Premise: Until about 400 million years ago, fishes -- the first true swimmers -- were jawless. Their feeding methods were limited to either sucking in surface plankton or sucking in food particles from bottom mud. With the development of biting jaws, however, the life of fishes changed dramatically, since jaws allowed them actively to pursue prey, to seize it in their jaws, and to manipulate it between their teeth. The jawed fishes then developed along two main lines: one retained cartilage for its skeletons, for example, sharks and rays; the other adopted bone as its principal skeletal material. From the latter group evolved the most abundant and diverse of all of today' s vertebrate groups, the teleosts, some 21, 000 species, which vary from barracudas to sea horses.

Hypothesis: The jawless fishes did not prey upon other fish must also be true if all of the statements in the passage are true.


Premise: Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart' s show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease.

Hypothesis: The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to question whether the number of patrons attracted by the Hart Institute's Rembrandt etchings will be larger than the number of patrons who do not come in the spring because Venus is on loan.


Premise: If the government increases its funding for civilian scientific research, private patrons and industries will believe that such research has become primarily the government' s responsibility. When they believe that research is no longer primarily their responsibility, private patrons and industries will decrease their contributions toward research. Ttherefore, in order to keep from depressing the overall level of funding for civilian scientific research, the government should not increase its own funding.

Hypothesis: Governments should bear the majority of the financial burden of funding for civilian scientific research is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: In the bidding process of a certain project, Zhao Jia, Qian Yi, Sun Bin, Li Ting, Zhou Wu and Wu Ji participated in the bid as representatives of their respective companies, and only one person won the bid. Three members of the bidding group expressed their own views on who was the winning bidder: (1) the winning bidder was either Zhao Jia or Qian Yi; (2) the winning bidder was not Sun Bin; and (3) Zhou Wu and Wu Ji did not win the bid. After in-depth investigation, it is found that the view of only one of the above three people is correct.

Hypothesis: Zhao Jia, Zhou Wu, and Wu Ji can be determined not to win the bid based on the above information.


Premise: Heavy snow, a number of highways have been closed. Some highway managers believe that if the highway is not closed, there will be major traffic accidents and huge losses of people's lives and property. However, many drivers disagree with this view.

Hypothesis: Traffic accidents are unavoidable and even if the highway is closed, there may be major accidents on ordinary roads is the view agreed by these drivers based on this.


Premise: A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers and processes them into powder or oil, which is then mixed with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat the taste of insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirms the practice of the company and points out that eating insects helps to deal with food shortages and malnutrition around the world.

Hypothesis: An authoritative foreign research institution said that in this century, eating insects is conducive to the growth of population and the increased consumption of protein is a prerequisite that must be added if the above argument is to be established.


Premise: On August 3, 2003, a 110000-year-old human tooth fossil about 3 cm in length was unearthed in Zhangkoudong Ancient Human site in Jiuxiang, Yiliang County.As soon as the excavation was announced, it immediately attracted wide attention from the media and experts. Many experts involved in the excavation believe that the appearance of this human tooth fossil shows that Zhangkoudong already had human activities as early as 110000 years ago, and it will rewrite the conclusion that human beings in Kunming area, as defined by the Longtan Mountain Ancient Human site in Chenggong County, have a history of only 30,000 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fossilized tooth was unearthed in a red sandy soil layer 20 cm below the calcium plate 110,000 years ago' can best question the views of the above experts.


Premise: Business ethicist: Managers of corporations have an obligation to serve shareholders as the shareholders would want to be served. Ttherefore, corporate managers have an obligation to act in the shareholders' best interest.

Hypothesis: The business ethicist's conclusion follows logically if it is assumed that all shareholders want to be served in identical ways.


Premise: Lu Xun wrote with grief and indignation: It's not the young who write commemorations for the old, but in the past 30 years, I have witnessed the blood of many young people, silting up layers by layers, burying me so that I can't breathe. I can only use such pen and ink to write a few articles, which can be regarded as digging a small hole from the soil and extending my mouth to the stump. What kind of world is this?

Hypothesis: It reflects Mr. Lu Xun's sad and angry mood and the spirit of fighting hard against Japan is not accurate in the understanding of the word extending mouth to the stump above.


Premise: Pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for rare diseases suffer financial losses because sales are too small to recoup the development and production costs.

Hypothesis: The development of drugs to treat rare diseases will promote the progress of medicine best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: A company held a literature and art show. There were four groups of programs. Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhang, Xiao Zhao and Xiao Li drew lots to decide the performance sequence. Xiao Li at the front desk asked them who came first and who came later. Xiao Wang said, I'm the first to go on stage. Xiao Zhang said, I'm the third. Xiao Zhao said, I'm the fourth. Xiao Li said, anyway, I'm not the last.

Hypothesis: No matter who told a lie, the performance sequence of the four people can be inferred if only one of the four of them lied.


Premise: Every time the government introduces an economic policy, it will change the income expectations of some interest groups. Out of self-interest, these interest groups always try to offset the loss caused by the policy through various behavior choices. At this time, if the government really changes the original policy, the result will not only invalidate the policy issued by the government, but also make the government's ability of economic regulation and control decline continuously due to the loss of credibility.

Hypothesis: The main statement of this passage is that factors that must be considered when formulating economic policies.


Premise: On the whole, scientists do their most creative work before age forty, a tendency that has been taken to show that aging carries with it a loss of creative capacity. An alternative explanation is that by age forty most scientists have worked in their field for fifteen or more years and that by then they have exhausted the opportunity for creative work in that field. Supporting this explanation is the finding that __.

Hypothesis: a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond age forty entered their field at an older age than is common most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Contract: It is an agreement between the parties to establish, modify, and terminate civil relations. A contract established in accordance with the law is protected by law. The establishment of a contract must follow two principles: 1. the principle of legality; 2. the principle of equality and mutual benefit, consensus, and equal compensation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the life-and-death agreement between the two thieves is not part of a contract.


Premise: City dog licensing records show that more cocker spaniels are registered to addresses in the Flynn Heights neighborhood than to addresses in all other neighborhoods combined. So if an animal control officer finds a stray cocker spaniel anywhere near Flynn Heights, it is likely that the dog belongs to someone in Flynn Heights.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether the city's animal control officers find more stray dogs in and around Flynn Heights than in any other part of the city' would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: As defined by the World Bank, the Gini coefficient reflects the distribution of income and consumption expenditure among different households. Statistics of most countries in the world is the distribution of income, and income is defined as disposable income after tax, but there are also some national statistics is the distribution of consumer spending, such as India, due to the factor of diminishing marginal propensity to consume, gini coefficient was calculated by the consumer spending will be significantly lower than using the gini coefficient of income, for example, India's gini published in 2005, the world bank The coefficient is 0.33, but it would exceed 0.6 if measured by income. On the other hand, if China's Gini coefficient is calculated using the consumption expenditure method, China's gini coefficient will be only 0.26 in 2000.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the text is that the difference of gini coefficient calculation index affects the comparability between countries.


Premise: The upgrading of connotative consumption refers to the behavior that the individual's material consumption tends to be restrained and spiritual consumption tends to be enriched in the process of consumption transformation.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ma's change from buying trendy clothes without hesitation to saving money and using it for sports and entertainment with her family belongs to the upgrade of connotative consumption.


Premise: The cremation of the Jurchen nobles in the Jin dynasty mainly used wooden coffinsw,ooden boxes or stone letters to collect ashes. Cremation has always been popular among the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty. However,the shikeng cremation tombs in the Jinyuan area in the early Jin dynasty and those after the mid-Jin dynasty There are essential differences between the various types of cremation tombs. The former is a legacy of Jurchen's old customs, and the latter is influenced by buddhism. In the middle and late Jin dynasty, after the Jurchens occupied the Yellow River Basin, buddhism has become very popular among the Han people. This shows that the Jin dynasty  funeral custom of the Jurchens nobles has been sinicized.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The influence of buddhism on the jurchen aristocracy in the Jin dynasty is not only reflected in the funeral customs' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Educational balance refers to ensuring equal rights and obligations to citizens or future citizens through laws and regulations, providing relatively equal educational opportunities and conditions through policy formulation and adjustment and resource allocation, and achieving a relative balance of educational effects and opportunities for success with an objective and fair attitude and scientific and effective methods.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A city decided not to implement the policy of allocating funds, but to allocate funds to schools with poor hardware conditions, and strive to make all schools in the city within three years of the basic balance of hardware conditions' is not part of implementing educational balance according to the above definition.


Premise: Curator: Since ancient times, the fine arts were developed and sustained with the aid of large subsidies from the aristocracies and religious institutions that were the public sectors of their day; it is doubtful that the arts would have survived without these subsidies. Clearly, contemporary societies should fulfill their obligation as stewards of cultural heritage without the assistance of aristocracies or religious institutions, so governments must help finance the maintenance, advancement, and enrichment of the fine arts today.

Hypothesis: The curator's argument depends on assuming that if contemporary governments help to maintain and enrich the fine arts, private support for the arts will become unnecessary.


Premise: Asian countries have avoided the global depression in recent years, the most important reason is that they were not involved in the 2008 financial crisis. However, a recent survey shows that Asia's debt level is growing at a terrible rate. In some ways, this is partly reasonable. Many countries' ultra-low interest policies encourage loans, and debt growth is a natural product of wealth growth. But it is worth being vigilant, Asian countries need to rely on a larger debt scale to maintain economic growth. This signal shows that Asia's economic health is not as good as reflected by the growth rate of GD. P. Asia's current debt water is generally lower than that of Europe and is still in the safe range, but the rapid growth of debt will make the economy more vulnerable to shocks.

Hypothesis: This paragraph is intended to illustrate that Asian countries need to guard against falling into debt crisis.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The R & D Department is in the Ji Building is not possible if the sales department is located in the Wu building.


Premise: Assembly operation means that workers act on the labor object according to the work flow and order, and complete a certain amount of work at a certain stage in the production process, so that the production can be carried out continuously and without interruption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, completing another construction object is not an assembly operation.


Premise: From the perspective of the history of landscape painting, although the emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty had their surnames Zhao, their painting styles were very different, and they were usually divided into two parts; the Ming Dynasty was the world of Zhu Yuanzhang. The ruler is neither a family nor a surname, and the time span is more than 540 years, but they are often told together. This is because political history and art history are not necessarily parallel. In other words, the main trends in the history of painting in the Ming and Qing dynasties are almost all under the influence of the generationless style of painting, copying is flourishing and creativity is declining, unlike the paintings of the Song Dynasties, which have significantly different characteristics.

Hypothesis: The paintings of the Yuan Dynasty inherited the characteristics of the paintings of the Song Dynasties is consistent with the original text.


Premise: Although this bottle is labeled vinegar,  no fizzing occurred when some of the liquid in it was added to powder from this box labeled baking soda.  But when an acidic liquid such as vinegar is added to baking soda the resulting mixture fizzes, so this bottle clearly has been mislabeled.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that it assumes that the fact of a labeling error is proof of an intention to deceive.


Premise: Dietitian: Eating fish can lower one' s cholesterol level. In a study of cholesterol levels and diet, two groups were studied. The first group ate a balanced diet including two servings of fish per week. The second group ate a very similar diet, but ate no fish. The first group showed lower cholesterol levels, on average, than the second group. The two groups had displayed similar average cholesterol levels prior to the study.

Hypothesis: The claim that the two groups had displayed similar average cholesterol levels prior to the study provides background information on the purpose of the study.


Premise: Debater: As a pedagogical practice, lecturing embodies hierarchy, since the lecturer is superior to the student in mastery of the subject. But people learn best from peer interaction. Thus, the hierarchy in lecturing is a great weakness. Respondent: By definition, all teaching and learning are hierarchical, for all teaching and learning must proceed from simple to complex. In teaching mathematics, for example, arithmetic must precede calculus. Thus, the hierarchy in lecturing is a strength.

Hypothesis: The respondent's reply to the debater's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the respondent takes for granted that the conceptual structure of mathematics is sufficiently representative of the conceptual structure of at least some other academic disciplines.


Premise: Labor disputes: refers to the disputes between workers and employers due to the implementation of labor laws, regulations or the performance of labor contracts, collective contracts.

Hypothesis: A dispute arose over wages between two firms producing the same goods is a labor dispute according to the above definition.


Premise: In Wareland last year, 16 percent of licensed drivers under 21 and 11 percent of drivers ages 21-24 were in serious accidents. By contrast, only 3 percent of licensed drivers 65 and older were involved in serious accidents. These figures clearly show that the greater experience and developed habits of caution possessed by drivers in the 65-and-older group make them far safer behind the wheel than the younger drivers are.

Hypothesis: The difference between the accident rate of drivers under 21 and of those ages 21-24 is attributable to the greater driving experience of those in the older group is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Under the condition of pollution, organisms can enrich and detoxify pollutants in the body by combining fixation, metabolism, detoxification and compartment action. Among them, the detoxification ability of organisms is the basis of biological resistance. Organisms with strong detoxification ability have resistance, but the detoxification ability is not the whole of resistance. Organisms with strong resistance may not have strong detoxification ability.

Hypothesis: Detoxification ability of organisms without resistance must not be strong can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: The Peter Principle is a conclusion drawn by the Laurence J. Peter, an American academic, after studying the phenomenon of promotion in organizations. That is, in organizations where it is customary to promote people who are competent at a certain level, employees tend to rise to their ineptitude. The Peter principle is sometimes called the climb principle.

Hypothesis: Professor Zhang's class was so popular that he was recently promoted to principal and has been very busy ever since is consistent with Peter's principle.


Premise: On the topic of education at the moment, there are often two armies confronting each other: on the one hand, there are education experts who say with all their heart that successful education must inspire students' interest; on the other side are parents and teachers who agree that exams are the only ones and scores are the top priority. Experts point out that such utilitarianism has ruthlessly stifled the children's nature and interest. However, under the conditions of insufficient high-quality educational resources, parents do not want to find ways to get their children to enter prestigious schools, what more wise choices can be made?

Hypothesis: The views of education experts can be inferred from this text to be divorced from the reality of life.


Premise: Heart attacks are most likely to occur on Mondays. The accepted explanation is that because Monday is the first day of the workweek, people feel more stress on Mondays than on other days. However, research shows that even unemployed retired people are more likely to have heart attacks on Mondays than on other days.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because they associate Monday with work, retired people are more likely to begin large projects on Mondays' most helps to explain the increased likelihood that an unemployed retiree will have a heart attack on a Monday.


Premise: The Fed's influence on the Wall Street-centric securities trading market is also huge. The U.S. government itself does not have the right to issue currency. To obtain U.S. dollars, the U.S. government must mortgage future U.S. taxes to the Fed in the form of national debt, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is issued as an agent. Various U.S. government bonds have been invested in the securities exchange market. More importantly, the Fed's adjustments to the number of U.S. dollars and interest rates directly affect the trend of Wall Street and even the global economy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The condition for the Fed to issue U.S. dollars is that the U.S. government pledges taxes to the Fed in the form of national debt' can be derived from this.


Premise: Sunlight, radiation, air pollution, etc. in the outside environment will make the human body produce more reactive oxygen free radicals. Reactive oxygen free radicals are the root cause of human aging, and antioxidants can effectively remove excess free radicals from the body.

Hypothesis: The rate of aging in people may be determined by the environment or by antioxidants is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: The multiple cropping index refers to the ratio of the total sown area of crops to the area of arable land within a year, and is generally expressed as a percentage. The level of the multiple cropping index is restricted by the local sunshine, soil, water conservancy, fertilizer, labor, and scientific and technological conditions. Good sunshine conditions, Long frost-free period, sufficient moisture, reasonable interplanting, etc. are the basis for improving the multiple cropping index.

Hypothesis: The multiple cropping index is closely related to the longitude of the area is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: Financing refers to the monetary transaction means or acquisition of assets to pay more than the purchase price of cash, and the monetary means used to raise funds

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Mr. Zhang intends to put a restaurant down, not enough money to find a friend Mr. Li borrowed 500,000, agreed to two years even the principal and interest paid off is not financing.


Premise: When can Chinese young directors also have a dynasty change of film language and film achievements, not just the fifth and sixth generation on the seniority baton? However, just like the Matthew effect, the more well-known directors are, the more favored by capital, and the hunger for opportunities and creative use of famous directors are often inferior to young directors, and the more resources young directors need, the more difficult it is to attract funds. rare opportunities once in several years first make survival an obstacle.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that young directors should be good at using resources.


Premise: A recent poll of a large number of households found that 47 percent of those with a cat had at least one person with a university degree, while 38 percent of households with a dog had at least one person with a university degree. Clearly, people who hold university degrees are more likely to live in a household with a cat than one with a dog.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it ignores the possibility that a significant number of households might have both a cat and a dog.


Premise: Cigarette companies claim that manufacturing both low-and high-nicotine cigarettes allows smokers to choose how much nicotine they want. However, a recent study has shown that the levels of nicotine found in the blood of smokers who smoke one pack of cigarettes per day are identical at the end of a day' s worth of smoking, whatever the level of nicotine in the cigarettes they smoke.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Blood cannot absorb more nicotine per day than that found in the smoke from a package of the lowest-nicotine cigarettes available' most helps to explain the finding of the nicotine study.


Premise: When a cold snowstorm sweeps across the pasture, the temperature drops rapidly below zero, and the cattle usually turn their back to the storm and slowly move downwind, and when they are finally blocked by the fence, they have to huddle together, resulting in the death of a large number of cattle. But there is a kind of Hereford cattle that will face the storm side by side and bow their heads in the face of the blizzard, resulting in the lowest death rate and the least loss.

Hypothesis: Enduring to the end is victory is closest to the truth of this story.


Premise: Researcher Wang: the mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation put forward by our government inspires every entrepreneur. For entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to have a perseverance. No matter what difficulties you encounter in starting a business, you must stick to it. Professor Li: for entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to dare to try new technologies. Because there are some new technologies that some big companies do not dare to try easily, this brings opportunities for entrepreneurs to succeed.

Hypothesis: The most accurate point of the difference between Professor Wang and Professor Li, based on the above information, is that the most important thing is to dare to meet the challenges of various entrepreneurial challenges, or dare to try new technologies that big companies do not dare to try easily.


Premise: A former vice president of the Shanxi vinegar industry association said that only 5% of the Shanxi aged vinegar sold on the market is the real Shanxi aged vinegar without additives. A vice president of the China seasoning Association said in an interview with reporters on the incident: as long as additives are added according to national standards, there is no safety problem. Some enterprises emphasize that they do not add additives, which is unfair to enterprises that add additives according to normal standards.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If we want to promote the technological innovation of the industry, we should raise the national standards of the industry' can be logically derived from the words of the vice president of the seasoning association.


Premise: A just government never restricts the right of its citizens to act upon their desires except when their acting upon their desires is a direct threat to the health or property of other of its citizens.

Hypothesis: A just government would not ban the sale of sports cars, but it could prohibit unrestricted racing of them on public highways most closely conforms to the principle cited above.


Premise: A common phenomenon is that some best-selling popular science books imported from abroad do not sell well at home. Some people explain that this has something to do with the division of liberal arts and science that we have followed for many years. The division of liberal arts and sciences has artificially caused the separation of natural sciences and humanities and social sciences, resulting in the reader market of popular science books has not really formed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Due to the lack of science background, non-natural scientists stay away from science' will best strengthen the above point of view.


Premise: The essence of strategic game lies in the interdependence of participants' decisions, which is reflected in two ways: the first way is sequential, and the participants take turns; The second way is to take place at the same time, and the participants make moves at the same time. However, everyone must understand that there are other active participants in the game. Everyone should put himself in the position of others to evaluate the results of his action.

Hypothesis: The result of each step in the game directly affects the overall situation is consistent with this paragraph.


Premise: Synaesthesia refers to a feeling, such as vision, hearing and touch, which causes the occurrence of another feeling. It is a manifestation of sensory interaction

Hypothesis: Be beautiful enough to feast the eyes doesn't belong to synaesthesia according to the above definition.


Premise: With the continuous expansion of the scale of higher education, the competition is also intensifying. The competition among colleges and universities is an eternal theme. And the most concentrated competition is the competition of students. It is a competitive strategy for universities to offer characteristic and professional programs. At present, domestic colleges and universities are competing to offer a variety of major, minor and certificate courses. On this basis, personalized professional setting, as a unique way of training undergraduate talents, has become a unique goal to open up a new channel and effectively enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of the school.

Hypothesis: 'The unique talent training plan is a powerful weapon in the competition of various colleges and universities' is the most appropriate summary of the text.


Premise: James: Chemists have recently invented a new technique for extracting rhodium, an element necessary for manufacturing catalytic converters for automobiles, from nuclear waste. Catalytic converters function to remove noxious gases from automobile exhaust. The use of nuclear power is ttherefore contributing in at least one way to creating a cleaner environment. Marta: The technique you mention, though effective, is still at an experimental stage, so there has been no shift in the sources of the rhodium currently used in manufacturing catalytic converters.

Hypothesis: Marta responds to James's argument by pointing out a fact that James, in drawing his conclusion, did not take into account.


Premise: Social promotion, also known as social encouragement, refers to the phenomenon that when individuals engage in a certain activity, others are present to promote the completion of their activities and improve their activity efficiency.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when students are doing mathematical calculations, teachers' watching can make students fully use their brains is not a social promotion.


Premise: The social security system refers to a social security system that, under the management of the government, in accordance with certain laws and regulations, through the redistribution of national income, and relying on social security funds, to provide material assistance and services for the protection of people's lives.

Hypothesis: Uncle Li, a retired employee, was diagnosed with lung cancer not long ago. The operation and other treatments cost hundreds of thousands of yuan, and most of the medical expenses are reimbursed by the medical insurance agency is within the scope of the social security system.


Premise: Quasi-motion means that under certain conditions of time and space, people see motion between stationary objects, or continuous displacement where there is no continuous displacement.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, sitting on the ground and traveling 80,000 miles a day does not belong to the quasi-motion phenomenon.


Premise: A research report shows that with the economic development and reform and opening up, almost all the units related to planting and breeding in China have projects to introduce species from abroad. However, lotus-chinensis introduced as fodder in east China and spartina for beach protection in coastal provinces of China quickly spread and grew rapidly, invading grassland, forest areas and wasteland, forming dominant community of single species, resulting in the decline of the original plant community. Italian black bees introduced into Xinjiang quickly spread to the wild, so that the original fine wasp species Of Ili black bees almost extinct. So ____________ hold

Hypothesis: The introduction of foreign species may cause great harm to our biodiversity most logically completes the above statement.


Premise: Anna: Did you know that rainbows always occur opposite the sun, appearing high in the sky when the sun is low, and low in the sky when the sun is high? The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder claimed that this was so, in the first century A. D. William: His claim cannot be correct. After all, Pliny the Elder wrote that there are tribes of dogheaded people and beings with no heads or necks but with eyes on their shoulders, and said that smearing snails on your forehead cures headaches!

Hypothesis: William's argument against Anna's claims about rainbows is most vulnerable to criticism because it implies that Pliny the Elder's writings are too outdated to be of any value.


Premise: The Aquipos toucan is able to use its long beak to reach inside apertures in a tree's bark and feed on the insects that dwell within and that are the toucan's main food source. Several noted ornithologists have speculated that because the toucan's beak is curved in a manner similar to the openings in the bark, the beak evolved so that the toucan can best take advantage of the insects lying deep inside.

Hypothesis: The Aquipos toucan is also able to use its beak to break bark, thereby accessing insects that dwell in the trunk argues most strongly against the ornithologists' speculation.


Premise: Most small children are flat-footed. This failure of the foot to assume its natural arch, if it persists past early childhood can sometimes result in discomfort and even pain later in life. Traditionally, flat-footedness in children has been treated by having the children wear special shoes that give extra support to the foot, in order to foster the development of the arch.

Hypothesis: Flat-footed children who do not wear the special shoes are as likely to develop natural arches as are flat-footed children who wear the special shoes most calls into question the efficacy of the traditional treatment described above.


Premise: Many literary works in China have been handed down for a long time, which is deeply related to the gestalt in the hearts of the people who have been molded by culture for thousands of years, even if it is a tragedy, we should try our best to find a happy ending. Therefore, we can see that the mainstream of Chinese culture is literature, and the heavenly life depicted by literature, although far away, is deeply rooted in the lives of the people-looking forward to a better tomorrow.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the gestalt in this paragraph is the heavenly life and fairyland depicted by literature.


Premise: Professor Hartley' s new book on moral philosophy contains numerous passages that can be found verbatim in an earlier published work by Hartley' s colleague, Professor Lawrence. Ttherefore, in view of the fact that these passages were unattributed in Hartley' s book, Hartley has been dishonest in not acknowledging the intellectual debt owed to Lawrence.

Hypothesis: Hartley could not have written the new book without the passages in question is an assumption on which the argument is based.


Premise: Consequential offense refers to a crime in the objective aspect of the crime composed of harmful acts and harmful results. The completion of consequential crime requires not only criminal acts, but also legal criminal results. Without harmful results, the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete, or the elements of the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete. The result of consequential crime refers to tangible and measurable specific harmful results, It is the result consistent with the nature of the crime.

Hypothesis: Robbery is not a consequential offense according to the above definition.


Premise: Researcher: Results indicate that the higher their educational level, the better are students' mathematical skills. These results do not prove that education improves mathematical skills, however, since it is possible that students who have better mathematical skills to start with are the students who reach higher educational levels.

Hypothesis: The reasoning of the researcher's argument is most similar to that of the argument that results from competition indicate that professional athletes outperform amateur athletes but these results do not prove that becoming a professional athlete improves one's athletic performance, since it is possible that the athletes who become professionals are those whose performance is better


Premise: Global warming is considered an undisputed fact by most people, but data released by a climate change research institute shows that from the beginning of 1997 to August 2012, the overall temperature change of the world was only 0 degree. According to the agency, global warming has stopped.

Hypothesis: For the study of global climate change, more than a decade's worth of data is only a short-term figure, not a telling data, which should not doubt the institute's conclusion if true.


Premise: Brian: Reporters and photographers are legally required to automatically distort the features of any bystanders whose faces might be shown on television before they can broadcast the taped segment. Yet when people are interviewed for a story, this practice is not followed. If we were as concerned about protecting the privacy of people as we say we are, then reporters would be required to automatically distort the features of the people they interview too. Jessica: But consider this: A person being interviewed can simply ask to have his or her features distorted if he or she wants privacy, where it might not be possible for the bystanders to know they are being filmed. So you see, automatically distorting the features of people being interviewed is not necessary.

Hypothesis: Jessica attempts to counter Brian's argument by showing that information on which Brian bases his conclusion is false.


Premise: If the diversity of tree species in a forest is very rich, then the loss of one species at this time will not have much impact on the productivity of the entire forest; but when the species diversity is scarcer, the number of tree species will continue to decrease, which will affect the productivity of the entire forest. The hit to the productivity of the entire forest will be bigger and bigger.

Hypothesis: Forest-wide productivity won't be affected unless tree species diversity plummets can be inferred.


Premise: The skulls and pelvis of some dinosaurs have the same characteristics as those of all modern birds, but not all dinosaurs have such characteristics. Some scientists claim that all animals with such characteristics are dinosaurs.

Hypothesis: Modern birds are dinosaurs can be deduced according to the above statements and the claims of scientists.


Premise: Chekhov  famously said that puppies should not be flustered by the presence of large dogs. All dogs should bark loud, just as God gave them a loud voice.

Hypothesis: The law gives people the right of expression, regardless of rank is the correct interpretation of this paragraph.


Premise: There are some interns in a supermarket. According to supermarket regulations, interns can only get 800 Yuan a month for the first three months. Xiao Li is a supermarket employee. She gets 800 yuan a month.

Hypothesis: Some of those earning 800 yuan a month are interns can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: One housewife discarded a pair of old sofas. Another housewife picked them back from the outside and repaired them, so that the sofas are not only practical but also beautiful at home.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusions, everything has a certain value is correct.


Premise: Statistics teachers often debate whether to teach the mathematical theories underlying statistics or to focus on the use of statistical methods to solve real problems. This is like the difference between learning to build a car and learning to drive one. Almost all statistics courses teach building,  and if there is extra time, they may cover a tip or two on driving.  But, just as ordinary drivers do not need to know how to build a car in order to drive one, __

Hypothesis: The statement 'statistics teachers should focus on providing their students with the skills that they are most likely to use' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Mind refers to people's precipitation and storage of known things, through biological reaction (brain information processing) and the realization of a desire to need the sum of a kind of ability.

Hypothesis: Xiao Xu's pet dog Lingling barking incessantly when she saw a stranger coming into the house is an example of mind according to the above definition.


Premise: Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members' inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Ttherefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if the statement 'In the experience of most universities, educational software programs are more marketable than are books and articles' were inserted into the argument as an additional premise.


Premise: Many masterpieces in ancient Chinese painting and calligraphy are works of very small size, but this does not prevent the appreciation and worship of calligraphers and painters of later generations. On the contrary, in the current painting world, the fervour of the painting and calligraphy market has attracted a large number of new investors who lack experience in art to join. Because they lack cognition of the value judgment of painting and calligraphy, they mistakenly think that the bigger the painting is, the higher the value must be, and they buy some worthless masterpieces indiscriminately, and finally complain repeatedly. And some artists in order to cater to the market preferences, also no longer the immanent quality of single-minded focus on work, but is keen on their mood, blindly pursuing big, so big and empty, and the lack of ink and the connotation of blockbuster flood the market continuously, disrupted the market already, also make oneself more and more distant from the distance from the real art.

Hypothesis: According to the passage, investors mostly lack recognition of the value of painting and calligraphy works.


Premise: What kind of road to advance along the rule of law is directly related to the success or failure of the construction of socialist rule of law. There is no model of the rule of law of truth that applies wherever it is put in the world. If we copy the rule of law model of other countries blindly from the reality of our own country, it will have a negative effect on economic and social development. In practice, some countries simply copy the rule of law model of other countries, which not only does not achieve good governance, but also increases the factors of social instability. The rule of law is the basic feature and fundamental guarantee of modern national governance. Any country that carries out the construction of the rule of law must explore its own road of rule of law.

Hypothesis: The intended description of this passage is "We should firmly explore the road of the rule of law that suits us."


Premise: All truths are tested by practice, and the theory of relativity is truth, so the theory of relativity is tested by practice.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Metals are all conductive, carbon is metal, so carbon is conductive' has the same structure as the above reasoning.


Premise: Attention can be divided into two types: seemingly attentive and seemingly inattentive. Attention seems to mean paying attention to something on the surface, but actually thinking about something else in mind. Inattention seems to mean that you don't seem to pay attention to something but actually pay great attention to it in your heart.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Near lunchtime, the meeting is not over yet. Although many attendees appear to be listening carefully to the content of the meeting, they are thinking about what to eat for lunch' does not seem to pay attention to according to the above definition.


Premise: In speech, when words or sentences are ambiguous, gesture and tone of voice are used to indicate the intended meaning. Writers, of course, cannot use gesture or tone of voice and must rely instead on style; the reader detects the writer' s intention from the arrangement of words and sentences.

Hypothesis: The intended meaning of a piece of writing is indicated in part by the writer's arrangement of words and sentences is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: When he was a child, Jin Yuelin, a late famous logician in China, after hearing that money is like dirt and friends are worth thousands of gold, found that there were logical problems, because they could draw the absurd conclusion that friends are like dirt.

Hypothesis: Money is like dirt and friends are worth thousands of gold are either true or false can be logically inferred since friends are like dirt, this conclusion is not valid.


Premise: Extinction is inevitable for all biological species. In fact, the vast majority of all species that have ever lived are now extinct. Since all species die out eventually, there is no justification for trying to protect species that are presently endangered, even those that can be saved from extinction now.

Hypothesis: The argument that there is no reason to spend money on preventive maintenance of a car because no car can last indefinitely is most closely paralleled by the reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: A successful coffee stand that serves the workers in a large office building plans to increase its profits by adding oatmeal-a hot cereal popular among the workers-to its menu. The manager says that oatmeal is the ultimate convenience food because it can be served by the cup, as coffee is; further, offering oatmeal will enable the stand to get into the breakfast business without making a large investment, because it does not require elaborate cooking equipment.

Hypothesis: The ingredients needed to make oatmeal are inexpensive and do not spoil easily the way many fresh breakfast foods typically sold at coffee stands do would, if true, most strengthen the likelihood that the manager's plan will achieve its goal.


Premise: The British banking association organizes a training course every year to help bank staff identify counterfeit banknotes. During the training, students can't touch any counterfeit banknotes. They use real banknotes during training and talk about the characteristics of real banknotes in class. Experts explain that students get used to the feeling of real banknotes through repeated contact with real banknotes, fingers and eyes. Once they encounter counterfeit banknotes at work in the future, they will feel very uncomfortable.  Although they know nothing about the characteristics of counterfeit banknotes, they subconsciously tell them: this is not real banknotes! according to statistics, the staff who have received this training have much better recognition ability of counterfeit banknotes.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that strengthening the right information helps to improve discrimination.


Premise: As a developing country, independent innovation is not self-innovation, more non-closed innovation, and cannot exclude technology introduction, but technological innovation capabilities cannot be directly obtained through introduction, and key technologies cannot be bought. Japan and South Korea introduce technology and digest and absorb. The ratio of expenses is 1:5 and 1:8 respectively, while the ratio in our country is 1:0.15.

Hypothesis: The main problem of my country's technology introduction is over-reliance on technology introduction and weak independent innovation ability.


Premise: When the United States promotes democracy abroad, policy makers focus on the laws and institutions of other countries rather than their legitimate cultures. They argue that people will sacrifice near-term security and stability for the chance to vote. They used military intervention to promote democratic values without considering the problems it brought and without considering the values and interests of those they hoped to persuade.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the expression is that the author believes the United States has made four mistakes in promoting democracy abroad.


Premise: Last year, a shopping mall sold 20 million yuan in two days on national day. This year, the shopping mall is expected to reach 70 million yuan during National Day.

Hypothesis: The statement 'During the national day the year before last, the sales in the first five days reached 50 million yuan' best supports the above reasoning.


Premise: The researchers put themice in a labyrinth space to observe their stress behavior patterns. They found that in open, brightly lit places, mice felt stressed and panicked and found ways to escape, while drugs or genes inhibited the production of certain proteins in the amygdala of the mice brain. they will no longer have similar stress behavior patterns in the same area. The researchers concluded that the activity of this protein determines the stress resistance of mice, which in turn determines its stress behavior pattern.

Hypothesis: If the mice does not feel panic in an open, brightly lit place, then the function of the amygdala to produce this protein is inhibited can be derived from this.


Premise: Government decision-making and efficiency are usually commendable, but they are no exception. If there is no perfect framework of democratic control and supervision, the high efficiency of the government will sometimes become the high efficiency that harms the rights and interests of the people and damages the long-term social, cultural and environmental interests of a place. For example, efficient demolition without full and equal consultation with the public and full evaluation of the cultural destructive power of demolition will inevitably seriously damage the rights and interests of demolition households and destroy the cultural inheritance of the city. We don't want to be so efficient.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this passage is that the high efficiency of the government must be brought under the framework of democratic control and supervision.


Premise: In the eyes of many people, it is always good marriage. In fact, this view is not correct. Marriage not only means physical loyalty, but also includes emotional mutual support. So it cannot be said that as long as there is no third party, There is no problem with marriage. At present, there are many marriages in China that follow a pattern: husbands and wives are not derailed, but neither of them can get comfort, nourishment and healing from marriage. In fact, there is no one who makes mistakes unilaterally, everyone is Need to put more effort into my marriage.

Hypothesis: Based on the above discussion, Marriage without a third party can also be problematic can be derived.


Hypothesis: If friends are really worth thousands of gold, then money is not like dirt can be logically inferred since friends are like dirt, this conclusion is not valid.


Premise: Continuing Education: refers to non-academic education for professional and technical personnel aimed at updating, supplementing, broadening professional knowledge and training, and improving professional competence.

Hypothesis: To help primary school teachers adapt to the new curriculum standards, the education bureau has organised summer training programmes for three consecutive years belongs to the continuing education according to the above definition.


Premise: The gold standard rule means that in terms of brand positioning and advertising performance, set up a statement for the brand that can make it better than similar brands, thus reflecting that the brand is superior and superior. The contents of the gold standard rule can be as follows: emphasize leadership and professionalism; highlight the superior quality of products; establish scientific rules of use; highlight the advanced nature of the brand in technology, technology, etc.; spread the egotistical brand value and image and so on.

Hypothesis: The slogan of a meat brand is The world's leading supplier of meat! does not apply the gold standard rule according to the above definition.


Premise: With the popularity of mobile devices, mobile phones and tablets (PAD) have gradually penetrated into people's lives. Many people have also changed from cannot do without TV to cannot do without mobile phones and PAD. Some people think that more use of computers will reduce the time people spend on TV. After all, time is limited, but surveys have shown that people who spend more time on computer do not reduce their time watching TV.

Hypothesis: In order to verify the accuracy of the above survey results, the most important thing to consider is whether the types of TV programs the participants in the survey watch will change with the increase in computer time.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The sales department is in the Xin building' follows from the fact that the legal department is in the Ren building.


Premise: Analyst: A recent survey showed that although professors of biology who teach but do not pursue research made up one twentieth of all science professors, they were appointed to fewer than one twentieth of all the scientific administrative positions in universities. We can conclude from this survey that failing to pursue research tends to bias university administrators against appointing these professors to scientific administrative positions.

Hypothesis: The statement "Biologists who do research fill a disproportionately low number of scientific administrative positions in universities" most seriously weakens the support for the analyst's conclusion.


Premise: The number of automobile thefts has declined steadily during the past five years, and it is more likely now than it was five years ago that someone who steals a car will be convicted of the crime.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although there are fewer car thieves now than there were five years ago, the proportion of thieves who tend to abandon cars before their owners notice that they have been stolen has also decreased' most helps to explain the facts cited above.


Premise: As for actor certification, we are most familiar with the title of first-class actor, and one of the main criteria for the selection of first-class actor is that he has made outstanding contributions to the prosperity of China's literary and artistic undertakings, which is also vague. In addition, according to relevant data, it is only a habit to call first-class actor as national first-class actor, It can also be understood that the popularity and popularity of an actor mainly comes from his works, which has nothing to do with his professional title.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of the paragraph is on practical problems in current actor certification.


Premise: Many people who call themselves teachers are not actually teachers because teaching is not their main source of income.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the above argument hypothesis is that a person cannot be called a writer unless writing is the main source of his income. The same is true of other professions.


Premise: Synomone is a biologically released information chemical that can cause other receiving organisms to produce a response that is beneficial to both the releaser and the recipient.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the release of methyl salicylate by wheat after being attacked by Macrosiphum avenae, which can attract heterochromatic lady beetle, the natural enemy of Macrosiphum avenae, is related to synomone.


Premise: In recent years, academic misconduct and even academic corruption have become more and more serious. Some people plagiarize other people's research results, some make up experimental data, and some take patients for experiments without permission, which not only loses the bottom line of scholars, but also does not even have the bottom line of life. As a scholar, Professor Li feels very sad about this. He believes that academic corruption has reached the point where it must be punished, But the wife, who is also a scholar, said, I don't agree with you. Professor Zhang of our college is rigorous in his scholarship. He has never committed academic misconduct.

Hypothesis: Professor Zhang's case belongs to an individual case and cannot refute a universal law best refutes the wife of Professor Li's point of view.


Premise: Compound fertilizer refers to the chemical fertilizer containing three or two elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which is directly synthesized by chemical methods or processed by adding other nutrients on this basis.

Hypothesis: Potassium chloride is not a compound fertilizer according to the above definition.


Premise: Technical standards refer to the technical regulations on the quality, specifications and inspection methods of industrial and agricultural products and engineering construction, as well as the commonly used graphics and symbols in technical documents. They are a common basis for production and construction.

Hypothesis: Provisions of the state on the quality standards of infant milk powder is a technical standard according to the above definition.


Premise: Faith, belief and confidence are all important at all times. Small to a person, a collective, to a political party, a nation, a country. As long as you have faith, belief and confidence, you will be more frustrated and diligent, and you will fight more and more bravely, otherwise you will be defeated and collapse without fighting.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, we can obtain that if we do not fight and defeat ourselves, it means that we have no faith, belief and confidence.


Premise: All living organisms need metabolism, otherwise life will stop. The same is true of civilization, if it is closed to itself for a long time, it is bound to decline. Exchange and mutual learning is the essential requirement of the development of civilization. Only by communicating with other civilizations and learning from each other's strong points to make up for their weaknesses can we maintain exuberant vitality.

Hypothesis: If a civilization does not have exchanges and mutual learning with other civilizations, it cannot maintain its exuberant vitality can be concluded based on this.


Premise: The total population of a country has declined since 2005. It is estimated that by 2100, the total population of the country will be only half of the current one. Therefore, the government has issued a series of policies to encourage fertility. However, so far, the average number of children born by women in the country is only 1.3, far lower than the level of maintaining the normal renewal of the population (2.07) Therefore, some people believe that these policies to encourage fertility implemented by the government have not achieved the expected results.

Hypothesis: If the government introduced more effective policies to encourage fertility, the population could be increased, which can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: Armstrong: For the treatment of a particular disease, Dr. Sullivan argues for using nutritional supplements rather than the pharmaceuticals that most doctors prescribe. But this is in his self-interest since he is paid to endorse a line of nutritional supplements. Thus, we should not use nutritional supplements in treating the disease.

Hypothesis: Armstrong's argument is flawed because it relies solely on an appeal to an authority whose trustworthiness should not necessarily be taken for granted.


Premise: Company manager: when we recruit talents, the most important thing is the comprehensive quality and ability, not the score. In talent recruitment, it is not uncommon for people with high scores and low abilities. Obviously, we do not want to recruit such talents. As can be seen from your report card, your academic score is very high, so we have some doubts about your ability and comprehensive quality.

Hypothesis: The way managers draw conclusions is most similar to the statement 'All glittering objects are not gold. The archaeological team dug up glittering objects, so what the archaeological team dug up may not be gold.'


Premise: Every morning, the mother makes breakfast for her son in primary school. Five kinds of breakfast are noodles, dumplings, porridge, fried rice with eggs, pancakes, etc., but she only makes one of them for her son every day. It is known that: (1) making noodles is easier, twice a week, twice a week, three days apart in a week, (2) making porridge is made the day before or after the first noodle making, only once a week. (3) dumplings are also made only once a week, but this time is only once before the second noodle making. (4) making fried rice with eggs is also limited to four days apart from the day the first noodle is made in a week.(5) there was a time when the cake was made before the first time it was made noodles.

Hypothesis: Tuesday noodles is correct according to the above statement, assuming that Monday is the first day of the week.


Premise: The straw effect means that the juice around the tube can be inhaled by inhaling the fruit juice in the cup with a straw. Implanting some kind of straw in a certain area can gather resources and cause obvious regional effect.

Hypothesis: The option 'The common sense of petroleum prospecting is that the standard distance between the two mining areas is 100 meters. At present, China has explored eight oil fields in the East China Sea, including the new Bajiaoting oil and gas field' does not belong to the straw effect.


Premise: An online forum compared the recent year with the posts on social issues posted by netizens five years ago, and found that posts such as picking up money, poverty alleviation, and acting bravely for righteousness have increased by 50%. On the other hand, the number of posts related to wrongdoing, evasion and murder has increased by 90%. Thus it can be seen that the social atmosphere is deteriorating rapidly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The online forum is a legal forum' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Journalist: Obviously, though some animals are purely carnivorous, none would survive without plants. But the dependence is mutual. Many plant species would never have come to be had there been no animals to pollinate, fertilize, and broadcast their seeds. Also, plants' photosynthetic activity would deplete the carbon dioxide in Earth' s atmosphere were it not constantly being replenished by the exhalation of animals, engine fumes, and smoke from fires, many set by human beings.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the journalist's argument is that some purely carnivorous animals would not survive without plants.


Premise: Discount principle: When there are other reasons that seem to be reasonable, the effect of the cause of a certain result will be discounted.

Hypothesis: The discount principle is affected by Lao Cai seeing a young man helping an old man to cross the road and thinking to himself: Is this man the grandson of the old man?


Premise: The elementary schools in district X began a new athletic program where students participated in school-sponsored sports at least three times per week. During this last school year, the number of obese students attending elementary schools in district X decreased substantially. Based on these figures, the district' s superintendent decided that the new athletic program was more effectual in keeping children, at least while in elementary school, from being obese.

Hypothesis: Obesity, like other unhealthy conditions, can lead to decreased cardiovascular health, increased joint pain, and self-esteem problems weaken the superintendent's conclusion EXCEPT.


Premise: Compensatory wage gap: refers to the wage difference caused by the non-monetary characteristics of different jobs.

Hypothesis: The statement "The salary of professors is lower than that of lawyers and doctors received roughly the same amount time of education. The low salary can be compensated by the academic and personal satisfaction brought about by the work" is not related to compensatory wages according to the above definition.


Premise: Psychosomatic diseases refer to physical diseases in which psychosocial factors are the main reason or triggers involved in the onset of disease.

Hypothesis: Xiao Yang unfortunately contracted AIDS due to a blood transfusion, and was depressed and unhappy, and wanted to commit suicide several times is a psychosomatic disease.


Premise: Everything should have a limit, just like cooking, when the fire is small, it will not be well-cooked; when the fire is over, it will burn; only when it is moderate, you can have a delicious meal. But this limit is not a kind of eclecticism, different things has also have different limits.

Hypothesis: The limit of things is impossible to know and cannot be measured indicates that only by knowing the limits of things, can they be done well.


Premise: Lecturer: Given our current state of knowledge and technology, we can say that the generalization that the entropy of a closed system cannot decrease for any spontaneous process has not been falsified by any of our tests of that generalization. So we conclude it to be true universally. Yet, it must be admitted that this generalization has not been conclusively verified, in the sense that it has not been tested in every corner of the universe, under every feasible condition. Nevertheless, this generalization is correctly regarded as a scientific law; indeed, it is referred to as the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Hypothesis: If a generalization is confirmed only under a few circumstances, it should not be considered a scientific law most justifies the lecturer's classification of the generalization described above.


Premise: Under the current compulsory education investment system, the county finance can barely afford teachers' wages, and the central and provincial finance can subsidize some teachers' wages and school construction funds, but all the remaining gaps are left to the school itself. Some rural primary and secondary school principals reflect that compulsory education has now become the obligation of the school.

Hypothesis: Compulsory education is the responsibility of schools, which means that it has now become a school obligation.


Premise: According to the calculation of grain supply, although China's grain self-sufficiency rate dropped to 90% in 2011, it mainly imports soybeans rather than grains and the self-sufficiency rate of the main grain varieties rice, wheat and corn still exceeds 98%.

Hypothesis: The statement 'China needs to greatly increase the import of grain varieties' is described in this passage.


Premise: People who have spent a lot of time in contact with animals often develop animal-induced allergies, a significant percentage of which are quite serious. In a survey of current employees in major zoos, about 30 percent had animal-induced allergies. However, a zoo employee who develops a serious animal-induced allergy is very likely to switch to some other occupation.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis that the incidence of serious animal-induced allergies among current zoo employees is lower than that among the general population receives the strongest support from the information given.


Premise: Everyone who came into contact with H1N1 was quarantined. Everyone who was quarantined came into contact with Wang.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is true, someone may not have been exposed to H1N1, but they were exposed to Xiao Wang.


Premise: However, there are many criticisms and even attacks on the use of tests; the use of tests sometimes even brings undesirable consequences. The reason for this is that the test itself is not perfect, just like many things in the world are not perfect. , It is more that people misunderstand and misuse quizzes just like we often misunderstand and misuse many other things in the world.

Hypothesis: We should continue to improve the test and guide people to correctly understand and use the test is correct.


Premise: Citizens of Parktown are worried by the increased frequency of serious crimes committed by local teenagers. In response, the city government has instituted a series of measures designed to keep teenagers at home in the late evening. Even if the measures succeed in keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns citizens, since most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p. m. and 6 p. m.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The crimes committed by teenagers in the afternoon are mostly small thefts and inconsequential vandalism' most substantially weakens the argument.


Premise: Buzzwords are the direct reflection of people's social life and reflect the color of the times. Just like electricity derives a batch of words with electricity, the emergence of network will inevitably derive a number of words with network, which makes network change from a new word to a basic word. Network-related words will gradually establish their own position in the Chinese word system. Neologisms that use ideographic methods are more acceptable, such as PC. Machine-personal computer , E-mail , etc. If we restrict and criticize the new words too strictly, it will limit its vitality and is not conducive to the construction of a harmonious language life.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is "We should adopt a tolerant attitude towards the new phenomena in language life."


Premise: Generalization refers to a logical error in applying inductive reasoning to draw a conclusion only based on the investigation of a few non typical objects, or even ignoring the existence of counterexamples, and treat this conclusion as a reliable conclusion.

Hypothesis: The inference 'The sum of the three internal angles of a right triangle, an acute triangle and an obtuse triangle is 180 degrees. Therefore, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle is 180 degrees' does not involve generalization.


Premise: Family migration refers to the phenomenon of one-way population flow in which family members leave their original residence and move to the destination with the main factors of production.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Wang and his wife moving their family to the working city because of the job transfer is the family migration.


Premise: The survey shows that very few people aged 85-90 are left-handed. Sociologists believe that this is because 80 years ago, if children ate or wrote with their left hand, they would be beaten, so they were forced to use their right hand.

Hypothesis: The statement that using the right hand is smarter and that there is no scientific basis for this claim can be strengthened by this survey.


Premise: Individual partnership refers to two or more citizens who provide capital, physical objects, technology, etc., operate in partnership, and work together in accordance with the agreement.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhao and Qian made an verbal agreement to rent a storefront house in the downtown area to run a clothing store in partnership and soon the owner Sun agreed to join the partnership at a discount of 20,000 yuan for the storefront house, but he did not participate in the operation, and only received 10% of the operating income every six months belongs to individual partnership.


Premise: Social assistance refers to the system that the state provides assistance to social members who cannot maintain the minimum living standard due to natural disasters or other economic and social reasons through the redistribution of national income, so as to ensure their minimum living standard.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, China implementing nine-year compulsory education, which is free of tuition and miscellaneous fees, does not belong to social assistance.


Premise: There is a well-known investment philosophy, that is, invest in a company with a moat. The general idea is that a company must have sufficient competitive advantages to resist the encroachment of other competitors on its own profitability. Investors can only invest in this way. Companies are likely to bring excess returns. However, moats often have traps, and the most common trap is market share. A higher market share is usually regarded by investors as the moat of the company, but practice has proved that this is not the case. Unreliable. Market share only illustrates the company's past performance, not the future. If there is not enough ability to resist foreign invasion, the company will have to maintain market share through price wars, and the result must be a sharp decline in profitability.

Hypothesis: According to this text, understanding competitive advantage as market share is one-sided.


Premise: The loss sensitivity effect means that people are different in sensitivity to loss and gain. People are more sensitive to loss than gain. That is, the pain caused by the decrease of wealth is not equal to the happiness caused by the increase of the same amount of wealth. The former is greater than the latter.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, emphasizing losses is more convincing than emphasizing gains when losses and gains are equal belongs to the loss sensitivity effect.


Premise: Reverse urbanization refers to the phenomenon that urban residents take the initiative to flow from urban areas to suburban or rural areas due to work, life, environment and other reasons.

Hypothesis: Due to the adjustment of the establishment system, Ms. Lin's husband moved from the big city to the Gobi Desert thousands of miles away. In order to support her husband's work, Ms. Lin planned to take her son to settle down near the new residence belongs to the reverse urbanization.


Premise: In the 20th century, a generation of seekers disappointed by Western civilization, faced with increasingly frequent exchanges and contacts between the East and the West, and not satisfied with the way their predecessors indirectly recognized the Chinese spirit, embarked on the journey of pilgrimage to the East one after another. to open up a new way to face dialogue directly. They all dream of using the spirit of Chinese philosophy to cure the ills of western society, looking forward to finding a panacea for themselves and strategies for correcting their own culture. This determines that when they accept the value of Chinese culture and share the quintessence of Chinese thought, it is difficult for them to avoid the usual practical orientation of their predecessors.

Hypothesis: Chinese scholars believe that Chinese philosophical thought can cut off the ills of Western society is consistent with the original text.


Premise: In computer language, there is a logical operation in which if two digits are zero on the same digit, the sum is zero, one is zero, one is one, or both are one, and the sum is one.

Hypothesis: If the sum is zero, both numbers must be zero is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: Recently, researchers have discovered the first type of gene mutation that helps fight Alzheimer's disease. People who carry this type of gene mutation have a greatly reduced risk of developing dementia symptoms after entering old age. Researchers conducted health surveys and gene sequencing on 1795 study subjects. Later, it was discovered that the gene that affects Alzheimer's disease, the amyloid precursor protein gene, has different types of mutations, and some people who carry one of these types of mutations are relatively less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. The researchers explained that Alzheimer's disease The cause of the disease is the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein in the brain. This is caused by beta-amyloid precursor protein lyase 1 cutting large pieces of protein into small pieces. This mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene Type can limit the function of beta amyloid precursor protein lyase 1, thereby reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Hypothesis: If true, the restriction of the function of beta-amyloid precursor protein lyase 1 can support the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: A person's personality includes personality orientation and personality psychological characteristic. Personality orientation refers to a person's attitude towards objective reality, which is the basic motivation for people's activities, including needs, motivations, interests, ideals, world outlook, outlook on life, and values. Personality psychological characteristic refers to the typical, stable characteristics that individuals often show.

Hypothesis: According to this definition, emotion is not the concept of personality.


Premise: On the basis of the available evidence, Antarctica has generally been thought to have been covered by ice for at least the past 14 million years. Recently, however, three-million-year-old fossils of a kind previously found only in ocean-floor sediments were discovered under the ice sheet covering central Antarctica. About three million years ago, ttherefore, the Antarctic ice sheet must temporarily have melted. After all, either severe climatic warming or volcanic activity in Antarctica' s mountains could have melted the ice sheet, thus raising sea levels and submerging the continent.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that Antarctica is no longer generally thought to have been covered by ice for the past 14 million years.


Premise: A warehouse has six warehouses and is arranged in order from 1 to 6. There are six kinds of goods, namely F, G, L, M, P and T. Each warehouse stores exactly one of the six kinds of goods, and different kinds of goods cannot be stored in the same warehouse. The following conditions need to be met when storing goods: (1) the warehouse number for storing goods G is larger than that for storing L. (2) the warehouse number for storing goods L is larger than that for storing T. (3) the warehouse number for storing goods P is larger than that for storing F.(4)the warehouse for storing goods T is next to the warehouse for storing goods P.

Hypothesis: Option P cannot be stored in warehouse 4.


Premise: A company recruitment when there are Zhang san, Li shi, Wang wu, Zhao liu, Qian qi five people shortlisted. From the educational background, there are 2 masters and 3 phds, and from the sex, 3 men and 2 women. It is known that Li shi and Wang Wu are of the same sex, while Zhao liu and Qian qi are of different sexes; Li shi and Qian qi have the same educational background, but Wang wu and Zhao liu have different educational background. In the end, only one female master applied successfully.

Hypothesis: The successful candidate is Wang Wu.


Premise: A company' s two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant' can properly be inferred from the statement above regarding the past three years.


Premise: Three-dimensional agriculture refers to the full utilization of crops in time and space. According to the different characteristics of different crops, such as high stalk and short stalk, rich light and shade tolerance, early and late maturity, deep and shallow roots, legumes and gramineous, use them in The time and space differences in the growth process are rationally implemented scientific interplanting, interplanting, mixed seeding, rotation and other supporting plantings, forming a variety of crops, multi-level, multi-sequential three-dimensional intercropping planting structure.

Hypothesis: A grow soybeans in his own cornfield belongs to three-dimensional agriculture according to the above definition.


Premise: ①Language is a symbol system, and the symbol system of each language bears the imprint of culture, which is the result of the collective cognition of the language community, and is the carrier of culture, which is the body of language. ②Language and Culture is one with two sides, and no one can completely separate language and culture. This is determined by the attributes of language. ③Therefore, there is no need to highlight cultural communication in international Chinese education, because learning a language is impossible without involving this kind of language. The cultural content carried by language is self-evident .④the values of people and social groups who use this language implicit in language, and such values are often unaware of. ⑤ language is also thinking Tools and communication tools. When we use a language to think and communicate, it is impossible not to be influenced by this language. This is like the use of a language.

Hypothesis: The correct word order of the above five sentences is ②①⑤④③.


Premise: The newspaper group of a certain city encountered difficulties in operation and went to a consulting company for assistance. The consulting company sent Dr. Zhang to investigate the period of the publishing of the target newspaper. There is a morning paper in the morning, a daily newspaper in the morning and an evening paper in the afternoon, all of which are not prepared for night. Dr. Zhang suggested that they should set up a Metropolitan Night News to occupy this market.

Hypothesis: In the evening, people are used to watching TV programs and seldom read newspapers can properly point out the problems in Dr. Zhang's analysis.


Premise: A former vice president of the Shanxi vinegar industry association said that only 5% of the Shanxi aged vinegar sold on the market is the real Shanxi aged vinegar without additives. A vice president of the China seasoning Association said in an interview with reporters on the incident: as long as additives are added according to national standards, there is no safety problem. Some enterprises emphasize that they do not add additives, which is unfair to enterprises that add additives according to normal standards.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If we want to promote the technological innovation of the industry, we should raise the national standards of the industry' can be logically derived from the words of the vice president of the seasoning association.


Premise: Traditional Chinese painting pays attention to knowing the white and keeping the black, which means that the black is the painting and the white is the blank. The blank  left on the picture should be valued as much as the image of the painting. In other words, the blank  should be reasonable and conform to the composition rules. The most taboo is the same size and shape of the blank, the most taboo is the blank like round, square, the most taboo is the blank scattered like stars. Good blanks are large and small, are irregular triangles and the blanks left are complete and unified.

Hypothesis: The characteristics of traditional chinese painting is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: The long tail theory holds that all non-mainstream markets will add up to form a market larger than the mainstream market, and these small amounts of demand will form a long tail on the demand curve, achieving a large number of minorities. On the long tail, personalization, which has been squeezed and ignored by popular fashion, will be highlighted. A typical example is the opportunity that the Internet brings to books. The production and dissemination costs of a book in a bookstore are not the same as those on the Internet. The unlimited space of the Internet makes the cost drop, and the total sales with the least demand can always match the total number of mainstream and most needed bestsellers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The large amount of demand in the niche market can also match the mainstream market' conforms to the context.


Premise: The secrecy of official documents in ancient China can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty. According to historical records, Tai Shi Ling official collection of graphic method (that is, important national records and archives); during the Shang Dynasty, he set up the official position of keeping the history of the government, which was specially responsible for the custody of government official documents and books; and the Zhou Dynasty inherited the tradition of the Shang Dynasty. the original documents were collected in Tianfu, the earliest central archival institution in the history of our country. In the Qin Dynasty, it was a common practice to seal the documents and use sealing mud in the process of transmission. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the word sealing mud used to keep office documents secret became a metaphor for guarding the pass. The Book of the later Han Dynasty recorded: (Wang) Yuan please take a pill of mud as the king of Dongfeng Hangu pass for a lifetime. Explain that gatekeeping is like sealing mud, you should be careful not to have the slightest omission.

Hypothesis: The main introduction of this passage is the secrecy methods of official documents in past dynasties.


Premise: Claude: When I' m having lunch with job candidates, I watch to see if they salt their food without first tasting it. If they do, I count that against them, because they' re making decisions based on inadequate information. Larissa: That' s silly. It' s perfectly reasonable for me to wear a sweater whenever I go into a supermarket, because I already know supermarkets are always too cool inside to suit me. And I never open a credit card offer that comes in the mail, because I already know that no matter how low its interest rate may be, it will never be worthwhile for me.

Hypothesis: The two analogies that Larissa offers can most reasonably be interpreted as invoking the principle that in professional decision-making contexts, those who have the responsibility of judging other people's suitability for a job should not use observations of job-related behavior as a basis for inferring general conclusions about those people's character to criticize Claude's policy.


Premise: Telecommunications fraud refers to the criminal act that criminals release false information, set up scams, implement remote and non-contact fraud against the victims through telephone, network and SMS, induce the victims to make money or transfer money to the criminals, and illegally occupy other people's property.

Hypothesis: Mrs. Li called the cleaner. Wang, the cleaner sent by the housekeeping company, tricked Mrs. Li to buy thousands of yuan of health care products from Wang's husband's store is not telecommunications fraud according to the above definition.


Premise: Each biological cell can be seen as a miniature battery or a miniature magnetic pole. After accurately measuring the magnetic activity of the human body, it is believed that the sources of biological magnetism may be: (1) the magnetic field produced by the movement of biological charge, (2) the induction field produced by biomagnetic materials, that is, some substances in living tissues have certain magnetism, the induced magnetic field produced by them under the action of geomagnetic field or external magnetic field, and (3) the magnetic field produced by strong magnetic materials in living organisms.

Hypothesis: Since each cell is a miniature battery and a magnetic pole, there is biomagnetism does not meet the meaning of this paragraph.


Premise: Archaeology is a science that studies how to find and obtain the physical remains of ancient human society, and how to study the history of human society based on these remains. In other words, archaeology is the science of studying history through physical objects based on scientific excavation.

Hypothesis: Study the age of unearthed farm tools belongs to archaeology according to the above definition.


Premise: The development gap measured by per capita income implies a difference in the structure of resource endowment, that is, developed regions have relatively rich capital factors, so they have a comparative advantage in capital-intensive industries. The relatively undeveloped regions have the comparative advantages of abundant labor and low production cost. The difference of resource endowment structure between the eastern and western regions can undoubtedly become the opportunity for the economic development of the central and western regions to catch up.

Hypothesis: The differences in resource endowments in different regions have advantages and disadvantages is not true.


Premise: Most of the mines that Moradco operates in the province of Velyena have never violated environmental regulations. Every one of the gold mines that Moradco operates throughout the world has at some time or another violated environmental regulations.

Hypothesis: Most of the mines that Moradco operates in Velyena are not gold mines follows logically from the statements above.


Premise: Book publishers have traditionally published a few books that they thought were of intrinsic merit even though these books were unlikely to make a profit. Nowadays, however, fewer of these books are being published. It seems, ttherefore, that publishers now, more than ever, are more interested in making money than in publishing books of intrinsic value.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In recent years, profits in the book publishing industry have been declining' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Mobile payment is now rapidly gaining popularity in large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. However, not all Chinese are familiar with this new method of payment and many elderly people are still used to traditional cash transactions. As a result, some experts assert that the rapid popularity of mobile payments will keep the elderly out of the consumer economy, thus affecting their quality of life in their later years.

Hypothesis: Because of their advanced age, many elderly people do not shop directly, and the goods they need are generally provided by their children or society, and they are very happy in their twilight years can best question the expert's assertion.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Businesses are typically motivated primarily by the desire to make as great a profit as possible, and advertising helps businesses to achieve this goal. But it is clear that the motive of maximizing profits does not impel businesses to present accurate information in their advertisements. It follows that consumers should be skeptical of the claims made in advertisements.

Hypothesis: Many consumers have a cynical attitude toward advertising would not strengthen the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: A music producer is recording seven records one after another: F, G, H, J, K, L and M, but it doesn't have to be in this order. When arranging the recording order of these seven records, the following conditions must be met: (l) F must be in the second place. (2) J can not be ranked seventh. (3) G can neither be immediately in front of H nor immediately after H. (4) H must be somewhere in front of L. (5) L must be somewhere in front of M.

Hypothesis: The earliest location of recording M is Forth.


Premise: A certain city TV station launched a health program for elderly viewers. This program was organized for many elderly people to watch during the trial broadcast, and it was well received. However, after the official broadcast, the ratings were very unsatisfactory.

Hypothesis: The statement "Watching TV for too long is not good for the health of the elderly" can best explain the above contradiction.


Premise: If enterprises want to build a scientific and technological innovation center, they must promote cooperation with universities and scientific and technological institutions, so as to stimulate the vitality of independent innovation. Only by building a strategic platform for serving the development of scientific and technological innovation, a platform for the docking of scientific and technological innovation and economic development, and a platform for gathering innovative talents, can an enterprise produce major scientific and technological achievements.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, it can be derived that if enterprises build a platform to serve the development strategy of scientific and technological innovation, it will be able to give birth to major scientific and technological achievements.


Premise: Smith: Under the International Rare Animal Protection Regulations, hybrid animals are not protected under the Regulations.Red wolves are among the subjects protected by the International Regulations on the Protection of Rare Animals. The latest genetic research techniques have found that red wolves, long considered purebred species, are actually re-acquired by hybridization of mountain dogs and grey wolves.Since red wolves clearly need protection, the regulation should be amended. Make it protect hybrid animals. Zhang Dazhong: Your point of view cannot be established.Because if the red wolf is indeed a hybrid of mountain dogs and gray wolves, then in fact, the red wolf is now extinct, can still be re-acquired through the hybridization of mountain dogs and gray wolves.

Hypothesis: Zhang's rebuttal hypothesis is most likely to be that the current technology used to identify whether a certain animal is a hybrid is reliable.


Premise: Reduction refers to the reduction of resource consumption and waste generation in the process of production, circulation and consumption. It is a kind of circular economy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an enterprise that eliminated its energy consuming production technology does not belong to reduction.


Premise: Some countries in the Alliance of Small Island States are located in tropical regions. The small island countries in these tropical regions have beautiful scenery and rich products. In recent years, these beautiful small island countries have been paid more and more attention by the world, and have gradually become the first choice for tourists from all over the world. Driven by the tourism boom in island countries, the economies of these small island countries are developing rapidly.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that countries in the tropics have beautiful scenery and rich products is correct.


Premise: Vandenburg: This art museum is not adhering to its purpose. Its founders intended it to devote as much attention to contemporary art as to the art of earlier periods, but its collection of contemporary art is far smaller than its other collections. Simpson: The relatively small size of the museum' s contemporary art collection is appropriate. It' s an art museum, not an ethnographic museum designed to collect every style of every period. Its contemporary art collection is small because its curators believe that there is little high-quality contemporary art.

Hypothesis: The principle 'An art museum should collect only works that its curators consider to be of high artistic quality' most helps to justify the reasoning in Simpson's response to Vandenburg.


Premise: The well-being of the people in the current sense is different from the simple state of food and clothing in the history, but includes extremely rich contents: not only the rights and dignity of the people, but also the income and consumption of the people, as well as freedom, security, social security and spiritual life.

Hypothesis: The main statement according to the above text is that the connotation of people's well-being has changed greatly compared with the past.


Premise: The invitation tender is a kind of trading method in which the tenderer does not go through the general transaction consultation procedure before buying and selling bulk commodities, contracting construction projects or cooperating in a certain business, but invites the applicant to submit an offer to compete publicly, and finally the tenderer chooses the object of the transaction to make a contract.

Hypothesis: Zhang plans to sell the suburban villa, stating that it can be negotiated on the basis of no less than 2 million yuan is the invitation tender.


Premise: The right to know means that a citizen has the right to know what he should know. The state shall limit to the maximum extent the recognition and protection of citizens' right to know and access information,especially government affairs information.

Hypothesis: American voters are demanding an open vote on the new president does not belong to the scope of the right to know according to the above definition.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: The next speaker after M, if L speaks before lunch and M is not the sixth speaker, is N.