Premise: Psychologists have long supported the theory of mathematical talent; mathematical ability is the ability that human beings have from birth, even animals have this ability. They believe that there is a natural mathematical core, through self-development, this mathematical core will eventually grow into all the mathematical abilities we are familiar with. Recently, some opponents have put forward a different point of view; mathematical ability has no talent, can only be the product of culture.

Hypothesis: Most of the residents of primitive tribes can only express numbers below 5 or even less best supports the opponent's view.


Premise: Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections' would be most useful in evaluating the journalist's argument.


Premise: The company sent three young staff to the south on a business trip, and they happened to be sitting in a row. At least one of the two people sitting on the right side of the 24-year-old is 20 years old, and the two people sitting on the left side of the 20-year-old also happen to be 20 years old. At least one of the two people sitting on the left side of the accountant is a salesman, and one of the two people sitting on the right side of the salesman happens to be a salesman.

Hypothesis: The correct answer to the identity of the three young people on the business trip is a 20-year-old accountant, a 24-year-old sales, a 24-year-old sales.


Premise: The monitoring results of a city's environmental protection department show that in the first half of this year, the overall air quality of the city is at an excellent level. The number of days of serious pollution is less than 15 days, and the number of days of pollution is 4 days less than that in the same period last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The city shut down several heavily polluting enterprises last year' best challenges the above conclusions.


Premise: A scientific research institution studies a strange phenomenon reflected by citizens, which can not be explained by existing scientific theories. Assistant researcher Xiao Wang asserted that this phenomenon is an illusion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang's assertion that 'some illusions can be explained by existing scientific theories' is most likely to be not true if it is correct.


Premise: Carpal tunnel syndrome, a nerve disorder that affects the hands and wrists, is often caused by repetitive motions such as typing on a keyboard. A recent study of office workers found that, among those who do similar amounts of typing, workers reporting the least control over their own work had almost three times the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome as did those who reported the most control.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Feeling a lack of control over one's own work tends to put one under emotional stress that makes one more susceptible to nerve disorders' most helps to explain the study's findings.


Premise: Pursuit what the people like, forsake what the people hate. Green mountains are beautiful, and blue skies are happiness too. Developing the economy is for people's wellbeing, so is protecting the ecological environment. We should not only create more material and spiritual wealth to meet people's ever-growing needs for a better life, but also provide more high-quality ecological products to meet people's ever-growing needs for a beautiful environment. We should continue to ensure that ecology benefits and benefits the people, focus on solving prominent environmental problems that harm people's health, speed up efforts to improve the quality of the environment, provide more quality ecological products, strive to achieve social equity and justice, and constantly meet people's growing needs for a beautiful environment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is emphasized that a sound ecological environment is the well-being of people's livelihood' is a literal meaning.


Premise: Serpentine rock soil is dry and low in nutrients, and usually contains heavy metal elements such as nickel and chromium that are toxic to most species. Researchers have found that a population of Arabidopsis plants grow in serpentine rock soil, which is bad for them. It is said that it is a very extreme environment. Some researchers have analyzed the genes of this Arabidopsis plant and believe that they have borrowed some beneficial genes from the relatives that grow nearby to help them cope with the extreme environment. However, some opponents believe that this Arabidopsis plant adapts to the environment by obtaining genetic variation through the original genetic variation.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'No genetic alterations have been found in plants growing in nearby non-serpentine soil' weakens the opponent's point of view.


Premise: The current theory about earthquakes holds that they are caused by adjoining plates of rock sliding past each other; the plates are pressed together until powerful forces overcome the resistance. As plausible as this may sound, at least one thing remains mysterious on this theory. The overcoming of such resistance should create enormous amounts of heat. But so far no increases in temperature unrelated to weather have been detected following earthquakes.

Hypothesis: Contrary to the current theory, earthquakes are not caused by adjoining plates of rock sliding past one another accurately expresses the main point of the argument.


Premise: In the 20th century, a generation of seekers disappointed by Western civilization, faced with increasingly frequent exchanges and contacts between the East and the West, and not satisfied with the way their predecessors indirectly recognized the Chinese spirit, embarked on the journey of pilgrimage to the East one after another. to open up a new way to face dialogue directly. They all dream of using the spirit of Chinese philosophy to cure the ills of western society, looking forward to finding a panacea for themselves and strategies for correcting their own culture. This determines that when they accept the value of Chinese culture and share the quintessence of Chinese thought, it is difficult for them to avoid the usual practical orientation of their predecessors.

Hypothesis: Chinese scholars believe that Chinese philosophical thought can cut off the ills of Western society is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Coffee and tea contain methylxanthines, which cause temporary increases in the natural production of vasopressin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Vasopressin causes clumping of blood cells, and the clumping is more pronounced in women than in men. This is probably the explanation of the fact that women face as much as a tenfold higher risk than men do of complications following angioplasty, a technique used to clear clogged arteries.

Hypothesis: Men, but not women, should be given methylxanthines prior to undergoing angioplasty is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: The four teams A, B, C, and D are in a round robin match (each team has one game against the other teams). The results: Team B loses one game, Team C wins one less than Team B, and Team B wins one less than Team D.

Hypothesis: The ranking of Team A is Fourth place.


Premise: In a recent study, each member of two groups of people, Group A (composed of persons sixty-five to seventy-five years old) and Group B (composed of college students), was required to make a telephone call to a certain number at a specified time. The time when each call was initiated was recorded electronically. Group A proved far better at remembering to make a telephone call precisely at a specified time than did Group B. There were fourteen lapses in Group B but only one lapse in Group A. Clearly, at least one type of memory does not suffer as a person ages.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The members of the two groups received their instructions approximately the same amount of time before they were to make their telephone calls' is LEAST helpful in establishing that the conclusion above is properly drawn.


Premise: Editorial: Consumers in North America think that by drinking frozen concentrated orange juice, they are saving energy, because it takes fewer truckloads to transport it than it takes to transport an equivalent amount of not-from-concentrate juice. But they are mistaken, for the amount of energy required to concentrate the juice is far greater than the energy difference in the juices' transport.

Hypothesis: Frozen juice can be stored for several years, while not-from-concentrate juice lasts a much shorter time would provide the greatest additional support for the editorial's conclusion.


Premise: Huaguang high-tech company in the recruitment, there are Xiao Zhang, Xiao Li, Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhao, Xiao Qian and other five finalists. In terms of academic qualifications, 2 of them are master's degree and 3 are doctor's degree; in terms of age, 3 of them are less than 30 years old and 2 are older than 30 years old. It is known that Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang belong to the same age group, while Xiao Zhao and Xiao Qian belong to different age groups. Xiao Li has the same degree as Xiao Qian, while Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhao have different degrees. In the end, only one master over 30 years old succeeded in applying for the job.

Hypothesis: Based on this, Xiao Zhao can be deduced as the successful applicant.


Premise: Dietitian: Eating fish can lower one' s cholesterol level. In a study of cholesterol levels and diet, two groups were studied. The first group ate a balanced diet including two servings of fish per week. The second group ate a very similar diet, but ate no fish. The first group showed lower cholesterol levels, on average, than the second group. The two groups had displayed similar average cholesterol levels prior to the study.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It rules out an alternative explanation of the data collected in the study' most accurately describes the role played in the dietitian's argument by the claim that the two groups had displayed similar average cholesterol levels prior to the study.


Premise: One feature of the global food economy is the simultaneous import and export of the same items, a phenomenon known as redundant trade.  In California, for example, domestic cherries are exported to Canada and Japan, while a nearly equivalent number of cherries are imported from Chile, Italy, and Germany. California also exports and imports nearly identical amounts of lettuce and almonds. Although shipping fresh fruits and vegetables is an expensive undertaking, there is a justifiable economic rationale for redundant trade.

Hypothesis: Establishing international ties through trade facilitates access to other desired goods that are more efficiently produced abroad most strongly supports the conclusion above.


Premise: Tony: Few anarchists have ever performed violent actions. These few are vastly outnumbered by the violent adherents of other political ideologies. Ttherefore, the special association in the public mind between anarchism and political violence is unwarranted. Keisha: Anarchists have always been few in number, whereas other ideologies have often spawned mass movements. Ttherefore, the proportion of anarchists who are violent is possibly greater than the proportion of adherents of other ideologies who are violent.

Hypothesis: Keisha responds to Tony's argument by presenting evidence that the two groups Tony has compared have no significant qualities in common.


Premise: Compared with us, people who lived a century ago had much less entertainment. Therefore, they like reading more than we do today.

Hypothesis: The statement "Much more books are sold today than a century ago" weakens the above argument most strongly.


Premise: A, B, C, and D discussed how their classmates completed their homework. A said: All the students in the class have finished their homework. B said: If Xiao Li finishes his homework, then Xiao Zhao hasn't finished his homework. C Say: Xiao Li finished his homework. D said: Someone in the class did not finish his homework.

Hypothesis: What D said is wrong, Xiao Zhao finished his homework can be derived from the fact that only one of the four people is wrong.


Premise: Social fission is a profit-driven business model that promotes the spread and sale of products through social interaction between people. In essence, it motivates customers to form fission through profit-driven.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, sharing a product on WeChat and promoting it with the help of friends does not belong to social fission.


Premise: Leader refers to an individual or group with certain power and status, in order to achieve a predetermined organizational goal, through its own role, guide and influence others or organizations, and complete the behavioral process of predetermined tasks under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: Scientists study biological systems, engineering automatic control technology, and communication network systems is not a leader.


Premise: Physical evidence refers to material traces and articles that can prove the true circumstances of a case. Physical evidence is characterized by its shape, quality, characteristics and location, reflecting the facts of certain cases, which one can use to prove the facts of the case.

Hypothesis: The fingerprint report made by the identification officer is the physical evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: In the United States proven oil reserves -- the amount of oil considered extractable from known fields -- are at the same level as they were ten years ago. Yet over this same period no new oil fields of any consequence have been discovered, and the annual consumption of domestically produced oil has increased.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Due to technological advances over the last decade, much oil previously considered unextractable is now considered extractable' best reconciles the discrepancy described above.


Premise: A certain unit has recruited 30 new employees this year. 1. Some of the newly recruited employees are from other regions; 2. Among the newly recruited employees, the one with the highest degree is not an outlander; 3. Some of the newly recruited employees are not from other regions.

Hypothesis: If only one of the above three judgments is true, all 30 employees are not outlanders correctly represents the number of outlanders among the newly recruited employees of the unit.


Premise: Zhang, Wang, Li and Zhao plan to take annual leave for one month from June to September, but the department is short of manpower, so no two people can take a holiday in a month. Zhao did not want to arrange it in June. Zhang asked not to arrange it in September. Li said that it could be either June or August. Wang suggested that it could only be arranged in July or August.

Hypothesis: If the requirements of all four people are met, then it can be inferred that if Wang is arranged in July, Li is arranged in June.


Premise: A small car offers less protection in an accident than a large car does, but since a smaller car is more maneuverable, it is better to drive a small car because then accidents will be less likely.

Hypothesis: The argument 'A person who exercises vigorously every day has less body fat than an average person to draw upon in the event of a wasting illness. But one should still endeavor to exercise vigorously every day, because doing so significantly decreases the chances of contracting a wasting illness' employs reasoning most similar to that employed by the argument above.


Premise: Intellectual motivation method, also known as brainstorming method, brainstorming method. A method of collective creation that generates creative ideas in the form of group discussions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a report meeting where company managers report production and sales performance to the board of directors is an intellectual motivation method.


Premise: An article published in the journal of economic management puts forward that, in foreign economic exchanges, we can't just compromise. When necessary, we should also use the weapon of anti-dumping to protect ourselves.

Hypothesis: Some countries frequently put forward anti-dumping against some products of our country, but we often give up the market is not a further discussion of the above view.


Hypothesis: The statement "30 employees are all outlanders" correctly represents the number of outlanders among the newly recruited employees of the unit if only one of the above three judgments is true.


Premise: The principle of equality before the law rules out using media access and renown as valid considerations in the sentencing of convicted criminals. Nevertheless, movie stars found guilty of drug abuse in well-publicized trials are often sentenced to perform community service, while unknown defendants convicted of the same crimes usually serve prison sentences.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The sentencing of movie stars to community service instead of prison constitutes a violation of the principle of equality before the law in many cases' is most strongly supported by the statements above if they are true.


Premise: All venous blood samples were tested and no positive HIV antibodies were found.

Hypothesis: Some venous blood samples have not been tested, but positive HIV antibodies have been found if the above assertion is false.


Premise: Illusion means that people sometimes cannot perceive external things completely correctly due to subjective and objective reasons, and various distortions will occur. It refers to a certain distorted perception of objective things under specific conditions.

Hypothesis: When the moon is above your head, you will find that no matter where you go, it always follows behind you is not an illusion.


Premise: In an experiment, each volunteer was allowed to choose between an easy task and a hard task and was told that another volunteer would do the other task. Each volunteer could also choose to have a computer assign the two tasks randomly. Most volunteers chose the easy task for themselves and under questioning later said they had acted fairly. But when the scenario was described to another group of volunteers, almost all said choosing the easy task would be unfair. This shows that most people apply weaker moral standards to themselves than to others.

Hypothesis: At least some volunteers given the choice between assigning the tasks themselves and having the computer assign them felt that they had made the only fair choice available to them is an assumption required by this argument.


Premise: No matter from the global scope or from the actual situation of our country, human civilization has developed to such a stage, that is, protecting the ecological environment and ensuring the harmony between man and nature is the key to the sustainable development of economy.

Hypothesis: Only by achieving sustainable economic development can environmental protection be done well is what follows from this.


Premise: The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale--the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance. Musicologists ttherefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale' most strongly supports the hypothesis.


Premise: Genetic discrimination refers to the prediction of genetic tendency from the perspective of genes, which has a negative effect on the social activities of people who carry some Disadvantageous genesor Defective genes after the disclosure and disclosure of genetic information.

Hypothesis: Xie lost his left foot in an accident, and his girlfriend broke up with him, saying that she couldn't live with a man who had four limbs, and it would be ridiculous to have another child without legs. Xie was angry and hated and agreed to break up is not related to genetic discrimination.


Premise: Scientist: Some critics of public funding for this research project have maintained that only if it can be indicated how the public will benefit from the project is continued public funding for it justified. If the critics were right about this, then there would not be the tremendous public support for the project that even its critics acknowledge.

Hypothesis: If the scientist's claims are true, that a public benefit can be indicated is not a requirement for the justification of the research project's continued public funding must also be true.


Premise: Human beings can only know knowledge, that is, known and unknown, but can not know non knowledge, let alone how many non knowledge exist. An accomplished scientist not only knows known and unknown in his mind far more than ordinary people, but also keeps a high degree of vigilance to non knowledge at any time. Once the opportunity appears, he can break through the shackles of known in his mind and try his best to transform non knowledge into knowledge.

Hypothesis: The known in the mind sometimes becomes an obstacle to human recognition of non-knowledge can be inferred from above.


Premise: Sociologist: statistics show that at present, about 1 million people commit suicide around the world every year, that is to say, an average of one person commits suicide in tens of seconds. If people's perception of suicidal behavior can be changed, this phenomenon can be avoided.

Hypothesis: People's views on suicidal behavior have a decisive influence on whether suicidal behavior occurs or not is assumed by the sociologist's assertion.


Premise: An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power. Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Industrial production is also declining in Country X' would most weaken the argument above.


Premise: Manufacturers are now required to make all cigarette lighters child-resistant by equipping them with safety levers. But this change is unlikely to result in a significant reduction in the number of fires caused by children playing with lighters, because children given the opportunity can figure out how to work the safety levers and__.

Hypothesis: Adults are more likely to leave child-resistant lighters than non-child-resistant lighters in places that are accessible to children most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: Professor Li said: mineral water contains more minerals than pure water. Therefore, people who drink mineral water regularly increase the risk of stones because minerals precipitate in the kidneys.

Hypothesis: The reason for the precipitation of minerals in the kidneys is a problem with kidney function weakens Professor Li's argument most.


Premise: The upgrading of connotative consumption refers to the behavior that the individual's material consumption tends to be restrained and spiritual consumption tends to be enriched in the process of consumption transformation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some white-collar workers in a high-end office building mostly abandon ostentatious table meals for cost-effective fast food, which they think is not only safe and hygienic, but also saves valuable time' belongs to the upgrade of connotative consumption.


Premise: In the long process of evolution, food scarcity has always been the primary threat faced by mankind. Due to the uncertainty of food supply and the inability of food to be preserved for a long time, mankind has been living a full and hungry life. Individuals who can make the most effective use of food have survival advantages. After repeated famine choices, individuals with survival advantages and their genes, These genes can stimulate the secretion of a large amount of insulin after a full meal, so as to maximize the conversion and utilization of glucose in the blood. Although the cost of doing so may lead to obesity, the threat to survival caused by its harm to the body will not appear until middle age. For most of human history, The average life expectancy is less than 30 years.

Hypothesis: Obesity is related to the dominant genes of human survival and reproduction is the intended purpose of the paragraph.


Premise: According to the data of the National Health Commission, about 1/3 of primary and secondary school students spend less than an hour a day exercising outdoors, and more than 70 percent of primary and secondary school students do not get enough sleep. At the same time, stress also has an impact on the health of teenagers, and the rate of myopia is on the rise, mainly because homework takes too long. For this reason, some education departments believe that a good night's sleep may be more important for children. With the consent of the parents, the child may not do the unfinished homework after the specified sleep time. But parents are not happy because they worry that their children will eventually have to go to low-quality schools.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The admission mechanism of colleges and universities will be reformed. While paying attention to students' achievements, they will also pay more attention to their comprehensive quality' is most helpful to explain parents' concerns.


Premise: It is generally believed that the outcome of tossing a coin of even quality is random. But in fact, the result of the toss is determined by the momentum and the initial height. Still, making accurate predictions about the outcome of a coin toss is difficult.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If the initial height of the coin toss remains constant, the outcome of the coin toss will only be determined by the toss momentum' explains most the phenomenon stated in the above, that the outcome of the toss is determined by certain factors, but the prediction is difficult.


Premise: Prions are structurally abnormal proteins that force normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape and spread through tissues like infectious diseases. This is another disease-causing pathogen discovered by human beings after realizing that bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and other microorganisms can cause disease. Therefore, if you want to successfully develop effective treatments, you need to target (targeted) active prions rather than large amounts of proteins in dead plaques and entanglements.

Hypothesis: Prions can cause disease can be inferred from this paragraph.


Premise: In an effort to boost sales during the summer months, which are typically the best for soft-drink sales, Foamy Soda lowered its prices. In spite of this, however, the sales of Foamy Soda dropped during the summer months.

Hypothesis: Because of an increase in the price of sweeteners, the production costs of Foamy Soda rose during the summer months does not contribute to reconciling the apparent discrepancy indicated above.


Premise: China's available geothermal energy reserves exceed the combined energy reserves of all fossil fuels in the country, and the technology of converting geothermal into electricity in some areas has become a reality. China's possible energy shortage in the next century will be completely solved.

Hypothesis: At some point in the next century, the reality of geothermal exhaustion will force China to rely more on imported energy can most weaken the author's above point of view.


Premise: In the bodies of reptiles, some industrial by-products cause elevated hormonal activity. Hormones govern the development of certain body parts, and in reptiles abnormal development of these parts occurs only with elevated hormonal activity. Recently, several alligators with the telltale developmental abnormalities were discovered in a swamp. So, apparently, industrial by-products have entered the swamp' s ecosystem.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument provides no explanation for developmental abnormalities that do not result from elevated hormonal activity.


Premise: In 1883, the Indonesian island Krakatoa, home to a massive volcano, seemingly disappeared overnight as an eruption rent the entire island apart, catapulting rock and debris into the atmosphere. For the next few years, as ash circled the entire globe, the average world temperature dropped by several degrees Fahrenheit. Ttherefore, an eruption of similar power in terms of the amount of debris ejected into the atmosphere will likely cause the average temperature around the world to drop by several degrees.

Hypothesis: In 1883, the ocean-atmospheric phenomenon La Nina occurred, an event that is always followed by a drop of several degrees in the world's average temperature best challenges the main claim of the argument.


Premise: The crime of harbouring and shielding refers to the act that non joint offenders provide hiding places and property for others, help them escape or give false proof of shielding.

Hypothesis: The action of Ms. Wang taking out her home deposit and giving it to her daughter to let her leave home belongs to crimes of harbouring and shielding.


Premise: Reviewer: Almost all books that offer management advice are written from the perspective of the CEO. But most managers aren' t CEOs and don' t have the same perspective as CEOs. So the advice in management books is of limited use for most managers.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the reviewer's argument can be properly drawn if the assumption that advice books rarely take the perspective of their intended audience is made.


Premise: An offer is a proposal made to one or more specific persons to conclude a contract. If its content is very definite and indicates that the offeror has the intention to be bound by its offer once it is accepted. Typical case: on June 8, 2016, Party A sent a telegram to Party B, we have a batch of canned grapes here, do you need it? and received a reply from Party B the next day: If necessary, please give details of the goods and price. Party A sent a power message on June 13: 1500 cases of canned grapes, 545g tin skin, 20 bottles per case, unit price of each bottle is 2.10 yuan, the quality meets the national standard, and the freight of the whole batch of goods is 1200 yuan After receiving the power, Party B called back and requested to change the 545g tin sheet to 300g tin sheet, and requested delivery in the middle of August, and payment at sight. On June 17, considering that the quantity of 300g tin sheet in its inventory was small, Party A had difficulties in delivery in the middle of August and could not meet the needs of Party B, so Party A sent a power generation to tell Party B: we only have 545g tin sheet, which can be delivered in the middle of August. Party B called back on June 21: You sent us a telegram on June 17. We agree. Please also consider the goods with a scale of 300g tin sheet.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, there are 5 offers in the cases above.


Premise: In recent years, weedy rice has appeared one after another in the paddy fields all over the world, which directly lead to the reduction of yield and quality of the paddy fields, and even the loss of harvest in the seriously damaged paddy fields. This kind of weedy rice is domesticated and adapted to the environment through genomic variation and has a strong growth advantage that normal rice does not have. Therefore, many people think that their existence will seriously affect the yield of normal rice.

Hypothesis: The grain of weedy rice tastes hard and rough, and when mixed with this kind of fake rice during harvest, the quality of rice will be reduced does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: Recently, a research team surveyed 519 young people between the ages of 18 and 25 who had never smoked traditional cigarettes by means of a questionnaire. The survey included these young people's e-cigarette use and intention to smoke traditional cigarettes. Wait. Among young people who have never smoked traditional cigarettes, those who are vaping are more likely to try traditional cigarettes, and regulatory policies on e-cigarettes should pay attention to protecting young people, the study said.

Hypothesis: 60% of respondents who are vaping say they will definitely try traditional cigarettes in the future best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Excessively dense urban layout is not only easy to produce heat island effect, but also does not meet the requirements of ecological aesthetics. Therefore, urban construction should open the layout as far as possible, reasonably interval the city groups, so that the city looks smooth and orderly, not crowded, not cluttered.

Hypothesis: The logic of the discussion process is most similar to the statement that reducing the burden of schoolwork is necessary for happy and healthy growth of primary and secondary school students, and that eliminating blind areas such as online training is important.


Premise: Execution reversal: After the execution is completed, because the legal document on which the execution is based is cancelled, the execution personnel take measures to restore the property of the person subject to execution to the state before the execution.

Hypothesis: The ruling made by the people's court for advance execution, after the execution is completed, is revoked by the effective judgment of this court or the final judgment of the court of second instance is the one that execution reversal.


Premise: Naima: The proposed new computer system, once we fully implemented it, would operate more smoothly and efficiently than the current system. So we should devote the resources necessary to accomplish the conversion as soon as possible. Nakai: We should keep the current system for as long as we can. The cost in time and money of converting to the new system would be greater than any predicted benefits.

Hypothesis: Naima and Nakai disagree with each other over whether the conversion to a new computer system should be delayed.


Premise: Natural interpretation of the law means that although the law does not clearly stipulate a certain matter, according to the purpose of the regulation, the matter should be interpreted as applying this legal provision. The method of interpretation includes that for a certain act that should be allowed, giving a more serious and permissible provision to show that it should be allowed and for a certain act that should be prohibited, citing a lighter than its prohibited provisions to show that it should be prohibited.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the law stipulates that minors under the age of 16 shall not bear criminal responsibility, and according to the first method, minors under the age of 15 shall not bear criminal responsibility.


Premise: Each of many different human hormones can by itself raise the concentration of glucose in the blood. The reason for this is probably a metabolic quirk of the brain. To see this, consider that although most human cells can produce energy from fats and proteins, brain cells can use only glucose. Thus, if blood glucose levels fall too low, brain cells will rapidly starve, leading to unconsciousness and death.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument above is that if blood glucose levels fall too low, then brain cells starve, resulting in loss of consciousness and death.


Premise: There are 4 cups on the table, each with a sentence written on it. The first cup: There is beer in all cups: The second cup: Coke in this cup: The third cup:  There is no coffee in this cup: The fourth cup: There is no beer in some cups. Only one sentence of the 4 is true.

Hypothesis: There is coke in the second cup is true.


Premise: Traditional Chinese painting pays attention to knowing the white and keeping the black, which means that the black is the painting and the white is the blank. The blank  left on the picture should be valued as much as the image of the painting. In other words, the blank  should be reasonable and conform to the composition rules. The most taboo is the same size and shape of the blank, the most taboo is the blank like round, square, the most taboo is the blank scattered like stars. Good blanks are large and small, are irregular triangles and the blanks left are complete and unified.

Hypothesis: The characteristics of traditional chinese painting is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: The area of the United Kingdom is not large, but if the English dialects in the United Kingdom are subdivided, there are more than three hundred types according to statistics. The area of the United States is much larger than that of the United Kingdom, but in the United States, the differences in the dialects of English are much smaller than that of the United Kingdom. The dialects of American English can be roughly divided into three types: East, Midwest and South. Eastern dialects are distributed in the northeastern region with Boston as the center; Midwest dialects extend from the center to the west, and southern dialects are distributed from Virginia to Southeastern Texas.

Hypothesis: The complexity of dialect differences has nothing to do with the vastness of the country expresses the author's point of view.


Premise: Climatologists believe they know why Earth has undergone a regular sequence of ice ages beginning around 800, 000 years ago. Calculations show that Earth' s orbit around the Sun has fluctuations that coincide with the ice-age cycles. The climatologists hypothesize that when the fluctuations occur, Earth passes through clouds of cosmic dust that enters the atmosphere; the cosmic dust thereby dims the Sun, resulting in an ice age. They concede, however, that though cosmic dust clouds are common, the clouds would have to be particularly dense in order to have this effect.

Hypothesis: Large bits of cosmic rock periodically enter Earth's atmosphere, raising large amounts of dust from Earth's surface would lend support to the climatologists' hypothesis EXCEPT.


Premise: In Metroville, the KP subway line follows the riverfront from downtown to the neighborhoods surrounding the university. No matter how many trains the subway runs on the KP line, there are always congestion and delays on the KP line. The subway submitted a proposal for an alternate subway line that would travel from downtown to the neighborhoods surrounding the university via the inland neighborhoods, hoping to draw some of the congestion from the KP line. The city hired urban planning consultants who concluded the subway' s proposal of a new line would not reduce commuter congestion on the KP line.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Construction of a new subway line would inevitably stimulate the growth of new business and restaurants along that line, especially in the vicinity of the stations of that new line' most helps to explain the urban planning consultants' position.


Premise: In the past 10 years, the number of criminal cases in area A has increased by 200%, but the number of criminal cases in area B has increased by 500%. Therefore, the current number of criminal cases in area B is higher than that in area A.

Hypothesis: Ten years ago, the number of criminal cases in area A accounted for 90% of the cases in area A and area B, and area B only accounted for 2% can weaken the above proposition most.


Premise: Sarah: Some schools seek to foster a habit of volunteering in their students by requiring them to perform community service. But since a person who has been forced to do something has not really volunteered and since the habit of volunteering cannot be said to have been fostered in a person who has not yet volunteered for anything, there is no way this policy can succeed by itself. Paul: I disagree. Some students forced to perform community service have enjoyed it so much that they subsequently actually volunteer to do something similar. In such cases, the policy can clearly be said to have fostered a habit of volunteering.

Hypothesis: Paul responds to Sarah's argument by introducing considerations that call into question one of Sarah's assumptions.


Premise: The production line of a factory will discharge a large amount of waste, resulting in air pollution. In order to force the factory to change the production process and reduce pollution, local residents decided to boycott the fluorescent lamp, the product with the largest sales volume of the factory, because residents believe that boycotting the product with the largest sales volume can reduce the profits of the factory to the greatest extent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The boycott did not consider information such as possible ways for the factory to change its production process' most questions the above inference.


Premise: Terrorism aims to instill fear in the target population, disrupting all daily activities and forcing an irrational backlash. More people die in car accidents in a day than terrorists have killed in two decades. Our country spends more money on fighting terrorism than any other single initiative, including healthcare. As such, our country should. . .

Hypothesis: The most logical completion of the argument is to spend money in proportion to terrorism's threat.


Premise: The Dark Forest Theory put forward in the science fiction three-body tells us that human beings must not reveal the location of our earth to the universe, or they will be destroyed by alien civilizations. However, long before the publication of the three-body, in 1974, humans sent a radio signal to the constellation Hercules, more than 22000 light-years from Earth, proclaiming their existence to the universe at the speed of light. The cluster of Hercules, numbered M 13, has hundreds of thousands of stars. Scientists believe that stars are usually surrounded by planets, but there can be no life on stars, but there may be planets. People who believe in the dark forest theory can not help but worry about this reckless human behavior, thinking that human expectations may usher in a cruel reality.

Hypothesis: There are no planetary systems in the star-dense Hercules Cluster, if true, best illustrates that this worry is unnecessary.


Premise: According to reports, female viewers accounted for nearly 2/3 of the core audience of parent-child programs on a certain satellite TV. You can imagine a scene like this: at night, a young mother takes her young children alone, watching Dad with Children on TV at home. And the young dad may still be working overtime, socializing, or just staying in the bedroom to play games and play the computer-their children still continue the story of not being accompanied by their father. In fact, this phenomenon also happens to the mother. In many modern families, the responsibility of raising children is mainly transferred to the older generation of elderly people.

Hypothesis: The emphasis is on the lack of communication between parents and children in real life.


Premise: Between 1951 and 1963, it was illegal in the country 25. of Geronia to manufacture, sell, or transport any alcoholic beverages. Despite this prohibition, however, the death rate from diseases related to excessive alcohol consumption was higher during the first five years of the period than it was during the five years prior to 1951. Ttherefore, the attempt to prevent alcohol use merely made people want and use alcohol more than they would have if it had not been forbidden.

Hypothesis: The diseases that can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption can also be caused by other kinds of behavior that increased between 1951 and 1963 is an exception that weakens the argument.


Premise: Sunk cost refers to the cost that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future because the decision made in the past has already occurred. From a rational point of view, sunk costs should not affect our decision-making. However, we often make a lot of irrational decision-making behaviors because we want to recover or avoid sunk costs. This is called the sunk cost effect.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao believes that he and his girlfriend have been together for 8 years and spent so much time and energy. So he decided not to break up is not a sunk cost effect according to the above definition.


Premise: In the United States, 45% of the blood donated by blood donors is type O blood, which is essential in an emergency because there is no time to test the blood type of the recipient in an emergency. Type O blood is available for anyone to use. The uniqueness of type O blood is that it is consistent with all types of blood, so people of all blood types can accept it, but because of its characteristics, type O blood is in short supply.

Hypothesis: Transfusion of non-O blood to the recipient must know the blood type of the recipient is correct.


Premise: Police statistics have shown that automobile antitheft devices reduce the risk of car theft, but a statistical study of automobile theft by the automobile insurance industry claims that cars equipped with antitheft devices are, paradoxically, more likely to be stolen than cars that are not so equipped.

Hypothesis: Automobile owners who have particularly theft-prone cars and live in areas of greatest incidence of car theft are those who are most likely to have antitheft devices installed does the most to resolve the apparent paradox.


Premise: In medicine, according to different pathogens that cause colds, colds can be divided into viral colds and bacterial colds. If there is no bacterial infection, through the body's own immunity, the cold can heal itself in about a week. Therefore, there is no need to take medicines and injections for most circumstances of colds.

Hypothesis: In order for the above conclusion to be true, suffering from the common cold must be good for improving the person's immune system.


Premise: Real right is one of the most basic civil rights, and property law is an important cornerstone of building socialist market economy. A property law involves 1.3 billion people, involves huge public and private property, and the long deliberation process precisely embodies the spirit of scientific legislation and democratic legislation.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the repeated deliberation process of real right legislation embodies the spirit of scientific legislation and democratic legislation.


Premise: Necessary conditions refer to the judgment relationship that there is no result without conditions, and there may not be a result with conditions. It is a condition opposite to sufficient and necessary conditions.

Hypothesis: Only when horses eat enough grass can they run well is not a necessary condition.


Premise: A lottery sales station has been selling an anonymous, unreported scratch-and-read lottery ticket in the past six months. The lottery ticket has 2 hidden two-digit numbers on the left and 6 hidden two-digit numbers on the right. Customers can scratch the lottery ticket after purchase. If a certain number scratched on the right is the same as a certain number on the left, the smaller number _____ scratched under the right number is the winning amount. According to the information provided by the Welfare Lottery Center: The possible winning amounts for this kind of lottery are: 60 yuan, 800 yuan, 6000 yuan, 8000 yuan, 60,000 yuan, 100,000 yuan, and each lottery ticket has at most one winning number. Zhang San bought a lottery ticket at a Welfare Lottery sales station after get off work. After scratching it off, he found that the number on the right was 15, which was the same as the number scratched out on the left. Looking at the number in the small font below it was 8,000 yuan. He was extremely happy. Li Si, who sells lottery tickets, immediately gave him 8,000 yuan, and Zhang San happily went to the restaurant to have a big meal with his friends. After the conflict broke out, the two started a lawsuit.

Hypothesis: Li Si thinks Zhang San really won the lottery is the least likely to happen.


Premise: The comparison effect refers to the phenomenon of mutual influence and promotion in turn between some relevant economic variables in social and economic activities or economic interest subjects in interest distribution.

Hypothesis: The employees of the enterprise compare with each other in terms of salary and income, and require the unit to increase their salary and increase their income is a comparison effect.


Premise: When feeding, aquatic birds known as phalaropes often spin rapidly on the water' s surface, pecking for food during each revolution. To execute these spins, phalaropes kick one leg harder than the other. This action creates upwelling currents. Because plankton on which phalaropes feed typically occurs in greater quantities well below the surface, it is hypothesized that by spinning phalaropes gain access to food that would otherwise be beyond their reach.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Phalaropes do not usually spin when food is abundant at the surface' most strongly supports the hypothesis.


Premise: Politician: The law should not require people to wear seat belts in cars. People are allowed to ride motorcycles without seat belts, and riding a motorcycle even while wearing a seat belt would be more dangerous than riding in a car without wearing one.

Hypothesis: The argument that it should be illegal to smoke in a public place is most similar in its flawed reasoning to the politician's argument.


Premise: Typically, people who have diets high in saturated fat have an increased risk of heart disease. Those who replace saturated fat in their diets with unsaturated fat decrease their risk of heart disease. Ttherefore, people who eat a lot of saturated fat can lower their risk of heart disease by increasing their intake of unsaturated fat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who add unsaturated fat to their diets will eat less food that is high in saturated fat' most helps to justify the reasoning above if it is assumed.


Premise: Drug manufacturer: Television audiences are sure to realize that the physician recommending our brand of cough syrup in our advertisement is actually an actor playing a role. Hence they will not place undue trust in the advice given by this actor. Ttherefore, networks should relax their guidelines to permit our company to broadcast this advertisement. Television executive: If the audience can tell that the actor is not a physician, then your advertisement need not have a physician figure recommending your product.

Hypothesis: The argumentative strategy used by the television executive in response to the drug manufacturer is to assert that the drug manufacturer's expressed desire to broadcast the advertisement is motivated by self-interest rather than by genuine interest in the good of the audience.


Premise: In terms of novel concept, it is an inevitable road from truth to fiction, and Chinese novelists are also on this inevitable road, consciously or unconsciously moving away from historical narration. At the same time, from the rise and prosperity of vernacular books to imitative vernacular books, short stories and novels, Chinese novelists absorb the nutrients of various language forms, moving away from the classical Chinese tradition on the road of gradual evolution from the vernacular language tradition.

Hypothesis: Chinese novelists abandoned the traditional creative methods of Chinese novels, and completely moved towards another creative road that deviated from the tradition is incorrect in explaining the meaning of the two moving away of Chinese novelists mentioned in this paragraph.


Premise: Linda: During the summer months, people normally take vacations. Ttherefore, during the summer months, the local economy suffers since local residents spend their money at their vacation destinations. Billy: Why do you think that the local economy would be suffering? During the summer months, tourists who come to our city actually spend lots of money at local businesses, attractions, and restaurants.

Hypothesis: Billy's reply argues that Linda's conclusion is correct, but not because of the reasons that Linda claims.


Premise: Philosopher: We should not disapprove of the unearthing of truths that we would rather not acknowledge or that, by their dissemination, might influence society in pernicious ways.

Hypothesis: Scientific research should not be restricted even if it could lead to harmful applications, such as the manufacture of sophisticated weapons conforms most closely to the principle stated by the philosopher.


Premise: The own person effect means that in the information acceptance activity, the listener feels that the information communicator has similarities or similarities with himself in many aspects, and psychologically regards him as his own person, thus increasing the influence of the communicator.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The head teacher called several students who delayed their studies because of the Internet to the office, and said, I, like you, came from middle school, when we didn't know what the Internet was and focused on our studies' produces a own effect by definition.


Premise: Some students who participated in the summer advanced workshop on linguistics won the youth linguistics award. All third year master students majoring in Chinese participated in the summer advanced workshop on linguistics. All first year master students majoring in Chinese did not participate in the summer advanced workshop on linguistics.

Hypothesis: Some students who have won the youth linguistics award are not first-year master students majoring in Chinese can be deduced if the above statement is true.


Premise: Code-switching: the use of more than one language or dialect to communicate in the same conversation.

Hypothesis: Mr. Ma receives visiting customers and explains his company to them in Mandarin, and immediately holds up the Shaanxi dialect to talk to the two Shaanxi customers when they are present does not belong to code-switching.


Premise: Emotional blackmail is a powerful means of emotional manipulation, that is, controlling others with fear, responsibility and guilt in life. Emotional blackmailers are divided into four types. The first is punisher. Such people say, unless you do what I mean, I will punish you. The second is self-punisher. Such people say: unless you do what I mean, I will punish myself. The third kind is victim. Such people say: if you don't meet my requirements, then I suffer, which is caused by you. The fourth is the teaser. Such people adopt the carrot strategy, but never let the person who meets their requirements really eat the carrot.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the scenario in which a male college student shouts at the dormitory building of the girl he loves, climbs up a big tree in front of the dormitory building, and threatens to jump down and commit suicide if she does not come out is an example of emotional blackmail.


Premise: Phobia is an irrational and inappropriate fear of an object or environment. Once faced with such an object or environment, phobia patients develop an extreme sense of fear, even though there is no danger at the time.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xu's fear of pictures of the deep sea is an example of phobia.


Premise: Dead, rotting logs on the forest floor provide the habitat for a small mammal, the red-backed vole, which subsists almost entirely on the portion of certain specialized fungi which grows aboveground. The fungi-spores are deposited on the forest floor by the voles. Some of the fungi that develop from these spores form underground sheaths around the fine roots of growing trees, and assist the trees by processing and sharing nutrients and producing an antibiotic which protects the trees from disease.

Hypothesis: The presence of rotting logs on a forest floor can have beneficial effects on the trees around them is the conclusion that is supported by the information above.


Premise: Anthropologists measured human skulls at various periods in history and found that the average brain capacity of contemporary adults is 1349 milliliters, compared with the brain capacity of Mesolithic humans, the brain capacity of men is reduced by 10%. The brain capacity of women is reduced by 17%. The researchers believe that in an era of increasingly clear division of labor, people with a cooperative spirit have more opportunities to survive and reproduce than others, and survival of the friendliest is an important reason for the shrinking human brain.

Hypothesis: Cooperation will reduce human aggressiveness, and the reduction of aggressiveness will lead to lighter body and less brain capacity best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Most of the students who took Spanish 101 at the university last semester attended every class session. However, each student who received a grade lower than B minus missed at least one class session.

Hypothesis: More than half of the students who took Spanish 101 at the university last semester received a grade of B minus or higher.


Premise: An ambitious young man wanted to invent a solution that could dissolve everything.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After this solution is developed, what container do you plan to use to hold it?' can best make this young man change his original intentions.


Premise: If there are any inspired performances in the concert, the audience will be treated to a good show. But there will not be a good show unless there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, and to be a sophisticated listener one must understand one' s musical roots.

Hypothesis: If there are no sophisticated listeners in the audience, then there will be no inspired musical performances in the concert must also be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: In car accidents, airbags can greatly reduce the risk of serious injury. However, statistics show that cars without airbags are less likely to be involved in accidents than those with airbags. Therefore, cars with airbags are no safer than cars without airbags.

Hypothesis: The argument is hypothetical rather than conclusive: cars with airbags may be involved in accidents in the future is the most accurate description of the shortcomings of the above argument.


Premise: In a paper published in the Journal of Pediatrics, researchers at a university medical school in the United States pointed out that after a follow-up survey of children from 2,702 families, it was found that if children watched TV for more than two hours a day before the age of 5, their risk of behavioural problems will more than double when they grow up. The so-called behavior problems refer to withdrawn personality, rude words and deeds, aggression against others, difficult to cooperate with others, and so on.

Hypothesis: The statement "Watching TV for too long will affect the child's interaction with other people, and over time, the child will lack experience in dealing with others" best explains the above argument.


Premise: Technical error refers to the error caused by technical reasons such as slip of tongue, eye or hand in the operation process due to busy business and high work intensity under the premise of compliance with the system.

Hypothesis: A few days after an online draw for a Chinese open badminton tournament, the INTERNATIONAL Badminton Federation (BWF) suddenly informed the BWF that the original draw was flawed and the seeded players were incorrectly placed is a technical error according to the above definition.


Premise: The pessimist complains about the wind, while the optimist expects the wind to turn. Realistic people adjust the sails. Love is to take the risk of no return, hope is to risk disappointment, but the reason to risk is because the greatest danger in life is to take no risk at all. The difference between an optimist and a pessimist is funny. The former sees a doughnut and the latter sees the hole.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Optimism and pessimism' is the most appropriate summary of this passage.


Premise: Dr. Libokov: Certain islands near New Zealand are home to the tuatara, reptiles that are the sole surviving members of the sphenodontidans. Sphenodontidans were plentiful throughout the world during the age of the dinosaurs. But the survival of sphenodontidans near New Zealand, and their total disappearance elsewhere, is no mystery. New Zealand and nearby islands have no native land mammals. Land mammals, plentiful elsewhere, undoubtedly became major predators of sphenodontidans and their eggs, leading to their extinction. Dr. Santos: In fact, the tuatara thrive only on a few islands near New Zealand. On all those where land mammals, such as rats, dogs, or cats, have been introduced in recent years, the tuatara are now extinct or nearly so.

Hypothesis: Dr. Santos' response to the hypothesis advanced by Dr. Libokov most accurately characterizes it as restating Dr. Libokov's major hypothesis and thus adding nothing to it.


Premise: A certain city TV station launched a health program for elderly viewers. This program was organized for many elderly people to watch during the trial broadcast, and it was well received. However, after the official broadcast, the ratings were very unsatisfactory.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The show was broadcast late, at this time most of the elderly have rested' can best explain the above contradiction.


Premise: The best jazz singers use their voices much as horn players use their instruments. The great Billie Holiday thought of her singing voice as a horn, reshaping melody and words to increase their impact. Conversely, jazz horn players achieve their distinctive sounds by emulating the spontaneous twists and turns of an impassioned voice. So jazz consists largely of voicelike horns and hornlike voices.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The best jazz singers use their voices much as horn players use their instruments' is a statement for which some evidence is provided and which in turn is used to provide support for the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: Geological relic resources refer to the precious, non renewable natural heritage formed, developed and preserved due to the geological action of internal and external power in the long geological historical period of earth evolution, which can be developed and utilized by mankind and produce economic value in the present and foreseeable future, so as to improve the current and future welfare of mankind.

Hypothesis: Karst caves with beautiful scenery in a certain place belongs to geological relic resources according to the above definition.


Premise: Psychologists have long supported the theory of mathematical talent; mathematical ability is the ability that human beings have from birth, even animals have this ability. They believe that there is a natural mathematical core, through self development, this mathematical core will eventually grow into all the mathematical abilities we are familiar with. Recently, some opponents have put forward a different point of view; mathematical ability has no talent and it can only be the product of culture.

Hypothesis: Babies aged 10 to 12 months already know that three black spots and four black spots are different can best support the views of opponents if it is true.


Premise: Compared with genes, man-made components (artifacts) have a more powerful intervention in human evolution. From the controlled use of fire to the invention of stirrups and even supercomputers, from rough utensils to artistic creations, from primitive worship to nirvana? The recognition of the realm, from the gathering and hunting of food to the exploration of the fate of the universe. Cultural components change people's behavior and thinking, and even change the natural track of human genetic inheritance.

Hypothesis: The relationship between human genes and man-made components conforms to the context.


Premise: Convergence means that in the process of social interaction, one party can grasp the psychological state of the other party and experience the other's psychology in a place.

Hypothesis: Convergence is 'We're both miserable people in the same miserable situation.'


Premise: When discussing the differences and the pros and cons of science and religion as cognitive methods, people often put forward the view that science is not everything, and science can make mistakes. This is obviously correct. But in that discussion, no one claimed that  Under the condition that science is always correct, actively inserting this view is obviously using the fact that all cognitive methods are not perfect to deliberately confuse different cognitive methods. This is extremely misleading.

Hypothesis: The idea that science can go wrong can sometimes confuse the audience is what the author wants to say according to this text.


Premise: Commentator: The Duke of Acredia argued long ago that only virtuous Acredian rulers concerned with the well-being of the people will be able to rule successfully. Since then, when Acredian governments have fallen, their falls have always been during the rule of one who viciously disregards the people' s needs. The Duke, then, was right about at least one thing: Concern for the welfare of the people is necessary for the successful governance of Acredia.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the commentator's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument infers that a certain condition is required for success from the fact that the lack of that condition is associated with failure.


Premise: Some of Zhao, Qian, Sun and Li won the special prize in the latest lottery. I know now that Zhao can win the special prize only if he plays at the A betting station. If Qian wins the special prize, the lottery must be held after 10:00. The lottery started at 8: 30 a.m. and lasted only 20 minutes, and the lottery number is self-made.

Hypothesis: Sun or Li won the special prize can be inferred based on this.


Premise: A famous artist once claimed that all great art imitates nature. If this claim is correct, then any music that is great art would imitate nature. But while some music may imitate ocean waves or the galloping of horses, for example, most great music imitates nothing at all.

Hypothesis: Like some great music, some great painting and sculpture may fail to imitate nature is the main point of the argument.


Premise: At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if the assumption that there are more biology majors than there are French-literature majors at Tromen University is true.


Premise: The development of foreign investment economy and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan economy within a certain range is of great significance to strengthen China's modernization. It can make up for the relative shortage of funds and build a number of urgently needed projects in the national economy. We can introduce advanced technology and scientific management methods to improve China's production technology and economic management level. It can increase national and local fiscal revenue and accumulate construction funds. It can also expand employment, improve people's living standards, expand exports and increase foreign exchange income.

Hypothesis: The central idea of the above paragraph is that developing foreign investment economy and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan investment economy within a certain range is of great significance to accelerate China's modernization.


Premise: Vertical thinking is a traditional thinking mode represented by logic and mathematics, which emphasizes the certainty of things and makes rigorous derivation from the previous point of view; Horizontal thinking focuses on innovation, considers the possibility of multiple choices, and pursues the richness of thinking.

Hypothesis: Based on the relative atomic mass, the element periodic table is used to predict the unknown elements belongs to horizontal thinking application according to the above definition.


Premise: Limited research indicates that therapeutic intervention before the onset of mental disorders can mitigate factors identified as major contributors to them. But a much more comprehensive research program is needed to verify these results and allow for the design of specific health care measures. Thus, in order to explore a potential means of cost-effectively helping people prone to mental disorders, we should increase funding for intervention research.

Hypothesis: Prevention research can be coordinated by drawing together geneticists, neurologists, and behavioral scientists most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Some members of a gymnastics team are from Guangxi.

Hypothesis: The objects of the above judgment are some members of a gymnastics team.


Premise: Parent: Pushing very young children into rigorous study in an effort to make our nation more competitive does more harm than good. Curricula for these young students must address their special developmental needs, and while rigorous work in secondary school makes sense, the same approach in the early years of primary school produces only short-term gains and may cause young children to burn out on schoolwork. Using very young students as pawns in the race to make the nation economically competitive is unfair and may ultimately work against us.

Hypothesis: A curriculum of rigorous study does not adequately address the developmental needs of primary school students can be inferred from the parent's statements.


Premise: The headline model refers to an information service model in which Internet companies, media, etc. accurately push and screen out information to specific users and have important reference value for users.

Hypothesis: A new media company analyzes customer data and organizes a dedicated team to screen different types of information in real time to ensure that specific users can see the content they care about in the first time belongs to the headline model.


Premise: Scientist: It seems likely that the earliest dinosaurs to fly did so by gliding out of trees rather than, as some scientists think, by lifting off the ground from a running start. Animals gliding from trees are able to fly with very simple wings. Such wings represent evolutionary middle stages toward developing the large wings that we associate with flying dinosaurs.

Hypothesis: Early flying dinosaurs lived at a time when their most dangerous predators could not climb trees strengthens the scientist's argument EXCEPT.


Premise: In the long process of evolution, food scarcity has always been the primary threat faced by mankind. Due to the uncertainty of food supply and the inability of food to be preserved for a long time, mankind has been living a full and hungry life. Individuals who can make the most effective use of food have survival advantages. After repeated famine choices, individuals with survival advantages and their genes, These genes can stimulate the secretion of a large amount of insulin after a full meal, so as to maximize the conversion and utilization of glucose in the blood. Although the cost of doing so may lead to obesity, the threat to survival caused by its harm to the body will not appear until middle age. For most of human history, The average life expectancy is less than 30 years.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that obesity is related to the dominant genes of human survival and reproduction.


Premise: Candidates who pass the examination and pass the physical examination will be admitted. Therefore, if Li Ming passes the exam but is not admitted, he must fail the physical examination.

Hypothesis: The statement "If tomorrow is a holiday and the weather is fine, Xiao Wu will climb the mountain. Therefore, if Xiao Wu did not climb the mountain, then the next day must not be a holiday or bad weather" is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Kidov theorem: it means that if the best idea is put forward at the wrong time, it will also lead to failure, that is, whether a decision is correct or not can not leave the specific place, time and conditions. If it is separated from these basic preconditions, the truth may become a fallacy

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the decision made by the chairman of C automobile company on automobile transformation does not accord with the kidov theorem.


Premise: Why are some leaders unwilling to assume the coach role in the management process? Why are many leaders reluctant to spend time and ask to teach others?On the one hand, it takes a lot of time to coach employees, and the leader's time is the most precious resource. Another reason is that whether the coaching of subordinates can achieve the expected results is a difficult thing to say. Because there are a lot of knowledge and methods that are only to be understood. Not to be said. From a deeper level, the role of coaching requires leaders to have the qualities of psychologists and educators, which is also difficult for ordinary people.

Hypothesis: The title of this paragraph is 'Team consciousness needs to be strengthened.'


Premise: Archaeologist: The fact that the ancient Egyptians and the Maya both built pyramids is often taken as evidence of a historical link between Old- and New-World civilizations that is earlier than any yet documented. But while these buildings are similar to each other, there are important differences in both design and function. The Egyptian pyramids were exclusively tombs for rulers, whereas the Mayan pyramids were used as temples. This shows conclusively that there was no such link between Old- and New-World civilizations.

Hypothesis: The argument presumes that no other evidence is relevant to the issue at hand is the most accurate description of a flaw in the archaeologist's argument.


Premise: Camera manufacturers typically advertise their products by citing the resolution of their cameras' lenses, the resolution of a lens being the degree of detail the lens is capable of reproducing in the image it projects onto the film. Differences between cameras in this respect are irrelevant for practical photography, however, since all modern lenses are so excellent that they project far more detail onto the film than any photographic film is capable of reproducing in a developed image.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that differences among photographic films in the amount of detail they reproduce have a more significant effect on the quality of the developed image than do differences in the resolution of camera lenses.


Premise: Consumer health advocate: Your candy company adds caffeine to your chocolate candy bars so that each one delivers a specified amount of caffeine. Since caffeine is highly addictive, this indicates that you intend to keep your customers addicted. Candy manufacturer: Our manufacturing process results in there being less caffeine in each chocolate candy bar than in the unprocessed cacao beans from which the chocolate is made.

Hypothesis: The candy manufacturer's response is flawed as a refutation of the consumer health advocate's argument because it fails to address the issue of whether the level of caffeine in the candy bars sold by the manufacture is enough to keep people addicted.


Premise: For Juanita to get to the zoo she must take either the number 12 bus or else the subway. Everyone knows that the number 12 bus is not running this week; so although Juanita generally avoids using the subway, she must have used it today, since she was seen at the zoo this afternoon.

Hypothesis: The method of the argument is to assert that if something is true, it will be known to be true.


Premise: The online world is supposed to be very active during this unusual Spring Festival holiday. A sudden epidemic has forced many people to stay at home and pass the time by surfing the Internet. However, although many young people have previously regarded the home life as an ideal state. But when Weibo browsing to the brain pain and chasing the drama to the boredom, people found that this kind of home life is not so full and comfortable. At the same time, there are endless feelings about emptiness and boredom. Can the interaction of the network really alleviate people's loneliness? Through the Internet, we seem to be connected, but in fact we live in our own bubble and fall into a new state of loneliness, such as the anxiety about interpersonal relationships, the vagueness of the transformation of identity online and offline, the tension of a new time and space, and so on.

Hypothesis: The interaction of the Internet can not really alleviate people's loneliness is explained above.


Premise: Working residents of Springfield live, on average, farther from their workplaces than do working residents of Rorchester. Thus, one would expect that the demand for public transportation would be greater in Springfield than in Rorchester. However, Springfield has only half as many bus routes as Rorchester.

Hypothesis: Springfield has a larger population than Rorchester does contributes to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy described above EXCEPT.


Premise: Many important types of medicine have been developed from substances discovered in plants that grow only in tropical rain forests. There are thousands of plant species in these rain forests that have not yet been studied by scientists, and it is very likely that many such plants also contain substances of medicinal value. Thus, if the tropical rain forests are not preserved, important types of medicine will never be developed.

Hypothesis: Any substance of medicinal value contained in plant species indigenous to tropical rain forests will eventually be discovered if those species are studied by scientists is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The students in a certain class are all football fans. During the 2014 World Cup, all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the German team, and all the students who supported the Argentine team did not support the Brazilian team. Some students who support the American team support the German team, and some students who support the American team support the Brazilian team.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, some students who support the Brazilian team support the German team must be true.


Premise: Xiao Qiang and Xiao Gang are two brothers. Xiao Qiang's study time is longer than Xiao Gang's, and Xiao Qiang's reading is also more than Xiao Gang's.

Hypothesis: Xiao Qiang is better at arranging life than Xiao Qiang can be determined to be true based on the above.


Premise: The energy an animal must expend to move uphill is proportional to its body weight, whereas the animal' s energy output available to perform this task is proportional to its surface area. This is the reason that small animals, like squirrels, can run up a tree trunk almost as fast as they can move on level ground, whereas large animals tend to slow down when they are moving uphill.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the explanation above depends is that the ratio of surface area to body weight is smaller in large animals than it is in small animals.


Premise: The fast, continuous, and unpredictable competitive environment requires companies to be small in scale, simplified in structure, and at the same time have sufficient technical reserves and the ability to resist capital risks. The current way to solve this contradiction is usually to establish a win-win principle on a global scale. Virtual enterprise. A virtual enterprise is a dynamic alliance between enterprises. Each member enterprise participating in the virtual enterprise has a certain degree of autonomy. When a market opportunity appears, the franchise enterprises will organize together to jointly develop, produce and sell new products. Once the product is found to be unprofitable, it will automatically disband. Therefore, the virtual enterprise is considered to be the most competitive enterprise operation mode in the 21st century.

Hypothesis: Virtual enterprises can quickly concentrate the strongest design, processing and sales forces to achieve rapid response to the market, if true, best supports the above view.


Premise: Recently, a research team surveyed 519 young people between the ages of 18 and 25 who had never smoked traditional cigarettes by means of a questionnaire. The survey included these young people's e-cigarette use and intention to smoke traditional cigarettes. Wait. Among young people who have never smoked traditional cigarettes, those who are vaping are more likely to try traditional cigarettes, and regulatory policies on e-cigarettes should pay attention to protecting young people, the study said.

Hypothesis: The statement '60% of respondents who are vaping say they will definitely try traditional cigarettes in the future' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: People who do regular volunteer work tend to live longer, on average, than people who do not. It has been found that doing good,  a category that certainly includes volunteer work, releases endorphins, the brain's natural opiates, which induce in people a feeling of well-being. Clearly, there is a connection: Regular releases of endorphins must in some way help to extend people's lives.

Hypothesis: The statement "People tend not to become involved in regular volunteer work unless they are healthy and energetic to begin with" most seriously undermines the force of the evidence given as support for the hypothesis that endorphins promote longevity.


Premise: Implicit discrimination: refers to the existence of a person's mind, not openly manifest discrimination against a particular group of people.

Hypothesis: Middle-aged men wearing sunglasses in residential areas are more likely to be stopped and questioned by security guards is implicit discrimination according to the above definition.


Premise: The  uncreated syndrome, or NIH syndrome, is a cultural phenomenon in society, companies, and organizations. People are reluctant to use, buy or accept a product, research or knowledge,the reason is not technical or legal, but simply that it comes from elsewhere.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'After the inspection, A company in Country returned a whole batch of unqualified imported optical equipment from Country B' is related to uncreated syndrome.


Premise: Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants has been temporarily stored on-site, but this is not a satisfactory kind of place for long-range storage. Since no suitable plan of safe permanent storage of such waste from the nation' s existing and planned nuclear plants has been devised, some people propose that we should stop trying to develop such a plan and instead should shut down all present nuclear plants and build no new nuclear plants.

Hypothesis: The proposal mentioned above falls short of offering a complete solution to the problem it addresses because the risks of unsafe disposal of waste from nuclear power plants lie in the future, but the benefits from such plants are in the present.


Premise: In today's social and cultural practice, we must pay more attention to whether the current traditional cultural craze has really touched the humanistic spirit of traditional culture and whether it has really improved people's spiritual realm. Generally speaking, the form of culture should be consciously the content of culture. Service, if you ignore the content of culture, especially the pursuit of the humanistic spirit that runs through it, you will inevitably go astray and deviate from our original intention to promote traditional culture. Culture is alive and cannot be solidified simply, nor can we only pay attention to the form and ignore the inheritance of its connotation.

Hypothesis: We must pay attention to correcting the formalization tendency in the promotion of traditional culture.


Premise: University graduates who have not obtained a teacher qualification certificate cannot be employed as teachers by schools in a certain area. All students in the history department of the normal university in that area must obtain a teacher qualification certificate before graduation. Therefore, any graduate of the history department of the university can be hired as a teacher in the area.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Obtaining a teacher qualification certificate is the only condition for college graduates to be hired as teachers in the area' can make the above argument stand.


Premise: Pro-Tect Insurance Company has recently been paying out more on car-theft claims than it expected. Cars with special antitheft devices or alarm systems are much less likely to be stolen than are other cars. Consequently Pro-Tect, as part of an effort to reduce its annual payouts, will offer a discount to holders of car-theft policies if their cars have antitheft devices or alarm systems.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In one or two years, the discount that Pro-Tect is offering will amount to more than the cost of buying certain highly effective antitheft devices' provides the strongest indication that the plan is likely to achieve its goal.


Premise: A college will continue to implement the overseas funding plan this year. It plans to select several of the six teachers from Mr. Liu, Mr. Zhang, Mr. Wang, Mr. Ma, Mr. Niu and Mr. Zhou to visit abroad. Due to the limitations of funding, the needs of discipline development, curriculum arrangement, place and time of each student's visit, the selection shall meet the following conditions: (1) Mr. Liu is the reserve discipline leader of the college, This time we have to send out. (2) if we choose Mr. Liu, we should also choose Mr. Zhou, but we can't choose Mr. Zhang. (3) only if Mr. Niu can't choose, at least one of Mr. Wang and Mr. Ma can choose. (4) if we don't choose Mr. Wang, we don't choose Mr. Zhou either.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, Mr. Niu didn't choose, but Mr. Zhou did.


Premise: Academic evaluation is often intertwined with various subjective and objective complex factors. Because academic evaluation is often affected by the evaluation subjects' academic views, emotional tendencies, values and other factors, people tend to rely on quantitative data for evaluation. In fact, the evaluation significance contained in this kind of data is reflected by clickers, downloaders and citators. Over reliance on such data is to regard the producer of quantitative data as the evaluation subject.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the above is that we should not rely too much on quantitative data in academic evaluation.


Premise: Perry: Worker-owned businesses require workers to spend time on management decision-making and investment strategy, tasks that are not directly productive. Also, such businesses have less extensive divisions of labor than do investor-owned businesses. Such inefficiencies can lead to low profitability, and thus increase the risk for lenders. Ttherefore, lenders seeking to reduce their risk should not make loans to worker-owned businesses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lenders who specialize in high-risk loans are the largest source of loans for worker-owned businesses' most seriously weakens Perry's argument.


Premise: The wind bent the trees on the side of the road, tore up the electric customers' booths, uncovered the insurance policies on the wall, obscured the sun, sang, shouted, roared, and echoed; suddenly went straight, like a panicked elf, pulling the sky and the earth away; suddenly panicked and rolled in all directions, like a demon who did not know what to do and decided to bump into the sky and the earth; suddenly panicked and rolled in all directions, like a demon who did not know what to do and decided to bump. All of a sudden, it swept across the ground and took advantage of it to attack everything on the ground, twisting branches, blowing off the tiles of the house, and breaking the power lines, but Xiangzi was watching, he had just come out of the wind, and the wind had done nothing to him!

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the hardship of life.


Premise: <b> Weight loss programs that guarantee results mislead their customers. </b> No program can ensure that someone who follows it will lose weight. These programs prey upon unhappy and insecure people who are often driven more by emotion than by reason. <b> Moreover, many people who lose weight while on a program eventually regain the weight within a year. </b> So while the programs' claims may be true for a short period, customers will be disappointed in the long run.

Hypothesis: The first boldface portion is the author's position; the second boldface portion is a consideration in support of that position.


Premise: The paddy field is not only a rice planting area, but also a farm where the rice is perfumed and the fish is fat and shrimp is strong. Traditional dwarf rice is densely planted because of the pursuit of maximum yield. In addition, the plant stalk is short and the space in the paddy field is narrow, resulting in poor air circulation and reduced effective oxygen content in the water. The high-stalk rice has a tall plant type, luxuriant leaves and a high canopy, and the plant spacing is relatively sparse, which can provide a good habitat for rice field animals such as frogs, fish and loach, and has the advantage of being suitable for the combination of planting and breeding. The problem of insufficient air convection and insufficient space above the paddy field caused by too dense plants. Compared with the current common paddy field comprehensive planting and breeding model, the economic benefits of this model are significantly improved, which will greatly enhance the enthusiasm of farmers for planting.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A new planting model combining planting and breeding was born' is intended to illustrate the cultivation of high stalk rice.


Premise: Climax means that according to the logical relationship of things, using sentences with similar structure, the meaning is arranged according to different degrees, such as size, number, height, weight, distance and so on, to express the reason that the level is progressive.

Hypothesis: The statement "I was determined to learn at the age of 15. I was able to achieve something at the age of 30. I was no longer confused when I encountered things at the age of 40. I knew at the age of 50 that I was happy to know my destiny for things that could not be controlled by manpower, and at the age of 60 I could listen to all kinds of opinions. At 70, you can do whatever you want without going beyond the rules" does not use the Climax.


Premise: In order to catch up with the world's advanced level in science and technology, we should not only improve the quality of higher education, but also, above all, improve the quality of primary and secondary education.

Hypothesis: Improving the quality of higher education is the condition to catch up with the world advanced level in science and technology supports the main point above.


Premise: Despite the best efforts of journalists to be objective, it is inevitable that their own biases will enter their reporting, even if inadvertently. Ttherefore, it is imperative that a trained editor look over journalists' work with an eye toward detecting and removing their biases, so as to make reporting as objective as possible.

Hypothesis: Journalists' reporting that is not objective is not taken seriously by trained editors is not an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Pregnant women are prone to vitamin deficiency. Some people believe that this is not caused by lack of vitamins in the diet, but usually due to the large demand for vitamins when babies grow up in the abdomen.

Hypothesis: One pregnant woman and one non pregnant woman with sufficient vitamins in their diet were tested to determine whether they were deficient in vitamins is the most important operation in order to evaluate the accuracy of the above conclusions.


Premise: The development of modern agriculture cannot be separated from the two basic requirements of ecological safety and product safety. Therefore, the prevention and control of agricultural pollution should be one of the important tasks of modern agricultural development. Unlike industrial pollution and urban pollution, pollution involves a wide range and strong concealment. The assessment is difficult, and it is not suitable to establish a punishment mechanism. At the same time, due to the relatively low income level of farmers, it is impossible to carry out pollution charges. This compensation mechanism is essentially the cost of ecological construction and protection (including giving up Loss of development opportunities) to compensate.

Hypothesis: The agricultural development model is the prerequisite for the treatment of agricultural pollution is the most accurate summary of this text.


Premise: Magazine article: The Environmental Commissioner' s new proposals are called Fresh Thinking on the Environment, and a nationwide debate on them has been announced. Well, fresh thinkingfrom such an unlikely source as the commissioner does deserve closer inspection. Unfortunately we discovered that these proposals are virtually identical to those issued three months ago by Tsarque Inc. under the heading New Environmentalism (Tsarque Inc. ' s chief is a close friend of the commissioner). Since Tsarque Inc. ' s polluting has marked it as an environmental nightmare, in our opinion the nationwide debate can end here.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the magazine article's reasoning is that it appeals to the authority of Tsarque Inc. 's chief without giving evidence that this person's opinion should carry special weight.


Premise: Which is happier to win a silver medal or a bronze medal? Most people will conclude that a silver medalist is happier than a bronze medalist because he gets a higher reputation. But this is not the case. Although bronze medalists are only in third place, they are much happier than silver medalists. Olympians explain how they feel about winning a medal: the third place trembles with excitement when they win a medal; on the other hand, the second place feels like a loser because they fail to win the first place. It doesn't matter what you get, but how you feel it.

Hypothesis: The important thing is how to feel is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: In China, vaccine research, test, approval and production are supervised by the drug inspection system, while vaccination and transportation are mainly supervised by the health system. Vaccine supervision needs to be completed jointly by the drug supervision department and the health department. How to coordinate the supervision scope of the two departments and avoid the blind spot in supervision is very important for the vaccine management in the future market circulation.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the above paragraph is that the coordination between the drug inspection system and the health system in vaccine supervision needs to be strengthened.


Premise: Unlike consumer goods, which are priced on a cost basis, luxury brands typically set retail prices in three different regions, Europe, the United States and Asia according to different market expectations. In Europe, where France and Italy are the main places of origin, luxury prices are often the lowest. When European brands enter the U.S. market, they typically raise prices only slightly, as the consumer psychology for luxury goods has matured there. Luxury brands are the most expensive in Asia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Asia is far from the origin of luxury brands, so its logistics costs are high' best explains the phenomenon of luxury brands pricing the most in the Asian market.


Premise: In 2018, the number of college graduates across the country will reach 8.2 million, a new record high. In order to grab talents, many cities have introduced new policies to attract talents. According to a survey conducted by the media, when answering the question Where do you want to work?,  60% of respondents choose second-tier cities, 30% choose first-tier cities, and only 10% choose third-tier cities. This is mainly based on the comprehensive consideration of living cost, employment opportunities and development space. 80.53% of respondents consider housing price and other living costs as the main consideration. To put it more bluntly, it is difficult to live in first-tier cities, so college students are 'preferred second-tier cities' for employment.

Hypothesis: High housing prices make graduates afraid of first-tier cities can best support the above discussion.


Premise: Multiple use refers to the utilization of natural resources in combinations that will best meet the present and future needs of the public. Designating land as a wilderness area does not necessarily violate the multiple-use philosophy, for even when such use does not provide the greatest dollar return, it can provide the greatest overall benefit from that site.

Hypothesis: The assumption that natural resources should be used in combinations that will most greatly benefit present and future generations is required by the argument.


Premise: In recent years, trace management has been widely used in grass-roots work. Its advantage is that through the retained text, pictures and other work materials, effectively restore the work of serving the masses for future verification. In order to strengthen the trace management, a grass-roots unit has greatly increased the proportion of work materials in the assessment score. Obviously, such an approach will cause local grass-roots cadres to spend a lot of energy on keeping traces of work.

Hypothesis: The underlying hypothesis of the above argument is most likely to be that grass-roots cadres attach great importance to assessment scores.