Premise: In the years after the implementation of the three-guarantee law in the United States, car companies suffered huge losses by paying refunds to returns. Therefore, before the implementation of the liability regulations for repair, replacement and return of Household Automobile products (referred to as the three-guarantee Law) in 2014, people in the industry predicted that the three-guarantee law would have a great impact on automobile manufacturers. However, over the past year since the implementation of the three-guarantee law, the reporter's survey of a number of 4S stores in Beijing, Sichuan and other places shows that the case of returning and changing cars according to the three-guarantee law is zero.

Hypothesis: After the three guarantees law has been implemented one year, only 7% of consumers know about the rights and interests of the three-package before buying a car is the best explanation for the above anomaly.


Premise: Memory is divided into left brain memory and right brain memory, the so-called memory but not thinking ability, precisely because this memory is the memory of the left brain. If right brain memory is developed, things could be very different. Creativity is a property of the right brain, and right brain memory proficiency not only helps develop right brain memory, but also stimulates creativity, sensibility, inspiration and intuition.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Inspiration comes from the right side of the brain' is not true.


Premise: From an analysis of broken pottery and statuary, archaeologists have estimated that an ancient settlement in southwestern Arabia was established around 1000 B. C. However, new evidence suggests that the settlement is considerably older: tests show that a piece of building timber recently uncovered at the site is substantially older than the pottery and statuary.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The building timber bore marks suggesting that it had been salvaged from an earlier settlement' most seriously undermines the conclusion drawn from the new evidence.


Premise: At present, the most recognized theory about elementary particles is the standard theory. It was established about 30 years ago, and all discovered elementary particles can be explained according to this theory. For more than 100 years, protons, neutrons, electrons and other elementary particles have been discovered one after another. In the face of these achievements, some people believe that the elementary particles in the universe have been discovered almost, and even if there are, they can be explained by existing theories, Therefore, it will not bring too much surprise to people.

Hypothesis: The newly discovered elementary particles do not match the prediction made by the standard theory can best refute the above point of view.


Premise: Since the value of the same real estate will be different at different times, the valuation is usually only an estimate of the value of the  object at a specific time, and this time is called the valuation time point.

Hypothesis: The statement "According to different valuation purposes, the valuation time point can be in the past" must be wrong.


Premise: In the process of studying the situation of a certain town, the following information has been obtained: (1) the villagers in the rich village of Zhang are very industrious; (2) some villagers in the relatively poor village of Li are also very industrious.

Hypothesis: People who are very industrious but not Li Village must be villagers of Zhang Village can be inferred.


Premise: A recent magazine article argued that most companies that do not already own videoconferencing equipment would be wasting their money if they purchased it. However, this is clearly not true. In a recent survey of businesses that have purchased such equipment, most of the respondents stated that the videoconferencing equipment was well worth its cost.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it relies on a sample that it is reasonable to suppose is unrepresentative of the group about which it draws its conclusion.


Premise: A report that watermelons contain swelling agents may affect their health, which has little impact on consumers, and few consumers intend to change their buying habits of watermelons. Still, in July, a month after the report, watermelon sales in a large supermarket chain fell sharply.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After mid-July, the large supermarket chain took the initiative to stop selling watermelons in order to show its responsibility to consumers' can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence shown by artificial systems. The core issues of artificial intelligence include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, movement and the ability to manipulate objects.

Hypothesis: The statement "When playing human-computer games, Chinese chess programs can learn new tactics according to previous chess games, so as to avoid failure because of similar mistakes" has nothing to do with artificial intelligence.


Premise: All senior students majoring in criminal investigation become policemen after graduation. Some policemen are party members, and senior students majoring in criminal investigation are not policemen.

Hypothesis: Some party members are not senior students majoring in criminal investigation can be inferred from the above information.


Premise: Personal morality consists of moral cognition, moral emotion, moral will and moral behavior. Moral cognition is the primary link for the transformation of social moral requirements into personal internal morality and the basis for the formation of morality.

Hypothesis: We should advocate the construction of basic ethics in the whole society is correct.


Premise: Social values are the concept of helping others held by social workers. It is a kind of altruism and respects the rights and choices of recipients. It believes that social work is a real service process, not the power of social workers in their hands.

Hypothesis: Views on helping activities does not belong to social values.


Premise: Employee: My boss says that my presentation to our accounting team should have included more detail about profit projections. But people' s attention tends to wander when they are presented with too much detail. So, clearly my boss is incorrect.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the employee's argument is flawed because the argument fails to distinguish between more of something and too much of it.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: For any acceptable arrangement, G must happen to be scheduled the week before O.


Premise: If urban educational resources can be fairly distributed among different schools, there will be no difference between key schools and ordinary schools, and some teachers will not get rich due to the excessive accumulation of educational resources. If educational resources are fairly distributed among regions and mountain schools in remote areas can get more investment, rural education will not be so difficult.

Hypothesis: The passage mainly talks about Equity of educational resources.


Premise: Since the implementation of the target responsibility system for the manager's tenure by Shipping Company A in the previous year, the company's economic benefits have also increased year by year. It can be seen that only the implementation of the target responsibility system for the manager's tenure can make Company A's economic benefits grow steadily.

Hypothesis: The B Shipping Company, which has not implemented the tenure target responsibility system, has also steadily increased its economic benefits in the past two years can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: People often use microwave ovens to heat food. Some people think that heating in a microwave oven changes the molecular structure of food and produces molecules that the human body cannot recognize. These strange formulas are unacceptable to the human body, and some are toxic and may even cause cancer. Therefore, people or animals who often eat microwave food will have serious physiological changes in their bodies, resulting in serious health problems.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Microwave only heats the water molecules in food, and there is no chemical change in food' best questions the above point of view.


Premise: Only by administering the rule of law can we fundamentally eradicate corruption; if we fail to eradicate corruption fundamentally, we will eventually lose the trust and support of the people. Only by winning the trust and support of the people can our cause have a solid political foundation.

Hypothesis: If we do not implement the rule of law, we will eventually lose the trust and support of the people can be deduced based on the above statement.


Premise: Property income refers to the income derived from movable property (such as bank deposits, securities, etc.) and real property (such as houses, vehicles, land, collectibles, etc.) owned by the family.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, non-property appreciation income is not classified as property income.


Premise: A zoologist in the United States put a big mirror in front of the chimpanzee's cage to observe their reaction. They can recognize themselves from the mirror and often look into the mirror for parts they can't normally see. As a close relative of chimpanzees, gorillas don't have this ability.

Hypothesis: Chimpanzees are better than gorillas in some aspects can be inferred.


Premise: After graduating from university, A, B and C choose to pursue different professions: teacher, lawyer and engineer. Other students made the following guess: Xiao Li: A is an engineer, B is a teacher. Xiao Wang: A is a teacher and C is an engineer. Xiao Fang: A is a lawyer and B is an engineer. It was later proved that Xiao Li, Xiao Wang and Xiao Fang were only half right.

Hypothesis: The correct answer about the occupations A, B and C are engaged in respectively is that A is a teacher, B is a lawyer and C is an engineer.


Premise: Albatrosses belong to the order  Procellariiformes, with a tubular nose and a keen sense of smell, and often fly long distances at sea in order to find food. The plastic trash floating on the sea doesn't look delicious, but why did the albatross eat it and pay a heavy price for it? The researchers believe the reason: for albatrosses, the plastic garbage smells delicious. Food signal is a chemical called dimethyl sulfide (D.MS), which is produced by marine phytoplankton.

Hypothesis: Ingestion of plastic garbage will cause seabirds to have inconvenience, obstruction of the digestive tract, and chronic health damage does not support the researcher's point of view.


Premise: During his three years in office, the mayor has often been accused of sexist attitudes towards women. However, he has appointed five women in 19 senior positions in his management, and all of them are still in service, which shows that the mayor is not a sexist.

Hypothesis: The statement "The mayors of neighboring cities recently appointed seven women to senior positions" most refutes the above conclusion.


Premise: Generally speaking, broken objects are always unbeautiful. But how to explain the fact that the remains of so many ancient buildings, sculptures and even daily necessities are considered beautiful? It may be because these remains with aesthetic value are of great value, either because of their considerable scale, or because of important practical functions, such as magnificent palaces, mausoleums, temples, city walls, ancient bridges, ancient pagodas, etc., it contains the extraordinary wisdom and great hard work of our predecessors, whether it is destroyed in war or natural disasters, it will arouse people's regret and caress the remains to think of the whole. There are a large number of such ancient buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage project, such as the Great Wall of China, the Parthenon in Greece, Angkor Wat in Cambodia and so on.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is how to appreciate ancient architecture.


Premise: A company held a literature and art show. There were four groups of programs. Xiao Wang, Xiao Zhang, Xiao Zhao and Xiao Li drew lots to decide the performance sequence. Xiao Li at the front desk asked them who came first and who came later. Xiao Wang said, I'm the first to go on stage. Xiao Zhang said, I'm the third. Xiao Zhao said, I'm the fourth. Xiao Li said, anyway, I'm not the last.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Zhang's words are false, the performance sequence of the four people can be inferred if only one of the four of them lied.


Premise: Black Americans suffer from high blood pressure twice as high as white Americans. This is also true when comparing Westernized African blacks with African whites. Researchers hypothesize that Westernized blacks suffer from high blood pressure due to two mutual interacted reasons, one is the high salt content of western food; the other is the adaptation mechanism of black genetic genes to the environment.

Hypothesis: Considering health care, most African whites also pay attention to controlling salt intake best supports the researcher's hypothesis.


Premise: Environmentalists pay attention to the high cost of protecting endangered animals and propose that we should decide which animals to be protected by evaluating the value of various endangered animals to human beings. This method is not practical, because it is impossible to predict the future value of an animal. It is also impossible to evaluate the value of animals that make indirect but important contributions to human beings today.

Hypothesis: The main argument of the above is that it is impossible to assess whether endangered animals are important to humans.


Premise: Mental illness is not a pathological concept, but a sociological concept. If a person is forcibly committed to a mental hospital by a family member or authority, that person can almost only be diagnosed as a Mental patient. The description of his symptoms by his family and authority is an important piece of information for judging whether he is mentally ill or not. And if he says he was persecuted and fought back, he fits the criteria of the psychiatric diagnosis of Paranoia, Maniaand the like. His right to self-defense is also nullified by this invincible logic: you say that you are not mentally ill, and you are, precisely at this time, because you refuse to admit that you are mentally ill -- a manifestation of mental illness; And you admit it, of course you are.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that family members or authorities send someone to a mental hospital just to get him timely and effective treatment.


Premise: Herbicides allow cereal crops to be grown very efficiently, with virtually no competition from weeds. In Britain, partridge populations have been steadily decreasing since herbicide use became widespread. Some environmentalists claim that these birds, which live in and around cereal crop fields, are being poisoned by the herbicides. However, tests show no more than trace quantities of herbicides in partridges on herbicide-treated land. Ttherefore, something other than herbicide use must be responsible for the population decrease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Birds other than partridges that live in or around cereal crop fields have also been suffering population declines' most seriously weakens the argument about Britain.


Premise: Heavy snow, a number of highways have been closed. Some highway managers believe that if the highway is not closed, there will be major traffic accidents and huge losses of people's lives and property. However, many drivers disagree with this view.

Hypothesis: Even if the highway is not closed, there will be no major traffic accidents is the view most likely to be agreed by these drivers based on the information provided.


Premise: Few animals brave the midday heat of the Sahara desert. An exception is the silver ant, which chooses this time of day to leave its nest and scout for food, typically the corpses of heat-stricken animals. Even the silver ant, however, must be careful: at such times they can become victims of the heat themselves.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cues that silver ants use to navigate become less reliable as the afternoon progresses' least helps to explain the silver ant's choice of scavenging times.


Premise: Thomas Paine discusses the question of whether monarchy and hereditary system are reasonable in Common Sense. To those who believe that hereditary system is reasonable, Paine asks and answers, how did the original king come into being? There are only 3 possibilities either by lottery, or by election, or by usurpation, and if the first king was chosen by lot or by election this would set a precedent for later kings, thus denying hereditary practice. If the first king had been usurped, no one would have been so bold as to defend the hereditary throne.

Hypothesis: The technique used in Paine's argument is arguing that a proposition does not hold by deriving a false conclusion.


Premise: Driver: My friends say I will one day have an accident because I drive my sports car recklessly. But I have done some research, and apparently minivans and larger sedans have very low accident rates compared to sports cars. So trading my sports car in for a minivan would lower my risk of having an accident.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the driver's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument misinterprets evidence that a result is likely as evidence that the result is certain.


Premise: Compared with offline teaching, due to the difference in time and space, online teaching relies more on the guidance and help of teachers, and has a greater demand for resources. However, in the era of knowledge economy, teachers have long ceased to be knowledge monopolies, and individuals in the network society may become both knowledge consumers and producers. Therefore, to promote the participation of social forces in the supply of online education resources, it is necessary to change the traditional education pattern of schools going alone, and to accept the online education services of enterprises with an open attitude. For example, schools can appropriately take the form of outsourcing, purchase online course services from educational institutions and enterprises that have passed the qualification review, and provide dual-engine-driven teaching services of intelligence + real people. In addition, the two sides can strengthen collaborative innovation in resource support, learning situation monitoring, evaluation feedback, etc., to promote the healthy development of online education.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate the healthy development of online education requires the introduction of social forces.


Premise: Because of his contribution to science popularization and science communication, Dr. Zheng Yongchun of the National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences recently won the Karl Sagan Award from the Planetary Science Branch of the American Astronomical Society, which is gratifying, but in the face of this news, many friends in the scientific community have asked: how are Chinese scientists doing in science popularization?  Observation and reflection tell us that China's science popularization work is not doing much, but too little; not doing well, but not enough; not better than, but losing to its counterparts in the world, at least much worse than the developed countries.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to tell the importance of popular science.


Premise: Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life' would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above.


Premise: Hospital auditor: The Rodriguez family stipulated that the funds they donated to the neurological clinic all be used to minimize patients' suffering. The clinic administration is clearly violating those terms, since it has allocated nearly one fifth of those funds for research into new diagnostic technologies, instead of letting that money flow directly to its patients. Clinic administrator: But the successful development of new technologies will allow early diagnosis of many neurological disorders. In most cases, patients who are treated in the early stages of neurological disorders suffer far less than do patients who are not treated until their neurological disorders reach advanced stages.

Hypothesis: The main point at issue between the hospital auditor and the clinic administrator is whether the neurological clinic is adhering strictly to the conditions the Rodriguez family placed on the allocation of the funds they donated to the clinic.


Premise: Article 40 of the Constitution stipulates that the freedom and privacy of communication of citizens of the people's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe on citizens' freedom and privacy of communication for any reason, except that the public security organ or procuratorial organ shall inspect communications in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law for the needs of national security or the investigation of criminal crimes.

Hypothesis: No matter what reason, a municipal people's court shall not check the call records of Wang according to the above provisions.


Premise: Editorial: Teenagers tend to wake up around 8: 00 A. M. , the time when they stop releasing melatonin, and are sleepy if made to wake up earlier. Since sleepiness can impair driving ability, car accidents involving teenagers driving to school could be reduced if the school day began later than 8: 00 A. M. Indeed, when the schedule for Granville' s high school was changed so that school began at 8: 30 A. M. rather than earlier, the overall number of car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville declined.

Hypothesis: Many of the car accidents involving teenage drivers in Granville occurred in the evening rather than in the morning provides the most support for the argument in the editorial.


Premise: Grain can be traded in the futures market before harvest. If the rice production is predicted to be insufficient, the price of rice futures will rise; if the rice harvest is predicted, the price of rice futures will fall. Suppose this morning, Meteorologists predict that it will rain in rice producing areas tomorrow.  Because sufficient rain is very important to the current growth of rice, today's rice futures prices will drop significantly.

Hypothesis: Agricultural experts announced today that a rice germ is spreading weakens the above view most severely.


Premise: A researcher found that low-immunity persons score lower in mental health tests than high-immunity persons. The researcher's conclusion is that the immune system can not only defend against physical diseases, but also against mental diseases.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The human immune system is closely related to mental health' challenges the validity of the causal connection in the information above.


Premise: Special family: refers to a family with no blood relationship between family members.

Hypothesis: After Xiao Jiang's father died on duty, Xiao Jiang's mother took Xiao Jiang's grandmother and the three lived together is not a special family.


Premise: In ball games, it is wrong to use replay to decide a penalty, because no matter how many cameras follow the game on the field, some foul actions will inevitably be missed, and it is impossible to be aware of what happened to you in the past.

Hypothesis: The most similar option to the above argument is "Trial marriage is not immoral, because anyone who buys clothes can try it on."


Premise: Many osseous remains have been found in caves with the remains of Pleistocene primates (some people think they are the ancestors of humans). From the frequency of the discovery of various bones, many animals died elsewhere, but only certain parts of the body was brought back to the cave. Therefore, Pleistocene primates must be good at hunting for bring back so many prey.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The prints on all bones, including the remains of Pleistocene primates, are the tooth prints of a large carnivore of that era' weakens the above conclusion the most.


Premise: The monitoring results of a city's environmental protection department show that in the first half of this year, the overall air quality of the city is at an excellent level. The number of days of serious pollution is less than 15 days, and the number of days of pollution is 4 days less than that in the same period last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The period of serious pollution in the city is generally in the second half of the year' best challenges the above conclusions.


Premise: The Dong Hu Lin people site is a human cultural site in the early Neolithic age. The human ossified stone found in the site is identified as two adult male individuals and one young female individual. A necklace made of small spiral shells is used at the neck of the girl's remains, and a bone bracelet made of cow ribs is worn at the wrist. This shows that human aesthetic consciousness has begun to sprout in the early Neolithic age.

Hypothesis: Necklaces and bone bracelets are mainly used to express social status weakens the above judgment most.


Premise: When a cold snowstorm sweeps across the pasture, the temperature drops rapidly below zero, and the cattle usually turn their back to the storm and slowly move downwind, and when they are finally blocked by the fence, they have to huddle together, resulting in the death of a large number of cattle. But there is a kind of Hereford cattle that will face the storm side by side and bow their heads in the face of the blizzard, resulting in the lowest death rate and the least loss.

Hypothesis: Meet on a narrow road, the brave wins is closest to the truth of this story.


Premise: The proportion of fat calories in the diets of people who read the nutrition labels on food products is significantly lower than it is in the diets of people who do not read nutrition labels. This shows that reading these labels promotes healthful dietary behavior.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is flawed in that the argument confuses a condition that is necessary for a phenomenon to occur with a condition that is sufficient for that phenomenon to occur.


Premise: Electrical engineers have repeatedly demonstrated that the best solid-state amplifiers are indistinguishable from the best vacuum-tube amplifiers with respect to the characteristics commonly measured in evaluating the quality of an amplifier' s musical reproduction. Ttherefore, those music lovers who insist that recorded music sounds better when played with the best vacuum-tube amplifier than when played with the best solid-state amplifier must be imagining the difference in quality that they claim to hear.

Hypothesis: Some vacuum-tube amplifiers are clearly superior to some sold-state amplifiers with respect to the characteristics commonly measured in the laboratory to evaluate the quality of an amplifier's musical reproduction most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: A girl wanted to learn embroidery as a craft to make a living, but she couldn't afford to buy needles and fabrics, and there was no teacher to worship. She spent ten years embroidering for others for free. With the embroidery materials provided by others, she trained excellent embroidery skills, made a reputation, and accumulated a large number of patterns. Ten years later, she embroidered for people at a price higher than the market, and there are still many customers. Some scholars put forward the concept of embroidery, That is, at the beginning of one's career, one can rely on other people's resources, obligation or work for resource providers at a price lower than the market, so as to complete the accumulation of one's own skills, relationships, funds and other resources and obtain the success of career development.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Liu is in line with the embroidery theory because he did planning and project design for many enterprises free of charge and entered the human resources department of a global top 500 enterprise after graduation.


Premise: Once Wang Ying did not participate in a class activity. Afterwards, the monitor asked Wang Ying, Why didn't you come to this class activity?

Hypothesis: Wang Ying has been absent from past class activities must be presupposed for the monitor's questions.


Hypothesis: The statement 'The remains in the cave do not include the bones of an elephant from the same period as the Pleistocene primate' weakens the above conclusion the most.


Premise: The traditional view is that although the depleted uranium used in the manufacture of depleted uranium bombs has low radioactivity, it will still lead to the damage of human chromosomes and lead to tumors or cancer. However, in a recent study, researchers studied the blood cells of veterans exposed to depleted uranium bombs. So far, no chromosome breakage and duplication have been detected, no negative health effects caused by exposure to depleted uranium bombs have been found. Therefore, relevant researchers believe that depleted uranium bombs with low radioactivity will not affect human health.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who have not been exposed to depleted uranium bombs can also have tumors or cancers' would weaken the researcher's conclusion most.


Premise: Homesteads in rural my country are collectively owned and can only be used by farmers and cannot be bought, sold, leased or inherited. The homestead system guarantees the survival rights of farmers. The houses built by the farmers on the homestead are the assets of the farmers. If farmers are allowed to sell their houses, they are actually allowed to sell the right to use the homestead. If the right to use the homestead is bought by someone else, it will damage the survival rights of farmers. But if farmers are not allowed to sell their houses, it will infringe on farmers' asset rights.

Hypothesis: If the above statements are true, the rights and interests of farmers' assets will be violated if the rights and interests of farmers' survival are not damaged.


Premise: High-technology medicine is driving up the nation' s health care costs. Recent advances in cataract surgery illustrate why this is occurring. Cataracts are a major cause of blindness, especially in elderly people. Ten years ago, cataract surgery was painful and not always effective. Thanks to the new technology used in cataract surgery, the operation now restores vision dramatically and is less expensive. These two factors have caused the number of cataract operations performed to increase greatly, which has, in turn, driven up the total amount spent on cataract surgery.

Hypothesis: Ten years ago, cataract surgery was affordable for more people than it was last year can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: A decade can be characterized just like an individual. Decades have specific character and unique quirks. They all start with a departure from the past decade and develop their personality throughout their timespans. Just as people in their twilight years start to look back on the events of their lives, people at decade' s end__.

Hypothesis: The argument suggests that people should become very interested in evaluating the events of the last decade in order to most logically complete the argument.


Premise: Tea is a healthy drink that Chinese people love. After brewing and drinking the tea a few times, most people discard the leftover tea. An expert pointed out that in fact, the substances in tea that can be dissolved in water are limited, and a lot of them are nutritious. The substances still remain in the tea, it is a pity to throw away for nothing, people should eat the leftover tea.

Hypothesis: Many non-nutritive substances in tea cannot be dissolved in water can best refute the expert's point of view.


Premise: The reverse fallacy refers to a logical error in judging whether an opinion is correct or not based on the result generated if a certain opinion is valid (or not).

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "Because you are late, the customer is angry, and the company loses a big contract. Therefore, it's all your fault" has reverse fallacy.


Premise: When an invading insect threatens an ant colony' s territory or food sources, the ants will vigorously swarm over the invader, biting or stinging it. This defensive tactic can effectively deter even aggressive flying insects, such as wasps. Ants do not attack all insects within their territory, however. For example, riodinid caterpillars commonly live harmoniously among South American ants. These caterpillars, which are a favorite prey of wasps, produce secretions the ants consume as food.

Hypothesis: Riodinid caterpillars in South America that live among ants are less likely to be attacked by wasps than those that do not live among ants is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: On average, American consumers buy a new computer every four years even though older computers are still perfectly capable of basic operations such as word processing and surfing the Internet. This is the case despite the fact that most computers are designed to work for approximately ten years.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, best support the conclusion that computers utilizing the latest technology represent substantial functional upgrades from earlier computers.


Premise: Economist: No economic system that is centrally planned can efficiently allocate resources, and efficient allocation of resources is a necessary condition for achieving a national debt of less than 5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It follows that any nation with a centrally planned economy has a national debt that is at least 5 percent of GDP.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning exhibited by the economist's argument is most similar to that exhibited by the statement 'All rock stars who are famous have their own record companies, and all rock stars with their own record companies receive company profits over and above their regular royalties. This implies that receiving large regular royalties is a necessary condition of being a famous rock star.'


Premise: A company has six general manager assistants F, G, H, I, M and P, and three departments. Each department is just under the charge of three general manager assistants. Each general manager assistant is in charge of at least one department. The following conditions must be met: (1) there is and only one general manager assistant in charge of three departments at the same time. (2) F and G are not in charge of the same department. (3) H and I are not in charge of the same department.

Hypothesis: Some general manager assistants are in charge of two departments properly is a correct option.


Premise: A proposed amendment would allow the city council to decide that certain city elections be conducted solely by mail. But voting is a sacred right in democracies, one that has always been exercised by voting in person and not by mail. Ttherefore, voting by mail should not be allowed, and the proposed amendment should be rejected.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument presumes, without providing justification, that if citizens have always had a certain legal right, they will continue to have that right in the future.


Premise: Birds need so much food energy to maintain their body temperatures that some of them spend most of their time eating. But a comparison of a bird of a seed-eating species to a bird of a nectar-eating species that has the same overall energy requirement would surely show that the seed-eating bird spends more time eating than does the nectar-eating bird, since a given amount of nectar provides more energy than does the same amount of seeds.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the time it takes for the nectar-eating bird to eat a given amount of nectar is not longer than the time it takes the seed-eating bird to eat the same amount of seeds is questionable and is relied on by the argument.


Premise: The waters off the coast of Iceland are filled with pods of killer whales, which migrate there during the summer. Wildlife parks that rely on the killer whales for entertainment hunt the killer whale almost exclusively in the water of Iceland, because strict sanctions forbid them from doing so off the coast of North America, an area also abundant in killer whales. Since Iceland recently gave into pressure from international groups opposed to the hunting of killer whales, it too will forbid the hunting of killer whales off its coast. Ttherefore, all wildlife parks will be forced to end their shows featuring killer whales once their current killer whales are unable to perform.

Hypothesis: It is nearly impossible to catch killer whales in deep waters, so hunters typically rely on luring killer whales into coves does not cast doubt on the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Research indicates that 90 percent of extreme insomniacs consume large amount of coffee. Since Tom drinks a lot of coffee, it is quite likely that he is an extreme insomniac.

Hypothesis: It relies on evidence that does not indicate the frequency of extreme insomnia among people who drink large amounts of coffee most accurately describes a flaw in the argument's reasoning.


Premise: A chemical present in all grapes helps reduce blood cholesterol in humans. The chemical is also present in red wine and grape juice, bECACAut not in white wine. Both red wine and grape juice are produced using whole grapes; white wine is produced without using the grape skins.

Hypothesis: The information above, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion that the chemical that reduces blood cholesterol is found in the skins but not in other parts of grapes.


Premise: Psychiatrist: While the first appearance of a phobia is usually preceded by a traumatizing event, not everyone who is traumatized by an event develops a phobia. Furthermore, many people with phobias have never been traumatized. These two considerations show that traumatizing events do not contribute to the occurrence of phobias.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The reasoning in the psychiatrist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument takes for granted that a type of phenomenon contributes to the occurrence of another type of phenomenon only if phenomena of these two types are invariably associated' is true.


Premise: Most high-priced sweaters are of good quality, and a few low-priced sweaters are of good quality. All good-quality sweaters are comfortable to wear.

Hypothesis: According to the above proposition, sweaters that are comfortable to wear are not all good-quality sweaters can be deduced.


Premise: Privacy right refers to the right not to violate the law, in order to protect the reputation and image of the individual, to its personal behavior and personal materials confidential, not to let others illegally learned.

Hypothesis: The star refused to disclose to a judicial authority the right to have a close relationship with a person suspected of corruption is a privacy right according to the above definition.


Premise: Quality control investigator: Upon testing samples of products from our supplier that were sent by our field inspectors from various manufacturing locations, our laboratory discovered that over 20 percent of the samples were defective. Since our supplier is contractually required to limit the rate of defects among items it manufactures for us to below 5 percent, it has violated its contract with us.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the quality control investigator's argument is flawed in that the argument overlooks the possibility that the field inspectors tend to choose items for testing that they suspect are defective.


Premise: The theory of mime means that the mutual behavior between people in social life is a kind of performance to some extent. Everyone, like an actor, performs to the audience on the stage according to the requirements of a certain role in a certain scene. In the whole process of performance, people always try to make their behavior closer to the role they want to present to the audience, and the audience sees the role rather than the actor itself. When the performance is over and the actor returns backstage, his true face is revealed, and the actor returns to his original self.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li coming to talk to Xiao Ming about his homework and Xiao Ming hiding his smelly socks under the bed does not prove the theory of mime.


Premise: Synaesthesia is a psychological phenomenon in which one sense causes another to change.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Camouflage clothing is a kind of uniform widely used in modern army' takes advantage of synaesthesia.


Premise: McBride: The proposed new fuel-efficiency standards, if implemented, will discourage the manufacture of full-size cars. This prospect is troubling because when a subcompact and a full-size car collide, the people in the subcompact are more likely to be seriously injured than if theirs had also been a full-size car. The new fuel-efficiency standards should ttherefore be opposed. Leggett: But whenever any two cars collide, it is more likely that someone will be seriously injured if one of the cars is a full-size car than if neither car is full-size. So the new fuel-efficiency standards should be supported precisely because they discourage the manufacture of full-size cars.

Hypothesis: McBride's and Leggett's statements commit them to disagreeing about the truth of the statement 'The manufacture of full-size cars should be discouraged.'


Premise: Reckless generalization refers to a logical error of making general conclusions hastily based on only a few cases without accumulating sufficient materials for generalization.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, it is not a rash generalization to say that it is easy to make money to be a wechat business. A relative of mine started to be a micro business at the beginning of the year, and now he has bought a car.


Premise: The study found that eating walnuts and other nuts for a long time can improve some indicators related to brain function, which is not the same as the expected brain tonifying function of walnuts. So far, there is no direct research evidence that eating walnuts can improve people's IQ or test scores in a short time. Moreover, most people's intelligence will peak around the age of 20~30. After that, it is difficult to improve. A correct diet, including daily intake of a small number of nuts such as walnuts, is indeed conducive to delaying the aging process of the brain and reducing the risk of diseases, including stroke. However, the effect of quick response, good memory and intelligent running up is just a beautiful imagination.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, daily intake of an appropriate number of walnuts is conducive to delaying the aging process of the brain.


Premise: At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors.

Hypothesis: At Tromen University, it is not possible to major in both biology and French literature is assumed to be true, which follows logically for the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: The development gap measured by per capita income implies a difference in the structure of resource endowment, that is, developed regions have relatively rich capital factors, so they have a comparative advantage in capital-intensive industries. The relatively undeveloped regions have the comparative advantages of abundant labor and low production cost. The difference of resource endowment structure between the eastern and western regions can undoubtedly become the opportunity for the economic development of the central and western regions to catch up.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Developed regions are relatively short of labor' is not true.


Premise: Green science and technology refers to the science and technology that advocates a civilized lifestyle and moderate consumption mode, emphasizes the rational development and recycling of natural resources, develops clean production technology, pollution-free green products, enterprises implement green management and environmental governance, and maintains the sustainable development of human society.

Hypothesis: Reduce the economic cost of raw materials is not a means to develop green science and technology according to the above definition.


Premise: The latest report by an international paleontology research team showed that the eunotosaurus living in South Africa 280 million years ago is the ancestor of modern tortoises. They survived the mass extinction from Permian to Triassic. At that time, in order to avoid the harsh natural environment, they worked hard to dig into the ground. At the same time, to ensure that their digging movement of forelimbs was strong enough, their body needed a stable support, which resulted in the continuous widening of their ribs. It can be concluded that the tortoise has a shell to adapt to the environment. And the shell is not for protection, but for digging holes underground.

Hypothesis: The tortoise shell evolved from the tortoise's ribs which were gradually widened should be added as a prerequisite for the rationality of the above conclusion.


Premise: Egidio' s Gym has been in operation for seven years, and offers regular weekly weight training and aerobic classes, as well as occasional programs in dance and martial arts. The gym has seen a surge of new members in the past twelve months, despite keeping the same membership fee over the past three years. Of the 450 current members, more than 250 have joined in the past year. Clearly, the membership of Egidio' s Gym has risen a significant amount because of its superior facilities.

Hypothesis: The assumption that none of the other gyms in this town saw any increase in membership during the past year is on which the argument depends.


Premise: Administrative License refers to a specific administrative act in which the administrative subject grants or confirms the legal qualification or legal right of the administrative counterpart to engage in certain activities by issuing licenses and other forms according to the application of the administrative counterpart and examination according to law under the general prohibition of law.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, after consulting the research plan of Professor Wang's human experiment in detail, the ethics review committee considered that it was in line with the ethical norms and approved the study does not involve administrative licensing.


Premise: At present, the materials used in artificial joints are no more than metal and plastic. As potassium, sodium, chlorine and other chemicals in the human body may cause corrosion and rust of metal materials and aging of plastics, the chemical properties of selected metals and plastics must be highly stable.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that artificial joints must be made of metal.


Premise: When answering questions about enrollment, Mr. Gu from a certain university emphasized: Our school recruits some free normal students and some general normal students. Normally normal students are different from free normal students. Students who do not have free normal students can stay and work in big cities when they graduate. Normally, normal normal students can choose to stay in the big cities when they graduate.Any non-free teacher students need to self-employment when they graduate, and no free teacher students need to self-employment when they graduate.

Hypothesis: According to Mr. Gu's statement, all normal normal students in this school need to seek self-employment can be derived.


Premise: Install a metal rod at the top of a tall building, connect it with a metal plate buried underground, and discharge through the tip of the metal rod to gradually neutralize the electricity carried by the clouds and the electricity on the ground, so as to protect the building from lightning.This phenomenon is known as the lightning rod effect in the management community. It refers to the method of management, that is, to conduct guidance before things happen, to prevent accidents or disasters before they occur, and to lead the positive development of the situation, that is, if it is good and good, it will certainly be peaceful if it can be guided.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option of 'In the reconstruction of a garage in a residential area, the property owner extensively solicited the opinions of the owners and reached a consensus so that the project could be carried out smoothly' has nothing to do with the lightning rod effect.


Premise: During the Han Dynasty, most of the supervisors were recommended by local officials. In order to ensure that the imperial history exercised the power of impeachment without restraint, the Sui and Tang dynasties changed the system in which the official was selected and appointed by the official department since the Northern Wei Dynasty, but the selection of the official department in the Tang Dynasty was actually controlled by the prime minister. In the Song Dynasty, most of the supervisors at the central level were promoted by emperors, while the local supervisors implemented the official self-selection system, which was directly appointed by the central supervisors, and the supervisory power got rid of the control of the prime minister's power. In order to prevent nepotism, there will also be some restrictions on qualifications and avoidance. For example, in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, great scholars were not allowed to serve as imperial magistrates, and in the Song Dynasty, relatives recommended by prime ministers as officials or prime ministers were not allowed to be imperial histories. In the Ming Dynasty, itinerant supervisors should avoid their places of origin, or had served as officials or lived in places.

Hypothesis: The historical origin of the system of withdrawal from the posts of supervisors is the main content of this text.


Premise: Why has the completion of the main body of China's FAST (500 meter aperture spherical radio telescope) attracted warm attention at home and abroad? There are three reasons. First, it can see far. As the radio telescope with the largest caliber at present, FAST can theoretically receive electromagnetic signals beyond 13.7 billion light-years. Second, it is very flexible. FAST's cable net structure can change with the movement of celestial bodies, greatly improving the observation efficiency. Third, it is high precision. FAST's structure has millimeter accuracy requirements everywhere: it is used to weave steel cables as thick as the arm of the cable net, the machining accuracy is controlled within 1mm. The final accuracy of the antenna is 3mm and the manufacturing accuracy of the small panel is 1.5mm. All this means that we will be able to listen to the voices from deeper in the universe and observe the more hidden mysteries of the universe.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for the above text is 'China's FAST has three advantages'.


Premise: The Central City Church building was recently damaged by a fire that occurred overnight. The insurance company will not pay on a claim if it is determined that a fire was started deliberately. Since nobody was in the Central City Church building at the time the fire swept through the structure, the insurance company will most certainly reimburse the church for the damage caused by the fire.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the fire was not deliberately started by someone who then left the building before the fire grew is required to reach the conclusion above.


Premise: There are thousands of genes in nature. Which genes are the most common and abundant? After successfully decoding a large number of genomes, a research institute found the answer: transposons, known as selfish DNA. The abundance and breadth of transposon genes indicate that they play a vital role in evolution and the maintenance of biodiversity.Biology textbooks generally believe that the enzyme that can fix carbon dioxide in photosynthesis is the most abundant enzyme on earth, and some scholars have speculated that the genes that can encode this enzyme should also be the most abundant. But the study found that transposons, known as junk DNA, instead dominate the known genetic world.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Different enzymes may have the same gene to encode' can best support the speculation of the scholar(there is a version of the findings of the study).


Premise: Climatologists believe they know why Earth has undergone a regular sequence of ice ages beginning around 800, 000 years ago. Calculations show that Earth' s orbit around the Sun has fluctuations that coincide with the ice-age cycles. The climatologists hypothesize that when the fluctuations occur, Earth passes through clouds of cosmic dust that enters the atmosphere; the cosmic dust thereby dims the Sun, resulting in an ice age. They concede, however, that though cosmic dust clouds are common, the clouds would have to be particularly dense in order to have this effect.

Hypothesis: Large bits of cosmic rock periodically entering Earth's atmosphere, raising large amounts of dust from Earth's surface would lend support to the climatologists' hypothesis EXCEPT.


Premise: A semiconductor is a substance that conducts electricity between a metal and an insulator.

Hypothesis: According to this definition, the statement 'A solution is less conductive than a metal and is not an insulator. So, the solution is a semiconductor' is wrong.


Premise: Despite the best efforts of journalists to be objective, it is inevitable that their own biases will enter their reporting, even if inadvertently. Ttherefore, it is imperative that a trained editor look over journalists' work with an eye toward detecting and removing their biases, so as to make reporting as objective as possible.

Hypothesis: Each of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends EXCEPT: Trained editors are able to detect at least some biases of journalists.


Premise: The leader of a certain unit decides to select several people from the six people of Wang, Chen, Zhou, Li, Lin, and Hu to perform an important task. The candidate to perform the task should meet all the following conditions: Only one of the two of Wang and Li needs to participate; Li , Only one of the two of Zhou will participate; Wang and Chen should have at least one of them; two of Wang, Lin, and Hu should participate; Chen and Zhou must either participate or not; if Lin participates, Li must join.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that Li, Lin will not attend based on this.


Premise: This year, 11 college entrance examination champions were rejected by the University of Hong Kong due to unsatisfactory interview results. This is the same phenomenon as mainland universities chasing high-scoring candidates for recruiting champion candidates, and the phenomenon of champion scholars in the college entrance examination. There is a sharp contrast. This move has caused a great uproar, and the media have pointed the finger at examination-oriented education. The author believes that the admissions of Hong Kong University and quality education are not directly related. They only admit students according to their own requirements. This kind of standard is only the standard of Hong Kong.as to whether it is the best or whether it is suitable for the situation in the mainland. it's a matter of opinion.

Hypothesis: The opinion supported by the author is that the reason why the University of Hong Kong did not admit the No. 1 Scholars was that they did not meet the admission criteria of the university.


Premise: The invitation tender is a kind of trading method in which the tenderer does not go through the general transaction consultation procedure before buying and selling bulk commodities, contracting construction projects or cooperating in a certain business, but invites the applicant to submit an offer to compete publicly, and finally the tenderer chooses the object of the transaction to make a contract.

Hypothesis: Boss Zhang intends to issue a notice of bidding for the construction project of the city's villa group to units with corresponding construction qualifications inside and outside the province is the invitation tender.


Premise: The family intends to travel to Northern Europe together, and each expresses the following wishes: Father: If they go to Norway, they will not go to Denmark and Iceland; Mother: If they do not go to Iceland, they will go to Norway and Denmark; Son: If they do not go to Norway, they will go to Sweden and Iceland. Finland.

Hypothesis: The final solution fulfills the wishes of Finland, Denmark and Iceland.


Premise: Mysterious ancient tracks cut into limestone have recently been found on the island of Malta. The tracks wander, sometimes disappearing under modem structures. Their origin and purpose are unknown, but evidence indicates that they could have connected settlements or water sources. One archaeologist hypothesizes, based on the tracks' physical appearance and surroundings, that they were made in about 1000 B. C. by animal-drawn carts.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some of the tracks connect areas that are sources of fresh water on Malta today' most helps to support the archaeologist's hypothesis mentioned above.


Premise: The Ergonomic Society conducted a study that indicated that many people develop severe back problems during adulthood, and that virtually all such people who received chiropractic treatment showed great improvement. Ttherefore, in order to minimize the proportion of the population that suffers from back pain, the Ergonomic Society recommended that chiropractic treatment be directed toward those adults who suffer from severe back problems.

Hypothesis: Individuals who receive chiropractic or other treatment prior to developing severe back problems are not less likely to develop back pain than those who do not is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Oceanographer: To substantially reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth' s atmosphere, carbon dioxide should be captured and pumped deep into the oceans, where it would dissolve. The cool, dense water in ocean depths takes centuries to mix with the warmer water near the surface, so any carbon dioxide pumped deep into oceans would be trapped there for centuries.

Hypothesis: Carbon dioxide dissolved in cool, dense water in ocean depths will not escape back into Earth's atmosphere a long time before the water in which that carbon dioxide is dissolved mixes with warmer water near the surface is an assumption that the oceanographer's argument requires.


Premise: In polluted environments, dolphins gradually accumulated toxins in their body fat, and the larger the dolphin the more accumulated toxin it can tolerate. Nearly 80 percent of the toxins a female dolphin has accumulated pass into the fat-rich milk her nursing calf ingests. Ttherefore, the unusually high mortality rate among dolphin calves in the industrially contaminated waters along Florida' s Gulf Coast is probably the result of their being poisoned by their mother' s milk.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The survival rate of firstborn dolphin calves in the area along Florida's Gulf Coast is highest for those whose mothers were killed before they were weaned' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Recently, a research team surveyed 519 young people between the ages of 18 and 25 who had never smoked traditional cigarettes by means of a questionnaire. The survey included these young people's e-cigarette use and intention to smoke traditional cigarettes. Wait. Among young people who have never smoked traditional cigarettes, those who are vaping are more likely to try traditional cigarettes, and regulatory policies on e-cigarettes should pay attention to protecting young people, the study said.

Hypothesis: The statement '20% of respondents have tried e-cigarettes or are likely to try e-cigarettes in the future' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Only a minority of those who engage in political action do so out of a sense of social justice. Ttherefore, some people who have a sense of social justice do not engage in political action.

Hypothesis: The argument that some of the decisions regarding school curricula should be made without regard for the wishes of the children's parents uses flawed reasoning most similar to that used in the argument above.


Premise: Unfair competition refers to enterprise uses improper or unfair means to increase the market share of its products, creating an unfair market environment for competitors that produce similar products, and seriously harming the interests of its competitors.

Hypothesis: By definition, investing a lot of money to develop the key technology of a very large computer, applying for patents, and dominating the field in the 1990s is not unfair competition.


Premise: Most serious students are happy students, and most serious students go to graduate school. Furthermore, all students who go to graduate school are overworked.

Hypothesis: All overworked students are serious students can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Dietitian: It is true that nutrients are most effective when provided by natural foods rather than artificial supplements. While it is also true that fat in one' s diet is generally unhealthy, eating raw carrots (which are rich in beta carotene) by themselves is nonetheless not an effective means of obtaining vitamin A, since the body cannot transform beta carotene into vitamin A unless it is consumed with at least some fat.

Hypothesis: The statement that fat in one's diet is generally unhealthy is cited as a bad reason for adopting a dietary habit that the dietitian recommends.


Premise: Every morning, the mother makes breakfast for her son in primary school. Five kinds of breakfast are noodles, dumplings, porridge, fried rice with eggs, pancakes, etc., but she only makes one of them for her son every day. It is known that: (1) making noodles is easier, twice a week, twice a week, three days apart in a week, (2) making porridge is made the day before or after the first noodle making, only once a week. (3) dumplings are also made only once a week, but this time is only once before the second noodle making. (4) making fried rice with eggs is also limited to four days apart from the day the first noodle is made in a week.(5) there was a time when the cake was made before the first time it was made noodles.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Thursday dumplings are correct assuming that Monday is the first day of the week.


Premise: Personal income tax reform is an integral part of the reform of the fiscal and taxation system. From October 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018, taxpayers will calculate the tax amount proportionally based on the remaining income after deducting 5000 yuan from their monthly salary, salary scale and other income. However, since China's personal income tax accounts for only about 7% of the total tax revenue, it is only through the personal income tax reform to achieve a more reasonable goal of wealth adjustment, From this point of view, raising the threshold of individual income tax is only the first step to improve the income distribution system.

Hypothesis: The reform of individual income tax is the key to the reform of fiscal and tax system is intended to illustrate that.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: G and W cannot go to the United States together.


Premise: Essayist: Only happiness is intrinsically valuable; other things are valuable only insofar as they contribute to happiness. Some philosophers argue that the fact that we do not approve of a bad person' s being happy shows that we value happiness only when it is deserved. This supposedly shows that we find something besides happiness to be intrinsically valuable. But the happiness people deserve is determined by the amount of happiness they bring to others. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: The judgment that a person deserves to be happy is itself to be understood in terms of happiness most logically completes the final sentence of the essayist's argument.


Premise: While sales of other highly fuel-efficient automobiles are in decline, sales of the Hydro are rising. The Hydro' s manufacturers attribute its success to the Hydro' s price and very low fuel consumption. However, the Hydro is comparable in price and fuel efficiency to its competitors, so it is more likely that its success is due to the fact that people want to appear environmentally conscious to their neighbors.

Hypothesis: The Hydro is the most popular highly fuel-efficient automobile available is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Submissive interaction refers to the action process with the same nature or the same direction among actors, which often has three forms: sending signals or hints to others intentionally or unintentionally and causing others to respond; Act in the way of others without consideration; Actors accept the way others act under pressure from others and do so.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wen is not satisfied with the new tutor, but he still starts the tutor course because of the painstaking efforts of his parents and the tuition fees he has paid does not belong to submissive interaction according to the above definition.


Premise: Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li took part in a skills competition and won the first four places in the competition.  It is understood that their relationship is as follows. First, Mr. Sun and Mr. Li often meet to play basketball together.  Second, the first and third place just met in this competition;  Third, the second can't ride a bike, nor play basketball;  Fourth, Mr. Zhao's rank is higher than That of Mr. Qian.  Fifth, Mr. Qian and Mr. Li ride bicycles to work together every day.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, the correct order of winners for the first, second, third and fourth places in this competition is Mr. Sun, Mr. Zhao, Mr. Qian, and Mr. Li.


Premise: Consequential offense refers to a crime in the objective aspect of the crime composed of harmful acts and harmful results. The completion of consequential crime requires not only criminal acts, but also legal criminal results. Without harmful results, the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete, or the elements of the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete. The result of consequential crime refers to tangible and measurable specific harmful results, It is the result consistent with the nature of the crime.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, falsely accusing and framing someone is not a consequential offense.


Premise: Primary group refers to the social group formed by face-to-face interaction with close interpersonal relationship and strong emotional color. Secondary group refers to the social group whose members gather together for a specific goal and form a formal relationship through clear rules and regulations.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang's playmates established a wechat group relates to secondary groups.


Premise: The Ministry of Environmental Protection interviewed the city's top officials and opened a new model of environmental governance. But public interview is not a long-term environmental governance model. For now, public interviews are aimed at specific environmental issues. Specific environmental governance is important, but environmental governance is not only a solution to specific environmental problems, but also related to the whole environmental system, the goals and strategies of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and local environmental governance and the relationship between government environmental governance and public rights and interests. After the public interview, the superficial environmental problems may be solved quickly, but the deep-seated problems of local construction are not solved and the triggers of environmental problems always exist.

Hypothesis: Environmental interviews should not be limited to solving specific environmental problems is an accurate understanding of this passage.


Premise: The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Ttherefore, reforms must be demanded by consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children' s education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic offerings.

Hypothesis: In selecting schools, the argument assumes that parents would tend to prefer a reasonable level of academic quality to greater sports opportunities or more convenient location.


Premise: Last year, pharmaceutical manufacturers significantly increased the amount of money they spent promoting new drugs, which they do mainly by sending sales representatives to visit physicians in their offices. However, two years ago there was an average of 640 such visits per representative, whereas last year that figure fell to 501. So the additional promotion must have been counterproductive, making physicians less willing to receive visits by pharmaceutical sales representatives.

Hypothesis: Most pharmaceutical manufacturers increased the size of their sales forces so that their sales representatives could devote more time to each physician, which most weakens the argument.


Premise: The traditional view is that the high content of egg yolk cholesterol is the culprit directly causing hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and stroke. Therefore, many middle-aged and elderly people dare not eat egg yolk. Recently, nutritionists organized a team to study the relationship between egg yolk and cholesterol, and conducted a six-month experiment on 116 men aged 50 to 65.

Hypothesis: The statement that the cholesterol content in the subjects did not change after half a year will weaken the traditional view most.


Premise: The basketball team coach stipulates that if player No. 1 plays and player No. 3 does not play, at least one of players No. 5 and No. 7 must play.

Hypothesis: If the coach's regulations are implemented, the sufficient conditions for No. 1 player not to play is No. 3 played, No. 5 and No. 7 play.


Premise: Claude: When I' m having lunch with job candidates, I watch to see if they salt their food without first tasting it. If they do, I count that against them, because they' re making decisions based on inadequate information. Larissa: That' s silly. It' s perfectly reasonable for me to wear a sweater whenever I go into a supermarket, because I already know supermarkets are always too cool inside to suit me. And I never open a credit card offer that comes in the mail, because I already know that no matter how low its interest rate may be, it will never be worthwhile for me.

Hypothesis: The principle that "in professional decision-making contexts, those who have the responsibility of judging other people's suitability for a job should not use observations of job-related behavior as a basis for inferring general conclusions about those people's character" can most reasonably be interpreted as the principle that Larissa invokes to criticize Claude's policy through the two analogies she offers.


Premise: Will the technological revolution aggravate unemployment? This is a problem that has plagued people for a long time. From some statistics, people have found an interesting phenomenon. Although the United States has invested heavily in computer technology and other areas over the past years, its current unemployment rate (approximately 5.5%) is not higher than the unemployment rate in the early 1960s, while the unemployment rate in Western Europe is 11%, where investment in computers has always been less than in the United States.

Hypothesis: Development of information technology will not increase unemployment can be logically deduced from the above.


Premise: At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if it is assumed to be true at Tromen University that there are more biology majors than there are French-literature majors.


Premise: Formal performance evaluations in the professional world are conducted using realistic situations. Physicians are allowed to consult medical texts freely, attorneys may refer to law books and case records, and physicists and engineers have their manuals at hand for ready reference. Students, then, should likewise have access to their textbooks whenever they take examinations.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is questionable because the argument fails to consider the possibility that the purposes of evaluation in the professional world and in school situations are quite dissimilar.


Premise: Value self-identifications means that people often overestimate the value of their actions and obtain happiness and beauty from it.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhao's work winning the second prize of the Provincial Calligraphy Association and his determination to strive for a higher award next year can be considered value self-identifications.


Premise: Federal investigators, called in at the request of the management of Ploutos National Bank, recently apprehended a ring of seven embezzlers from among the bank' s employees. The bank management decided to call in the federal investigators when they were unable to account for millions of dollars missing in their budget for this year. All the funds those seven individuals embezzled have been returned to the bank, and that accounts for about two thirds of the total amount missing. All seven of the accused have plea-bargained to avoid trial and are now serving in prison on reduced sentences.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that Federal investigators have the means at their disposal to detect any large illegal transfers of money can most properly be drawn from the information above.


Premise: People who have spent a lot of time in contact with animals often develop animal-induced allergies, a significant percentage of which are quite serious. In a survey of current employees in major zoos, about 30 percent had animal-induced allergies. However, a zoo employee who develops a serious animal-induced allergy is very likely to switch to some other occupation.

Hypothesis: Among members of the general population who have spent as much time with animals as zoo employees typically have, the percentage with animal-induced allergies is significantly more than 30 percent receives the strongest support from the information given.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: G and X cannot be assigned to the sales department.


Premise: Twenty years ago the Republic of Rosinia produced nearly 100 million tons of potatoes, but last year the harvest barely reached 60 million tons. Agricultural researchers, who have failed to develop new higher-yielding strains of potatoes, are to blame for this decrease, since they have been concerned only with their own research and not with the needs of Rosinia.

Hypothesis: Wide fluctuations in the size of the potato crop over a twenty-year period are not unusual is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: W-12 is a virus that seriously harms the growth of grains and causes a large reduction in grain production every year. Scientists have found that inserting a gene extracted from W-12 into a grain gene that is susceptible to infection can make The grain produces antibodies to W-12, which greatly reduces losses.

Hypothesis: When plants acquire antibodies against certain viruses through genetic mutations, they will increase their resistance to certain other viruses does not strengthen the above conclusion if the following items are true.


Premise: Pregnant women are prone to vitamin deficiency. Some people believe that this is not caused by lack of vitamins in the diet, but usually due to the large demand for vitamins when babies grow up in the abdomen.

Hypothesis: One pregnant woman and one non pregnant woman with sufficient vitamins in their diet were tested to determine whether they were deficient in vitamins is the most important operation in order to evaluate the accuracy of the above conclusions.


Premise: Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today' s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal' LEAST strengthens the argument above.


Premise: Educational balance refers to ensuring equal rights and obligations to citizens or future citizens through laws and regulations, providing relatively equal educational opportunities and conditions through policy formulation and adjustment and resource allocation, and achieving a relative balance of educational effects and opportunities for success with an objective and fair attitude and scientific and effective methods.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "A school requires all teachers to publish a paper each year, otherwise the next year's assessment will be considered unqualified, the school will not hire" is not part of implementing educational balance.


Premise: Storytelling appears to be a universal aspect of both past and present cultures. Comparative study of traditional narratives from widely separated epochs and diverse cultures reveals common themes such as creation, tribal origin, mystical beings and quasi-historical figures, and common story types such as fables and tales in which animals assume human personalities.

Hypothesis: Storytellers have long understood that the narrative is a universal aspect of human culture is supported by the evidence cited above from the study of traditional narratives.


Premise: The top 50 centimeters of soil on Tiliga Island contain bones from the native birds eaten by the islanders since the first human immigration to the island 3, 000 years ago. A comparison of this top layer with the underlying 150 centimeters of soil -- accumulated over 80, 000 years -- reveals that before humans arrived on Tiliga, a much larger and more diverse population of birds lived there. Thus, the arrival of humans dramatically decreased the population and diversity of birds on Tiliga.

Hypothesis: Many of the bird species that disappeared from Tiliga did not disappear from other, similar, uninhabited islands until much later most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Civil libertarian: The categorical prohibition of any nonviolent means of expression inevitably poisons a society' s intellectual atmosphere. Ttherefore, those advocating censorship of all potentially offensive art are pursuing a course that is harmful to society. Censorship advocate: You' re wrong, because many people are in agreement about what constitutes potentially offensive art.

Hypothesis: The censorship advocate's rebuttal is flawed because it relies on an irrelevant reason for rejecting the civil libertarian's argument.


Premise: Research suggests that compounds in meat may trigger wheezing in some children, which can lead to asthma or other respiratory problems. These compounds, known as advanced glycation end products, are released when meat is grilled at high temperatures. So eating a vegetarian diet or eating less meat can protect children from asthma risk.

Hypothesis: Scientists have shown that advanced glycation end products in the body come mainly, but not exclusively, from meat most questions the above statement.


Premise: Many parents rigorously organize their children' s activities during playtime, thinking that doing so will enhance their children' s cognitive development. But this belief is incorrect. To thoroughly structure a child' s playtime and expect this to produce a creative and resourceful child would be like expecting a good novel to be produced by someone who was told exactly what the plot and characters must be.

Hypothesis: It fails to consider the possibility that something could enhance a child's overall cognitive development without enhancing the child's creativity and resourcefulness is the ground on which the argument is most vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: The production line of a factory will discharge a large amount of waste, resulting in air pollution. In order to force the factory to change the production process and reduce pollution, local residents decided to boycott the fluorescent lamp, the product with the largest sales volume of the factory, because residents believe that boycotting the product with the largest sales volume can reduce the profits of the factory to the greatest extent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The boycott only considers the sales volume of products and cannot infer their corresponding profits' most questions the above inference.


Premise: A certain credit-card company awards its customers bonus points for using its credit card. Customers can use accumulated points in the purchase of brand name merchandise by mail at prices lower than the manufacturers' suggested retail prices. At any given time, ttherefore, customers who purchase merchandise using the bonus points spend less than they would spend if they purchased the same merchandise in retail stores.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the merchandise available to the company's credit-card customers using the bonus points is frequently sold in retail stores at prices that are higher than the manufacturers' suggested retail prices is on which the argument depends.


Premise: Environment minister: Because of our concern about global warming, this country has committed itself to reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide substantially over the next ten years. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, planting large numbers of trees will help us fulfill our commitment.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that many climate researchers believe that global warming is such an urgent problem that carbon dioxide emissions should be substantially reduced in less than ten years would most weaken the environment minister's argument.


Premise: In the last decade there has been a significant decrease in coffee consumption. During this same time, there has been increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffee. Ttherefore, the decrease in coffee consumption must have been caused by consumers' awareness of the harmful effects of caffeine.

Hypothesis: The statement "Heavy coffee drinkers may have mild withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, for a day or so after significantly decreasing their coffee consumption" most seriously calls into question the explanation above.


Premise: In recent years, Guangzhou's economy is undergoing a profound transformation. Prior to this, Guangzhou, as an important global trade center, gathered more of the global flow of goods and people. The construction of a hub network city in Guangzhou is aimed at bringing together more important capital and intellectual (technical) elements to form a global hub for the allocation of high-end elements. At the same time, the industrial structure of Guangzhou is also accelerated to optimize. On the basis of the original automobile, daily chemical and other advantageous industries, the terminal industry and high-end industry, which represent the future industrial direction, are being introduced into Guangzhou and realizing cluster development, thus making up for the industrial deficiency that has existed for a long time in this city.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is "The future development trend of Guangzhou Industrial system."


Premise: As a force, cultural power is not a force of direct effect, and its manifestation must be through certain genres or media, either enduring people's ideas or spiritual ideas, or materialized in certain material or spiritual products, and cultural power really exists only through spiritual or material carriers, that is to say, cultural power is not an immediate and obvious force. It is impossible for people to control and control things at will, which is one of the root reasons why people's understanding of cultural power has been very vague for thousands of years.

Hypothesis: The expression of cultural power is various is expressed by the author in this passage.


Premise: The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Stress resulting from a dangerous situation can preserve wakefulness even when brain levels of bound adenosine are high' provides the most support for the researchers' hypothesis.


Premise: The key exhibition hall of the museum basically has no divided space, which ensures the smooth and spacious exhibition hall as far as possible. And put the obvious specimens in the most eye-catching position in this exhibition hall, which allows the audience to see the most wonderful display as soon as they enter the exhibition area. In every big space. Appropriate use of the wrong layer of the way to open up an interactive area. Special introduction of relevant scientific knowledge, at the same time, this wrong layer is also a good watch viewing point of view.

Hypothesis: The combination of space and interaction is a characteristic of museum exhibits according to the article.


Premise: A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.

Hypothesis: A disproportionately large number of high-ranking alumni responded to the survey most helps account for the apparent contradiction above.


Premise: Mr. Zhang intends to buy several kinds of flowers, and his intention is as follows: (1) buy at most one kind of rose and tulip; (2) buy at least one kind of peony, rose and daisy; (3) buy at least two kinds of tulips, daisies and lilies; and (4) if you buy tulips, do not buy peonies.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhang has bought at least one kind of daisies and roses according to the above intention.


Premise: As a developing country, independent innovation is not self-innovation, more non-closed innovation, and cannot exclude technology introduction, but technological innovation capabilities cannot be directly obtained through introduction, and key technologies cannot be bought. Japan and South Korea introduce technology and digest and absorb. The ratio of expenses is 1:5 and 1:8 respectively, while the ratio in our country is 1:0.15.

Hypothesis: The main problem of my country's technology introduction is insufficient digestion, absorption and re-innovation of imported technologies.


Premise: Thinking: refers to the human brain's reflection of objective and indirect generalizations. Thinking can be divided into (1) action thinking, which refers to the thinking supported by actual actions in the thinking process according to the object or the state of thinking in the thinking process. Its characteristic is that the task is intuitive, given in a concrete form, and the solution is actual action; (2) Thinking in images refers to the process of analyzing, synthesizing, abstracting, and summarizing appearances. It is characterized by vivid , vivid and objective Image; (3) Abstract thinking refers to the process of using concepts, judgments, reasoning and other forms to reflect the law of movement of objective things, and to recognize the essential characteristics and internal connections of things.

Hypothesis: From an early age, Hong's son was required to watch his father practice kung fu every day. Gradually, he could follow his father's lead meets the definition of action thinking.


Premise: Physician: The patient is suffering either from disease X or else from disease Y, but there is no available test for distinguishing X from Y. Ttherefore, since there is an effective treatment for Y but no treatment for X, we must act on the assumption that the patient has a case of Y.

Hypothesis: The physician's reasoning could be based on the principle that when success is possible only if a circumstance beyond one's control is favorable, then one's strategy must be based on the assumption that this circumstance is in fact favorable.


Premise: Because the death of a spouse creates a void in one' s life and leads to depression, it is very difficult to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse. The ability to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse is improved by filling the void with another important element. In one study, half of those attempting to recover after the death of a spouse were told to embark on a new career, and the other half were told to take time off work to fully comprehend their loss. After one year, those in the first group reported lower rates of depression and positive feelings about their lives, and the second group reported higher rates of depression and negative feelings about their lives.

Hypothesis: Work, or engaging in time and energy-consuming activities, can often lead to depression in otherwise healthy people strengthens the argument above EXCEPT.


Premise: Constance: The traditional definition of full employment as a 5 percent unemployment rate is correct, because at levels below 5 percent, inflation rises. Brigita: That traditional definition of full employment was developed before the rise of temporary and part-time work and the fall in benefit levels. When people are juggling several part-time jobs with no benefits, or working in a series of temporary assignments, as is now the case, 5 percent unemployment is not full employment.

Hypothesis: The claim that Constance and Brigita disagree with each other about whether it is a good idea, all things considered, to allow the unemployment level to drop below 5 percent is most strongly supported by the dialogue.


Premise: Ten thousand years ago many communities in western Asia stopped procuring food by hunting and gathering and began instead to cultivate food. Archaeological evidence reveals that compared to their hunter-gatherer forebears, the early agricultural peoples ate a poorly balanced diet and had diet-related health problems, yet these peoples never returned to hunting and gathering.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Thousands of years ago similar shifts from hunting and gathering to agriculture occurred in many other parts of the world' most helps to explain why the agricultural peoples of western Asia never returned to hunting and gathering.


Hypothesis: The statement 'Coffee prices increased steadily in the past decade because of unusually severe frosts in coffee-growing nations' most seriously calls into question the explanation above.


Premise: Individuals always live in certain institutional arrangements, and Chinese traditional Confucian institutional arrangements are mostly informal, emphasizing the internalization of behavior rules, neglecting external compulsory constraints, and having high flexibility.

Hypothesis: Under the arrangement of the Confucian system, individuals can do whatever they want and be unrestrained is correct.


Premise: A two-year study beginning in 1977 found that, among 85-year-old people, those whose immune systems were weakest were twice as likely to die within two years as others in the study. The cause of their deaths, however, was more often heart disease, against which the immune system does not protect, than cancer or infections, which are attacked by the immune system.

Hypothesis: Some of the drugs that had been used to treat the symptoms of heart disease had a side effect of weakening the immune system, if true, would offer the best prospects for explaining deaths in which weakness of the immune system, though present, played no causal role.


Premise: Astronomer: Earth was bombarded repeatedly by comets and asteroids early in its history. This bombardment probably sterilized the surface and prevented life from originating during this early period in Earth' s geological history. Meanwhile, Mars escaped severe bombardment, and so there could have been microbial life on Mars prior to there being such life on Earth. Because many meteorites originating from Mars have landed on Earth, life on Earth may have started when living microbes were carried here from Mars on a meteorite.

Hypothesis: The statement that there could have been microbial life on Mars prior to there being such life on Earth is a claim that provides some support for the argument's conclusion but that neither ensures the truth of that conclusion nor is required in order to establish that conclusion.


Premise: Frieda: Lightning causes fires and damages electronic equipment. Since lightning rods can prevent any major damage, every building should have one. Erik: Your recommendation is pointless. It is true that lightning occasionally causes fires, but faulty wiring and overloaded circuits cause far more fires and damage to equipment than lightning does.

Hypothesis: Erik's response fails to establish that Frieda's recommendation should not be acted on because his response does not show that the benefits that would follow from Frieda's recommendation would be offset by any disadvantages.


Premise: The rhetoric of opposites and mutually reinforcing refers to the clever connection of two concepts or judgments which are usually opposite and excluded from each other, which can not only reveal the deep contradiction and dialectic relationship existing in objective things, but also increase the meaning of language.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, 'Boldly forth head bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children' is not a mutually reinforcing figure of speech.


Premise: Some members have criticized the club' s president for inviting Dr. Hines to speak at the annual awards banquet without consulting other club members beforehand. But a few years ago the previous club president hired a tax accountant even though he had not discussed it with club members beforehand. So the current president acted appropriately in the way in which she invited Dr. Hines.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the club's previous president acted appropriately in hiring the tax accountant without first consulting other club members is on which the argument relies.


Premise: A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers, processes them into powder or oil, and then mixes them with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirmed the company's practice and pointed out that eating insects is conducive to dealing with worldwide food shortages and malnutrition.

Hypothesis: An authoritative foreign research institution said that in this century, eating insects is conducive to the growth of population and the increase of  consumption of the protein can be used as the premise of the above argument.