Premise: Midlevel managers at large corporations are unlikely to suggest reductions in staff in their own departments even when these departments are obviously overstaffed.

Hypothesis: Many large corporations allow managers to offer early retirement as a means of reducing staff does not support the claim above.


Premise: The spread of rumors refers to the informal dissemination of incorrect facts, which deliberately exaggerates, exaggerates, distorts, or simply creates something out of nothing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the spread of rumors includes posting a statement on the Baidu website that the earthquake was man-made and related to the United States.


Premise: Nutritionists believe that a person' s daily requirement for vitamins can readily be met by eating five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. However, most people eat far less than this. Thus, most people need to take vitamin pills.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Fruits and vegetables are also important sources of fiber, in forms not found in vitamin pills' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Commodity is the product of labor produced for exchange.

Hypothesis: The vegetables that Zhao grows in front of the house for his own consumption is not a commodity.


Premise: Scientists applied desulfurization ash from some power plants to 40 mu of saline-alkali land in Inner Mongolia. As a result, corn and grass grew in this land. The scientists concluded that the desulfurized ash from coal-fired power plants can be used to transform saline-alkali land.

Hypothesis: The main component of desulfurization ash is gypsum, and the use of gypsum to improve saline-alkali land has a history of more than 100 years, if true, best supports the scientist's conclusion.


Premise: Linguistic intelligence refers to the use of computer programs to achieve language communication between humans and machines, or to allow machines to autonomously complete language-related tasks.

Hypothesis: In a poetry competition, according to the key words spoken by the judges, the robot Xiao Wei wrote several works with gorgeous rhetoric and fresh artistic conception on the spot is an example of linguistic intelligence.


Premise: When you think of society as a complex system, pay attention to the dynamic coordination of multiple factors to better promote social harmony. If you encounter problems, start from the concept, make simple qualitative and judgment, and strive for consistency Either one or the other. This kind of simplification, one-sidedness, and extremeness of thinking is incompatible with the harmonious society.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that building a harmonious society requires systematic thinking.


Premise: Fever is a common symptom in children. There are often such children in clinical practice. Low fever usually lasts for a while after the fever subsides, but the physical signs and laboratory parameters are normal. At the same time, there was no obvious discomfort and the child's mental status was good. Western medicine has no specific treatment. In addition, some patients have fever of unknown cause, which often lasts for 1 ~ 2 months. As a result, these children often seek treatment in traditional Chinese medicine.

Hypothesis: The effect of traditional Chinese medicine on persistent fever in children is better can be inferred from the text.


Premise: Water vapor evaporated from the ocean contains a greater proportion of oxygen-16 and a smaller proportion of the heavier oxygen-18 than does seawater. Normally, this phenomenon has no effect on the overall composition of the ocean, because evaporated seawater returns to the ocean through precipitation. During an ice age, however, a large amount of precipitation falls on ice caps, where it is trapped as ice.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the concentration of oxygen-18 in seawater is increased is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Nutritionist: The food pyramid was amended to provide the public with a healthier nutrition plan to combat the obesity epidemic. The base of the previous food pyramid -- the grains group -- advised people to eat six-to-eleven servings of pasta and bread per day. In contrast, the updated pictorial nutrition guide shows a plate, and it reduces the percentage of dietary intake of grains and replaces the difference with lean proteins and vegetables. The updated guide has been wildly successful, as citizens have lost a significant amount of weight.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Eating more lean proteins and vegetables contributes to weight loss' most strengthens the nutritionist's conclusion.


Premise: Editorial: The most vocal proponents of the proposed law are not permanent residents of this island but rather a few of the wealthiest summer residents, who leave when the vacation months have passed. These people will benefit from passage of this law while not having to deal with the problems associated with its adoption. Ttherefore, anyone who supports the proposed law is serving only the interests of a few outsiders at the cost of creating problems for the island' s permanent residents.

Hypothesis: Most of the island's summer residents support passage of this law is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Some studies claim that cancer cells are afraid of heat, and high body temperature can fight cancer. The most cancer-prone organs in the human body, including the lungs, stomach, large intestine, and breast, are all parts of the body with lower body temperature, and high temperature organs such as the heart are not easy to get Cancer. Therefore, you can use exercise, drinking hot water, bathing and other methods to raise your body temperature to fight cancer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The human body temperature has a precise regulation mechanism, which basically maintains a stable state, and there is no obvious temperature difference between the various organs in the body' can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: The function of government is to meet the real needs of the people, and unless the government knows what those needs are, the government cannot meet those needs. Freedom of speech ensures that government officials hear such needs. Therefore, freedom of speech is essential to a healthy nation.

Hypothesis: Freedom of speech is not sufficient to meet the needs of the people, and a good social order is also essential does not weaken the above argument.


Premise: In marketing their products, drug companies often send gifts to physicians. According to a recent survey, most physicians believe that their own choices when prescribing drugs are not influenced by drug companies' gifts. The same survey indicates that the majority of physicians believe that most other physicians' prescription choices are influenced by such gifts.

Hypothesis: Some physicians are mistaken either about the degree to which they are influenced by gifts from drug companies or about the degree to which such gifts influence other physicians must be true if the survey results are accurate.


Premise: According to statistics, traffic accidents caused by battery cars account for more than 40% of all traffic accidents, which has attracted the attention of relevant state departments. The occurrence of battery car accidents is mainly caused by the fast speed of battery cars and the failure of battery owners to comply with traffic rules. The state has strengthened its The management of battery cars stipulates that the speed of new production and sales of battery cars should not exceed 25KM/h, and the quality should not exceed 55KG. Experts believe that this can greatly reduce traffic accidents caused by battery cars.

Hypothesis: The traffic accident caused by the battery car is mainly caused by the excessively fast speed of the battery car itself is true and most questions the conclusion of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: Certain bacteria that produce hydrogen sulfide as a waste product would die if directly exposed to oxygen. The hydrogen sulfide reacts with oxygen, removing it and so preventing it from harming the bacteria. Furthermore, the hydrogen sulfide tends to kill other organisms in the area, thereby providing the bacteria with a source of food. As a result, a dense colony of these bacteria produces for itself an environment in which it can continue to thrive indefinitely.

Hypothesis: A dense colony of the bacteria can indefinitely continue to produce enough hydrogen sulfide to kill other organisms in the area and to prevent oxygen from harming the bacteria is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: In different countries and different periods, the science and technology management system can be different and can be innovated, but there is one system that is particularly important and universal: the generalization of the innovation subject, or the whole people or the affinity to the people of the innovation strategy. In other words, it should be the basic starting point to build a great system and environment of independent innovation for everyone to have the spirit of change and innovation and the opportunity to show every invention.

Hypothesis: The importance of science and technology management system is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Only those who play well in Gateball can join the Gateball Association. All the Croquet Association wore sun hats. Some retired comrades are members of the Gateball Association. No one on a certain street can play croquet.

Hypothesis: Some retired comrades are good at croquet cannot confirm the true or false.


Premise: The desolation of the shopping mall website has a lot to do with the business philosophy of the mall managers. they are too dependent on the traditional mode of operation, and they think that as long as they have a reasonable allocation of personnel and commodities, they have a certain advantage in price. then rely on the traditional publicity model to promote their own brand, especially after the mall has had a certain influence in the local area, managers would rather invest money in sales and promotion. Will not easily set foot in the field of online shopping. As a result, the websites of some shopping malls are nominal.

Hypothesis: The meaning of this passage is that the business philosophy of some mall managers leads to the failure of shopping mall websites as expected.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: M is in the bookbinding group if both K and L are members of two groups, and the printing group has exactly three members.


Premise: The football match in Master Cup 2003 China robot competition is going on. Three professors predict the final results: Professor Zhao said: The champion is not Tsinghua University team or Zhejiang University team. Professor Qian said: The champion is not Tsinghua University team, but China University of Science and Technology team. Professor Sun said: The champion is not the China University of Science and Technology team, but the Tsinghua University team. The competition results show that only one of them is right in both judgments, one is right and one is wrong, and the other is all wrong.

Hypothesis: The Tsinghua University team is likely to win the championship based on the above.


Premise: The diversity of the international community is conducive to learning from each other's strengths and complementing each other's weaknesses. No matter whether the social systems are the same or different, they can and should learn from each other; On the contrary, no one will want to learn if they are forced again. Countries should also find a convergence of interests and cooperate to solve the common problems faced by mankind. These areas of cooperation are very wide, such as sustainable development, pollution control, opposition to drugs and terrorist activities, etc.

Hypothesis: The differences in the degree of civilization between countries are narrowing day by day can be inferred.


Premise: The microwave oven relies on the microwave to make the internal molecules of the food move violently and make the food itself hot, so that the food is heated evenly inside and outside, and the phenomenon of exogenous internal coke will not occur.  Induction cooker by heating the bottom of the pot, transfers heat from the outside of the food to the inside to complete cooking, which is more in line with people's traditional cooking habits, while the direct heating of the bottom of the pot by using eddy current avoids the loss in the process of heat transfer, there is no open fire, and it is hygienic and safe,this is better than the electric stove.

Hypothesis: The induction cooker is the same as the electric stove, there will be the phenomenon of external coke and endogenesis of food cannot be inferred.


Premise: Compared with genes, man-made components (artifacts) have a more powerful intervention in human evolution. From the controlled use of fire to the invention of stirrups and even supercomputers, from rough utensils to artistic creations, from primitive worship to nirvana? The recognition of the realm, from the gathering and hunting of food to the exploration of the fate of the universe. Cultural components change people's behavior and thinking, and even change the natural track of human genetic inheritance.

Hypothesis: The influence of man-made components on human evolution conforms to the context.


Premise: At the dinosaur excavation site in Xinjiang, experts predict that dinosaur skulls may be found.

Hypothesis: The proposition 'Not necessarily find dinosaur skulls' has the same meaning as an expert.


Premise: Ten thousand years ago many communities in western Asia stopped procuring food by hunting and gathering and began instead to cultivate food. Archaeological evidence reveals that compared to their hunter-gatherer forebears, the early agricultural peoples ate a poorly balanced diet and had diet-related health problems, yet these peoples never returned to hunting and gathering.

Hypothesis: An increase in population density at the time required a higher food production rate than hunting and gathering could provide most helps to explain why the agricultural peoples of western Asia never returned to hunting and gathering.


Premise: The market gap maker strategy refers to the relatively weak enterprises in the industry, in order to avoid head-on conflicts with powerful enterprises in the competition, choose unsatisfied market segments and provide special products or services to market segments in order to seek survival and development.

Hypothesis: A newly established cosmetics company specializing in developing and producing skin care products suitable for the elderly, which are scarce in the market, belongs to the market gap strategy according to the above definition.


Premise: One belt, one road to life is the only slogan that can only be achieved if we integrate the ideals of life into the cause of the nation and the nation. This is not an empty slogan. From the volunteer action of the Wenchuan earthquake to the torch relay of the Beijing Olympic Games, from the anti - Tibetan independence anti - Tibetan independence to the youth spreading, the young generation has a strong sense of national confidence and national honor. The times also requires us to shoulder the important task of national rejuvenation with a solid shoulder. Whether it is a young college student in the ivory tower, a young village official rooted at the grass-roots level, or an express brother walking through the streets and small ports, as long as we do our job well, we are not contributing to our country and home? Bring your personal dreams into the current of the times, let your vigorous youth resonate with your family and country, and make the color of life more gorgeous.

Hypothesis: The option 'In youth, it is thick because of dedication' is most suitable for the title of this paragraph.


Premise: The reverse fallacy refers to a logical error in judging whether an opinion is correct or not based on the result generated if a certain opinion is valid (or not).

Hypothesis: The statement "If you don't listen to me, I will deduct your pocket money, so it is right for you to listen to me" has reverse fallacy according to the definition.


Premise: The earliest foundation of Beijing City was Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. In the next thousand years, Beijing has undergone four large-scale developments, expansions, or new constructions. They were the Yuan capital in the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty. In most cities, the inner city built in the early Ming Dynasty and the outer city built after the middle period, Beijing's convex-shaped city wall was completed in this way. The Qing Dynasty inherited Beijing from the Ming Dynasty, and the overall layout system of the city was not changed until the modern era.

Hypothesis: The first large-scale development of Beijing City was in the Yuan Dynasty is correct.


Premise: Political candidates' speeches are loaded with promises and with expressions of good intention, but one must not forget that the politicians' purpose in giving these speeches is to get themselves elected. Clearly, then, these speeches are selfishly motivated and the promises made in them are unreliable.

Hypothesis: The argument overlooks the fact that a promise need not be unreliable just because the person who made it had an ulterior motive for doing so most accurately describes a flaw in the argument above.


Premise: Crisis management planning refers to a comprehensive process of some methods and measures to prevent the outbreak of a crisis or reduce and eliminate the risks and losses caused by the crisis, so as to make people more effectively master things and social public opinion through planning means.

Hypothesis: The house suddenly collapsed and Xiao Liu escaped from the crack because of his short stature and fast running does not belong to crisis management planning according to the above definition.


Premise: A batch of new products are not up to standard. After inspection, the reason is not due to the poor quality of raw materials or the design error of the products. From this we conclude that the sub-standard products are due to the low skill level of the workers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are many factors that affect the quality of products' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Advertisement: The new Reflex computer represents a conceptual advance. Unlike traditional computers, the Reflex has a built-in monitoring function that continuously checks all other computer operations and lets you know if they are malfunctioning in any way, thus preventing the loss of data. With the Reflex, ttherefore, you' ll never lose data again!

Hypothesis: The monitoring function of the Reflex is not subject to frequent unpredictable malfunctioning is an assumption on which the advertisement's argument depends.


Premise: Due to the aging population, the German government is facing a dilemma: if the pension system is not reformed, pensions will be unsustainable. Policies to solve this dilemma include increasing the proportion of pension contributions, lowering the level of pension payments, and raising the retirement age. Among them, raising the retirement age has faced the greatest resistance, and governments that implement such a policy may lose a large number of votes in the next election. But the German government completed the legal process in 2007 to raise the retirement age from 65 to 67.

Hypothesis: The statement "In order to reduce pressure, the German government has stipulated that from 2012, a 20-year transition period will be used to increase the retirement age from 65 to 67" best explains why the German government took the risk with this policy.


Premise: Tyndall phenomenon refers to when a beam of light passes through the colloid, a bright pathway in the colloid can be observed from the vertical direction of the incident light.

Hypothesis: The Tyndall phenomenon includes the occurrence of early morning beams of light passing through the branches and leaves in dense woods.


Premise: Horizontal communication and vertical communication are two instrumental communication styles in the process of building social capital. Horizontal communication refers to the process in which an individual establishes extensive connections with groups with similar social status around him, while vertical communication refers to the process in which an individual establishes relationships actively with groups in the society dominated by dominant resources.

Hypothesis: In order to make the class teachers strictly demand their children, a parent sending greeting messages to the teachers on holidays is vertical communication.


Premise: Infectious disease outbreaks among wild animals due to virus invasion. A new study found that animals living in tropical, subtropical or low-altitude areas are at constant risk of infectious diseases due to their hot living environment. Animals living at low temperatures, such as high latitudes and altitudes, used to be protected from viruses because of long winters, but now winters are getting warmer and shorter. As a result, rising temperatures will exacerbate outbreaks of infectious diseases in wildlife.

Hypothesis: There is a positive correlation between the temperature and the risk of infectious diseases of wild animals, that is, the higher the temperature, the higher the risk of infectious diseases if true, best supports the above statement.


Premise: A survey on the doctor-patient relationship by a research institution showed that the overall satisfaction of patients with doctors, nurses, and hospitals reached 94.6%, 93.5%, and 79.8%, respectively. From the survey data, the patient's attitude towards medical staff and the medical environment ,The satisfaction rate of items such as the convenience of medical treatment is more than 70%. Among the items most dissatisfied by patients, the top three items are the price of medicine, the cost of inspection and the total cost of medical treatment. Therefore, some people think that the high consumption of medical treatment is The root cause of patients' dissatisfaction with the hospital and the entire medical system.In recent years, some patients' disputes and even violent incidents with medical staff are only isolated phenomena.The high consumption of medical treatment is not the root cause of the violent conflict between doctors and patients.

Hypothesis: The fact that the survey shows that the evaluation of the doctor-patient relationship by medical staff is only 60 points, which is even lower than the evaluation of patients, can weaken the above view.


Premise: Fair use refers to the non-commercial use of published works by others under the circumstances expressly stipulated by the law, without the permission of the copyright owner and without payment to them. The circumstances expressly stipulated by the law mainly include: (1) Personal study, research or appreciation, using the published works of others; (2) Free performance of published works; (3) Copying, painting, photography, and video recording of art works installed or displayed in outdoor public places; (4) Translate published works created in Chinese language into minority languages for publication and distribution.

Hypothesis: Translating an English work into a Mongolian work for publication and distribution is fair use according to the above regulations.


Premise: In the past 12 months, the sales volume of new energy electric vehicles in a city has increased significantly. Along with it, there are more and more reports on new energy electric vehicles in TV, Internet and other media. Therefore, some electric vehicle sellers believe that the increase in the sales volume of new energy electric vehicles is mainly due to the publicity role of increasing media reports.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who have read reports about new energy electric vehicles almost don't buy this type of vehicle' weakens the view of the electric vehicle seller most.


Premise: Critics: officials prohibit setting off firecrackers in cities on the grounds that firecrackers hurt people and cause fires, rather than trying to find ways to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages, which implies conscious or unconscious cultural discrimination. Smoking causes illness or fire every year, which is much more common than that caused by fireworks. Why can't we help it?. Banning fireworks not only implies cultural discrimination, but also removes the last festive atmosphere of the Spring Festival.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Traditional Chinese festivals such as Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and double Ninth Festival are not official festivals' is the hypothesis on which the critic's conclusion depends.


Premise: The defect of cell outer wall is called wall deficient or L-type bacteria in medicine. Taking penicillin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus as an example, when the dose is sufficient and the action time is sufficient, the synthesis of Staphylococcus cell wall is seriously blocked, resulting in the failure of reproduction and death; If the antibiotic dose is insufficient or the course of treatment is too short, some of the Staphylococcus with strong endurance can be preserved in the form of cell wall defect. This cell is called Staphylococcus aureus L-form. These flawless bacteria can still reproduce and repair into the original bacteria sooner or later.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the meaning of incomplete skin in the text is that bacteria lose their cell wall.


Premise: Body image disorder refers to a person who compulsively thinks that some parts of his body have a serious defect and adopts special ways to cover up or repair. These perceived defects are usually imagined; even if they do exist, their severity is exaggerated.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li, who likes to be clean, spends an hour washing in the bathroom every morning conforms to the performance of body image disorder according to the above definition.


Premise: Xiao Li said, I passed all the exams this time and got my motor vehicle driver's license.

Hypothesis: If what Xiao Li said is not true, then Xiao Li failed in one subject at most.


Premise: A new computer system will not significantly increase an organization' s efficiency unless the computer system requires the organization' s employees to adopt new, more productive ways of working. The Ministry of Transportation is having a new computer system custom built to fit the ministry' s existing ways of working, so__

Hypothesis: The statement 'It will be easy for employees of the Ministry of Transportation to learn to use the new computer system' most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Hydraulic fracturing is an oil and gas well stimulation measure with wide application prospect. This method uses the surface high-pressure pump to squeeze and inject fracturing fluid with high viscosity into the oil layer through the wellbore, press the oil layer open and produce fractures, so as to establish a new fluid channel between the oil layer and the wellbore, The production of oil and gas wells will generally increase greatly. But this technology will bring great damage to the environment.

Hypothesis: Injecting high-strength fracturing fluid below the surface may activate dormant geological faults and trigger earthquakes can lead to the above conclusion.


Premise: Commentator: The Duke of Acredia argued long ago that only virtuous Acredian rulers concerned with the well-being of the people will be able to rule successfully. Since then, when Acredian governments have fallen, their falls have always been during the rule of one who viciously disregards the people' s needs. The Duke, then, was right about at least one thing: Concern for the welfare of the people is necessary for the successful governance of Acredia.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the commentator's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument infers the necessity of a certain condition for success from the fact that its absence has always led to failure.


Premise: In the past 10 years, the number of criminal cases in area A has increased by 200%, but the number of criminal cases in area B has increased by 500%. Therefore, the current number of criminal cases in area B is higher than that in area A.

Hypothesis: The statement "Ten years ago, the number of criminal cases in area A accounted for 90% of the cases in area A and area B, and area B only accounted for 2%" can weaken the above proposition most.


Premise: Pharmacist: A large study of people aged 65 -- 81 and suffering from insomnia showed that most of insomnia' s symptoms are substantially alleviated by ingesting melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which plays a role in the regulation of the body' s biological clock. Thus, the recent claims made by manufacturers of melatonin supplements that the pineal gland produces less melatonin as it ages are evidently correct.

Hypothesis: The pharmacist's argument is flawed because it infers from the effect of an action that the action is intended to produce that effect.


Premise: To qualify as a medical specialist, one must usually graduate from a university, then complete approximately four years of medical school, followed by a residency of two to six years in one' s specialty. Finally, a physician who desires to become a recognized specialist must complete an evaluation program directed by a medical specialty board. Ttherefore, anyone who has qualified as a recognized medical specialist is competent to practice in his or her specialty.

Hypothesis: No one incompetent to practice a particular specialty completes the evaluation program for that specialty is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Newtonian physics dominated science for over two centuries. It found consistently successful application, becoming one of the most highly substantiated and accepted theories in the history of science. Nevertheless, Einstein' s theories came to show the fundamental limits of Newtonian physics and to surpass the Newtonian view in the early 1900s, giving rise once again to a physics that has so far enjoyed wide success.

Hypothesis: If a long-accepted theory of physics is surpassed, it must be surpassed by a theory that is equally successful logically follows from the statements above.


Premise: Sea election refers to a direct election in which no candidate is nominated.

Hypothesis: The league congress of a certain unit electing its deputy secretary by a margin of three out of five is not a sea selection.


Premise: An instructor presented two paintings to a class. She said that the first had hung in prestigious museums but the second was produced by an unknown amateur. Each student was asked which painting was better. Everyone selected the first. The instructor later presented the same two paintings in the same order to a different class. This time she said that the first was produced by an unknown amateur but the second had hung in prestigious museums. In this class, everyone said that the second painting was better.

Hypothesis: Most of the students would not like any work of art that they believed to have been produced by an unknown amateur is supported by the statements above.


Premise: Lying is often more difficult than telling the truth, because telling the truth only needs to be stated according to the facts, and lying often wants to get appreciation or attention, or to avoid scolding and express their wishes, which must have strong imagination and logical thinking ability.

Hypothesis: People who tell the truth have less imagination and logical thinking than people who often lie can be inferred.


Premise: Water vapor evaporated from the ocean contains a greater proportion of oxygen-16 and a smaller proportion of the heavier oxygen-18 than does seawater. Normally, this phenomenon has no effect on the overall composition of the ocean, because evaporated seawater returns to the ocean through precipitation. During an ice age, however, a large amount of precipitation falls on ice caps, where it is trapped as ice.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the proportions of oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 are the same in vapor from seawater as in the seawater itself is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: It is pointless to debate the truth of the law of noncontradiction, a fundamental logical principle according to which two statements that contradict each other cannot both be true. For a debate to be productive, participants must hold some basic principles in common. But the principles held in common in a debate over the law of noncontradiction would be much less certain than that law, so it matters little whether the law of noncontradiction can be defended on the basis of those principles.

Hypothesis: The law of noncontradiction is a principle that the participants in a productive debate must hold in common most accurately expresses the overall conclusion drawn in the argument.


Premise: If a crisis occurs, the company can take very effective measures to eliminate the crisis, which can actually increase the company's reputation. A very good reputation may be destroyed in an instant because of an incident; while a bad reputation often takes a long time to eliminate it.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then it is harder to eliminate a bad reputation than it is to earn a good one is most supported.


Premise: Scientific and technological discoveries have considerable effects on the development of any society. It follows that predictions of the future condition of societies in which scientific and technological discovery is particularly frequent are particularly untrustworthy.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that forecasts of scientific and technological discoveries, or forecasts of their effects, are not entirely reliable.


Premise: The relative number of intensity is the ratio of two different but related indexes, which is used to explain the comprehensive index of intensity, density and universality of phenomenon.

Hypothesis: In January 2008, the labor productivity in one area was 3,000 yuan per person is the relative number of intensity according to the above definition.


Premise: Real estate developers in a city can only raise more development funds through direct loans from banks or through the pre-sale of commercial housing. The government does not allow banks to increase direct loans to the real estate industry.As a result, the city's real estate developers are unable to raise more development funds. Because _

Hypothesis: The statement 'The central bank abolished the system of pre-sale of commercial housing' can logically complete the above argument.


Premise: The inflation rate of last year was 1.2%, and it has reached 4% so far this year, so we can conclude that the inflation rate is on the rising trend, and the inflation rate next year will be even higher.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Financial turmoil of last year caused the inflation rate to be temporarily lower than the average level of 4% in recent years' will seriously weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Policy: The factory' s safety inspector should not approve a new manufacturing process unless it has been used safely for more than a year at another factory or it will demonstrably increase safety at the factory. Application: The safety inspector should not approve the proposed new welding process, for it cannot be shown to increase safety at the factory.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The proposed new welding process has not been used in any other factory' justifies the above application of the policy.


Premise: After repeated verification, Xiao Li, the quality inspector, reported to the factory director: the products produced in the 726 workshop are all qualified, so the unqualified products are not produced in the 726 workshop.

Hypothesis: All published articles have been carefully proofread, so the articles that have been carefully proofread have been published is most similar to Xiao Li's reasoning structure.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, 6 are selected to perform, and the performance is divided into two teams: Team 1 and Team 2. Each team consists of three positions: front, middle and back, and the magicians who play happen to each occupy one position. The selection and position arrangement of the magicians must meet the following conditions: (1) If G or H are arranged to play, they must be in front. bit. (2) If K is assigned to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is assigned to play, he must be on Team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be on the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, then Q is in the middle of team 1.

Hypothesis: Front: G Middle: Q Back: N is an acceptable arrangement for 2 teams to perform.


Premise: Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why __.

Hypothesis: Large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates most logically completes the passage.


Premise: A bacteriophage is a virus that preyson bacteria. With the development of medical implants, more and more patients are receiving medical implants such as catheters and heart stents, but there is also a risk of bacterial infection, so some researchers think that if the bacteriophages are adsorbed on the surface of the implant material and then placed inside the patient, the infection from the implant can be avoided.

Hypothesis: Where there are bacteria, there may be bacteriophage, but there are differences in number is true and can most likely weaken the conclusion.


Premise: There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense.

Hypothesis: Flints were often used by early humans for everyday chores other than hunting most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Parent: Pushing very young children into rigorous study in an effort to make our nation more competitive does more harm than good. Curricula for these young students must address their special developmental needs, and while rigorous work in secondary school makes sense, the same approach in the early years of primary school produces only short-term gains and may cause young children to burn out on schoolwork. Using very young students as pawns in the race to make the nation economically competitive is unfair and may ultimately work against us.

Hypothesis: A curriculum of rigorous study does not adequately address the developmental needs of primary school students can be inferred from the parent's statements.


Premise: Most high-priced sweaters are of good quality, and a few low-priced sweaters are of good quality. All good-quality sweaters are comfortable to wear.

Hypothesis: According to the above proposition, sweaters that are comfortable to wear are more expensive can be deduced.


Premise: Travel agent: Studies show that people who travel frequently normally earn substantially more money, enjoy more time with their family, and have better physical health than people who do not travel often. Traveling is often described as a pleasurable experience. It is wonderful to see that traveling also increases a person' s quality of life.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above is unwarranted because people who have more money, time to spend with their families, and better physical health are more likely to travel frequently.


Premise: Behavioral science research shows that relationships at work are usually less complex and more relaxed. It may be because this interpersonal relationship is more regular, more predictable, and therefore easier to coordinate. Because people know that they have to work together and cooperate with each other every day in order to get some work done.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of this passage is the relationship between the staff being relatively simple.


Premise: Lopez: Our university is not committed to liberal arts, as evidenced by its decision to close the classics department. The study of classical antiquity is crucial to the liberal arts, and it has been so since the Renaissance. Warrington; Although the study of classical works is essential to the liberal arts, a classics department isn' t, since other departments often engage in that study.

Hypothesis: Warrington's argument proceeds by responding to a possible objection to the reasoning in Lopez's argument.


Premise: Generally scientists enter their field with the goal of doing important new research and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation. Ttherefore, when any scientist wins renown as an expounder of science to general audiences, most other scientists conclude that this popularizer should no longer be regarded as a true colleague.

Hypothesis: The explanation offered above for the low esteem in which scientific popularizers are held by research scientists assumes that research scientists believe that those who are well known as popularizers of science are not motivated to do important new research.


Premise: Some plants need low temperature to blossom, grow and bear fruit. The effect of low temperature induction to promote plant flowering and bearing fruit is called vernalization principle.

Hypothesis: Using gibberellin, biennial tianxianzi, cabbage, beet and carrot can bloom without low temperature treatment according to the above definition, do not use the vernalization principle.


Premise: In the 20th century, a generation of seekers disappointed by Western civilization, faced with increasingly frequent exchanges and contacts between the East and the West, and not satisfied with the way their predecessors indirectly recognized the Chinese spirit, embarked on the journey of pilgrimage to the East one after another. to open up a new way to face dialogue directly. They all dream of using the spirit of Chinese philosophy to cure the ills of western society, looking forward to finding a panacea for themselves and strategies for correcting their own culture. This determines that when they accept the value of Chinese culture and share the quintessence of Chinese thought, it is difficult for them to avoid the usual practical orientation of their predecessors.

Hypothesis: Some Western scholars have a pragmatic tendency in understanding Chinese culture is consistent with the original text.


Premise: In the past, the question of all enterprises was the same question; What should I do and what can I do to make money? After joining the WTO, the question has become: What can I do to be the best?

Hypothesis: The statement 'Businesses can only make big money by being the best' gives the most plausible explanation for the shift in the above question.


Premise: In the long traditional agricultural society, mankind has been unable to get rid of the shortage of production and basic materials, and the total social wealth is relatively constant, and the wealth mainly depends on limited natural resources. This means that international relations are more centered on the acquisition of limited natural resources. However, with the development of modern industry and commerce, With the progress of science and technology, the total amount of social wealth has increased explosively. Countries all over the world have increasingly realized that jointly establishing a fair and reasonable world order is the best way to realize everyone's interests.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to explain that the change of social wealth acquisition has a profound impact on international relations.


Premise: Newtonian physics dominated science for over two centuries. It found consistently successful application, becoming one of the most highly substantiated and accepted theories in the history of science. Nevertheless, Einstein' s theories came to show the fundamental limits of Newtonian physics and to surpass the Newtonian view in the early 1900s, giving rise once again to a physics that has so far enjoyed wide success.

Hypothesis: Long-standing success of substantiation of a theory of physics is no guarantee that the theory will continue to be dominant indefinitely logically follows from the statements above.


Premise: A local talent market is looking for practitioners in four positions of cleaning, property, network management and sales. Four young people from A, B, C and D come to apply. It was learned afterwards that each person only chose one kind of position to apply for and one of them applied for each kind of position. In addition, we also know: (1) if D applies for network management, then A applies for property; (2) if B does not apply for cleaning, then A applies for cleaning and C applies for sales; (3) if B applies for cleaning, then C applies for sales. D also applied for cleaning.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, A applies for the position of network management.


Premise: The loss sensitivity effect means that people are different in sensitivity to loss and gain. People are more sensitive to loss than gain. That is, the pain caused by the decrease of wealth is not equal to the happiness caused by the increase of the same amount of wealth. The former is greater than the latter.

Hypothesis: The happiness of 200 yuan for nothing cannot offset the pain caused by losing 100 yuan belongs to the loss sensitivity effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Internationally, there is no lack of government led establishment of social groups. The purpose of government led establishment of social groups is to expand the scope and space of their functions. Some people call such non-governmental organizations governmental non-governmental organizations, which objectively often become quasi departments performing certain functions of the executive government.

Hypothesis: International non-governmental organizations often perform certain functions of the government is directly supported by the above paragraph.


Premise: Notice to subscribers: In order for us to provide you with efficient and reliable newspaper service, please note the following policies. You will be billed for home delivery every four weeks, in advance. If you do not receive delivery, call us promptly to receive a replacement copy. Credit can be given only if the missed copy is reported to us within twenty-four hours and only if a replacement copy is unavailable. Request for temporary nondelivery must be made at least three days prior to the first day on which delivery is to stop. No subscription will be canceled unless the subscriber explicitly requests the cancellation beforehand and in writing.

Hypothesis: The Daily Gazette denies each of the following subscriber's requests, each of the denials could be justified solely on the basis of the policy stated above EXCEPT for The Daily Gazette being delivered to Ms. Herrera during her one-week vacation even though she called on a Wednesday to stop delivery the following Monday for the entire week; she requests credit for the full week's delivery.


Premise: Only when the EU stops importing agricultural products from third countries and the security of Africa is guaranteed can the volunteers of international green organizations increase significantly. The security of Africa comes from the joint efforts of the whole international community, but such efforts are impossible due to the conflict of interests between some major countries in the world,

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that there was a significant increase in volunteers from international green organizations.


Premise: In a large residential building, there is a rule that no pets are allowed. A group of pet lovers tried to change that rule but failed. The rule-changing procedure outlined in the building' s regulations states that only if a group of tenants can obtain the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on a petition to change a rule will the proposed change be put to a majority vote of all the tenants in the building. It follows that the pet lovers were voted down on their proposal by the majority of the tenants.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that the pet lovers succeeded in obtaining the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on their petition.


Premise: A charity called on companies to donate tents to an area hit by torrential rain. As a token of gratitude, a certain area asked the organization which companies had donated. After investigation, we found that: (1) none of the four enterprises donated; (2) the D enterprise did not donate; (3) at least one enterprise of the B enterprise and the D enterprise did not donate; and (4) there were indeed corporate donations among the four enterprises. It was later learned that two of the above four situations were true and two were false.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that Enterprise B made a donation.


Premise: With the passage of the new tax reform laws, the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per month for low-income taxpayers' most undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: Manatees, aquatic mammals inhabiting Florida' s rivers and coastal waters, swim close to the surface and are frequently killed in collisions with boats. To address the problem, boat traffic in manatee-populated waters is being required to maintain very low speeds. Unfortunately, manatees are unable to hear low-pitched sounds and a boat' s sound lowers in pitch as the boat slows. Ttherefore, this approach may in fact make things worse rather than better.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The sound of a boat engine generally travels much further under water than it does through the air' casts most doubt on the conclusion.


Premise: A, B, C and D were arrested on suspicion of theft from a jewelry store.  The statements of the four are as follows: A: The perpetrator is C.  B: Ding is the criminal. C: If I commit the crime, Ding is the principal criminal.  D: I did not commit the crime.  Only one of the four statements is false.

Hypothesis: It was D who lied, c and D who committed the crime is true if the above is true.


Premise: When talking about the history of human art, people tend to pay more attention to language, especially as a text. Because people used to think that vision is intuitive, concrete and perceptual, lack of profound and complex meaning. But from a historical point of view, people create and come into contact with images before they use and understand words. The history of the relationship between human beings and images is far longer than that between human beings and words in terms of time length. The expression and communication of images not only has a long history, but people often find that the experience and interpretation of visual art is as difficult as the grasp of spoken and written language, or even more complicated.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People lack understanding of the importance of images in art history' is emphasized in this paragraph.


Premise: The highest mountain ranges are formed by geological forces that raise the earth' s crust: two continent-bearing tectonic plates of comparable density collide and crumple upward, causing a thickening of the crust. The erosive forces of wind and precipitation inexorably wear these mountains down. Yet the highest mountain ranges tend to be found in places where these erosive forces are most prevalent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of precipitation that a given region of the earth receives may vary considerably over the lifetime of an average mountain range' most helps to reconcile the apparent conflict described above.


Premise: In recent years, there has been a trend of forced apportionment of newspaper subscriptions year after year, which is better than one year. By virtue of their functions and powers, some superior departments put the burden on the grass-roots level and leave the benefits to themselves.

Hypothesis: The most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage is that the compulsory apportionment of newspaper subscriptions has increased the burden on the grass-roots level.


Premise: During World War II, the air forces of the United States and Britain bombed Germany and suffered heavy losses. Experts found that the belly of all the returning planes was covered with bullet marks, but the wings were intact. They concluded that the belly of the plane is very vulnerable to gunfire and that the protection of the belly should be improved. It was later confirmed that they were affected by survivor bias when these experts speculated, because the reality was that all the planes that were hit on the wing crashed, while most of the planes that were only hit in the belly returned.

Hypothesis: In a random sampling survey with a large enough sample, it is found that in China, the TV program with the largest audience is News Network does not have a similar survivor bias.


Premise: Office Director: This office does not plan to use recycled paper. The letter to the user must leave a good impression. Cannot print on poor quality paper. Stationery suppliers: recycled paper is not necessarily inferior. In fact, the original paper was made from recyclable materials. It was not until the 1850s that wood fiber was used as a raw material for papermaking due to insufficient supply of scrap materials.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Unrelated facts are used to prove an assertion about product quality' best summarizes the loopholes in the stationery supplier's rebuttal.


Premise: Four contestants, Zhang, Liu, Li and Zhao, who were not familiar with each other, participated in the university speech contest. They come from mathematics, logic, literature and history majors. Before the game, the four people made the following guesses: Zhang: Zhao's major is logic; Liu: Li's major is literature; Li: Zhang's major is not mathematics; Zhao: Liu's major is history. It was learned afterwards that only the guesses of mathematics and logic professionals were correct.

Hypothesis: Zhang's major is Literature, Liu's major is history, Li's major is logic and Zhao's major is mathematics based on the above information.


Premise: Throughout history, we will find that people are eager to know what will happen in the future. From primitive myths, religious stories to folk legends, there are many contents about prediction. A common feature of these predictions is mystery-knowing what it is but not why. In the history of natural development, scientists have also made predictions many times, and their methods are very different from those of mysticism. For example, in the early days of ancient Greek civilization, the philosopher Fengles traveled to Babylon, learned the periodic law of solar and lunar eclipses and successfully predicted a solar eclipse. This prediction is based on hundreds of years of astronomical observations and laws of Babylonian astronomers, which anyone can do as long as they study hard. There are many such successful predictions of solar and lunar eclipses in ancient China.

Hypothesis: The intention of this passage is to describe ancient scientific prediction as being based on the understanding of the laws of nature.


Premise: Global warming is considered an undisputed fact by most people, but data released by a climate change research institute shows that from the beginning of 1997 to August 2012, the overall temperature change of the world was only 0 degree. According to the agency, global warming has stopped.

Hypothesis: Global climate change is driven more by the movements of the earth itself than by human activity, according to new research, should not doubt the institute's conclusion.


Premise: The 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held in Spain, and at least one of Prof. Hacker, Prof. Maas and Prof. Reger attended the conference. Known: (1) Those who sign up for the conference must submit an English academic paper, and the invitation letter will be issued after expert review. (2) If Prof. Hacker attends this conference, then Prof. Maas must attend. (3) Prof. Reger submitted a German academic paper to the conference.

Hypothesis: Based on the above, it must be true that both Prof. Hacker and Prof. Maas attended the conference.


Premise: In the face of a major epidemic, timely release of authoritative information and open and transparent response to public concerns can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain social stability. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization technology to launch products such as Real-time epidemic situation dynamic, Co-ride patient query system and Fever Clinic Map, which simultaneously popularize scientific protection knowledge, effectively meet the information needs of the public, and guide the masses to look at the epidemic rationally. Enhance self-prevention awareness and protection ability.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is enhance the ability of self-protection by means of technology.


Premise: If we only look at the value of cultural relics, the paper version of ancient literature is indeed not suitable to be opened to readers on a large scale, otherwise, frequent reading and the resulting bacterial invasion will certainly affect their preservation to a great extent. However, from the perspective of the value of historical materials, it should have been open to the society, because only in this way can the literature value of ancient books be fully realized and great progress can be made in academic research.

Hypothesis: The passage that focuses on the description of ancient literature is the one that Need the public to participate in the research.


Premise: According to current geological theory, the melting of ice at the end of the Ice Age significantly reduced the weight pressing on parts of the earth' s crust. As a result, lasting cracks in the earth' s crust appeared in some of those parts under the stress of pressure from below. At the end of the Ice Age Sweden was racked by severe earthquakes. Ttherefore, it is likely that the melting of the ice contributed to these earthquakes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Asteroid impacts, which did occur at the end of the Ice Age, generally cause severe earthquakes' most strengthens the argument above.


Premise: The number of fires and the area burned in the Amazon rainforest increase at an alarming rate every year. However, satellite photos show that the increase in the number of fires to the area burned last year was significantly lower than in previous years. Last year, a government spent millions of dollars on preventing and fighting fires in the Amazon rainforest. The government claimed that the satellite data showed that the government's efforts to prevent and extinguish fires had achieved remarkable results.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The country saw unusually large and sustained rainfall last year' would most weaken the government's conclusion above.


Premise: A German scientist did a study in which he showed a group of 6-month-old babies pictures of the same size and color. Some pictures showed flowers or fish, and others showed spiders or snakes. They found that the babies did not respond significantly to pictures of flowers or fish, but all had significantly larger pupils when shown pictures of spiders or snakes. As a result, the scientist believes fear of dangerous animals is something we are born with, not learned.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that everyone expresses fear in different ways.


Premise: In trying to reduce the amount of fat in their diet, on average people have decreased their consumption of red meat by one-half in the last two decades. However, on average those who have reduced their consumption of red meat actually consume substantially more fat than those who have not.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who reduce their consumption of red meat tend to consume as much of other foods that are high in fat as do those who have not reduced their consumption of red meat' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: A study of grass-roots workers in an enterprise shows that grass-roots workers who use social software are significantly less likely to suffer from diabetes, mental illness and ischemic heart disease than those who do not use social software. Accordingly, the managers of the company believe that the use of social software is beneficial to the health of grass-roots workers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The grass-roots workers of the enterprise are generally over the age of 40, and a considerable number of people do not use social software' will most weaken the above managers' conclusions.


Premise: In economics, the emergence of individual organizations with higher efficiency within the system will destroy or inhibit the existence and development of other organizations with lower efficiency. People call this effect tIp effect. Due to the unbalanced development among individuals, regions and countries, the tIp effect is common.

Hypothesis: A certain place formulated a new policy to increase support for small and medium-sized enterprises, while regulating monopoly industries and limiting the scale helps to avoid the tip effect according to the above definition.


Premise: There is a well-known investment philosophy, that is, invest in a company with a moat. The general idea is that a company must have sufficient competitive advantages to resist the encroachment of other competitors on its own profitability. Investors can only invest in this way. Companies are likely to bring excess returns. However, moats often have traps, and the most common trap is market share. A higher market share is usually regarded by investors as the moat of the company, but practice has proved that this is not the case. Unreliable. Market share only illustrates the company's past performance, not the future. If there is not enough ability to resist foreign invasion, the company will have to maintain market share through price wars, and the result must be a sharp decline in profitability.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The market share reflects the size of the company's competitive advantage' is correct according to the text.


Premise: Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area -- whatever those may be -- is an expert.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area' is an assumption required for the columnist's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: Reverse incentive refers to the phenomenon that the original intention of policy design and the actual implementation effect are contrary to one's wishes. Once the reverse incentive effect is stimulated, it will not only worsen the current situation and damage the credit of policy makers, but also further strengthen the relevant negative consequences and eventually lead to a vicious cycle.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the development of the bad habit of loving leisure and hating work in order to provide more favorable material conditions for children's growth is not a reverse incentive.


Premise: Jane: Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences. Maurice: But you are recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and movie depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among young people predates movies and television by centuries.

Hypothesis: The movies that have been shown to have the most influence on young people's behavior are those that are promoted to young audiences most strengthens Jane's argument.


Premise: Australian box jellyfish is one of the most poisonous animals in the world. after stinging, its toxin can cause skin necrosis and severe pain, invade the heart and cause death due to cardiac arrest in a short period of time. A box jellyfish carries enough venom to kill 60 people, and there is no specific drug for its venom. Recently, through genome-wide screening, researchers have found that a protein called ATP2B1 in human cells is a necessary condition for box jellyfish venom to be toxic, and researchers believe that lowering cholesterol through targeted therapy can fight box jellyfish venom.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lowering cholesterol will not cause side effects on the human body' can be used as the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Consumer supervision right refers to the right of consumers to supervise goods and services and the protection of consumer rights.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Wang bought the spoiled food in a store and immediately went back to request a return belongs to consumer supervision right.


Premise: In order to verify the efficacy of a new drug for the treatment of hypertension, clinicians gave the drug to 100 hypertensive patients. 65 people's blood pressure did indeed drop. Therefore, the pharmaceutical factory claimed that the drug was indeed effective.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The drug was given to a group of 100 hypertensive patients, and the other group of 100 hypertensive patients were given the same appearance but contains no drug ingredients.The number of blood pressure drops in the first group of patients was as same as that in the latter group' can weaken the conclusion the most.


Premise: The word totem comes from the Indian word totem, meaning its relatives, its mark. In the beliefs of primitive people, the people of this clan are believed to be derived from a certain species, that is, have a close affinity with a certain animal or natural objects. Therefore, totem belief has a relationship with ancestor worship. The second meaning of totem is sign. Totem sign plays an important role in primitive society, and it is the earliest social organization sign and symbol, it has the function of uniting the group, close blood relationship, maintaining social organization and distinguishing from each other

Hypothesis: The statement 'A bird pole was put at the entrance of every village of the ancient Korean people as a symbol of the clan' is not a totem phenomenon according to the above definition.


Premise: In the Six Dynasties, the famous talker Liu Zun talked a lot, but he also admired people who didn't talk. He was very happy to see Jiang Quan not speaking often, and said: Jiang Quan can't speak, but it's really admirable to be able to not speak. Jiang Quan knew that he was not talking, but he knew how to hide. Not everyone knows where his shortcomings are, so as to be a teacher, there are countless people who can talk about it. It is excusable to be able to talk and love to talk; many people know that they are not good at talking. It happens that they keep talking and explode their shortness, which is often annoying. Therefore, it can be said that Jiang Quan's doing this is actually an extremely rare kind of intelligence.

Hypothesis: It's a kind of self-knowledge that can't speak without saying it, if correct, can best support the above statement.


Premise: The law hypothesis is to make a speculative explanation of the nature or cause of a class of things or phenomena, and arrive at a regular proposition that may have universal significance, so as to try to establish, develop or supplement scientific theories.

Hypothesis: Some researchers have pointed out that diseases caused by genes may be caused by genetic mutations belongs to the law hypothesis according to the above definition.


Premise: X Insurance Company is considering issuing a new insurance policy to provide the services seniors need for those who are suffering from elderly diseases. The insurance premium of the policy must be low enough to attract customers. Therefore, X Company will worry about that their income received is not enough to pay for the claims.

Hypothesis: The strategy of providing insurance only to individuals who are wealthy enough to pay for medical services is most likely to minimize X Company's losses on the policy.


Premise: If I argue with you, can we tell the truth from the false? You and I don't know, and all the others are prejudiced, who shall we ask to judge? Ask people who share your opinion to judge. Since he has the same opinion as you, how can you judge? Please judge with people who have the same views as me. Since he has the same views as me, how can he judge? Please judge people who have different views from you and me. Since they have different views from you and me, how can they judge? So, no winning or losing.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The above argument grossly ignores that there are standards of implementation and logic beyond debaters and commentators' most accurately describes the flaw in the above argument.


Premise: Contingent liabilities refer to the potential obligations formed by past transactions or events, which are likely to be undertaken by the enterprise under certain circumstances, but have not been fully determined so far. They are liabilities that need to be confirmed by the occurrence or non occurrence of uncertain events in the future

Hypothesis: According to the definition, a business may incur contingent liabilities by providing quality assurance for sold goods.


Premise: Environmentalist: Pollution from gasoline burned by cars contributes to serious environmental problems. But the cost of these problems is not reflected in gasoline prices, and hence usually does not affect consumers' decisions about how much to drive. Heavier taxes on gasoline, however, would reflect this cost, and as a result consumers would pollute less.

Hypothesis: The cost of pollution from driving should not be reflected in the price of gasoline unless the amount of pollution produced would be reduced as a result most strongly supports the environmentalist's statements.


Premise: The map is originally a shape, it should not have people, and there can be no people, if there is a person in the map, it is not a map, but a picture. In the strict sense, this sentence should be a theorem, but when it comes to some tourist pictures, it is likely to turn a corner-there are often both scenery and characters in tourism. This is just like Mount Tai, Qin Shihuang must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Terracotta Warriors, emperors of the Ming Dynasty must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Ming Tombs, and Empress Dowager Cixi must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Summer Palace. Because in that environment, many scenes are produced by human activities as the starting point, but also because of human activities, its aesthetic value has increased.

Hypothesis: Tourist maps must have landmarks, scenery and characters is considered by the author of this passage.


Premise: Jewel collectors, fearing that their eyes will be deceived by a counterfeit, will not buy a diamond unless the dealer guarantees that it is genuine. But why should a counterfeit give any less aesthetic pleasure when the naked eye cannot distinguish it from a real diamond? Both jewels should be deemed of equal value.

Hypothesis: The principle that the value of a jewel should derive solely from the aesthetic pleasure it provides, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Peak experience refers to a feeling of spiritual satisfaction and perfection that reaches the peak and surpasses time and space and self in the pursuit of self-realization after the pursuit and satisfaction of basic needs. This feeling can only be understood but cannot be expressed in words.

Hypothesis: The audience witnessing the psychological experience of human beings when they first stepped on the moon is not a peak experience.


Premise: There are three traditional standards of civilization, namely writing, bronzes and cities. However, many archaeologists later discovered that due to the differences in civilizations in different regions, this criterion not only does not work, but also hinders archaeological work. Nowadays, the international standard for judging civilization is mainly: it has entered the state and social form, and has a set of etiquette system and governance management system. Although the Liangzhu culture did not have bronze wares and relatively mature characters, it had an early state and social form, a relatively complete etiquette system and management system, and many elements of oriental civilization. Some archaeological researchers of the Liangzhu Culture even believe that the Liangzhu Culture is a comprehensive civilization in the early East.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that Liangzhu culture conforms to the prevailing standards of civilization judgment.


Premise: When the Meng / Guan team won the championship at the Athens Olympic Games, there were two more pairs of athletes and they reached the finish line almost at the same time. Before the Beijing Olympic Games, it was predicted that although the Meng / Guan team did not reach their best form, it was possible to win the gold medal.

Hypothesis: One of the two couples did not take part in the Beijing Olympic Games does not improve the probability of Meng / Guan winning the championship in the Beijing Olympic Games.


Premise: Avalanches can put 40 to 50 tons of force on the surface of a hit object per square meter. The impact force is very striking. Avalanches can also cause violent oscillations in the air during their high-speed movement, a powerful blast of air in front of an avalanche faucet that resembles the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Avalanches are likely to be stopped at steep rock or sharp turns in river valleys. Avalanches, on the other hand, continue to move in the direction of avalanches, destroying forests, houses, overturning vehicles and choking people and animals.

Hypothesis: The impact of an avalanche is even greater than that of an atomic bomb can be inferred.


Premise: No matter what article is selected into the Chinese teaching material, it is no longer an independent work in the original sense, but an organic part of the whole teaching material system, which is the basis of basic skills training.

Hypothesis: The reliance of basic skills training refers to income language teaching materials in all kinds of works.


Premise: Industrial property rights refer to the possession of intellectual achievements such as inventions and remarkable marks used in production and circulation within a certain period and region as stipulated by law.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, ownership of foreign advanced assembly line production equipment recently purchased by an enterprise belongs to industrial property rights.


Premise: Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in AD 365.

Hypothesis: The statement "Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following AD 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion" most strongly supports the archaeologists' hypothesis.


Premise: A law that is not consistently enforced does not serve its purpose. Law without enforcement is not law; it is merely statute -- a promise of law. To institute real law is not merely to declare that such and such behavior is forbidden; it is also to punish those who violate that edict. Furthermore, those who enforce law must punish without favor for their friends or malice for their enemies. To punish only those one dislikes while forgiving others is not to enforce law but to engage in the arbitrary and unjust exercise of power.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that instituting real law consists in clearly defining unacceptable behavior.


Premise: Television host: While it' s true that the defendant presented a strong alibi and considerable exculpatory evidence and was quickly acquitted by the jury, I still believe that there must be good reason to think that the defendant is not completely innocent in the case. Otherwise, the prosecutor would not have brought charges in the first place.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the television host's argument is flawed in that the argument confuses legal standards for guilt with moral standards for guilt.


Premise: Since John Lindy was named vice president of sales, the highest ranked salespeople have been successfully recruited by rival companies, sales in all departments have plummeted, and company morale is down. This information clearly provides proof that John Lindy was named vice president of sales to ruin the company.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is weak because the argument presupposes that because conditions resulted from a change, the change was made to create those conditions.


Premise: Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and about 75 percent of the sun today is hydrogen. This suggests that hydrogen was the main component of the solar system when it formed. With the formation of the Sun, most of the solar system's material was concentrated in the Sun, while outside the sun, the elements were stratified: close to the Sun, the temperature was very high, leaving only the relatively heavy elements such as silicon, iron, oxygen, these elements together to form mercury, Venus, Earth and other rocky planets; Farther away from the Sun, as temperatures cool, the proportions of these elements decrease, and the planet's atmosphere becomes dominated by hydrogen, with some nitrogen, such as Jupiter and Saturn; At the edge of the solar system, there are few heavy elements, mostly water ice, methane and so on.

Hypothesis: The main text introduction is the influence of temperature on the solar system's material composition.


Premise: Although the charter of Westside School states that the student body must include some students with special educational needs, no students with learning disabilities have yet enrolled in the school. Ttherefore, the school is currently in violation of its charter.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if the statement 'The only students with special educational needs are students with learning disabilities' is assumed.


Premise: In order to help poverty-stricken areas get rid of poverty, for a long time, people from all walks of life have carried out assistance in various forms, the idea of poverty alleviation has become clearer, the means of poverty alleviation have become more diverse, and new ways such as cultural poverty alleviation, tourism poverty alleviation and e-commerce poverty alleviation have achieved remarkable results. However, in some areas that have not yet been lifted out of poverty, it is difficult to develop anti-poverty industries because of poor natural conditions. To gnaw off the hard bones of poverty alleviation, we still need to play the science and technology card.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Play well the science and technology card of getting rid of poverty'.


Premise: The suicide wave that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months' would best challenge the conclusion of the passage.


Premise: With the acceleration of modernization, the development space of traditional culture has been compressed. There are many factors influencing this, but the inflexibility of traditional culture and the lack of innovation ability is also an important reason. On the one hand, they are stuck in their own ways, not seeking change and falling behind The Times; On the one hand, they live in Baoshan without realizing it, and the excellent cultural wealth has not been fully exploited and utilized. The story of Mulan was made into an animated film by The Americans, and its influence has crossed national boundaries, which fully shows the charm of traditional folk culture innovation.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the expression is that the acceleration of modernization is the main reason why traditional culture falls behind.


Premise: At the dinosaur excavation site in Xinjiang, experts predict that dinosaur skulls may be found.

Hypothesis: The proposition 'Not necessarily not finding dinosaur skulls' has the same meaning as an expert.


Premise: Many scholars believe that official medieval persecutions of various minority groups were undertaken very reluctantly by medieval authorities and only in order to soothe popular unrest caused by underlying popular hostility to the groups in question. This belief is highly questionable. For one thing, there are few indications of any profound underlying popular hostility toward persecuted groups in cases where persecutions were particularly violent and sustained. For another, the most serious and widespread persecutions carried out by medieval authorities seem to have had as targets exactly those groups that most effectively disputed these authorities' right to govern.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by citing both a lack of evidence supporting a particular explanation and further evidence that suggests an alternative explanation.


Premise: Disjunctive syllogism: it refers to the reasoning that one sentence in the premise is disjunctive judgment, and then deduces the conclusion according to the disjunctive judgment and the relationship between disjunctions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Because all matter in the universe is in the process of constant motion and change, the sun is also in motion' belongs to disjunctive syllogism.


Premise: Most serious students are happy students, and most serious students go to graduate school. Furthermore, all students who go to graduate school are overworked.

Hypothesis: Some happy students are overworked can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: A bag of incense money was lost in the monastery. The abbot found three young monks, A, B and C, to inquire. The three men stated one by one, and A said, I didn't steal it. B said, A stole it. C said, I didn't steal it. D, who was on the side, learned the truth and commented, only one of you stole it, and only one of you was right.

Hypothesis: A stole the incense money.


Premise: The development of metamaterials is to combine artificial composites with different electromagnetic response properties according to specific rules. The properties of these materials are not only determined by the material itself, but also closely related to the shape, size, arrangement and combination of its structure. By changing the structure and size of the key locations of metamaterials, people can achieve arbitrary bending and fine reduction of light waves, radar waves, radio waves, sound waves and even seismic waves like building blocks. For example, with the help of a thin layer of metamaterial that allows light to bypass the object, researchers began to study the invisibility cloak that makes the object invisible.

Hypothesis: The main content of metamaterials introduced in this paragraph is the development principle.


Premise: The report on the results of an important experiment was controversial and the experiment was repeated under the guidance of a scientist, but did not get the same results as the original experiment; the scientist thus concluded that the initial experimental results were caused by the wrong method of measurement.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis reasoned by the scientist is that if the result of the first experiment is correct, then the same result should be obtained when the experiment is carried out under the same conditions.


Premise: Manager: The only employees who should receive bonuses this year are those who were exceptionally productive over the past year. Liang is an excellent account executive, but she works in a corporate division that has failed to meet its productivity goals for the year. Thus Liang should not receive a bonus this year.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the manager's argument is flawed in that it fails to justify its use of one group's performance as the basis for a conclusion about a wholly different group.


Premise: In recent years, the number of private cars has increased sharply. In order to solve the increasingly serious problem of traffic congestion, City B decided to greatly reduce the ticket price of urban ground bus lines. It is expected that 96% of passengers will reduce their expenses after the implementation of the price reduction, which will attract passengers to take buses first, thereby alleviating traffic congestion in city B.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Which of the followings, if true, can most effectively weaken the above conclusion?' can most effectively weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: In the Six Dynasties, the famous talker Liu Zun talked a lot, but he also admired people who didn't talk. He was very happy to see Jiang Quan not speaking often, and said: Jiang Quan can't speak, but it's really admirable to be able to not speak. Jiang Quan knew that he was not talking, but he knew how to hide. Not everyone knows where his shortcomings are, so as to be a teacher, there are countless people who can talk about it. It is excusable to be able to talk and love to talk; many people know that they are not good at talking. It happens that they keep talking and explode their shortness, which is often annoying. Therefore, it can be said that Jiang Quan's doing this is actually an extremely rare kind of intelligence.

Hypothesis: The option 'It's a kind of self-knowledge that can't speak without saying it', if correct, can best support the above statement.


Premise: Studies have shown that treating certain illnesses with treatment X produces the same beneficial changes in patients' conditions as treating the same illnesses with treatment Y. Furthermore, treatment X is quicker and less expensive than treatment Y. Thus, in treating these illnesses, treatment X should be preferred to treatment Y.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that until recently, treatment X was more expensive than treatment Y would most weaken the argument above.


Premise: Commissioner: Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of a billion dollars in the coming fiscal year. Since there is no feasible way to increase the available funds, our only choice is to decrease expenditures. The plan before you outlines feasible cuts that would yield savings of a billion dollars over the coming fiscal year. We will be able to solve the problem we face, ttherefore, only if we adopt this plan.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the commissioner's argument is flawed because this argument takes for granted that there is no way to increase available funds.


Premise: A recent magazine article argued that most companies that do not already own videoconferencing equipment would be wasting their money if they purchased it. However, this is clearly not true. In a recent survey of businesses that have purchased such equipment, most of the respondents stated that the videoconferencing equipment was well worth its cost.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it concludes that something is worth its cost merely on the grounds that many businesses have purchased it.


Premise: One of the 10 computer manuals published by company T in 2005 was made for home computers. Exactly five of the advertisements released by company T featured those manuals written for home computers. Since 20 advertisements were released by company T in 2006, no more than one-quarter of them featured the computer manuals published by company T in 2005.

Hypothesis: The statement 'None of the advertisements released by company T in 2006 featured computer manuals other than the ones written for home computers' allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: In the process of studying the situation of a certain town, the following information has been obtained: (1) the villagers in the rich village of Zhang are very industrious; (2) some villagers in the relatively poor village of Li are also very industrious.

Hypothesis: Some very industrious people are not villagers in Zhang Village can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Funding opponent: Some people favor city funding for the spaying and neutering of pets at the owners' request. They claim that the decrease in the number of stray animals to contend with will offset the cost of the funding. These people fail to realize that over 80 percent of pet owners already pay to spay or neuter their animals, so there will not be a significant decrease in the number of stray animals in the city if this funding is provided.

Hypothesis: The majority of pets that are not spayed or neutered are used for breeding purposes, and are not likely to produce stray animals weakens the argument of the funding opponent.


Premise: The Mayan ruins unearthed jewelry workshops,It is located on the side of the road radiating outward from the center of the site. Since the aristocracy lived only in the centre, archaeologists concluded that the jewellery produced by these workshops was not for the aristocracy, but for a middle class who must have been rich enough, you can buy jewelry.

Hypothesis: The raw materials of their products were different from those used in the jewellery for the enjoyment of the nobility was an assumption made by archaeologists in their judgment regarding the craftsmen working in these workshops.


Premise: Cicero in ancient Rome once said, elegance and beauty cannot be separated from health. Lorenzo Barra, a humanist of the Italian Renaissance, stressed that health is a precious quality, a gift of the body and a gift of nature.many healthy people are not beautiful, but no beautiful person is unhealthy, he wrote.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some beautiful people are not healthy' cannot be inferred from Loren Barra's argument.


Premise: On the grasslands of Africa, a fierce leopard can catch almost any antelope it decides to catch. And once the antelope is not targeted by the hungry leopard, its best chance of escape is that the leopard will soon find another animal as its target. Therefore, the antelope following the activities of the group can reduce the risk of being eaten by leopards.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument is based is that Leopards can't eat an entire herd of antelopes at once.


Premise: It is not necessary to use a strong melody to create a successful (or even great) work, but a beautiful, easy-to-hum melody will always give ordinary laymen more joy. Many people who have not studied or analyzed music are easily attracted by composers who are good at melody. Comparing the composers of the Baroque period with some composers of the 20th century; both classical composers and romantic composers make their melody more easy to catch, and long and short melody are easy to master.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the correct understanding is that Romantic composers are particularly good at using short melody in the process of composition.


Premise: Some people whose heart stops beating are actually declared dead by the law, but they can still be saved, while other people's body functions have completely disappeared, but due to the medical devices, the heart can still beating. In this case, he is actually dead man, still considered alive by law.

Hypothesis: The correct option is that it is difficult to change the concept that the heart is the ruler of the human body, and it is also difficult to change the law based on this.


Premise: Telomeres are DNA fragments whose length is very long at birth and then becomes shorter and is regarded as a sign of aging. After analyzing data over the years, the researchers found that the average telomere length of women who had at least one child was 4.2% shorter than that of infertile women. This percentage is equivalent to 11 years of cell aging, outpacing the effects of smoking and obesity on cell aging. As a result, it has been suggested that having children will speed up the aging of women.

Hypothesis: Giving birth is good for women's health and can reduce the risk of many diseases. Breastfeeding for one year can reduce women's risk of breast cancer by 30% cannot refute the above point of view.


Premise: Critics: as the practice of electronic monitoring of employees becomes more and more common, it is becoming more and more intrusive to personal privacy. I have also heard more and more defences from employers for this practice. They explain that the purpose of monitoring is to keep employees honest, efficient and polite to customers. In my opinion, this explanation is obviously in the service of the employer himself and does not justify the unreasonable invasion of personal privacy at all.

Hypothesis: The option 'Attack an argument that is different from the argument actually put forward by the employer' best points out the flaw in the critic's argument.


Premise: A teacher expressed her anxiety about the harm that video games bring to elementary and middle school students. She believes that video games are like a monster that greedily and ruthlessly depriving elementary and middle school students of their time to study and communicate with the society.

Hypothesis: Elementary and middle school students spending money at home playing video games cannot be a reason to support the above view.


Premise: Stockholm Syndrome refers to the emotions of the victim after being controlled by the criminal for a period of time, and even help the criminal in turn.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when a certain person A broke into one house, he was discovered by owner B. A threatened B with a knife and forced B to tell his bank card password. During the confrontation, A was subdued by B. After B learned that A was in urgent need of a large sum of money to treat his mother, he felt sympathy, released A and give him a sum of money does not belong to Stockholm Syndrome.


Premise: Shy adolescents often devote themselves totally to a hobby to help distract them from the loneliness brought on by their shyness. Sometimes they are able to become friends with others who share their hobby. But if they lose interest in that hobby, their loneliness may be exacerbated. So developing an all-consuming hobby is not a successful strategy for overcoming adolescent loneliness.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some other strategy for overcoming adolescent loneliness is generally more successful than is developing an all-consuming hobby' is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The crime of harbouring and shielding refers to the act that non joint offenders provide hiding places and property for others, help them escape or give false proof of shielding.

Hypothesis: Wang's son bullying his classmates and Wang asking the child to live at his grandma's house for a period of time belongs to crimes of harbouring and shielding.


Premise: Senator Strongwood reported that, contrary to a study cited by the administration, a thorough study by his own party concluded that a reduction in the capital gains tax would lead to an increase in the federal deficit. Hooray for common sense,  he said. Everyone knows that when you cut taxes you lose revenue.  He concluded that the administration' s plan for reducing the capital gains tax was now dead, because he could not imagine any senator voting to increase the deficit.

Hypothesis: Senator Strongwood assumes senators will believe his party's report instead of the administration's in advancing his argument.


Premise: After quoting an article in a magazine called New Scientist, Cleary said that the role of memory is not necessarily to remember the past, but to help us move into the future. Memory sometimes uses imagination and creation to let us know what to do next. Or how to react in some cases. Some people think that they have the ability to foresee the future, but in fact, this may be a fragmented memory of the past. If the feeling of deja vu comes from an unremembered memory, it is easy to create the illusion that what happens next also comes from this memory and that you have psychic abilities.

Hypothesis: People's memories are not necessary memories of the past does not agree with this passage.