Premise: Screenwriter moviegoers are those who don't mind being spoiled by spoilers and even inquire about plot introductions and review all kinds of movies in advance. This kind of moviegoers pursue the feeling of controlling the development of the plot and don't like surprises.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li belongs to the screenwriter moviegoers according to the above definition, because he is fond of suspense movies, enjoys brain-burning plots, and assumes the role of a detective when watching movies.


Premise: The goblin fern, which requires a thick layer of leaf litter on the forest floor, is disappearing from North American forests. In spots where it has recently vanished, the leaf litter is unusually thin and, unlike those places where this fern still thrives, is teeming with the European earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, which eats leaf litter. L. rubellus is thus probably responsible for the fern' s disappearance.

Hypothesis: L. rubellus does not favor habitats where the leaf litter layer is considerably thinner than what is required by goblin ferns is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Since last year, real estate prices in many major cities across the country, including Guangzhou, have increased by varying degrees, and some cities have even hit recent highs. This is also since the state introduced a series of control measures last year, and real estate prices have risen again. This also public opinion has once again launched a debate on whether the economy is overheating. In this context, some people believe that the macro-control measures introduced by the country last year have not achieved the expected results.

Hypothesis: If the country does not introduce a series of macro-control measures, real estate prices may rise even higher can most effectively refute the above conclusion.


Premise: Although many political candidates object to being made the target of advertising designed to cast them in an adverse light, such advertising actually benefits its targets because most elections have been won by candidates who were the targets of that kind of advertising.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning in the argument most closely parallels that in which one of the following: Although many actors dislike harsh reviews of their work, such reviews actually help their careers because most of the really prestigious acting awards have gone to actors who have had performances of theirs reviewed harshly.


Premise: Downtown Petropolis boasted over 100 large buildings 5 years ago. Since then, 60 of those buildings have been demolished. Since the number of large buildings in a downtown is an indicator of the economic health of that downtown, it is clear that downtown Petropolis is in a serious state of economic decline.

Hypothesis: There have never been significantly more than 100 large buildings in downtown Petropolis is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: All foreign students from China live on campus; All students living on campus must participate in the sports meeting; Some Chinese students have joined the student union; Some students majoring in psychology have also joined the student union; None of the psychology majors took part in the sports meeting

Hypothesis: Some Chinese students majored in psychology cannot be drawn as a conclusion.


Premise: Technological innovation is a complete process from the generation of new products or processes to market application. It includes a series of activities from the generation of new ideas, research, development, commercial production to promotion; From commercial production to promotion, it is the process of promoting the creation of brand intellectual property rights.

Hypothesis: Technicians have introduced and absorbed foreign developed technologies, designed and produced high-speed EMUs with independent intellectual property rights, and have been applied to Beijing Tianjin, Wuhan Guangzhou and other lines belongs to technological innovation according to the above definition.


Premise: A study of 8, 000 randomly chosen adults in a European country found that 75 percent of those who consumed alcohol an average of twice or more per week over a six-month period suffered at least one cold during that period. We can tentatively conclude from this that consuming alcohol tends to increase one' s susceptibility to colds.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Eighty percent of those in the study who consumed alcohol three times or more per week suffered colds over the six-month period' would most weaken the argument.


Premise: Balance is particularly important when reporting the 5. background of civil wars and conflicts. Facts must not be deliberately manipulated to show one party in a favorable light, and the views of each side should be fairly represented. This concept of balance, however, does not justify concealing or glossing over basic injustices in an effort to be even-handed. If all the media were to adopt such a perverse interpretation of balanced reporting, the public would be given a picture of a world where each party in every conflict had an equal measure of justice on its side, contrary to our experience of life and, indeed, our common sense.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that balanced reporting presents the public with a picture of the world in which all sides to a conflict have equal justification.


Premise: The current reforms in China means the reorganization and innovation of the social structure. The marketization of economy and the democratization of politics are the two wheels of modern society. But the development of democratic politics depends not only on the construction of democratic system, but also on the cultural identity of democratic system. Without this, democratic politics both lacks the source, and can appear the situation of operation invalidation.

Hypothesis: The implementation of democratic politics is beneficial to social progress under any circumstances can be inferred.


Premise: Food safety has become a hot issue in modern society. A social survey of a city this year showed that 29.2% of the respondents had sense of security. 23.8% of the respondents did not have sense of security, compared with 22.4% and 32.6% last year. As a result, investigators assert that the city's public sense of security for food has improved this year and that the overall situation of food safety is better than last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'This year, some respondents did not express their attitudes towards food safety' is the most likely to question the above findings.


Premise: Educational balance refers to ensuring equal rights and obligations to citizens or future citizens through laws and regulations, providing relatively equal educational opportunities and conditions through policy formulation and adjustment and resource allocation, and achieving a relative balance of educational effects and opportunities for success with an objective and fair attitude and scientific and effective methods.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A city decided not to implement the policy of allocating funds, but to allocate funds to schools with poor hardware conditions, and strive to make all schools in the city within three years of the basic balance of hardware conditions is not part of implementing educational balance.


Premise: Montgomery, a biologist who is also well read in archaeology, has recently written a book on the origin and purpose of ancient monumental architecture. This book has received much positive attention in the popular press but has been severely criticized by many professional archaeologists for being too extreme. Montgomery' s views do not deserve a negative appraisal, however, since those views are no more extreme than the views of some professional archaeologists.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to establish that professional archaeologists' views that are at least as extreme as Montgomery's views do not deserve negative appraisal for that reason.


Premise: The earliest foundation of Beijing was Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. in the following thousand years, Beijing had four large-scale development, or expansion, or new construction, namely, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. the inner city built in the early Ming Dynasty and the outer city built after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the convex wall of Beijing was completed in this way. The Qing Dynasty inherited Beijing of the Ming Dynasty, leaving the overall layout system unchanged until modern times.

Hypothesis: Beijing expanded its outer city in the early Ming Dynasty can be seen to be correct.


Premise: In the fable of the race between the tortoise and the hare, the rabbit who is good at running is a negative example. But among the marathon runners, the rabbit plays a glorious role. Rabbit, whose scientific name is speed match, is responsible for guiding runners to run at a steady pace and finish the race within a preset time. Running is considered to be a lonely sport, but once you appear on the field as a rabbit, you can't just focus on refreshing your own results. instead, a qualified rabbit should emphasize his sense of existence. Pass on the confidence of finishing the race and the sense of stability of running to the runners who follow them.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of 'Rabbit is duties' is 'Compete at a level and constantly transcend self-limitations.'


Premise: Crisis management planning refers to a comprehensive process of some methods and measures to prevent the outbreak of a crisis or reduce and eliminate the risks and losses caused by the crisis, so as to make people more effectively master things and social public opinion through planning means.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The house suddenly collapsed. Xiao Liu escaped from the crack because of his short stature and fast running' does not belong to crisis management planning according to the above definition.


Premise: A German scientist did a study in which he showed a group of 6-month-old babies pictures of the same size and color. Some pictures showed flowers or fish, and others showed spiders or snakes. They found that the babies did not respond significantly to pictures of flowers or fish, but all had significantly larger pupils when shown pictures of spiders or snakes. As a result, the scientist believes fear of dangerous animals is something we are born with, not learned.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that dilated pupils are a sign of stress or fear.


Premise: Extended products refer to the sum of various benefits that customers receive when purchasing products.

Hypothesis: A shopping mall's New Year's offer is that the top 100 customers can buy a new mobile phone for only 100 yuan are extended products.


Premise: Some people will not feel tired even if they are under high-intensity pressure for a long time, while others will feel tired after doing a little work, which may be related to different genes in addition to different physique or habits. Through the observation of the genome of 50 patients with chronic syndrome, the research team of the University of Glasgow in England found that some genes of these patients are the same age, Healthy people of the same sex have different genes.

Hypothesis: Scientists have identified the genes that cause chronic fatigue syndrome can best support the application of the research results in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.


Premise: early education, which originated in Germany, is an interactive activity that allows children to achieve physical, emotional, intellectual, personality, spiritual and other aspects of coordinated development and healthy growth in the process of playing and communicating with their parents. to put it simply, it is a way of interaction between parents and children, which aims to promote the growth of children. The early education of Chinese families is a different story. In a survey of early education, it is found that advanced education for young children is mainly focused on literacy, reading, computer, English and Japanese, etc.; except that many kindergartens have been involved in characteristic classes, parents spend more time taking their children to attend training courses and work on Chinese, English and math.

Hypothesis: China's early education should focus on knowledge learning conforms to the context.


Premise: Although the geological record contains some hints of major meteor impacts preceding mass extinctions, there were many extinctions that did not follow any known major meteor impacts. Likewise, there are many records of major meteor impacts that do not seem to have been followed by mass extinctions. Thus the geological record suggests that there is no consistent causal link between major meteor impacts and mass extinctions.

Hypothesis: The assumption that if there were a consistent causal link between major meteor impacts and mass extinctions, then all major meteor impacts would be followed by mass extinctions enables the argument's conclusion to be properly inferred.


Premise: Beber's law means that when someone experiences a strong stimulus, the first big stimulus can dilute the influence of the second small stimulus.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the verse 'After seeing the rough sea, the water in other places is not worth mentioning' does not conform to the connotation of Beber's law.


Premise: Theories generated by scientific research were used to develop several products that, although useful, damage the environment severely. The scientists who conducted the research, however, should not be held responsible for that damage, since they merely generated the theories and could neither foresee nor restrict the kinds of products that might be designed using those theories.

Hypothesis: Individuals should be held responsible for the foreseeable undesirable consequences of the activities that they perform and receive credit for the foreseeable desirable consequences of those activities justifies the conclusion above.


Premise: The consumer market in social life is one of the important areas that embody the market concept. Strive to improve product quality, service quality is the manufacturer, there is no denying the responsibility of the business and the concept of customer supremacy is also an indisputable marketing concept. But it is indeed a common prejudice that the customer is God. Because one side pays the money between the consumer and the consumer provider, the other side provides the corresponding product, or the other side provides the service, of course, the other party has to pay the equivalent price. In essence, there is no distinction between high and low.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize that there is an equal trading relationship between consumers, manufacturers, and merchants.


Premise: It is often more important to ask a question than to solve it.Because solving a problem may be a mathematical or experimental skill.It is often more important to ask a question than to solve it. Because problem solving may be a mathematical or experimental skill. To ask new questions requires creativity and imagination, and it marks real progress in science.

Hypothesis: People who lack creativity and imagination are not good at asking questions can be inferred from the above.


Premise: Until about 400 million years ago, fishes -- the first true swimmers -- were jawless. Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws, however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively to pursue prey, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed fishes then developed along two main lines: one retained cartilage for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays; the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and diverse of all of today' s vertebrate groups, the teleosts, some 21, 000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horses.

Hypothesis: Fish are the primary prey of all jawed fishes must also be true if all of the statements in the passage are true.


Premise: Just look at the growing machine replacement craze, in the current tight labor supply background, it has not seen an obvious negative impact on employment. Moreover, the deepening of the industry and the refinement of the division of labor brought about by the scientific and technological revolution may lead to more job opportunities. But the categorical denial that there is no contradiction between machine replacement and full employment is overly optimistic. At present, employees who engage in repetitive, routine and high-risk jobs are most likely to be eliminated in the man-machine competition. In the face of the renewal of science and technology, we should not easily give up the traditional manufacturing industry which is conducive to increasing employment in the structural reform, and we also need to speed up the development of modern service industries that are conducive to absorbing the employed population.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the structural reform, attention should be paid to taking measures to alleviate the impact of machines on employment' tells the gist of the passage.


Premise: Compensatory wage gap: refers to the wage difference caused by the non-monetary characteristics of different jobs.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the annual income of meter readers in a city's power system being higher than the city's per capita wages, and the high wages being used to compensate employees for the physical and mental labor consumed in the work process is not related to compensatory wages.


Premise: The reverse fallacy refers to a logical error in judging whether an opinion is correct or not based on the result generated if a certain opinion is valid (or not).

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because you are late, the customer is angry, and the company loses a big contract. Therefore, it's all your fault' has reverse fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: It was once believed that cells grown in laboratory tissue cultures were essentially immortal. That is, as long as all of their needs were met, they would continue dividing forever. However, it has been shown that normal cells have a finite reproductive limit. A human liver cell, for example, divides 60 times and then stops. If such a cell divides 30 times and then is put into a deep freeze for months or even years, it remembers where it stopped dividing. After thawing, it divides another 30 times -- but no more.

Hypothesis: If the information above is accurate, a liver cell in which more than 60 divisions took place in a tissue culture CANNOT be a normal human liver cell that had been frozen after its first division and afterward thawed.


Premise: There is a multiple illusion among the employed: that in this era of diversification and openness, everyone is responsible for their own future, and their choices for the future path are diversified and free. But just look at the reality and you will know this. The goal of this choice is singular.Everyone rushed to the city, staring at high-paying white-collar positions, thinking that it was a choice of personality, but actually all merged into the same river; thought it was plural, but was actually assimilated into a single; thought it was a free choice ,actually imprisoned by a closed mind-this is the multiple illusion.

Hypothesis: Competition for high-paying jobs will become more intense can be derived from the information provided.


Premise: Recently, scientists in a certain country are trying to use particle accelerators to treat cancer. They put several tumor cell cultures, including glial cells, in a plexiglass vessel that simulates a human head. Then put this human head within the scope of the particle accelerators. For the first time, scientists accumulate a sufficient amount of boron-10 in tumor cells, and then irradiate the tumor with a neutron beam to cause a nuclear reaction within the tumor cells, and the tumor cells die.

Hypothesis: Only tumor cells will die under the effect of the neutron beam can best support the success of the experiment.


Premise: Jianghai District of a certain city decided to renew the appearance of four roads in Dongfeng Road, Xihe Road, Nantang Road and Beihai Road. In order to understand the opinions of the masses and formulate a new plan in line with public opinion, four comrades A, B, C and D from the relevant departments of the district government work together to carry out research. It is known that each person chooses two roads and there are exactly two people who choose each road: in the survey of each road, B and C are never in the same group. In addition, we also know: (1) if A chooses Dongfeng Road, D also chooses Dongfeng Road; (2) if C chooses Nantang Road, D also chooses Nantang Road; (3) A does not choose Nantang Road.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, A choose Xihe Road and Beihai Road can be inferred.


Premise: If China wants to make great achievements in the 21st century, it should not only make efforts on the general skills of international competition and interaction, but more importantly, it should have a clear understanding of the evolution and development trend of world political characteristics in time, so as to stimulate greater strategic wisdom, have a keen insight into the possible trends of the world in the future, timely eliminate all kinds of drawbacks that are not suitable for future development, and safeguard national security and interests. Seek the all-round development of society. In other words, the mission of international strategy is not and cannot be to design some kind of self-righteous outcome for the world.

Hypothesis: China's international strategy should adapt to the general trend of the evolution and development of world political characteristics is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Some area has introduced European and American black poplar for papermaking since the 1970 s. These European and American black poplars adapt to the local climate, grow fast and expand their planting area rapidly. However, in recent years, the local eco-environmental problems are becoming more and more serious. Therefore, some people think that the ecological environment of the region can be repaired by cutting off these European and American black poplars.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is acquiesced that there is a causal relationship between the expansion of planting area and eco-environmental problems in Europe and America' can best point out the shortcomings of the above discussion.


Premise: Mayor: Periodically an ice cream company will hold a free ice cream day as a promotion. Showing up may not cost you any money, but it sure does cost you time. We learn from this that when something valuable costs no money you get overconsumption and long lines. Currently, those who drive to work complain about the congestion they face in their rush-hour commutes. What is needed is a system for charging people for the use of roads during rush hour. Then rush hour congestion will abate.

Hypothesis: The claim that when something valuable costs no money you get overconsumption and long lines is a general claim used in support of the argument's overall conclusion in the mayor's argument.


Premise: Mayor McKinney' s policies have often been criticized on the grounds that they benefit only wealthy city residents, but that is not a fair evaluation. Some of McKinney' s policies have clearly benefited the city' s less affluent residents. McKinney actively supported last year' s proposal to lower the city' s high property taxes. Because of this tax decrease, more development is taking place in the city, helping to end the housing shortage and stabilize the rents in the city.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that McKinney's policies have often been criticized for benefiting only wealthy city residents.


Premise: In polluted industrial English cities during the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases -- black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore trees -- disappeared. It is likely that air pollution eradicated these diseases.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Black spot and tar spot were the only plant diseases that disappeared in any English cities during the Industrial Revolution' most strengthens the reasoning above.


Premise: Vandenburg: This art museum is not adhering to its purpose. Its founders intended it to devote as much attention to contemporary art as to the art of earlier periods, but its collection of contemporary art is far smaller than its other collections. Simpson: The relatively small size of the museum' s contemporary art collection is appropriate. It' s an art museum, not an ethnographic museum designed to collect every style of every period. Its contemporary art collection is small because its curators believe that there is little high-quality contemporary art.

Hypothesis: An art museum should collect only works that its curators consider to be of high artistic quality is a principle, if valid, that most helps to justify the reasoning in Simpson's response to Vandenburg.


Premise: A middle-aged man was admitted to the hospital with no feeling on the left side of his body. A child was shouting loudly in the ward and was pinched by his father and screamed with pain. The patient said, I really envy this child! Someone asked: envy him carefree? The patient shook his head. envy his flower-like age? The patient said, No, I envy him for having such sensitive pain.If I can feel the pain, it means there is a chance of recovery.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is 'Pain in Life.'


Premise: Thirty-five years ago, in the second-class primary school at the entrance of Gaojing Hutong, Xizhimen Street, Beijing, there were two children with different personalities: One boy, who was born stiff, shy and cowardly, cared about the surface reputation, and cried when bullied. Another boy, naturally free and easy, energetic, stored his strength in it and didn't easily show it. He was interrupted by the teacher. His tears were so painful that he wouldn't drop a tear or beg for mercy. Because of this difference in talent, Lao She and I had different ways of life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When I was a child, my personality was different, which led to the author and Lao She finally breaking up in the future' is not in line with the meaning of the text.


Premise: Lu Xun wrote with grief and indignation: It's not the young who write commemorations for the old, but in the past 30 years, I have witnessed the blood of many young people, silting up layers by layers, burying me so that I can't breathe. I can only use such pen and ink to write a few articles, which can be regarded as digging a small hole from the soil and extending my mouth to the stump. What kind of world is this?

Hypothesis: It reflects that Mr. Lu Xun is in an extremely dangerous and repressive environment is not accurate in the understanding of the word extending mouth to the stump above.


Premise: The brain is not only the most complex organ in biological structure and function, but also a superb, exquisite and perfect information processing system. The total number of nerve cells in the human brain is about 1012, equivalent to the total number of stars in the entire Milky way. In addition, there are 10 to 50 times more glial cells than nerve cells. The brain is in charge of human language, thinking, feeling, emotion, movement and other advanced activities, which are closely related to the topological structure of neurons or clusters of neurons in the brain network, which essentially determines the function of the whole brain.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the physiological structure of the brain provides the basis for processing complex information.


Premise: The crime of unknown origin of a huge amount of property is objectively conducive to the protection of embezzlement and bribery. Once a huge amount of property is loaded into the basket of unknown sources, it is not necessary to find out its sources one by one. How tolerant it is for those who were embezzlement and bribery.Moreover, the charge gives judicial personnel too much discretion and room for blending. Therefore, the unknown source of a huge amount of property should be punished as the crime of embezzlement and bribery..

Hypothesis: Presumption of innocence and right to silence are the basic concepts of the modern rule of law. If the defendant is not proved guilty, he should be found innocent does not support the above argument.


Premise: When foreign banks enter emerging market countries, in order to maintain their own survival, the main bodies of banking in emerging market countries will strive for a larger market share as much as possible. fully expand their competitive advantages and strive to provide customers with quality and cheap financial products and financial services. This process will inevitably lead to the improvement of banking micro-efficiency.

Hypothesis: The content of this process is the process of expanding market share of banks in emerging market countries.


Premise: A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's assertion that 'some illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories' is most likely to be not true if it is correct.


Premise: Statistics teachers often debate whether to teach the mathematical theories underlying statistics or to focus on the use of statistical methods to solve real problems. This is like the difference between learning to build a car and learning to drive one. Almost all statistics courses teach building,  and if there is extra time, they may cover a tip or two on driving.  But, just as ordinary drivers do not need to know how to build a car in order to drive one, __

Hypothesis: The statement 'users of statistics do not need to understand the underlying theory in order to solve real problems' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: A chemical plant produces an insecticide that makes small mammals such as otters infertile. After the factory began operation, the incidence of infertility of an otter living in a nearby river increased rapidly. Therefore, the factory must have polluted the river when producing pesticides.

Hypothesis: A low-calcium diet can lead to a decline in poultry egg production. When chickens on a farm are released to look for food in the spring, their egg production is significantly reduced. Therefore, the food they find and eat must be very low in calcium contains a reasoning error that is most similar


Premise: The recent cleaning of frescoes in the Sistine Chapel has raised important asthetic issues. Art historians are now acutely aware that the colors of the works they study may differ from the works' original colors. Art historians have concluded from this that interpretations of the frescoes that seemed appropriate before the frescoes' restoration may no longer be appropriate.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'the colors of an artwork are relevant to an appropriate interpretation of that work' most helps to justify the art historians' reasoning.


Premise: The Campus Food Festival of Jianghai University opened. Five people from a female dormitory actively signed up for the activity. Their names are Jin can, Mu Xin, Narcissus, Huoshan and Tulun. The organizers require each applicant to make only one dish to participate in the evaluation, but bring their own ingredients. Limited to conditions, the dormitory has only five kinds of ingredients: Flammulina velutipes, fungus, peach, ham and potatoes. It is required that only 2 people can choose each kind of food. Each person can only choose two kinds of ingredients, and the first word of the name of the food selected by each person is different from his or her surname. It is known that: (1) if Jin can chooses peaches, daffodils do not choose Flammulina velutipes; (2) if Mu Xin chooses Flammulina velutipes or potatoes, she must also choose Auricularia auricula; (3) if Huo Shan chooses peaches, she must also choose fungus and potatoes; (4) if Mu Xin chooses ham, Huoshan does not choose Flammulina velutipes.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that Turun uses flammulina and peaches is correct.


Premise: When you think of society as a complex system, pay attention to the dynamic coordination of multiple factors to better promote social harmony. If you encounter problems, start from the concept, make simple qualitative and judgment, and strive for consistency Either one or the other. This kind of simplification, one-sidedness, and extremeness of thinking is incompatible with the harmonious society.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that seeking common ground while reserving differences is a concept for building a harmonious society.


Premise: Nearly all mail that is correctly addressed arrives at its destination within two business days of being sent. In fact, correctly addressed mail takes longer than this only when it is damaged in transit. Overall, however, most mail arrives three business days or more after being sent.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, then a large proportion of the mail that is correctly addressed is damaged in transit must be true.


Premise: False safety means that the brain is extremely excited under high tension, but it is not easy to cause problems; while in a state of close to success, the spirit becomes more and more relaxed, and there is a sense of security immediately, but it is precisely this moment of relaxation that leads to great disaster.

Hypothesis: In a special industry such as thermal power plants, during the peak period of electricity consumption and under bad weather, there are generally no accidents of human misoperation; but in normal times, accidents are not uncommon is false safety.


Premise: The refraction of light is an optical phenomenon, which refers to the phenomenon of deflection of direction when light is shot in by one medium, another medium, or propagated in the same uneven medium.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when you stand on the shore and see the clear water, don't go down, because the actual depth is deeper than you see is not a refraction of light.


Premise: Political theorist: Many people believe that the punishment of those who commit even the most heinous crimes should be mitigated to some extent if the crime was motivated by a sincere desire to achieve some larger good. Granted, some criminals with admirable motives deserve mitigated punishments. Nonetheless, judges should never mitigate punishment on the basis of motives, since motives are essentially a matter of conjecture and even vicious motives can easily be presented as altruistic.

Hypothesis: The principle that it is better to err on the side of overly severe punishment than to err on the side of overly lenient punishment, if valid, most helps to justify the political theorist's reasoning.


Premise: Women constitute the majority of the country's population, and most of the tranquilizer prescriptions prescribed by doctors are for female patients. However, drug trials are only performed on men to complete the testing of the efficacy of these drugs and the calibration of recommended doses. It is even used for Animals tested for drug toxicity also use males.

Hypothesis: No one has said that the tranquilizers prescribed to women have side effects is most supported by the above views.


Premise: After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant.

Hypothesis: The statement 'From 33,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago, the human way of life has not changed significantly' is the most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Accident: refers to an accident caused by accidental factors due to the intentional or negligent act of the parties.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ming bumped his classmates while playing during recess belongs to accident according to the above definition.


Premise: A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Kevin are selected at different times; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.

Hypothesis: If Guo Yanran is selected, Peng Youwen must also be selected.


Premise: If someone agrees to act as a mediator between the two parties to the conflict, he must waive the right to take sides afterwards. Because taking sides after mediation is tantamount to stating that previous justice was disguised.

Hypothesis: The statement "If the mediator makes his prejudice public, he can protect one party when arguing" best emphasizes the above description.


Premise: A family is a social unit based on marriage and blood relationship, including parents, children and other relatives living together.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li, who was kicked out of the house by his father since he was a child because he is not doing his job properly, is not a family member according to the above definition.


Premise: AD hoc modification refers to modifying or adding some new assumptions to a scientific theory so that it is not verifiable or testable in order to avoid the risk of disproving it.

Hypothesis: Adherents of Aristotle, insisting that all heavenly bodies were perfect spheres, proposed that the moon was filled with undetectable material that would keep it perfectly spherical is an example of AD hoc modification.


Premise: To make a correct analysis and judgment of social phenomena, even if they are regional, they must go into the real society for investigation and research, and must not speculate. To understand the causal relationship of things and establish relevant theories, there must be no realistic data for verifying the theory.

Hypothesis: Social research is not complicated. It only needs practical data is correct.


Premise: Some people say that all students who are admitted to the university are students who study hard, and Zhang San did not enter the university, so Zhang San is not a student who studies hard.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All civil servants rated as excellent have work experience in the village, and Xiao Zhang is rated as an excellent civil servant, so Xiao Zhang has work experience in the village' clearly shows that the above argument is not valid.


Premise: Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law of the PRC stipulates: Joint crime refers to two or more persons committing a joint intentional crime.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A and B conspiring to teach C a lesson and then A going into the room to beat C is a joint crime.


Premise: Science is the search for truth. In the process of exploring the truth, people's understanding of objective laws goes through a painstaking and tortuous process. There is often such a situation: due to different angles of research, differences in mastering data, and different methods of understanding, there will be a situation of winding mountains and steep peaks on the side, and different patterns in the past from far and near. So as to cause academic debate. Therefore, successful scientists regard opposition as a great help to themselves and criticism to themselves as a precious friendship. As Li Siguang said, nothing motivates me more than frank criticism of my thesis. Goethe also said: what we agree with makes us feel at ease. It is what we oppose that makes our ideas fruitful.  This is all because those in favor may not be correct and those against may not be wrong. to say the least, even erroneous objections are very beneficial to one's own scientific research.

Hypothesis: Successful scientific workers all know the importance of opposing opinions is true of the argument in this paragraph.


Premise: At the end of 2009, the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of China showed that only 6.48% of the people had overall health quality, of which only 4.66% had the literacy of chronic disease prevention. This shows that the national awareness of the disease is still very poor. Only when the national quality is fundamentally improved, the fallacies of Li Yi and Zhang Wuben will not have so many people blindly follow.

Hypothesis: If the quality of the national awareness cannot be fundamentally improved, many people will blindly follow the fallacies of Li Yi and others can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: M: The Greek alphabet must have been invented by some individual who knew the Phoenician writing system and who wanted to have some way of recording Homeric epics and thereby preserving expressions of a highly developed tradition of oral poetry. P: Your hypothesis is laughable! What would have been the point of such a person' s writing Homeric epics down? Surely a person who knew them well enough to write them down would not need to read them; and no one else could read them, according to your hypothesis.

Hypothesis: Attempting to undermine M's hypothesis by making it appear absurd is an argumentative strategy that P uses in responding to M.


Premise: The more we are in a flashy place, the more we hope to encounter a spiritual habitat. Although we live in a commercial society, the bookstore is still a place of comfort for the soul. From cities to shopping malls, if there is a bookstore with strong cultural flavor, it will certainly make people feel a different atmosphere. Bookstores are stationed in shopping malls, which can not only bring passenger flow to shopping malls, but also improve the taste of shopping malls. With a similar cultural mall model that combines reading, leisure and other cultural products, a special cultural chain can be built within the shopping mall.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then the statement "If you want to build a special cultural chain within the mall, you should not ignore the bookstore" is true.


Premise: In ball games, it is wrong to use replay to decide a penalty, because no matter how many cameras follow the game on the field, some foul actions will inevitably be missed, and it is impossible to be aware of what happened to you in the past.

Hypothesis: The most similar option to the above argument is "We shouldn't want the police because they can't stop all criminal activities."


Premise: At present, the widely used mechanical metamaterial has excellent characteristics such as negative thermal expansion, and high strength and high stiffness at low weight. However, once this mechanical metamaterial is constructed, its properties cannot be changed or adjusted. Recently, researchers have developed a new type of material which overcome this problem. It is certain that in the near future, robots, smart wearable equipment and other fields will definitely fundamentally change.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "From the synthesis of a new material to the specific practical application of the material, it is necessary to overcome a variety of unpredictable difficulties" will most support the above conclusion.


Premise: Statistics for the first half of this year show that CPI in Province A fell 1.7% in three consecutive months after a 1.8% month-on-month increase in three months. In the same period, CPI in Province B rose 1.8% in three consecutive months after a 1.7% month-on-month decrease in three consecutive months.

Hypothesis: The CPI of Province A was higher than that of Province B in June this year is not true if CPI in December was the same in both provinces.


Premise: Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that large amounts of homework reduce children' s free time, hindering their development. But the average homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than 30 minutes per night. Clearly, ttherefore, there is no need to impose the limits these editorials are calling for.

Hypothesis: In most schools, if not all, the homework assignments given are of a length that does not diverge widely from the average is an assumption on which the educational theorist's argument relies.


Premise: Literary agents have a very keen sense of smell, and their desire to find good things is endless. They are well aware of the dynamics of the literary world, and their main job every day is to figure out what kind of works sell well. To this end, they track all large newspapers and literary magazines, read a large number of critical articles, and communicate privately with writers, editors and other people in the publishing industry, and obtain various internal news in this way.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Literary economic man is the link between publishers and writers' supports the main point above.


Premise: In a few recent cases, some teenagers with advanced programming abilities used a new programming language, FANTOD, to hack into ETS and change their own SAT scores. All of the teenagers convicted of this crime were highly skilled in programming FANTOD. In light of these cases, some colleges have discounted the official SAT scores of applicants with a knowledge of FANTOD, and have required them to take special admission tests in supervised conditions on their own campuses.

Hypothesis: The college admissions process possibly places some students with a knowledge of FANTOD at a disadvantage can most properly be drawn from the information above.


Premise: When local governments auction land, there is a basic price, which is called the base price of land. The ratio of the amount that exceeds the base price of land to the base price of land is called premium rate. The premium rate indicates the popularity of the land market and the property market. There is a piece of land in City B that was temporarily suspended during its first listing this year because the premium rate will hit a record high. The second listing ended up trading at a premium lower than the first listing, but the total amount of the transaction exceeded the amount that could be achieved the first time.

Hypothesis: When the land in city B was listed for the second time, the government raised the base price of its land best explains the seemingly inconsistent phenomenon mentioned above.


Premise: Three Chinese students, Zhang Lin, Zhao Qiang, and Li Shan, and three foreign students, John, Jessie, and Anna, went on a summer vacation. The optional tourist destinations are Xi'an, Hangzhou, Dalian and Zhangjiajie. Already know: (1) each person can only go to one place; (2) wherever there are Chinese students, there must be foreign students; (3) wherever there are foreign students, there must be Chinese students; (4) John went to Xi'an or Hangzhou, and Zhao Qiang went to Zhangjiajie.

Hypothesis: If Jesse goes to Dalian, Anna goes to Zhangjiajie must be true.


Premise: Because the conclusions of quantum theory are counterintuitive, some scientists hold different views on the theory. Although they try to strictly show that the assertion of quantum theory is imprecise (that is, they try to strictly falsify it), they find that its error is usually reasonable. within the accepted statistical range. These results of quantum theory differ from those of competing theories, and it seems reasonable to accept quantum theory.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'a theory should not be considered plausible until it has been attempted to be strictly falsified' is most helpful in justifying the above reasoning.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: If P is on duty in the second day, G is on duty in the first day.


Premise: Truth refers to the correct reflection of objective things and their laws in people's consciousness. Truth can be divided into rational truth and factual truth. Rational truth refers to the truth with universality and inevitability, and its opposite is impossible; Factual truth refers to the truth with contingency, and its opposite is possible.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, if A is greater than B and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C is a rational truth.


Premise: A.I has been used in medical services for a long time. The performance of the robot doctor looks magical, but in the eyes of A.I experts, these medical applications belong to the category of image recognition in computer vision and the image recognition technology supported by big data has surpassed the performance of human beings in many aspects. It is normal to show strength in the field of medical imaging.

Hypothesis: A.I has become mature in medical image recognition is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: Subjective lens refers to taking the camera lens as the actor's eyes and directly witnessing the scene seen by the actor in film and television activities.

Hypothesis: The TV series The Romance of the Three Kingdoms shows every corner of Zhou Yu's account was magnified with close-up shots during the process of Jiang Gan's stealing is a subjective lens according to the above definition.


Premise: Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission's financial disclosure requirements?' would be most useful in evaluating the journalist's argument.


Premise: When eating fish, small thorns are more troublesome than big thorns, because big thorns are easy to be found, and small thorns must be removed with great efforts. In life, small faults are more difficult to correct than big faults, because big mistakes are easy to be found, and small faults must be paid special attention to before they can be found. Although fish with small thorns often have delicate and delicious meat, many people are unwilling to eat that kind of fish because they are afraid of small thorns. Although people with strange temper and informal manners often have special talents, many people are unwilling to deal with these people because they hate these small problems.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is that small problems can have a big impact.


Premise: Economist: The economy seems to be heading out of recession. Recent figures show that consumers are buying more durable goods than before, indicating that they expect economic growth in the near future.

Hypothesis: The truth of the statement that consumers are buying more durable goods than before is required in order for the economist's argument's conclusion to be true.


Premise: The soldiers of the communication unit have learned a lot of infantry tactics. Zhao Hong is a soldier of the communications unit, so he has also learned a lot of infantry tactics.

Hypothesis: Workers in a factory participated in many popular science lectures, and Mr. Ma was a worker in a factory, so he also participated in many popular science lectures is most similar to the above theory.


Premise: The national academic conference held by a certain society received nearly a thousand conference papers each time. In order to ensure the quality of the conference exchange papers, the academic conference organizing committee decided to select only 10% of the conference papers as conference exchange papers.

Hypothesis: The assumption that in every submitted conference paper, there is always a certain proportion of the paper quality is guaranteed is most likely to be based on the decision of the organizing committee of the academic conference.


Premise: In recent years, there has been a trend of forced apportionment of newspaper subscriptions year after year, which is better than one year. By virtue of their functions and powers, some superior departments put the burden on the grass-roots level and leave the benefits to themselves.

Hypothesis: The most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage is that newspaper subscription has been paid attention to by the grass-roots level.


Premise: Rational expectation means that when people anticipate an economic phenomenon, if they are rational, they will make full use of the information they get to act without making systematic mistakes.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Qin carrying out stock operations based on his long-term experience in stock speculation belongs to rational expectation.


Premise: Scientists have found that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has a preventive effect on heart disease. People who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day have significantly lower levels of HDL. If you stop smoking, the content will increase. HDL content is the highest in thin people and the lowest in obese people. In men, the content of HDL decreases in their forties, on the contrary, in women, the content of HDL in elderly women is higher than that in elderly men.

Hypothesis: Compared with women, men are more likely to suffer from heart disease is correct.


Premise: If you do a job just to make a living and don't like it, it's just your occupation. You do a job just because you like it and you don't care whether it brings benefits or not. this job is your career. Ideally, occupation and career are consistent and you can do what you like and make a living.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is Goal and reality.


Premise: Pharmacist: A large study of people aged 65 -- 81 and suffering from insomnia showed that most of insomnia' s symptoms are substantially alleviated by ingesting melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which plays a role in the regulation of the body' s biological clock. Thus, the recent claims made by manufacturers of melatonin supplements that the pineal gland produces less melatonin as it ages are evidently correct.

Hypothesis: The pharmacist's argument is flawed in that it relies on a sample that is unrepresentative.


Premise: A new study shows that China's consumption escalation is continuing. The so-called  upgrading of the consumption refers to the growing demand of consumers for high-quality goods and services at higher prices that can better meet the needs of their better material and spiritual life.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, more and more Chinese people paying more to enjoy high-end goods and services that are healthy, happy, experienced and rich in meaning best reflects the upgrading of consumption.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: The second upper L could be true.


Premise: After many elimination competitions, four contestants A, B, C and D competed for the final ranking, and there was no juxtaposition of the rankings.Analysts predict that ,1. The first place is A or B; 2. If C is not the first place, nor is it the first place; 3. A is not the first place.

Hypothesis: It cannot be inferred if only one sentence is correct in the analyst's prediction.


Premise: Researchers examined 100 people suffering from herniated disks in their backs. Five of them were found to have a defect in a particular gene. The researchers also examined 100 people who had no problems with the disks in their backs; none had the genetic defect. They concluded that the genetic defect increases the likelihood of herniated disks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When the researchers examined the family of one of the subjects who did not suffer from herniated disks, they found 30 family members who did not have the defective gene, and 20 of them suffered from herniated disks' most strengthens the researchers' reasoning.


Premise: A unit must select 3 from the 6 staff members of A, B, C, D, E, and A to participate in the Provincial Vocational Skills Competition. 4 judges respectively put forward their own opinions: (1) At least among A and C Choose one person; (2) Choose at least one person out of B and E; (3) Choose at most one person out of B and C; (4) Choose at most one person out of A and D. Later, I learned that E cannot be due to illness. Participated, and the opinions of the above 4 judges have been respected.

Hypothesis: The contestant selected by the unit is C, D, F.


Premise: In the public impression, every time the tailings treatment is strengthened, it is always after the serious tailings dam break accident. And the assault type of tailings treatment is unlikely to be effective for a long time. A large number of tailings are increasing with the continuous increase of mining. With the depletion of the mine, the tailings stored for years are stacked on the hillside of the river bank. Due to the lack of effective treatment methods at the technical level, they can only be exposed in an unsafe way. Continue to remain in nature.

Hypothesis: The main message of this passage is that if the tailings cannot be treated effectively, it will give rise to all kinds of hidden dangers and threats.


Premise: Lao Zhang, Lao Zhang's sister, Lao Zhang's son and Lao Zhang's daughter have a table tennis match. After the competition, it was found that the age of the first place was the same as that of the fourth place, but the sex of the first twin (one of the above four) was different from that of the fourth place.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang's daughter is No. 1 based on the above information.


Premise: Franklin: It is inconsistent to pay sports celebrities ten times what Nobel laureates are paid. Both have rare talents and work hard. Tomeka: What you' ve neglected to consider is that unlike Nobel laureates, sports celebrities earn millions of dollars for their employers in the form of gate receipts and TV rights.

Hypothesis: Franklin's and Tomeka's statements provide the most support for holding that they disagree about the truth of the statement 'There is no rational basis for the salary difference between sports celebrities and Nobel laureates.'


Premise: A unit conducted a year-end evaluation, after a democratic vote, identified A, B, C, D, E five people as the candidates for the first prize. In the selection of five into four, the following factors need to be taken into account: 1) at least one of C and D is selected. 2) if E is selected, then An and B are also selected. 3)Of the three people in A and B and D, at most 2 were selected.

Hypothesis: C is not in the fourth according to the above statement.


Premise: Chekhov  famously said that puppies should not be flustered by the presence of large dogs. All dogs should bark loud, just as God gave them a loud voice.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of this paragraph is that speaking is not only the ability of the people, but also the right conferred by the law.


Premise: There are four balls of the same size and weight, red, yellow, blue and green. Take a scale. If you put the red and yellow balls on one end of the balance, and put the blue and green balls on the other end of the balance, the  scale will remain balanced. If you put the red and green balls on the left side of the scale, and the yellow and blue balls on the right side, the left side sinks. If you put a red ball and a blue ball on the left and a yellow ball on the right, the right side sinks.

Hypothesis: Blue, red, green, yellow is in light-to-heavy order.


Premise: Voters commonly condemn politicians for being insincere, but politicians often must disguise their true feelings when they make public statements. If they expressed their honest views-about, say, their party's policies-then achieving politically necessary compromises would be much more difficult. Clearly, the very insincerity that people decry shows that our government is functioning well.

Hypothesis: Some of the public statements made by politicians about their party's policies could in fact be sincere. This seriously undermines the reasoning.


Premise: Illusion is a kind of visual error. When people observe an object, because the object is interfered by shape, light, and color, plus people's physical and psychological reasons, they misrecognize the object, which will produce judgments that are inconsistent with the reality.

Hypothesis: A mother who suddenly lost her son sometimes feels like she saw her son is not an illusion according to the above definition.


Premise: Body image disorder refers to a person who compulsively thinks that some parts of his body have a serious defect and adopts special ways to cover up or repair. These perceived defects are usually imagined; even if they do exist, their severity is exaggerated.

Hypothesis: Ms. Zhang, who is 170 centimeters tall, thinks she is short and wears high heels every time she goes out conforms to the performance of body image disorder.


Premise: The consumer market in social life is one of the important areas that embody the market concept. Strive to improve product quality, service quality is the manufacturer, there is no denying the responsibility of the business and the concept of customer supremacy is also an indisputable marketing concept. But it is indeed a common prejudice that the customer is God. Because one side pays the money between the consumer and the consumer provider, the other side provides the corresponding product, or the other side provides the service, of course, the other party has to pay the equivalent price. In essence, there is no distinction between high and low.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize that there is an equal trading relationship between consumers, manufacturers and merchants.


Premise: Psychological research abroad has shown that when someone offends you, if you choose to forgive the offender, the offender will be more likely to feel remorse and have inner guilt. Therefore, the possibility of similar offenses happening again will be greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: According to the above point of view, if you often forgive offenders, you may reduce your chances of being offended can be inferred.


Premise: Compared with the moon, the Earth has many common properties, such as they are solar system bodies, are spherical, have rotation and revolution, etc. If there is life on the earth, there is probably life on the moon, too.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The earth and the moon are generated at different times' can weaken the reliability of the above inference the most.


Premise: Signature Effect means that when people write down their names on paper, their self-awareness in the brain will be strengthened. At this time, when they see what they like, it is easier to connect the items with themselves, and generate ideas such as this thing is really suitable for me, so as to stimulate their desire to buy

Hypothesis: The phenomenon of a patient being asked to sign an informed consent form before an operation can be explained by Signature Effect according to the above definition.


Hypothesis: Franklin's and Tomeka's statements provide the most support for holding that they disagree about the truth of whether or not sports celebrities and Nobel laureates work equally hard for their employers.


Premise: Internal administrative actions refer to administrative actions within the administrative system or within the administrative agency, and are not within the scope of the people's courts for administrative litigation. Disputes arising from the dissatisfaction of such decisions by the staff of the administrative agency should be addressed by the higher-level agency or the supervisory personnel agency.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the people's government of a certain place issuing an educational development program, requiring relevant departments to increase investment in education for primary and secondary schools, and strengthen their services to primary and secondary schools is an example of internal administrative actions.


Premise: A law firm has a staff of 12.  Some people can't use a computer.  (3) The director can't use a computer.

Hypothesis: Only one person will use computers in a law firm.


Premise: Advantage enrichment effect is a starting point development theory, which means that the small advantage at the starting point will produce a greater level of advantage accumulation through the series amplification of the key process.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a famous university that was founded very early, has a long cultural tradition, and has policy, financial and other support, and attracts many excellent students from around the country is not an example of a dominant enrichment effect.


Premise: Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa. Some scholars, noting that the oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s, hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A. D. But Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin' s king from neighboring Ife. So it is unlikely that Benin' s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: A British experiment found that after separating female dog from their young children, they were mixed with a group of adult dogs and puppies of the same kind, and then put the female dogs into the pack. The female dog will soon join her children. Studies have shown that dogs' body odor is the basis on which they identify each other. Puppies can't tell the smell of their mother from that of other female dogs. So every female dog can tell the smell of her children.

Hypothesis: The method of analogy is used in the above argument, which concludes that two groups of objects have another common feature based on the fact that they have some similar characteristics.


Premise: Sometimes poverty is not only a low income, but also a lack of ability. The root of ability is quality. Civilization is also a quality, and it is a more important quality. Researchers of poverty culture have proposed that we should pay attention not only to the living conditions of the poor, but also to their values, life attitudes and behavior patterns. Once this subculture is formed, it will affect them to change the situation of poverty, Yan Yangchu, the pioneer of the rural construction movement of the Republic of China, believed that the fundamental policy of rural construction was to deal with ignorance, poverty, weakness and privacy, so as to cultivate farmers' knowledge, productivity, strong construction and unity.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is that the root of personal ability development is civilized quality.


Premise: Storytelling appears to be a universal aspect of both past and present cultures. Comparative study of traditional narratives from widely separated epochs and diverse cultures reveals common themes such as creation, tribal origin, mystical beings and quasi-historical figures, and common story types such as fables and tales in which animals assume human personalities.

Hypothesis: Certain human concerns and interests arise in all of the world's cultures is the statement that is most supported by the evidence cited above from the study of traditional narratives.


Premise: Some purple clay pots are alive. Therefore, some living things have good or bad quality.

Hypothesis: The quality of purple clay teapots is different from good to bad would best strengthen the argument.


Premise: In the years after the implementation of the three-guarantee law in the United States, car companies suffered huge losses by paying refunds to returns. Therefore, before the implementation of the liability regulations for repair, replacement and return of Household Automobile products (referred to as the three-guarantee Law) in 2014, people in the industry predicted that the three-guarantee law would have a great impact on automobile manufacturers. However, over the past year since the implementation of the three-guarantee law, the reporter's survey of a number of 4S stores in Beijing, Sichuan and other places shows that the case of returning and changing cars according to the three-guarantee law is zero.

Hypothesis: The key provisions of the three-guarantee law to protect the interests of car owners are lack of maneuverability, which makes it difficult to return and replace the car successfully best explains the above anomaly.


Premise: Principle: Even if an art auction house identifies the descriptions in its catalog as opinions, it is guilty of misrepresentation if such a description is a deliberate attempt to mislead bidders. Application: Although Healy' s, an art auction house, states that all descriptions in its catalog are opinions, Healy' s was guilty of misrepresentation when its catalog described a vase as dating from the mid-eighteenth century when it was actually a modern reproduction.

Hypothesis: The statement 'An authentic work of art from the mid-eighteenth century will usually sell for at least ten times more than a modern reproduction of a similar work from that period' most justifies the above application of the principle.


Premise: Xiao Li made an appointment with his friend: if it's sunny tomorrow, I'll go hiking with you.

Hypothesis: According to this, the sun will be shining tomorrow and Xiao Li did go outing with friends can be deduced when Xiao Li breaks his appointment.


Premise: The number of fires and the area burned in the Amazon rainforest increase at an alarming rate every year. However, satellite photos show that the increase in the number of fires to the area burned last year was significantly lower than in previous years. Last year, a government spent millions of dollars on preventing and fighting fires in the Amazon rainforest. The government claimed that the satellite data showed that the government's efforts to prevent and extinguish fires had achieved remarkable results.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Last year the country spent significantly less on preventing and fighting fires in the Amazon rainforest than in previous years' would most weaken the government's conclusion above.


Premise: The average life expectancy of the population is an important indicator reflecting the health level of the people in a country and region. The sixth national census shows that the average life expectancy of the Chinese population reached 74.83 years in 2010, while the average life expectancy of the population in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China was only about 35 years. Therefore, the elderly people that people thought more than sixty years ago now seem to be just middle-aged people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the decrease in the number of newborn infant deaths is the most important reason for the increase in the average life expectancy of the population' would most weaken the above point of view.


Premise: Candidates who pass the examination and pass the physical examination will be admitted. Therefore, if Li Ming passes the exam but is not admitted, he must fail the physical examination.

Hypothesis: The argument that if the employees of Unit A go to Guangzhou on business and go alone, they will all take the high-speed rail. Therefore, if Xiao Wu of Unit A goes to Guangzhou on business, but does not take the high-speed rail, then he must not go alone is similar to the above argument.


Premise: The extinction of biological clusters refers to the sudden death of a large number of organisms within more than one geographic area in a relatively short geological period, causing the number of biological species to suddenly and drastically drop in a short time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the past 40 years, the number of native British bird species has decreased by 54%, the native wild plant species have decreased by 28%, and the species of native butterflies have decreased by an astonishing 71%' belongs to the extinction of biological clusters according to the above definition.


Premise: A study of guppy fish shows that a male guppy will alter its courting patterns in response to feedback from a female guppy. Males with more orange on one side than the other were free to vary which side they showed to a female. Females were drawn to those males with more orange showing, and males tended to show the females their more orange side when courting.

Hypothesis: No studies have been done on whether male guppies with more orange coloring father more offspring than those with less orange coloring provides the most support for the argument.


Premise: Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Hypothesis: Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city at least as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking, I know immediately and do not trust that writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee' s second novel is set in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colors.

Hypothesis: The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: In different countries and different periods, the science and technology management system can be different and can be innovated, but there is one system that is particularly important and universal: the generalization of the innovation subject, or the whole people or the affinity to the people of the innovation strategy. In other words, it should be the basic starting point to build a great system and environment of independent innovation for everyone to have the spirit of change and innovation and the opportunity to show every invention.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Science and Technology Management system should ensure the whole people of Innovation' is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: In the United States proven oil reserves -- the amount of oil considered extractable from known fields -- are at the same level as they were ten years ago. Yet over this same period no new oil fields of any consequence have been discovered, and the annual consumption of domestically produced oil has increased.

Hypothesis: Due to technological advances over the last decade, much oil previously considered unextractable is now considered extractable best reconciles the discrepancy described above.


Premise: People have free will, which is subjective judgment, personal preference and choice. Psychological studies show that the more people work hard to achieve success, the happier they feel; The more reflective things are, the happier they are; The more self-controlled the satisfaction is, the happier it is. Psychologists have tracked that children who tolerate their urges more often as adults are more likely to get into college, get married and earn PHDS, while those who resist immediate gratification are more likely to drop out, divorce and suffer more frustration.

Hypothesis: The text's main idea is that the degree of control over free will determines how happy people are.


Premise: Some people think that watching violence in TV programs will lead to the actual aggressive behavior of the audience, can it be said that just watching other people eat can feed their own stomach?

Hypothesis: The inference 'Some people think that economists can control inflation, but can meteorologists control the weather?' is most similar to the one used above.


Premise: If I borrow a generator from a neighbor, then I am morally obligated to return it when my immediate need for it is over. But suppose, instead, I borrow a car, and when I go to return it, the neighbor from whom I borrowed it is very drunk and wants to drive the car; then the obligation to return the car immediately is much less clear. So not all cases of borrowing are equivalent.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that the rule that one ought to return to others what one borrowed from them is an exceptionless rule, though some cases may seem to be exceptions.


Premise: Psychotherapy has been described as a form of moral coercion. However, when people are coerced, their ability to make choices is restricted, and the goal of psychotherapy is to enhance people' s ability to make choices. Hence, psychotherapy cannot possibly be a form of coercion.

Hypothesis: No allowance is made for the fact that the practice or results of psychotherapy might run counter to its goals describes a flaw in the argument.


Premise: The law hypothesis is to make a speculative explanation of the nature or cause of a class of things or phenomena, and arrive at a regular proposition that may have universal significance, so as to try to establish, develop or supplement scientific theories.

Hypothesis: The teacher explained to the students that the reason for the tidal phenomenon is the periodic motion of sea water under the action of gravity belongs to the law hypothesis.


Premise: Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why __.

Hypothesis: Large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Some philosophers have pointed out that life should in fact pursue two simple, material is the simplicity of life and interpersonal relationships. With these two simple hearts, it has a vast space and beautiful quiet. But most modern people are very complex in these two aspects, material life is the endless pursuit of wealth. Interpersonal relationships are an endless entanglement of interests, and they take up almost all the space in life. With these two kinds of complexity, it has produced the trouble of modern people.

Hypothesis: According to the philosopher above, only when it is simple in material life or interpersonal relationship, most of the troubles of modern people will not occur.


Premise: Some scientists have expressed reservations about quantum theory because of its counterintuitive consequences. But despite rigorous attempts to show that quantum theory' s predictions were inaccurate, they were shown to be accurate within the generally accepted statistical margin of error. These results, which have not been equaled by quantum theory' s competitors, warrant acceptance of quantum theory.

Hypothesis: The principle 'A scientific theory should be accepted if it has been subjected to serious attempts to disprove it and has withstood all of them' most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: Official documents are documents with specific formats used by party and government organs, enterprises and public institutions, and social groups in official activities. It is an important tool for conveying and implementing the principles and policies of the Party and the state, issuing administrative regulations and rules, asking for instructions and answering questions, guiding and negotiating work, reporting and exchanging experience.

Hypothesis: C is a secretary of a county magistrate, who wrote a standing committee speech for the magistrate is an official document according to the definition.


Premise: Despite the autumn wind and frost, the cabbage flourishes. Late autumn's new green is rare. At this time, the field flowers withered, cabbage is still fresh. Petiole wide and thick, porcelain spoon shaped petals curved upward, in the sun cheerfully raised face, called life out of hope. The white of cabbage is as beautiful as the yellow of pumpkin or the red of chili.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Home cabbage produces the ultimate in beauty' best sums up the passage.


Premise: Geneticist: Ethicists have fears, many of them reasonable, about the prospect of cloning human beings, that is, producing exact genetic duplicates. But the horror-movie image of a wealthy person creating an army of exact duplicates is completely unrealistic. Clones must be raised and educated, a long-term process that could never produce adults identical to the original in terms of outlook, personality, or goals. More realistic is the possibility that wealthy individuals might use clones as living organ banks.

Hypothesis: The statement that cloning will not produce adults with identical personalities plays the role of a reason for discounting one possible fear concerning the cloning of human beings in the geneticist's argument.


Premise: According to a review of 61 studies of patients suffering from severely debilitating depression, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night' s sleep immediately lifted their depression. Yet sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression even though the conventional treatments, which use drugs and electric shocks, often have serious side effects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Depression returns in full force as soon as the patient sleeps for even a few minutes' best explains the fact that sleep-deprivation is not used as a treatment for depression.


Premise: A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's assertion that some illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories is most likely not true.


Premise: Pi type talent refers to a compound talent who possesses at least two professional skills and can integrate multiple knowledge. The two vertical columns of Pi refer to two professional skills and the bar above refers to the integration of multiple knowledge.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhuang is a Pi type talent because he has two doctorates in science and management, is the president of a high-tech enterprise, has patents, and enjoys cycling.


Premise: There is a lyric: How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain.

Hypothesis: If you experience wind and rain, you can see the rainbow is not a logical inference of the above lyrics.


Premise: An international organization released a research report on multilateral agreements, pointing out that multilateral agreements will significantly reduce trade costs by reducing the red tape of international trade. Among them, the trade costs of developed countries will be reduced by 10% and those of developing countries will be reduced by 13%-15.5%. Every 1% reduction in global trade costs will bring more than 4 billion dollars to the global economy. The organization's analysis believes that the signing of multilateral agreements has greatly promoted the development of the global economy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The multilateral agreements have not been implemented in most countries' most questions the results of the organization's analysis.


Premise: Apparent agency means that the actor has no power of agency, exceeds the power of agency or terminates the power of agency to conclude a contract in the name of the principal, and the counterpart has reason to believe that the actor has the power of agency, the agency is effective.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A is a salesperson of enterprise B, carrying a blank contract with the official seal of enterprise B to facilitate signing at any time. Later, A was removed by Enterprise B for receiving kickbacks, but the blank contract was not withdrawn. A uses this contract to sign a purchase and sales agreement with C is an apparent agency.


Premise: The factors affecting the nutritional and pharmacological quality of tea are not only the content of trace elements and the soil composition in the tea producing area, but also the content of amino acids, the main component, which is closely related to the meteorological conditions. The research and analysis show that the amino acid content of fresh leaves is negatively correlated with the temperature and sunshine during the tea picking period, and positively correlated with the precipitation and air relative humidity.

Hypothesis: In summer, Pingchuan has a long sunshine time, plenty of rain, and the amino acid content of fresh leaves increases can weaken the above conclusions most.


Premise: Prions are structurally abnormal proteins that force normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape and spread through tissues like infectious diseases. This is another disease-causing pathogen discovered by human beings after realizing that bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and other microorganisms can cause disease. Therefore, if you want to successfully develop effective treatments, you need to target (targeted) active prions rather than large amounts of proteins in dead plaques and entanglements.

Hypothesis: The option that can be inferred from this paragraph is that prions can cause disease.


Premise: Generally, the alcohol concentration used for disinfection is 70%-75%. This concentration of alcohol has the best permeability and the best antivirus effect, and if the concentration is higher, it will not be able to achieve the effect of disinfection. Therefore, the higher the alcohol concentration, the better the disinfection effect.

Hypothesis: The statement 'High concentration of alcohol will stimulate the skin, absorb a large amount of water from the epidermis, and cause skin dehydration' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: In February 2006, the X and Y sections of a certain expressway entered the bidding stage, and four units of A, B, C, and D were bidding. Xiao Wang believed: It is not the A family won the bid, or the B family won the bid. Xiao Li believes : Both A and C can win the bid. Xiao Zhou said: It cannot be said that if D wins the bid, then C wins the bid. Xiao Ma thinks: Dcannot win the bid.

Hypothesis: The correct answer that will not win the bid is B,D if only one of the four people is wrong.


Premise: Close to his undergraduate graduation, Li Ming has achieved excellent results in all his courses. According to the regulations of the University, if his course scores are excellent in the last semester, he can be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student. Li Ming failed to get an excellent grade in one subject in the last semester, so he can't be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The above argument has loopholes because it has a mature understanding of the provisions stated in the title stem as: only if the course scores of all semesters are excellent, can they be exempted from the examination to study as graduate students' is the most appropriate evaluation of the above argument.


Premise: People have free will, which is subjective judgment, personal preference and choice. Psychological studies show that the more people work hard to achieve success, the happier they feel; The more reflective things are, the happier they are; The more self-controlled the satisfaction is, the happier it is. Psychologists have tracked that children who tolerate their urges more often as adults are more likely to get into college, get married and earn PHDS, while those who resist immediate gratification are more likely to drop out, divorce and suffer more frustration.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the text is that it is very important for a child to develop self-control from an early age.


Premise: Social values are the concept of helping others held by social workers. It is a kind of altruism and respects the rights and choices of recipients. It believes that social work is a real service process, not the power of social workers in their hands.

Hypothesis: Views of society does not belong to social values.


Premise: Positive reinforcement refers to rewarding and affirming a behavior with an attractive outcome in the hope of repeating the behavior under similar conditions. Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal or reduction of unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs, which can also increase the frequency of the behavior.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, under the attempting reward, there must be a brave man is positive reinforcement.


Premise: Only when the EU stops importing agricultural products from third countries and the security of Africa is guaranteed can the volunteers of international green organizations increase significantly. The security of Africa comes from the joint efforts of the whole international community, but such efforts are impossible due to the conflict of interests between some major countries in the world,

Hypothesis: There was no significant increase in volunteers from international green organizations can be inferred.


Premise: Teaching monitoring ability means that in order to ensure the success of teaching and achieve the expected goals, teachers use teaching activities as consciousness objects throughout the teaching process, and continue to make adjustments actively in plan, inspect, evaluate, feedback and control

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a serious talk with the students is not a manifestation of teaching monitoring ability.


Premise: An ambitious young man wanted to invent a solution that could dissolve everything.

Hypothesis: Researching this solution requires complicated processes and equipment, and your conditions are not available can best make this young man change his original intentions.


Premise: Letter to the editor: You say that if the government were to confiscate a portion of the wages of convicted burglars when they reenter the workforce, it would be a form of stealing, hence an abuse of power. Yet under the proposal now being considered, the government would confiscate such wages in order to fund an account to compensate burglary victims. So even if confiscating a portion of burglars' wages were a form of stealing, it would still be justified.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'the motive prompting an action determines whether or not that action is justified' most helps to support the argument in the letter to the editor.


Premise: People aged 46 to 55 spend more money per capita than people of any other age group. So it is puzzling that when companies advertise consumer products on television, they focus almost exclusively on people aged 25 and under. Indeed, those who make decisions about television advertising think that the value of a television advertising slot depends entirely on the number of people aged 25 and under who can be expected to be watching at that time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those who make decisions about television advertising believe that people older than 25 almost never change their buying habits' most helps to explain the puzzling facts stated above.


Premise: Hospital auditor: The Rodriguez family stipulated that the funds they donated to the neurological clinic all be used to minimize patients' suffering. The clinic administration is clearly violating those terms, since it has allocated nearly one fifth of those funds for research into new diagnostic technologies, instead of letting that money flow directly to its patients. Clinic administrator: But the successful development of new technologies will allow early diagnosis of many neurological disorders. In most cases, patients who are treated in the early stages of neurological disorders suffer far less than do patients who are not treated until their neurological disorders reach advanced stages.

Hypothesis: The main point at issue between the hospital auditor and the clinic administrator is whether the Rodriguez family clearly stipulated that the funds they donated to the neurological clinic be used to minimize patients' suffering.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: G and I cannot be assigned as transporters together.


Premise: Industrial waste gas emissions are an important reason for the increase in greenhouse gases, but there are also a large amount of greenhouse gases coming from underwater. The bottom sediments of water bodies such as lakes, ponds and rivers will produce methane, which mainly emerges from the water surface in the form of bubbles and enters the atmosphere. It has been found that nutrient-rich water sediments will release more methane. Therefore, some experts suggest that in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from water bodies, the abuse of chemical fertilizers should be restricted.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that misuse of chemical fertilizers can easily bring too much nutrients to water sediments.


Premise: The total number of book titles published annually in North America has approximately quadrupled since television first became available. Retail sales of new titles, as measured in copies, increased rapidly in the early days of television, though the rate of increase has slowed in recent years. Library circulation has been flat or declining in recent years.

Hypothesis: The introduction of television usually brings about a decrease in library use is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Old rose varieties have less vibrant colors than modern rose varieties, but are superior in fragrance. This situation has arisen because the modern rose varieties were developed to meet customer demand and marketed mainly through catalogs: colors, but not fragrances, can be photographed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Breeding roses to enhance one trait often has unanticipated consequences for other traits' most strengthens the support for the causal claim made above.


Premise: Plants must blossom before they can produce seeds there are two kinds of dragons, the Russian dragon and the French dragon, they look very similar. Russian dragons blossom, but French dragons do not blossom.However, the leaves of the Russian dragon pole do not have the unique fragrance that makes the French dragon pole an ideal seasoning.

Hypothesis: As an ornamental plant, French dragons are more popular than Russian dragons can be inferred from the above discussion.


Premise: Recent unexpectedly heavy rainfalls in the metropolitan area have filled the reservoirs and streams; water rationing, ttherefore, will not be necessary this summer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Water rationing was imposed in the city in three of the last five years' most undermines the author's prediction.


Premise: The world economy is in a new round of growth. International trade and investment remain strong and persistent. Increasing bilateral and multilateral coordination in the international economic field is conducive to the development and stability of the world economy. The industrial structure promoted by the new technological revolution continues to deepen rapidly. The industrial transfer from developed countries to developing countries is missing the upgrade of the international industrial structure. Both China and ASEAN are optimistic about the bright prospects of bilateral cooperation in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'China-asean cooperation enjoys bright prospects' illustrates the above words.


Premise: In the era of underdeveloped productivity, war has become the most important way to compete for resources. Youth are the most important participants in wars. To win the war, young people must have strong physical fitness. In order to win the war, each City-state youth organized for training. As the leader of the whole of Greece, the city-state of Athens had a population of 250,000 in its heyday. At the same time, Corinth had a population of 90,000, and some city-states had only 5,000 or less. The more the population, the higher the proportion of youth. , The more the city-state can occupy an advantageous position in the competition.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Competition mainly depends on people's physical fitness' emphasizes in an era of underdeveloped productivity.