Premise: In trade with China, France lags far behind Japan and the United States, and even lags behind the United Kingdom and Italy. China's GDP growth rate this year is expected to reach 7.5% to 7.8%, compared with the first seven months of 2001. France Trade with China only increased by 2.7%, while the trade of China with other European countries, who are France's competitors, increased by an average of 10%.

Hypothesis: The option "France's trade with China lags far behind other developed countries" can be inferred.


Premise: The case of Xu Yunhe in Tianjin: while driving, Xu Yunhe encountered Mrs. Wang crossing the guardrail in the center of the road. Mrs. Wang fell to the ground and was injured. Xu helped her up. Mrs. Wang insisted that she was hit by Xu. After judicial identification, Xu's car did not touch her. The court of first instance held that Xu was only four or five meters away from Mrs. Wang when she saw her, and that she must have fallen because she was frightened by Xu's car and ordered Xu to bear 40% of the responsibility and compensate Mrs. Wang 108606 yuan.

Hypothesis: The verdict goes against traditional morality: like the Nanjing Pengyu case, it will deter the public from extending a helping hand to the injured best points out the flaws in the first instance of the case.


Premise: On the page does the German Shepherd Dog understand English, the book corrects my understanding of Jenny Goodall. The author criticizes: there is a woman in the United States who claims to be a scientist who claims to be able to talk to Gigi, the mother orangutan. She said Gigi told her interesting stories about death and heaven in orangutan Esperanto, and she answered in dumb language. Unfortunately, other researchers who imitated her found nothing, indicating that this so-called communication is actually based on fantasy.

Hypothesis: The author's original knowledge of Jenny Goodall is that the communication between Jenny Goodall and Gigi, the mother orangutan, is actually based on fantasy.


Premise: Peak-End Rule means that the experience of remembering something depends on the feeling at the beginning and end.

Hypothesis: The bank designed the business hall spacious and bright is not applied to the Peak-End Rule according to the above definition.


Premise: Because the death of a spouse creates a void in one' s life and leads to depression, it is very difficult to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse. The ability to lead a normal life after the death of a spouse is improved by filling the void with another important element. In one study, half of those attempting to recover after the death of a spouse were told to embark on a new career, and the other half were told to take time off work to fully comprehend their loss. After one year, those in the first group reported lower rates of depression and positive feelings about their lives, and the second group reported higher rates of depression and negative feelings about their lives.

Hypothesis: The participants in the study mentioned in the paragraph above who embarked on a new career all reported continuing to feel relatively happy with their lives ten years after the death of their spouses strengthens the argument above EXCEPT.


Premise: People who are in favor of the death penalty usually give two reasons: first, the fear of death will prevent others from committing the same terrible crime; second, the death penalty is cheaper than its alternative, life imprisonment. However, reliable research shows that life imprisonment is preferable to the death penalty from an economic point of view. People think that it is not true that the death penalty saves money. Therefore, the death penalty should be abolished.

Hypothesis: It is only natural to abolish the death penalty and there is no need to discuss it is an appropriate evaluation of the argument in the main part of the question.


Premise: Journalist: Obviously, though some animals are purely carnivorous, none would survive without plants. But the dependence is mutual. Many plant species would never have come to be had there been no animals to pollinate, fertilize, and broadcast their seeds. Also, plants' photosynthetic activity would deplete the carbon dioxide in Earth' s atmosphere were it not constantly being replenished by the exhalation of animals, engine fumes, and smoke from fires, many set by human beings.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the journalist's argument is that just as animals are dependent on plants for their survival, plants are dependent on animals for theirs.


Premise: A new medical technology can be used clinically only if it is effective and safe. In 1998, American scientists successfully made human embryonic stem cells grow and proliferate in vitro. if this stem cell technology is combined with cloning technology, the necessary tissue cells can be cultured from patients' somatic cells to replace patients' damaged cells. to treat a variety of difficult diseases, this is the so-called therapeutic cloning. But now therapeutic cloning is still a long way from clinical use.

Hypothesis: The statement "At present, scientists are far from understanding the mechanism by which human embryonic stem cells differentiate into various cells and how to prevent them from turning into cancer cells" will give the above conclusion the strongest support.


Premise: Terry: If You want to get a decent job, you should go to college. Mark: That is not true. There are other reasons to go to college than wanting to get a good job.

Hypothesis: Mark's response shows that he interpreted Terry's remarks to mean that wanting to get a decent job is the only reason for going to college.


Premise: The Yellow River is the second largest river in China and one of the few naked rivers in the world. She started from the northern foot of Bayan Kara Mountain and accepted thousands of streams and rivers, flowing eastward through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other nine provinces and regions, into the vast sea. With a total length of 5464 kilometers and a basin area of more than 750000 square kilometers, it is like a golden dragon lying with its head held high on the vast land in the north of our country.

Hypothesis: The option 'The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation' does not belong to the characteristics of the Yellow River.


Premise: Students in a first-year undergraduate course were divided into two groups. All the students in both groups were given newspaper articles identical in every respect, except for the headline, which was different for each group. When the students were later asked questions about the contents of the article, the answers given by the two groups were markedly different, though within each group the answers were similar.

Hypothesis: Newspaper headlines hamper a reader's ability to comprehend the corresponding articles is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: An organization has investigated the average housing prices of three types of housing (villas, ordinary commercial rooms and comfortable housing) in cities A, B and C in eastern China, and the information released is as follows: according to the price of villa housing, from high to low is A, B, C; According to the price of ordinary commercial housing, from high to low is A, C, B; According to the price of comfortable housing, from high to low is B, A, C.

Hypothesis: The judgment that the overall average price of residential housing in City A is the highest is wrong about the overall average housing price of residents in the above three cities.


Premise: At the end of the Second World War, women of childbearing age in a country reached the lowest point. In the mid-1950s, 10 years after the end of the Second World War, the average family had 4.5 children. Ten years ago, the number of women of childbearing age in the country reached an all-time high. At present, the average family has only 1.82 children.

Hypothesis: The fertility rate is not proportional to the number of women of childbearing age can be drawn from the above.


Premise: In 1923, the Preparatory Conference for the Unification of Mandarin decided to adopt the Beijing phonetic standard to promote language and dialect throughout the country, not as a tool of communication, but as a cultural carrier.At present, the miniaturization of dialects, even if the culture of one side fades, maintaining the coexistence of dialect national language and common language is conducive to maintaining cultural diversity. While popularizing Putonghua, dialects should also be given some room for expression.And the dialect is not large, applied to one side of the land, but also can enrich the color of the common language, such as happy to pay for the high and unfinished buildings and other words have entered the common language vocabulary, and have some development.

Hypothesis: Common language identification is conducive to improving the cultural level and scientific and technological development level of the whole nation is the gist of the above.


Premise: Over 90 percent of the human brain currently serves no purpose, as is evident from the fact that many people with significant brain damage show no discernible adverse effects. So once humans begin to tap into this tremendous source of creativity and innovation, many problems that today seem insurmountable will be within our ability to solve.

Hypothesis: The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the only reason that any problem remains unsolved is a lack of creativity and innovation most accurately describes a flaw in the argument.


Premise: Computer store manager: Last year we made an average of 13 percent profit on the high-end computer models -- those priced over $1, 000 -- that we sold, while low-end models -- those priced below $1, 000 -- typically returned at least 25 percent profit. Since there is a limit to how many models we can display and sell, we should sell only low-end models. This would maximize our profits, since we would probably sell as many low-end models if that is all we sold as we would sell both kinds combined if we continued to sell both.

Hypothesis: The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that it fails to consider the possibility that the money earned on each high-end computer is significantly higher than the money earned on each low-end computer.


Premise: Theories generated by scientific research were used to develop several products that, although useful, damage the environment severely. The scientists who conducted the research, however, should not be held responsible for that damage, since they merely generated the theories and could neither foresee nor restrict the kinds of products that might be designed using those theories.

Hypothesis: Individuals who perform an activity should not be held responsible for any unforeseen undesirable consequences that arise from the use to which others put the results of that activity justifies the conclusion above.


Premise: One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled SuperOXY,  that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since <b> the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs </b>.

Hypothesis: The statement 'frequent physical exercise increases the body's ability to take in and use oxygen' would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface.


Premise: According to the TV ratings survey, more young people watch sports programs than the middle-aged people and elderly people.

Hypothesis: Sports programmes are prepared for young people can be inferred.


Premise: Linguist: Most people can tell whether a sequence of words in their own dialect is grammatical. Yet few people who can do so are able to specify the relevant grammatical rules.

Hypothesis: The statement "Some people are able to tell whether any given piece of music is a waltz. But the majority of these people cannot state the defining characteristics of a waltz" best illustrates the principle underlying the linguist's statements.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The most important part of this passage is the availability of low-cost rentable housing determines the development of the manufacturing industry.


Premise: The Chinese surname has a very big characteristic, that is, it is the same Han surname, but it is likely to have a very big difference in consanguinity. Generally speaking, taking Wuyishan-Nanling as the boundary, the consanguinity of Chinese surnames is obviously divided into two branches: the north and the south.The consanguinity of the Han nationality between the two places is quite different, even greater than that between the Han nationality in the north and south and the local ethnic minorities. This shows that with the expansion of the population, the Han nationality continued to go south and crossed the Yangtze River into Huguang more than 2000 years ago, and finally crossed the strait to Hainan Island. During this process, the Han people who moved south continued to integrate with many ethnic minorities who spoke Dong-Tai, South Asian and Miao languages, thus diluting the consanguinity of the Han nationality in the north.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The north and south branches with the same surname may not come from the same ancestor' can best refute the above argument if it is true.


Premise: Professor Hartley' s new book on moral philosophy contains numerous passages that can be found verbatim in an earlier published work by Hartley' s colleague, Professor Lawrence. Ttherefore, in view of the fact that these passages were unattributed in Hartley' s book, Hartley has been dishonest in not acknowledging the intellectual debt owed to Lawrence.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Hartley could not have written the new book without the passages in question is an assumption on which the argument is based.


Premise: Consumers are deeply concerned about the quantity of plastic packaging on the market and have spurred manufacturers to find ways to recycle plastic materials. Despite their efforts, however, only 6. 5 percent of plastic is now being recycled, as compared to 33 percent of container glass.

Hypothesis: The manufacture of new plastic depletes oil reserves, whereas the manufacture of new glass uses renewable resources helps to explain the relatively low rate of plastic recycling.


Premise: Career burnout refers to the feeling that people feel that their physical and mental energy is exhausted by work under the pressure of their long-term work.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After engaging in many different professions, Mr wang feels that all the jobs are dull' is a state of career burnout according to the above definition.


Premise: Commentator: In academic scholarship, sources are always cited, and methodology and theoretical assumptions are set out, so as to allow critical study, replication, and expansion of scholarship. In open-source software, the code in which the program is written can be viewed and modified by individual users for their purposes without getting permission from the producer or paying a fee. In contrast, the code of proprietary software is kept secret, and modifications can be made only by the producer, for a fee. This shows that open-source software better matches the values embodied in academic scholarship, and since scholarship is central to the mission of universities, universities should use only open-source software.

Hypothesis: The commentator's reasoning most closely conforms to the principle that the form of software technology that best matches the values embodied in the activities that are central to the mission of universities is the form of software technology that is most efficient for universities to use.


Premise: Mr. Li decided not to visit mountains and Jiuzhai in the future. He must have visited Wu Yue and Jiu Zhai

Hypothesis: Lung diseases are largely related to smoking. Patients with lung tumors usually choose to quit smoking. Li Gang plans to quit smoking recently. He must have found lung tumors is most similar to the logical reasoning structure of the above sentence.


Premise: In setting environmental standards for industry and others to meet, it is inadvisable to require the best results that state-of-the-art technology can achieve. Current technology is able to detect and eliminate even extremely minute amounts of contaminants, but at a cost that is exorbitant relative to the improvement achieved. So it would be reasonable instead to set standards by taking into account all of the current and future risks involved.

Hypothesis: The argument given concerning the reasonable way to set standards presupposes that there are effective ways to take into account all of the relevant risks posed by allowing different levels of contaminants.


Premise: Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. <b> Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year's record pace </b>. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and <b> there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year's start-ups </b>. So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year's record.

Hypothesis: The first provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a judgment advanced in support of that main conclusion is the role played by the two portions in boldface in the argument.


Premise: Arbitrator: The shipping manager admits that he decided to close the old facility on October 14 and to schedule the new facility' s opening for October 17, the following Monday. But he also claims that he is not responsible for the business that was lost due to the new facility' s failing to open as scheduled. He blames the contractor for not finishing on time, but he too, is to blame, for he was aware of the contractor' s typical delays and should have planned for this contingency.

Hypothesis: The principle that a manager should take foreseeable problems into account when making decisions underlies the arbitrator's argument.


Premise: In 1883, the Indonesian island Krakatoa, home to a massive volcano, seemingly disappeared overnight as an eruption rent the entire island apart, catapulting rock and debris into the atmosphere. For the next few years, as ash circled the entire globe, the average world temperature dropped by several degrees Fahrenheit. Ttherefore, an eruption of similar power in terms of the amount of debris ejected into the atmosphere will likely cause the average temperature around the world to drop by several degrees.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The eruption of the Indonesian island of Tambora was even larger than that of Krakatoa, yet the average world temperature did not drop as much as it did following the eruption of Krakatoa' best challenges the main claim of the argument.


Premise: Post-traumatic stress response refers to the psychological disorder sequelae after encountering or resisting major stress, but this phenomenon is the reasonable result of experiencing trauma, not the original problem of the patient's psychological state.

Hypothesis: A World War II veteran had a bleak evening, separated his wife and children, and was diagnosed with a life-threatening illness not long ago is not a post-traumatic stress response according to the above definition.


Premise: Mate is a beverage found in much of South America. While it is uncertain where mate was first made, there are more varieties of it found in Paraguay than anywhere else. Also, mate is used more widely there than anywhere else. Ttherefore, Paraguay is likely the place where mate originated.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Typically, the longer a beverage has been in use in a particular place, the more widely that beverage is used there' would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: TrueSave is a mail-order company that ships electronic products from its warehouses to customers worldwide. The company' s shipping manager is proposing that customer orders be packed with newer, more expensive packing materials that virtually eliminate damage during shipping. The manager argues that overall costs would essentially remain unaffected, since the extra cost of the new packing materials roughly equals the current cost of replacing products returned by customers because they arrived in damaged condition.

Hypothesis: It would be most important to ascertain whether the products shipped by TrueSave are more vulnerable to incurring damage during shipping than are typical electronic products in order to determine whether implementing the shipping manager's proposal would have the argued-for effect on costs.


Premise: In one study, 51 volunteers from middle school students were divided into a test group and a control group and trained in the same math skills. During the five-day training, the researchers used a technique called transcranial random noise stimulation to deliver mild shocks to areas of the brain thought to be related to computing power in 25 members of the test group. The results of subsequent tests showed that the ability to perform mathematical operations of the members of the test group was significantly higher than that of the control group. To their surprise, the improvement of this ability can last at least half a year. As a result, the researchers believe that to deliver mild shocks in the brain can improve the brain's ability to calculate.

Hypothesis: Subjects with delivering mild shocks to the brain were more concerned about their behavior and were more focused during the test, if true, best supports the above view of the researchers.


Premise: Digital dilemma refers to the phenomenon that the elderly are not familiar with the use of digital products because of their living habits, cultural level and other factors, which brings trouble to their daily life.

Hypothesis: Xiao Gao installed the Internet TV for his parents. Because the operation was too complicated, the parents always couldn't find the channel they wanted to watch, so they had to move out the old TV again is not a digital dilemma.


Premise: Information Cocoon Room: refers to people in their own field of information will be accustomed to be quoted by interest to guide, and finally bind themselves, like a silkworm, and finally shackled in their own,In the Cocoon Room.

Hypothesis: Junior Xu often uses campus network or social networking site to search for and exchange learning and entertainment materials does not belong to the information cocoon room.


Premise: In recent years, trace management has been widely used in grass-roots work. Its advantage is that through the retained text, pictures and other work materials, effectively restore the work of serving the masses for future verification. In order to strengthen the trace management, a grass-roots unit has greatly increased the proportion of work materials in the assessment score. Obviously, such an approach will cause local grass-roots cadres to spend a lot of energy on keeping traces of work.

Hypothesis: The underlying hypothesis of the above argument is likely to be that some grass-roots cadres lack a sense of service to the masses.


Premise: With regard to the problem that the occupying roads of small street vendors in urban streets affects traffic, some scholars think that centralized business areas for small vendors should be set up in specific areas that do not affect urban traffic. in this way, it can alleviate the problem of traffic jams caused by small stall vendors occupying roads at will.

Hypothesis: After setting up a centralized business area, small stalls occupying on the road will go there to set up stalls is a prerequisite that must be added in order to make the above argument valid.


Premise: In the face of the chronic social and psychological illness of teenagers' Internet addiction, people from all walks of life have been trying to find countermeasures. Relevant scientific research has explained the mechanism of game addiction from different angles such as biomedicine, psychology and sociology, and sought the corresponding mechanism of intervention and governance. From the point of view of biomedicine, biochemical scientists have found that game addiction should be treated as a disease of the cerebral neurodopamine system; psychologists have revealed from a large number of case studies that game addiction mostly comes from defective personality, cognitive deviation, and specific defense mechanisms that balance the inner world with the impact of external reality. Sociological research focuses on the environmental factors of life events such as national policy, social environment, family education, parent-child relationship, school teaching, social communication style and so on.

Hypothesis: The author is most likely to describe 'How to solve the problem of teenagers' Internet addiction from all walks of life' next.


Premise: Economist: Global recessions can never be prevented, for they could be prevented only if they were predictable. Yet economists, using the best techniques at their disposal, consistently fail to accurately predict global recessions.

Hypothesis: The economist's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to address the possibility that the techniques available to economists for the prediction of global recessions will significantly improve.


Premise: Jessica: The budget surplus should be used only to increase government payments to those who are unemployed. Marcie: A better use of the money would be for a public works project that would create jobs.

Hypothesis: Jessica and Marcie are committed to disagreeing about the truth of using the budget surplus to increase government payments to those who are unemployed is putting the money to good use.


Premise: Ideology: a systematic idea formed on a certain socio-economic basis and representing the interests of a class or social group.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Federation of literary and artistic circles of a province called on everyone to resist vulgar culture and purify the cultural environment in the new era' is ideological.


Premise: The reason why the financial crisis has spread to the world is largely because each economy has experienced 6 to 7 years of extraordinary financial expansion, financial innovation and the unprecedented development of financial derivatives during the economic prosperity period. Under this model, the prices of various assets are constantly being irrationally pushed up. The key to the governance crisis is to return various assets that have been hyped to high prices to their reasonable price levels. A period of asset devaluation is inevitable. , This is the debt repayment for the past speeding appreciation.

Hypothesis: Proactive fiscal policy and appropriately loose monetary policy should be adopted to stimulate the economy is an accurate summary of the passage.


Premise: Recently an unusually high number of dolphins have been found dead of infectious diseases, and most of these had abnormally high tissue concentrations of certain compounds that, even in low concentrations, reduce dolphins' resistance to infection. The only source of these compounds in the dolphins' environment is boat paint. Ttherefore, since dolphins rid their bodies of the compounds rapidly once exposure ceases, their mortality rate should decline rapidly if such boat paints are banned.

Hypothesis: In high concentrations, the compounds are toxic to many types of marine animals, which most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Gerrit: While browsing in a record store I noticed that one copy of a recording I wanted had mistakenly been priced at a quarter of the list price. When I finally reached the cashier I was told that the price had been mismarked and I would have to pay the full list price. Since I had wasted an hour standing in line, the retailer was morally obligated to sell me the recording at the lower price. Saskia: I disagree. You knew that a mistake had been made, and you were simply trying to take advantage of that mistake.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'Retailers are morally obligated to sell an item to a customer at a mismarked price only if that customer was genuinely misled about the intended price by the mismarking' would most help to justify Saskia's position.


Premise: Researchers studied DNA from 1.1 million people and came up with a scoring system. The system can be used to detect someone's DNA to roughly predict someone's education level. It turns out that only 10% of those with the lowest genetic scores. In contrast, those with a genetic score in the top five have a 50% chance of graduating from college. This is the largest study of human cognitive genetics in history. Based on this, some people believe that there is a great connection between human genes and academic qualifications.

Hypothesis: Among the 1.1 million people who are studied, more than 60% are college graduates would most call these people's views into question.


Premise: The air-gun bullet marks on the glass are different from those on the other shots.This is because although the air gun has rifling, it uses spring compressed air as the power to launch the warhead, which has the advantages of low speed, low energy and light weight (0.5 grams per air gun), so when the air gun hits the glass, it acts on the glass for a long time and the force is small. The penetration ability is small, and its glass smashing marks are also different from those of stone glass.

Hypothesis: The most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage is that the reason why the air gun smashes the glass is different from that caused by other guns is that it is powered by spring compressed air.


Premise: Travel agent: Although most low-fare airlines have had few, if any, accidents, very few such airlines have been in existence long enough for their safety records to be reliably established. Major airlines, on the other hand, usually have longstanding records reliably indicating their degree of safety. Hence, passengers are safer on a major airline than on one of the newer low-fare airlines.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to consider the possibility that long-standing and reliable records documenting an airline's degree of safety may indicate that the airline is unsafe is the criticism to which the reasoning in the travel agent's argument is most vulnerable.


Premise: Sambar deer are physically incapable of digesting meat. Yet sambar deer have been reported feeding on box turtles after killing them.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Sambar deer eat only the bony shells of box turtles' best resolves the discrepancy above.


Premise: Administrative punishment refers to administrative sanctions imposed by administrative agencies on citizens, legal persons or other organizations that constitute administrative violations.

Hypothesis: The health department imposing a penalty of suspension of business on restaurants that fail the sanitation inspection is an administrative penalty according to the above definition.


Premise: The objective-value fallacy is a wrong reasoning whose premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this reasoning does not presuppose an obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'There should be more exchanges and communication between people, more understanding and tolerance, and there will be fewer and fewer nation-states in the world' is an objective-value fallacy.


Premise: Plants must blossom before they can produce seeds there are two kinds of dragons, the Russian dragon and the French dragon, they look very similar. Russian dragons blossom, but French dragons do not blossom.However, the leaves of the Russian dragon pole do not have the unique fragrance that makes the French dragon pole an ideal seasoning.

Hypothesis: As an ornamental plant, French dragons are more popular than Russian dragons can be inferred from the above discussion.


Premise: There is a cross relationship between concept A and concept B if and only if (1) the existing object belongs to both A and B; (2) The existing object belongs to A but not to B; (3) The existing object belongs to B but not A.

Hypothesis: According to the subject matter, paintings mainly include figure painting, flower and bird painting, landscape painting, etc; According to techniques, there are mainly meticulous painting and freehand painting is the cross relationship between the two concepts of adding points according to the above definition.


Premise: In car accidents, airbags can greatly reduce the risk of serious injury. However, statistics show that cars without airbags are less likely to be involved in accidents than those with airbags. Therefore, cars with airbags are no safer than cars without airbags.

Hypothesis: The argument is only hypothetical but not conclusive: the occurrence of the accident is at least as important as the serious injury caused by the accident in the assessment of safety most accurately describes the shortcomings of the above argument.


Premise: The world economy is in a new round of growth. International trade and investment remain strong and persistent. Increasing bilateral and multilateral coordination in the international economic field is conducive to the development and stability of the world economy. The industrial structure promoted by the new technological revolution continues to deepen rapidly. The industrial transfer from developed countries to developing countries is missing the upgrade of the international industrial structure. Both China and ASEAN are optimistic about the bright prospects of bilateral cooperation in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Bilateral and multilateral coordination in international economic field is increasing day by day' illustrates the above words.


Premise: Although architecture originated from practical life requirements such as cold prevention, heat elimination, shade and safety, in the history of architecture, human beings paid far less cooperative labor for solving practical life than for non practical aspects. Palaces, temples, altars, tombs, churches, monuments, gardens, etc. these buildings that all or basically serve spiritual life have far more achievements than houses and workshops, Fortress and other buildings serving material life. The evolution of architectural form and architectural style is often the most sensitive witness to the material and spiritual life of a generation of society. In the west, people vividly call architecture a history written in stone.

Hypothesis: People vividly call architecture history written in stone because architecture serves both spiritual life and material life, both of which contain historical aesthetic factors.


Premise: Every kind of behavior comes from a certain thought, and it is not necessarily a signal of action. the more people make full use of language tools to exchange ideas freely, the more they can achieve correct understanding to dominate more rational actions. Therefore, suppressing speech is often not an action to prevent mistakes, but to prevent deliberate actions, and the result must be that if the pressure is large enough, people will be passive, and if the pressure is small, people will move at will.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is that restricting speech can restrict movement.


Premise: Keeler wanted the institute to receive bad publicity. He and Greene were the only ones in a position to tell the press about the institute' s potentially embarrassing affiliations, but Greene had no reason to do so. Ttherefore, it must have been Keeler who notified the press.

Hypothesis: Other than Helms and Lapinski, no one had access to the equipment on Thursday, the day it was tampered with. Thus, since Helms had reason to tamper with the equipment and Lapinski did not, it must have been Helms who did it is the argument that is most


Premise: It is undeniable that regular consumption of fast food can lead to serious health problems. However, most people agree that fast food companies should not be held liable for the effects their product has on the health of consumers. Few people, however, disagree with holding tobacco companies liable for the serious health problems caused by cigarette usage. Ttherefore, fast food must not be as unhealthy as cigarettes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Tobacco companies tend to use the same type of marketing for their products as fast food companies' is assumed in the passage.


Premise: Information pollution refers to the phenomenon that the elements of harmful, deceptive or misleading information are mixed in the process of information dissemination, thus affecting the normal acquisition and utilization of effective information.

Hypothesis: When Chen forwarded the news report of a provincial forest fire on Weibo, he inserted the scene picture of the Amazon rainforest fire five years ago as a matching picture is an example of information pollution.


Premise: Critic: An art historian argues that because fifteenth- century European paintings were generally more planimetric (that is, two-dimensional with no attempt at suggesting depth) than were sixteenth-century paintings, fifteenth-century painters had a greater mastery of painting than did sixteenth-century painters. However, this conclusion is wrong. Fifteenth-century European painters did not have a greater mastery of painting, for the degree to which a painting is planimetric is irrelevant to the painter' s mastery.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed in that it rejects a position on the grounds that an inadequate argument has been made for it.


Premise: The researchers found that the stem structure and growth pattern of ancient branch ferns were significantly different from those of living trees. In common living trees, the tissue vascular bundles that play the role of support and transportation are often a single whole. Through continuous secondary growth, it thickens the stems of trees and produces rings. In Devonian branch ferns, there are at least dozens of independent vascular bundle systems intertwined into a network. On the whole, they are cylindrical and form a three-dimensional grid system with other dredging organizations. in this grid system composed of vascular bundles, each single vascular bundle can grow thicker and produce growth rings, and at the same time, by splitting and proliferating each other, the vascular bundle system is constantly expanded to achieve the thickening of the plant as a whole.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'The long evolution of trees'.


Premise: When public opinion is in a position of direct power, when it is unequal, public opinion will not be able to gain respect for its rights, and it will not be possible to protect itself in front of power, let alone let power be obedient.Therefore, in order for public opinion to really play a role, there is no other way but to give public opinion the power. Rights, in particular, need to understand that public opinion is the premise and basis of power action, and respect for public opinion is reflected, and everything is not done in accordance with public opinion.When it is limited to certain conditions and cannot act in accordance with public opinion, confess the reasons to the public and ask the public for understanding, which is the only way to achieve a win-win situation between power and public opinion.

Hypothesis: The author's main point of view is that the fundamental reason why public opinion cannot be respected by power is that the power of public opinion is weak.


Premise: Ralph Darrandolph wrote in 1998 that the 20th century was largely dominated by divisions, leading to a hot cold war, but it was also the origin of integration; globalization began to dominate people's lives, imagination and fear. People have to think from a global perspective to respond to this increasingly globalized reality.

Hypothesis: The situation of the 20th century highlighted by Darrandolf here is the confrontation between countries being fierce.


Premise: Garden refers to an area with beautiful environment and for people to enjoy and rest by using engineering technology and artistic means in a certain area, through the transformation of terrain, planting trees, flowers and plants, building buildings and arranging garden roads

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the short shrubs and tall street trees are planted beside the road, so that the plants on both sides of the road are high and low and scattered belongs to Garden.


Premise: China is setting off an investment boom in 3D printing. In the face of the broad prospect of 3 D printing, various places have built 3 D printing industrial parks and introduced various preferential policies. But enthusiasm is not enough to develop the emerging technology of 3D printing. In the 3D printing industry chain, the constraints of key technologies, materials and software need to be broken through. 3D printing technology is still in its infancy. If a large number of enterprises and capital pour into the 3 D printing industry, it will not produce benefits in a short period of time.

Hypothesis: The development of 3D printing technology encounters a bottleneck is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: At a company's end-of-year party, the host put a prize in each of the 3 boxes and let Xiao Li, Xiao Guo, Xiao Yang, Xiao Li guess how many prizes were placed in each box. Xiao Li said: Box 1 is the third prize, Box 2 is the special prize, Box 3 is the first prize. Xiao Guo said: Box 1 is the second prize, Box 2 is the special prize, Box 3 is the fourth prize. Xiao Yang said: Box 1 is the consolation prize, Box 2 is the third prize, Box 3 is the fifth prize. Xiao Li said: Box 1 is the second prize, Box 2 is the fourth prize, Box 3 is the consolation prize.

Hypothesis: The second box contains Second Prize if one person happens to guess two correctly and the other three guess only one correctly.


Premise: Certain genetically modified strains of maize produce a powerful natural insecticide. The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen. Maize pollen is dispersed by the wind and frequently blows onto milkweed plants that grow near maize fields. Caterpillars of monarch butterflies feed exclusively on milkweed leaves. When these caterpillars are fed milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from modified maize plants, they die. Ttherefore, by using genetically modified maize, farmers put monarch butterflies at risk.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to determine whether any maize-eating insects compete with monarch caterpillars for the leaves of milkweed plants growing near maize fields in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Citizens of Parktown are worried by the increased frequency of serious crimes committed by local teenagers. In response, the city government has instituted a series of measures designed to keep teenagers at home in the late evening. Even if the measures succeed in keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns citizens, since most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p. m. and 6 p. m.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Teenagers are much less likely to commit serious crimes when they are at home than when they are not at home' most substantially weakens the argument.


Premise: Social adaptation refers to the psychological and behavioral changes of individuals in order to achieve a harmonious relationship with the social environment. It is a continuous and changing process of interaction between individuals and various social environmental factors.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, after introverted Xiao Zhao turns into a sales post, the opportunity to deal with people increases and disposition becomes lively is an example of social adaptation.


Premise: Personal morality consists of moral cognition, moral emotion, moral will and moral behavior. Moral cognition is the primary link for the transformation of social moral requirements into personal internal morality and the basis for the formation of morality.

Hypothesis: We should strengthen moral construction in the field of social life and family life is correct.


Premise: We can be quiet in the book. When you open a book, it is like building an indestructible castle and an immortal Great Wall. You are the monarch of this kingdom, and no one else can enter without your permission. When you open a book, it is as if you have planted a peach garden and covered it with grass. You sit on the grass, in the rain, calm and quiet, enjoy the fragrance alone. When you open a book, it is as if you have found a spring that will not grow old, a ray of spring morning light, a moment of eternity, get rid of selfish thoughts, forget the existence of yourself and the things around you, and let your mind blend into nature. In this way, we can face our hearts and read out ourselves.

Hypothesis: The option 'Reading can make one pure, serene and transcendent' does not correspond to the meaning of the text.


Premise: Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. <b> Village census records for the last half of the 1600' s are remarkably complete </b>. This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village' s population from government census takers would have been easy. Ttherefore, it is reasonable to think that the <b> reported declines did not happen </b>.

Hypothesis: The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position plays the role of In the historian's argument.


Premise: Pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for rare diseases suffer financial losses because sales are too small to recoup the development and production costs.

Hypothesis: The development of drugs to treat rare diseases will promote the progress of medicine best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: According to a psychological theory, if one wants to be happy, one must maintain a close relationship with the people around him, but the great painters in the world often spend their time alone, and they do not have close interpersonal relationships most of their time.Therefore, the above argument of this psychological theory is not valid.

Hypothesis: The option 'Loneliness is necessary for a great painter' is most likely to be assumed by the above argument.


Premise: Man-made environmental anomaly refers to a phenomenon in which one or more environmental elements of the natural environment have changed significantly due to human behavior within a certain geographic area, which disrupts the relative balance of the ecosystem.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the human-made environmental abnormality is the well water in nearby villages becoming turbid and accompanied by a pungent smell, containing a large amount of heavy metals and not being suitable for drinking.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The development of manufacturing industry in southern cities is closely related to the supply of low-rent housing is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: Most of the students who took Spanish 101 at the university last semester attended every class session. However, each student who received a grade lower than B minus missed at least one class session.

Hypothesis: Most of the students who took Spanish 101 at the university last semester received a grade higher than B minus, according to the information above.


Premise: There are various forecasts for the rise and fall of each stock, but up to now, no stock critic can accurately predict the rise and fall of each stock

Hypothesis: There are no conditions for accurately predicting the rise and fall of all stocks can be inferred according to the above information.


Premise: Public shaming of students, as a cold and punitive experience, develops students' feelings of inferiority, hatred and even social aggression, and impinges on self-esteem, trust and a sense of belonging. A public humiliation is a trample on human dignity, and repeated humiliation experience will lead to the loss of personal dignity. And the most important values of human society -- love, morality, citizenship and social cohesion -- depend on recognition and appreciation of the dignity of oneself and of others.

Hypothesis: The recognition and appreciation of self and the dignity of others will highlight the most important values of human society is not an misinterpretation of the material.


Premise: Interactive inhibition is mainly to induce patients, slowly exposed to the situation leading to neuro-anxiety and fear, and through psychological relaxation, to combat this anxiety, so as to eliminate anxiety or fear.Full irrigation therapy is a rapid behavioral therapy that encourages patients to come into direct contact with situations that cause fear and anxiety, and persists until the tension sensation disappears.

Hypothesis: The statement "Place the patient in the back seat of the car and drive for several hours to make the patient anxious, and the fear of fear gradually weakens until the patient is completely used to riding in the car and no longer feels fear" uses full irrigation therapy for the treatment of patients with ride-hailing phobias.


Premise: Chinese TV people must face up to the fact that it is not the institutions and channels of these entities that pose a real challenge to television, no matter whether they are mobile phones, networks or other mobile terminals. it is the audience who is slowly changing under the immersion of these media environment. These audiences, they may be TV masses, netizens, or hand-shot mobs. The TV content has been out of the control of the producers from the moment it is delivered to them. What kind of information, fun and values these audiences will get from TV programs, and how they will interpret, derive and alter TV programs, all keep TV people awake at night.

Hypothesis: The most likely content of this passage is the reasons for the change in the taste of TV audience.


Premise: State-owned enterprise workers are laid off and migrant workers move into cities, resulting in a high unemployment rate and a great threat to social stability. Therefore, we must increase the scale of economic development and speed up the economic development.

Hypothesis: The statement "There is a correlation between the scale and speed of economic development and social employment rates" provides the strongest support for the argument in the above.


Premise: When we are suffering from some psychological pain, such as loneliness, social isolation, self doubt, negative emotions, and feel that life is meaningless, nostalgia can play a role in coping mechanism. These troubles make the brain begin to screen its own memory bank and summarize some fragments with specific narrative characteristics. Through nostalgia, we can resurface past successful experiences and close interpersonal relationships, At that time, our lives were safe and orderly. The psychologist explained: you are reiterating to yourself that 'I have done great things' and hope this sentence can predict the future development.' although I am not sure now, looking at my past, I know that I am a lovable person. I am destined to achieve great things'.

Hypothesis: The statement "Nostalgia can make us optimistic" is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: Most people resent Mandarin and speak polite mandarin, such as attach great importance to it, personally ask, research and so on.If you do not speak Mandarin or polite words, some officials feel that they have nothing to say, or have no sense of superiority.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, the option 'When officials talk, they usually speak mandarin or polite words if they go on and on' is true.


Premise: All green or germinated potatoes contain more toxic alkaloids-solanine. None of the checked potatoes are green or sprouted. Therefore, the checked potatoes are safe to eat.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'Potatoes that are not green or sprouted are safe to eat' is used as a hypothesis, the conclusion of the above reasoning can be logically inferred.


Premise: A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.

Hypothesis: A disproportionately large number of high-ranking alumni responded to the survey most helps account for the apparent contradiction above.


Premise: Administrative act: refers to the act of state administrative organs and their staff in exercising administrative rights and producing legal consequences in order to achieve the purpose of State Administration,

Hypothesis: A Education Bureau held a symposium for students' parents on the management of arbitrary charges in primary and secondary schools is an administrative act according to the above definition.


Premise: Analyst: A recent survey showed that although professors of biology who teach but do not pursue research made up one twentieth of all science professors, they were appointed to fewer than one twentieth of all the scientific administrative positions in universities. We can conclude from this survey that failing to pursue research tends to bias university administrators against appointing these professors to scientific administrative positions.

Hypothesis: Biologists who hold scientific administrative positions in the university tend to hold those positions for a shorter time than do other science professors most seriously weakens the support for the analyst's conclusion.


Premise: Origin thinking refers to setting a origin for people or things, often return to the origin for thinking, state contrast, correct deviation, and keep moving towards the goal.

Hypothesis: To unlock the golden bell, we need to find the person who tied it belongs to the origin thinking.


Premise: Law student: Law students cannot have a social life if they have any hope of succeeding academically. The daily reading and never-ending exam preparation frustrate all aspects of friendships. My friends sometimes invite me to watch a movie or go to a baseball game, but I can' t go. Our professors warned us of the workload and its affect on free time at the start of the semester. It' s completely impossible to budget fun into my busy schedule. I don' t know any law students who have any fun whatsoever.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the law student's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument improperly uses extreme language.


Premise: The school principal insisted that student failures are caused by bad teaching. In a relatively short time failing grades disappeared from the school. The principal happily recognized this as evidence that the teaching had improved at the school.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the above is most similar to that in the following: "The manager insisted that the workers who filed complaints did not have enough to do. Soon there were no more complaints filed. The manager was pleased to conclude that the workers were now productively filling their time."


Premise: Ms. Zheng said that the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City was higher than that of Yiyang City in the past decade, so the economic outlook of Hengyuan City was better than that of Yiyang City.Mr. Hu said, I don't agree with you. Although the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City is higher than that of Yiyang City, the GDP value of Yiyang City is higher.

Hypothesis: The focus of the dispute between Ms. Zheng and Mr. Hu is whether a city's good GDP growth rate means it has a good economic prospect.


Premise: Sugar-free drinks have become popular because of their high calorie content, which can easily lead to obesity. After a period of investigation, Professor Li believes that just because sugar-free drinks are low in calories doesn't mean they won't lead to weight gain. Because sugar-free drinks may lead to a high preference for sweets, this means eating more sugary foods. Moreover, sugar-free drinks have little nutrition, and drinking too much limits the intake of other healthy drinks, such as tea and fruit juices.

Hypothesis: Many fat people report to the doctor that they often drink sugar-free drinks can best support Professor Li's point of view.


Premise: Medical science holds that the speed of blood circulation throughout the body is inversely proportional to the speed of muscle movement. Muscle and nerves are tense and blood vessels are squeezed, which will reduce blood flow and cause local ischemia and hypoxia. When the tension of muscle and brain nerve increases by more than 60% than usual, the local blood flow can be completely interrupted. Of all diseases today, 60% to 80% can be traced back to the excessive tension of modern life.

Hypothesis: Modern medicine has found the root causes of most of today's diseases is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: In a study of the relationship between aggression and television viewing in nursery school children, many interesting interactions among family styles, aggression, and television viewing were found. High aggression occurred in both high-viewing and low-viewing children and this seemed to be related to parental lifestyle. High-achieving, competitive, middle-class parents, whose children did not watch much television, had more aggressive children than parents who planned their lives in an organized, child-centered way, which included larger amounts of television viewing.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that low levels of television viewing often lead to high levels of aggression among children is best supported by the passage.


Premise: Oceanographer: To substantially reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in Earth' s atmosphere, carbon dioxide should be captured and pumped deep into the oceans, where it would dissolve. The cool, dense water in ocean depths takes centuries to mix with the warmer water near the surface, so any carbon dioxide pumped deep into oceans would be trapped there for centuries.

Hypothesis: It is the density of the water in the ocean depths that plays the main role in the trapping of the carbon dioxide is an assumption that the oceanographer's argument requires.


Premise: The secrecy of official documents in ancient China can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty. According to historical records, Tai Shi Ling official collection of graphic method (that is, important national records and archives); during the Shang Dynasty, he set up the official position of keeping the history of the government, which was specially responsible for the custody of government official documents and books; and the Zhou Dynasty inherited the tradition of the Shang Dynasty. the original documents were collected in Tianfu, the earliest central archival institution in the history of our country. In the Qin Dynasty, it was a common practice to seal the documents and use sealing mud in the process of transmission. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the word sealing mud used to keep office documents secret became a metaphor for guarding the pass. The Book of the later Han Dynasty recorded: (Wang) Yuan please take a pill of mud as the king of Dongfeng Hangu pass for a lifetime. Explain that gatekeeping is like sealing mud, you should be careful not to have the slightest omission.

Hypothesis: The main introduction of this passage is the record of the method of preservation of documents in history books.


Premise: Ethicist: A person who treats others well is more worthy of praise if this treatment is at least partially motivated by feelings of compassion than if it is entirely motivated by cold and dispassionate concern for moral obligation. This is so despite the fact that a person can choose to do what is morally right but cannot choose to have feelings.

Hypothesis: If the ethicist's statements are true, then only what is subject to a person's choice should be used in measuring the praiseworthiness of that person could be true EXCEPT.


Premise: Theoretically, analog systems are superior to digital systems. A signal in a pure analog system can be infinitely detailed, while digital systems cannot produce signals that are more precise than their digital units. With this theoretical advantage there is a practical disadvantage, however. Since there is no limit on the potential detail of the signal, the duplication of an analog representation allows tiny variations from the original, which are errors. These errors tend to accumulate as signals are duplicated, until this noise obliterates the information embodied in the original signal.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support that digital systems are preferable to analog systems when the signal must be reproduced many times.


Premise: Extended products refer to the sum of various benefits that customers receive when purchasing products.

Hypothesis: A 4S store promised that customers who buy a car worth more than 250,000 will be given one year of insurance are extended products.


Premise: Thirty-five years ago, in the second-class primary school at the entrance of Gaojing Hutong, Xizhimen Street, Beijing, there were two children with different personalities: One boy, who was born stiff, shy and cowardly, cared about the surface reputation, and cried when bullied. Another boy, naturally free and easy, energetic, stored his strength in it and didn't easily show it. He was interrupted by the teacher. His tears were so painful that he wouldn't drop a tear or beg for mercy. Because of this difference in talent, Lao She and I had different ways of life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Different personalities have a great impact on one's life choices' is not in line with the meaning of the text.


Premise: Environmental impact assessment refers to the investigation, prediction and evaluation of what impact the plan or project will have on the atmosphere, water, soil, organisms and the environmental system composed of them, and what impact the results of these impacts will have on human health and living environment, as well as the natural environment, economy, culture and historical environment, Based on this, the countermeasures and measures to prevent or reduce environmental pollution and damage are formulated.

Hypothesis: After the viaduct was built in a city, residents of several nearby buildings reported that the bridge seriously affected the daylighting. The municipal government organized relevant departments to evaluate it to decide how to deal with it belongs to environmental impact assessment according to the above definition.


Premise: Consequential offense refers to a crime in the objective aspect of the crime composed of harmful acts and harmful results. The completion of consequential crime requires not only criminal acts, but also legal criminal results. Without harmful results, the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete, or the elements of the objective aspects of the crime will not be complete. The result of consequential crime refers to tangible and measurable specific harmful results, It is the result consistent with the nature of the crime.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, falsely accuse and frame is not a consequential offense.


Premise: In computer language, there is a logical operation in which if two digits are zero on the same digit, the sum is zero, one is zero, one is one, or both are one, and the sum is one.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, if the sum is zero, both numbers must be zero is correct.


Premise: Seven athletes took part in the men's 5km final: S, T, U, W, X, Y and Z. The clothes worn by athletes are either red or green, and no athletes reach the finish line at the same time. The known information is as follows: for athletes who arrive at the finish line one after another, their clothes are not all red. Y reached the finish line some time before T and W. Two of the athletes who reached the finish line before Y happened to be dressed in red. S is the sixth athlete to reach the finish line. Z arrives at the finish line at some time before U.

Hypothesis: The athlete Z must have green clothes if there are three athletes whose clothes are green.


Premise: The wind bent the trees on the side of the road, tore up the electric customers' booths, uncovered the insurance policies on the wall, obscured the sun, sang, shouted, roared, and echoed; suddenly went straight, like a panicked elf, pulling the sky and the earth away; suddenly panicked and rolled in all directions, like a demon who did not know what to do and decided to bump into the sky and the earth; suddenly panicked and rolled in all directions, like a demon who did not know what to do and decided to bump. All of a sudden, it swept across the ground and took advantage of it to attack everything on the ground, twisting branches, blowing off the tiles of the house, and breaking the power lines, but Xiangzi was watching, he had just come out of the wind, and the wind had done nothing to him!

Hypothesis: The hardship of making a living is the content that this text is meant to emphasize.


Premise: A reason Larson cannot do the assignment is that she has an unavoidable scheduling conflict. On the other hand, a reason Franks cannot do the assignment is that he does not quite have the assertiveness the task requires. So, the task must be assigned to Parker, the only supervisor in the shipping department other than Larson and Franks.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that the task cannot be assigned to anyone who has any kind of scheduling conflict.


Premise: Tabloid magazines that report alien landings and celebrity sightings may be considered plebeian, but the public evidently prefers them to weekly newsmagazines that report more conventional news. A comparison of newsstand revenues shows far higher sales volumes for tabloids than for weekly newsmagazines.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the news is any less conventional in tabloid magazines than in weekly newsmagazines' is the most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider whether.


Premise: Traditional social moral education in my country has always emphasized obedience and obligation. If what is required under the traditional society and planned economy system is to perform obligations and obey the common people, then modern society and the market economy require everyone to actively participate in the public Live, citizens who dare to own power.

Hypothesis: The primary goal of education in the new era is to cultivate students' civic awareness and improve the quality of citizens according to the above definition.


Premise: Heroin is sometimes allowed as a painkiller in hospitals to treat critically ill patients.  In fact, this should be prohibited.  Because, drug traffickers will obtain heroin through this channel, causing serious harm to society.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Heroin can be fatal if you use too much' will weaken the above argument most.


Premise: Environmental activist groups, which clean up waste left on beaches, in parks, and along the side of the road, report that glass bottles make up an ever-increasing percentage of waste they remove. It is clear that attempts to decrease the amount of glass that people litter are failing.

Hypothesis: An increasing proportion of the paper, plastics, and metal cans that the groups used to remove is now being recycled most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Would it be right for the government to abandon efforts to determine at what levels to allow toxic substances in our food supply? Only if it can reasonably be argued that the only acceptable level of toxic substances in food is zero. However, virtually all foods contain perfectly natural substances that are toxic but cause no harm because they do not occur in food in toxic concentrations. Furthermore, we can never be certain of having reduced the concentration of any substance to zero; all we can ever know is that it has been reduced to below the threshold of detection of current analytical methods.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that the government should continue trying to determine acceptable levels for toxic substances in our food supply.


Premise: The amount of money people have wasted on gadgets that they almost never use is surprising. For example, my brother bought an electronic ice cream maker for 100 yuan two years ago, and he has only used it three times so far. He insisted that no matter how many times he uses this ice cream machine, this investment is a good deal for him

Hypothesis: The price of ice cream will rise in the future is the reason given.


Premise: Supervision is the government's regulation and restriction on microeconomic subjects in order to realize some public policy goals under market economy conditions. Mainly through the specific industry and micro-economic activities of the entry, exit, qualification, price and related to national health, life safety, sustainable development and other behaviors for supervision and management to achieve.

Hypothesis: Supervision by the government is when a food factory may produce a food that contains excessive levels of harmful substances.


Premise: According to a survey by the health department of a country, the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among urban residents is nearly three times that of rural residents. Some people assert that it should be due to the high-fat, high-protein, and high-calorie food intake of urban residents. Relatively speaking, few people in rural areas have the conditions for this kind of diseases of affluence.

Hypothesis: Compared with rural areas, people in cities have more common sense of preventing and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and better medical conditions can best strengthen the above rebuttal.


Premise: Letter to the editor: Middle-class families in wealthy nations are often criticized for the ecological damage resulting from their lifestyles. This criticism should not be taken too seriously, however, since its source is often a movie star or celebrity whose own lifestyle would, if widely adopted, destroy the environment and deplete our resources in a short time.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the letter to the editor is vulnerable to criticism in that it criticizes a characteristic of the people giving an argument rather than criticizing the argument itself.


Premise: Unless the building permit is obtained by February 1 of this year or some of the other activities necessary for construction of the new library can be completed in less time than originally planned, the new library will not be completed on schedule. It is now clear that the building permit cannot be obtained by February 1, so the new library will not be completed on schedule.

Hypothesis: All of the other activities necessary for construction of the library will take at least as much time as originally planned is assumed in order for the conclusion drawn to follow logically from the premises.


Premise: According to the data of the National Health Commission, about 1/3 of primary and secondary school students spend less than an hour a day exercising outdoors, and more than 70 percent of primary and secondary school students do not get enough sleep. At the same time, stress also has an impact on the health of teenagers, and the rate of myopia is on the rise, mainly because homework takes too long. For this reason, some education departments believe that a good night's sleep may be more important for children. With the consent of the parents, the child may not do the unfinished homework after the specified sleep time. But parents are not happy because they worry that their children will eventually have to go to low-quality schools.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the new rules may reduce the burden of students' homework, under the current rules, universities choose students according to the results of the college entrance examination' is most helpful to explain parents' concerns.


Premise: There are many repertoire of dazzling skills in classical music, and there are multiple forces to promote dazzling skills in the development of history. Sometimes, it is the composer who wants to test the limits of sound, writing a passage that the performer at that time generally cannot play for the sake of melody or harmony. Sometimes, it is the composer who does not know enough about a solo instrument to think rationally from the point of view of playing, so he writes a piece that is difficult or even impossible to play. Sometimes, it is the performer who takes the initiative to pursue a breakthrough, asking for music that could not be performed in the past, so as to highlight the difference between himself and other performers.

Hypothesis: With regard to the driving force of the dazzling skills of music, the performer taking the initiative to perform a breakthrough in order to highlight his own personality is not in line with the meaning of the text.


Premise: In a recent study, researchers collected current prices for the 300 most common pharmaceutical drugs from the leading wholesalers specializing in bulk sales. It was found that these prices average 60 to 80 percent below the suggested wholesale prices listed for the same drugs in the current annual edition of a widely used, independently published pharmaceutical price guidebook.

Hypothesis: Wholesale prices for pharmaceutical drugs often fluctuate dramatically from one month to the next would help to explain the situation described above EXCEPT.


Premise: Xiao Li said, I passed all the exams this time and got my motor vehicle driver's license.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Li said something that is not true, then Xiao Li failed in at least one subject.


Premise: Psychologist: Some people contend that children should never be reprimanded. Any criticism, let alone punishment, they say, harms children' s self-esteem. This view is laudable in its challenge to the belief that children should be punished whenever they misbehave, yet it gives a dangerous answer to the question of how often punishment should be inflicted. When parents never reprimand their children, they are in effect rewarding them for unacceptable behavior, and rewarded behavior tends to recur.

Hypothesis: The view that children should never be reprimanded functions in the psychologist's argument as a statement of a position that the psychologist's argument claims has a serious flaw though is not without value.


Premise: At present, the concept of TV programs focusing on media convergence and multi-terminal communication is not new. As long as the programs delivering content on different terminals claim to be media convergence. Technology expands media types and channels. Real media convergence should draw lessons from Internet users' thinking, customize content based on multi-level real needs of users from different channels, and form mutual information sharing relationship with users, forming key points of media convergence.

Hypothesis: The text emphasizes that delivering the same content in different terminals has become a common practice for media convergence of TV programs.


Premise: Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Ttherefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.

Hypothesis: The statement "Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns" would most seriously weaken the argument above.


Premise: Leading cadres should also have these three realms of reading and study: first of all, they should have the lofty pursuit of looking at the Tianya Road, the coolness of withering trees by the west wind last night and the loneliness of going up the tall building alone. Calm down and study hard. Second, we should work hard, study assiduously, be willing to pay, persevere, work hard, and never regret even if we wear wider clothes and people are haggard. Third, we should persist in independent thinking, combine learning with use, learn something, use something, find him in the public thousands of degrees in study and practice, and finally suddenly look back and grasp the true meaning in dim lights. the third is to persist in independent thinking, to combine learning with use, to learn something, to find him thousands of degrees in the study and practice, and finally to suddenly look back and comprehend the true meaning in dim lights.

Hypothesis: We should love to read, read frequently and be good at reading can best summarize the above text.


Premise: With the acceleration of modernization, the development space of traditional culture has been compressed. There are many factors influencing this, but the inflexibility of traditional culture and the lack of innovation ability is also an important reason. On the one hand, they are stuck in their own ways, not seeking change and falling behind The Times; On the one hand, they live in Baoshan without realizing it, and the excellent cultural wealth has not been fully exploited and utilized. The story of Mulan was made into an animated film by The Americans, and its influence has crossed national boundaries, which fully shows the charm of traditional folk culture innovation.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the expression is that the key to protecting traditional culture is cultural innovation.


Premise: There is a cross relationship between concept A and concept B if and only if (1) the existing object belongs to both A and B; (2) The existing object belongs to A but not to B; (3) The existing object belongs to B but not A.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the cross relationship between the two concepts of adding points is that in order to improve the food, the 30-year-old general manager of the canteen of Luoyi primary school put several opinion books in the canteen to solicit the students' opinions.


Premise: In Malsenia sales of classical records are soaring. The buyers responsible for this boom are quite new to classical music and were drawn to it either by classical scores from television commercials or by theme tunes introducing major sports events on television. Audiences at classical concerts, however, are continually shrinking in Malsenia. It can be concluded from this that the new Malsenian converts to classical music, having initially experienced this music as recorded music, are most comfortable with classical music as recorded music and really have no desire to hear live performances.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that the classical records available in Malsenia are, for the most part, not recordings of actual public concerts.


Premise: The percentage of households with an annual income of more than $40, 000 is higher in Merton county than in any other county. However, the percentage of households with an annual income of $60, 000 or more is highest in Sommer county.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, it can properly be concluded that some households in Merton county have an annual income between $40,000 and $60,000.


Premise: W-12 is a virus that seriously harms the growth of grains and causes a large reduction in grain production every year. Scientists have found that inserting a gene extracted from W-12 into a grain gene that is susceptible to infection can make The grain produces antibodies to W-12, which greatly reduces losses.

Hypothesis: When plants acquire antibodies against certain viruses through genetic mutations, they will increase their resistance to certain other viruses does not strengthen the above conclusion.


Premise: Science in the 17th century was empirical science. At that time, it was generally believed that human beings could use their senses to collect as much data as possible and finally understand the whole world through these data. Based on this, scientific discoveries were accidental and widely accepted. However, with the development of science and the use of new scientific instruments. Let the amount of scientific research data increase exponentially. This situation makes the previous experience no longer applicable-humans can no longer process and master these data only by senses, and must use computers for analysis. At the same time, the way of exploring and mining data can even enable scientists to plan contingency.

Hypothesis: Specific ways to explore and mine data is most likely to continue in the above paragraph.


Premise: In recent years, the number of private cars has increased sharply. In order to solve the increasingly serious problem of traffic congestion, City B decided to greatly reduce the ticket price of urban ground bus lines. It is expected that 96% of passengers will reduce their expenses after the implementation of the price reduction, which will attract passengers to take buses first, thereby alleviating traffic congestion in city B.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Which of the followings, if true, can most effectively weaken the above conclusion?' can most effectively weaken the above conclusion if it is true.


Premise: Subrogation refers to the system in which the descendants of the deceased children of the deceased inherit their share of the inheritance when the children of the deceased die before the deceased.

Hypothesis: Subrogation inheritance is when an heir dies before inheriting the estate, and the property is inherited by the deceased heir's son.


Premise: There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.

Hypothesis: Dr. Wang treats at least one female patient is definitely true according to the above.


Premise: Other deposit companies refer to all deposit companies except the central bank, which are mainly engaged in the activities of absorbing deposits, issuing loans and creating deposits, which are called deposit money banks in China.

Hypothesis: The option 'City commercial bank' does not belong to other deposit companies.


Premise: Rational expectation means that when people anticipate an economic phenomenon, if they are rational, they will make full use of the information they get to act without making systematic mistakes.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Liu immediately buying a house nearby belongs to rational expectation.


Premise: In 1990, the incidence of bone fractures  was very high among people over 70 years old in W city, and at the same time, the mortality rate of people over 70 years old was also very high, so it can be known that the high incidence of bone fractures  led to an increase in mortality among people over 70 years old.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many people over 70 years old in W city are living alone' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: The cost of making in China has been rising in recent years, and the cost of making in China is close to that of the United States, according to data from the Boston Consulting Group of the United States. Based on the United States (100), the manufacturing index in China is 96, that is, the same product costs $1 to be made in the United States and $0.96 to be made in China. Although labor costs in China have risen, the income of Chinese workers is significantly lower than that of workers in the same industry in the United States.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The profit margin of China's manufacturing industry is generally low' can best explain the above seemingly contradictory phenomena.


Premise: In many mobile apps, there is the problem of over collecting information, which has aroused public doubts. Once users authorize apps to collect this information, they are most worried about the security of private information. In this era of rapid development of information, absolute information security is almost impossible. In recent years, Facebook leaked users in the United States and the recent killing of big data in China, As the most basic telecommunications service provider, operators have hundreds of millions of users' privacy data. Once there is a problem, the consequences are even more difficult to estimate.

Hypothesis: The collection and use of hidden information by mobile app and telecom operators must be standardized can be introduced.


Premise: The recent instability in Southeast Asia is due to the impact of bird flu. However, if there is no turbulence in the economic situation, the impact of bird flu on the situation will not be obvious. Therefore, in order to prevent instability, we must stabilize the economic situation.

Hypothesis: Before the economic turmoil, outbreaks such as bird flu had repeatedly caused instability in Southeast Asia weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Last year Comfort Airlines had twice as many delayed flights as the year before, but the number of complaints from passengers about delayed flights went up three times. It is unlikely that this disproportionate increase in complaints was rooted in an increase in overall dissatisfaction with the service Comfort Airlines provides, since the airline made a special effort to improve other aspects of its service last year.

Hypothesis: The average length of a flight delay being greater last year than it was the year before most helps to explain the disproportionate increase in customer complaints.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: If V chairs the committee in the first year, H and I must be members of the committee in the second year.


Premise: A company decided to scan all of its salespersons' important work that existed only in paper form into a central computer database that could be easily accessed using portable computers, thereby saving salespersons the effort of lugging their paper files all over the country. The project was a dismal failure, however; salespersons rarely accessed the database and continued to rely on many paper files, which they had refused to tum over to the staff responsible for creating the database.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The papers that the salespersons found most important all contained personal information about employees of client companies, which the salespersons did not want in a central database' most helps to account for the failure described above.


Premise: Six scholars, F, G, J, L, M and N, will speak at a logical conference, which will be arranged according to the following conditions: (1) each speaker will speak only once, and there will be only one speaker at a time. (2) three speakers spoke before lunch and the other three spoke after lunch. (3) G must speak before lunch. (IV) only one speaker is between M and N. (5) F speaks in the first or third place.

Hypothesis: If J speaks before F, the number N to speak is the fourth place.


Premise: Psychological research abroad has shown that when someone offends you, if you choose to forgive the offender, the offender will be more likely to feel remorse and have inner guilt. Therefore, the possibility of similar offenses happening again will be greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: According to the above point of view, if you often forgive offenders, you may reduce your chances of being offended.


Premise: Social morality refers to the moral norms gradually formed in human long-term social practice and should be followed by every social citizen in performing social obligations or activities involving social public interests. In essence, it is the moral norms, cultural concepts and ideological traditions accumulated in social practice by a country, a nation or a group in the long history.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang is introverted and not good at words. He is a law-abiding young man does not belong to the category of social morality.


Premise: The straw effect means that the juice around the tube can be inhaled by inhaling the fruit juice in the cup with a straw. Implanting some kind of straw in a certain area can gather resources and cause obvious regional effect.

Hypothesis: The option 'This year, let the prosperity of the modern service industry be matched with convenient transportation, and the combination of the two will become a prosperous area where capital flows yearn for one after another' does not belong to the straw effect.


Premise: Crimes in which handguns are used are more likely than other crimes to result in fatalities. However, the majority of crimes in which handguns are used do not result in fatalities. Ttherefore, there is no need to enact laws that address crimes involving handguns as distinct from other crimes.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning displayed in the argument above most closely resembles that in which one of the following: 'Overweight people are at higher risk of developing heart disease than other people. However, more than half of all overweight people never develop heart disease. Hence it is unnecessary for physicians to be more careful to emphasize the danger of heart disease to their overweight patients than to their other patients.'


Premise: The Fed has always wanted to launch a third round of quantitative and loose monetary policy, also known as QE3, to boost the recovery of the US economy. If the Fed launches QE3, the global supply of dollars will increase sharply again, and countries will have to buy dollar assets in order to maintain exchange rate stability. If countries buy dollar assets, it will increase inflationary pressure in their own countries. If you don't want to import inflation, countries have to let their currencies appreciate. If the local currency appreciates, it will depress domestic exports and lead to an economic downturn.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, other countries are either facing imported inflationary pressures or are in danger of economic decline must be true.


Premise: Horizontal integrated logistics refers to that multiple enterprises in the same industry obtain economies of scale and improve logistics efficiency by jointly using logistics channels. Horizontal integrated logistics must have an information platform for logistics demand and logistics supply, have a large number of enterprises to participate and have a large amount of goods

Hypothesis: One hundred stores in the electronic city signing an agreement to designate one of them to undertake the delivery business of the electronic city belongs to horizontal integrated logistics according to the above definition.


Premise: There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.

Hypothesis: Dr. Liu treats at least one male patient is definitely true according to the above.


Premise: In response to requests made by the dairy industry, the government is considering whether to approve the synthetic hormone BST for use in dairy cows. BST increases milk production but also leads to recurring udder inflammation, decreased fertility, and symptoms of stress in cows who receive the hormone. All of these problems can be kept under control with constant veterinary care, but such levels of veterinary help would cost big farms far less per cow than they would small farms.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, owners of big farms stand to gain more from government approval of BST than do owners of small farms is most strongly supported by them.


Premise: At one sitting, a typical doughnut eater consumes 4 doughnuts containing a total of 680 calories and 40 grams of fat. The typical bagel eater consumes exactly one bagel, at 500 calories and one or two grams of fat per sitting, though the addition of spreads can raise calorie and fat content to the four-doughnut range. Thus, as far as total calorie content is concerned, there is very little difference between what a typical doughnut eater and a typical bagel eater each consumes at one sitting.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that the typical doughnut eater does not add to doughnuts any substances that increase the total caloric intake.


Premise: Man is born of nature, and man and nature are in a symbiotic relationship, and damage to nature will eventually damage human beings. Therefore, only by respecting the laws of nature can we effectively prevent detours in the development and utilization of nature.

Hypothesis: If we do not respect the laws of nature, we cannot effectively prevent detours in the development and utilization of nature can be concluded from the above statement.


Premise: Unlike traditional coal, gas and atomic energy, solar energy does not produce pollution, does not need to be transported, has no risk of radiation, and is not subject to power companies. Therefore, people should be encouraged to use solar energy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cost of solar energy equipment to meet the needs of a family of four is equal to the cost of traditional energy needed by the family for a year' will most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: In a mountainous area of an Asian country, the physique of newborns born in February and March is generally not as good as that of newborns born in other months. After investigation, the staff of the local medical institute believe that the main reason for this phenomenon is the lack of food in winter and the inability of pregnant women to supplement nutrition, resulting in the weakness of newborns.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A few wealthy families in the mountain area that can provide adequate nutrition for pregnant women still give birth to weak babies in winter' best supports the above findings.


Premise: Lithium-ion battery is a very important energy storage technology, which is widely used in portable electronic devices and new energy vehicles. With the advent of the era of electric vehicles and smart grid, the large-scale development of lithium-ion battery is restricted by the bottleneck of lithium resource shortage. Compared with lithium, sodium has rich reserves, wide distribution, low cost, and similar physical and chemical properties to lithium. Therefore, the research of sodium ion battery has attracted extensive attention in scientific research and industry again. Compared with lithium-ion battery, sodium ion battery usually has low energy density. Although it is not suitable for the field of portable electronic equipment and electric vehicles with high demand for energy density, it is suitable for low-speed electric vehicles and communication base stations with low energy density and cost sensitivity, household energy storage and other fields.

Hypothesis: The application range of sodium ion battery is wider than that of lithium-ion battery matches the meaning of this passage.