5733266d4776f41900660716": "1596", "57332a734776f41900660726": "1796", - "57332a734776f41900660727": "the Kingdom of Prussia", + "57332a734776f41900660727": "the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia", "57332a734776f41900660728": "Napoleon's army", "57332a734776f41900660729": "1815", "57332a734776f4190066072a": "1816", "57332b66d058e614000b5758": "4 August 1915", - "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "Russia", - "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Pi\u0142sudski", + "57332b66d058e614000b5759": "controlled by Russia", + "57332b66d058e614000b575a": "Warsaw the capital", "57332b66d058e614000b575b": "1920", "57332b66d058e614000b575c": "Red Army", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1 September 1939", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "Central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a German Nazi colonial administration", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "several hundred thousand", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "19 April 1943", - "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "almost a month", - "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "Red Army", - "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073a": "1939", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073b": "German Nazi colonial administration. All higher education", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073c": "several hundred thousand, some 30%", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073d": "1943", + "57332c1e4776f4190066073e": "19 April 1943", + "57332e48d058e614000b5762": "the Red Army", + "57332e48d058e614000b5763": "the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans", "57332e48d058e614000b5764": "1 August 1944", "57332e48d058e614000b5765": "63", "57332e48d058e614000b5766": "150,000 and 200,000", - "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "Bricks for Warsaw", - "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated", - "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "the Palace of Culture and Science", + "57332f81d058e614000b5776": "the conquering Soviets", + "57332f81d058e614000b5777": "Bricks for Warsaw\" campaign", + "57332f81d058e614000b5778": "Palace of Culture", "57332f81d058e614000b5779": "Palace of Culture and Science", - "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "World Heritage list", + "57332f81d058e614000b577a": "onto UNESCO's World Heritage list", "573330444776f41900660758": "John Paul II", - "573330444776f41900660759": "his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement", + "573330444776f41900660759": "budding solidarity movement", "573330444776f4190066075a": "less than a year", "573330444776f4190066075b": "Victory Square", - "573330444776f4190066075c": "incentive for the democratic changes", - "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523", - "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "325", - "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "Vistula River", - "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "75.6 metres", - "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "Warsaw Uprising Hill (121 metres (397.0 ft)), Szcz\u0119\u015bliwice hill", - "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "Vistula River", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "Vistula River", - "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "Warsaw Escarpment", - "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "plain moraine plateau", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "flooded terraces", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "valleys and ground depressions", + "573330444776f4190066075c": "incentive", + "5733314e4776f4190066076a": "260", + "5733314e4776f4190066076b": "300 km (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains and about 260 km (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea, 523 km (325", + "5733314e4776f4190066076c": "the Vistula River", + "5733314e4776f4190066076d": "115.7 metres", + "5733314e4776f4190066076e": "Masovian Plain", + "57335c20d058e614000b58f9": "two main geomorphologic formations: the plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fa": "asymmetrical pattern of different terraces", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fc": "the moraine plateau", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fb": "The Vistula River", + "57335c20d058e614000b58fd": "plain moraine plateau and the Vistula Valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces", + "57335ddbd058e614000b592f": "plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5930": "terraces", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5931": "flood plain terrace", "57335ddbd058e614000b5932": "plain moraine plateau", - "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "pine forest", - "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "turbulent history of the city and country", - "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "Second World War", - "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction. After liberation", - "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "Leopold Kronenberg Palace", - "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "Eastern bloc countries", + "57335ddbd058e614000b5933": "Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces", + "57335fcad058e614000b5970": "the turbulent history of the city and country", + "57335fcad058e614000b5971": "During the Second World War, Warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction", + "57335fcad058e614000b5972": "After liberation", + "57335fcad058e614000b5973": "e.g. Leopold Kronenberg Palace", + "57335fcad058e614000b5974": "Mass residential blocks", "573361404776f4190066093c": "Gothic", - "573361404776f4190066093d": "14th century", - "573361404776f4190066093e": "St. Mary's Church", - "573361404776f4190066093f": "Masovian gothic style", - "573361404776f41900660940": "the temple", + "573361404776f4190066093d": "1411", + "573361404776f4190066093e": "Masovian gothic style", + "573361404776f4190066093f": "Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church", + "573361404776f41900660940": "Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church", "573362b94776f41900660974": "17th century", - "573362b94776f41900660975": "1688\u20131692", - "573362b94776f41900660976": "rococo architecture are Czapski Palace (1712\u20131721), Palace of the Four Winds", - "573362b94776f41900660977": "neoclassical architecture", + "573362b94776f41900660975": "later decades of the 17th century", + "573362b94776f41900660976": "neoclassical", + "573362b94776f41900660977": "a great inspiration", "573362b94776f41900660978": "1775\u20131795", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "socialist realism", - "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "socialist realism", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e8": "the bourgeois architecture", + "5733638fd058e614000b59e9": "bourgeois", "5733638fd058e614000b59ea": "socialist realism", - "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Warsaw University of Technology building", - "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the Saxon Palace and the Br\u00fchl Palace", - "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "Pawiak, an infamous German Gestapo prison now occupied by a Mausoleum of Memory of Martyrdom and the museum", + "5733638fd058e614000b59eb": "Palais Garnier in Paris). Despite that the Warsaw University of Technology building", + "5733638fd058e614000b59ec": "the most distinctive buildings", + "5733647e4776f419006609ae": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609af": "Pawiak", "5733647e4776f419006609b0": "The Warsaw Citadel", - "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "children", - "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Wincenty Ku\u0107ma", - "573368044776f41900660a29": "Botanic Garden", - "573368044776f41900660a2a": "New Orangery", - "573368044776f41900660a2b": "Pole Mokotowskie", - "573368044776f41900660a2c": "Park Ujazdowski", - "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1865\u20131871 and designed by Jan Dobrowolski. In 1927", - "573368e54776f41900660a53": "fauna and flora", - "573368e54776f41900660a54": "within the borders of Warsaw, is the remaining part of the Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected with Kampinos Forest", - "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Kampinos Forest", - "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest", + "5733647e4776f419006609b1": "the statue of Little Insurgent located at the ramparts of the Old Town, commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline", + "5733647e4776f419006609b2": "Pawiak", + "573368044776f41900660a29": "the Botanic Garden and the University Library garden. They have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants, while a palm house in the New Orangery", + "573368044776f41900660a2a": "Pole Mokotowskie", + "573368044776f41900660a2b": "Pole Mokotowskie (a big park in the northern Mokot\u00f3w", + "573368044776f41900660a2c": "the Sejm and John Lennon street", + "573368044776f41900660a2d": "1871", + "573368e54776f41900660a53": "Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve is connected with Kampinos Forest", + "573368e54776f41900660a54": "Warsaw", + "573368e54776f41900660a55": "Masovian Primeval Forest. Bielany Forest nature reserve", + "573368e54776f41900660a56": "Kabaty Forest by the southern city border. Warsaw has also two botanic gardens", "573368e54776f41900660a57": "two", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcb": "1,300,000", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "420,000", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcc": "1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 \u2013 only 420,000", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcd": "1951", - "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "better", + "57337f6ad058e614000b5bce": "better only", "57337f6ad058e614000b5bcf": "residency registration", - "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "multi-cultural", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "711,988", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "56.2%", - "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "56.2%", + "57338007d058e614000b5bda": "Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdb": "a multi-cultural city", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdc": "35.7%", + "57338007d058e614000b5bdd": "35.7%", "57338007d058e614000b5bde": "1944", "573380e0d058e614000b5be9": "a commune", - "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "a commune", - "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Krak\u00f3w", + "573380e0d058e614000b5bea": "car registration: a gmina cannot register", + "573380e0d058e614000b5beb": "Krak\u00f3w do not have entitlements of powiat, so the registration numbers in Krak\u00f3w are of the same type for all districts", "57338160d058e614000b5bf9": "unicameral Warsaw City Council", "57338160d058e614000b5bfa": "60", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "every four years", - "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "committees", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfb": "60", + "57338160d058e614000b5bfc": "30", "57338160d058e614000b5bfd": "30", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "President", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0d": "the mayor", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e": "Jan Andrzej Menich", - "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "1990", + "57338255d058e614000b5c0f": "1975 and 1990", "57338255d058e614000b5c10": "Jan Andrzej Menich", - "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents.", + "57338255d058e614000b5c11": "the City council", "573382d24776f41900660c37": "\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie", "573382d24776f41900660c38": "304,016", - "573382d24776f41900660c39": "7th greatest emerging market", - "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "12%", - "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "191", + "573382d24776f41900660c39": "the 7th greatest emerging market", + "573382d24776f41900660c3a": "650 million euro. Warsaw produces 12%", + "573382d24776f41900660c3b": "305.1%", "5733834ed058e614000b5c26": "1817", - "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "1817", + "5733834ed058e614000b5c27": "the Warsaw Stock Exchange", "5733834ed058e614000b5c28": "1817", "5733834ed058e614000b5c29": "374", "5733834ed058e614000b5c2a": "Polish United Workers' Party", "573383d0d058e614000b5c35": "1951", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Fiat 125p", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Daewoo", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "AvtoZAZ", - "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Aveo expired", - "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava", - "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Warszawa", - "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "Vistula River", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c36": "Polonez", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c37": "Egypt", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c38": "the South Korean car manufacturer Daewoo, which assembled the Tico, Espero", + "573383d0d058e614000b5c39": "Fiat 125p (under license from Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p", + "573166ede6313a140071cef2": "Warszawa [var\u02c8\u0282ava] ( listen); see also other names", + "573166ede6313a140071cef3": "Vistula River", + "573166ede6313a140071cef4": "the Vistula River", "573166ede6313a140071cef5": "2.666 million", - "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Warszawa", - "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa", - "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "Vistula River", + "573166ede6313a140071cef6": "Vistula River in east-central Poland", + "5732b6b5328d981900602021": "the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River", + "5732b6b5328d981900602022": "the Vistula River", "5732b6b5328d981900602023": "300 kilometres", "5732b6b5328d981900602024": "2.666 million", "5732b6b5328d981900602025": "9th", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9628": "France", "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629": "10th and 11th centuries", "56ddde6b9a695914005b962a": "France", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Rollo", - "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th century", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "William the Conqueror", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Roger II after conquering southern Italy on the Saracens and Byzantines, and an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror", - "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Catholic orthodoxy", - "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "French words Normans/Normanz", - "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "9th century", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962b": "Iceland and Norway", + "56ddde6b9a695914005b962c": "10th", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad5f": "William the Conqueror, led to the Norman conquest of England", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad60": "Norman", + "56dddf4066d3e219004dad61": "Frankish", + "56dde0379a695914005b9636": "Norseman, Viking", + "56dde0379a695914005b9637": "Medieval Latin, 9th century", "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad75": "911", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Charles III of West Francia", - "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "Seine", - "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "Rollo", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "langue d'o\u00efl branch of Romance", - "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "north", - "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "fighting horsemen", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "1017", - "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "the Archangel Michael", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad76": "Charles III of West Francia and the famed Viking ruler Rollo, and was situated in the former Frankish kingdom of Neustria", + "56dde0ba66d3e219004dad77": "river Seine", + "56dde1d966d3e219004dad8d": "the 880s", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9651": "Old Norse", + "56dde27d9a695914005b9652": "north of France", + "56dde2fa66d3e219004dad9b": "Normandy and in England. The new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9660": "when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III", + "56dde3aa9a695914005b9661": "Michael at Monte Gargano", "56dde3aa9a695914005b9662": "Monte Gargano", - "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "Drogo", - "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "Rainulf Drengot", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "the Saracens", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1130", - "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Squillace", - "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Kitab Rudjdjar", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "The Book of Roger", - "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "meritocratic bureaucracy", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b595": "dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae", + "56de0daecffd8e1900b4b596": "Henry III", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59a": "the Normans eventually captured Sicily and Malta from the Saracens", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59b": "1194", + "56de0e25cffd8e1900b4b59c": "Palermo", + "56de0ed14396321400ee2579": "Kitab Rudjdjar\" (\"The Book of Roger\").", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257a": "Fatimid Egypt", + "56de0ed14396321400ee257b": "a meritocratic bureaucracy of Jews", "56de0f6a4396321400ee257f": "the Pechenegs", "56de0ffd4396321400ee258d": "1050s", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "In the 1060s", - "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Robert Crispin", - "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji", - "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "Oursel", - "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "Oursel", - "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "Petraliphae", - "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Robert Guiscard", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258e": "1060s", + "56de0ffd4396321400ee258f": "Asia Minor with support from the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos.", + "56de10b44396321400ee2593": "Afranji, meaning \"Franks", + "56de10b44396321400ee2594": "Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks\" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria", + "56de10b44396321400ee2595": "the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of \"Franks", + "56de11154396321400ee25aa": "the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bc": "Comiscortes", "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5bd": "February 1082", - "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "30,000", - "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Deabolis", - "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Bohemond", - "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "the citadel of Mili", + "56de148dcffd8e1900b4b5be": "Dalmatia, in 1081 he led an army of 30,000", + "56de15104396321400ee25b7": "Mili", + "56de15104396321400ee25b8": "Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona", + "56de15104396321400ee25b9": "the banks of the river Deabolis", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c2": "1185", "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c3": "Adriatic", - "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Richard II of Normandy", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "Normandy", - "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Emma", + "56de1563cffd8e1900b4b5c4": "Adriatic", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8": "Duke Richard II of Normandy", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c9": "Duke Richard II of Normandy", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5ca": "1013", + "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5cb": "Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d0": "Harthacnut", "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d1": "1041", - "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Robert of Jumi\u00e8ges", + "56de1645cffd8e1900b4b5d2": "Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c5": "Battle of Hastings", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Duke William II of Normandy", - "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "1066", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c6": "Battle of Hastings", + "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7": "1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c8": "Anglo-Saxons", - "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Latin language", + "56de1728cffd8e1900b4b5d7": "Saxon", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5da": "1169", "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5db": "Bannow Bay", - "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "more Irish", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Malcolm III of Scotland", - "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "Malcolm III of Scotland", + "56de179dcffd8e1900b4b5dc": "the Pale, and also built many fine castles", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e0": "Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar", + "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e1": "Malcolm III", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e2": "1072", "56de17f9cffd8e1900b4b5e3": "Duncan", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Sybilla of Normandy", - "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Normans", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6be": "Davidian Revolution\". Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England", + "56de3cd0cffd8e1900b4b6bf": "Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars call the \"Davidian Revolution\". Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England", "56de3d594396321400ee26ca": "Hereford", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "the Welsh", - "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Edward the Confessor", - "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Welsh", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cb": "earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh", + "56de3d594396321400ee26cc": "Confessor", + "56de3dbacffd8e1900b4b6d2": "Marches", "56de3e414396321400ee26d8": "1018", - "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "William of Montreuil", + "56de3e414396321400ee26d9": "zeal of the Normans", "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e6": "1097", - "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred", - "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e7": "Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade", + "56de3ebc4396321400ee26e8": "Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan", "56de3efccffd8e1900b4b6fe": "380 years", - "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "a storm", + "56de3f784396321400ee26fa": "despot Isaac Komnenos", "56de3f784396321400ee26fb": "Berengaria", "56de3f784396321400ee26fc": "1191", "56de3f784396321400ee26fd": "Isaac Komnenos", - "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Conrad of Montferrat", - "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "silver", - "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Robert de Thornham", - "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Sancho VI of Navarre.", + "56de40da4396321400ee2708": "Conrad of Montferrat. The local barons abandoned Isaac", + "56de40da4396321400ee2709": "silver chains", + "56de40da4396321400ee270a": "Guy de Lusignan", + "56de41504396321400ee2714": "Queen of Cyprus", "56de41504396321400ee2715": "12 May 1191", - "56de41504396321400ee2716": "double", + "56de41504396321400ee2716": "King of Cyprus", "56de48f34396321400ee2770": "1489", "56de48f34396321400ee2771": "the Knights Templar", - "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa", - "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Bethencourt", + "56de49564396321400ee277a": "Atlantic coast of Africa", + "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a7": "Henry III", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a8": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n", "56de49a8cffd8e1900b4b7a9": "Enrique P\u00e9rez de Guzm\u00e1n", - "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "Channel Islands", + "56de4a474396321400ee2786": "the Channel Islands", "56de4a474396321400ee2787": "two", "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7bd": "Romanesque", - "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways", - "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic", - "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic", - "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Sicily", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "the early 11th century", - "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "the dukes", - "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "embroidery", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "Bayeux Tapestry", - "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Odo", - "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "stonework or metalwork", - "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "11th century", + "56de4a89cffd8e1900b4b7be": "over windows", + "56de4b074396321400ee2793": "Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture", + "56de4b074396321400ee2794": "Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture", + "56de4b074396321400ee2795": "Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee2799": "11th century", + "56de4b5c4396321400ee279a": "Saint-Wandrille", + "56de4bb84396321400ee27a2": "16th century and French Revolution", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ab": "tapestry but a work of embroidery", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ac": "the Bayeux Tapestry", + "56de4c324396321400ee27ad": "Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent", + "56de51244396321400ee27ef": "Palermo", + "56de51c64396321400ee27f7": "the 11th century", "56de51c64396321400ee27f8": "William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna", "56de52614396321400ee27fb": "southern Italy", "56de52614396321400ee27fc": "Sant'Eufemia", "56de52614396321400ee27fd": "Robert Guiscard", - "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "singing", + "56de52614396321400ee27fe": "Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f6": "1943", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f8": "Serbian", "56df9e2838dc4217001520f9": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b7": "1943", "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b8": "1943", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "Serbian", - "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "alternating current", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6b9": "American", + "56e0b94b7aa994140058e6bb": "design of the modern alternating current", "56df9ee138dc421700152108": "1884", - "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "Thomas Edison", + "56df9ee138dc421700152109": "George Westinghouse", "56df9ee138dc42170015210a": "George Westinghouse", - "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "New York City", + "56df9ee138dc42170015210b": "Thomas Edison in New York City", "56df9ee138dc42170015210c": "War of Currents", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c1": "1884", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "Thomas Edison", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c2": "develop a range of electrical devices", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3": "New York City", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c4": "George Westinghouse", - "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "AC induction motor and transformer", + "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c5": "George Westinghouse, who also hired Tesla for a short time as a consultant", "56dfa01738dc42170015211d": "1893", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power experiments in New York and Colorado Springs", - "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "wireless lighting and electricity distribution", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211e": "Colorado Springs", + "56dfa01738dc42170015211f": "lighting and electricity distribution", "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35b": "Colorado Springs", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "1893", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "boat", - "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "Wardenclyffe Tower", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "1943", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35c": "early (1893", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35d": "intercontinental wireless transmission", + "56e0bab7231d4119001ac35e": "Colorado Springs", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb7": "January 1943", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb8": "the SI unit of magnetic flux density", "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebb9": "New York hotels", - "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "mad scientist", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "His patents earned him a considerable amount of money", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "1943", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "SI unit of magnetic flux density", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1990s", - "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "showmanship", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Croatia", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "Serbian Orthodox priest", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "genetics and influence", - "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "mother", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "Serbian Orthodox priest", + "56dfa0d84a1a83140091ebba": "archetypal", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cb": "money", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cc": "January 1943", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cd": "Weights and Measures", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6ce": "1960", + "56e0bb9f7aa994140058e6cf": "archetypal", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc1": "Austrian", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc2": "a Serbian Orthodox priest", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc3": "memorize Serbian epic poems", + "56dfa13d4a1a83140091ebc4": "eidetic memory", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36b": "an Orthodox priest", "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36c": "Milutin Tesla", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "\u0110uka Tesla", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "genetics", - "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "western Serbia", - "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "five", - "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German, arithmetic, and religion", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36d": "Milutin Tesla", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36e": "mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. \u0110uka had never received a formal education. Nikola credited his eidetic memory", + "56e0bcc0231d4119001ac36f": "western Serbia, near Montenegro", + "56dfa1d34a1a83140091ebd4": "fourth of five children", + "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd6": "German", "56dfa1d44a1a83140091ebd7": "1862", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "Dane", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "Dane", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "horse-riding accident", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "Gospi\u0107, Austrian Empire", - "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "a pastor", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac375": "Dane and three sisters", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac376": "Dane and three sisters, Milka", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac377": "a horse-riding accident", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac378": "German", + "56e0c0c7231d4119001ac379": "a pastor. Nikola completed \"Lower\" or \"Primary\" School, followed by the \"Lower Real Gymnasium", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152142": "a math teacher Martin Sekuli\u0107", "56dfa24a38dc421700152143": "German", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "integral calculus", - "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "cheating", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152144": "calculus", + "56dfa24a38dc421700152145": "perform integral calculus in his head, which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating", "56dfa24a38dc421700152146": "1873", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d5": "1870", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "cheating", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Martin Sekuli\u0107", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d6": "Real Gymnasium", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d7": "Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier", "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d8": "German", - "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1873", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "cholera", + "56e0c1617aa994140058e6d9": "1873.:33", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf2": "Smiljan", "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf3": "nine months", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "the best engineering school", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "the priesthood", - "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "Smiljan", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf4": "a moment of despair", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf5": "priesthood", + "56dfa2c54a1a83140091ebf6": "birthtown, Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6df": "1873", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "cholera", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e0": "Smiljan", "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e1": "nine months", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "in a moment of despair, promised to send him to the best engineering school", - "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "the best engineering school", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Tomingaj", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e2": "a moment of despair", + "56e0c2307aa994140058e6e3": "the illness", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfc": "Austro-Hungarian Army", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfd": "Mark Twain", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "the mountains", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebfe": "the mountains in hunter's garb. Tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally. He read many books", "56dfa3394a1a83140091ebff": "1874", - "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "hunter's garb. Tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and mentally. He read many books", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army", + "56dfa3394a1a83140091ec00": "Austro-Hungarian Army", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac389": "Austro-Hungarian Army", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38a": "1874", "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38b": "books", - "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Mark Twain", + "56e0c2bc231d4119001ac38c": "Tomingaj, and later said that Mark Twain's works", "56dfa3c338dc421700152154": "1875", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Polytechnic", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152155": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria, on a Military Frontier scholarship", "56dfa3c338dc421700152156": "1879", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "the Gramme dynamo", - "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "gambling", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "Graz", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152157": "Military Frontier scholarship", + "56dfa3c338dc421700152158": "Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ab": "Austrian Polytechnic in Graz, Austria", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ac": "1875", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ad": "1879", "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3ae": "gambling", - "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would be killed through overwork", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "nervous breakdown", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "nervous breakdown", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "draftsman", - "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "draftsman for 60 florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards", + "56e0cbf3231d4119001ac3af": "Professor Poeschl over the Gramme dynamo", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9": "Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfaa": "to hide the fact", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfab": "nervous breakdown", + "56dfa7887aa994140058dfac": "a nervous breakdown", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfad": "nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e717": "December 1878", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "he dropped out of school", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e718": "a nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e719": "that he had drowned", - "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "draftsman", + "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71a": "nervous breakdown", "56e0ccaa7aa994140058e71b": "nervous breakdown", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "police guard for not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbd": "police guard", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbe": "24 March 1879", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "60", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfbf": "17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60", "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc0": "a stroke", - "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "60 after contracting an unspecified illness", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "an unspecified illness", + "56dfaa047aa994140058dfc1": "Milutin Tesla died", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3bf": "not having a residence permit. On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c0": "24 March 1879", "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c1": "Higher Real Gymnasium", - "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "a stroke", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Gospi\u0107 for Prague", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "too late", - "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "lectures", + "56e0cd33231d4119001ac3c2": "Gospi\u0107 under police guard", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5b": "Prague", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5c": "Charles-Ferdinand University; he never studied Greek", + "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5e": "lectures at the university, although, as an auditor", "56dfac8e231d4119001abc5f": "Charles-Ferdinand University", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c7": "Prague", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c8": "January 1880", - "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "Gospi\u0107", + "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3c9": "the university", "56e0cdb9231d4119001ac3ca": "uncles", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc7": "Budapest", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc8": "Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s", "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfc9": "chief electrician", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "telephone repeater or amplifier", - "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "draftsman", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfca": "a telephone repeater or amplifier", + "56dfad0a7aa994140058dfcb": "chief electrician position", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fc": "1881", "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fd": "Central Telegraph Office", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "Budapest Telephone Exchange", - "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "chief electrician position", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3fe": "the Budapest Telephone Exchange", + "56e0d402231d4119001ac3ff": "perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc83": "1882", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc84": "Manhattan's lower east side", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New York City:57\u201360 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc85": "New York City:57\u201360", "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc86": "Thomas Edison", - "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "France", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "Manhattan's lower east side", + "56dfb0c8231d4119001abc87": "France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e769": "France", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a": "Manhattan's lower east side", - "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57\u201360", + "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76b": "June 1884", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76c": "Thomas Edison", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76d": "Manhattan's lower east side", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "fifty thousand dollars", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "US$10 a week raise", - "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "fifty thousand dollars", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "fifty thousand dollars", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "64", - "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "US$10", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00d": "64", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e00e": "$10 a week raise over Tesla's US$18 per week salary", + "56dfb4be7aa994140058e010": "10", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e773": "64", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e774": "don't understand our American humor.\":64", + "56e0d6367aa994140058e775": "$10", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021": "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "electric lighting company", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "electrical arc light based illumination systems", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems", - "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e022": "electric lighting", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e023": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e024": "Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56dfb5777aa994140058e025": "Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac420": "Electric Light & Manufacturing", "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac421": "1886", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "electrical arc light based illumination systems", - "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "Tesla", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "little interest in Tesla's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "penniless", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "a ditch digger for $2 per day", - "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "1886/1887", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac422": "Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac423": "Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing", + "56e0d6cf231d4119001ac424": "dynamo electric machine commutators", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb5": "motors and electrical transmission equipment", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb6": "better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems. They eventually forced Tesla out leaving him penniless", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb8": "terrible headaches and bitter tears", + "56dfb5f5231d4119001abcb9": "1886", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42b": "penniless", - "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "$2 per day", + "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42c": "$2 per day. Tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of \"terrible headaches and bitter tears", "56e0d76d231d4119001ac42d": "terrible headaches and bitter tears", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc0": "Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles F. Peck", "56dfb666231d4119001abcc1": "April 1887", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "Manhattan", - "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "89 Liberty Street", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc2": "89 Liberty Street in Manhattan", + "56dfb666231d4119001abcc3": "89 Liberty Street in Manhattan", "56e0d810231d4119001ac432": "1886", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "fund development", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Alfred S. Brown", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "89 Liberty Street", - "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "Tesla Electric Company", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "induction motor", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac433": "improving and developing new types of electric motors", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac434": "Charles F. Peck", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac435": "89 Liberty Street in Manhattan", + "56e0d810231d4119001ac436": "Liberty Street", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e053": "induction motor that ran on alternating current", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054": "May 1888", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e055": "commutator", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "sparking", - "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "May 1888", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "long-distance, high-voltage transmission", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e056": "high maintenance", + "56dfb6d17aa994140058e057": "polyphase current", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43c": "1887", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43d": "brushes", "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43e": "commutator", - "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "May 1888", + "56e0d9e0231d4119001ac43f": "1887", "56e057e1231d4119001ac043": "Galileo Ferraris", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac044": "Galileo Ferraris", "56e057e1231d4119001ac045": "1888", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "viable AC motor and related power system", - "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "Thomas Commerford Martin", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac046": "patents", + "56e057e1231d4119001ac047": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e0dbb57aa994140058e779": "Thomas Commerford Martin", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "Galileo Ferraris", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "Galileo Ferraris", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "Italian physicist", - "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers (now IEEE). Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77a": "George Westinghouse", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77b": "George Westinghouse that Tesla", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77c": "Galileo Ferraris, but decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market", + "56e0dbb57aa994140058e77d": "George Westinghouse that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system \u2014 something for which Westinghouse had been trying to secure patents", "56e05900231d4119001ac04d": "1888", "56e05900231d4119001ac04e": "$60,000", - "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "Westinghouse", - "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "consultant", + "56e05900231d4119001ac04f": "George Westinghouse", + "56e05900231d4119001ac051": "polyphase induction", "56e0dc667aa994140058e783": "$60,000", "56e0dc667aa994140058e784": "July 1888", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "one year for the large fee of $2,000 ($52,700", - "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "Pittsburgh labs.", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e785": "a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs", + "56e0dc667aa994140058e786": "the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs", "56e059c8231d4119001ac057": "Pittsburgh", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "60-cycle AC current system", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60", - "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "DC traction motor", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "streetcars", - "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "DC traction motor", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "George Westinghouse", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac058": "a 60-cycle", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac059": "60-cycle AC current", + "56e059c8231d4119001ac05a": "Tesla's induction motor could only run at a constant speed, it would not work for street cars", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac444": "streetcars. He found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other Westinghouse engineers over how best to implement AC power", + "56e0e518231d4119001ac445": "DC traction", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac062": "Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse", "56e05a78231d4119001ac063": "War of Currents", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "development", - "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "General Electric", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "AC", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac064": "financial", + "56e05a78231d4119001ac065": "General Electric and converting to an AC delivery system at that point", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78b": "War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78c": "Tesla", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1888", - "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "War of Currents", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78d": "1886", + "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78e": "patent, both in 1888, put Tesla firmly on the \"AC\" side of the so-called \"War of Currents", "56e0e5f37aa994140058e78f": "Tesla", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cd": "George Westinghouse", "56e07c86231d4119001ac1ce": "Chicago", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "General Electric", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "Tesla Polyphase System", - "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "Tesla Polyphase System", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1cf": "George Westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago with alternating current", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d0": "Polyphase System\", Tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects", + "56e07c86231d4119001ac1d1": "gas-discharge", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d5": "George Westinghouse", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d6": "Chicago", "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d7": "1893", - "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "AC power", + "56e0ecd37aa994140058e7d8": "AC power, as Westinghouse demonstrated the safety, reliability", "56e0812c231d4119001ac213": "Richard Dean Adams", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "two-phased system would be the most reliable", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "Westinghouse Electric", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac214": "General Electric", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac215": "General Electric", "56e0812c231d4119001ac216": "General Electric", - "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "two-phased system", + "56e0812c231d4119001ac217": "Exposition, a contract for building a two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara Falls was awarded to Westinghouse Electric", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac459": "Richard Dean Adams", "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45a": "1893", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "two-phased system", - "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "most reliable", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45b": "a two-phased", + "56e0ee12231d4119001ac45c": "incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current", "56e089ab231d4119001ac285": "1896", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "$216,000", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "$2.50", - "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$216,000", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac287": "$200,000", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac288": "$200,000", + "56e089ab231d4119001ac289": "$200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac462": "J. P. Morgan", - "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "$200,000", + "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac463": "200,000", "56e0ef0c231d4119001ac464": "$216,000", "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5da": "35", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue laboratory", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "electric lamps", - "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "Tesla coil", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "30 July 1891", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "Tesla coil", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5db": "South Fifth Avenue", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dc": "46 E. Houston Street, in New York. He lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations, demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission", + "56e08a1f7aa994140058e5dd": "the Tesla coil", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac468": "35", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac469": "35", "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46a": "35", - "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "Tesla coil", + "56e0ef90231d4119001ac46b": "wireless power transmission", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac299": "American Institute of Electrical Engineers", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29a": "Institute of Radio Engineers", "56e08aa0231d4119001ac29d": "1892", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "vice president", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892 to 1894", - "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "Institute of Radio Engineers", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "radiant energy", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "5th Avenue laboratory", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac470": "president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac471": "1892", + "56e0f019231d4119001ac472": "Radio Engineers", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a4": "cold cathode electrical discharge", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a5": "5th Avenue", "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a6": "1895", - "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "metal locking screw", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "1894", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "Roentgen rays\" or \"X-Rays", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "1894", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "X-ray", - "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "Mark Twain", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "X-ray imaging", + "56e08b3c231d4119001ac2a7": "5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c8": "1895", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4c9": "invisible", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4ca": "5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cb": "gas discharge tube. The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens.:134", + "56e0f32d231d4119001ac4cc": "R\u00f6ntgen", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ad": "radiation", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2ae": "March 1896", - "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "high energy single terminal vacuum tube", + "56e08d32231d4119001ac2af": "radiography", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b0": "X-rays", "56e08d32231d4119001ac2b1": "Tesla Coil", "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d4": "March 1896", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "Tesla Coil", - "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "Tesla Coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "longitudinal waves", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d5": "X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal", + "56e0f5a6231d4119001ac4d6": "radiography", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b7": "acid", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b8": "various causes", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "ozone", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2b9": "longitudinal waves", "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2ba": "circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices", - "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "force-free magnetic fields", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "the Roentgen rays", + "56e08f4a231d4119001ac2bb": "in waves in plasmas", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ee": "various causes", "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4ef": "longitudinal waves", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "plasmas", - "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f0": "plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields", + "56e0f6aa231d4119001ac4f1": "longitudinal waves", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e795": "Benjamin Lamme", "56e0e69b7aa994140058e796": "1893", - "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Benjamin Lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor and Westinghouse Electric", + "56e0e69b7aa994140058e797": "Tesla Polyphase System\", noting how they believed Tesla's patents gave them patent priority over other AC", "56e0ed557aa994140058e7dd": "Egg of Columbus", - "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "Tesla", + "56e0ed557aa994140058e7e0": "copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus.", "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e859": "11 July 1934", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "a minute particle would break off the cathode", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "bits of metal", - "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "bits of metal", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85a": "bits of metal projected", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85b": "electric gun", + "56e0fa5b7aa994140058e85c": "gun", "56e0fb14231d4119001ac525": "National Electric Light Association", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "Tesla Coil", - "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "National Electric Light Association", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac526": "the Tesla Coil", + "56e0fb14231d4119001ac527": "Franklin Institute", "56e0fb887aa994140058e869": "1898", "56e0fb887aa994140058e86a": "teleautomaton", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Chicago", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "teleautomaton", - "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "magic, telepathy, and being piloted by a trained monkey", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1900", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "Guglielmo Marconi", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86b": "Colorado Springs", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86c": "magic, telepathy", + "56e0fb887aa994140058e86d": "magic, telepathy", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e877": "1904", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e878": "Tesla's patents being upheld in 1903, followed by a reverse decision in favor of Marconi", "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e879": "1904", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1943", - "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "Marconi in 1904.", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87a": "1904", + "56e0fc3f7aa994140058e87b": "Supreme Court", "56e0fd167aa994140058e881": "1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e882": "Colorado Springs", - "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "15 June 1899", + "56e0fd167aa994140058e883": "June 1899", "56e0fd167aa994140058e884": "five inches", "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ea": "atmospheric electricity", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "stationary waves", - "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "atmospheric electricity", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "lightning", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673eb": "stationary waves during this time. The great distances and the nature of what Tesla was detecting from lightning storms", + "56e0fde0cd28a01900c673ec": "investigated atmospheric electricity", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6a": "artificial lightning", "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6b": "135 feet", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "15 miles away", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "within 100 feet of the lab glowed", - "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "electrified", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6c": "135 feet", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6d": "touched. Light bulbs within 100 feet", + "56e0fe85e3433e1400422a6e": "blue halos of St. Elmo", "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fb": "power station generator", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "six miles away were repeatedly burned out", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "the powerful high frequency currents", - "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "jump through the windings and destroy", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "intelligently controlled", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "Mars, Venus", - "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Collier's Weekly article \"Talking With Planets", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fc": "a power station generator", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fd": "power outage", + "56e0ff5dcd28a01900c673fe": "jump through the windings", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a84": "hearing \"intelligently controlled", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a85": "Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado\u2014or signals from another experimenter", + "56e10043e3433e1400422a86": "Red Cross Society", "56e10043e3433e1400422a87": "intelligently controlled", "56e10043e3433e1400422a88": "July 1899", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "100,000", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "Colorado Springs experiments", - "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "$100,000", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67403": "$100,000", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67404": "Colorado Springs", + "56e100b6cd28a01900c67405": "Colorado Springs", "56e100b6cd28a01900c67406": "1899", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "7 January 1900", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740b": "January 1900", "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740c": "torn down", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "7 January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation needed] His lab was torn down in 1904", - "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "in 1904", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740d": "January 1900, Tesla left Colorado Springs.[citation needed] His lab was torn down in 1904", + "56e1011ecd28a01900c6740e": "torn down in 1904", "56e10179cd28a01900c67413": "the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility", - "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Shoreham, Long Island", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "Morgan", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "breach of contract", - "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "breach of contract", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "50 letters", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "wireless communication", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "57 m)", - "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "57 m", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "100\u20135,000", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "16,000 rpm", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1910\u20131911", - "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "200 horsepower", - "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "steam", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67414": "trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications", + "56e10179cd28a01900c67415": "Colorado experiments had prepared Tesla for the establishment of the trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as Wardenclyffe near Shoreham, Long Island", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8e": "Tesla's breach of contract by asking for more funds. Tesla wrote another plea to Morgan, but it was also fruitless", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a8f": "agreement", + "56e101f4e3433e1400422a91": "money", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67423": "over 50 letters", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67424": "financier", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67425": "full 187 feet (57 m). In July 1903, Tesla wrote to Morgan that in addition to wireless communication", + "56e10296cd28a01900c67426": "full 187 feet", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67435": "150 kilowatts) 16,000", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67436": "150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67437": "1910", + "56e10325cd28a01900c67438": "200", + "56e10412e3433e1400422aba": "hammer", "56e10412e3433e1400422abb": "Houston Street lab", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "to terminate", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "World Today", - "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "a few weeks he could set the earth's crust", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abc": "hammer", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abd": "L. Benson\u2014was published in World Today", + "56e10412e3433e1400422abe": "hammer", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae4": "electricity", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "unconsciously with electricity", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "William H. Maxwell", - "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'\" The plan was, at least provisionally approved by then superintendent of New York City schools", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "overseas", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "lost", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "$20,000", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "20,000", - "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "Edison Medal", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "the magazine Electrical Experimenter", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "fluorescent screen", - "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "Electrical Experimenter", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae5": "saturating them unconsciously with electricity", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6": "superintendent of New York City schools, William H. Maxwell.", + "56e1066be3433e1400422ae7": "a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afa": "overseas investors. After the war started, Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afb": "from", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afc": "for $20,000 ($472,500", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afd": "$20,000 ($472,500", + "56e1075ae3433e1400422afe": "the Edison Medal", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0c": "the magazine", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0d": "electric ray\" of \"tremendous frequency", + "56e108abe3433e1400422b0e": "radar system", "56e108abe3433e1400422b0f": "\u00c9mile Girardeau", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla", - "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c6748f": "Thomas Edison", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67490": "Thomas Edison", + "56e1097dcd28a01900c67491": "Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner.:245", "56e1097dcd28a01900c67492": "245", - "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "animosity", + "56e10a28cd28a01900c674b1": "animosity toward each other; that each sought to minimize the other's achievements", "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b3": "38", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Tesla nor Edison won the prize (although Edison", - "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1915 and Tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b4": "Tesla nor Edison", + "56e10aa5cd28a01900c674b5": "1915", "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b24": "1,655,114", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "Tesla", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "less than $1,000", - "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "turbine engines", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b25": "1,655,114, for a biplane", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b26": "tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine engines in rotor aircraft.[improper synthesis", + "56e10b6ee3433e1400422b27": "turbine", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b36": "$125", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "consulting fee", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b37": "$125", "56e10c61e3433e1400422b38": "$125 per month", - "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "$125 per month", + "56e10c61e3433e1400422b39": "Electric & Manufacturing Company", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d7": "mechanical energy", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss", - "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "minimal loss", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d8": "over any terrestrial distance", + "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674d9": "over any terrestrial distance, a related new means of communication", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674da": "mineral deposits", "56e10d2dcd28a01900c674db": "1935", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "feeding pigeons", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "a doctor", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "three of his ribs were broken", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "1937", - "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "one night", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "teleforce", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "Van de Graaff generator", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "infantry", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft", - "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "death ray", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b48": "walks", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b49": "Tesla refused to consult a doctor", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4a": "broken", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4b": "1938", + "56e10ddce3433e1400422b4c": "1937", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674eb": "a \"teleforce", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ec": "the Van de Graaff generator", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ed": "peace ray\" or death ray", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ee": "peace ray\" or death ray", + "56e10e73cd28a01900c674ef": "death", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5c": "1937", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "Tesla", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5d": "luncheon", "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5e": "tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "high voltage", - "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "a little", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b5f": "small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage", + "56e10f14e3433e1400422b60": "luncheon", "56e10fbacd28a01900c67509": "charged particle beam weapons", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "Belgrade", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750a": "the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750b": "Belgrade", "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750c": "millions", - "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "all war", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "no danger that his invention could be stolen", + "56e10fbacd28a01900c6750d": "particle beam weapons. Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a \"superweapon", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b76": "steal", "56e11044e3433e1400422b77": "teleforce weapon was all in his mind.", - "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "his papers", + "56e11044e3433e1400422b78": "steal the invention. His room had been entered and his papers", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67531": "86", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "7 January 1943", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67532": "January 1943", "56e110c3cd28a01900c67533": "maid Alice Monaghan", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "7 January 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone in room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel.", - "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "coronary thrombosis", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla was an American citizen.", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "Alien Property Custodian", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "nothing", - "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Manhattan", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Fiorello La Guardia", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Fiorello La Guardia", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "12 January", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "two thousand", - "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "Ferncliff Cemetery", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67534": "maid Alice Monaghan", + "56e110c3cd28a01900c67535": "mask", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b86": "an American citizen", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b87": "the FBI", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b89": "Tesla's belongings, even though Tesla", + "56e11161e3433e1400422b8a": "Manhattan Storage", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b90": "Louis Adamic live", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b91": "Louis Adamic", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b92": "10 January 1943", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b93": "two thousand people", + "56e111e5e3433e1400422b94": "Ardsley", "56e1127bcd28a01900c67549": "Belgrade", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Sava Kosanovi\u0107", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Charlotte Muzar", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "Belgrade. The ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the Nikola Tesla Museum", - "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "1957", - "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "278", - "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "26", - "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "Canada", - "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "eight o'clock", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "286", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "9:00", - "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "the headwaiter", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "between 8 to 10 miles per day", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "between 8 to 10 miles per day", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "one hundred times", - "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "his brain cells", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "telepathy", - "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane, Tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754a": "Sava Kosan", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754b": "Sava Kosan", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754c": "Belgrade", + "56e1127bcd28a01900c6754d": "Belgrade", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bde": "around 300", + "56e11996e3433e1400422bdf": "26 countries that have been accounted for. Many of Tesla's patents were in the United States, Britain, and Canada", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be0": "Britain, and Canada", + "56e11996e3433e1400422be1": "Britain, and Canada", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b5": "8:10", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b6": "10 p.m., at Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b7": "eight o'clock ... He dined alone", + "56e11a16cd28a01900c675b8": "headwaiter", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf0": "10 miles per day", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf1": "toes one hundred times", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf2": "brain cells", + "56e11a73e3433e1400422bf3": "brain cells", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c7": "not believe in telepathy", + "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c8": "telepathy", "56e11afbcd28a01900c675c9": "one", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d7": "pigeons", "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d8": "over $2,000", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "injured ones", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "the park", - "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "hotel room", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "142", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "6 feet 2 inches", - "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "142 pounds (64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888 to about 1926", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675d9": "injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675da": "park", + "56e11ba9cd28a01900c675db": "park every day", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c18": "2 inches", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c19": "1.88", + "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1a": "6 feet 2 inches", "56e11c24e3433e1400422c1b": "New York City", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "eight", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "blinding flashes of light", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "an invention", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "blinding flashes of light", - "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "photographic", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e7": "33", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e8": "affliction", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675e9": "extreme precision", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675ea": "flashes", + "56e11cedcd28a01900c675eb": "photographic memory.:33", "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f1": "48 hours", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "84 hours", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "Graz", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "3", - "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "journalist", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "chastity", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities.:33", - "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "toward the end of his life", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f2": "48 hours", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f3": "chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f4": "Tesla rarely slept. Swezey", + "56e11d8ecd28a01900c675f5": "208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c28": "33", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c29": "women", + "56e11e57e3433e1400422c2a": "his life", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2e": "Dorothy Skerrit", "56e11f05e3433e1400422c2f": "Robert Underwood Johnson", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "prone to seclude", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "his work", - "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink.", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c30": "a social life", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c31": "appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink.\":80", + "56e11f05e3433e1400422c32": "distinguished sweetness, sincerity", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67611": "George Sylvester Viereck", - "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "his lab and elsewhere", + "56e11f83cd28a01900c67612": "telephone", "56e11f83cd28a01900c67613": "late 1920s", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "a subordinate to go home and change her dress.:33", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67617": "secretary", "56e12005cd28a01900c67618": "secretary", - "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "because of her weight", - "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "her weight.:110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "an electron creating an electric charge (he believed that if electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or \"sub-atom", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "Tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics", - "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "transmitted electrical energy", + "56e12005cd28a01900c67619": "her weight.:110", + "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a": "secretary", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c38": "atoms", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c39": "physics", + "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3a": "atoms", "56e120a1e3433e1400422c3b": "19th century", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein's theory of relativity", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "theories about the conversion of matter", - "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "the conversion of matter into energy", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "dynamic theory of gravity", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "in 1892", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "curved space", - "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "81", - "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "eugenics", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "master race", - "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "pity", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4a": "Einstein", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4b": "antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy.", + "56e12110e3433e1400422c4c": "relativity", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c50": "gravity", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c51": "1892", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c52": "dynamic theory of gravity", + "56e121b7e3433e1400422c53": "at age 81", + "56e122dacd28a01900c67639": "selective breeding version of eugenics", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763a": "selective breeding version of eugenics. His opinion stemmed from the belief that humans' \"pity\" had interfered with the natural \"ruthless workings of nature", + "56e122dacd28a01900c6763b": "master race", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c": "1937", "56e1239acd28a01900c67641": "Queen Bees", "56e1239acd28a01900c67642": "1926", "56e1239acd28a01900c67643": "Queen Bees", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "20 December 1914", - "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5e": "post-World War I environment", + "56e12477e3433e1400422c5f": "Science and Discovery are the great Forces", "56e12477e3433e1400422c60": "20 December 1914", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61": "the League of Nations", "56e124f1cd28a01900c6764f": "religious fanaticism. Despite this, he had a profound respect for both Buddhism and Christianity", - "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "fanaticism", + "56e124f1cd28a01900c67650": "Buddhism and Christianity", "56e124f1cd28a01900c67651": "Buddhism and Christianity", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "A Machine to End War", - "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "uncertain", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c66": "A Machine", + "56e1254ae3433e1400422c67": "religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made. For example, in his article, \"A Machine to End War", "56e1254ae3433e1400422c68": "A Machine to End War", "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6c": "The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited by David Hatcher Childress; and The Tesla Papers", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "Ben Johnston", - "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "Ben Johnston", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6d": "David Hatcher", + "56e125b6e3433e1400422c6e": "David Hatcher", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67655": "web", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67656": "1900", "56e1262fcd28a01900c67657": "Inventions", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7c": "science fiction", - "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "live theater, comics and video games", + "56e126dae3433e1400422c7d": "science fiction", "56e126dae3433e1400422c7e": "several", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "Time", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765b": "Time magazine", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765c": "75th birthday", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "All the world's his power house", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765d": "congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein", "56e127bccd28a01900c6765e": "Albert Einstein", - "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "theoretical computer science", - "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "Computational complexity theory", - "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "mathematical models of computation", + "56e127bccd28a01900c6765f": "more than 70", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e28": "computation", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e29": "amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps", + "56e16182e3433e1400422e2a": "amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps", + "56e16839cd28a01900c67887": "difficult", "56e16839cd28a01900c67888": "time and storage", "56e16839cd28a01900c67889": "time and storage", - "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "the number of gates", - "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "computational complexity theory", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", + "56e16839cd28a01900c6788a": "gates", + "56e16839cd28a01900c6788b": "gates", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f40": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f41": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", "56e17644e3433e1400422f42": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", - "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "analysis of algorithms and computability theory", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "a problem instance", + "56e17644e3433e1400422f43": "theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a1": "abstract question to be solved. In contrast, an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance", "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a2": "a problem", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "input string", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "input string", - "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "input string", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "2000", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "decision version", - "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "computational problems", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "bitstrings", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "string", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "bitstrings", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "adjacency matrices", - "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "adjacency matrices", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "Decision problems", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "yes", - "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "yes or no", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a3": "computational complexity theory, a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved. In contrast, an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a4": "abstract question to be solved. In contrast, an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance", + "56e17a7ccd28a01900c679a5": "yes", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f7f": "15", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f80": "little use for solving other instances of the problem", + "56e17e6ee3433e1400422f81": "problems", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa0": "over an alphabet", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa1": "over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2": "over an alphabet", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa3": "bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects other than bitstrings", + "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa4": "real-world computer, mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded. For example, integers", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc8": "a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fc9": "Decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fca": "a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcb": "non-members are those instances whose output is no. The objective is to decide, with the aid of an algorithm", + "56e190bce3433e1400422fcc": "deciding this problem returns the answer yes", "56e19557e3433e1400422fee": "arbitrary graph", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "formal language", - "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "binary strings", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "integer factorization problem", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "single", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "integer factorization", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "integer factorization problem", - "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "decision problem", - "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "decision problems. However, this is not really the case, since function problems can be recast as decision problems", - "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "triples", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "a function of the size of the instance", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "the instance", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "function of the size", - "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "bits", - "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "input size", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff0": "deciding whether the given graph is connected, or not. The formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs", + "56e19557e3433e1400422ff1": "graphs", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f6": "traveling salesman", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7": "total", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f8": "integer factorization problem", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679f9": "integer factorization", + "56e19724cd28a01900c679fa": "integer factorization", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2e": "as decision problems. For example, the multiplication of two integers", + "56e1a0dccd28a01900c67a2f": "c holds. Deciding whether a given triple is a member of this set corresponds to solving the problem of multiplying two numbers", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305c": "as a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305d": "calculated as a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305e": "more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the space required, or any measure of complexity)", + "56e1a38de3433e140042305f": "calculated as a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits", + "56e1a38de3433e1400423060": "algorithms", "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a48": "Cobham", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "time taken can be expressed as a function of n", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "T(n)", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "T(n)", - "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "T(n) is a polynomial in n", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "Turing machine", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "general computing machine", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "general computing machine", - "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "symbols", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "future actions. A probabilistic Turing machine is a deterministic Turing machine with an extra supply of random bits", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "randomized algorithms", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a49": "If T(n) is a polynomial", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4a": "complexity T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4b": "If T(n)", + "56e1a564cd28a01900c67a4c": "maximum time taken over all inputs of size n. If T(n) is a polynomial", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423094": "Turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423095": "general computing machine. It is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a strip of tape. Turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423097": "RAM machine, Conway's Game of Life, cellular automata or any programming language can be computed on a Turing machine", + "56e1aba0e3433e1400423098": "mathematical model of a general computing machine", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a68": "randomized algorithms", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a69": "random bits", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6a": "non-deterministic Turing machine", "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6b": "non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "non-determinism", - "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "complexity classes", - "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "more powerful", - "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines", + "56e1aff7cd28a01900c67a6c": "randomized algorithms", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309e": "Turing machines are used to define complexity classes", + "56e1b00ce3433e140042309f": "quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines", + "56e1b00ce3433e14004230a1": "Turing machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a72": "random access machines", "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a73": "random access machines", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "time and memory", - "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary. What all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "more unusual resources", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "computational model", - "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "non-deterministic Turing machine", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "length n", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "some criteria", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "DTIME", - "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "DTIME", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "complexity resources, any complexity measure", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "computational resource. Complexity measures", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a74": "random access machines", + "56e1b169cd28a01900c67a75": "random access machines", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b0": "non-deterministic Turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b1": "non-deterministic time", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b2": "check", + "56e1b355e3433e14004230b3": "analyzing computational problems", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa3": "yes", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa4": "time f(n)", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa5": "DTIME(f(n)", + "56e1b62ecd28a01900c67aa6": "Turing machine M on input x is the total number of state transitions, or steps", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abc": "Blum complexity axioms", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd": "Blum complexity axioms", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abe": "Blum complexity axioms", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "circuit complexity", - "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "Complexity measures", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "worst and average", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "time complexity", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "time complexity", - "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "quicksort", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order", - "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "O(n2", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "space consumption", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "algorithms", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "T(n", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "upper bound", - "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "\"all possible algorithms\"", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abf": "Blum complexity axioms", + "56e1b754cd28a01900c67ac0": "Blum complexity axioms", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e6": "time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e7": "time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e8": "time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs", + "56e1b8f3e3433e14004230e9": "average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity (or any other complexity measure) of different inputs", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae0": "problem of sorting a list of integers", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae1": "when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order, and the algorithm takes time O(n2)", + "56e1ba41cd28a01900c67ae2": "integers", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423104": "space consumption), one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423105": "Analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423106": "algorithm", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423107": "upper bound T(n) on the time complexity of a problem", + "56e1bc3ae3433e1400423108": "all possible algorithms", "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afc": "big O notation", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "constant factors and smaller terms", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "T(n) = O(n2)", - "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "T(n) = O(n2)", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afd": "the big O notation", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67afe": "if T(n) = 7n2 + 15n + 40, in big O notation one would write T(n) = O", + "56e1bd4acd28a01900c67aff": "big O notation", "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2c": "complexity classes", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complicated definitions", - "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "some complexity classes have complicated definitions", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "f(n", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "quadratic time", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "single-tape Turing machines", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "Cobham-Edmonds", - "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "complexity class P, which is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine within polynomial time", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2d": "complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework. Thus, a typical complexity class", + "56e1c0f6cd28a01900c67b2e": "typical complexity class", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423134": "yields complexity classes", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423135": "quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423136": "Turing machine, but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423137": "Cobham-Edmonds thesis states that \"the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation", + "56e1c2eee3433e1400423138": "quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines", "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423148": "time or space", - "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "bounding the time or space", - "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "complexity classes", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "AC and NC", - "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "Boolean circuits", + "56e1c3e1e3433e1400423149": "algorithm", + "56e1c3e1e3433e140042314a": "algorithm. Some important complexity classes", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314e": "quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems", + "56e1c4fce3433e140042314f": "quantum Turing machines. #P is an important complexity class of counting problems", "56e1c4fce3433e1400423150": "quantum Turing machines", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "#P", - "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "Interactive", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "computation time", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "n2", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "hierarchy theorems", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "time and space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes", - "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "hierarchy theorems", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "The time and space hierarchy theorems", - "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "EXPTIME", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423151": "quantum Turing machines", + "56e1c4fce3433e1400423152": "quantum Turing machines", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316a": "DTIME(n)", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316b": "DTIME(n2", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316c": "hierarchy", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316d": "the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively. They are called hierarchy theorems", + "56e1c720e3433e140042316e": "DTIME(n2)", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b74": "theorems", + "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b75": "EXPTIME, and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that L is strictly contained in PSPACE", "56e1c7e2cd28a01900c67b76": "PSPACE", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "a reduction", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "log-space reductions", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "Y", - "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "Karp reductions and Levin reductions", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423192": "reduction", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423193": "transformation", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423194": "log-space reductions", + "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423195": "polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions", "56e1c9bfe3433e1400423196": "log-space reductions", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bac": "polynomial-time reduction", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bad": "problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bae": "polynomial-time reduction", - "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "both inputs of the multiplication algorithm. Thus we see that squaring is not more difficult than multiplication, since squaring can be reduced to multiplication", + "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67baf": "polynomial-time reduction", "56e1cbe2cd28a01900c67bb0": "problem of multiplying two integers", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "type of reduction", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "polynomial-time reductions are commonly used. In particular, the set of problems that are hard for NP is the set of NP-hard problems", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "any problem", - "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "X", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "NP-complete", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "NP", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "\u03a02", - "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "\u03a01 would yield a polynomial-time solution to \u03a02", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "P", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a4": "reduction", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a5": "hard for a complexity class", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a6": "harder than X, since an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem", + "56e1ce08e3433e14004231a8": "complexity class", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cb": "C.) Thus the class", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cc": "difficult problems", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231cd": "polynomial-time solution for \u03a01. This is because a polynomial-time solution to \u03a01", + "56e1d9fee3433e14004231ce": "NP problems", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bca": "mathematical abstraction modeling", "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcb": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "P", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "vertex cover problem", - "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "yes", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "protein structure prediction", - "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "US$1,000,000", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "Ladner", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "NP-intermediate problems. The graph isomorphism problem", - "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "The graph isomorphism problem", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "NP-complete", - "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcc": "Cobham\u2013Edmonds thesis. The complexity class NP, on the other hand, contains many problems", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bcd": "vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines", + "56e1dc62cd28a01900c67bce": "vertex cover problem. Since deterministic Turing machines are special non-deterministic Turing machines", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d5": "Millennium Prize Problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics Institute", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d6": "logistics, protein structure prediction in biology, and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems", + "56e1ddfce3433e14004231d8": "one of the Millennium Prize Problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics Institute", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd4": "graph isomorphism problem, the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be NP-intermediate", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd5": "graph isomorphism problem", + "56e1ded7cd28a01900c67bd6": "graph isomorphism problem", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fc": "isomorphism", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fd": "graph isomorphism problem is in P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate", + "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231fe": "isomorphism", "56e1e9dfe3433e14004231ff": "second", - "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "general number field sieve", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "k", + "56e1e9dfe3433e1400423200": "graph isomorphism", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0a": "integer factorization", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0b": "prime factorization of a given integer. Phrased as a decision problem, it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k", "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0c": "RSA algorithm", - "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "general number field sieve", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "P = PSPACE", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "unequal, but this has not been proved. For instance P \u2286 NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE, but it is possible that P = PSPACE", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "NP \u2286 PP \u2286 PSPACE", - "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "many known complexity classes", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "co-NP", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "problems with the yes/no answers reversed) of NP problems. It is believed that NP is not equal", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "NP", - "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "complement problems", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "L", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "P or equal to P", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "P or equal to P", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "NL and NC", - "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "NL and NC", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "intractable problems", - "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "more than the smallest inputs", - "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "EXPTIME-hard", + "56e1ec83cd28a01900c67c0e": "RSA algorithm", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423210": "unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423211": "unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423212": "PH, etc., it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class", + "56e1ee4de3433e1400423214": "unequal would be a major breakthrough", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321a": "co-NP is the class containing the complement problems", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321b": "i.e. problems with the yes/no answers reversed", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321c": "NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven. It has been shown that if these two complexity classes", + "56e1efa0e3433e140042321d": "co-NP is the class containing the complement problems", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423222": "P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423223": "NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423224": "logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P. Again, there are many complexity classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423225": "as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes", + "56e1f10ee3433e1400423226": "many complexity classes between the two, such as NL and NC, and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes.", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322c": "complexity theory", + "56e1fc57e3433e140042322f": "smallest inputs", + "56e1fc57e3433e1400423230": "1012 operations each second, the program would run for about 4 \u00d7 1010", "56e1febfe3433e1400423236": "Presburger arithmetic", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "in P", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "decision problem in Presburger arithmetic", - "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time", - "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423237": "hard or even that most of them are. For example, the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423238": "hard or even that most of them are. For example, the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic", + "56e1febfe3433e1400423239": "in reasonable times", + "56e1febfe3433e140042323a": "Presburger arithmetic", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c14": "Turing machines", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Alan Turing", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "definition of Turing machines", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c15": "Turing machines by Alan Turing", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c16": "algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among these was the definition of Turing machines", "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c17": "1936", - "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "the definition of Turing machines by Alan Turing in 1936, which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Juris Hartmanis", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "1965", - "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "time and space complexity", + "56e200e4cd28a01900c67c18": "Alan Turing in 1936, which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423240": "Fortnow & Homer (2003) point out, the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423241": "Richard Stearns (1965), which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems. Also, in 1965 Edmonds", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423242": "2003", + "56e202e9e3433e1400423243": "Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns (1965), which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems", "56e202e9e3433e1400423244": "1965", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "John Myhill", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1e": "John Myhill's definition of linear bounded automata", "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c1f": "1961", - "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Hisao Yamada", + "56e2042ecd28a01900c67c20": "Boris Trakhtenbrot", "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c24": "input encoding", - "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "choice of encoding", + "56e20a27cd28a01900c67c25": "encoding", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324a": "Manuel Blum", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324b": "speed-up theorem", - "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems\"", + "56e20a3ae3433e140042324d": "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", "56e20a3ae3433e140042324e": "21", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "curriculum", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f23": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f24": "pedagogy", "56e7477700c9c71400d76f25": "university or college", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "a lesson plan", - "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "school", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "among cultures", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f26": "pedagogy", + "56e7477700c9c71400d76f27": "place of formal education", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37": "literacy and numeracy", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f38": "numeracy", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills", - "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "home schooling", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "formal education", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "family member", - "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "home schooling", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "the Quran, Torah or Bible", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "Quran, Torah or Bible", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "Quran, Torah or Bible", - "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "religious texts such as the Quran, Torah or Bible", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f39": "literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship", + "56e748a200c9c71400d76f3a": "literacy and numeracy", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f51": "teacher occupying a transient", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f52": "formal education can take place through home schooling", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f53": "Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f54": "transient", + "56e749dd00c9c71400d76f55": "teacher occupying a transient", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f65": "gurus, mullahs", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f66": "the Quran, Torah or Bible", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f67": "the Quran, Torah or Bible", + "56e74af500c9c71400d76f68": "gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas", "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e33": "homeschooling", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "paid professionals", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals", - "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "the organization of school functions", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "extracurricular", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls", - "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "teachers", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "teacher's colleges", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "to serve and protect the public interest", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "public interest", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "teacher's colleges", - "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "standards of practice", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "college peoples", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "members", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "the college", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "accrediting teacher education programs", - "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "the State Board of Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies. In still other areas Teaching Unions", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "tutor", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "tutor", - "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "a tutor", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e34": "homeschooling, or in the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e35": "Chartered or CPA", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e36": "homeschooling", + "56e74bf937bdd419002c3e37": "Chartered or CPA", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6e": "professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f6f": "professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f70": "professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching", + "56e74d1f00c9c71400d76f71": "supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f76": "knowledge and professional", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f77": "knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f78": "knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f79": "the world many governments", + "56e74e4800c9c71400d76f7a": "knowledge and professional", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f94": "professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f95": "professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f96": "the college, and private schools", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f97": "professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education", + "56e74faf00c9c71400d76f98": "Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5b": "school or academy", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5c": "academy", + "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5d": "academy", "56e7504437bdd419002c3e5e": "a tutor", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "course of study and lesson plan", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa8": "pedagogy", "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fa9": "pedagogy", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "course of study and lesson plan", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "pedagogy", - "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "informal or formal approach to learning, including a course of study and lesson plan", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "course of study, lesson plan", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "A teacher", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "learning disabilities", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities", - "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "standardized", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "particular skills", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "self-study and problem solving", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "differentiated instruction", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "timid, detect and correct individual flaws", - "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "differentiated", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76faa": "pedagogy", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fab": "shape", + "56e751fb00c9c71400d76fac": "internet over the past decade", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e6f": "skill", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e70": "teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e71": "practical skill", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e72": "practical skill", + "56e7535037bdd419002c3e73": "practical skill", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbc": "real bulk of learning", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbd": "real", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbe": "real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fbf": "real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop", + "56e7542f00c9c71400d76fc0": "learning", "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc6": "teachers and children", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "whole curriculum", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "teachers and children", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "the primary school", - "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a \"platoon\" system", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "platoon\" system", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "many subjects", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects", - "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "United States", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "learning", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two or more", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "learning", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "learning", - "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "social networking", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc7": "children", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc8": "children", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fc9": "sur", + "56e7550700c9c71400d76fca": "specialist teacher and sur", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8b": "alternative approaches for primary education", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8c": "platoon\" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8d": "strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8e": "students", + "56e7560937bdd419002c3e8f": "United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e95": "educational", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e96": "two", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e97": "climate of learning", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e98": "one another to create a climate of learning", + "56e756bc37bdd419002c3e99": "learning", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ea9": "corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "substitute parent", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eaa": "corporal punishment", "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eab": "corporal punishment", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "most common form of school discipline", - "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain)", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "the United States", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "United States", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "the United States", - "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "physical pain", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3eac": "corporal punishment. While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms of parental discipline", + "56e7578a37bdd419002c3ead": "corporal punishment", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb3": "corporal punishment (spanking", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb4": "paddling or caning or strapping", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb5": "the world", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb6": "corporal punishment (spanking or paddling or caning or strapping", + "56e7586d37bdd419002c3eb7": "paddling or caning or strapping", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fec": "30", "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fed": "American schools", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not.", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle", - "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "caning", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fee": "30", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76fef": "wooden paddle", + "56e7591b00c9c71400d76ff0": "in American schools", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77000": "corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment", "56e759bb00c9c71400d77001": "Asian, African and Caribbean countries", - "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "School corporal punishment", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "detention", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "detention", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "Saturday detention", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "Saturday detention", - "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "Saturday detention\" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or a punishment essay", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "assertive", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "immediate and fair punishment", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "behavior", - "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "respect their students", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "teachers and parents", + "56e759bb00c9c71400d77002": "Asian, African and Caribbean countries", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec7": "one of the most common punishments in schools", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec8": "detention is one of the most common punishments in schools", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ec9": "Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3eca": "Saturday detention\" held at some schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or a punishment essay", + "56e75a9037bdd419002c3ecb": "a punishment essay", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed1": "assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed2": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed3": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed4": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior", + "56e75b8237bdd419002c3ed5": "fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef5": "parents", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef6": "East Asia", - "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "weakness in school discipline", + "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef7": "many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently", "56e75d5037bdd419002c3ef8": "high standards of education", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "Western countries. In Japan", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "Western countries. In Japan", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702c": "Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702d": "Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries", "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702e": "Western countries", - "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Western", + "56e75e4500c9c71400d7702f": "Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a": "40 to 50 students", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "motivated students", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students", - "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "popularly based authority can maintain order", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703b": "40 to 50 students", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703c": "little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703d": "ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students", + "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703e": "ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77054": "democratic schools", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77055": "democratic schools", "56e7611500c9c71400d77056": "persuasion and negotiation", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient", - "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "a school that has good, clear laws", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77057": "democratic schools", + "56e7611500c9c71400d77058": "judicial system for enforcing these laws", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f13": "positive learning experience", "56e761d037bdd419002c3f14": "passion", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "positive learning experience", - "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "higher", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "vitality", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "lecture material", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "Controlled", - "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "higher", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "self-determined", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "enthusiasm", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "emotional contagion", - "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "emotional contagion", - "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "student-teacher relationships", - "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "beneficial relations", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "stronger self-confidence", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "his academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success", - "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "supportive and effective", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "teachers who are friendly and supportive", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "courses taught by these teachers. Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly", - "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "humor", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "enthusiasm about the students", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f15": "rote but attempt to find new invigoration", + "56e761d037bdd419002c3f17": "higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77072": "experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77073": "learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77074": "demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77075": "experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm", + "56e762fe00c9c71400d77076": "enthusiasm", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77086": "emotional contagion", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77087": "surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material. Finally, the concept of emotional contagion", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77088": "surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material. Finally, the concept of emotional contagion", + "56e763e800c9c71400d77089": "energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708e": "teacher relationships", + "56e764e200c9c71400d7708f": "good", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77090": "personal achievement. Here, personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77091": "his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success", + "56e764e200c9c71400d77092": "motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a2": "friendly and supportive", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a4": "relations with teachers who are friendly", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a5": "working directly", + "56e765ba00c9c71400d770a6": "decision making, allow humor", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f49": "teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm about the subject matter. A teacher must enjoy teaching", "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4a": "chemistry", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "excitement", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry", - "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "chemistry", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "teachers", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4b": "art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4c": "chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement", + "56e7667e37bdd419002c3f4d": "art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f53": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f54": "9.6%", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "United States", - "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "sometime during their educational career", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f55": "American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States", + "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f56": "9.6%", "56e7673a37bdd419002c3f57": "American Association of University Women", "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ca": "England", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "AAUW", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "2,869", - "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "AAUW", - "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "United States", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cb": "0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770cd": "869", + "56e7683d00c9c71400d770ce": "list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students\"Its reliability", + "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f67": "Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers", "56e768ce37bdd419002c3f69": "teacher misconduct", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "sex with pupils over the age of consent", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e8": "a shortage", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770e9": "Chris Keates", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers", - "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "sex offenders register", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ea": "Women Teachers, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register", + "56e769dc00c9c71400d770eb": "a shortage", "56e769dc00c9c71400d770ec": "sex offenders register", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "occupational stress", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "occupational burnout", - "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "occupational stress", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f75": "burnout", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f76": "organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f77": "burnout", + "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f78": "Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students", "56e76abf37bdd419002c3f79": "occupational burnout", "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f7f": "42%", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "2012", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "twice", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "A 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers.", - "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "workers", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "several", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "Organizational interventions, like changing teachers' schedules, providing support networks and mentoring", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "occupational stress", - "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "changing teachers' schedules", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f80": "42% of UK", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f81": "UK", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f82": "stress than average workers", + "56e76b8337bdd419002c3f83": "42%", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710e": "Individual-level interventions", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d7710f": "work environment", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77110": "reduce occupational stress among teachers. Individual-level interventions, including stress-management training and counseling", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77111": "Individual-level interventions", + "56e76c6a00c9c71400d77112": "mentoring", "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f93": "university or college", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "certification by a recognized body", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "elementary school education", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "background check and psychiatric evaluation", - "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "US", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "individual states and territories", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f94": "background check", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f95": "completion of high school. The high school student follows an education specialty track, obtain the prerequisite \"student-teaching\" time", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f96": "background check", + "56e76d6537bdd419002c3f97": "psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom. This is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77122": "individual states and territories. Generally, education in Australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education", "56e76de800c9c71400d77123": "three", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "universities and/or TAFE colleges", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "universities and/or TAFE colleges", - "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "three-tier", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree", - "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "businesses and sponsors", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "civil servants", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "Germany", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Grundschule)", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "Bundesbesoldungsordnung", - "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "Gymnasium", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island.", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "\u20ac27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to \u20ac53,423", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "\u20ac27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to \u20ac53,423", - "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "many years experience", - "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "the Teaching Council", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77124": "high schools", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77125": "secondary schools/high schools", + "56e76de800c9c71400d77126": "primary education", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9d": "a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3f9e": "post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education", + "56e76ea737bdd419002c3fa1": "provincial government", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712c": "Lehramtstudien", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712d": "Lehramtstudien", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712e": "Grundschule", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d7712f": "civil servants' salary index scale", + "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130": "Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77137": "the Irish language", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77138": "\u20ac27", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d77139": "basic pay for a starting teacher is \u20ac27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to \u20ac53", + "56e7714a00c9c71400d7713a": "Extra pay", + "56e7721500c9c71400d77140": "be registered with the Teaching Council", "56e7721500c9c71400d77141": "Section 30", "56e7721500c9c71400d77142": "2001", "56e7721500c9c71400d77143": "Oireachtas funds", "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbb": "2006", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "Garda", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "phased basis", - "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "those who refuse vetting", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbc": "non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting \"cannot be appointed or engaged by the school", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbe": "staff", + "56e772bf37bdd419002c3fbf": "voluntary role\". Existing staff", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714a": "\u00a341,004", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714b": "\u00a320,133 to \u00a341,004", "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714c": "\u00a320,980", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "bachelor's degree", - "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "September 2007", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "alternative licensing programs", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "hard-to-fill positions.", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "geographic area and subject taught.", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", - "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "secondary", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "the General Teaching Council for Scotland", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "Teaching", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714d": "at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education", + "56e773fa00c9c71400d7714e": "\u00a341,004 in September 2007", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd5": "alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd6": "hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd7": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd8": "as retirements", + "56e7752337bdd419002c3fd9": "Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715c": "General Teaching Council", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715d": "the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education", "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715e": "seven", - "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "Full Registration", + "56e775ec00c9c71400d7715f": "General Teaching Council", "56e775ec00c9c71400d77160": "a year", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fdf": "April 2008", "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe0": "\u00a320,427", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a320,427", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "\u00a332,583", - "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "members of trade unions", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe1": "\u00a332,583", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe2": "\u00a339,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status (requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules", + "56e7770037bdd419002c3fe3": "the Educational Institute", "56e777e500c9c71400d77176": "Wales", "56e777e500c9c71400d77177": "Welsh", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "16", - "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22 per cent", - "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "all age groups", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "members of trade unions", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "falling", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "2005 and 2010", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "younger than in previous years.", - "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "teachers in Welsh schools", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "Bureau of Labor Statistics", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77178": "22", + "56e777e500c9c71400d77179": "22", + "56e777e500c9c71400d7717a": "the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77180": "ATL, NUT or NASUWT", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77181": "reports", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77182": "2010", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77183": "NUT", + "56e7788200c9c71400d77184": "that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffd": "substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics", "56e7796637bdd419002c3ffe": "ten years", - "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "a bachelor's degree", - "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "No Child Left Behind", - "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "No Child Left Behind", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "low salaries", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "$51,009. In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "$51,009. In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259", - "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "TeachersPayTeachers.com", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "across all three major traditions - (Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "Lutheran and Anglican", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "the Pope of Rome", - "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "many individuals in the LDS Church, often a trusted friend, who may hold any office, from Elder to Bishop, or no office at all.", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "spiritual mentorship", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "husband", - "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "the father of the house", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "a guru", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "extremely high", + "56e7796637bdd419002c3fff": "674,000", + "56e7796637bdd419002c4000": "majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools", + "56e7796637bdd419002c4001": "that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718a": "extra money", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718b": "$51,009", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718c": "$41,855", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718d": "51,009", + "56e77a8700c9c71400d7718e": "extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations, high test scores and for high success at their overall school. Also, with the advent of the internet", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77194": "religious teachers in Christianity", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77196": "Protestant and Non-Denominational traditions", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77197": "Pope of Rome", + "56e77b8c00c9c71400d77198": "Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational, with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401d": "LDS Church), the teacher is an office", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401e": "archetype", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c401f": "archetype", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4020": "archetype", + "56e77c6737bdd419002c4021": "father", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a8": "guru", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771a9": "gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples", "56e77cee00c9c71400d771aa": "a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples", - "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "Hinduism", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "a Lama", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "be reborn", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "a Tulku", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", - "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "through phowa and siddhi", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "render legal verdicts upon matters of Islamic law", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "Islamic tradition of Sufism", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "the position of spiritual teacher", - "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "Qutb - and of traditions", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "German", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "10 November 1483 \u2013 18 February 1546", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "the Late Medieval Catholic Church", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "freedom from God's punishment for sin", - "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "all of his writings", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "salvation and subsequently eternal life", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "faith in Jesus Christ", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "the authority and office of the Pope", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "the Bible", - "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "a holy priesthood", + "56e77cee00c9c71400d771ab": "control over the lives of their disciples", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403b": "Tulku", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403c": "to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403d": "Tulku", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403e": "many times", + "56e77da237bdd419002c403f": "phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b0": "ulemas, who teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic living according to the Sunnah and Ahadith", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b1": "ulemas, who teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic living according to the Sunnah and Ahadith", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b2": "Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b3": "the Five Pillars of Islam", + "56e77e4a00c9c71400d771b4": "Qutb", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf5": "German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf6": "1521", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf7": "the Protestant Reformation", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf8": "freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money", + "56f7c651aef2371900625bf9": "freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727a": "God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727b": "a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727c": "the authority and office", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727d": "His theology challenged the authority and office of the Pope by teaching that the Bible", + "56f7c8aba6d7ea1400e1727e": "Lutherans", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17284": "Tyndale Bible", - "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "Tyndale Bible", + "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17285": "the Bible into the vernacular", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17286": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17287": "Tyndale Bible", "56f7cb10a6d7ea1400e17288": "clerical marriage", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "10 November 1483", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Hans Luder", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728e": "1484", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e1728f": "Eisleben, Saxony, then part of the Holy Roman Empire", "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17290": "the Holy Roman Empire", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "a Catholic", - "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "copper mines and smelters", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "University of Erfurt", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17291": "Holy Roman Empire", + "56f7cdc2a6d7ea1400e17292": "lawyer", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c56": "University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c57": "a beerhouse and whorehouse", - "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "four", + "56f7e9caaef2371900625c58": "1505", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c59": "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises", "56f7e9caaef2371900625c5a": "1505", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "law school", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cd": "Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason. For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions", "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172ce": "uncertainty", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "theology and philosophy", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "everything himself by experience", - "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "everything himself by experience", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172cf": "Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason. For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d0": "philosophy", + "56f7eba8a6d7ea1400e172d1": "suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience", "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d7": "thunderstorm", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "2 July 1505", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "Erfurt", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "17 July 1505. One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends", - "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "education", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "the Augustinian order", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "deep spiritual despair", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "jailer and hangman of my poor soul", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d8": "17 July 1505", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172d9": "2 July 1505, he was returning to university on horseback after a trip home", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172da": "the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends", + "56f7eddca6d7ea1400e172db": "furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c74": "deep spiritual despair. He said, \"I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c75": "one of deep spiritual despair. He said, \"I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c76": "deep spiritual despair. He said, \"I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter", "56f7ef96aef2371900625c77": "Johann von Staupitz", - "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of Christ", + "56f7ef96aef2371900625c78": "jailer", "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172eb": "1507", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "von Staupitz", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "1508", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "9 March 1508", - "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "bachelor's degree in Biblical studies", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ec": "Peter Lombard", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ed": "1507", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ee": "1509", + "56f7f15aa6d7ea1400e172ef": "Peter Lombard", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb0": "19 October 1512", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb1": "21 October 1512", - "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "Doctor in Bible", + "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb2": "University of Wittenberg", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb3": "University of Wittenberg", "56f7f2e0aef2371900625cb4": "Doctor of Theology", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17367": "1516", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "to sell indulgences", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17368": "sell indulgences to raise money", "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e17369": "Roman Catholic theology", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "is active in charity and good works", - "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "cannot justify man; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736a": "charity and good works (fides caritate formata). The benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money", + "56f7fde8a6d7ea1400e1736b": "Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5e": "31 October 1517", "56f7ffadaef2371900625d5f": "Albert of Mainz", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "Ninety-Five Theses", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Hans Hillerbrand", - "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "Thesis 86", - "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Johann Tetzel", - "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d60": "money of poor believers rather than with his own money", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d61": "Mainz", + "56f7ffadaef2371900625d62": "today", + "56f80143aef2371900625d68": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", + "56f80143aef2371900625d69": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", "56f80143aef2371900625d6a": "Luther", - "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "salvation were in error.", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "all punishments", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error.", - "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ", - "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "Tetzel", - "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "indulgences for the dead, his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with Catholic dogma", - "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "indulgences for the dead", + "56f80143aef2371900625d6b": "Johann Tetzel that \"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17377": "God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error.", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17378": "salvation", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e17379": "all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737a": "salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken", + "56f802c6a6d7ea1400e1737b": "Christ", + "56f8046faef2371900625d71": "no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences", + "56f8046faef2371900625d72": "no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching on indulgences, but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate.", + "56f8046faef2371900625d73": "no means representative of contemporary Catholic teaching", "56f8046faef2371900625d74": "Catholic dogma of the time.", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "the posting on the door", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "the posting on the door", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17387": "little foundation in truth. The story is based on comments", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17388": "one of the pillars of history, has little foundation", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e17389": "Philipp Melanchthon", "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738a": "Wittenberg", - "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "Walter Kr\u00e4mer, G\u00f6tz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause", + "56f80604a6d7ea1400e1738b": "one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth", "56f8074faef2371900625d79": "January 1518", "56f8074faef2371900625d7a": "printing press", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "friends of Luther translated the 95 Theses from Latin", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two weeks", - "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "two months", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7b": "the 95 Theses", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7c": "two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months", + "56f8074faef2371900625d7d": "two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17391": "1519", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17392": "Students", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "short commentary on Galatians and his Work on the Psalms", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17393": "Galatians and his Work on the Psalms", "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17394": "1520", - "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "the Psalms", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "the use of terms such as penance and righteousness", + "56f8094aa6d7ea1400e17395": "the Babylonian Captivity of the Church", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739b": "lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739c": "the Catholic Church", "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739d": "penance and righteousness", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "central truths of Christianity", - "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "salvation or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "Desiderius Erasmus", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "justification", - "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "the righteousness of God", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "Luther's rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "Christ and His salvation", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation\" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation", - "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two points", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739e": "several of the central truths of Christianity", + "56f80ad1a6d7ea1400e1739f": "God's act of declaring a sinner righteous \u2013 by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d83": "Desiderius Erasmus (1524). Luther based his position on predestination on St. Paul", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d84": "1525 publication On the Bondage of the Will, which was written in response to On Free Will by Desiderius Erasmus (1524", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d85": "righteousness of Christ", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d86": "God", + "56f80ccfaef2371900625d87": "law", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8d": "railing against the sale of indulgences", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8e": "railing against the sale of indulgences", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d8f": "rediscovery of \"Christ and His salvation", + "56f80e1daef2371900625d90": "two", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d95": "the 95 Theses", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d96": "Rome", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "a papal dispensation", - "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "more than one bishopric. As Luther later noted, \"the pope had a finger in the pie as well, because one half", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d97": "Mainz", + "56f80fdfaef2371900625d98": "half", "56f80fdfaef2371900625d99": "December 1517", - "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "Sylvester Mazzolini", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology", + "56f811bdaef2371900625d9f": "the Dominican theologian Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da0": "Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome", "56f811bdaef2371900625da1": "October 1518", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "the Antichrist", - "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "the Antichrist", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da2": "The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg", + "56f811bdaef2371900625da3": "Sylvester Mazzolini drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome. The Elector Frederick persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg", "56f81393aef2371900625da9": "January 1519", "56f81393aef2371900625daa": "remain silent", "56f81393aef2371900625dab": "The theologian Johann Eck", - "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "Matthew 16:18", - "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "a new Jan Hus", + "56f81393aef2371900625dac": "popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible", + "56f81393aef2371900625dad": "The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum", "56f81537aef2371900625db3": "15 June 1520", - "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "unless he recanted 41 sentences", - "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "41 sentences", - "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Karl von Miltitz", - "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "3 January 1521", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "secular authorities", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "18 April 1521", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "the estates of the Holy Roman Empire", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Charles V", - "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Prince Frederick III", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck", + "56f81537aef2371900625db4": "Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire", + "56f81537aef2371900625db5": "15 June 1520", + "56f81537aef2371900625db6": "Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio", + "56f81537aef2371900625db7": "January 1521", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f1": "ban on the 95 Theses fell to the secular authorities", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f2": "April 1521", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f3": "estates of the Holy Roman Empire", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f4": "Charles V presiding. Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony", + "56f8225ea6d7ea1400e173f5": "Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fb": "Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fc": "the Archbishop of Trier", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "copies of his writings laid out on a table", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "day", - "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "the second question", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "his arm", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "a knight winning a bout", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fd": "second question. He prayed, consulted friends", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe": "next day", + "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173ff": "if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author, but requested time to think about the answer", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17415": "a knight winning a bout.", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17416": "a knight winning a bout.", "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17417": "Michael Mullett", - "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "world classic of epoch-making oratory", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "recant his writings", + "56f82549a6d7ea1400e17418": "a knight winning a bout.\" Michael Mullett considers this speech as a \"world classic of epoch-making oratory", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17427": "God help me\" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17428": "Luther", - "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "unreliable", + "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e17429": "evidence", "56f826a7a6d7ea1400e1742a": "more dramatic", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "an outlaw", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "25 May 1521", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e17439": "determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743a": "1521", "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743b": "The Emperor", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "literature", - "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "kill", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "disappearance", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "Eisenach", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743c": "Worms", + "56f827caa6d7ea1400e1743d": "a notorious heretic.\" It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6b": "the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6c": "armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartburg", "56f82989aef2371900625e6d": "my Patmos", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "the New Testament from Greek", - "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "translated the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "that every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1 August 1521", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "1 August 1521, Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme: \"Be a sinner, and let your sins be strong", - "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "justice", - "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "summer of 1521", - "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "idolatry", - "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "a gift", - "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "private confession and absolution", - "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "sin", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "prophetic faith", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6e": "the New Testament from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz", + "56f82989aef2371900625e6f": "a renewed attack on Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17457": "God's favor is a sin. All humans are sinners by nature, he explained, and God's grace", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17458": "Be a sinner", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e17459": "1521", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745a": "a sinner, and let your sins be strong", + "56f82b25a6d7ea1400e1745b": "Melanchthon", + "56f84485aef2371900625f71": "1521", + "56f84485aef2371900625f72": "His essay", + "56f84485aef2371900625f73": "the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation. His essay", + "56f84485aef2371900625f74": "thanksgiving by the whole congregation", + "56f84485aef2371900625f75": "sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e17519": "foundations of the Reformation", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751a": "1521", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "1521", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "the Little Horn", - "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "prophecy of the Little Horn", - "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "Gabriel Zwilling", - "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "June 1521", - "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "Insurrection and Rebellion", - "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "the Augustinian friars", - "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "Andreas Karlstadt", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751b": "the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9\u201312, 23\u201325", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751c": "Little Horn", + "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d": "the power", + "56f84760aef2371900625f81": "Karlstadt", + "56f84760aef2371900625f82": "December 1521", + "56f84760aef2371900625f83": "equality of man, adult baptism, and Christ's imminent return", + "56f84760aef2371900625f84": "radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances", + "56f84760aef2371900625f85": "the town council", "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e1752f": "6 March 1522", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "God's word", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "eight days", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "Invocavit Sermons", - "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "trust God's word rather than violence", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "immediate", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "Jerome Schurf", - "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "sixth", - "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy", - "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "every day misguided people", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "public order", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "conservative", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17530": "freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17531": "Invocavit Sermons", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17532": "Invocavit", + "56f848e0a6d7ea1400e17533": "God", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9d": "intervention", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9e": "divine mercy", + "56f84a60aef2371900625f9f": "the sixth", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa0": "divine mercy", + "56f84a60aef2371900625fa1": "divine mercy", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa7": "public order, he signalled his reinvention", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fa8": "the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention", "56f84b68aef2371900625fa9": "the Zwickau prophets", - "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "social unrest and violence", - "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "radical reformers", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Zwickau prophet Nicholas Storch and Thomas M\u00fcntzer", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "the German Peasants' War", + "56f84b68aef2371900625faa": "battle against not only the established Church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest", + "56f84b68aef2371900625fab": "the Zwickau prophets", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb1": "Thomas M\u00fcntzer helped instigate the German Peasants' War of 1524\u201325", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb2": "German Peasants' War of 1524\u201325", "56f84d33aef2371900625fb3": "1524\u201325", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "an attack on the upper classes", - "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "the upper classes", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "the temporal authorities", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "Thuringia", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb4": "liberal\" phraseology", + "56f84d33aef2371900625fb5": "the upper classes in general", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc1": "mad dogs", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc2": "the widespread burning of convents", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc3": "the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs", "56f84e63aef2371900625fc4": "the devil's work", - "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "nobles", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "three", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "Render unto Caesar", + "56f84e63aef2371900625fc5": "the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754b": "13:1\u20137", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754c": "over lawful submission to the secular government", "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754d": "God", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "Christian brethren", - "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "death in body and soul", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "betrayed", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "the Swabian League", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754e": "over lawful submission to the secular government, they were ignoring Christ's counsel to \"Render unto Caesar", + "56f8507fa6d7ea1400e1754f": "God and Empire\", so they deserved \"death in body and soul, if only as highwaymen", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755d": "felt betrayed", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755e": "the Swabian League at the Battle of Frankenhausen", "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e1755f": "15 May 1525", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "15 May 1525", - "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "the secular powers", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina von Bora", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "herring barrels", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26", - "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "26", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17560": "Frankenhausen", + "56f851b1a6d7ea1400e17561": "religious movements, while Luther's Reformation", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756d": "Katharina", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756e": "April 1523", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e1756f": "26 years old and Luther was 41 years old", + "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17570": "41 years old", "56f852fba6d7ea1400e17571": "April 1523", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17577": "13 June 1525", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "evening", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17578": "June 1525", "56f8541da6d7ea1400e17579": "ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "27 June.", - "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Johannes Bugenhagen", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757a": "27 June", + "56f8541da6d7ea1400e1757b": "Bugenhagen", "56f855caaef2371900625ff3": "clerical marriage", "56f855caaef2371900625ff4": "clerical marriage", "56f855caaef2371900625ff5": "Biblical grounds", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "clerical marriage. He had long condemned vows of celibacy on Biblical grounds", - "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "reckless", - "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "a former monastery", - "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "The Black", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff6": "seal of approval on clerical marriage", + "56f855caaef2371900625ff7": "least Melanchthon", + "56f8575aaef2371900625ffd": "1542; Martin \u2013 1531; Paul \u2013 January 1533; and Margaret \u2013 1534", + "56f8575aaef2371900625ffe": "The Black Cloister,\" a wedding present", "56f8575aaef2371900625fff": "six", - "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "the riches of Croesus", - "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "farming the land", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "His Biblical ideal of congregations' choosing their own ministers", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "two catechisms", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "supervisory church body", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "two catechisms", - "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross", - "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "extreme change", + "56f8575aaef2371900626000": "poverty", + "56f8575aaef2371900626001": "farming", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175af": "organising a new church", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b0": "a supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b1": "supervisory church body, laid down a new form of worship service", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b2": "a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms. Luther's thought is revolutionary", + "56f8599aa6d7ea1400e175b3": "revolutionary", + "56f85bb8aef237190062600f": "the people", "56f85bb8aef2371900626010": "Saxony", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "extreme change", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "John the Steadfast", - "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "the temporal sovereign", - "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "1526", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "adaptation of the Latin Mass", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "Huldrych Zwingli", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "Latin Mass", - "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "optional", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626011": "one controlling system with another. He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626012": "Luther avoided extreme change. He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another. He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony", + "56f85bb8aef2371900626013": "pronouncements.", + "56f85cf0aef2371900626019": "early 1526", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601a": "a German liturgy", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601b": "Luther", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601c": "everything that smacks of sacrifice\"; and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread", + "56f85cf0aef237190062601d": "freedom of ceremony. Some reformers", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c3": "1527", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "visitation of the Electorate of Saxony, which began in 1527.", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "the standard of pastoral care and Christian education", - "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "Christian doctrine", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c4": "Saxony", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c5": "standard of pastoral care and Christian education", + "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c6": "Saxony", "56f85e71a6d7ea1400e175c7": "well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "the catechism", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cd": "catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity", "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175ce": "1529", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "pastors and teachers", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "pastors and teachers", - "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "Small Catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "The catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "cool", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "the Catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "The catechism", - "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "hymns and his translation of the Bible", - "56f86966aef2371900626053": "Small Catechism", - "56f86966aef2371900626054": "the three persons of the Trinity", - "56f86966aef2371900626055": "the Apostles' Creed", - "56f86966aef2371900626056": "pastors", - "56f86966aef2371900626057": "the Father and draws the believer to the Father", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "1522", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175cf": "Luther", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d0": "Luther", + "56f86680a6d7ea1400e175d1": "Lord's Prayer", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d7": "Bible", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d8": "all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175d9": "Catechism", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175da": "model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today", + "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db": "the Bible", + "56f86966aef2371900626053": "the Larger Catechism was effective for pastors", + "56f86966aef2371900626054": "Larger Catechism", + "56f86966aef2371900626055": "Lutheran", + "56f86966aef2371900626056": "Lord's Prayer, which are also part of the Lutheran catechical teaching.", + "56f86966aef2371900626057": "Trinity", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f5": "1534", "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f6": "1534", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "his own doctrine", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "alone\" after \"faith", - "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "faith alone", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f7": "the translation", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f8": "Romans 3", + "56f86b44a6d7ea1400e175f9": "say", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17605": "Saxon chancellery", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "Saxon chancellery", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "Germans", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17606": "chancellery", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17607": "chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans", "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17608": "everyday Germans", - "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "impediments and difficulties", + "56f86d30a6d7ea1400e17609": "Bible accessible to everyday Germans", "56f86e91aef2371900626067": "German-language publications", "56f86e91aef2371900626068": "Bible translation", "56f86e91aef2371900626069": "the evolution of the German language and literature", "56f86e91aef237190062606a": "Lucas Cranach", "56f86e91aef237190062606b": "William Tyndale", - "56f87000aef2371900626071": "hymn-writer", - "56f87000aef2371900626072": "high art and folk music", - "56f87000aef2371900626073": "singing of German hymns", - "56f87000aef2371900626074": "Psalm 46", - "56f87000aef2371900626075": "waldzither", - "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "Ein neues Lied wir heben an", - "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views", - "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "Ein neues Lied wir heben an", - "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger", - "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "Ein neues Lied wir heben an", - "56f87392aef2371900626099": "1524", - "56f87392aef237190062609a": "three-stanza confession of faith", - "56f87392aef237190062609b": "Small Catechism.", - "56f87392aef237190062609c": "Wir glauben all an einen Gott", - "56f87392aef237190062609d": "the perceived difficulty of its tune.", + "56f87000aef2371900626071": "A Mighty Fortress", + "56f87000aef2371900626072": "folk music", + "56f87000aef2371900626073": "German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena", + "56f87000aef2371900626074": "German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena", + "56f87000aef2371900626075": "waldzi", + "56f8720eaef237190062608f": "the unfolding Reformation", + "56f8720eaef2371900626090": "Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views", + "56f8720eaef2371900626091": "A new song we raise", + "56f8720eaef2371900626092": "John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone", + "56f8720eaef2371900626093": "John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line \"Flung to the Heedless Winds\" and sung to the tune Ibstone", + "56f87392aef2371900626099": "1525", + "56f87392aef237190062609a": "\"Wir glauben all an einen Gott", + "56f87392aef237190062609b": "Catechism", + "56f87392aef237190062609c": "German creedal hymn, gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies", + "56f87392aef237190062609d": "catechetical", "56f87531a6d7ea1400e1766f": "1538", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Vater unser im Himmelreich\", corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "specific catechism questions", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "multiple revisions", - "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "1538", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17670": "Vater unser im Himmelreich", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17671": "catechism questions", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17672": "catechism questions. The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions", + "56f87531a6d7ea1400e17673": "one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions", "56f87760aef23719006260cc": "1523", - "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "Psalm 130", - "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "psalm-hymns for use in German worship.", - "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "Achtliederbuch", - "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "essential Reformation doctrine", - "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland", - "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "Veni redemptor gentium", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland", + "56f87760aef23719006260cd": "grace", + "56f87760aef23719006260ce": "evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns", + "56f87760aef23719006260cf": "grace", + "56f87760aef23719006260d0": "grace alone\" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation", + "56f879bdaef23719006260de": "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland\" (Now come, Savior of the gentiles", + "56f879bdaef23719006260df": "redemptor gentium", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e0": "gentium", "56f879bdaef23719006260e1": "two", - "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "the German Te Deum", - "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "1541 hymn \"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam\" (\"To Jordan came the Christ our Lord", + "56f879bdaef23719006260e2": "Lord God", + "56f87e95aef237190062610a": "Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation", "56f87e95aef237190062610b": "Johann Walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace", - "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "prayer for grace", + "56f87e95aef237190062610c": "a hymnic setting of Psalm 67's prayer for grace", "56f87e95aef237190062610d": "J. S. Bach", - "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "Halle", - "56f88025aef237190062611e": "Lutheran hymnals", - "56f88025aef237190062611f": "four", - "56f88025aef2371900626120": "24", - "56f88025aef2371900626121": "24 of the 32", - "56f88025aef2371900626122": "Johann Walter, Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Johann Sebastian Bach", + "56f87e95aef237190062610e": "the Lutheran Reformation", + "56f88025aef237190062611e": "early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation.", + "56f88025aef237190062611f": "early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four", + "56f88025aef2371900626120": "early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four", + "56f88025aef2371900626121": "24", + "56f88025aef2371900626122": "Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch, 18 of 26 songs of the Erfurt Enchiridion, and 24 of the 32 songs", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f3": "Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales", "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f4": "Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "1707", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "1707", - "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "1724 to 1725", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "penitential suffering", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "torments for the saints", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "penitential suffering", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "penitential suffering", - "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "heaven", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Franz Pieper", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Franz Pieper observed that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians", - "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Franz Pieper", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f5": "Johann Sebastian Bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them, namely Christ lag", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f6": "1735", + "56f881e3a6d7ea1400e176f7": "early as possibly 1707, in his second annual cycle (1724 to 1725", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fd": "a Christian", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176fe": "the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e176ff": "one's personal identity beyond death.", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17700": "continuity of one's personal identity beyond death", + "56f8837aa6d7ea1400e17701": "in peace.\" He also rejected the existence of Purgatory", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17707": "Johann Gerhard. Lessing", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17708": "Johann Gerhard. Lessing", + "56f884cba6d7ea1400e17709": "Johann Gerhard.", "56f884cba6d7ea1400e1770a": "1755", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "anima non sic dormit)", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17723": "non sic dormit", "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17724": "Francis Blackburne", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "1765", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Gottfried Fritschel", - "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "dreams", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17725": "1867", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17726": "Francis Blackburne", + "56f88690a6d7ea1400e17727": "a man \"in this life", "56f88c37aef2371900626176": "October 1529", "56f88c37aef2371900626177": "Landgrave of Hesse", "56f88c37aef2371900626178": "doctrinal unity", "56f88c37aef2371900626179": "fourteen points out of fifteen", "56f88c37aef237190062617a": "fourteen points out of fifteen", - "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "the words spoken by Jesus", + "56f88eafaef2371900626194": "Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread", "56f88eafaef2371900626195": "Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ", - "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "the sacramental union", - "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "spiritually or symbolically present", - "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "confrontational", + "56f88eafaef2371900626196": "symbolically present", + "56f88eafaef2371900626197": "Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine, which he called the sacramental union", + "56f88eafaef2371900626198": "more than one place", "56f8907faef23719006261b2": "1530", - "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "the Marburg Colloquy", - "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "Schmalkaldic League", - "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "The Swiss cities", - "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Protestant nobles", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "antithetical", + "56f8907faef23719006261b3": "1530", + "56f8907faef23719006261b4": "John of Saxony", + "56f8907faef23719006261b5": "the Schmalkaldic League the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as John of Saxony", + "56f8907faef23719006261b6": "Hesse", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0177": "Lutheran scholarship", "56f895339e9bad19000a0178": "reason", - "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "none other than reason", - "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "none other than reason", - "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "different epistemological spheres", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "Jesus Christ was born a Jew", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "lose hope", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "Jews", - "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews", + "56f895339e9bad19000a0179": "deeply valued both faith and reason", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017a": "antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason", + "56f895339e9bad19000a017b": "their different epistemological spheres", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5d": "hardline against Judaism", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5e": "Judaism", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c5f": "the kind of venom", + "56f897059b226e1400dd0c60": "the Reformation continued, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity", "56f897059b226e1400dd0c61": "1523", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "a scourge sent to punish Christians", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "war", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a5": "1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a6": "besieging Vienna", "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a7": "agents of the Biblical apocalypse", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "the Roman Church", - "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "non-religious war against the Turks", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a8": "God, as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist, whom Luther believed to be the papacy, and the Roman Church", + "56f8989f9e9bad19000a01a9": "our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9d": "the Qur'an", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "Latin translation", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9e": "the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam", "56f89a959b226e1400dd0c9f": "the Turk", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice", - "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "exposed to scrutiny", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca0": "Mohammedanism\" or \"the Turk", + "56f89a959b226e1400dd0ca1": "live", "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022b": "God's moral law", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "C. G\u00fcttel", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "that God's gospel", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "antinomian theses", - "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "the Councils and the Church", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "second use of the law", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "second use of the law,\" that is, the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "Christians", - "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "holy people", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "natural law", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "the natural law", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "third use of the law", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "Ten Commandments \u2013 when considered not as God's condemning judgment", - "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "Ten Commandments \u2013 when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022c": "God's wrath to Christians. Based on this sermon and others by Agricola, Luther suspected that Agricola", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022d": "God's moral law", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022e": "that Agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in Wittenberg", + "56f8a2969e9bad19000a022f": "his 1539", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0251": "work sorrow over sin is called the law", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0252": "second use of the law", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0253": "antinomians", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0254": "God's goodness", + "56f8a4e99e9bad19000a0255": "tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025b": "a daily basis", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025c": "his eternal will", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025d": "the natural law \u2013 also positively teach how the Christian", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025e": "nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments", + "56f8a6969e9bad19000a025f": "her vocations", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da7": "the sacrament of baptism", - "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "angel", + "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da8": "angel-like life", "56f8aa749b226e1400dd0da9": "the sacrament of baptism", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "the marriage secret", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "the bigamy", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "Landgrave of Hesse", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "Martin Brecht", - "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "lasting damage", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02b9": "the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02ba": "the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bb": "the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bc": "bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse", + "56f8ac579e9bad19000a02bd": "private pastoral advice, but that he miscalculated the political implications. The affair caused lasting damage", "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02eb": "the murder of Christ", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "Jews", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "the murder of Christ", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "the divinity of Jesus", - "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "to convert them to Christianity", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "Von den Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ec": "the Jews", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ed": "murder of Christ", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ee": "the murder of Christ", + "56f8ae099e9bad19000a02ef": "kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e05": "Juden und Ihren L\u00fcgen", "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e06": "1543", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "three years", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "the devil's people", - "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "the devil's people\", and referred to them with violent, vile language", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "Jews", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "that priest whose name was Martin Luther", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "that priest", - "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "anti-Jewish works", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e07": "1543", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e08": "worms", + "56f8afbc9b226e1400dd0e09": "forbidding rabbis from preaching, seizing Jews' property and money, and smashing up their homes, so that these \"envenomed worms", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3b": "Josel of Rosheim", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3c": "the city of Strasbourg", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3d": "sale of Luther's anti-Jewish", + "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3e": "sale of Luther's anti-Jewish", "56f8b2499b226e1400dd0e3f": "1580s", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "rhetoric", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "antisemitism in Germany, and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an \"ideal underpinning\" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Heinrich Himmler", - "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "rhetoric", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e75": "Luther was the most widely read author of his generation, and within Germany", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e76": "ideal underpinning\" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e77": "ideal underpinning\" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e78": "Luther was the most widely read author of his generation", + "56f8b4d79b226e1400dd0e79": "Julius Streicher, editor of the Nazi newspaper", "56f8b7189e9bad19000a0389": "17 December 1941", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Luther", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Diarmaid MacCulloch", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "seven Protestant regional church confederations", - "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "the yellow badge, \"since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "racial antisemitism of the Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's influence as limited", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "racial antisemitism", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038a": "Daniel Goldhagen", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038b": "Daniel Goldhagen", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038c": "German people", + "56f8b7189e9bad19000a038d": "burning", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03bf": "a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's influence as limited", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c0": "a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology", "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c1": "hatred of the Jews", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "18th and 19th centuries", - "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "no respect racial", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "Ronald Berger", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "hysterical and demonizing mentality", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Lutheran clergy and theologians", - "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Nazi Third Reich", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "vulgarity and violence", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "vulgarity and violence", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "vulgarity and violence", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "vulgarity and violence", - "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "Last Battles: Politics and Polemics", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "the 1980s", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c2": "18th and 19th centuries, and that there was no continuity between Luther's thought and Nazi ideology", + "56f8b9839e9bad19000a03c3": "salvation and a racial ideology", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03db": "the Jews as an ethnic group\u2014their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dc": "Paul", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03dd": "German culture and national identity", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03de": "Jews as an ethnic group\u2014their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism", + "56f8bbb09e9bad19000a03df": "Third Reich used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eed": "Turks", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eee": "Jews", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0eef": "vulgarity", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef0": "the Jews", + "56f8bd509b226e1400dd0ef1": "Turks", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f35": "1980s", "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f36": "4,745", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "his research", - "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1928-1933", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "ill health", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "the Philip of Hesse incident", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f37": "Martin Luther's statements against the Jews", + "56f8c0cd9b226e1400dd0f38": "1928", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f45": "one eye. From 1531 to 1546", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f46": "bigamy of the Philip of Hesse", "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f47": "kidney and bladder stones", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "kidney and bladder stones", - "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "kidney and bladder stones", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "His poor physical health", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical health", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "poor physical health", - "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Justus Jonas", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f48": "kidney and bladder stones, and arthritis", + "56f8c2ee9b226e1400dd0f49": "1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further. The years of struggle with Rome, the antagonisms", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f61": "harsher", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f62": "poor physical health made him short-tempered", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f63": "short-tempered and even harsher", + "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f64": "Katharina", "56f8c43d9b226e1400dd0f65": "three", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7d": "Eisleben", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7e": "15 February 1546", "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f7f": "Eisleben", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "15 February 1546", - "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "\"we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert,\"", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f80": "15 February 154", + "56f8c5909b226e1400dd0f81": "fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a0": "Mansfeld", - "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "negotiations for a settlement", + "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a1": "Count Albrecht of Mansfeld", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a2": "1545", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a3": "1546", "56f8c7029e9bad19000a04a4": "his siblings' families", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c6": "17 February 1546", "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c7": "chest pains", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "Ps. 31:5", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying", - "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "1 a.m.", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "An apoplectic stroke", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "2:45 a.m.", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c8": "Lord, faithful God", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04c9": "Ps. 31:5", + "56f8c8469e9bad19000a04ca": "17 February 1546", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e0": "died", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e1": "2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546", "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e2": "18 February 1546", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "Castle Church in Wittenberg", - "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece of paper", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "Latin", - "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "Latin", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e3": "the Castle Church", + "56f8c9719e9bad19000a04e4": "Johannes Bugenhagen", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1007": "A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement.", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1008": "German", + "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009": "\"We are beggars,\" which was in German.", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0514": "frail Catholic saints", - "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "images of frail Catholic saints", + "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0515": "Protestantism", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0516": "frail Catholic saints", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0517": "frail Catholic saints", "56f8cc399e9bad19000a0518": "1530s and 1540s", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "18 February", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103d": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103e": "31 October", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "18 February", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd103f": "31 October", "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1040": "31 October", - "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "18 February", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "SoCal", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "Southern California", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "SoCal", - "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "demographics and economic", + "56f8ce779b226e1400dd1041": "February", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d4": "SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d5": "10", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d6": "historical political divisions", + "5705e26d75f01819005e76d7": "historical political divisions", "5705e26d75f01819005e76d8": "historical political divisions", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "greater Southern California", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964c": "greater Southern California Megaregion, one of the 11 megaregions of the United States", "5705e33f52bb89140068964d": "11", - "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "greater Southern California", + "5705e33f52bb89140068964e": "Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana", "5705e33f52bb89140068964f": "Tijuana", - "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "greater Southern California", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Pacific coast", + "5705e33f52bb891400689650": "Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966a": "Greater San Diego", "5705e3f252bb89140068966b": "seven", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "four million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas: the Los Angeles area", - "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "17.5 million", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "Colorado Desert", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966c": "over four million", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966d": "Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro", + "5705e3f252bb89140068966e": "17.5 million people. With over 22 million", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7704": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7705": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River", "5705e4fe75f01819005e7706": "Colorado Desert and the Colorado River", - "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "Mexico\u2013United States border.", - "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "California", - "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "3,792,621", - "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "Los Angeles and San Diego", - "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "Los Angeles", - "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "south", - "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Los Angeles", - "5705e99452bb891400689689": "Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", - "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "five most populous", + "5705e4fe75f01819005e7707": "the Mexico\u2013United States border", + "5705e63175f01819005e7720": "southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego", + "5705e63175f01819005e7721": "1,307,402", + "5705e63175f01819005e7722": "the United States. To the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego", + "5705e63175f01819005e7723": "San Diego", + "5705e63175f01819005e7724": "3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous", + "5705e99452bb891400689688": "Orange, San Diego", + "5705e99452bb891400689689": "top 15 most populous", + "5705e99452bb89140068968a": "Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside", "5705e99452bb89140068968b": "15", - "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "Hollywood", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Walt Disney Company", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "music", - "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony", - "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "skateboard", - "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Shaun White", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "Shaun White", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Oahu", - "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Transpacific Yacht Race", + "5705e99452bb89140068968c": "15", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7764": "motion picture industry. Headquartered in southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7765": "southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7766": "Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7767": "southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, is also a name associated with the motion picture industry", + "5705eb3375f01819005e7768": "Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776e": "skateboard culture", + "5705ec1675f01819005e776f": "Volcom, Quiksilver", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7770": "the world's legendary surf spots are in southern California as well, including Trestles, Rincon", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7771": "Malibu", + "5705ec1675f01819005e7772": "Malibu", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b8": "Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896b9": "Palm Springs", - "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "southern California coast", + "5705eccb52bb8914006896ba": "southern California coast for its popular beaches, and the desert city of Palm Springs", "5705eccb52bb8914006896bb": "desert city of Palm Springs", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "San Jose", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ca": "37\u00b0 9' 58.23\" latitude, around 11 miles (18 km) south of San Jose", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cb": "11 miles (18 km", "5705edcd52bb8914006896cc": "ten", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "Tehachapi Mountains", - "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "Tehachapi Mountains", - "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "Mexico", - "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "Alta California", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Los Angeles", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "Compromise of 1850", - "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "Compromise of 1850", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "inequitable taxes and land laws", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "southern California", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896cd": "southern California\" usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state. This definition coincides neatly with the county lines", + "5705edcd52bb8914006896ce": "southern California\" usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state. This definition coincides neatly with the county lines", + "5705eee952bb8914006896de": "the United States", + "5705eee952bb8914006896df": "the upper part and Los Angeles", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e0": "Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e1": "Missouri Compromise", + "5705eee952bb8914006896e2": "a free state", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a4": "quitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a5": "the Pico", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a6": "three", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "75", - "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "Milton Latham", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "Los Angeles Times", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a7": "75%", + "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8": "John B. Weller", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f0": "the Los Angeles Times", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f1": "1900", - "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1999", + "5705f13d52bb8914006896f2": "1900", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f3": "Imperial", "5705f13d52bb8914006896f4": "seven", - "5705f36452bb891400689718": "regional tourism groups", - "5705f36452bb891400689719": "the California State Automobile Association", - "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply, as either northern or southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view", - "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "Tehachapis", - "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "southern California", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "vast areas", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "automobiles and highways", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "highways", - "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "San Diego\u2013Tijuana", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Camp Pendleton", + "5705f36452bb891400689718": "The state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern, central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs", + "5705f36452bb891400689719": "two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club", + "5705f36452bb89140068971a": "northern, central, and southern California regions", + "5705f36452bb89140068971b": "Southern California, choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines", + "5705f36452bb89140068971c": "north Los Angeles County and eastern Kern and San Bernardino Counties would be included in the southern California region", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dc": "Northeastern megalopolis", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77dd": "megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the Northeastern megalopolis", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77de": "Megalopolis", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77df": "megalopolis. Much of southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways", + "5705f7c875f01819005e77e0": "megalopolis", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689750": "Camp", "5705fb7f52bb891400689751": "Inland Empire", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "United States Census Bureau", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "Orange Counties", - "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "1990s", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689752": "the United States Census Bureau", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689753": "the United States Census Bureau considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County areas, Riverside-San Bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from Los Angeles County", + "5705fb7f52bb891400689754": "the 1980s and 1990s", "5705fc3a52bb89140068976a": "Mediterranean", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "Mediterranean climate, with infrequent rain", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90-60's", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "snow is very rare", - "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60's", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "one of the more varied", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "one of the more varied collections", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976b": "Summers are hot and dry, while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976c": "90-60", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976d": "70-50's, usually all of Southern California have Mediterranean climate. But snow is very rare", + "5705fc3a52bb89140068976e": "90-60", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7841": "Pacific Ocean islands", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7840": "topographic", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7842": "more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes", "5705fd8475f01819005e7843": "Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains", - "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "large and small interior valleys", + "5705fd8475f01819005e7844": "Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks", "5705fec152bb89140068977a": "10,000", "5705fec152bb89140068977b": "10,000", - "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "6.7", - "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive, causing a substantial number of deaths, injuries, and structural collapses. It caused the most property damage", + "5705fec152bb89140068977c": "6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive", + "5705fec152bb89140068977d": "$20 billion", "5705fec152bb89140068977e": "over $20 billion", - "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "the San Andreas Fault", - "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "6.7+", - "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Puente Hills Fault", + "5705ffde52bb891400689784": "Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone", + "5705ffde52bb891400689785": "6.7", + "5705ffde52bb891400689786": "Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault Zone", "5705ffde52bb891400689787": "USGS", - "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "the San Jacinto Fault", - "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "its own culture and atmosphere", + "5705ffde52bb891400689788": "Elsinore Fault Zone", + "570602fa52bb89140068979e": "politically, and economically", "570602fa52bb89140068979f": "global", - "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "tourist destinations", - "570603c475f01819005e7882": "2010", + "570602fa52bb8914006897a0": "economic activity", + "570603c475f01819005e7882": "22,680,010", "570603c475f01819005e7883": "high growth rates", "570603c475f01819005e7884": "10.0%", "570603c475f01819005e7885": "10.0%", - "570603c475f01819005e7886": "Sacramento region", - "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "multiple metropolitan divisions.", - "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "eight", + "570603c475f01819005e7886": "tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento", + "5706074552bb8914006897d4": "one international metropolitan area, and multiple metropolitan divisions", + "5706074552bb8914006897d5": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d6": "five million", "5706074552bb8914006897d7": "Southern Border Region", "5706074552bb8914006897d8": "17,786,419", - "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "Los Angeles", - "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "1.3 million", - "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "34", - "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "over 100,000", - "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "Riverside", - "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "petroleum", - "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Hollywood", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "housing bubble", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "diverse", - "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "housing bubble 2001\u20132007", + "570607f575f01819005e78b4": "southern California, are the two largest cities in all of California (and two of the eight largest cities", + "570607f575f01819005e78b5": "200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000", + "570607f575f01819005e78b6": "more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000", + "570607f575f01819005e78b7": "twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000", + "570607f575f01819005e78b8": "the exception of San Bernardino and Riverside", + "5706094b52bb8914006897de": "tourism and Hollywood (film, television, and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics", + "5706094b52bb8914006897df": "Southern California is famous for tourism and Hollywood", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e0": "housing bubble 2001\u20132007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e1": "Southern California's economy", + "5706094b52bb8914006897e2": "bubble 2001\u20132007", "57060a1175f01819005e78d2": "1920s", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "one of the richest", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d3": "major factor", "57060a1175f01819005e78d5": "cattle and citrus", - "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "cattle and citrus", + "57060a1175f01819005e78d4": "cattle and citrus were major industries", "57060a1175f01819005e78d6": "aerospace", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "business districts", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897f8": "Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts", "57060a6e52bb8914006897f9": "Central business districts", - "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Central business districts", + "57060a6e52bb8914006897fa": "Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts", "57060cc352bb89140068980e": "Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district", - "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Long Beach.", + "57060cc352bb89140068980f": "Santa Monica", "57060cc352bb891400689810": "San Fernando Valley", - "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Los Angeles central business district as well as those lining the Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile including Century City", - "57060df252bb891400689820": "business districts", - "57060df252bb891400689821": "Riverside", - "57060df252bb891400689822": "Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County", + "57060cc352bb891400689811": "Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district", + "57060df252bb891400689820": "business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", + "57060df252bb891400689821": "San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", + "57060df252bb891400689822": "San Bernardino-Riverside area maintains the business districts of Downtown San Bernardino, Hospitality Business/Financial Centre", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7910": "Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts", "57060eaf75f01819005e7911": "University of California, Irvine", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "Irvine Tech Center", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "South Coast Metro", - "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Santa Ana", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Downtown", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7912": "The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7913": "Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts", + "57060eaf75f01819005e7914": "Orange County is a rapidly developing business center", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7922": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights", "57060f3e75f01819005e7923": "San Diego", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924": "North County", - "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "San Diego", - "570610b275f01819005e792a": "San Diego International Airport", - "570610b275f01819005e792b": "third", + "57060f3e75f01819005e7925": "Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights", + "570610b275f01819005e792a": "Los Angeles International Airport", + "570610b275f01819005e792b": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792c": "third", - "570610b275f01819005e792d": "San Diego International Airport", + "570610b275f01819005e792d": "Los Angeles International Airport", "570610b275f01819005e792e": "San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport", "5706111a52bb89140068984c": "Metrolink", "5706111a52bb89140068984d": "Six of the seven", - "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six", - "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Orange counties", - "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Los Angeles", - "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Long Beach", - "570611c475f01819005e793e": "San Diego", - "5706139252bb891400689864": "The Tech Coast", - "5706139252bb891400689865": "The Tech Coast", - "5706139252bb891400689866": "University of Southern California", - "5706139252bb891400689867": "12", + "5706111a52bb89140068984e": "Six of the seven", + "5706111a52bb89140068984f": "Orange counties directly", + "570611c475f01819005e793c": "Port of Los Angeles", + "570611c475f01819005e793d": "Long Beach, the United States' second busiest container port", + "570611c475f01819005e793e": "Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles", + "5706139252bb891400689864": "Tech Coast", + "5706139252bb891400689865": "descriptor for the region's diversified technology and industrial base", + "5706139252bb891400689866": "descriptor for the region's diversified technology and industrial base", + "5706139252bb891400689867": "5", "5706139252bb891400689868": "12", - "5706143575f01819005e7950": "San Diego Chargers", - "5706143575f01819005e7951": "NFL (Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NBA", - "5706143575f01819005e7952": "NHL", + "5706143575f01819005e7950": "Anaheim Ducks)", + "5706143575f01819005e7951": "NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks", + "5706143575f01819005e7952": "NHL (Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks); and MLS (LA Galaxy", "5706143575f01819005e7953": "Los Angeles Kings", "5706143575f01819005e7954": "LA Galaxy", - "5706149552bb891400689880": "Chivas USA", - "5706149552bb891400689881": "the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA", + "5706149552bb891400689880": "Chivas", + "5706149552bb891400689881": "two", "5706149552bb891400689882": "2014 MLS season, with a second MLS team scheduled to return in 2018", - "5706149552bb891400689883": "StubHub Center", + "5706149552bb891400689883": "LA Galaxy and Chivas USA \u2014 that both played at the StubHub Center", "5706149552bb891400689884": "2018", "570614ff52bb89140068988a": "College sports", - "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "USC Trojans", + "570614ff52bb89140068988b": "southern California. The UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans", "570614ff52bb89140068988c": "UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans", - "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "Pac-12 Conference", + "570614ff52bb89140068988d": "USC Trojans", "570614ff52bb89140068988e": "USC Trojans", "5706155352bb891400689894": "Rugby", "5706155352bb891400689895": "high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby", - "5706155352bb891400689896": "rugby", + "5706155352bb891400689896": "southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby", "57092322efce8f15003a7db0": "BSkyB", "57092322efce8f15003a7db1": "BSkyB", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "2014", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "British Sky Broadcasting Group plc", - "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "British Sky Broadcasting Limited", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db2": "1990", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db3": "Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Deutschland", + "57092322efce8f15003a7db4": "Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Deutschland", "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc4": "2006", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "two", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "Setanta Sports", - "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a34.2bn", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "ONdigital", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "ITV Digital", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three", - "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "Sky News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News", - "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "Pick TV", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "Sky+ PVR", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "September 2007", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "SkyHD box", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "February 2011", - "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+.", - "57094d489928a8140047150a": "VideoGuard", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc5": "two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc6": "BSkyB's monopoly", + "57094a79efce8f15003a7dc7": "\u00a31.3bn.", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f6": "ONdigital consortium", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f7": "ONdigital consortium", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f8": "three BSkyB channels were available on this platform: Sky News, Sky Three", + "57094b4f9928a814004714f9": "News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News", + "57094b4f9928a814004714fa": "News, Sky Three, and Sky Sports News", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd6": "Sky", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd7": "2007", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd8": "subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dd9": "2011", + "57094ca7efce8f15003a7dda": "non-HD variant of its Multiroom", + "57094d489928a8140047150a": "NDS", "57094d489928a8140047150b": "NDS", "57094d489928a8140047150c": "Cisco Systems", "57094d489928a8140047150d": "BSkyB", - "57094d489928a8140047150e": "Sky+", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "basic", + "57094d489928a8140047150e": "PVR", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7dff": "Sky channels on cable TV", "570953a7efce8f15003a7dfe": "2007", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "1 March 2007. Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "Video On Demand", - "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "HD channels and Video On Demand", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e00": "new deal offered \"substantially more value\" by including HD channels and Video On Demand content which was not previously carried by cable.", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e01": "substantially more value\" by including HD channels and Video On Demand", + "570953a7efce8f15003a7e02": "substantially more value\" by including HD channels and Video On Demand", "570960cf200fba1400367f01": "July 2013", "570960cf200fba1400367f02": "2013", - "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "cloud storage service", - "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "OneDrive\" and \"SkyDrive Pro\" becomes \"OneDrive for Business", - "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "OneDrive\" and \"SkyDrive Pro", + "570960cf200fba1400367f03": "settlement", + "570960cf200fba1400367f04": "settlement", + "570960cf200fba1400367f05": "rename its SkyDrive cloud storage", "570961aa200fba1400367f15": "Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch", - "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "Astra", + "570961aa200fba1400367f16": "Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch", "570961aa200fba1400367f17": "27 September 2001", "570961aa200fba1400367f18": "Sky", - "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "3.5 million", + "570961aa200fba1400367f19": "400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households", "570963a5200fba1400367f33": "British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f34": "BSkyB", "570963a5200fba1400367f35": "11 million", "570963a5200fba1400367f36": "Freeview", - "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini", - "57096505ed30961900e84083": "Sky Q Silver set top boxes", - "57096505ed30961900e84084": "remote control", - "57096505ed30961900e84085": "2016", - "57096505ed30961900e84086": "2016", - "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "MPEG-2", - "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "Dolby Digital", + "57096505ed30961900e84082": "Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router", + "57096505ed30961900e84083": "Bluetooth", + "57096505ed30961900e84084": "three set top boxes", + "57096505ed30961900e84085": "2015", + "57096505ed30961900e84086": "2015", + "570966e0200fba1400367f4f": "DVB-compliant MPEG-2", + "570966e0200fba1400367f50": "Digital soundtracks", "570966e0200fba1400367f51": "MPEG-4", - "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "OpenTV", + "570966e0200fba1400367f52": "MPEG-4", "570966e0200fba1400367f53": "MPEG-4", "570967c4ed30961900e840ba": "1998", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "Astra 2A", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bb": "Eurobird 1", "570967c4ed30961900e840bc": "Eurobird 1", - "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds", - "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "28.5\u00b0E", - "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "22 May 2006", + "570967c4ed30961900e840bd": "hundreds of television and radio", + "570967c4ed30961900e840be": "2A", + "5709686c200fba1400367f77": "May 2006", "5709686c200fba1400367f78": "40,000", - "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "Thomson", + "5709686c200fba1400367f79": "BSkyB", "5709686c200fba1400367f7a": "17,000", "5709686c200fba1400367f7b": "4,222,000", - "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "8 February 2007", - "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "March", - "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "Virgin Media", - "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "Virgin Media", - "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "English Premier League Football), films, entertainment and news.", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "unencrypted", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "free-to-air and unencrypted", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "VideoGuard UK", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "LNB", - "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "Sky", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa7": "2007", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa8": "2007", + "57096b66200fba1400367fa9": "digital terrestrial platform", + "57096b66200fba1400367faa": "digital terrestrial platform, and on the same day that NTL's services re-branded as Virgin Media", + "57096b66200fba1400367fab": "English Premier League Football", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbb": "unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription (known as free-to-view", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbc": "VideoGuard UK equipped receiver", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbd": "universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbe": "LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation", + "57096c95200fba1400367fbf": "universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz", "57096e1ced30961900e84102": "1991", - "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "ITV", + "57096e1ced30961900e84103": "BSkyB", "57096e1ced30961900e84104": "\u00a318m", "57096e1ced30961900e84105": "The BBC", - "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a3304m", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "Ofcom", + "57096e1ced30961900e84106": "\u00a334", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe5": "ky", "57096f37200fba1400367fe6": "\u00a315\u2013100,000", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "no veto", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "picture quality", - "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "content or carriage issues such as picture quality.", - "57097051ed30961900e84132": "1 October 1998", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe7": "no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe8": "EPG", + "57096f37200fba1400367fe9": "EPG", + "57097051ed30961900e84132": "1998", "57097051ed30961900e84133": "Sky Digital", - "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Sky Digital", - "57097051ed30961900e84135": "ONdigital", + "57097051ed30961900e84134": "Active", + "57097051ed30961900e84135": "ONdigital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services", "57097051ed30961900e84136": "100,000", "57097141200fba1400367ff9": "2007", "57097141200fba1400367ffa": "Virgin Media", - "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Video On Demand", - "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "BBC HD", - "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "BBC HD", + "57097141200fba1400367ffb": "Video On Demand service", + "57097141200fba1400367ffc": "BBC", + "57097141200fba1400367ffd": "4", "57097b50200fba140036804d": "10 million", - "57097b50200fba140036804e": "36% of households in the UK represented an audience of more than 25m", + "57097b50200fba140036804e": "36%", "57097b50200fba140036804f": "August 2004", "57097b50200fba1400368050": "36%", - "57097b50200fba1400368051": "2.4m customers had subscribed to BSkyB's direct-to-home service.", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "Welfare Cash Card", + "57097b50200fba1400368051": "subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f2": "alcohol, tobacco and gambling", "57097c8fed30961900e841f3": "essentials", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "alcohol, tobacco and gambling", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "Sky TV bills", - "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "checking claimants", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f4": "payments", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f5": "BSkyB", + "57097c8fed30961900e841f6": "checking claimants' \"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt", "57097d63ed30961900e841fc": "\u00a330m", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "additional Video On Demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB.", - "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "Virgin Media", - "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "BSkyB and Virgin Media", - "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "carriage of their respective basic channels", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "highly diversified", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "second", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fd": "BSkyB", + "57097d63ed30961900e841fe": "kyB and Virgin Media", + "57097d63ed30961900e841ff": "BSkyB", + "57097d63ed30961900e84200": "BSkyB", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3d": "economy of Victoria is highly diversified: service sectors including financial and property services, health, education", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3e": "fourth", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c3f": "fourth", - "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia\".", + "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40": "Melbourne", "570d2417fed7b91900d45c41": "Melbourne Cricket Ground", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "Bendigo", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c47": "Ireland and China", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c48": "New South Wales", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c49": "Buckland Valley", "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4a": "1,000", - "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "cramped and unsanitary", - "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "multi", - "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "22", + "570d2556fed7b91900d45c4b": "cramped and unsanitary; an outbreak of typhoid at Buckland Valley in 1854 killed over 1,000", + "570d26efb3d812140066d48f": "multi-member", + "570d26efb3d812140066d490": "eight", "570d26efb3d812140066d491": "five", - "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "four years", - "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "every four years", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "The Greens", + "570d26efb3d812140066d492": "40", + "570d26efb3d812140066d493": "a new multi-member proportional representation system. The State of Victoria was divided into eight", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a3": "the environmentalist Australian Greens", "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a4": "The Greens", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "The Greens", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens", - "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a5": "Nationals are strongest in Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a6": "The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party", + "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7": "Liberals", "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bd": "61.1%", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "61.1%", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Buddhism", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "61.1%", - "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "61.1%", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "south-east", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "second", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "Vic) is a state in the south-east", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Melbourne", - "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "south-east", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be": "1%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4bf": "Uniting Church", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c0": "1%", + "570d29c2b3d812140066d4c1": "61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7%", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93": "Victoria", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c94": "second-most populous state overall", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c95": "second-most populous", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96": "Victoria", + "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c97": "Vic", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca7": "the Koori", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1788", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "Sullivan Bay", - "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "Sullivan Bay", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8": "1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9": "meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales", + "570d2c20fed7b91900d45caa": "New South Wales", "570d2c20fed7b91900d45cab": "1803", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "26,000 square kilometres", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "50%", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "6,000 square kilometres", - "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "90%", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbb": "33% for barley and 7%", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbc": "10,000", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbd": "26,000 square kilometres (10,000", + "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbe": "3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley. Victorian farms produce nearly 90%", "570d2d68fed7b91900d45cbf": "270,000", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1855", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "1855 colonial", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "Parliament of Victoria", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "certain \"entrenched\" provisions that require either an absolute majority", - "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "Victoria Constitution Act 1855", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "90", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F)", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "The Mallee and upper Wimmera", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "48.8", - "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "7 February 2009", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "several private Jewish and Islamic primary and secondary schools", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Department of Education", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "tuition fees", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "the Roman Catholic Church", - "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "Victoria Department of Education", - "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45ccf": "1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd0": "the Victoria Constitution", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd1": "United Kingdom", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd2": "a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum", + "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3": "the Victoria Constitution", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce3": "119.8 \u00b0F) was recorded in Hopetoun on 7 February 2009, during the 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce4": "32 \u00b0C", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce5": "semi-deserts", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce6": "2\u20137 \u00b0C (4\u201313 \u00b0F) warmer than around Melbourne (see chart). Victoria's highest maximum temperature since World War II", + "570d30fdfed7b91900d45ce7": "February 2009", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d01": "government selective schools", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d02": "Islamic primary and secondary schools", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d03": "Department of Education", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d04": "Islamic primary and secondary schools", + "570d32e4fed7b91900d45d05": "Protestant churches. Victoria also has several private Jewish and Islamic primary and secondary schools", + "570d3468b3d812140066d543": "base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford", "570d3468b3d812140066d544": "October 2016", - "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "October 2016", + "570d3468b3d812140066d545": "May 2013", "570d3468b3d812140066d546": "October 2016", - "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Toyota and Holden", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "almost 2,000 m", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "Mount Bogong", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "1,986 m", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "Murray River system", - "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "honeyeater", - "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "Victorian Alps in the northeast", - "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "Great Dividing Range mountain system", + "570d3468b3d812140066d547": "Victorian", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54d": "1,986 m (6,516 ft). There are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54e": "1,986 m", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d54f": "1", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d550": "river", + "570d35b7b3d812140066d551": "Murray River system. Other rivers include: Ovens River", + "570d391fb3d812140066d575": "Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria", + "570d391fb3d812140066d576": "Great Dividing Range", "570d391fb3d812140066d577": "east-west", - "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "0 \u00b0C", - "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "\u221211.7", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Victorian Government", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Great Southern Rail", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "Victorian Government", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "CFCL Australia", - "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "extensive, electrified, passenger system", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "12", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "12", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "Legislative Council", - "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "Legislative Council", + "570d391fb3d812140066d578": "\u221211", + "570d391fb3d812140066d579": "10.9", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f": "Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne\u2014Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da0": "Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne\u2014Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da1": "Victorian Government, operates a concentrated service to major regional centres, as well as long distance services on other lines; Pacific National, CFCL Australia", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da2": "Pacific National, CFCL Australia", + "570d4030fed7b91900d45da3": "Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne\u2014Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbd": "37", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbe": "37", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dbf": "the Legislative Council", + "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc0": "37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly", "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1": "Linda Dessau", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd7": "1 July 1851", "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd8": "1851", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "Bendigo", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "76,000 to 540,000", - "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "20 million ounces", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9": "shallow alluvial goldfield in the world\" and the largest gold nugget", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45dda": "540,000", + "570d4329fed7b91900d45ddb": "540,000", "570d44abb3d812140066d5fd": "1,548", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "489", - "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "462,000", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5fe": "489 Catholic schools and 214", + "570d44abb3d812140066d5ff": "Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools. More than 462,000", "570d44abb3d812140066d600": "63,519", - "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "61 per cent", - "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria", - "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "2.2 million", + "570d44abb3d812140066d601": "489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800", + "570d4606b3d812140066d619": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61a": "2.4 million beef cattle, with more than 2.2 million", "570d4606b3d812140066d61b": "60%", - "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "nearly two-thirds", - "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "southern rock lobster worth A$13.7 million. Most abalone and rock lobster is exported to Asia", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61c": "60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds", + "570d4606b3d812140066d61d": "southern rock lobster worth A$13.7 million", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62d": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "broad gauge", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "broad gauge", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f": "1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge", "570d47b8b3d812140066d630": "mountainous areas", - "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "five", + "570d47b8b3d812140066d631": "over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e13": "1788", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New Holland", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14": "New South Wales", "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e15": "New Holland", - "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney", + "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e16": "New South Wales", "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e31": "1854", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "miners", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "Eureka Stockade", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "hated mining licence fees", - "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "Victoria", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "leader of the political party or coalition", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33": "armed rebellion", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e32": "armed rebellion", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34": "crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration", + "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35": "the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66d": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66e": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d66f": "Daniel Andrews", "570d4e6cb3d812140066d670": "Daniel Andrews", - "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "the public face of government", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "$8.7 billion", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17%", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "32,463", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres", - "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60%", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "tourism", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "sports tourism", + "570d4e6cb3d812140066d671": "the legislative and political agenda", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d": "17%", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7e": "17% to $8.7 billion", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f": "horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e80": "large-scale livestock and grain productions", + "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81": "17% to $8.7 billion", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bb": "big part in tourism", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bc": "V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool", "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd": "Melbourne", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "cultural tourism and sports tourism", - "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Queenscliff Music Festival, Bells Beach SurfClassic and the Bright Autumn Festival", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6be": "Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island", + "570d529fb3d812140066d6bf": "Bright Autumn Festival", "57105da9a58dae1900cd699e": "southern and central parts of France", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "about one-eighth", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1562 to 1598", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "Edict of Nantes", - "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "autonomy", - "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "derision", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd699f": "two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a0": "1598", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a1": "the Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes", + "57105da9a58dae1900cd69a2": "granting of the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy", + "57106185b654c5140001f8db": "unclear", "57106185b654c5140001f8dd": "Geneva", - "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Besan\u00e7on Hugues", - "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "1560", + "57106185b654c5140001f8dc": "Huguenot", + "57106185b654c5140001f8de": "1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise", "57106185b654c5140001f8df": "1560", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "Reformed church", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "Around 1294", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Guyard de Moulin", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e5": "the Protestant movement", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e6": "1487", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e7": "Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin", "57106644b654c5140001f8e8": "1487", - "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "Paris", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 \"villes de s\u00fbret\u00e9", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "Montpellier", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "Edict of 1598", + "57106644b654c5140001f8e9": "Paris in 1487", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8ef": "royal army in 1622. Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f0": "the 66", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f2": "1622", "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f1": "1622", - "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "8", - "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Cape of Good Hope", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "Cape Town", + "57106d2fb654c5140001f8f3": "1598", + "571077ecb654c5140001f909": "Netherlands", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90a": "the Cape of Good Hope", "571077ecb654c5140001f90b": "Maria de la Queillerie", "571077ecb654c5140001f90c": "Dutch East India Company", - "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1671", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1624", + "571077ecb654c5140001f90d": "1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ca": "1628", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cb": "Jess\u00e9 de Forest", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cc": "L'\u00c9glise fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 la Nouvelle-Amsterdam", "57107932a58dae1900cd69cd": "L'\u00c9glise fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 la Nouvelle-Amsterdam", - "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Brooklyn", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "Charleston", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Edmund Bellinger", + "57107932a58dae1900cd69ce": "Newtown Creek", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69df": "North America", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e1": "Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e2": "Pons", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "1697", - "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "Charleston, South Carolina", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Louis and the French state", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "King of England", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "League of Augsburg", - "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "the wealthy and Calvinist Dutch Republic", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69e0": "1685", + "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de": "North America", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e8": "Augsburg", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69e9": "Louis XIV", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ea": "Augsburg", + "57107c24a58dae1900cd69eb": "Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes", "57107c24a58dae1900cd69ec": "1672", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Edict of Nantes", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "1685", - "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Edict of Nantes", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91d": "Louis XIV", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91e": "1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes", + "57107d73b654c5140001f91f": "Louis XIV", "57107d73b654c5140001f920": "500,000", "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f2": "The Catholic Church", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "St. Bartholomew's Day massacre", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "5,000 to 30,000", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "attempted to meet for worship", - "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "St. Bartholomew's Day", - "57108073b654c5140001f927": "between 1621 and 1629", - "57108073b654c5140001f926": "southwestern France", - "57108073b654c5140001f928": "Henry IV", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f3": "Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f4": "30,000", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f5": "Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia", + "57107e6ca58dae1900cd69f6": "Retaliating against the French Catholics, the Huguenots had their own militia", + "57108073b654c5140001f927": "1629", + "57108073b654c5140001f926": "France", + "57108073b654c5140001f928": "Henry IV, a Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, who had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes. His successor Louis XIII", "57108073b654c5140001f929": "Louis XIII", - "57108073b654c5140001f925": "the Huguenot rebellions", + "57108073b654c5140001f925": "1620 the Huguenots", "57108198b654c5140001f937": "one million", "57108198b654c5140001f938": "2%", - "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Alsace", + "57108198b654c5140001f939": "Alsace in northeast France", "57108198b654c5140001f93a": "Alsace in northeast France and the C\u00e9vennes mountain region", - "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "France", - "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "New Paltz", + "57108198b654c5140001f93b": "French Australians", + "57108c95b654c5140001f979": "New Rochelle", "57108c95b654c5140001f97a": "New Rochelle", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "New Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street Historic District", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "Huguenot Street Historic District", - "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "New Rochelle", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97b": "New Paltz", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97c": "New Rochelle, and a third further upstate in New Paltz. The \"Huguenot Street Historic District", + "57108c95b654c5140001f97d": "Staten Island", "57108d69b654c5140001f983": "the Dutch Republic", - "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "2 million", + "57108d69b654c5140001f984": "75,000", "57108d69b654c5140001f985": "ca. 2 million", - "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia", + "57108d69b654c5140001f986": "Frisia", "57108d69b654c5140001f987": "Edict of Nantes", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "Tours", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "le roi Huguet", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "pr\u00e9tendus r\u00e9form\u00e9s", - "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "night", - "571090abb654c5140001f995": "Canterbury", - "571090abb654c5140001f996": "The Weavers, a half-timbered house", - "571090abb654c5140001f997": "Walloons", - "571090abb654c5140001f998": "Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone", - "571090abb654c5140001f999": "Turnagain Lane", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "Portarlington", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "Dublin", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Dublin", - "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "High Sheriff", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1a": "the gate of King Hugo", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1b": "King Hugo", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1c": "Huguon, the gate of King Hugo", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1d": "the derogatory inference of superstitious worship; popular fancy held that Huguon, the gate of King Hugo", + "57108ee6a58dae1900cd6a1e": "at night", + "571090abb654c5140001f995": "Kent", + "571090abb654c5140001f996": "the river, was the site of a weaving school", + "571090abb654c5140001f997": "the Walloons", + "571090abb654c5140001f998": "Canterbury", + "571090abb654c5140001f999": "a weaving school", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a41": "Cork City; and D'Olier Street", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a40": "Bank of Ireland", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a42": "Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin", + "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43": "the Huguenot", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a44": "1696", - "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War), a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "British", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "non-Catholics", - "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "the North American front of the Seven Years' War", + "57109275b654c5140001f99f": "exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a0": "The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a1": "The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics", + "57109275b654c5140001f9a2": "Indian War", "57109275b654c5140001f9a3": "1759-60", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "Navarre", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5c": "French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes", "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5d": "1598", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "freedom", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "founding of new Protestant churches", - "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "emigration", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "emigration", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5e": "equality", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a5f": "religious and political freedom within their domains. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches", + "571093aba58dae1900cd6a60": "Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism, issued the Edict of Nantes. The Edict reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion of France", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a66": "education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a67": "France", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a68": "Four thousand", "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a69": "new converts", - "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "New York and Virginia", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "France", + "571094b7a58dae1900cd6a6a": "Virginia", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a76": "Fort Coligny", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a77": "1555", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Antarctique", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a78": "Fort Coligny", "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a79": "1560", - "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "a declaration of faith", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "Afrikaans", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "wine industry", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Western Cape province", - "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "French Huguenot", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Cuckoo Tavern", + "571095a8a58dae1900cd6a7a": "document", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a86": "bear French", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a87": "Western Cape province in South Africa", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a88": "Western Cape province in South Africa", + "5710968aa58dae1900cd6a89": "Blignaut, Cilliers, de Klerk", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a98": "Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a99": "Henry Laurens", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9a": "Charleston, South Carolina", "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9b": "Manakin Episcopal Church", - "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Texas", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "lace industry", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Bucks Point", + "571097baa58dae1900cd6a9c": "Charleston, South Carolina", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab2": "East Midlands lace industry, this is contentious. The only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab3": "Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot", "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab4": "Bucks Point", - "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "first half of the eighteenth century", + "571098f8a58dae1900cd6ab5": "eighteenth century", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b3": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt", "571099b2b654c5140001f9b4": "one-fifth", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "the occupation of Prussia", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1806-07", - "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "France", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "the rugged C\u00e9vennes region", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the Camisards", - "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "Huguenots", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b5": "protest", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b6": "1806", + "571099b2b654c5140001f9b7": "Frankfurt", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b26": "England", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b27": "England", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b28": "the rugged C\u00e9vennes region in the south. In the early 18th century, a regional group known as the Camisards", + "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b29": "hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards", "5710e8c8a58dae1900cd6b2a": "1702 and 1709", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Jacksonville", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Jean Ribault", - "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Fort Caroline", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30": "Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b31": "Norman", + "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b32": "Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b33": "French", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b34": "1564", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Charlesfort", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "St. Augustine", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa17": "Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa18": "Southeastern U.S., and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa19": "Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s", "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1a": "1564", - "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "The Wars of Religion", + "5710eb6fb654c5140001fa1b": "Wars", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3a": "Virginia", "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3b": "Virginia", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "Manakin Town", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "390", - "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "1700", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568\u20131609", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "Spain", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3c": "James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3d": "12 May 1705", + "5710eca0a58dae1900cd6b3e": "12 May 1705", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2b": "1568", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2c": "the Dutch against Spain", "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2d": "William the Silent", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "William the Silent", - "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "House of Orange-Nassau", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2e": "lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny", + "5710ed7bb654c5140001fa2f": "the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b60": "Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act, an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b61": "1708", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b62": "50,000", "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b63": "Andrew Lortie", - "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "Foreign Protestants", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "Williamite war", + "5710f114a58dae1900cd6b64": "Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act, an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b72": "William of Orange", "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b73": "William of Orange", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "flax cultivation", - "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "flax", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Prince Louis de Cond\u00e9", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b74": "William of Orange", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b75": "the Irish linen industry", + "5710f2e2a58dae1900cd6b76": "William of Orange", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa45": "Daniel and Osias", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa46": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles", - "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "1890s", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa47": "Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbr\u00fccken", + "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa48": "United States in the 1890s", "5710f4b8b654c5140001fa49": "1604", "5711119cb654c5140001fae3": "the Duchy of Prussia, the Channel Islands, and Ireland", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "Protestant", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "Quebec", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec", - "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "Dutch Cape Colony", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "Hugues Capet", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "The \"Hugues hypothesis", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Janet Gray", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "Hugues hypothesis", - "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "Hugues hypothesis", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae4": "the Duchy of Prussia", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae6": "the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae5": "the Dutch East Indies", + "5711119cb654c5140001fae7": "the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcc": "argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcd": "argues", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bce": "Hugues Capet", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bcf": "argues", + "571112ada58dae1900cd6bd0": "Hugues hypothesis\" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd6": "Jacques Lefevre", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "Geneva", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd7": "France", "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd8": "1530", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "Jean Cauvin", - "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "Jean Cauvin", - "57111428b654c5140001faff": "24 August", - "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August \u2013 3 October 1572, Catholics", - "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "between about 2,000 and 3,000", - "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "1573", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bd9": "Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation", + "57111380a58dae1900cd6bda": "Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation", + "57111428b654c5140001faff": "August", + "57111428b654c5140001fb00": "the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August \u2013 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots", + "57111428b654c5140001fb01": "2,000 and 3,000", + "57111428b654c5140001fb02": "August", "57111429b654c5140001fb03": "25,000", "571114cfb654c5140001fb09": "Louis XIV", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them", - "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions. Escalating, he instituted dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0a": "1643", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0b": "financially reward converts to Catholicism. Then he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools", + "571114cfb654c5140001fb0c": "looting", "571114cfb654c5140001fb0d": "dragonnades", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "Westchester", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "New Rochelle", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "La Rochelle", - "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "assimilation", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "United States economic life", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "du Pont", - "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "well into the nineteenth century", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb13": "north shore of Long Island Sound, seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb14": "north shore of Long Island", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb15": "Bauffet's Point\" after traveling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb16": "north shore of Long Island Sound", + "5711163bb654c5140001fb17": "Paul's Episcopal Church", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c00": "North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c01": "nineteenth century", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c02": "Lavoisier, established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills", + "57111713a58dae1900cd6c03": "many families continued to use French first names and surnames", "57111713a58dae1900cd6c04": "Eleutherian gunpowder mills", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0a": "Pierre Bayle", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0b": "Rotterdam", "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0c": "Historical and Critical Dictionary", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "US Library of Congress", - "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Nicolas", - "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "The French Protestant Church of London", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0d": "the US Library", + "571117d4a58dae1900cd6c0e": "Dutch Sint Nicolaas", + "57111992b654c5140001fb43": "the Black Eagle Brewery", "57111992b654c5140001fb44": "1550", "57111992b654c5140001fb45": "Soho Square", - "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Shoreditch", + "57111992b654c5140001fb46": "Black Eagle Brewery", "57111992b654c5140001fb47": "1724", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Lutheran and Reformed states", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3c": "Lutheran and Reformed", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3d": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3e": "Edict of Potsdam", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia", - "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "Altpreu\u00dfische Infantry Regiments No. 13", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "Theodor Fontane", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "Adolf Galland, Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", - "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "Interior", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "solar power", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Rankine cycle", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "steam", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "high pressure", - "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "external combustion engines", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "atmospheric engine", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c3f": "Angerm\u00fcnde", + "57111ab8a58dae1900cd6c40": "the Altpreu\u00dfische Infantry", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c50": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c51": "General Hermann von Fran\u00e7ois", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c52": "ace Adolf Galland", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c53": "Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re", + "57111b95a58dae1900cd6c54": "a Huguenot family", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd3": "nuclear power", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd4": "Rankine", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd5": "steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd6": "steam", + "57112686b654c5140001fbd7": "Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb2": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump", "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb3": "Thomas Newcomen", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "1712", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "atmospheric engine", - "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Papin", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb4": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb5": "Thomas Newcomen around 1712. It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump", + "571126dfa58dae1900cd6cb6": "Thomas Newcomen", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc4": "north-east England", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc5": "21 February 1804", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "Pen-y-darren ironworks", - "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "south Wales", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6": "21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place", + "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc7": "north-east England", "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc8": "south Wales", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "water pump", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "multi-stage centrifugal pumps", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "the 1850s", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "multi-stage centrifugal pumps; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water", - "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "multi-stage centrifugal pumps; however, other types are used. Another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0e": "Rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d0f": "steam jet", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d10": "1850s", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d11": "steam jet", + "571135b8a58dae1900cd6d12": "boiler feed water", "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18": "four", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "triple and quadruple expansion engines", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "late 19th", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "marine triple expansion engines", - "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Olympic class", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "trip mechanisms or cams", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Joy and Walschaerts motions.", - "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "lengthening rubbing surfaces", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible plugs", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "steam escapes", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "manually suppress the fire", - "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "little effect on dampening", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d19": "quadruple expansion engines", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1a": "late 19th century", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b": "Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing", + "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1c": "Olympic", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d22": "variable cutoff expansion valve riding", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23": "Joy and Walschaerts motions. Corliss, and later, poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves", + "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24": "50s", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc1f": "Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20": "steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc21": "steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc22": "steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect", + "57113ba6b654c5140001fc23": "little effect", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d28": "James Watt", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "continuous rotary motion", - "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "ten", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d29": "steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution", + "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a": "10,000", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2b": "1883", "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c": "stationary steam engine", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "AD", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32": "1690", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d33": "Hero of Alexandria", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "Greek mathematician", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d34": "mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered \"engines\" known were, like the aeolipile", "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d35": "Giovanni Branca", - "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1606", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "compound engines", + "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36": "1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc29": "Steam engines", "57113f83b654c5140001fc2a": "expansions", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "shipping", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "internal combustion engines", - "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "coal", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "steam turbines", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "late part of the 19th century", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "several hundred horsepower", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b": "Steam engines", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d": "reciprocating (piston) steam engines", + "57113f83b654c5140001fc2c": "Steam engines", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a": "steam engine", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b": "the 19th century", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5c": "Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines", "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d": "90%", - "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "steam turbines", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "burning combustible materials", + "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5e": "steam engine", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6e": "geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process. In the case of model or toy steam engines", "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d6f": "variously combustion chamber", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process", - "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "electric", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "the steam engine indicator", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d70": "toy steam engines", + "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71": "geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process. In the case of model or toy steam", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d80": "steam engine", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81": "1851", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d82": "Charles Porter", - "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard", + "57114667a58dae1900cd6d83": "the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter", "57114667a58dae1900cd6d84": "London", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "90\u00b0", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "180\u00b0", - "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "90\u00b0 with the HP one at 135\u00b0", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "counterflow)", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "one rotation of the crank and two", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "one", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a": "120", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8b": "90\u00b0", + "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c": "180\u00b0", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d": "steam reverses its direction of flow", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e": "four", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc3f": "four", "5711488ab654c5140001fc40": "four", - "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "four", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "Quasiturbine", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "this defect and improve efficiency", - "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "simple-expansion", - "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "simple expansion steam engine", - "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "trunnion", - "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "simple expansion steam engine", - "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "ships", + "5711488ab654c5140001fc41": "counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc47": "steam engine", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc48": "counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam", + "57114aceb654c5140001fc49": "one thousand horsepower", + "57114b1a2419e31400955575": "oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine", + "57114b1a2419e31400955576": "fixed port", + "57114b1a2419e31400955577": "oscillates", + "57114b1a2419e31400955578": "toys and models", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53": "recycled continuously", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "closed loop", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "Low boiling hydrocarbons", - "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "Mercury", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "42%", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "565 \u00b0C", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "stainless steel", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "63%", - "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "30 \u00b0C", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54": "open loop", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a55": "hydrocarbons", + "57114dfb50c2381900b54a56": "mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5b": "63%", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5c": "Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5d": "around 30 \u00b0C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63%", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f": "gas", + "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5e": "63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42%", "57114f0050c2381900b54a65": "Steam engines", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "steamboat", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a66": "railway locomotives, ships, steamboats", "57114f0050c2381900b54a67": "Stanley Steamer", "57114f0050c2381900b54a68": "powering pumping stations", - "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "powering pumping stations", - "571153422419e3140095557d": "Stockton and Darlington Railway", + "57114f0050c2381900b54a69": "mills and mines; powering pumping stations", + "571153422419e3140095557d": "edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway", "571153422419e3140095557e": "Matthew Murray", - "571153422419e3140095557f": "twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray", - "571153422419e31400955580": "Matthew Murray", - "571153422419e31400955581": "Stockton and Darlington Railway", + "571153422419e3140095557f": "twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway", + "571153422419e31400955580": "edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway", + "571153422419e31400955581": "Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway", "5711541350c2381900b54a6f": "Arthur Woolf", - "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British", - "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "torque variability", - "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "larger cylinder volume", + "5711541350c2381900b54a70": "British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine", + "5711541350c2381900b54a71": "steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat", + "5711541350c2381900b54a72": "multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced", "571154c72419e31400955587": "90%", - "571154c72419e31400955588": "reciprocating steam engines. In recent decades, reciprocating Diesel engines", - "571154c72419e31400955589": "gas turbines", - "571154c72419e3140095558a": "steam turbines is in electricity generation (in the 1990s about 90% of the world's electric production was by use of steam turbines", - "571154c72419e3140095558b": "reduction", - "571155ae2419e31400955591": "Rankine cycle", - "571155ae2419e31400955592": "waste heat being removed", - "571155ae2419e31400955593": "the 1990s", - "571155ae2419e31400955594": "biomass", - "571155ae2419e31400955595": "Scottish polymath", - "571156152419e3140095559b": "duty", + "571154c72419e31400955588": "Turbinia", + "571154c72419e31400955589": "Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox", + "571154c72419e3140095558a": "Turbinia), steam turbines with reduction gearing (although the Turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox", + "571154c72419e3140095558b": "Turbinia", + "571155ae2419e31400955591": "Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine", + "571155ae2419e31400955592": "steam power production", + "571155ae2419e31400955593": "1990s", + "571155ae2419e31400955594": "coal and nuclear power plants", + "571155ae2419e31400955595": "Scottish", + "571156152419e3140095559b": "steam engine's energy efficiency", "571156152419e3140095559f": "17", - "571156152419e3140095559e": "energy efficiency", + "571156152419e3140095559e": "steam engine's energy efficiency", "571156152419e3140095559d": "94", - "571156152419e3140095559c": "Watt", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "Reciprocating", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "Reciprocating piston type", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "Reciprocating piston type", - "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "internal combustion engines", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "Thomas Savery", + "571156152419e3140095559c": "historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its \"duty\". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a77": "steam engines", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a78": "electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a79": "electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines", + "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a": "steam engines", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a7f": "John Smeaton", "57115b2850c2381900b54a80": "water pump", "57115b2850c2381900b54a81": "1698", - "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "Bento de Moura Portugal", + "57115b2850c2381900b54a82": "John Smeaton", "57115b2850c2381900b54a83": "John Smeaton", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Oliver Evans", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Oliver Evans", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1802", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "transport", - "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "high-pressure steam", - "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Energiprojekt AB", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a89": "Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8a": "Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8b": "1800", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c": "1802", + "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8d": "steam", + "57115bf350c2381900b54a93": "Energiprojekt AB in Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a94": "Sweden", "57115bf350c2381900b54a95": "27-30%", "57115bf350c2381900b54a96": "8.8", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97": "27-30%", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "surface condensers", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "automobile radiator", - "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly. Evaporative (wet", - "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "dry type", - "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "3600", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "centrifugal governor", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "Boulton", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "James Watt", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "constant speed, such as cotton spinning", - "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "James Watt for use on a steam engine", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9d": "steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9e": "boiler via a pump", + "57115c7450c2381900b54a9f": "Evaporative (wet) cooling towers", + "57115c7450c2381900b54aa0": "steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink", + "57115c7450c2381900b54aa1": "700", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a5": "James Watt for use on a steam engine", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a6": "James Watt for use on a steam engine", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a7": "James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt\u2019s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a8": "steam engine", + "57115dbe2419e314009555a9": "speed change", "57115e532419e314009555af": "1880", - "57115e532419e314009555b0": "railway locomotives", - "57115e532419e314009555b1": "industrial units", + "57115e532419e314009555b0": "railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge", + "57115e532419e314009555b1": "universal", "57115e532419e314009555b2": "1930", - "57115e532419e314009555b3": "road", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "cutoff", + "57115e532419e314009555b3": "universal", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7": "steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually \"shortening the cutoff", "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa8": "kick back", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression", - "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "fixed length", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa9": "steam flows", + "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa": "one", "57115f652419e314009555b9": "Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", - "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Spanish", + "57115f652419e314009555ba": "Spanish inventor Jer\u00f3nimo de Ayanz y Beaumont", "57115f652419e314009555bb": "1606", "57115f652419e314009555bc": "1698", - "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1712", - "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", - "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "rotating discs", - "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "static discs", - "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "static discs", - "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "3000 RPM", - "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "boilers and condensers", + "57115f652419e314009555bd": "1698", + "57115ff82419e314009555c3": "Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", + "57115ff82419e314009555c4": "steam turbine consists of one or more rotors (rotating discs", + "57115ff82419e314009555c5": "Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", + "57115ff82419e314009555c6": "Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion", + "57115ff82419e314009555c7": "steam flow", + "5711607f2419e314009555cd": "steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors", "5711607f2419e314009555ce": "electric motors", - "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "steam turbine plant", + "5711607f2419e314009555cf": "motors", "5711607f2419e314009555d0": "Advanced Steam movement", - "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "pollution", - "571161092419e314009555d7": "Wankel engine", - "571161092419e314009555d8": "Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear", + "5711607f2419e314009555d1": "Advanced Steam movement", + "571161092419e314009555d7": "the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine", + "571161092419e314009555d8": "the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine", "571161092419e314009555d9": "steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion", "5711619950c2381900b54aaf": "1763\u20131775", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "atmospheric", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "half as much coal", - "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "Newcomen", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab0": "James Watt developed (1763\u20131775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser. Boulton", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab1": "Boulton", + "5711619950c2381900b54ab2": "James Watt developed (1763\u20131775", "5711619950c2381900b54ab3": "partial vacuum", "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9": "two", - "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "plug valve", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "adjustable spring-loaded valve", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "plug valve", - "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "power from the engine", + "5711623e50c2381900b54aba": "fail-safe", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abb": "plug valve", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abc": "go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe", + "5711623e50c2381900b54abd": "accidents", "5711628a2419e314009555dd": "Corliss steam engine", "5711628a2419e314009555de": "1849", "5711628a2419e314009555e1": "30%", "5711628a2419e314009555df": "four", "5711628a2419e314009555e0": "Rumford medal", - "571163172419e314009555e7": "thermodynamic theory", - "571163172419e314009555e8": "Watt", - "571163172419e314009555e9": "separate condenser", + "571163172419e314009555e7": "steam engine", + "571163172419e314009555e8": "Joseph Black", + "571163172419e314009555e9": "steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered latent heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black", "571163172419e314009555ea": "Joseph Black", - "571163172419e314009555eb": "latent heat", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "1% to 3% of the turbine power", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "relatively little work is required to drive the pump, the working fluid being in its liquid phase", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1% to 3%", - "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500 \u00b0C", - "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "injector", - "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation", - "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "superheaters", - "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "bunker", - "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "chain or screw stoking mechanism", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "feed water", + "571163172419e314009555eb": "experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered latent heat", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac3": "3% of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac4": "over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac5": "1%", + "5711648850c2381900b54ac6": "1500", + "5711651050c2381900b54acb": "pumps", + "5711651050c2381900b54acc": "vaporisation", + "5711651050c2381900b54acd": "vapour point, and various mechanisms", + "5711651050c2381900b54ace": "screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker", + "5711651050c2381900b54acf": "screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad6": "British", - "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners", + "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7": "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8": "dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9": "1905", - "571166352419e314009555f1": "heating water", + "571166352419e314009555f1": "nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator", "571166352419e314009555f2": "turbo generator", - "571166352419e314009555f3": "an electrical generator", - "571166352419e314009555f4": "turbo-electric transmission", - "571166352419e314009555f5": "Sweden", - "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "Carnot cycle", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "isobaric (constant pressure) processes", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "constant pressure)", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isothermal", - "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "gas", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "8", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "hydrogen and helium", + "571166352419e314009555f3": "steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission", + "571166352419e314009555f4": "steam drives a turbo generator", + "571166352419e314009555f5": "Britain", + "5711669550c2381900b54adf": "isobaric", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae0": "the condenser", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae1": "isobaric (constant pressure) processes", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae2": "isobaric", + "5711669550c2381900b54ae3": "isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical Carnot", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbd": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbe": "oxygen", "571a484210f8ca1400304fc0": "two", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "almost half", - "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "Diatomic oxygen", - "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "20.8%", - "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "silicon dioxide", - "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "8", - "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "20.8%", - "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "hydrogen and helium", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "chalcogen", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxides", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "8", - "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "8", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fc1": "silicon dioxide, making up almost half", + "571a484210f8ca1400304fbf": "silicon dioxide", + "571bb2269499d21900609ca9": "%", + "571bb2269499d21900609caa": "Oxygen", + "571bb2269499d21900609cab": "O and atomic number 8", + "571bb2269499d21900609cad": "silicon dioxide", + "571bb2269499d21900609cac": "atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db2": "Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db3": "the chalcogen group", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db4": "oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db5": "atomic number 8", + "571c3a685efbb31900334db6": "most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium", "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94a": "photosynthesis", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "sunlight", - "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "ultraviolet radiation", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "oxygen", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94b": "the energy of sunlight", + "571a49de4faf5e1900b8a94c": "allotrope) of oxygen, ozone (O\n3", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09c": "inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water", "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09d": "Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "energy of sunlight", - "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "ozone", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09e": "continuously", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c09f": "atomic oxygen is present", + "571c3c47dd7acb1400e4c0a0": "inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd5": "Robert Boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist John Mayow", "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd6": "John Mayow", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "nitroaereus", - "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "1641\u20131679", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "Robert Boyle", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "17th century", - "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "air", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd7": "nitroaereus is consumed", + "571a4b0f10f8ca1400304fd8": "17th century", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a6": "John Mayow", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a7": "fire requires only a part of air", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a8": "17th", + "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0a9": "John Mayow (1641\u20131679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air", "571c3e8cdd7acb1400e4c0aa": "John Mayow", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Joseph Priestley", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "mouse", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "HgO) inside a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named \"dephlogisticated air", - "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "mercuric oxide", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "dephlogisticated air", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "dephlogisticated air", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a958": "Priestley published his findings in 1775", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a959": "on mercuric oxide", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95b": "HgO) inside a glass tube", + "571a4d1a4faf5e1900b8a95a": "Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide (HgO) inside a glass tube", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b0": "Joseph Priestley focused sunlight", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b1": "Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide", "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b2": "1775", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air", - "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "dephlogisticated air", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "Leonardo da Vinci", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b3": "Joseph Priestley", + "571c4132dd7acb1400e4c0b4": "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air\" which was included in the second volume of his book titled Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdd": "mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica", "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fde": "Philo of Byzantium", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium", - "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass.", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fdf": "2nd century", + "571a4ead10f8ca1400304fe0": "2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium.", "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0ba": "Philo of Byzantium", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "classical element fire", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "Pneumatica", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "Leonardo da Vinci", - "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "respiration", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "an ignition event", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "high oxidative potential", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bb": "surmised", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bc": "umatica", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0bd": "mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica", + "571c7abfdd7acb1400e4c0be": "air", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a960": "heat or a spark", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a961": "heat or a spark", "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a962": "perchlorates", - "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "Oxygen", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "oxygen", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "Oxygen is the oxidant", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "donate oxygen", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. Fire and explosion hazards", - "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates because they can donate oxygen", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "Concentrated O\n2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically. Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "special training to ensure that ignition sources", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "1\u20443", - "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "special training to ensure that ignition sources", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "O\n2", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "rapidly and energetically", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel", - "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "Apollo 1 crew", - "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "magnesium and iron", + "571a50df4faf5e1900b8a963": "oxidant", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e49": "combustion", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4a": "oxidant", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e48": "a high oxidative potential, such as peroxides", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4b": "concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark", + "571cebc05efbb31900334e4c": "the oxidant", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a968": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a969": "Steel pipes and storage vessels", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96a": "training", + "571a52cb4faf5e1900b8a96b": "Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a0": "Steel pipes and storage vessels", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a1": "O\n2", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a2": "Steel pipes and storage vessels", + "571ce9bddd7acb1400e4c1a4": "Apollo 1", + "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe6": "silicates of magnesium and iron", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe7": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide", "571a53d410f8ca1400304fe5": "magnesium and iron.", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "carbon dioxide", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "Earth's crustal rock", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "mantle", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "oxides of silicon", - "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "silicon", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "HO", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "HO", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "hydrogen", - "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "Avogadro's law", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "wood or coal", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "iron", - "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "phlogiston", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3e": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e3f": "The Earth's crustal rock", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e40": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e41": "trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide (CO\n2). The Earth's crustal rock", + "571ce7f25efbb31900334e42": "magnesium and iron", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c4": "atomic hypothesis", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c5": "one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c6": "atomic mass of oxygen", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c7": "atomic mass of oxygen", + "571c7d55dd7acb1400e4c0c8": "atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0ce": "coal", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0cf": "coal", + "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d0": "coal", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d1": "metals", "571c8198dd7acb1400e4c0d2": "lighter", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "covalent double bond", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "two", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "Aufbau", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "chemically bonded to each other", - "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "filling of molecular orbitals", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1773", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d8": "two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0d9": "covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0da": "double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or Aufbau", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0db": "covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals", + "571c83f3dd7acb1400e4c0dc": "filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e2": "1777", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e3": "1774", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e4": "Joseph Priestley", "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e5": "Antoine Lavoisier", - "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "filled \u03c0* orbitals", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "triplet oxygen", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "most organic molecules", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "organic molecules", - "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "antibonding", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "air rushed", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container. He noted that air rushed in", + "571c8539dd7acb1400e4c0e6": "oxygen", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ec": "electron configuration", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ed": "spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O\n2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ee": "unpaired electrons", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0ef": "spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O\n2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy", + "571c879bdd7acb1400e4c0f0": "spin triplet state. Hence, the ground state of the O\n2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen.[b] The highest energy", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f6": "tin and air were heated in a closed container", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f7": "Azote later became nitrogen in English", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f8": "gases", "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0f9": "1777", - "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "azote", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "ozone", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "Trioxygen", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "lung tissue", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "protective radiation shield", - "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O\n2 by ultraviolet", + "571c8eb9dd7acb1400e4c0fa": "gases", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c100": "Trioxygen", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c101": "O\n3", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c102": "Trioxygen", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c103": "atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O\n2 by ultraviolet", + "571c9074dd7acb1400e4c104": "atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O\n2 by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs", "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10a": "O\n2", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxygen, O\n2", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "O\n2", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "energy content", - "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "cellular respiration", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10b": "dioxygen", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10c": "major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10d": "dioxygen", + "571c91c8dd7acb1400e4c10e": "complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c114": "James Dewar", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c115": "1891 Scottish chemist James Dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study. The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895", "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c116": "1895", - "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "oxyacetylene", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "Oxygen", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "more soluble in water", + "571c9348dd7acb1400e4c118": "oxyacetylene welding", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbc": "more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbd": "more soluble in water than nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air", "571c96095efbb31900334dbe": "4.95", - "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "nitrogen", - "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "14.6 mg\u00b7L\u22121)", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "49.2%", + "571c96095efbb31900334dbf": "nitrogen is. Water in equilibrium with air", + "571c96095efbb31900334dc0": "about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 \u00b0C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50%", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11e": "1015 tonnes).[d] Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c11f": "third", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c120": "About 0.9%", - "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "hydrogen and helium", + "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c121": "Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land", "571c97e2dd7acb1400e4c122": "ultraviolet radiation", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "late 19th century", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "cascade method", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "Louis Paul Cailletet", - "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "a few drops", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc6": "late 19th", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc7": "molecular oxygen", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc8": "physicist Louis Paul Cailletet", + "571caac55efbb31900334dc9": "physicist Raoul Pierre Pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide", "571caac55efbb31900334dca": "March 29, 1883", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "primordial solar nebula", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd0": "isotope ratios in the Sun", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd1": "oxygen-16", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "crashed Genesis spacecraft", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd2": "primordial solar nebula", "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd3": "depleted oxygen-16", - "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "primordial solar nebula", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "molecular O\n2", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "common organic molecules", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "photosynthesis", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight", - "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "Carotenoids", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "12%", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "oxygen-18 and oxygen-16", - "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "warmer climate", + "571cac5d5efbb31900334dd4": "the Sun", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c128": "Singlet oxygen", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c129": "molecular O\n2", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12a": "photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12b": "photosynthesis", + "571cb010dd7acb1400e4c12c": "ozone by light of short wavelength, and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. Carotenoids", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c132": "Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c133": "a warmer climate. Paleoclimatologists also directly", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c134": "disparity increases at lower temperatures", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c135": "Seawater molecules", + "571cb27fdd7acb1400e4c136": "Seawater", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13c": "687 and 760 nm", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "the carbon cycle", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "remote sensing", - "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "global", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13d": "satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13e": "remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies", + "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c13f": "687 and 760 nm", "571cbe35dd7acb1400e4c140": "remote sensing", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "oxygen", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c146": "to oxygen", "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c147": "liquid oxygen", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "unpaired electrons", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "magnetic field", - "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "hydrogen peroxide (H\n2O\n2", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "immune system of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "pathogen attack", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "Reactive oxygen species", - "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "about 2.5 billion years ago", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20 K", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "fractional distillation of liquefied air", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "liquid nitrogen", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c148": "spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c149": "spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules. Liquid oxygen", + "571cc3dedd7acb1400e4c14a": "spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative exchange energy between neighboring O\n2 molecules", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dda": "organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddb": "organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddc": "microbes", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334ddd": "invading microbes", + "571cc5c45efbb31900334dde": "early life on Earth until O\n2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de4": "90.20 K (\u2212182.95 \u00b0C, \u2212297.31", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de5": "blue light", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de6": "nitrogen", "571cc6f85efbb31900334de7": "liquid nitrogen", - "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "combustible materials", - "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "water bodies", - "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "lower", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "higher oxygen content", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "algae", - "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "biochemical oxygen demand", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "about 3.5 billion years ago", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Paleoproterozoic eon", + "571cc6f85efbb31900334de8": "a highly reactive", + "571cc8815efbb31900334dee": "the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O\n2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life", + "571cc8815efbb31900334def": "Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df0": "much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content. Water polluted", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df2": "nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae", + "571cc8815efbb31900334df1": "water quality by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand, or the amount of O\n2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c150": "3.5 billion years ago", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151": "Paleoproterozoic", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c152": "banded iron formations", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "1.7 billion years ago", - "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "3\u20132.7 billion years ago", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "oxygen gas", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "photosynthesis", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "photosynthesis", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "photosynthesis", - "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "oxygen", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "pressure swing adsorption", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "93", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "nitrogen", - "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "pressure swing adsorption. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c153": "1.7 billion", + "571cca4add7acb1400e4c154": "When such oxygen sinks became saturated, free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3\u20132.7 billion years ago", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15a": "concentration", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15b": "biogeochemical", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15c": "three", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15d": "biogeochemical cycle", + "571ccc00dd7acb1400e4c15e": "biosphere, and the lithosphere", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df8": "gaseous oxygen", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334df9": "90%", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfa": "nitrogen and delivers a gas stream", + "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfb": "nitrogen", "571ccd9b5efbb31900334dfc": "90%", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "water", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c164": "DC electricity", "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c165": "molecular oxygen and hydrogen", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "nearly pure O\n2 gas", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "molecular oxygen and hydrogen", - "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "sports", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c166": "O\n2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in chemical oxygen generators", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c167": "O\n2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles", + "571ccfbadd7acb1400e4c168": "molecular oxygen and hydrogen", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16e": "recreational", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c16f": "pharmacological effect", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "wear oxygen masks", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c170": "performance. The pharmacological effect", "571cd11add7acb1400e4c172": "pharmacological effect", - "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "aerobic", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "gas gangrene, and decompression sickness", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "carbon monoxide", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "anaerobic bacteria", - "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "bubbles of inert gas", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "oxygen supplementation", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "oxygen supplementation", + "571cd11add7acb1400e4c171": "pharmacological effect", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e03": "gas gangrene", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e04": "O\n2", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e05": "decompression sickness", + "571cd3b55efbb31900334e06": "nitrogen and helium", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17b": "so oxygen supplementation", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17a": "secondary effect of decreasing resistance", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c179": "so oxygen supplementation", "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c178": "O\n2 from the air", - "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "gaseous oxygen", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "electronegativity", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "FeO", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "chemical bonds", - "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin film", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "cabin depressurization", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "cabin depressurization", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "exothermic", - "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "steady stream of oxygen", + "571cd5b1dd7acb1400e4c17c": "blood flow", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c182": "electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c183": "thin film of oxide", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c184": "Fe\n1 \u2212 xO", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c185": "electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides", + "571cd703dd7acb1400e4c186": "thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18d": "Sudden cabin", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18e": "cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c18f": "cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators", + "571cd88ddd7acb1400e4c190": "sodium chlorate inside the canister. A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c196": "high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "heat exchangers", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "smaller cylinders", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c198": "welding and cutting", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c197": "20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions", "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c199": "compressed gas", - "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "high pressure oxygen tanks", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "ethers", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "alcohols", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "ethers", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "glycerol", - "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "alcohols", - "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "squalene and the carotenes", - "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "a few", - "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "carbohydrates", - "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "squalene and the carotenes", - "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "proteins", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "100% O\n2 at only 6 m", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160 kPa (about 1.6 atm", - "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures", + "571cda1bdd7acb1400e4c19a": "Oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0c": "organic", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0d": "organic group", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0e": "oxygen", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e0f": "organic group", + "571cdcb85efbb31900334e10": "organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where \"R\" is an organic group", + "571cde695efbb31900334e16": "the organic compounds", + "571cde695efbb31900334e17": "largest proportion", + "571cde695efbb31900334e18": "biological relevance, carbohydrates", + "571cde695efbb31900334e19": "All fats, fatty acids, amino acids", + "571cde695efbb31900334e1a": "organic compounds with biological relevance, carbohydrates", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e20": "seizures", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e21": "breathing of an air", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e22": "160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions", + "571ce3745efbb31900334e23": "seizures, its most feared effect", "571ce3745efbb31900334e24": "seizures", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "low total pressures", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "about 30 kPa", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30 kPa", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "no damage", - "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "partial pressure", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "elevated partial pressures", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "kPa", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "mechanical ventilators", - "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2a": "low total pressures used. In the case of spacesuits", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2b": "gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2c": "30 kPa (1.4 times", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2e": "low", + "571ce5055efbb31900334e2d": "O\n2 partial pressure", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e34": "at elevated partial pressures, leading to convulsions", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e35": "partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50%", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e36": "about 50% oxygen composition", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e37": "mechanical ventilators, since gas supplied through oxygen masks", + "571ce6655efbb31900334e38": "30%", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952d": "October 1973", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "US$3 per barrel", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952e": "US$3", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b8952f": "1979", "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89530": "second oil shock", - "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "OPEC plus Egypt and Syria", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "foreign policy in the Middle East to avoid being targeted by the boycott", - "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "multilateral negotiations", + "5725b33f6a3fe71400b89531": "Syria", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd28": "crisis had a major impact", + "5725b5a689a1e219009abd29": "Israeli troop withdrawal", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2a": "January 18, 1974", "5725b5a689a1e219009abd2b": "March 1974", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "August 15, 1971", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "rise and fall according to market demand", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "increased their reserves", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "August 15, 1971", - "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "oil producers' real income decreased", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "two percent", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4a": "1971", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4b": "price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4c": "the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4d": "1971", + "5725b76389a1e219009abd4e": "dollars", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd3": "less than two percent", "5725b92e38643c19005acbd4": "1971", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1973\u20131974", - "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "1947 to 1967", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd5": "1974", + "5725b92e38643c19005acbd6": "1971", "5725bad5271a42140099d0bd": "October 6, 1973", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "ten", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Iran", - "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah of Iran said in an interview: \"Of course [the price of oil", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "70%", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "October 16, 1973", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "the embargo", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0be": "Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0bf": "300 percent", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c0": "Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter", + "5725bad5271a42140099d0c1": "economic pressure on oil prices. At the time, Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0eb": "Libya", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ec": "1973", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ed": "Libya", "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ee": "$2.2 billion", - "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "principal hostile country", - "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "100 billion dollars", - "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "Al-Qaeda and the Taliban", - "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Middle East", - "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities", + "5725bcb6271a42140099d0ef": "Libya", + "57261dab38643c19005ad037": "over 100 billion dollars", + "57261dab38643c19005ad038": "al-Haramain Foundation", + "57261dab38643c19005ad039": "Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars", + "57261dab38643c19005ad03a": "shrinking Western demand. Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars", "57261dab38643c19005ad03b": "Wahhabism", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "reduced productivity", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4a9": "price disruptions", "57261f9f271a42140099d4aa": "the USSR", "57261f9f271a42140099d4ab": "1973", - "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "Kissinger", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "The embargo", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "automobiles", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "the Arctic", - "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "five to ten years", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "the Netherlands", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "refused to allow America", - "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "The UK", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Israelis", - "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Ted Heath", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "the UK", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "the embargo", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "winter of 1973\u201374", - "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Norway", + "57261f9f271a42140099d4ac": "more worried about energy were no match for Kissinger", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2de": "threats to U.S. energy security", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2df": "energy security", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e0": "Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e1": "new ways to increase oil supplies, even in rugged terrain such as the Arctic", + "5726241189a1e219009ac2e2": "ten years", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edd": "the Netherlands faced a complete embargo, the UK and France", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ede": "almost uninterrupted supplies (having refused to allow America to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the Arabs", + "5726487b5951b619008f6edf": "France", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee0": "Ted Heath", + "5726487b5951b619008f6ee1": "Ted Heath, reversed this policy in 1970, calling for Israel", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db36": "UK", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37": "coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973\u201374 became a major factor in the change of government", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db38": "1973", + "572649d8f1498d1400e8db39": "Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db3a": "Sweden", - "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "Price controls", - "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "encourage investment", - "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "Predictably, old oil was withdrawn from the market, creating greater scarcity", - "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "rationing", + "57264cac708984140094c1b3": "old oil", + "57264cac708984140094c1b4": "scarcity", + "57264cac708984140094c1b5": "greater scarcity. The rule", + "57264cac708984140094c1b7": "greater scarcity. The rule also discouraged development of alternative energies. The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration. Scarcity was addressed by rationing", "57264d9edd62a815002e80fe": "William E. Simon", "57264d9edd62a815002e80ff": "1973", - "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "the embargo", + "57264d9edd62a815002e8100": "Federal Energy Office", "57264d9edd62a815002e8101": "20%", "57264efddd62a815002e8134": "55 mph", - "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act", - "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "Bill Clinton", + "57264efddd62a815002e8135": "federal 55 mph", + "57264efddd62a815002e8136": "Strategic Petroleum Reserve", "57264efddd62a815002e8137": "November 28, 1995", "57264efddd62a815002e8138": "1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National Energy Act of 1978", - "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "The energy crisis", - "572650325951b619008f6faa": "single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities", - "572650325951b619008f6fab": "congresses and presidents", - "57265200708984140094c237": "Saudi Arabia and Kuwait", - "57265200708984140094c238": "British Prime Minister Edward Heath", + "572650325951b619008f6fa9": "nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels", + "572650325951b619008f6faa": "entrepreneurship and innovation", + "572650325951b619008f6fab": "entrepreneurship and innovation", + "57265200708984140094c237": "U.S. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries", + "57265200708984140094c238": "Edward Heath", "57265200708984140094c239": "10 years", - "57265200708984140094c23a": "the West developed alternative energy sources", - "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Japan", - "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "71%", - "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "Arab oil", - "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "November 22", + "57265200708984140094c23a": "Lord Cromer revealed Schlesinger", + "57265360dd62a815002e819a": "Middle East", + "57265360dd62a815002e819b": "%", + "57265360dd62a815002e819c": "preconditions", + "57265360dd62a815002e819d": "1967", "57265360dd62a815002e819e": "December 25", - "57265526708984140094c2bd": "The USSR", - "57265526708984140094c2be": "Saudi Arabia and Iran", - "57265526708984140094c2bf": "Saudi Arabia", - "57265526708984140094c2c0": "January 1979", - "57265526708984140094c2c1": "November 1979", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "Japanese", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "Japanese", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "six cylinder engines", - "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "Japanese", + "57265526708984140094c2bd": "Afghanistan", + "57265526708984140094c2be": "American security assurances", + "57265526708984140094c2bf": "Saudi Arabia was the failure of the Shah during January 1979 to maintain control of Iran, a non-Arabic but largely Shiite Muslim nation", + "57265526708984140094c2c0": "1979", + "57265526708984140094c2c1": "1979", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823a": "Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823b": "American V8", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823c": "Subaru DL, and later the Honda Accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8", + "5726581fdd62a815002e823d": "American V8 and six cylinder engines. Japanese", "572659535951b619008f703f": "1981", "572659535951b619008f7040": "Toyota Corona Mark II", - "572659535951b619008f7041": "Toyota Cressida", - "572659535951b619008f7042": "Acura, Lexus and Infiniti", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Dodge D-50", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Ford, Chrysler, and GM", - "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "captive import policy", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "smaller", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "four", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1970s", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "Chevrolet Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500", - "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Ford Galaxie 500", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1979", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1981", - "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "Mustang I", + "572659535951b619008f7041": "Toyota Corona Mark II, the Toyota Cressida", + "572659535951b619008f7042": "Toyota Corona Mark II", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8270": "Dodge D-50", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8271": "Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8272": "Chevrolet LUV. Mitsubishi rebranded its Forte as the Dodge D-50 a few years after the oil crisis", + "57265a58dd62a815002e8273": "Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota and the Chevrolet S10/GMC S-15", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829e": "forced General Motors, Ford and Chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e829f": "13.5", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a0": "1985", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a1": "Chevrolet Monte Carlo", + "57265bdfdd62a815002e82a2": "Chevrolet Monte Carlo", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82b8": "1977", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82b9": "1979", + "57265ceddd62a815002e82ba": "downs", "57265e11708984140094c3bb": "1981", - "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1980s", - "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "recover market share, increased production, pushing prices down", - "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$40 per barrel", - "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "one-man Project Mercury", - "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "Project Apollo", - "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1968", + "57265e11708984140094c3bc": "1979 energy crisis at nearly $40 per barrel, decreased during the 1980s", + "57265e11708984140094c3bd": "shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers. The world price, which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis", + "57265e11708984140094c3be": "$10 per barrel. Adjusted for inflation", + "5725b41838643c19005acb7f": "Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man Project Mercury", + "5725b41838643c19005acb80": "Apollo program", + "5725b41838643c19005acb81": "1962\u201366). The first manned flight of Apollo was in 1968", "5725b41838643c19005acb82": "John F. Kennedy", - "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "two-man Project Gemini", + "5725b41838643c19005acb83": "three", "5725b56589a1e219009abd20": "1966", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "two-man Gemini program", - "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "two-man Gemini program", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd21": "Skylab", + "5725b56589a1e219009abd22": "the Soviet Union", "5725b56589a1e219009abd23": "Skylab", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40": "1967", - "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test", + "5725b64d89a1e219009abd41": "Apollo 1 cabin", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd42": "Budget cuts", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43": "Five", "5725b64d89a1e219009abd44": "an oxygen tank explosion", "5725b77889a1e219009abd54": "Apollo 8", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "382", - "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "avionics, telecommunications, and computers", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd55": "Apollo 17", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd56": "17", + "5725b77889a1e219009abd57": "technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d453": "one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454": "three", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455": "Abe Silverstein", - "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "manned lunar landings", + "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457": "Mercury capsule", "5725b888ec44d21400f3d456": "1960", - "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "July 1960", + "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7": "1960", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe8": "Maxime Faget", "5725ba5038643c19005acbe9": "three", "5725ba5038643c19005acbea": "Hugh L. Dryden", "5725bb34271a42140099d0c7": "John F. Kennedy", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "Soviet Union", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing", - "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "James E. Webb", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c8": "American", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9": "massive financial commitment", + "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca": "James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency", "5725bb34271a42140099d0cb": "aerospace technology", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "Yuri Gagarin", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1d": "cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc1e": "American", "5725bc7138643c19005acc1f": "one", - "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "refusing to make a commitment", + "5725bc7138643c19005acc20": "make a commitment", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31": "April 20", "5725bd4b38643c19005acc32": "Lyndon B. Johnson", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "one week", - "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "to look into the status of America's space program", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc33": "April 20", + "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34": "NASA the opportunity to catch up.", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a5": "Robert R. Gilruth", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "NASA's Langley Research Center", - "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "Langley Research Center", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a6": "Langley Research Center", + "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a7": "Langley Research Center. So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8": "Rice University", "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a9": "Florida", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "Merritt Island", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdce": "north of Canaveral at Merritt Island", "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdcf": "Kurt H. Debus", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "LOC)", - "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "Kennedy", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "at least three", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "Apollo", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd0": "Kurt H. Debus", + "5725bf2e89a1e219009abdd1": "Dr. Wernher von Braun's original V-2 rocket engineering team. Debus", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd7": "three", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd8": "OCB) to which Gemini", "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9": "250,000", - "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter", - "5725c123271a42140099d131": "Dr. George E. Mueller", + "5725c01389a1e219009abdd6": "3.7 million cubic meter", + "5725c123271a42140099d131": "George E. Mueller", "5725c123271a42140099d132": "July 23, 1963", "5725c123271a42140099d133": "Robert Seamans", - "5725c123271a42140099d134": "Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "industry experience on Air Force missile projects", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "General Samuel C. Phillips", + "5725c123271a42140099d134": "the Manned Spacecraft Center (Gilruth) Marshall Space Flight Center (von Braun) and the Launch Operations Center (Debus) effectively reported to Mueller", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6b": "OMSF program controller", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6c": "Samuel C. Phillips, who gained a reputation for his effective management of the Minuteman", "5725c2a038643c19005acc6d": "Samuel C. Phillips", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "January 1964", - "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "Apollo Program Director.", - "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "that a rendezvous", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6e": "1964", + "5725c2a038643c19005acc6f": "a staff of officers under him, on the condition", + "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44": "NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous \u2014let alone", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe45": "1961", "5725c4c289a1e219009abe46": "Robert Seamans", "5725c604271a42140099d185": "Nicholas E. Golovin", - "5725c604271a42140099d186": "1961", - "5725c604271a42140099d187": "members of the Manned Spacecraft Center", + "5725c604271a42140099d186": "1962", + "5725c604271a42140099d187": "Nicholas E. Golovin", "5725c604271a42140099d188": "Joseph Shea", - "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Manned Spacecraft Center", + "5725c604271a42140099d189": "Nicholas E. Golovin", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d531": "Jerome Wiesner", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d532": "Golovin", - "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "NASA", + "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d533": "land men on the Moon", "5725c6dcec44d21400f3d534": "July 11, 1962", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Wiesner", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "No, that's no good", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "Lunar Excursion Module", - "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "Grumman", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "Apollo 13", - "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "propulsion, electrical power and life support", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a1": "Kennedy", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a2": "no good", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a3": "Grumman as the LEM contractor", + "5725c7f5271a42140099d1a4": "fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d577": "failure of the command ship.", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578": "a \"lifeboat", + "5725c948ec44d21400f3d579": "electrical power", "5725c948ec44d21400f3d57a": "1964", - "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "cone", + "5725ca35271a42140099d1c1": "Maxime Faget's preliminary Apollo design employed a cone-shaped", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c2": "Command/Service Module", "5725ca35271a42140099d1c3": "two", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8": "three", "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec9": "conical crew cabin", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "ablative heat shield", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "Parachutes", - "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "12,250", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "SM) supported the Command Module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "high-gain S-band", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "cylindrical Service Module", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abeca": "Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecb": "Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin", + "5725cb4a89a1e219009abecc": "approximately 12,250", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1b": "hydrogen", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1c": "A high-gain S-band", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1d": "reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna", "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e": "over 54,000", - "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "orbital scientific instrument package", + "5725cc2038643c19005acd1f": "scientific instrument package", "5725cda338643c19005acd3f": "North American Aviation", - "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "about twice", + "5725cda338643c19005acd40": "twice", "5725cda338643c19005acd41": "1964", - "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "Saturn V", + "5725cda338643c19005acd42": "Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous", "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a": "two", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "The Lunar Module", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "33,300 pounds", - "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "3 days", - "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "Wernher von Braun", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0b": "fuselage", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d": "33,300", + "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0e": "15,100 kg), and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours", + "5725d01989a1e219009abf28": "rocket engineers", "5725d01989a1e219009abf29": "the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center", "5725d01989a1e219009abf2b": "June 11, 1962", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "live", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d235": "dummy upper stages filled with water", "5725d0e3271a42140099d236": "1964 and 1965", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "five", - "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d237": "37", + "5725d0e3271a42140099d238": "micrometeorite", "5725d2ef271a42140099d255": "Saturn IB", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "1,600,000 pounds-force", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "third stage", - "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "40,000 pounds", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "Saturn V", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "33 feet (10.1 m", - "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "three", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d256": "1,600", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d257": "890 kN) of thrust. A restartable version of the S-IVB", + "5725d2ef271a42140099d258": "40,000", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65b": "Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65c": "33 feet", + "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65d": "7,610,000 pounds-force (33,900 kN). The second and third", "5725d403ec44d21400f3d65e": "burned liquid hydrogen", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Project Mercury and Gemini veterans", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans.", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Dr. Harrison Schmitt", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Apollo 17", - "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "11 and Apollo 12", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "32", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "Distinguished Service Medal", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6e": "Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf6f": "two", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf70": "Harrison Schmitt", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf71": "Harrison Schmitt, a geologist, was the first NASA scientist astronaut to fly", + "5725d51589a1e219009abf72": "Gemini or Mercury veterans", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd3": "8", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd4": "Grissom", "5725d61038643c19005acdd5": "1969", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", - "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "Apollo 8", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd6": "1969", + "5725d61038643c19005acdd7": "first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7", "5725d6cb38643c19005acde7": "1966", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "February 26", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700", - "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde8": "4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acde9": "201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles", + "5725d6cb38643c19005acdea": "Command Module heat shield", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf90": "278", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "a new Apollo spacesuit", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "water-cooled", - "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "Pilot", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Deke Slayton", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "Gemini and Apollo programs", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "1966", - "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Grissom", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91": "AS-207/208", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92": "fishbow", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93": "fishbowl", + "5725d79e89a1e219009abf94": "test flight AS-206", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f": "Grissom", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d290": "the Gemini and Apollo programs", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d291": "January 1966", + "5725d8a3271a42140099d292": "Donn F. Eise", "5725d8a3271a42140099d293": "Apollo crew", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft. Its Saturn IB", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "August 1967", - "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "Saturn IB", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69b": "canceled", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69c": "December 1966", + "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69d": "208", "5725d94bec44d21400f3d69e": "Apollo 1 backup crew.", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "Samuel Phillips", - "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "tiger team", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ab": "George Mueller", + "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ac": "tiger", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad": "1967", "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ae": "George Mueller", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "North American", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd": "North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center", "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6be": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "launch countdown", - "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "altitude chamber", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "strange odor", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf": "countdown", + "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6c0": "North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace01": "a strange odor in their spacesuits, which delayed the sealing of the hatch", "5725dc1638643c19005ace02": "January 27, 1967", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "strange", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "strange odor", - "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "100% oxygen atmosphere", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "Webb", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "George Low", - "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex,", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "nitrogen/oxygen", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "flammable cabin and space suit", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "Block I plug-type hatch cover", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover", - "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "fire-resistant Block II space suits", - "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "A", - "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "Each step", - "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "how many", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "AS-501", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "ballast", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace03": "forced a hold in the simulated countdown", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace04": "delayed the sealing of the hatch. Then, communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown", + "5725dc1638643c19005ace05": "100% oxygen", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe2": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3": "workmanship and quality control.", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe4": "George Low.", + "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe5": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ed": "a nitrogen/oxygen", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ee": "nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials. The Block II", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6ef": "Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0": "causes of the fire", + "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f1": "nitrogen/oxygen", + "5725df1838643c19005ace15": "mission types", + "5725df1838643c19005ace16": "manned lunar landing", + "5725df1838643c19005ace17": "many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead of numbers", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac010": "Apollo 4", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac011": "Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.", "5725e08389a1e219009ac012": "April 4, 1968", - "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502", + "5725e08389a1e219009ac013": "direct-return", "5725e152271a42140099d2cd": "Apollo 5", - "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB", + "5725e152271a42140099d2ce": "Earth orbit, launched from pad 37", "5725e152271a42140099d2cf": "Grumman", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1.", - "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "fire-in-the-hole", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "Saturn V", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Zond 5", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "Christmas Eve", - "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d0": "Apollo 1. The LM engines", + "5725e152271a42140099d2d1": "fire", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace23": "LM", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace24": "Apollo 8", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace25": "December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs", + "5725e28f38643c19005ace26": "the bold step", "5725e28f38643c19005ace27": "Apollo 8", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "Gemini", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac038": "G mission", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac039": "July 1969", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "black-and-white television", - "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin.", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03a": "black-and-white television back", + "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03b": "Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin", "5725e36f89a1e219009ac03c": "July 1969", - "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe", - "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "Surveyor 3", - "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "photographed it", + "5725e44238643c19005ace35": "Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe", + "5725e44238643c19005ace36": "Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe", + "5725e44238643c19005ace37": "precision landing on Apollo 12 within walking distance of the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe", "5725e44238643c19005ace38": "accidentally pointed into the Sun", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "Lunar Roving Vehicle", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "Block II spacesuit", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d71f": "CSM and LM", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d720": "greater flexibility and visibility", "5725e547ec44d21400f3d721": "eight", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "three days", - "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "televised liftoff", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "return", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "two rookies", - "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "Fra Mauro formation", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722": "over three days", + "5725e547ec44d21400f3d723": "mass of the CSM and LM", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d729": "life boat\" to return to Earth.", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72a": "crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies", + "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b": "success of the first two landings", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72c": "oxygen tank", "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d": "1970", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "orbital laboratory", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "shrink", - "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "1971", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac086": "Apollo 20", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087": "Apollo 20", + "5725e95f89a1e219009ac088": "NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing", "5725e95f89a1e219009ac089": "1971", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "extremely old", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about 3.2 billion years", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "KREEP", - "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "the Genesis Rock", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "thick", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "impact process effects", - "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "micrometeoroid impact craters", - "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "170 billion", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e": "3.2 billion", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f": "4.6 billion years", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a0": "geochemical component called KREEP", + "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1": "geochemical component called KREEP", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f": "Earth rocks", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace80": "brecciated", + "5725eb8a38643c19005ace81": "impact melt (materials melted near an impact crater", + "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f": "$170 billion", "5725ec7538643c19005ace90": "15", "5725ec7538643c19005ace91": "$20.4 billion", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "Apollo Extension Series", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "Apollo Applications Program", - "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "Venus", - "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "1973", - "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "The S-IVB orbital workshop", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3": "Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4": "LM's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope", + "5725ee6438643c19005aceb5": "solar telescope observatory", + "5725ef6838643c19005acece": "February 8, 1974", + "5725ef6838643c19005acecf": "Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope", "5725ef6838643c19005aced0": "February 8, 1974", - "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope", - "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's SELENE probe", - "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "NASA's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, while orbiting 50 kilometers (31 mi) above the Moon, began photographing the remnants of the Apollo program", - "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "one", + "5725ef6838643c19005aced1": "Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0be": "the U. S.", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0bf": "the Moon", + "5725f07f89a1e219009ac0c0": "Apollo missions were found to still be standing, with the exception of the one left during the Apollo 11", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cc": "Apollo 8", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "creation story in the Book of Genesis", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd": "Book of Genesis", "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce": "one-quarter", - "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "Christmas Eve, 1968", - "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Apollo TV", + "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf": "1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots", + "5725f239271a42140099d35d": "Apollo TV camera", "5725f239271a42140099d35e": "magnetic telemetry tapes", - "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "a magnetic tape shortage", - "5725f239271a42140099d360": "magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes", - "5725f239271a42140099d361": "Nafzger", + "5725f239271a42140099d35f": "massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives", + "5725f239271a42140099d360": "massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives", + "5725f239271a42140099d361": "NASA", "5725f39638643c19005acef7": "Nafzger", - "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "random noise and camera shake", - "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "kinescope", - "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "Lowry Digital", - "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video, remaining in black and white", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "secondary law and supplementary law", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "Treaties establishing the European Union", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "Treaties establishing the European Union", - "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "Council of the European Union", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "secondary law and supplementary law", + "5725f39638643c19005acef8": "random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy. The images were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive", + "5725f39638643c19005acef9": "CBS News archive", + "5725f39638643c19005acefa": "Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger", + "5725f39638643c19005acefb": "CBS News archive", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5c": "The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5d": "Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5e": "the Treaties establishing the European Union", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd5f": "the Treaties establishing the European Union", + "5725b7f389a1e219009abd60": "treaties and legislation", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14d": "Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources", "5725c28a271a42140099d14e": "direct effect or indirect", - "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", - "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "the Council of the European Union", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "Treaties establishing the European Union", - "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", + "5725c28a271a42140099d14f": "The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", + "5725c28a271a42140099d150": "Treaties establishing the European Union. Secondary sources", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f0": "The three sources of European Union law are primary law, secondary law and supplementary law", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f1": "the Treaties establishing the European Union", + "57268b43dd62a815002e88f2": "the European Parliament", "57268b43dd62a815002e88f3": "three", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "Court of Justice", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "the courts of member states", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "Directives", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "The European Court of Justice", - "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "Court of Justice", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "Directives", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "The European Court of Justice", - "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "courts of member states and the Court of Justice", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d1": "the courts of member states", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d2": "the courts of member states. In case of European Union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d3": "the Functioning of the European Union", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d4": "able", + "5725bbec271a42140099d0d5": "The European Court of Justice is the highest court able to interpret European Union law.", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d503": "the courts of member states", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d504": "the Functioning of the European Union", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d505": "the courts of member states", + "5725c3a9ec44d21400f3d506": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890a": "the courts of member states", "57268bf9dd62a815002e890b": "the courts of member states", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "The European Court of Justice", - "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "case law", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "Treaty on European Union (TEU", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "The European Commission", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "citizens", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "The European Court of Justice", - "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "The European Court of Justice", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "TEU", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "Faroe Islands", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the European Union institutions and determine the division of competences between the European Union and its member states", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "cannot rule on their validity", - "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "the Treaty on European Union", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "European Union", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890c": "the Functioning of the European Union. The European Court of Justice is the highest court able", + "57268bf9dd62a815002e890d": "lesser rights European Union law can be enforced by the courts of member states", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d549": "the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54a": "propose legislation. During the ordinary legislative procedure, the Council (which are ministers from member state governments) and the European Parliament", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54b": "Presidents", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54c": "Central Bank", + "5725c743ec44d21400f3d54d": "the European Central Bank", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb4": "treaties being the Treaty on European Union", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb5": "Gibraltar and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. The TEU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb6": "direct effect", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb7": "external relations, for example Gibraltar and the \u00c5land islands", + "5725ca4389a1e219009abeb8": "soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894e": "treaties being the Treaty on European Union", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e894f": "The TEU establishes that European Union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states, as well as certain islands", "57268d2ddd62a815002e8950": "soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period", - "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The Court of Justice", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "1979", + "57268d2ddd62a815002e8951": "The TEU allows the European Council", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bb": "Major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single, internal market", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bc": "Major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single, internal market", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bd": "2004", "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5be": "1994", - "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Greenland", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "common rules for coal and steel", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1992", + "5725cc38ec44d21400f3d5bf": "Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b0": "coal and steel", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b1": "1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s", "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b2": "1986", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "1972", - "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1985", - "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "European Union", - "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "France and the referendum in the Netherlands", - "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b3": "2001", + "57268e2bf1498d1400e8e3b4": "1997", + "57264865dd62a815002e8062": "2004", + "57264865dd62a815002e8063": "the Netherlands", + "57264865dd62a815002e8064": "proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending", "57264865dd62a815002e8065": "proposed constitutional treaty", - "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "an amending treaty, and \u2013 though it significantly altered the existing treaties \u2013 it did not completely replace them", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "constitutional law of the European Union", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe", - "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union", + "57264865dd62a815002e8066": "Constitution for Europe", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c4": "constitutional law", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c5": "constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c6": "constitutional law", + "57268f2bf1498d1400e8e3c7": "the Lisbon", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808c": "The European Commission", "57264a8cdd62a815002e808d": "The European Commission", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "President", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "one", - "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "Federica Mogherini", - "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Article 17", - "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Jean-Claude Juncker", - "572691545951b619008f76e3": "a Commission proposal", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808e": "The European Commission", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e808f": "1", + "57264a8cdd62a815002e8090": "The European Commission", + "572691545951b619008f76e1": "Mogherini", + "572691545951b619008f76e2": "Commissioners be drawn from the elected Parliament", + "572691545951b619008f76e3": "de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives", "572691545951b619008f76e4": "Ireland", - "572691545951b619008f76e5": "unelected", - "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "the Santer Commission", - "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "not break any law", + "572691545951b619008f76e5": "The European Commission", + "57264e455951b619008f6f65": "\u20ac60m bribe in connection with a Tobacco Products Directive. Beyond the Commission, the European Central Bank", + "57264e455951b619008f6f66": "Edith Cresson", "57264e455951b619008f6f67": "Committee of Independent Experts", - "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "John Dalli", - "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "six", + "57264e455951b619008f6f68": "John Dalli, who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a \u20ac60m", + "57264e455951b619008f6f69": "\u20ac60m bribe in connection with a Tobacco Products Directive. Beyond the Commission, the European Central Bank has relative executive autonomy", "5726926a5951b619008f7709": "1999", - "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Commission v Edith Cresson", + "5726926a5951b619008f770a": "Edith Cresson", "5726926a5951b619008f770b": "Committee of Independent Experts", - "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "European Anti-fraud Office", + "5726926a5951b619008f770c": "the ECJ's relaxed approach", "5726926a5951b619008f770d": "2012", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "representative democracy", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "every five years", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "one million signatures", - "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "demos", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbee": "the Commission", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbef": "legislation", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf0": "five years", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf1": "two-thirds", + "572651f9f1498d1400e8dbf2": "Commission", "5726938af1498d1400e8e446": "the Commission", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "every five years", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "every five years", - "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "conservative European People's Party", - "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "different ministers of the member states", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e447": "the Commission", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e448": "1999", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e449": "five years", + "5726938af1498d1400e8e44a": "demos", + "5726545f708984140094c2a5": "second main legislative body is the Council", "5726545f708984140094c2a6": "Donald Tusk", - "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "352", + "5726545f708984140094c2a7": "238", "5726545f708984140094c2a8": "352", - "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "260", + "5726545f708984140094c2a9": "55", "57269424dd62a815002e8a1e": "the Council", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "each six months", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a1f": "65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260", "57269424dd62a815002e8a20": "352", - "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "European Council", + "57269424dd62a815002e8a21": "political directions", "572656e4dd62a815002e81fa": "a majority of all MEPs", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "qualified majority", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "budgets", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "TEU articles 4 and 5", - "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "Many member state courts believe they decide, other member state Parliaments believe they decide, while within the EU, the Court of Justice", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fb": "a majority of all MEPs", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fc": "legislation", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fd": "Commission", + "572656e4dd62a815002e81fe": "Commission to try and get agreement on a joint text: if this works, it will be sent back to the Parliament and Council", "572695285951b619008f774b": "294", - "572695285951b619008f774c": "suggest changes", - "572695285951b619008f774d": "TEU articles 4 and 5", - "572695285951b619008f774e": "a \"Conciliation Committee", + "572695285951b619008f774c": "Commission proposal, where the Parliament must vote by a majority of all MEPs (not just those present) to block or suggest changes", + "572695285951b619008f774d": "Commission", + "572695285951b619008f774e": "the different institutions cannot agree at any stage, a \"Conciliation Committee\" is convened, representing MEPs, ministers and the Commission", "572658435951b619008f7025": "The judicial branch of the EU", - "572658435951b619008f7026": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", - "572658435951b619008f7027": "one", - "572658435951b619008f7028": "the English Court of Appeal", - "572658435951b619008f7029": "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "Court of Justice of the European Union", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the Court of Justice of the European Union", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Civil Service Tribunal", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "three years", - "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed", - "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "EU law has primacy", - "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "that the Treaty conflicted with national law", + "572658435951b619008f7026": "the European Union (CJEU", + "572658435951b619008f7027": "one judge from each member state, 28", + "572658435951b619008f7028": "political integration", + "572658435951b619008f7029": "the main judicial", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e484": "the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e485": "the European Union (CJEU", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e486": "Bundesgerichtshof", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e487": "28", + "5726965ef1498d1400e8e488": "the main judicial", + "57265e455951b619008f70bb": "national law, then EU law has primacy", + "57265e455951b619008f70bc": "Treaty of Rome", "57265e455951b619008f70bd": "1964 and 1968", - "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts", + "5726975c708984140094cb1f": "the highest national courts", "5726975c708984140094cb20": "1964", - "5726975c708984140094cb21": "The Court of Justice", - "572699db5951b619008f7799": "EU", - "572699db5951b619008f779a": "democracy and human rights", + "5726975c708984140094cb21": "Costa v ENEL", + "572699db5951b619008f7799": "primacy", + "572699db5951b619008f779a": "the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights", "572699db5951b619008f779b": "1972", "572699db5951b619008f779d": "ultimate authority of member states", - "572699db5951b619008f779c": "the Solange I and Solange II decisions", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "administrative law", + "572699db5951b619008f779c": "national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ab": "the European Union", "57269aa65951b619008f77ac": "1986", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality", - "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "European Union", - "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "Commission v Italy", - "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "TFEU", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ad": "administer EU law. All actions by EU institutions can be subject to judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality", + "57269aa65951b619008f77ae": "the European Union", + "57269bb8708984140094cb95": "Commission v Italy the Court of Justice held that Italy", + "57269bb8708984140094cb96": "EU", "57269bb8708984140094cb97": "postal company", - "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "Treaty provisions", - "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "Directives do not generally give citizens (as opposed to the member state", + "57269bb8708984140094cb98": "money it paid for the tariff", + "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b12": "national authorities the choice of form and methods\" to implement. In part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b13": "4", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b14": "4", "57269cc3dd62a815002e8b15": "early 1990s", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "unlawful age discrimination", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "implementation", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e516": "Equality Framework Directive. The Court of Justice held that the Directive could be relied on by her because equality", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e517": "Equality Framework Directive. The Court of Justice held that the Directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of EU law.", "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e518": "10 years, from age 18 to 28", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "British Gas plc", - "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "60 and men at 65", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "national", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "incorporations", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages", - "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "6 million Lira", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e519": "Gas plc", + "57269e3bf1498d1400e8e51a": "65", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e534": "national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e535": "damages", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e536": "failure to implement the law.", + "57269f3ef1498d1400e8e537": "million", "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e550": "the European Court of Justice", - "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "fundamental rights", - "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s", + "5726a00cf1498d1400e8e551": "fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity", + "5726a09f708984140094cc39": "When there is a choice between several appropriate measures the least onerous must be adopted, and any disadvantage", "5726a09f708984140094cc3a": "Article 5", "5726a09f708984140094cc3b": "the least onerous", - "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s", - "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "European Union law", - "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "Legislation", - "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "faith", - "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "member states", + "5726a14c708984140094cc51": "legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1960s", + "5726a14c708984140094cc52": "the European Court of Justice since the 1960s. It is an important general principle of international law and public law", + "5726a14c708984140094cc53": "The adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the European Union must have a proper legal basis.", + "5726a14c708984140094cc54": "legal certainty prohibits Ex post facto laws, i.e. laws should not take effect before they are published. The doctrine of legitimate expectation", + "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b86": "As such the European Court of Justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions common to the member states", "5726a1e5dd62a815002e8b87": "fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "None", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "member states", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9e": "the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights.", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8b9f": "European Union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states' constitution became ever more apparent. In 1999 the European Council", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba0": "1950", - "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "European Court of Human Rights", + "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba1": "European Union mention protection for fundamental rights.", "5726a299dd62a815002e8ba2": "1999", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "12 December 2007", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "European Union law", - "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "European Court of Justice", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "Amsterdam", - "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59e": "2007", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e59f": "the European Union", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a0": "general principles of European Union law", + "5726a34bf1498d1400e8e5a1": "the European Union has become an integral part of European Union law", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5ae": "the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", + "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5af": "1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b0": "1989", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b1": "30", "5726a3c6f1498d1400e8e5b2": "40", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd0": "11 of the then 12", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd1": "The UK", - "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "Social Chapter\" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty - instead, an Agreement on Social Policy", + "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd2": "the 1992 Maastricht Treaty - instead, an Agreement on Social Policy was added as a protocol", "5726a46cdd62a815002e8bd3": "1992", - "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "the 1994 Works Council Directive", + "5726a5525951b619008f78dd": "Social Policy, which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the Social Chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam", "5726a5525951b619008f78de": "1997", - "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "Works Council", - "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1996", - "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "workforce consultation", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany in 1951 following the second World War. The agreement aimed to prevent Germany", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1957", + "5726a5525951b619008f78df": "the 1994 Works Council Directive", + "5726a5525951b619008f78e0": "1994 Works Council Directive, which required workforce consultation in businesses, and the 1996", + "5726a5525951b619008f78e1": "Social Policy", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf6": "France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf7": "1951", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf8": "cartels", - "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "article 66", + "5726a638dd62a815002e8bf9": "cartels", "5726a638dd62a815002e8bfa": "1957", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "Article 102", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "anti-competitive agreements in Article 101(1), including price fixing", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106 and 107", - "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "Article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position, such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing. Article 102", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e654": "Lisbon", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e655": "price discrimination and exclusive dealing", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e656": "Articles 106 and 107 provide that member state's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed, but that otherwise public enterprises", + "5726a7ecf1498d1400e8e657": "102 allows the European Council to regulations", "5726b58f5951b619008f7b55": "2007", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "1957", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "consumer prices", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "free trade", - "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "the Court of Justice", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "a customs union", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "imports", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "private actors", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Commission v France", - "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "a protest", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "25 per cent", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b56": "2007", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b57": "social market economy", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b58": "social market economy", + "5726b58f5951b619008f7b59": "the general", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbe": "freedom of association is one of the \u2018fundamental pillars of a democratic society\u2019, against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dbf": "industrial", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc0": "customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc1": "Commission v France French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish strawberries", + "5726b718dd62a815002e8dc2": "freedom", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e8": "packaging", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8e9": "France", "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ea": "2003", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "cocoa products that included other vegetable fats", - "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "Keck and Mithouard", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "cut throat competition", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini", - "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "Unfair Commercial Practices Directive", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "free movement", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8eb": "fats could not be labelled as \"chocolate", + "5726b929f1498d1400e8e8ec": "Italian law prohibiting motorcycles", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf59": "Mithouard", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5a": "best practice", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5b": "alters", + "5726ba2c708984140094cf5c": "EU", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e74": "the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement", "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e75": "European Community", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "citizenship", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie", - "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "stay", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "1 to 7", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "Jean-Marc Bosman", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Gaelic", - "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute the Court of Justice", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e76": "social\" Europe", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e77": "indirect", + "5726baf2dd62a815002e8e78": "socially active", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea6": "articles 1 to 7", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea7": "the Belgian Football Association v Bosman", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea8": "Dutch woman living in the Netherlands, but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in Germany", + "5726bc1add62a815002e8ea9": "incapacity benefits when he moved to Belgium", "5726bc1add62a815002e8eaa": "3 and 14", - "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the EU", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "fundamental\" status of member state nationals", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "Commission v Austria", - "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "higher education", - "5726c002708984140094d073": "European Union", - "5726c002708984140094d074": "freedom to provide services", + "5726bcde708984140094cfbf": "Citizenship of the EU has increasingly been seen as a \"fundamental\" status of member state nationals by the Court of Justice", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc0": "social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education, along with other forms of vocational training", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc1": "the Court of Justice, and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education", + "5726bcde708984140094cfc2": "social services that people can access wherever they move. The Court has required that higher education", + "5726c002708984140094d073": "freedom of establishment", + "5726c002708984140094d074": "freedom of establishment", "5726c002708984140094d075": "Reyners v Belgium", - "5726c002708984140094d076": "49", - "5726c002708984140094d077": "Commission v Italy", + "5726c002708984140094d076": "freedom of establishment", + "5726c002708984140094d077": "Milan", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8a": "2006", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "shipping toxic waste", - "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "October 2007", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8b": "crime against shipping toxic waste", + "5726c19add62a815002e8f8c": "2005", "5726c19add62a815002e8f8d": "2005", "5726c3da708984140094d0d9": "German health clinic", - "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "unnecessary", - "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "narcotic drugs", - "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "the treatment unnecessary", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "Daily Mail", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u00a31 of capital", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u00a31 of capital", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "creditor protection", - "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "\u00dcberseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH", + "5726c3da708984140094d0da": "National Health Service", + "5726c3da708984140094d0db": "legal advice", + "5726c3da708984140094d0dc": "treatment unnecessary", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac4": "Oktat\u00f3", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac5": "\u00a31 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac6": "\u00a31 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac7": "restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection", + "5726c5a9f1498d1400e8eac8": "Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany", "5725b81b271a42140099d097": "For\u00eat amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud", - "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "2,100,000", - "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "nine", - "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "four", - "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "Amazoneregenwoud", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "The Amazon rainforest", + "5725b81b271a42140099d098": "7,000,000", + "5725b81b271a42140099d099": "13%", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09a": "13%, Colombia with 10%", + "5725b81b271a42140099d09b": "10%", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9efe": "broadleaf forest", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9eff": "broadleaf forest", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f00": "South America", - "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "60%", + "5728349dff5b5019007d9f01": "13%", "5728349dff5b5019007d9f02": "16,000", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "moist broadleaf forest", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "nine", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "Brazil", - "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "390 billion", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c4": "broadleaf forest", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c5": "2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c6": "13%", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c7": "the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America", + "5729e2316aef0514001550c8": "16,000", "5725be0f271a42140099d117": "tropical rainforest", - "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Climate fluctuations", + "5725be0f271a42140099d118": "Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics", "5725be0f271a42140099d119": "Middle Miocene", - "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "Middle Miocene", - "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "Middle Miocene", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "45\u00b0", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45\u00b0", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "Climate fluctuations", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "the Oligocene", - "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "spanned a relatively narrow band", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "dinosaurs and the wetter climate", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "66\u201334 Mya", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "Middle Miocene", - "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "the last glacial maximum", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11a": "during the Middle Miocene", + "5725be0f271a42140099d11b": "the rainforest", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f94": "wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f95": "45", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f96": "45\u00b0. Climate fluctuations", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f97": "Miocene", + "57283adcff5b5019007d9f98": "spread out across the continent. From 66\u201334 Mya", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b5": "wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b6": "34 million", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b7": "Miocene", + "5729e500af94a219006aa6b8": "wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest", "5729e500af94a219006aa6b9": "34 million", - "5725c071271a42140099d127": "along the middle of the continent", - "5725c071271a42140099d128": "Atlantic", - "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", - "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "the last 5\u201310 million years", - "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "the Atlantic.", - "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "the mid-Eocene", - "57283d173acd2414000df790": "Pacific", - "57283d173acd2414000df791": "Pacific", - "57283d173acd2414000df792": "Amazonas Basin", - "57283d173acd2414000df793": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin", + "5725c071271a42140099d127": "the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch", + "5725c071271a42140099d128": "the Atlantic", + "5725c071271a42140099d129": "the Solim\u00f5es Basin. Within the last 5\u201310 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch", + "5725c071271a42140099d12a": "10 million years", + "5725c071271a42140099d12b": "the Atlantic", + "57283d173acd2414000df78f": "During the mid-Eocene", + "57283d173acd2414000df790": "the Atlantic", + "57283d173acd2414000df791": "the Atlantic", + "57283d173acd2414000df792": "the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin", + "57283d173acd2414000df793": "the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin", "5729e6313f37b319004785a9": "mid-Eocene", - "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "Purus Arch", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "Atlantic", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "Pacific", - "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "Solim\u00f5es Basin", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "Amazon rainforest", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "that the rainforest remained largely intact", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive", - "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "the available data", - "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000 years", - "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover", - "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "sediment deposits", - "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "lower than for the present", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000 years", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "paleolakes", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin.", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "moist tropical vegetation cover", - "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "practical limitations", - "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "CALIPSO", + "5729e6313f37b319004785aa": "the Purus Arch", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ab": "toward the Atlantic", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ac": "the Atlantic", + "5729e6313f37b319004785ad": "the Andes Mountains rose", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50b": "deglaciation", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50c": "deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50d": "forest and grassland", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50e": "difficult", + "5725c41eec44d21400f3d50f": "difficult", + "572841772ca10214002da1a6": "21,000", + "572841772ca10214002da1a7": "reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. There is debate, however, over how extensive this reduction", + "572841772ca10214002da1a8": "Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes", + "572841772ca10214002da1a9": "paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa779": "21,000", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77a": "Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77b": "paleolakes", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77c": "the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east", + "572a0bfaaf94a219006aa77d": "open forest and grassland", + "5725c63438643c19005acc9f": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5725c63438643c19005acca0": "182 million", "5725c63438643c19005acca1": "1,600", - "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "Amazon basin, 132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea", + "5725c63438643c19005acca2": "Atlantic Ocean", "5725c63438643c19005acca3": "43 million", "5728455bff5b5019007da078": "NASA's CALIPSO satellite", - "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "182 million", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "15%", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "132 million tons", - "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "182 million", - "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "CALIPSO", + "5728455bff5b5019007da079": "15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07a": "15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07b": "27.7 million tons (15%", + "5728455bff5b5019007da07c": "15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bd": "NASA's CALIPSO", "5729ea263f37b319004785be": "NASA's CALIPSO", - "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "182 million", + "5729ea263f37b319004785bf": "15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles", "5729ea263f37b319004785c0": "1,600", - "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "182 million", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise", + "5729ea263f37b319004785c1": "35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf3": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia", "5725c95f38643c19005accf4": "0.52", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "agriculture", - "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "anthropological", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf5": "hunting, with agriculture", + "5725c95f38643c19005accf6": "Betty Meg", "5725c95f38643c19005accf7": "5 million", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "rainforest", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bc": "Archeologist Betty Meggers", "572847dd4b864d19001648bd": "Betty Meggers", - "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "200,000", - "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "Amazonia", + "572847dd4b864d19001648be": "2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52", + "572847dd4b864d19001648bf": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6c9": "Betty Meggers", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "Amazonia: Man and Culture", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0.52/sq mi", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6ca": "Archeologist Betty Meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book Amazonia", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cb": "0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre", "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cc": "5 million", - "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1 million", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "Francisco de Orellana", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "the 1540s", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "smallpox", - "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "1970s", + "5729eb34af94a219006aa6cd": "1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed2": "the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed3": "1540s", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed4": "spread of diseases from Europe, such as smallpox", + "5725cbb289a1e219009abed5": "1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 0\u20131250", "5725cbb289a1e219009abed6": "AD 0\u20131250", - "5729edd56aef051400155112": "Francisco de Orellana", - "5729edd56aef051400155113": "1542", + "5729edd56aef051400155112": "the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana", + "5729edd56aef051400155113": "1977", "5729edd56aef051400155114": "AD 0\u20131250", - "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Ondemar Dias", - "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11,000 years", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "black earth", + "5729edd56aef051400155115": "Dias", + "5729edd56aef051400155116": "11", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd61": "black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest", "5725cf3238643c19005acd62": "black earth", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "agriculture and silviculture", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "Xingu tribe", - "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "Terra preta", - "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "Terra preta", - "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "agriculture and silviculture", - "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "Xingu tribe", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd63": "agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd64": "the Xingu", + "5725cf3238643c19005acd65": "preta", + "5729ef266aef05140015511c": "agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest", + "5729ef266aef05140015511d": "agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management", + "5729ef266aef05140015511e": "Michael Heckenberger", "5729ef266aef05140015511f": "Michael Heckenberger", - "5729ef266aef051400155120": "remains of some of these large settlements", + "5729ef266aef051400155120": "Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas", "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61b": "2.5 million", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "One in five", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "40,000", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "2,200", - "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "128,843", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61c": "five", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61d": "2.5 million", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61e": "2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000", + "5725d16aec44d21400f3d61f": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155126": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155127": "2,000", - "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "40,000", + "5729f0db6aef051400155128": "2.5 million", "5729f0db6aef051400155129": "378", - "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "2,000", - "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "247", + "5729f0db6aef05140015512a": "2.5 million", + "5726722bdd62a815002e8528": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e8529": "1,100", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90,790", - "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes per hectare", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852a": "90,790 tonnes", + "5726722bdd62a815002e852b": "90,790 tonnes", "5726722bdd62a815002e852c": "438,000", "5729f2646aef051400155130": "Ecuador", - "5729f2646aef051400155131": "1,100", - "5729f2646aef051400155132": "90,790", - "5729f2646aef051400155133": "356 \u00b1 47 tonnes", + "5729f2646aef051400155131": "1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer", + "5729f2646aef051400155132": "47", + "5729f2646aef051400155133": "90,790 tonnes", "5729f2646aef051400155134": "438,000", - "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "electric eels", + "5729f3831d0469140077967b": "eels", "5729f3831d0469140077967c": "black caiman", - "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "piranha", - "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "lipophilic alkaloid toxins", - "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "Vampire bats", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "Deforestation", + "5729f3831d0469140077967d": "black caiman", + "5729f3831d0469140077967e": "bite and injure humans", + "5729f3831d0469140077967f": "yellow", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa72f": "weed invasion", "5729fd56af94a219006aa730": "the early 1960s", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "slash and burn method", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "loss of soil fertility and weed invasion", - "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "naked eye", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa731": "Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa732": "slash and burn method. However, the colonists were unable to manage their fields", + "5729fd56af94a219006aa733": "Deforestation", "5729feaf6aef051400155188": "227,000", - "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "1991", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "pasture for cattle", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "United States", - "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "91%", - "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "soy", - "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "increased settlement and deforestation", - "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "19,018 km2 or 7,343", - "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year). Although deforestation has declined", + "5729feaf6aef051400155189": "1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518a": "livestock pasture", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518b": "the second-largest global producer of soybeans", + "5729feaf6aef05140015518c": "Seventy percent", + "572a005f1d046914007796b7": "transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways", + "572a005f1d046914007796b8": "up the rainforest", + "572a005f1d046914007796b9": "22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", + "572a005f1d046914007796bb": "2000 to 2005 (22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18%", "572a005f1d046914007796ba": "18%", - "572a020f6aef051400155198": "loss of biodiversity", - "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction of the forest", + "572a020f6aef051400155198": "biodiversity", + "572a020f6aef051400155199": "destruction", "572a020f6aef05140015519a": "loss of biodiversity", - "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "0.62 \u00b1 0.37 tons", + "572a020f6aef05140015519b": "10%", "572a020f6aef05140015519c": "1.1 \u00d7 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 \u00b1 0.37", - "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "severely reduced rainfall", - "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "greenhouse gas", + "572a03a06aef0514001551aa": "reduced rainfall", + "572a03a06aef0514001551ab": "greenhouse gas emissions shows that the Amazon rainforest", "572a03a06aef0514001551ac": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ad": "2100", "572a03a06aef0514001551ae": "deforestation", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "indigenous territories", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "ethno-biology and community-based", - "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "deforestation and ecocide", - "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina", - "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest communities", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865d": "ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865e": "ethno", + "572a064a3f37b3190047865f": "ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest", + "572a064a3f37b31900478660": "ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon indigenous peoples' rainforest", + "572a064a3f37b31900478661": "the subsistence and symbolism", "572a07c11d046914007796d5": "remote sensing", - "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "Trio Tribe", + "572a07c11d046914007796d6": "the Trio Tribe", "572a07c11d046914007796d7": "southern Suriname", - "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "Trio Tribe", - "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "handheld GPS devices and programs like Google Earth, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "tree growth stages", + "572a07c11d046914007796d8": "to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld GPS devices", + "572a07c11d046914007796d9": "conservation of the Amazon", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75b": "forest", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75c": "tree growth stages", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75d": "Tatiana Kuplich", "572a09abaf94a219006aa75e": "2006", - "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "Synthetic aperture radar", + "572a09abaf94a219006aa75f": "forest is crucial. In 2006 Tatiana Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories: (1) mature forest", "572a0b101d046914007796e9": "2005", - "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research", - "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "deforestation", - "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "savanna or desert", - "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "Woods Hole Research Center", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "734,000", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three", + "572a0b101d046914007796eb": "the Brazilian National Institute", + "572a0b101d046914007796ec": "tipping point", + "572a0b101d046914007796ed": "tipping point", + "572a0b101d046914007796ea": "Scientists at the Brazilian National Institute", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa76f": "2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa770": "1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa771": "three epicenters", "572a0bebaf94a219006aa772": "2005", - "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "1.5", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "comb jellies", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "marine waters", - "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "a few millimeters to 1.5 m", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "comb jellies", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "cilia", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "cilia", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "1.5", - "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "combs", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "comb jellies", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "1.5", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "water flow", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry", - "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "marine waters", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten times their own weight", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "100\u2013150", - "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "25", - "5725c337271a42140099d163": "100\u2013150", - "5725c337271a42140099d164": "tentilla", - "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten times their own weight", - "5725c337271a42140099d166": "25", - "5725c337271a42140099d167": "huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten times their own weight", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "tentilla", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "tentilla (\"little tentacles\") that are covered with colloblasts, sticky cells", - "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "two", + "572a0bebaf94a219006aa773": "1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe1": "Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe2": "one phylum, Coelenterata", + "5725b9db38643c19005acbe3": "millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf2": "one phylum, Coelenterata", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf3": "\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of animals", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf4": "cnidarians in one phylum, Coelenterata, as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf5": "millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11", + "5725c0f289a1e219009abdf6": "the \u2018combs", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad371": "Greek \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 kteis 'comb' and \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 pher\u014d 'carry'; commonly known as comb jellies", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad372": "millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad373": "flow", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad374": "cnidarians", + "57263eaa38643c19005ad375": "one phylum, Coelenterata", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd90": "ten times", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd91": "150", + "5725bae289a1e219009abd92": "150", + "5725c337271a42140099d163": "150", + "5725c337271a42140099d164": "little tentacles", + "5725c337271a42140099d165": "ten times their own weight in a day. Only 100\u2013150", + "5725c337271a42140099d166": "tentilla (\"little tentacles", + "5725c337271a42140099d167": "deep-sea platyctenids, in which the adults of most species lack combs, and the coastal beroids, which lack tentacles", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5ee": "ten times", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5ef": "little tentacles", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f0": "spiders", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f1": "egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla (\"little tentacles", + "5726400589a1e219009ac5f2": "25", "5725bc0338643c19005acc11": "hermaphrodites", "5725bc0338643c19005acc12": "miniature cydippids", - "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "juveniles", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "sequential", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "sequential", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "platyctenids", - "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "hermaphroditism and early reproduction", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "sequential", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "Some", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "Others", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "platyctenids", - "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "beroids", + "5725bc0338643c19005acc13": "fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5e": "Fertilization is generally external, although platyctenids' eggs", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe5f": "fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe60": "rodites", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe61": "hermaphrodites", + "5725c57a89a1e219009abe62": "fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd1": "fertilize its own egg", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd2": "fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd3": "sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd4": "fertilized inside their parents", + "5726415bec44d21400f3dcd5": "hermaphrodites", "5725bdbe38643c19005acc39": "Black Sea", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Mnemiopsis", - "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "over-fishing and long-term environmental changes", - "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "fish larvae", - "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Mnemiopsis", - "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "fish larvae", - "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "bays", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3a": "Black Sea", + "5725bdbe38643c19005acc3b": "Black Sea", + "5725c69738643c19005accb9": "mitigate the problem, as Beroe preys", + "5725c69738643c19005accba": "Black Sea", + "5725c69738643c19005accbb": "Black Sea, where it is blamed for causing fish stocks", + "5725c69738643c19005accbc": "Black Sea", "5726431d271a42140099d7f5": "Black Sea", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "planktonic plants", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "causing fish stocks to collapse", - "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "accidental introduction of Beroe", - "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "66 million years ago", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f6": "copepods", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f7": "Mnemiopsis, has accidentally been introduced into the Black Sea", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f8": "Black Sea", + "5726431d271a42140099d7f9": "Black Sea", + "5725c91e38643c19005acceb": "after the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago", "5725c91e38643c19005accec": "monophyletic", "5725c91e38643c19005acced": "515 million years ago", - "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "comb-rows", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "515 million years ago", - "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "ctenophores", - "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "no tentacles but many more comb-rows", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "cnidarians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "sensory organs", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "bilaterians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians", - "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "colloblasts", + "5725c91e38643c19005accee": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1928": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", + "5726449f1125e71900ae1929": "Paleogene extinction", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192a": "various cydippids", + "5726449f1125e71900ae192b": "lagerst\u00e4tten as far back as the early Cambrian, about 515 million years ago", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1db": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dc": "distinguished", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1dd": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1de": "cnidarians", + "5725cb33271a42140099d1df": "cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs", "572646655951b619008f6ebf": "cnidarians", - "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "more complex", - "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "colloblasts", - "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "carpet-like basement membranes", - "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "bilaterians", - "572647d0708984140094c14b": "mesoglea", - "572647d0708984140094c14c": "diploblastic", - "572647d0708984140094c14d": "jelly-like material, which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores", - "572647d0708984140094c14e": "sponges", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "1.5 meters (4.9 ft) in size, ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia (\"hairs", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "ctenes", - "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "comb-bearing", + "572646655951b619008f6ec0": "cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs", + "572646655951b619008f6ec1": "cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes; muscles; nervous systems; and some have sensory organs", + "572646655951b619008f6ec2": "cnidarians", + "572646655951b619008f6ec3": "cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians", + "572647d0708984140094c14b": "sponges and cnidarians", + "572647d0708984140094c14c": "muscle", + "572647d0708984140094c14d": "cnidarians and ctenophores; more complex animals", + "572647d0708984140094c14e": "muscle that, in more complex animals", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8076": "Most species have eight strips", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8077": "locomotion", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8078": "bear", + "572648e8dd62a815002e8079": "1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 1.5 meters", "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db40": "cydippid Pleurobrachia", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "cydippid Pleurobrachia", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "waves and swirling sediment particles", - "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "cydippid Pleurobrachia", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "epithelium, the gastrodermis", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db41": "Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid Pleurobrachia", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db42": "to be tough enough to withstand waves", + "57264a0ef1498d1400e8db43": "Mnemiopsis. At least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid Pleurobrachia", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a0": "nutritive cells", "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a1": "bioluminescence", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "pharynx", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "vacuoles", - "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "mouth and pharynx", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a2": "pharynx (\"throat\"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a3": "tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles (internal compartments), germ cells", + "57264b1ddd62a815002e80a4": "the mesoglea", "57264cfa708984140094c1c3": "swimming-plates", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "ctenes", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "filament structure", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "reverse", - "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "2 millimeters", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "uncertain", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "increase its bulk", - "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "reduce its volume", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c4": "swimming-plates", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c5": "thousands of unusually long cilia, up to 2 millimeters (0.079", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c6": "9 + 2 pattern, these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3", + "57264cfa708984140094c1c7": "2 millimeters (0.079", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811a": "osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities. Their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811b": "seawater", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811c": "brackish to full-strength seawater", + "57264e66dd62a815002e811d": "seawater", "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5e": "aboral organ", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "the opposite end from the mouth", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "transparent dome", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "statocyst", - "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "statolith", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc5f": "the opposite end", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc60": "a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called \"balancers", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc61": "a statocyst, a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called \"balancers", + "572655e5f1498d1400e8dc62": "balancers", "57265746dd62a815002e8218": "sea gooseberry", - "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "sea gooseberry", - "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded", - "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "sheath", - "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "narrow end", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "tentilla", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "striated muscle", + "57265746dd62a815002e8219": "sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia", + "57265746dd62a815002e821a": "spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped; the common coastal \"sea gooseberry,\" Pleurobrachia", + "57265746dd62a815002e821b": "plane", + "57265746dd62a815002e821c": "Cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded, sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcac": "tentilla (\"little tentacles\"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcad": "microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcae": "little tentacles", "572658daf1498d1400e8dcaf": "three", - "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "capturing prey", + "572658daf1498d1400e8dcb0": "may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms", "572659ea5951b619008f7051": "eight", "572659ea5951b619008f7052": "eight", - "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "round the body", - "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "ciliary groove", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "a pair of lobes", + "572659ea5951b619008f7053": "eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The \"combs\" beat", + "572659ea5951b619008f7054": "a Mexican wave", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706b": "muscular, cuplike extensions", "57265aaf5951b619008f706c": "four", "57265aaf5951b619008f706d": "four", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "four", - "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "suspended planktonic prey", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "clapping their lobes", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "danger", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "nerves", - "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "nerves", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706e": "four auricles, gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents", + "57265aaf5951b619008f706f": "planktonic prey.", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd36": "lobate genera Bathocyroe and Ocyropsis", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd37": "backwards very quickly", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd38": "nerves rather than by water disturbances", + "57265c10f1498d1400e8dd39": "nerves rather than by water disturbances", "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd50": "Nuda", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "Beroida", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "tight closure", - "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "no", - "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "Cestida", - "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "Venus' girdle", - "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "belt animals", - "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows", - "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "Cestida", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction, with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd51": "The Beroida", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd52": "narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that \"zip", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd53": "closure", + "57265d86f1498d1400e8dd54": "Nuda, have no feeding appendages", + "57265e97708984140094c3c3": "The Cestida", + "57265e97708984140094c3c6": "1.5 meters (4.9", + "57265e97708984140094c3c4": "ribbon-shaped planktonic animals", + "57265e97708984140094c3c5": "undulating", + "57265e97708984140094c3c7": "Venus", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8796": "rocks, algae", "572681c1dd62a815002e8797": "comb-rows", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "comb-rows", - "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "rocks, algae", - "572683075951b619008f7513": "via pores", - "572683075951b619008f7514": "internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers", - "572683075951b619008f7515": "Mnemiopsis", - "572683075951b619008f7516": "the parts of the internal canal network", - "572683075951b619008f7517": "platyctenids", - "572684365951b619008f753f": "tentacles and tentacle sheaths", - "572684365951b619008f7540": "among the plankton", - "572684365951b619008f7541": "their parents", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8798": "muscular \"foot\". All but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows", + "572681c1dd62a815002e8799": "comb-rows", + "572683075951b619008f7513": "gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs and sperm are released via pores", + "572683075951b619008f7514": "fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch", + "572683075951b619008f7515": "Mnemiopsis, and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile.", + "572683075951b619008f7516": "in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows, and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis", + "572683075951b619008f7517": "fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch", + "572684365951b619008f753f": "miniature cydippid adults", + "572684365951b619008f7540": "plankton", + "572684365951b619008f7541": "cydippid adults", "572684365951b619008f7542": "flat, bottom-dwelling platyctenids, the juveniles behave more like true larvae", - "572684365951b619008f7543": "Beroe", - "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "secretions", - "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "disturbed", - "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "ink", - "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "adults", - "5726887e708984140094c917": "no", - "5726887e708984140094c918": "jellyfish", - "5726887e708984140094c919": "stinging cells", - "5726887e708984140094c91a": "jellyfish", - "5726887e708984140094c91b": "Lampea", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "low ratio of organic matter to salt and water", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "keta", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "jellyfish and turtles", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "Red Sea", - "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "Beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores. Some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of ctenophores", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "eating both fish larvae", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "Beroe ovata", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "North American ctenophore Beroe ovata", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "late 1980s", - "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "1991 to 1993, which significantly slowed the animal's metabolism", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "soft, gelatinous bodies", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "comb jelly", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "mid-Cambrian period", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three", - "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "tentacles", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "515 million years ago", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "cilia", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "ctenophores", - "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "Ediacaran period", - "57269016708984140094ca41": "Bilateria", - "57269016708984140094ca42": "Porifera", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "beroids", - "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "monophyletic", - "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "65.5 million years ago", + "572684365951b619008f7543": "tentacle sheath", + "572686fc708984140094c8e5": "Euplokamis stationis and Eurhamphaea vexilligera, are disturbed, they produce secretions", + "572686fc708984140094c8e6": "When some species, including Bathyctena chuni", + "572686fc708984140094c8e7": "secretions", + "572686fc708984140094c8e8": "ink) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths", + "5726887e708984140094c917": "salps", + "5726887e708984140094c918": "zooplankton (planktonic animals", + "5726887e708984140094c919": "no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic", + "5726887e708984140094c91a": "smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae", + "5726887e708984140094c91b": "cydippid\" Lampea feeds exclusively on salps, close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33c": "dead ends\" in marine food chains", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33d": "Ctenophores used to be regarded as \"dead ends\" in marine food chains", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33e": "organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e33f": "ctenophores, as are the larvae of some flatworms", + "57268a37f1498d1400e8e340": "organic matter to salt", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8912": "drops", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8913": "leidyi", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8915": "temperatures", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8914": "1993", + "57268c01dd62a815002e8916": "faster", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39c": "lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39d": "prominent vanes", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39e": "the mid-Cambrian period", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e39f": "Three additional putative species were then found in the Burgess Shale and other Canadian rocks of similar age, about 505 million", + "57268da7f1498d1400e8e3a0": "lagerst\u00e4tten, places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8990": "515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8991": "fossil Stromatoveris", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8992": "Stromatoveris", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8993": "fossil Stromatoveris, from China's Chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte and dated to about 515 million years ago", + "57268f05dd62a815002e8994": "515 million years ago, is very similar to Vendobionta of the preceding Ediacaran period", + "57269016708984140094ca41": "major animal lineages", + "57269016708984140094ca42": "all other animals is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dc": "egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles", + "572691bedd62a815002e89dd": "ctenophore orders than to other cydippids", + "572691bedd62a815002e89de": "2001", "572691bedd62a815002e89df": "Richard Harbison", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "Fresno", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "170", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4d": "the 34th-largest in the nation", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4e": "220 miles (350 km) northwest of Los Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento, or 185 miles", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f": "ash tree", - "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "ash leaf", + "5725ce4d38643c19005acd50": "Fresno", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd51": "ash tree", "5725cfd0271a42140099d225": "1872", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d226": "flooding", "5725cfd0271a42140099d227": "1885", "5725cfd0271a42140099d228": "47", - "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "Fresno.", - "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "2.7%", - "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Chinatown", - "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale", - "5725d183271a42140099d240": "The Fresno Fairgrounds", - "5725d183271a42140099d241": "an assembly center", + "5725cfd0271a42140099d229": "Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby", + "5725d183271a42140099d23d": "94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7%", + "5725d183271a42140099d23e": "Little Armenia", + "5725d183271a42140099d23f": "Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of the Pinedale Assembly Center", + "5725d183271a42140099d240": "Pinedale Assembly Center", + "5725d183271a42140099d241": "Pinedale Assembly Center", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d639": "BankAmericard", - "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "BankAmericard", + "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63a": "revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63b": "revolve a balance", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63c": "1976", "5725d34aec44d21400f3d63d": "Visa Inc", "5725d42a89a1e219009abf58": "Bill Aken", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bob Gallion", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "Madera", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "WWVA Jamboree", - "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Lupe Mayorga", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf59": "Bill Aken", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5a": "West Virginia", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5b": "guitar", + "5725d42a89a1e219009abf5c": "Aken", "5725d662ec44d21400f3d687": "three", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "Roeding Park", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Roeding Park", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Woodward Park", - "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Kearney Mansion", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d688": "the Fresno Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland and Playland. Kearney Park", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d689": "Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland and Playland. Kearney Park", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68a": "Shinzen Japanese Gardens, numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails, is in North Fresno and is adjacent to the San Joaquin River Parkway", + "5725d662ec44d21400f3d68b": "Kearney Park", "5725d7e438643c19005acdf9": "1880s and World War II", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "San Joaquin Valley's most beautiful architectural buildings. Among them, the original Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the San Joaquin Light & Power Building", - "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "Hughes Hotel", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfa": "the Fresno Carnegie Public Library", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfb": "the Grand 1401), and the Hughes Hotel", + "5725d7e438643c19005acdfc": "the Hughes Hotel", "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3": "1964", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "Fulton Street", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "Fulton Mall", - "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "wide sidewalks", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Fresno's far southeast side", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b4": "the Fulton Mall", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b5": "Pierre-Auguste", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b6": "the Fulton Mall to automobile traffic", + "5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b7": "Fulton Mall", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c5": "Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c6": "Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "the 1950s through the 1970s", - "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "Fresno", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c7": "1970s", + "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c8": "Fresno County", "5725db98ec44d21400f3d6c9": "William P. Bell", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "Tower Theatre", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfea": "the historic Tower Theatre", "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfeb": "1939", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "water tower", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "Normal School", - "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "one-half mile", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfec": "Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfed": "Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower", + "5725dd7d89a1e219009abfee": "north of downtown Fresno proper, and one-half", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d7": "late 1970s", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater & Good Company Players", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d8": "the Tower Theatre", "5725e1c4271a42140099d2d9": "1978", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Olive and Wishon Avenues", - "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Evita and The Wiz", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "restaurants", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "a few hundred feet", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2da": "Tower Theatre", + "5725e1c4271a42140099d2db": "Fresno native Audra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac048": "Olive Avenue", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac049": "a few hundred", "5725e45689a1e219009ac04a": "Tower District", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Tower District", - "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "Tower District", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, Mediterranean Revival Style architecture, Mission Revival Style architecture, and many Storybook houses", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Storybook houses", - "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "tract homes urban sprawl in north and east", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04b": "Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", + "5725e45689a1e219009ac04c": "Fresno's LGBT and hipster Communities.; Additionally, Tower District", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d733": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d734": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", + "5725e748ec44d21400f3d735": "Hilliard, Taylor & Wheeler", "5725e748ec44d21400f3d736": "twentieth century", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0ae": "Cedar Avenue", "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0af": "William Stranahan", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1914", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "267", - "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Fresno Traction Company", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b0": "1911", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b1": "many large, stately homes", + "5725ec8289a1e219009ac0b2": "Huntington Boulevard", "5725edfe38643c19005ace9f": "Southwest Fresno", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limits to the west and south", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "African-American", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Mexican-American and Asian-American (principally Hmong or Laotian", - "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave", - "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "M. Theo", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea0": "the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea1": "Southwest Fresno", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea2": "Laotian", + "5725edfe38643c19005acea3": "the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave", + "5725f00938643c19005aced7": "Fresno Street", "5725f00938643c19005aced8": "tall palm trees", - "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "Thorne Ave", - "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven", - "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "between the 1960s and 1990s", + "5725f00938643c19005aced9": "Fresno Street and Thorne Ave", + "5725f00938643c19005aceda": "Brookhaven, on the southern edge of the West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm", + "5725f00938643c19005acedb": "southern edge", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d76f": "1990s", "5725f190ec44d21400f3d770": "Fresno and B streets", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "Farms", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "Fresno Chandler Executive Airport", - "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "very little", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "Ralph Woodward", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "300", - "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "up to 2,500", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d771": "Elm St. Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d772": "Elm", + "5725f190ec44d21400f3d773": "Fresno", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceed": "the annual CIF(California Interscholastic Federation", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceee": "235 acres (0.95", + "5725f2c838643c19005aceef": "7", "5725f2c838643c19005acef0": "22", - "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "April", + "5725f2c838643c19005acef1": "April through October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fa": "1946", "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fb": "William Smilie", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "Sierra Sky Park", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "Sierra Sky Park Airport", - "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "numerous such communities across the United States and around the world", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "semi-arid", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "December and January", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "around 46.5 \u00b0F (8.1 \u00b0C)", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "the northwest", - "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "July and August", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "17", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 \u00b0F (\u22128 \u00b0C), set on January 6, 1913", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1885", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "115 \u00b0F (46.1 \u00b0C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17", - "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "9.54 inches (242.3 mm) in November 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "494,665", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "494,665", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "30.0%", - "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "4,404.5", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "68,511", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "11,698", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "1,388", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3.62", - "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.62", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fc": "William Smilie", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fd": "Sierra Sky Park", + "5725f46289a1e219009ac0fe": "Sierra Sky Park was the first aviation community to be built[citation needed] and there are now numerous such communities across the United States", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d371": "46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d372": "July", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d373": "81%", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d374": "11.5 inches", + "5725f5b1271a42140099d375": "the wind rose statistics", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf19": "115", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1a": "July 8, 1905", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1b": "1905", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1c": "115", + "5725f6e138643c19005acf1d": "598.7 mm) in the \u201crain year\u201d from July 1982 to June 1983 down to 4.43 inches", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf23": "4,404", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf24": "4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf25": "8,525 (1.7%", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf26": "4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306", + "5725f7cd38643c19005acf27": "1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b1": "158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b2": "11,698 (7.4%", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b3": "43.8%", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b4": "3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4%", + "5725f8f5ec44d21400f3d7b5": "3.07. There were 111,529 families (70.4%", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac128": "97,915", "5725fabc89a1e219009ac129": "149,025", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "8.4%", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "11.2% Asian (about a third", - "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "4,097.9", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area and those planned for Chico, Sacramento, Salinas, and Stockton, the Federal Communications Commission", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12a": "4%", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12b": "39.9%", + "5725fabc89a1e219009ac12c": "4,097", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf3f": "Federal Communications Commission", "5725fb8138643c19005acf40": "KMJ-TV", "5725fb8138643c19005acf41": "June 1, 1953", "5725fb8138643c19005acf42": "NBC affiliate KSEE", - "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "KMJ-TV", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "State Route 99", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "99", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "State Route 41", - "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "the west", + "5725fb8138643c19005acf43": "Federal Communications Commission", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ad": "168", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae": "Fresno is served by State Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3af": "Fresno is served by State Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168", + "5725fcbe271a42140099d3b0": "Kings Canyon Freeway", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7dd": "Fresno", "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7de": "1950s", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "State Route 99", - "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "Interstate 5", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Amtrak San Joaquins", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7df": "SR 99", + "5725fe63ec44d21400f3d7e0": "Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf49": "Santa Fe Railroad Depot", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4a": "Fresno", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Amtrak San Joaquins", - "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "Amtrak San Joaquins", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4b": "Santa Fe Railway", + "5725ff8238643c19005acf4c": "Southern Pacific branchlines", "5725ff8238643c19005acf4d": "Fresno", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "fault-tolerant", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth", - "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "the National Physical Laboratory", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching", - "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Paul Baran", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "circuit switching", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "a fee per unit of connection time", - "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "a fee per unit of connection time", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "circuit switching", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "a fee per unit of connection time", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "a fee per unit of connection time", - "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "a fee per unit of connection time", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "packet switches or routers", - "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "radio or 10BASE5", - "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping", - "5726356938643c19005ad300": "packet switches or routers", - "5726356938643c19005ad301": "radio or 10BASE5", - "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "distributed adaptive message block switching", - "5726249538643c19005ad080": "briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626", - "5726249538643c19005ad081": "three key ideas: use of a decentralized network with multiple paths", - "5726249538643c19005ad082": "packets", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "store and forward switching", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "distributed adaptive message block switching", - "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "three key ideas", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "the same message routing methodology", - "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "packet switching", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf50": "Adaptive Message Block", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf51": "a fault-tolerant", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf52": "Distributed Adaptive Message Block", + "5725d34089a1e219009abf53": "coining", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc2f": "Adaptive Message Block", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc30": "little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom", + "572632ceec44d21400f3dc31": "Davies", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf78": "fee per unit of connection time", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf79": "fee per unit of connection time", + "5725d52f89a1e219009abf7a": "fee per unit of connection time", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56c": "fee per unit of connection time", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56d": "when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56e": "fee per unit of connection time", + "572634a789a1e219009ac56f": "fee", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2ce": "10BASE5", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2cf": "intermediate network nodes", + "5726219489a1e219009ac2d0": "10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme", + "5726356938643c19005ad2ff": "10BASE5", + "5726356938643c19005ad300": "intermediate network nodes", + "5726356938643c19005ad301": "physical medium (such as radio", + "5726249538643c19005ad07f": "distributed adaptive message block", + "5726249538643c19005ad080": "distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force into survivable communications networks", + "5726249538643c19005ad081": "survivable communications network", + "5726249538643c19005ad082": "survivable communications networks", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4a": "RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4c": "packets", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc49": "distributed adaptive message block", + "57263677ec44d21400f3dc4b": "multiple paths between any two points", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a3": "A member of Davies' team (Roger Scantlebury", + "572629c6271a42140099d6a4": "Roger Scantlebury", "572629c6271a42140099d6a5": "nationwide network", "572629c6271a42140099d6a6": "ARPANET", "5726378238643c19005ad313": "Donald Davies", - "5726378238643c19005ad314": "packet switching", - "5726378238643c19005ad315": "Operating System Principles", - "5726385e271a42140099d797": "complete addressing information", - "5726385e271a42140099d798": "individually", - "5726385e271a42140099d799": "sequence number", - "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "complete addressing information", - "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "node to look up the connection id in a table.", - "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table", + "5726378238643c19005ad314": "build a nationwide network", + "5726378238643c19005ad315": "ARPANET.", + "5726385e271a42140099d797": "byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol", + "5726385e271a42140099d798": "byte stream", + "5726385e271a42140099d799": "byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol", + "5726385e271a42140099d79a": "a destination address, source address, and port numbers", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58b": "timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets.", + "5726398589a1e219009ac58a": "Address information is only transferred to each node", "5726398589a1e219009ac589": "empty", "5726398589a1e219009ac588": "empty", "57263b1638643c19005ad333": "empty",