Premise: The gymnocypris przewalskii in Qinghai Lake is a rare fish, but since the 1950s, people began to catch a large number of gymnocypris przewalskii, resulting in the reduction of gymnocypris przewalskii resources from the initial 320000 tons to an average of 4000 tons per year. By 2013, the gymnocypris przewalskii resources were only 68000 tons. An expert believes that at this rate, the gymnocypris przewalskii in Qinghai Lake will be extinct in more than ten years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The gymnocypris przewalskii has been listed as an endangered species in the red list of species in China, and a number of measures have been taken for effective protection' best refutes the expert's point of view.


Premise: The main purpose of professional education is to help college students master the basic knowledge of their respective professional fields as comprehensively as possible, while the purpose of general education is to help college students gain the meaning and value of life. Therefore, some experts pointed out that compared with professional education, general education has a greater impact on personal future life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If a person does not have professional knowledge, he may be able to live. If he has no value pursuit, he will be just a soulless body' best supports the expert's assertion.


Premise: Sanderson intentionally did not tell his cousin about overhearing someone say that the factory would close, knowing that if he withheld this information, his cousin would assume it would remain open. Clearly this was morally wrong. After all, lying is morally wrong. And making a statement with the intention of misleading someone is lying. True, it was Sanderson' s failing to state something that misled his cousin. Yet there is no moral difference between stating and failing to state if they are done with the same intention.

Hypothesis: Sanderson had something to gain by his cousin's continuing to believe that the factory would remain open is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Expert: only when the property right of an item is clearly defined and can be traded, can the true value of the item be reflected. We say that we should protect the interests of the peasants. if we do not even know what the peasants' best interests are, how can we protect them? What valuable things do farmers have? That's the homestead. Only by fully reflecting the value of homestead can we really protect the interests of farmers.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then as long as we find out what is the best interests of farmers, we can protect the interests of farmers.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: If F is not a member of the same subcommittee as M, I and P must be members of the same subcommittee.


Premise: A company decided to scan all of its salespersons' important work that existed only in paper form into a central computer database that could be easily accessed using portable computers, thereby saving salespersons the effort of lugging their paper files all over the country. The project was a dismal failure, however; salespersons rarely accessed the database and continued to rely on many paper files, which they had refused to tum over to the staff responsible for creating the database.

Hypothesis: The statement "All of the salespersons were required to attend a series of training sessions for the new database software even though many of them found the software easy to use even without training" most helps to account for the failure described above.


Premise: Until he was dismissed amid great controversy, Hastings was considered one of the greatest intelligence agents of all time. It is clear that if his dismissal was justified, then Hastings was either incompetent or else disloyal. Soon after the dismissal, however, it was shown that he had never been incompetent. Thus, one is forced to conclude that Hastings must have been disloyal.

Hypothesis: Hastings's dismissal was justified is an assumption upon which the argument depends.


Premise: If there are any inspired performances in the concert, the audience will be treated to a good show. But there will not be a good show unless there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, and to be a sophisticated listener one must understand one' s musical roots.

Hypothesis: If there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, then there will be inspired musical performances in the concert must also be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: Good officials should not only be honest in performing official duties, but also be able to do practical things. What the people expect is a reform official, and a promising official is not a non-official. It can be said that some cadres do not dare to do anything, dare not innovate, and are afraid of taking responsibility. Without a tolerant and harmonious entrepreneurial environment, cadres will be timid in their work and dare not surpass and explore, let alone reform and innovation. It is frightening to see some comrades held accountable for their mistakes. In order to promote cadres to dare to think and dare to do, it is necessary to adhere to the three zones, that is, to separate the mistakes made in advance and trial from those committed knowingly, to distinguish exploratory experiments from those who fail to abide by the law and to distinguish unintentional negligence from seeking self-interest.

Hypothesis: Only by establishing a mechanism for discerning officials to explore innovative behavior can cadres dare to think and dare to do is intended to be described in the above paragraph.


Premise: People with depression have a strong suicidal tendency, and many people think that depression is a mental illness. In the middle of the 20th century, medical research found that the concentration of three neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain of depressed suicides is lower than that of normal people. Medical scientists speculate that it is the imbalance in the concentration of these three neurotransmitters that leads to depression.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Depression is not only a psychological disease, but also an organic disease' will give the above medical scientists the strongest support for their conclusions.


Premise: Humans began to spread across North America around 12, 000 years ago, as the climate became warmer. During the same period the large mammals that were once abundant in North America, such as the mastodon, the woolly mammoth, and the saber-toothed tiger, became extinct. Thus, contrary to the myth that humans formerly lived in harmony with the rest of nature, it is clear that even 12, 000 years ago human activity was causing the extinction of animal species.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that the evidence it cites is consistent with the alternative hypothesis that the large mammals' extinction was a direct result of the same change in climate that allowed humans to spread across North America.


Premise: Physicist Fermi famously proposed the Fermi paradox: Given the Milky Way's ancient age and other factors, if there really is intelligent life out there, they would have visited Earth long ago; But the truth is that when we look up at the stars, we face what is known as the Great Silence. The universe is silent and tranquil.

Hypothesis: We may not have reached the level where we can find alien intelligent life is a judgment that does not account for the Fermi paradox.


Premise: Synaesthesia is a psychological phenomenon in which one sense causes another to change.

Hypothesis: Camouflage clothing is a kind of uniform widely used in modern army takes advantage of synaesthesia.


Premise: As temperatures rise, so does the chance that tropical rainforests will be struck by lightning and start fires. However, current monitoring shows that although the American rainforest is hit by lightning more frequently, it does not cause more forest fires. The researchers believe that this may have something to do with the large increase in the number of vines in the rainforest in recent years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The stem of the vine has less resistance relative to the branch and can conduct lightning like a lightning rod on a building, allowing most of the current to flow from its own stem' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: The column settings of a literary journal website are usually adjusted at any time based on reader feedback and page views. In September last year, a batch of new columns appeared on the revised website. Among them, 5 columns are serials of comedy and humor, 3 columns are serials of long-form science fiction novels, and 2 columns are literary criticism. As of January this year, only 7 of these newly launched columns are still being updated, 5 of which are serials of comedy and humor.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, it can be inferred that there is only one column in the category of long-form science fiction novel that continues to be updated.


Premise: The folk medicine of many different cultures has extolled the use of garlic both to prevent and to cure many diseases. Modern medical research is absorbing some of these beliefs. Recent studies indicate that many of the more than 50 sulphur compounds that can be produced from garlic (depending upon whether it is boiled, fried in oil, or dried) have medicinal utility. Some of these compounds lower blood cholesterol, others reduce platelet clumping, while still others shrink some kinds of tumors. Other plants and herbs recommended by traditional medicine may also prove valuable for medicine generally.

Hypothesis: The belief that garlic is an effective way to prevent or cure some diseases is not limited to a small number of closely related cultures is not supported by the information above.


Premise: In every case of political unrest in a certain country, the police have discovered that some unknown person or persons organized and fomented that unrest. Clearly, ttherefore, behind all the cases of political unrest in that country there has been a single mastermind who organized and fomented them all.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in the statement 'Every citizen of Edmonton has a social insurance number, so there must be one number that is the social insurance number for all citizens of Edmonton.'


Premise: Most commentators on Baroque painting consider Caravaggio an early practitioner of that style, believing that his realism and novel use of the interplay of light and shadow broke sharply with current styles of Caravaggio' s time and significantly influenced seventeenth-century Baroque painting. One must ttherefore either abandon the opinion of this majority of commentators or reject Mather' s definition of Baroque painting, which says that for any painting to be considered Baroque, it must display opulence, heroic sweep, and extravagance.

Hypothesis: The assumption that opulence, heroic sweep, and extravagance are not present in Caravaggio's paintings is required for the proper conclusion of the argument.


Premise: When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.

Hypothesis: The vicious cycle described above could not result unless lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, and do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.


Premise: Advantage enrichment effect is a starting point development theory, which means that the small advantage at the starting point will produce a greater level of advantage accumulation through the series amplification of the key process.

Hypothesis: In order to expand its business, an education and training institution, like other training institutions, publicized by sending leaflets. Later, with the continuous expansion of its scale, the service quality also rose to a higher level and became a model in the industry is not dominant enrichment effects.


Premise: The effort involved in lying produces measurable physiological reactions such as a speedup of the heartbeat. Since lying is accompanied by physiological reactions, lie-detector tests that can detect these reactions are a sure way of determining when someone is lying.

Hypothesis: For people who are not lying, the tension of taking a lie-detector test can produce physiological reactions identical to the ones that accompany the act of lying most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Skinner's operational conditioning theory is a fundamental part of the reinforcement principle.Skinner referred to reinforcement as any event in which conditioning increases the probability of an individual's operant response. He distinguished between two types of reinforcement: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. The increase in stimulus is positive reinforcement when there is an increase in the probability of an increase in a stimulus in the environment. And negative reinforcement occurs when a stimulus in the environment decreases while the probability of a behavioral response increases.

Hypothesis: The teacher praised the students for their discipline in class is not positive reinforcement.


Premise: On the topic of education at the moment, there are often two armies confronting each other: on the one hand, there are education experts who say with all their heart that successful education must inspire students' interest; on the other side are parents and teachers who agree that exams are the only ones and scores are the top priority. Experts point out that such utilitarianism has ruthlessly stifled the children's nature and interest. However, under the conditions of insufficient high-quality educational resources, parents do not want to find ways to get their children to enter prestigious schools, what more wise choices can be made?

Hypothesis: Parents' utilitarian choice can be inferred from this text to be out of helplessness.


Premise: In a certain institute, all the engineers are union members, some managers are masters, some engineers are masters, all union members have applied for credit cards, there is no manager to apply for credit cards.

Hypothesis: A engineer who doesn't apply for a credit card is a counterexample of the above premise.


Premise: A proposed amendment would allow the city council to decide that certain city elections be conducted solely by mail. But voting is a sacred right in democracies, one that has always been exercised by voting in person and not by mail. Ttherefore, voting by mail should not be allowed, and the proposed amendment should be rejected.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument presents an appeal to tradition as the only reason for rejecting the proposal.


Premise: At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if it is assumed to be true at Tromen University that it is not possible to major in both biology and French literature.


Premise: Being near woodlands, the natural habitat of bees, promotes the health of crops that depend on pollination. Bees, the most common pollinators, visit flowers far from woodlands less often than they visit flowers close to woodlands.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The likelihood that a plant is pollinated increases as the number of visits from pollinators increases' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: For the average person who needs a transfusion, blood from a relative is more likely to be infected with hepatitis than is blood from a blood bank. Ttherefore, the risk of contracting hepatitis from a transfusion is higher for people receiving blood from relatives than for people receiving blood from blood banks.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Blood that is to be used in a transfusion is always screened for hepatitis' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Modern scientific and technological achievements have created advanced medicine, extended human life and reduced newborn infant mortality. Coupled with the long period of peace after World War II, some countries adopted family planning policies very late, which has resulted in a stable reproductive era for mankind. The world's population is growing rapidly and is expected to reach 6.4 billion by the end of the current world Economy.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported is that the stable fertility period caused by a combination of many factors led to a large increase in population.


Premise: Dr. Schilling: Those who advocate replacing my country' s private health insurance system with. nationalized health insurance because of the rising costs of medical care fail to consider the high human costs that consumers pay in countries with nationalized insurance: access to high-technology medicine is restricted. Kidney transplants and open-heart surgery-familiar life-saving procedures are rationed. People are denied their right to treatments they want and need. Dr. Laforte: Your country' s reliance on private health insurance denies access even to basic, conventional medicine to the many people who cannot afford adequate health coverage. With nationalized insurance, rich and poor have equal access to life-saving medical procedures, and people' s right to decent medical treatment regardless of income is not violated.

Hypothesis: In responding to Dr. Schilling, Dr. Laforte employs the argumentative strategy of showing that the objections raised by Dr. Schilling have no bearing on the question of which of the two systems under consideration is the superior system.


Premise: Recently, some foreign scholars and media have more concentrated reflections and criticisms on the Western democratic system, pointing out that Western democracy is declining. In this regard, some scholars believe that one of the reasons for the decline of Western democracy is its genetic defects. Western democracy is the establishment based on a hypothetical premise that rights are absolute. That is to say, rights and obligations are relative, but in the Western democratic model, the absoluteization of rights has become the mainstream, all kinds of rights are absolute, and individualism is supreme, and lack of social responsibility.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The two parties in the United States often put their rights above the national interests and veto each other, jeopardizing the interests of the country and citizens' would best support the scholar's point of view.


Premise: The Aquipos toucan is able to use its long beak to reach inside apertures in a tree's bark and feed on the insects that dwell within and that are the toucan's main food source. Several noted ornithologists have speculated that because the toucan's beak is curved in a manner similar to the openings in the bark, the beak evolved so that the toucan can best take advantage of the insects lying deep inside.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Aquipos toucan is also able to use its beak to break bark, thereby accessing insects that dwell in the trunk' argues most strongly against the ornithologists' speculation.


Premise: Pascal, a modern French thinker, once argued that either there was a Christian God or there was no Christian God. If you believe that God exists and live in a Christian way, then if God does exist, you will have endless blessings: if God does not exist, you will have very little to lose. But suppose you don't believe that God exists and don't live in a Christian way. If God doesn't exist, you have nothing to lose: if God does exist, you will be punished endlessly. So don't hesitate, choose to believe in God and live in a Christian way.

Hypothesis: The option 'There are many religions in this world, each of which has powerful gods (gods) and they all impose unlimited punishments on those who do not believe in themselves' best illustrates the loophole in the logic of this argument.


Premise: A certain naval force has 7 ships of A, B, C, D, E, H, and G. It is planned to form two fleets to sail. There are 3 ships in the first formation and 4 ships in the second formation. The formation must meet the following conditions: (1) The aircraft carrier must be listed in the second formation; (2) E and C have at most one formation in the first formation; 3) A and C are not in the same formation; (4) If B is arranged in the first formation, D must also be arranged in the first formation.

Hypothesis: If A is in the second formation, D must also be in the second formation.


Premise: Avalanches can put 40 to 50 tons of force on the surface of a hit object per square meter. The impact force is very striking. Avalanches can also cause violent oscillations in the air during their high-speed movement, a powerful blast of air in front of an avalanche faucet that resembles the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Avalanches are likely to be stopped at steep rock or sharp turns in river valleys. Avalanches, on the other hand, continue to move in the direction of avalanches, destroying forests, houses, overturning vehicles and choking people and animals.

Hypothesis: An avalanche has a greater impact than an atomic bomb can be inferred from the statements above.


Premise: The input of most parents has a significant positive predictive effect on their children's academic investment.The degree of parental investment decreases with the increase of their children's grades.At the same time, most parents pay more attention to the investment in home tutoring, and lack of investment in their children's participation in community and school activities. The parenting style of parental independent support or control plays a moderating role in the relationship between parental investment and children's academic investment, and partly through the mediating variable of meeting the children's academic psychological needs.

Hypothesis: The reduction of most parents' investment in their children's education means an increase in their children's grades can be inferred.


Premise: In the long process of evolution, food scarcity has always been the primary threat faced by mankind. Due to the uncertainty of food supply and the inability of food to be preserved for a long time, mankind has been living a full and hungry life. Individuals who can make the most effective use of food have survival advantages. After repeated famine choices, individuals with survival advantages and their genes, These genes can stimulate the secretion of a large amount of insulin after a full meal, so as to maximize the conversion and utilization of glucose in the blood. Although the cost of doing so may lead to obesity, the threat to survival caused by its harm to the body will not appear until middle age. For most of human history, The average life expectancy is less than 30 years.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that human physiological structure is the result of natural selection.


Premise: Cross-species studies of animal populations have shown that cubs who are isolated from their mothers within a month of birth often show strong aggression. For example, when looking for food, he is aggressive and fighting for food, while other cubs give in and he is still fighting for food. The hypothesis that explains this phenomenon is that the aggressive problem is due to the lack of social training guided by parents at the newborn stage.

Hypothesis: Chimpanzees who grew up in the socialized training environment of their parents were much less aggressive in mating conflicts than chimpanzees who did not grow up in this environment would most strongly strengthen the above argument.


Premise: In order to solve a series of global problems such as food security and energy shortage, the scientific community is stepping up its research on projects such as genetically modified food and clean new energy, with a view to leading people out of the food and energy crisis. From this we can see that the development of science no longer strictly follows this conventional route: scientific problems no longer originate from simple, pictorial scientific curiosity.  Science in the routine era is coming.

Hypothesis: Science in the routine era in this passage means scientific research emerging to meet industry needs.


Premise: John of Worcester, an English monk, recorded the sighting, on December 8, 1128, of two unusually large sunspots. Five days later a brilliant aurora borealis (northern lights) was observed in southern Korea. Sunspot activity is typically followed by the appearance of an aurora borealis, after a span of time that averages five days. Thus, the Korean sighting helps to confirm John of Worcester' s sighting.

Hypothesis: Only heavy sunspot activity could have resulted in an aurora borealis viewable at a latitude as low as that of Korea most strengthens the argument.


Premise: There are five volcanic islands E, F, G, H and I along the eastern coast of a country, which are arranged in a straight line from north to south. At the same time, it is found that: (1) F is adjacent to H and to the north of H. (2) I and E are adjacent. (3) G is somewhere to the north of F.

Hypothesis: The possible order of the group of islands is 5 if G is found to be the northernmost island.


Premise: The harmful behavior of omission refers to the negative behavior, that is, the actor does not perform or actively perform his legal obligations, resulting in the consequences of endangering the society.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, abandoning the baby at the railway station after giving birth, causing him to be seriously frozen is a harmful behavior of omission.


Premise: Administrative counterpart refers to a citizen, a legal person or other organization in a managed position in administrative management.

Hypothesis: A company is an administrative counterpart when it applies to the municipal government for administrative reconsideration is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: To qualify as a medical specialist, one must usually graduate from a university, then complete approximately four years of medical school, followed by a residency of two to six years in one' s specialty. Finally, a physician who desires to become a recognized specialist must complete an evaluation program directed by a medical specialty board. Ttherefore, anyone who has qualified as a recognized medical specialist is competent to practice in his or her specialty.

Hypothesis: No one incompetent to practice a particular specialty completes the evaluation program for that specialty is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: It is not known whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infected animal to another at all stages of the infection. If it can be, there is now a reservoir of infected cattle incubating the disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show overt symptoms. Ttherefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated by __.

Hypothesis: Removing from the herd and destroying any diseased animal as soon as it shows the typical symptoms of advanced BSE best completes the argument.


Premise: According to reports, female viewers accounted for nearly 2/3 of the core audience of parent-child programs on a certain satellite TV. You can imagine a scene like this: at night, a young mother takes her young children alone, watching Dad with Children on TV at home. And the young dad may still be working overtime, socializing, or just staying in the bedroom to play games and play the computer-their children still continue the story of not being accompanied by their father. In fact, this phenomenon also happens to the mother. In many modern families, the responsibility of raising children is mainly transferred to the older generation of elderly people.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Absence of the main body of parent-child education in real life' is meant to emphasize.


Premise: Chemical regulation means that the way to solve the problem is not direct, but to transform the problem into a problem to be solved or a problem that is easy to solve, and then go back to get the answer to the original problem.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li and Xiao Jiang have different methods to solve the same kind of problems. Xiao Li first studies the special situation and finally solves the general problem, while Xiao Jiang first solves the general problem and then studies the special situation does not belong to reduction.


Premise: In the face of a major epidemic, timely release of authoritative information and open and transparent response to public concerns can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain social stability. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization technology to launch products such as Real-time epidemic situation dynamic, Co-ride patient query system and Fever Clinic Map, which simultaneously popularize scientific protection knowledge, effectively meet the information needs of the public, and guide the masses to look at the epidemic rationally. Enhance self-prevention awareness and protection ability.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is Enhance the ability of self-protection by means of technology.


Premise: Until recently, anthropologists generally agreed that higher primates originated about 30 million years ago in the Al Fayyum region of Egypt. However, a 40-million-year-old fossilized fragment of a lower jawbone discovered in Burma (now called Myanmar) in 1978 was used to support the theory that the earliest higher primates originated in Burma. However, the claim is premature, for __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'higher primates cannot be identified solely by their lower jawbones' is the most logical completion of the paragraph above.


Premise: A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

Hypothesis: Participants who were depressed at the start of the study were no more likely to be smokers after one year than those who were not depressed most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Internet public welfare refers to the public welfare activities that non-governmental organizations or enterprises mobilize public participation through the network platform, which have the characteristics of low threshold, high transparency, strong interaction and so on.

Hypothesis: Every year, a company allocates special funds for public welfare activities and recruits cataract patients on the official website and provides all medical expenses to patients who meet specific conditions belongs to the Internet public welfare.


Premise: The right to know means that a citizen has the right to know what he should know. The state shall limit to the maximum extent the recognition and protection of citizens' right to know and access information,especially government affairs information.

Hypothesis: South Korea's SBS television broadcast the rehearsal process for the 28th Olympic Games in advance does not belong to the scope of the right to know according to the above definition.


Premise: Editorial: Supporters of the proposed law that would require bicyclists to wear helmets are seriously misguided. The number of pedestrians who die yearly as a result of accidents involving automobiles is five times the number of deaths resulting from bicycle accidents, and drunken driving exacts a much higher toll than both combined. Yet there are no calls for a ban on alcohol or walking down the street.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is foolish to require lab workers to wear safety goggles when working with acids and other dangerous liquids. No one suggests that people stop eating or socializing, even though more people become ill due to food poisoning and contagious diseases than are injured in laboratory accidents' exhibits a pattern of flawed reasoning most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Only when the purchase price of a flower shop is lower than the normal price, it can make profits by selling flowers at a price below the market. Unless the florist sells a lot of flowers, it is not possible to buy flowers from the florist at a lower price than normal. In order to sell large numbers of products, the florist needs to satisfy consumers' personal interests or have exclusive rights to sell certain kinds of products.

Hypothesis: If the florist makes a profit by selling flowers below market price, the purchase price must be below normal price is true if the above assertion is true.


Premise: By examining the fossilized leaves of any prehistoric plant it is possible to determine the climate in which that specimen grew because the size and shape of a leaf are unique to a given climate. Since the climate at a given location depends on the altitude at that location, it follows that the size and shape of a fossilized leaf also indicates the altitude at which the plant grew.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it overlooks the possibility that locations at different altitudes can have the same climate.


Premise: If there are any inspired performances in the concert, the audience will be treated to a good show. But there will not be a good show unless there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, and to be a sophisticated listener one must understand one' s musical roots.

Hypothesis: If there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, then there will be inspired musical performances in the concert.


Premise: Limonene, commonly known as lemon essential oil, is usually used to make citrus flavors. It is one of the chemical constituents that are used in many fragrances such as air fresheners, body sprays, etc. Limonene is not terrible in itself, because it does not cause great harm to human body. In fact, it can be used as seasoning agent for food. However, once it is sprayed into the air, limonene will soon change. When limonene is exposed to ozone, which generally exists in the air, two limonene molecules will form a single molecule compound methanol. When a large number of limonene in the room is converted into methanol, its effects will be very different.

Hypothesis: Using air fresheners may do harm to ourselves can be introduced.


Premise: With regard to all kinds of criticisms, leading cadres should adopt the attitude of correcting the shortcomings and mistakes pointed out by others, and if they do not, they should encourage themselves so that they will not make the same mistakes in the future. Create an atmosphere in which people who give advice are innocent as long as they are well-intentioned, even if the proposal is not correct. Even if the person who listens to the opinion does not have the shortcomings and mistakes mentioned by the other party, he can warn himself with what he has heard. Only in this way can people tell everything they know and talk endlessly. Only by following the flow of advice and supporting those who tell the truth can leading cadres make scientific decisions or make scientific decisions; only when they are willing and good at listening to different opinions can they create a political ecology with a clear spirit.

Hypothesis: If leading cadres fail to heed the flow of advice, they will not be able to make scientific decisions can be inferred based on the above information.


Premise: Biologist: We know the following things about plant X. Specimens with fuzzy seeds always have long stems but never have white flowers. Specimens with curled leaves always have white flowers, and specimens with thorny seedpods always have curled leaves. A specimen of plant X in my garden has a long stem and curled leaves.

Hypothesis: From the biologist's statements, it can be properly inferred that the specimen of plant X in the biologist's garden lacks both white flowers and fuzzy seeds.


Premise: Pursuit what the people like, forsake what the people hate. Green mountains are beautiful, and blue skies are happiness too. Developing the economy is for people's wellbeing, so is protecting the ecological environment. We should not only create more material and spiritual wealth to meet people's ever-growing needs for a better life, but also provide more high-quality ecological products to meet people's ever-growing needs for a beautiful environment. We should continue to ensure that ecology benefits and benefits the people, focus on solving prominent environmental problems that harm people's health, speed up efforts to improve the quality of the environment, provide more quality ecological products, strive to achieve social equity and justice, and constantly meet people's growing needs for a beautiful environment.

Hypothesis: A sound ecological environment being the well-being of people's livelihood is a literal meaning.


Premise: El nino is the transliteration of Spain, this is South America's Pacific coast fishermen to the end of each year water temperature rise in seasonal phenomenon, because of the weather phenomenon appeared often around Christmas time, just got this name, but now scientists are said: only those warming severe year known as el nino, because only warms up sharp Causing huge ecological changes and a series of disasters around the world.

Hypothesis: According to the above information about El Nino, the statement "This phenomenon occurs every year" is not true.


Premise: Newspaper editors should not allow reporters to write the headlines for their own stories. The reason for this is that, while the headlines that reporters themselves write are often clever, what typically makes them clever is that they allude to little-known information that is familiar to the reporter but that never appears explicitly in the story itself.

Hypothesis: The kind of headlines that newspaper editors want are those that anyone who has read a reporter's story in its entirety will recognize as clever


Premise: When you think of society as a complex system, pay attention to the dynamic coordination of multiple factors to better promote social harmony. If you encounter problems, start from the concept, make simple qualitative and judgment, and strive for consistency Either one or the other. This kind of simplification, one-sidedness, and extremeness of thinking is incompatible with the harmonious society.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that building a harmonious society requires systematic thinking.


Premise: The similarity between modern chemistry and alchemy (alchemy) is to create new things at the molecular level, but it is actually the task of nuclear physicists to create new elements. They use some cyclotron accelerators to blast out new elements and fill them into the periodic table as the winning fruit of chemists. Classical alchemy actually had the idea of elements and atoms, but it did not have rational thinking. For example, the Europeans in the Middle Ages believed that light, heavy, dry and wet were the basic physical properties, dry but light was fire and dry and heavy was soil. What is wet and light is gas and what is wet and heavy is water. Therefore, any substance is the result of different proportions of the four basic elements: water, fire, earth, and air, which is obviously different from the current concept of the world. At the same time, the understanding of the nature of matter in other civilizations is also between mystery and reason.

Hypothesis: The starting point of rational thinking in modern chemistry is most likely to be discussed next.


Premise: The lack of legal aid makes it difficult for the legislative and judicial progress in the protection of criminal human rights to benefit all or even most of the criminal suspects and defendants, resulting in a binary imbalance. Because lawyers can make use of the advantages of resources such as legal knowledge and litigation experience to guide the handling of cases in a direction that is beneficial to their clients, the acceptance rate of their defense opinions such as voluntary surrender and meritorious service is relatively high, so criminal suspects with defense lawyers, defendants are more qualified and likely to enjoy the institutional dividend brought about by the progress of the rule of law than those without defense lawyers. Get more opportunities for leniency and even acquittal.

Hypothesis: The intended explanation of this passage is that it is difficult for legal aid to benefit most criminal suspects and defendants.


Premise: Studies have shown that treating certain illnesses with treatment X produces the same beneficial changes in patients' conditions as treating the same illnesses with treatment Y. Furthermore, treatment X is quicker and less expensive than treatment Y. Thus, in treating these illnesses, treatment X should be preferred to treatment Y.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Unlike treatment Y, treatment X has produced harmful side effects in laboratory animals' would most weaken the argument above.


Premise: Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants has been temporarily stored on-site, but this is not a satisfactory kind of place for long-range storage. Since no suitable plan of safe permanent storage of such waste from the nation' s existing and planned nuclear plants has been devised, some people propose that we should stop trying to develop such a plan and instead should shut down all present nuclear plants and build no new nuclear plants.

Hypothesis: The proposal mentioned above falls short of offering a complete solution to the problem it addresses because it does not provide for the permanent storage of already-existing waste.


Premise: A government ought to protect and encourage free speech, because free speech is an activity that is conducive to a healthy nation and thus is in the best interest of its people.

Hypothesis: An activity that is in the best interest of the people ought to be protected and encouraged by a nation's government is an assumption required for the main conclusion above to follow logically.


Premise: At present, people obtain electricity by building dams on rivers and building hydropower stations, but there are few places on the earth suitable for dams, and dams will also destroy the ecological environment. In contrast, the surface of the earth covered by the ocean. The waves on the sea are rolling, Day and night, there is a huge amount of energy, the collection of wave energy is suitable for a wide sea area, and the ecological environment is less damaged. Therefore, collecting wave energy for power generation will have more advantages than building a dam on a river.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Whether it is to build a tower on the seabed to support power generation, or to fix the generator on the seabed, it will cost a lot of money, and the cost is much more expensive than a river power station' if true, makes it impossible to question the above point of view.


Premise: Studies reveal that most people select the foods they eat primarily on the basis of flavor, and that nutrition is usually a secondary concern at best. This suggests that health experts would have more success in encouraging people to eat wholesome foods if they emphasized how flavorful those foods truly are rather than how nutritious they are.

Hypothesis: In a study, subjects who were told that a given food was very flavorful were more willing to try the food and more likely to enjoy it than were subjects who were told that the food was nutritious, most strengthens the argument above.


Premise: Consolidating computational thinking is an important goal of each education stage. Only in this way can students' ability develop upward on the basis of the previous level. Computational thinking is helpful to solve problems in any field. For example, decompose a large problem into several small problems, and design the feasible path of small experiments through reasoning. Using these strategies in different environments can make students understand that computational thinking is far more useful than computers.

Hypothesis: Cultivating computational thinking is an important content of education is accurate with regard to the above words.


Premise: Natural elimination breeding method means to reduce the interference and determine the breeding method of improved variety through natural growth of the selected variety.

Hypothesis: In order to breed disease-resistant species, turtle farms, in the case of near-death turtles, do not apply any drugs and let their development, the survival of the last as a seed fish is a natural elimination breeding method.


Premise: No reform can succeed without the support and participation of the people. Only when the will of the people is fully respected and broad consensus is reached can the people actively support and participate in reform. We must uphold the principal position of the people, give full play to their initiative, and rely closely on them to push forward reform and opening up.

Hypothesis: If the will of the people is not fully respected, the people will not actively support reform can be concluded based on the above statement.


Premise: Red admiral butterflies fly in a highly irregular fashion, constantly varying their speed, wing strokes, and flight path. While predators avoid poisonous butterfly species, nonpoisonous butterflies like the red admiral need to elude predators to survive. Scientists ttherefore hypothesize that the red admiral' s flight style, which is clearly not energy efficient, evolved as a means of avoiding predators.

Hypothesis: It is much more energy efficient for butterflies to fly in an irregular fashion than it is for heavier varieties of insects most strengthens the support for the scientists' hypothesis.


Premise: The national academic conference held by a certain society received nearly a thousand conference papers each time. In order to ensure the quality of the conference exchange papers, the academic conference organizing committee decided to select only 10% of the conference papers as conference exchange papers.

Hypothesis: In every submitted conference paper, there is always a certain proportion of the paper quality is guaranteed is most likely to be based on the decision of the organizing committee of the academic conference.


Premise: Extended products refer to the sum of various benefits that customers receive when purchasing products.

Hypothesis: A shopping mall's New Year's offer is that the top 100 customers can buy a new mobile phone for only 100 yuan are extended products.


Premise: Candidates who pass the examination and pass the physical examination will be admitted. Therefore, if Li Ming passes the exam but is not admitted, he must fail the physical examination.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If tomorrow is a holiday and the weather is fine, Xiao Wu will climb the mountain. Therefore, if Xiao Wu did not climb the mountain, then the next day must not be a holiday or bad weather' is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Complaints that milk bottlers take enormous markups on the bottled milk sold to consumers are most likely to arise when least warranted by the actual spread between the price that bottlers pay for raw milk and the price at which they sell bottled milk. The complaints occur when the bottled-milk price rises, yet these price increases most often merely reflect the rising price of the raw milk that bottlers buy from dairy farmers. When the raw-milk price is rising, the bottlers' markups are actually smallest proportionate to the retail price. When the raw-milk price is falling, however, the markups are greatest.

Hypothesis: If all of the statements above are true, then Consumers pay more for bottled milk when raw-milk prices are falling than when these prices are rising must also be true on the basis of them.


Premise: Feedforward control means to eliminate the possible deviation in the bud by observing the situation, sorting out the information, mastering the law, predicting the trend, correctly predicting the possible problems in the future, and taking measures in advance.

Hypothesis: A factory adjusted its production mode because of the rising prices of raw materials, fuels and other materials belongs to feedforward control according to the above definition.


Premise: A girl wanted to learn embroidery as a craft to make a living, but she couldn't afford to buy needles and fabrics, and there was no teacher to worship. She spent ten years embroidering for others for free. With the embroidery materials provided by others, she trained excellent embroidery skills, made a reputation, and accumulated a large number of patterns. Ten years later, she embroidered for people at a price higher than the market, and there are still many customers. Some scholars put forward the concept of embroidery, That is, at the beginning of one's career, one can rely on other people's resources, obligation or work for resource providers at a price lower than the market, so as to complete the accumulation of one's own skills, relationships, funds and other resources and obtain the success of career development.

Hypothesis: Xiao Qi has been engaged in many professions such as engineers and teachers. When he was a graduate student, he studied management engineering, personnel management and other courses. Human resource management integrates all the knowledge he learned in the past. He has achieved great success in this field after graduation is in line with the embroidery theory.


Premise: The extended product refers to the sum of all kinds of benefits obtained by customers when they purchase the product, including product specification, warranty, installation, maintenance, delivery, technical training, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a car dealer trying to attract customers by promising a three-year warranty on all cars sold in his shop is the extended product.


Premise: A change is a big change or shift in time or space, a change or replacement, that is completely different from what happened before.

Hypothesis: Xiao Shen visits huangshan once a year, and each time he goes, he makes different discoveries is consistent with the definition.


Premise: Knowledge management: build a quantitative and qualitative knowledge system in the organization, so that the information and knowledge in the organization can be continuously fed back into the knowledge system through the process of obtaining, creating, sharing, integrating, recording, accessing, updating or innovating, forming an uninterrupted accumulation of personal and organizational knowledge,  becoming a cycle of organizational intelligence and intelligent capital for management and application in the enterprise organization, which helps enterprises make correct decisions to respond to market changes. It is a process of creating, acquiring and using knowledge in order to enhance the performance of an organization.

Hypothesis: Smnrtall implemented layoffs throughout the company based on last year's annual report figures is not knowledge management according to the above definition.


Premise: Subjective lens refers to taking the camera lens as the actor's eyes and directly witnessing the scene seen by the actor in film and television activities.

Hypothesis: The TV series Outlaws of the marsh gives Lin Chong a close-up shot as soon as he appeared, highlighting his appearance characteristics is a subjective lens according to the above definition.


Premise: In interpersonal communication, people always find that people who do good deeds are always easy to suffer losses, and even suffer disasters, while bad people often take advantage, so that they get prosperous. So gradually people stop doing good deeds and act on their own private interests as the only standard. Some philosophers concluded that this standard is the natural law of human life.

Hypothesis: Those who smuggle the hook will be killed, and those who usurp the power will become ministers is most irrelevant to the above conclusion.


Premise: Mall owner: Our mall' s occupancy rate is so low that we are barely making a profit. We cannot raise rents because of an unacceptably high risk of losing established tenants. On the other hand, a mall that is fully occupied costs about as much to run as one in which a rental space here and a rental space there stands empty. Clearly, ttherefore, to increase profits we must sign up new tenants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'None of the mall's established tenants is likely to need additional floor space there in the foreseeable future' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area -- whatever those may be -- is an expert.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area' is assumed in order for the columnist's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: When treating dental caries, dentists must first remove the carious part of the tooth, and then fill the material to repair the defective tooth. However, 10% to 15% of the fillings will fail, and the fillings used do not have the ability to make the teeth self-heal Functions and even side effects. In view of this, researchers have developed a filler made of synthetic biological materials that can stimulate the growth of stem cells in the dental pulp and repair damaged parts. This filler can stimulate the proliferation of stem cells , And differentiate into dentin. If the fillings of the future fillings are made of such regenerated materials, it will reduce the failure rate of the fillings and reduce the pain of the dental pulp of patients with tooth decay.

Hypothesis: Newly developed dental fillings can promote the growth of dentin can be inferred.


Premise: Electric washing machines, first introduced in the United States in 1925, significantly reduced the amount of time spent washing a given amount of clothes, yet the average amount of time households spent washing clothes increased after 1925. This increase is partially accounted for by the fact that many urban households had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries. But the average amount of time spent washing clothes also increased for rural households with no access to professional laundries.

Hypothesis: People with access to an electric washing machine typically wore their clothes many fewer times before washing them than did people without access to electric washing machines, if true, most helps to explain why the time spent washing clothes increased in rural areas.


Premise: Political theorist: Many people believe that the punishment of those who commit even the most heinous crimes should be mitigated to some extent if the crime was motivated by a sincere desire to achieve some larger good. Granted, some criminals with admirable motives deserve mitigated punishments. Nonetheless, judges should never mitigate punishment on the basis of motives, since motives are essentially a matter of conjecture and even vicious motives can easily be presented as altruistic.

Hypothesis: The principle 'A legal system that, if adopted, would have disastrous consequences ought not be adopted' most helps to justify the political theorist's reasoning.


Premise: Lourdes: Dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day. Kyra: But a daily intake of fiber that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut back on fiber intake.

Hypothesis: The more a food is processed, the more the fiber is broken down and the lower the fiber content most undermines Kyra's recommendation.


Premise: Goodbody, Inc. , is in the process of finding tenants for its newly completed Parrot Quay commercial development, which will make available hundreds of thousands of square feet of new office space on what was formerly derelict property outside the financial center of the city. Surprisingly enough, the coming recession, though it will hurt most of the city' s businesses, should help Goodbody to find tenants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many of Goodbody's other properties are in the financial center and will become vacant if the recession is severe enough to force Goodbody's tenants out of business' does most to help resolve the apparent paradox.


Premise: Network neutrality means that within the scope permitted by law, all Internet users can access network content, operate applications, access equipment and select service providers according to their own choices. This principle requires network operators to treat all Internet content and access equally, prevent them from controlling the priority of transmission data from commercial interests and ensure the neutrality of network data transmission.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that 'A mailbox has a contract with the network operator, so it is faster to use the mailbox when the network is crowded' violates the principle of network neutrality.


Premise: Wildlife conservation organizations: if there is no trade, there will be no killing; without killing, man and nature can live in harmony.

Hypothesis: As long as there is killing, there must be trade is true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Generally, bacteria grow and multiply at room temperature, and the low temperature environment stops growing and can only maintain life. But Yersinia is just the opposite. Not only is it not afraid of low temperature and cold, but it only multiplies at about 0 degree. Food stored in the refrigerator, Make Yersinia in its best growth state.

Hypothesis: The environment for the growth of general bacteria is also suitable for the growth of Yersinia can be derived from this.


Premise: When doctors vaccinate a patient, their intention is to expose him or her to a weakened form of a disease-causing pathogen and thus to make the patient better able to resist the pathogen and less likely to develop a severe form of that disease later.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some parents read their children fairy tales containing allegorical treatments of treachery and cruelty, with the intention of making them less emotionally vulnerable to these phenomena when they encounter them later in life' best illustrates the principle that the passage illustrates.


Premise: Smith: Under the International Rare Animal Protection Regulations, hybrid animals are not protected under the Regulations.Red wolves are among the subjects protected by the International Regulations on the Protection of Rare Animals. The latest genetic research techniques have found that red wolves, long considered purebred species, are actually re-acquired by hybridization of mountain dogs and grey wolves.Since red wolves clearly need protection, the regulation should be amended. Make it protect hybrid animals. Zhang Dazhong: Your point of view cannot be established.Because if the red wolf is indeed a hybrid of mountain dogs and gray wolves, then in fact, the red wolf is now extinct, can still be re-acquired through the hybridization of mountain dogs and gray wolves.

Hypothesis: All existing hybrids are the offspring of hybrids of existing purebreds is most likely to be Zhang's rebuttal hypothesis.


Premise: The production of infant formula in China there are more than 130 enterprises, and only four companies in the United States, compared to the United States for the number of infant formula milk powder is much higher than our country.  imagine, if there are only four production formula, the enterprise will cherish their own brand value, continue to strengthen food safety consciousness, any possible food safety risk is the enterprise itself, It would be unthinkable to occur a problem with melamine.

Hypothesis: A company is a famous dairy production enterprise in China, its brand value is very high, but it was found in its milk products weakens the above view.


Premise: Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is 'Do not approve of bringing the economy fully into the planned track.'


Premise: In order to reduce traffic congestion, a city has taken measures such as the lower limit: On weekdays from Monday to Friday, non-commercial vehicles are restricted to one day in five groups according to their tail numbers 0, 5, 1, 6, 2, 7, 3, 8, 4 and 9, and not limited to weekends and legal holidays. Those who break the rules will be fined.

Hypothesis: Zhang SAN and his neighbor have a total of three private cars, with different tail numbers. They cooperate and have two cars to drive every day may not violate the traffic restrictions.


Premise: High levels of fertilizer and pesticides, needed when farmers try to produce high yields of the same crop year after year, pollute water supplies. Experts ttherefore urge farmers to diversify their crops and to rotate their plantings yearly. To receive governmental price-support benefits for a crop, farmers must have produced that same crop for the past several years.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, best support the conclusion that governmental price supports for farm products are set at levels that are not high enough to allow farmers to get out of debt.


Premise: Text is the soul of calligraphy. The bookish style and artistic style of calligraphy are closely related to the humanistic spirit behind the text. Calligraphy with the absence of text is incomplete calligraphy. As for the judgment of the value of calligraphy, although it has been adjusted to a certain extent in traditional culture and modern culture, the culture of calligraphy has not been shaken at all. The art of calligraphy has always assumed the function of carrying Tao. The calligraphy classics represented by the Preface to the Collection of Orchid Pavilion and manuscripts for nephews are the products of pen and ink and rhetoric, which contain national feelings, national character and humanistic spirit, and embody the calligrapher's cultural accomplishment and artistic accomplishment.

Hypothesis: The option 'The level of art of calligraphy depends on the literary level of the calligrapher' does not match the meaning of the above.


Premise: Intellectual Property: It is a general term for economic and spiritual rights based on the fruits of creative intellectual labor produced by people in the fields of science, technology, culture and art.

Hypothesis: Trademark rights is not intellectual property rights.


Premise: Tabloid magazines that report alien landings and celebrity sightings may be considered plebeian, but the public evidently prefers them to weekly newsmagazines that report more conventional news. A comparison of newsstand revenues shows far higher sales volumes for tabloids than for weekly newsmagazines.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider whether more newsmagazines than tabloid magazines are sold by subscription.


Premise: Some philosophers have pointed out that life should in fact pursue two simple, material is the simplicity of life and interpersonal relationships. With these two simple hearts, it has a vast space and beautiful quiet. But most modern people are very complex in these two aspects, material life is the endless pursuit of wealth. Interpersonal relationships are an endless entanglement of interests, and they take up almost all the space in life. With these two kinds of complexity, it has produced the trouble of modern people.

Hypothesis: According to the philosopher above, if it were simple in both material life and interpersonal relationships, most of the troubles of modern people would not arise.


Premise: After the Second World War, the charter of the newly formed United Nations established an eleven-member Security Council and charged it with taking collective action in response to threats to world peace. The charter further provided that the five nations that were then the major powers would permanently have sole authority to cast vetoes. The reason given for this arrangement was that the burden of maintaining world peace would rest on the world' s major powers, and no nation should be required to assume the burden of enforcing a decision it found repugnant.

Hypothesis: The reason given for the structure of the Security Council assumes that no nation that was not among the major powers at the end of the Second World War would become a major power.


Premise: Kong Zhi, Meng Rui, Xun Hui, Zhuang Cong, Mo Ling, and Han Min formed a team to participate in a chess competition. Two of them participated in the Go game, two in the Chinese chess game, and two others, chess game. Regarding their specific participation in the competition, the following conditions must be met: (1) Each player can only participate in one competition; (2) Kong Zhi participates in the Go game, and Zhuang Cong and Meng Rui both participate in the Chinese chess game; (3) If Han Min does not participate in the chess competition, then Mo Ling will participate in the Chinese chess competition; (4) If Xun Hui participates in the Chinese chess competition, then Zhuang Cong will not participate in the Chinese chess competition; (5) At least one of Xun Hui and Mo Ling will not participate in the Chinese chess competition .

Hypothesis: If Xun Hui participates in a Chinese chess competition, Mo Ling participates in a chess competition can be derived.


Premise: While studying Williams syndrome, experts accidentally found that people with musical and mathematical talents are actually caused by genetic disorders or deletions and the same genetic disorder can also lead to psychosis such as schizophrenia. Most children born with Williams syndrome have 20 genes misaligned with chromosome 7. This happens to one out of every 20,000 people in the world.

Hypothesis: The option "Genetic disorder and genius" is most likely to be highlighted by the author next.


Premise: A science class stored one selection of various fruits at 30 degrees Celsius, a similar selection in similar conditions at 20 degrees, and another similar selection in similar conditions at 10 degrees. Because the fruits stored at 20 degrees stayed fresh longer than those stored at 30 degrees, and those stored at 10 degrees stayed fresh longest, the class concluded that the cooler the temperature at which these varieties of fruits are stored, the longer they will stay fresh.

Hypothesis: The class assumed without proof that its thermometer was reliable, and therefore their reasoning is flawed.


Premise: Xiao Wang: Judging from the huge cost of hosting the Olympic Games, the price of tickets should be much higher. It is the advertising revenue of the Olympic games organizers that has lowered ticket prices. Therefore, the Olympic Games live audience from the Olympic games pull the advertisement to obtain the economic benefit. Xiao Li: your statement doesn't hold water. Who will pay for the advertising that seems to be driving down the price of Olympic tickets? Aren't consumers, after all, including those who are in the audience at the Olympics? Because manufacturers by raising the price of goods to spread advertising costs to consumers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The use of world-wide sports competition advertising more and more manufacturers, advertising costs are also increasing' could powerfully weaken Xiao Li's rebuttal to Xiao Wang.


Premise: Criticism that the press ignores positive stories and focuses solely on salacious stories neglects to consider that the press must make a profit to survive. Because of the need to make a profit, the press must focus on stories that will draw an audience. The only alternative to a profit-driven press is a government-supported press. A government-supported press would have pressure to curtail any critique of the government, thereby limiting the power of the press.

Hypothesis: The power of the press comes from its ability to critique the government can properly be inferred from the passage.


Premise: The folktale that claims that a rattlesnake' s age can be determined from the number of sections in its rattle is false, but only because the rattles are brittle and sometimes partially or completely break off. So if they were not so brittle, one could reliably determine a rattlesnake' s age simply from the number of sections in its rattle, because one new section is formed each time a rattlesnake molts.

Hypothesis: Rattlesnakes molt as often when food is scarce as they do when food is plentiful is an assumption the argument requires in order for its conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: James: Many people claim that the voting public is unable to evaluate complex campaign issues. The television commercials for Reade in the national campaign, however, discuss complex campaign issues, and Reade is, at present, more popular than any other candidate. Maria: Yes, Reade is the most popular. However, you are incorrect in claiming that this is because of Reade' s discussion of complex campaign issues. Reade simply strikes the voters as the most competent and trustworthy candidate.

Hypothesis: Polling data show that Reade's present popularity will probably diminish over time most supports Maria's counter to James.


Premise: Modern scientific and technological achievements have created advanced medicine, extended human life and reduced newborn infant mortality. Coupled with the long period of peace after World War II, some countries adopted family planning policies very late, which has resulted in a stable reproductive era for mankind. The world's population is growing rapidly and is expected to reach 6.4 billion by the end of the current world Economy.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported is that the growth of the world's population increases geometrically.


Premise: China's available geothermal energy reserves exceed the combined energy reserves of all fossil fuels in the country, and the technology of converting geothermal into electricity in some areas has become a reality. China's possible energy shortage in the next century will be completely solved.

Hypothesis: At some point in the next century, the reality of geothermal exhaustion will force China to rely more on imported energy can most weaken the author's above point of view.


Premise: Under the current compulsory education investment system, the county finance can barely afford teachers' wages, and the central and provincial finance can subsidize some teachers' wages and school construction funds, but all the remaining gaps are left to the school itself. Some rural primary and secondary school principals reflect that compulsory education has now become the obligation of the school.

Hypothesis: Compulsory education is the responsibility of schools means that it has now become a school obligation.


Premise: The pollution problem caused by garbage exudates is most serious in countries with an annual per capita output of between $4000 and $5000, while it is less serious in relatively poor or rich countries. In the initial stage of industrial development, the pollution problem is relatively serious. When industrial development can create enough means to deal with such problems, the pollution problem will be reduced. At present, the per capita output value of country X is US $5000 per year, and the pollution caused by garbage exudates in country X will gradually decrease in the next few years.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is 'In the next few years, the industrialization process of country X will be affected by the problem of pollution control.'


Premise: The school principal insisted that student failures are caused by bad teaching. In a relatively short time failing grades disappeared from the school. The principal happily recognized this as evidence that the teaching had improved at the school.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the above is most similar to that in which the manager insisted that the workers who filed complaints did not have enough to do. Soon there were no more complaints filed. The manager was pleased to conclude that the workers were now productively filling their time.


Premise: It is wrong to say that foods with high content of refined sugar will not cause acquired diabetes, because foods with high content of refined sugar will lead to obesity, so obesity is an important cause of acquired diabetes.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is wrong to say that inferior gasoline will not cause abnormal fuel consumption. Because inferior gasoline will cause very normal aging of engine valves, while abnormal aging of engine valves will cause abnormal fuel consumption" is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: The principle of proportionality means that administrative organs should take into account the realization of administrative objectives and the choice of appropriate means to ensure the balance between public interests and the rights and interests of the counterparty. if the realization of administrative objectives may have some adverse impact on the rights and interests of the opposite party, this adverse impact should be limited to the smallest possible scope and limits, and the two should be kept in an appropriate proportion.

Hypothesis: The act of the planning bureau requiring a company to demolish an illegally added 12th floor on a nine-story commercial building is most in line with the principle of proportionality according to the above definition.


Premise: Compared with genes, man-made components (artifacts) have a more powerful intervention in human evolution. From the controlled use of fire to the invention of stirrups and even supercomputers, from rough utensils to artistic creations, from primitive worship to nirvana? The recognition of the realm, from the gathering and hunting of food to the exploration of the fate of the universe. Cultural components change people's behavior and thinking, and even change the natural track of human genetic inheritance.

Hypothesis: The influence of man-made components on human evolution conforms to the context.


Premise: A sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa occurred in the tenth century. Historians explain this increase as the result of an area opening up as a new source of ivory and argue on this basis that the important medieval trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period.

Hypothesis: In East Africa gold coins from Mediterranean North Africa have been found at a tenth-century site but at no earlier sites does not provide some support for the historians' account described above.


Premise: The right to know means that a citizen has the right to know what he should know. The state shall limit to the maximum extent the recognition and protection of citizens' right to know and access information,especially government affairs information.

Hypothesis: American voters are demanding an open vote on the new president does not belong to the scope of the right to know according to the above definition.


Premise: On the topic of education at the moment, there are often two armies confronting each other: on the one hand, there are education experts who say with all their heart that successful education must inspire students' interest; on the other side are parents and teachers who agree that exams are the only ones and scores are the top priority. Experts point out that such utilitarianism has ruthlessly stifled the children's nature and interest. However, under the conditions of insufficient high-quality educational resources, parents do not want to find ways to get their children to enter prestigious schools, what more wise choices can be made?

Hypothesis: The views of education experts are divorced from the reality of life can be inferred from this text.


Premise: Product recall refers to the recall of products that have been delivered to wholesalers, retailers or end users by manufacturers. The typical reason for product recall is that the sold products are found to have defects. The product recall system is aimed at the batch problems caused by manufacturers, among which the identification of quality defects and the identification of manufacturers' responsibilities are the most critical core.

Hypothesis: A supermarket found that the cans sold had expired and deteriorated, and timely informed consumers to return or replace them belongs to product recall according to the above definition.


Premise: In a certain municipality, a judge overturned a suspect' s conviction for possession of an illegal weapon. The suspect had fled upon seeing police and subsequently discarded the illegal weapon after the police gave chase. The judge reasoned as follows: the only cause for the police giving chase was the suspect' s flight; by itself, flight from the police does not create a reasonable suspicion of a criminal act; evidence collected during an illegal chase is inadmissible; ttherefore, the evidence in this case was inadmissible.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'Flight from the police could create a reasonable suspicion of a criminal act as long as other significant factors are involved' most helps to justify the judge's decision that the evidence was inadmissible.


Premise: Humans began to spread across North America around 12, 000 years ago, as the climate became warmer. During the same period the large mammals that were once abundant in North America, such as the mastodon, the woolly mammoth, and the saber-toothed tiger, became extinct. Thus, contrary to the myth that humans formerly lived in harmony with the rest of nature, it is clear that even 12, 000 years ago human activity was causing the extinction of animal species.

Hypothesis: In calling the idea that humans once lived in harmony with nature a myth, the argument presupposes what it attempts to prove, making it vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: The allocation of seven employees can be fully determined if the statement 'I and W are assigned to the sales department' is true.


Premise: Wildlife conservation organizations: if there is no trade, there will be no killing; without killing, man and nature can live in harmony.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, as long as there is killing, there must be trade.


Premise: Illegal business crime: Refers to various scalping behaviors that disrupt market order and are serious in violation of state regulations, imposing state restrictions or prohibiting business operations.

Hypothesis: Mr. Wang registered Xinyuan Economic and Trade Co., Ltd. in a certain district of a certain city in Zhejiang Province, and organized and absorbed more than 9,800 salesmen from all over the country by means of sales commissions and development offline commissions to carry out clothing, health products, leather goods, fitness equipment and other MLM activities, the MLM amount reached more than 13.37 million yuan constitutes illegal business crime.


Premise: Origin thinking refers to setting people or things to an origin, often returning to the origin for thinking, performing state comparison, correcting deviations, and constantly moving toward the goal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Who can untie the golden bell on the tiger's neck-the person who needs to tie the bell to untie the bell' belongs to origin thinking.


Premise: A company limited by shares refers to a company that is composed of a certain number of shareholders or more, and all of its capital is divided into equal shares. The shareholders only bear limited liability to the company for the shares they subscribe, that is, the amount of capital contributed, and the company assumes responsibility for the company's debts with all its assets company.

Hypothesis: Company A, which undergoes a reorganization, divides all its capital into 50,000 shares and is renamed XX Co., Ltd., is a joint stock company.


Premise: From the perspective of top-level design, the cultivation and construction of craftsman spirit in China should be based on building a cooperative guarantee platform, carrying out pluralistic dialogue among different subjects, constructing a cooperative development mechanism of industry, teaching and research, and strengthening the function of spiritual cultivation in vocational colleges. From the perspective of coordinated development, the main body of craftsman spirit in our country urgently needs to strengthen the market management system, cultivate high-quality consumer market, constantly improve the salary system of technical and skilled personnel and construct vocational colleges according to their own role orientation and functional attributes, training center, enterprise three-station interaction mechanism.

Hypothesis: The main description of this paragraph is 'The main strategies of cultivating the spirit of craftsmen in China.'


Premise: After a follow-up study of 9 people wearing contact lenses and 11 people who did not wear contact lenses, the researchers found that compared with those without contact lenses, the average number of bacteria on the eyeball of people wearing contact lenses increased by an average of two times. There were also differences in the composition of eyeball surface flora between the two groups. Pseudomonas, a bacterium that causes corneal ulcer, is more common in the eyes of people with contact lenses. It can be seen that changing the flora in the eyes with contact lenses is more likely to lead to eye infection

Hypothesis: Sample size of this study is too small, so we should be cautious about the survey results, if true, best supports the above argument.


Premise: Public-sector (government-owned) companies are often unprofitable and a drain on the taxpayer. Such enterprises should be sold to the private sector, where competition will force them either to be efficient and profitable or else to close.

Hypothesis: The services provided by many public-sector companies must be made available to citizens, even when a price that covers costs cannot be charged identifies a flaw in the policy proposed above.


Premise: Science is not a religion, religion is the belief, so the belief is not scientific.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Chinese are not Americans. Americans speak English, so no one who speaks English is Chinese' best illustrates that the above reasoning is not true.


Premise: Through the investigation, it is found that if Liaoning team gets the right to qualify, then Jiangsu team or Anhui team will also get the right to qualify. If Jiangsu team and Shandong team get the right to qualify, then Jiangxi team will get the right to qualify, and only Jiangxi team and Shanxi team will get the right to qualify, and Shaanxi team can get the right to qualify.

Hypothesis: Anhui team cannot get the right to qualify is true if it is impossible for Jiangxi team to get the right to qualify.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: S cannot be the earliest porcelain.


Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then as long as the trade is banned, man and nature will live in harmony must be true.


Premise: A traditional Chinese medicine formula has the following requirements: (1) if there is a medicinal material A, then there must be medicinal material B; (2) if there is no medicinal material C, then there must be medicinal material D; (3) ginseng and Gastrodia elata cannot have both; (4) if there is no medicinal material A and there is medicinal material C, ginseng is needed.

Hypothesis: If it contains Gastrodia elata, the formula contains C medicinal material.


Premise: Travel agent: Although most low-fare airlines have had few, if any, accidents, very few such airlines have been in existence long enough for their safety records to be reliably established. Major airlines, on the other hand, usually have longstanding records reliably indicating their degree of safety. Hence, passengers are safer on a major airline than on one of the newer low-fare airlines.

Hypothesis: The criticism to which the reasoning in the travel agent's argument is most vulnerable is that the argument draws a general conclusion about how safe passengers are on different airlines on the basis of safety records that are each from too brief a period to adequately justify such a conclusion.


Premise: Boreal owls range over a much larger area than do other owls of similar size. The reason for this behavior is probably that the small mammals on which owls feed are especially scarce in the forests where boreal owls live, and the relative scarcity of prey requires the owls to range more extensively to find sufficient food.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Boreal owls range over larger areas in regions where food of the sort eaten by small mammals is sparse than they do in regions where such food is abundant' most helps to confirm the explanation above.


Premise: Researcher: Research has shown that inhaling the scent of lavender has measurable physiological effects tending to reduce stress. It is known that intense stress can impair the immune system, making one more susceptible to illness. Ttherefore, it is likely that the incidence of illness among those who regularly inhale the scent of lavender is reduced by this practice.

Hypothesis: Some people who regularly inhale the scent of lavender would otherwise be under enough stress to impair their immune systems is an assumption that the researcher's argument requires.


Premise: One of the 10 computer manuals published by company T in 2005 was made for home computers. Exactly five of the advertisements released by company T featured those manuals written for home computers. Since 20 advertisements were released by company T in 2006, no more than one-quarter of them featured the computer manuals published by company T in 2005.

Hypothesis: The statement 'None of the graphics used in the advertisements released by company T in 2006 were done by professional artists' allows the conclusion above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Agricultural production cycle refers to the whole time from the beginning of production to the whole process of obtaining products in the continuous agricultural reproduction process. In the planting industry, it is generally from the beginning of the preparation of the land to the harvest of the product, and in the animal husbandry, it is generally from the beginning of raising young animals to the time of obtaining animal products. As the animals and plants of agricultural production have their own characteristics and are greatly affected by the natural environment, their production cycle is generally longer than that of industrial production.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Liu planting high quality apple trees in the barren mountain this year, and all the saplings surviving and growing well after scientific management relates to the agricultural production cycle.


Premise: Expert: A group of researchers claims to have shown that for an antenna to work equally well at all frequencies, it must be symmetrical in shape and have what is known as a fractal structure. Yet the new antenna developed by these researchers, which satisfies both of these criteria, in fact works better at frequencies below 250 megahertz than at frequencies above 250 megahertz. Hence, their claim is incorrect.

Hypothesis: The expert's argument is flawed because it interprets an assertion that certain conditions are necessary as asserting that those conditions are sufficient.


Premise: The gray rhino growing on the African savannah has a huge body, giving people the illusion of being slow and safe and harmless, so they often ignore the existence of danger-when the gray rhino is provoked and attacked, it will show amazing Explosive force, the probability of stopping it is close to zero, and eventually it will cause a very destructive disaster. High probability and strong destructive power are the most important features of the grey rhino event. Many crisis events are more like grey rhino than black swans. They do not originate from unpredictable, small-probability events (black swans), but are the result of the continuous evolution of high-probability, high-risk events (grey rhino) whose existence has long been known to exist, but is due to institutional or cognitive Limitations, not actively prevented and responded to, and eventually escalated into a comprehensive systemic crisis.

Hypothesis: According to the above text, the statement "both black swan and grey rhino events are serious and unpreventable crisis events" is correct.


Premise: The average salary of the main players of the team is very high. Because they represent the best of the profession and they are the best of the country's thousands of players each year. They must not be paid more than the average businessman, doctor or lawyer. They must be paid more than the big business, the best surgeons and the partners of major law firms.

Hypothesis: The author's point of view is that compared with other high-tech occupations, the salaries of the main players are not too high.


Premise: A criminal group refers to a criminal organization established by more than three persons in order to commit one or several crimes multiple times.

Hypothesis: A certain country sent a espionage organization of dozens of people to continuously steal our country's confidential information is criminal groups.


Premise: China has implemented the etiquette of not marrying with the same surname since the Zhou Dynasty. Qu Li said: the same surname is the clan, and there is the meaning of gathering people of the whole clan, so it is based on the surname.... Even though it has been a hundred generations since their ancestors, they are still not allowed to intermarry.  Guoyu said, when you take a wife, you should avoid her with the same surname. He also said, if you don't marry with the same surname, evil doesn't come into being. From this point of view, the ancients of our country have long understood the principle of eugenics in modern genetics, otherwise they would not have realized the harmfulness of next-of-kin marriage.

Hypothesis: The statement that the etiquette of not marrying with the same surname encourages the intermarriage of different clans, and the intermarriage of different clans promotes the integration of different ethnic groups weakens the author's explanation of unmarried with the same surname.


Premise: A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker' s Beach, the world' s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching. Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker' s Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago. Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world' s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker's Beach to lay their eggs when they are ten years old' most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists' prediction.


Premise: Professor: It has been argued that freedom of thought is a precondition for intellectual progress, because freedom of thought allows thinkers to pursue their ideas, regardless of whom these ideas offend, in whatever direction they lead. However, it is clear that one must mine the full implications of interrelated ideas to make intellectual progress, and for this, thinkers need intellectual discipline. Ttherefore, this argument for freedom of thought fails.

Hypothesis: Without intellectual discipline, thinkers can have no freedom of thought is an assumption required for the conclusion drawn by the professor to follow logically.


Premise: Any government practice that might facilitate the abuse of power should not be undertaken except in cases in which there is a compelling reason to do so. The keeping of government secrets is one such practice. Though government officials are sometimes justified in keeping secrets, too often they keep secrets for insubstantial reasons, and in so doing they wind up enabling abuses of power. When government officials conceal from the public the very fact that they are keeping a secret, this practice opens up even greater opportunity for abuse.

Hypothesis: A government official who conceals information without a compelling reason is thereby guilty of an abuse of power can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: A school is going to choose four classes to give commendation, and give a certain reward. From the perspective of learning, the two classes of A and B are better than the two classes of C and D.

Hypothesis: Based on this, the judgment that class E is better than class C may lead to the conclusion that class E is better than class D.


Premise: John: You told me once that no United States citizen who supports union labor should buy an imported car. Yet you are buying an Alma. Since Alma is one of the biggest makers of imports, I infer that you no longer support unions. Harry: I still support labor unions. Even though Alma is a foreign car company, the car I am buying, the Alma Deluxe, is designed, engineered, and manufactured in the United States.

Hypothesis: Harry's method of defending his purchase of an Alma is to show that John's argument involves a false unstated assumption.


Premise: At present, the standard of the minimum living security line implemented in our country is different. In many underdeveloped areas, it is 50 yuan or 60 yuan per person per month. In a certain place, the news report also takes raising the minimum living security level to 50 yuan per month as a sign of political achievements. Of course, the price level and living index are very different in different places, but in today's China, even though the minimum security line in many developed cities is more than 300 yuan per month, it is still difficult for low-income households to make ends meet, so it is not difficult to imagine the hardship of 50 yuan a month.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that the standard of minimum living security line in developed areas is lower.


Premise: No reform can succeed without the support and participation of the people. Only when the will of the people is fully respected and broad consensus is reached can the people actively support and participate in reform. We must uphold the principal position of the people, give full play to their initiative, and rely closely on them to push forward reform and opening up.

Hypothesis: Only with the support and participation of the people can reform succeed can be concluded based on the above statement.


Premise: Commentator: For a free market to function properly, each prospective buyer of an item must be able to contact a large number of independent prospective sellers and compare the prices charged for the item to what the item is worth. Thus, despite advertised prices and written estimates available from many of its individual businesses, the auto repair industry does not constitute a properly functioning free market.

Hypothesis: The assumption that many auto repair shops charge more for auto repairs than these repairs are worth is necessary for the commentator's argument to be logically valid.


Premise: Red tourism refers to the revolutionary memorial site after the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, the memorial and the revolutionary spirit carried as the attraction, organize and receive tourists to visit and tour, realize the learning of the revolutionary spirit, accept the revolutionary traditional education and the spirit of inspiration. Relax and increase the experience of tourism activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Interesting does not belong to the characteristics of red tourism.