Premise: In recent years, weedy rice has appeared one after another in the paddy fields all over the world, which directly lead to the reduction of yield and quality of the paddy fields, and even the loss of harvest in the seriously damaged paddy fields. This kind of weedy rice is domesticated and adapted to the environment through genomic variation and has a strong growth advantage that normal rice does not have. Therefore, many people think that their existence will seriously affect the yield of normal rice.

Hypothesis: The growth rate of weedy rice is very fast, and it can quickly invade the rice field to compete for resources, seriously affecting the yield and quality of rice does not support the above conclusion.


Premise: Domestic dogs are good friends of human beings. Although they are very different, they have a common ancestor -- the gray Wolf. Gray wolves are widely distributed around the globe, but local domestic dogs did not evolve from local wolves. Comparing the genetic diversity of domestic dog populations from different regions based on the genome D.NA., the researchers found that the highest diversity was found in domestic dog populations from southern East Asia. At the same time, the structure of the phylogenetic tree also supports the common origin of the domestic dog. In phylogenetic trees, the end of each branch represents a population, and closely related populations tend to be closer together on the tree. Domestic dogs from southern East Asia were located at the base of the phylogenetic tree.

Hypothesis: Dogs with different temperaments and shapes have a common origin is described in words.


Premise: The head baker at Barry's Bagels can either purchase flour in-person from the local flour mill, Larry's Local Mill, or order a shipment of flour from an out-of-state mill, Isadore's Interstate Mill. The cost of the flour from Isadore's Interstate Mill is 10 percent less than the cost of the flour from Larry's Local Mill. Even after shipping and handling fees are added, it is still cheaper to order flour that has to be shipped from Isadore's than to buy flour locally from Larry's.

Hypothesis: The shipping and handling fees for a batch of flour purchased from Isadore's Interstate Mill are less than 10 percent of the cost of an identical batch of flour purchased from Larry's Local Mill is the assertion that the statements above, if true, best support.


Premise: The desert in northern China shrank greatly compared with the last glacial maximum from 26000 to 16000 years ago, and expanded obviously compared with the holocene warm period from 900 to 5000 years ago. Therefore, the researchers believe that the climate change, and even the ice amount change in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are the main factors affecting the surface environment changes of deserts and sandy lands in China.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Sahara Desert is located on both sides of the tropic of Cancer, controlled by the subtropical high pressure zone, and has a hot and dry climate' can best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: Editorial: Consumers in North America think that by drinking frozen concentrated orange juice, they are saving energy, because it takes fewer truckloads to transport it than it takes to transport an equivalent amount of not-from-concentrate juice. But they are mistaken, for the amount of energy required to concentrate the juice is far greater than the energy difference in the juices' transport.

Hypothesis: Freezer trucks use substantially more energy per mile driven than do any other types of trucks would provide the greatest additional support for the editorial's conclusion.


Premise: If your home is a new building after 2006, it will have an exterior insulation.

Hypothesis: All new buildings built after 2006 have insulation with exterior walls is correct based on the above materials.


Premise: Once a small advertising light box can kill about 350000 insects a year. The night as bright as day will also seriously affect the life cycle of insects, especially adults. Insects are an important link in the natural food chain. Many small animals, birds and bats take insects as their main food, and many plants are pollinated by insects. If the species and number of insects change, It will seriously affect the ecological environment. The pressure of excessive lighting on energy waste and environmental pollution is self-evident.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize the main effects of light on the growth of animals and plants.


Premise: Before the large-scale medical use of antibiotics, the effect of drug resistance is almost meaningless to bacteria and the harmful effect of mutation itself is more important. Normal use of antibiotics can kill almost all target bacteria and individual missed fish are usually wiped out by the body's immune system. Some of these bacteria are already in the bud of drug resistance, but these buds are not enough to resist normal doses of antibiotics and will disappear as the individual dies.

Hypothesis: If there is no abuse of antibiotics, drug resistance will not spread rapidly can be inferred.


Premise: Purebred dogs are prone to genetically determined abnormalities. Although such abnormalities often can be corrected by surgery, the cost can reach several thousand dollars. Since nonpurebred dogs rarely suffer from genetically determined abnormalities, potential dog owners who want to reduce the risk of incurring costly medical bills for their pets would be well advised to choose nonpurebred dogs.

Hypothesis: Most genetically determined abnormalities in dogs do not seriously affect a dog's general well-being if true, most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Egidio' s Gym has been in operation for seven years, and offers regular weekly weight training and aerobic classes, as well as occasional programs in dance and martial arts. The gym has seen a surge of new members in the past twelve months, despite keeping the same membership fee over the past three years. Of the 450 current members, more than 250 have joined in the past year. Clearly, the membership of Egidio' s Gym has risen a significant amount because of its superior facilities.

Hypothesis: Fewer than 250 members ended their membership at Egidio's Gym over the last year is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: If a crisis occurs, the company can take very effective measures to eliminate the crisis, which can actually increase the company's reputation. A very good reputation may be destroyed in an instant because of an incident; while a bad reputation often takes a long time to eliminate it.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, the statement 'It's harder to eliminate a bad reputation than it is to earn a good one' is most supported.


Premise: In a company, Li Ming helped Wang Gang, and Wang Gang helped Zhao Xian. Li Ming paid more taxes than Zhao Xian.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Someone helped a man who paid more taxes than him' can be introduced.


Premise: On the surface of the aircraft carrier, the personnel at each station are dressed in colorful clothing, which is very different from the dress code of the same color on traditional warships. The colors of the helmets, vests and long-sleeved shirts worn by the staff are also different ;Purple represents fuel supply; red represents danger and safety control; green represents takeoff and landing and aircraft maintenance; blue represents transportation and gas supply guarantee; brown stands for locomotive maintenance, The appearance looks like a rainbow of seven colors on the deck.

Hypothesis: The source of the text is a travel note.


Premise: Zhang Shan has the concept of legality and illegality, but there is no concept of moral right and wrong. She was prosecuted for one of her actions. Although he admitted that his behavior was illegal, he didn't know that it was actually immoral.

Hypothesis: Zhang Shan did something illegal can be properly deduced from the appeal conclusion.


Premise: Flavanols are small molecules found in many fruits, vegetables and cocoa, and people can easily ingest foods containing flavanols in their daily life. If you eat foods rich in flavanols, it will promote cardiovascular function. The improvement of cardiovascular function is helpful to improve cerebrovascular function. Some substance is beneficial to cerebrovascular function, but it will have a positive impact on cognitive function.

Hypothesis: If you want to eat foods rich in flavanols, it will have a positive effect on cognitive function can be concluded from this.


Premise: According to reports, female viewers accounted for nearly 2/3 of the core audience of parent-child programs on a certain satellite TV. You can imagine a scene like this: at night, a young mother takes her young children alone, watching Dad with Children on TV at home. And the young dad may still be working overtime, socializing, or just staying in the bedroom to play games and play the computer-their children still continue the story of not being accompanied by their father. In fact, this phenomenon also happens to the mother. In many modern families, the responsibility of raising children is mainly transferred to the older generation of elderly people.

Hypothesis: Lack of communication between parents and children in real life is meant to be emphasized.


Premise: The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in hog farming can weaken their effectiveness in treating humans because such use can spread resistance to those antibiotics among microorganisms. But now the Smee Company, one of the largest pork marketers, may stop buying pork raised on feed containing these antibiotics. Smee has 60 percent of the pork market, and farmers who sell to Smee would certainly stop using antibiotics in order to avoid jeopardizing their sales. So if Smee makes this change, it will probably significantly slow the decline in antibiotics' effectiveness for humans.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that 'A phaseout of use of antibiotics for hogs in one country reduced usage by over 50 percent over five years' would most strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Mention is a common rhetorical method in ancient Chinese. In order to make the sentence compact and concise, combine the content that should have been expressed in two phrases or sentences into one phrase or sentence. When merging, the same elements are put together so that there is a separate relationship between the front and back parts of a phrase or sentence.

Hypothesis: Yan's family motto style chapter: the father's suicide note, the mother's cup circle, feel the beauty of his hand and mouth, can not bear to read it does not use the rhetorical devices of the mention according to the above definition.


Premise: In the era of smartphone popularity, we send and receive messages every day. Electronic information communication between people has become a unique way of communication in today's era. In the face of important people or relationships, many people often expect to be answered in seconds after sending a message. if not, they will have a sense of skepticism or abandonment and fall into deep annoyance and anxiety.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the current technology has been able to achieve instant messaging of smart phones, which is convenient, fast, and basically free, is most likely to be the assumption they need to get into deep trouble and anxiety.


Premise: Some people think that yixiang is a translation of English image and associate it with British and American Imagist Poetry in the early 20th century. In fact, image is an inherent concept and word in ancient Chinese literary theory, not a foreign thing.

Hypothesis: The birth of ancient Chinese poetry is far earlier than that of British and American poetry. The legendary stories in ancient China are the inspiration of many British and American Imagist poets can best prove the originality of yixiang in China.


Premise: Critics have argued that because Freudianism holds that people have unconscious desires that can defeat their attempts to follow rational life plans, it is incompatible with the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought. But it is a central tenet of Freudianism that through psychoanalysis one can become conscious of one' s previously unconscious desires, enabling one to avoid being defeated by them. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: Freudianism reflects the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought more than any other psychological theory logically completes the argument.


Premise: Property ownership refers to the right of the property owner to possess, use, benefit and dispose of his property according to law.

Hypothesis: Real or movable property of private enterprises is not enjoyed by the person concerned as property ownership.


Premise: After the second World War, the administrative focus of many countries gradually shifted to social welfare management, and their basic population management generally formed a new system based on population services.This system does not give up the control of population, but the core goal of this control is that the basic means of population service is the form of population service, and it is also population service.It will control services, not vice versa, and the population management of China's social transformation is obviously facing similar adjustments.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Population control and population service are two completely different models' does not correspond to the meaning of this passage.


Premise: The dwarf masked owl, a rare migratory bird of prey, normally makes its winter home on the Baja peninsula, where it nests in the spiny cactus. In fact, there are no other suitable nesting sites for the dwarf masked owl on the Baja peninsula. But a blight last spring destroyed all of the spiny cacti on the Baja peninsula. So unless steps are taken to reestablish the spiny cactus population, the dwarf masked owl will not make its home on the Baja peninsula this winter.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that on occasion the dwarf masked owl has been known to make its winter home far from its normal migratory route.


Premise: The early universe contained only the lightest elements: hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements, such as carbon, were produced only when stars underwent nuclear reactions and emitted when stars exploded, and existed in subsequent gas clouds. Recently, it was found that a gas cloud contained carbon 4 billion years ago, when there were only stars less than 2 billion years old.

Hypothesis: The carbon in the gas cloud then forms part of the star can be inferred.


Premise: At HappyDay farms, seasonal staff is employed to pick apples during the harvest season each year. This staff is trained to identify and select only high quality apples, table-worthy apples. As part of this process, apples that have been visibly damaged by insects or disease are left to rot in the fields. The farmer who owns the property and sells the fruit is, ttherefore, less well informed about potential problems with his crops, such as insect infestations, than are the pickers themselves.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that the pickers are more qualified to assess the quality of the fruit sold by the farmer than is the farmer.


Premise: Many parents rigorously organize their children' s activities during playtime, thinking that doing so will enhance their children' s cognitive development. But this belief is incorrect. To thoroughly structure a child' s playtime and expect this to produce a creative and resourceful child would be like expecting a good novel to be produced by someone who was told exactly what the plot and characters must be.

Hypothesis: It takes a necessary condition for something's enhancing a child's creativity and resourcefulness to be a sufficient condition for its doing so is the ground on which the argument is most vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: Studies have shown that exercise has a positive effect on the human brain, and if you keep persistent exercising, the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease will be reduced.

Hypothesis: If you don't reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, you must not exercise is one of the options that can be inferred.


Premise: New research shows that drinking green tea regularly is good for the cardiovascular system. The researchers followed more than 100,000 participants for seven years. Participants were divided into two groups: habitual tea drinkers (those who drank green tea more than three times a week) and those who never or did not drink green tea (those who drank green tea less than three times a week). The researchers found that people who had the habit of drinking green tea had a 20% lower risk of heart disease and stroke and a 22% lower risk of dying from heart disease and stroke than those who had never or had no habit of drinking green tea.

Hypothesis: Flavonols in green tea can prevent blood clots and platelet agglomeration is an option that best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Personal foreign currency deposits at the Bank of China's Beijing branch have exceeded 1 billion US dollars, and a large proportion of the bank's cumulative foreign exchange loans of 2 billion US dollars come from residents' personal deposits.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the total amount of foreign currency owned by individuals is already considerable.


Premise: In its coverage of a controversy regarding a proposal to build a new freeway, a television news program showed interviews with several people who would be affected by the proposed freeway. Of the interviews shown, those conducted with people against the new freeway outnumbered those conducted with people for it two to one. The television program is ttherefore biased against the proposed freeway.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Before the program aired, over twice as many people were against building the freeway than were in favor of it' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Scientist: In our study, chemical R did not cause cancer in laboratory rats. But we cannot conclude from this that chemical R is safe for humans. After all, many substances known to be carcinogenic to humans cause no cancer in rats; this is probably because some carcinogens cause cancer only via long-term exposure and rats are short lived.

Hypothesis: It illustrates the claim that rats are too short lived to be suitable as test subjects for the carcinogenic properties of substances to which humans are chronically exposed most precisely describes the role played in the scientist's argument by the statement that chemical R did not cause cancer in laboratory rats.


Premise: Evaporative heat dissipation: refers to a heat dissipation method in which the moisture of body fluids transforms from liquid to gas on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes (mainly respiratory mucous membranes), and at the same time takes away a large amount of heat.

Hypothesis: Swimming to escape the heat under high temperature belongs to evaporative heat dissipation according to the above definition.


Premise: The development gap measured by per capita income implies a difference in the structure of resource endowment, that is, developed regions have relatively rich capital factors, so they have a comparative advantage in capital-intensive industries. The relatively undeveloped regions have the comparative advantages of abundant labor and low production cost. The difference of resource endowment structure between the eastern and western regions can undoubtedly become the opportunity for the economic development of the central and western regions to catch up.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The differences in resource endowments in different regions have advantages and disadvantages' is not true.


Premise: Most of my open-minded friends read a lot. Most of my non-open-minded friends don't. It makes sense that the more you read, the more likely you are to be challenged by new ideas and that your commitment to your own ideas will weaken. Reading also frees you from everyday life and shows you the variety and richness of life. Therefore, reading makes people open-minded.

Hypothesis: If you selectively read certain kinds of books or books with certain opinions, you are likely to become paranoid the more you read most strongly undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: A lottery sales station has been selling an anonymous, unreported scratch-and-read lottery ticket in the past six months. The lottery ticket has 2 hidden two-digit numbers on the left and 6 hidden two-digit numbers on the right. Customers can scratch the lottery ticket after purchase. If a certain number scratched on the right is the same as a certain number on the left, the smaller number _____ scratched under the right number is the winning amount. According to the information provided by the Welfare Lottery Center: The possible winning amounts for this kind of lottery are: 60 yuan, 800 yuan, 6000 yuan, 8000 yuan, 60,000 yuan, 100,000 yuan, and each lottery ticket has at most one winning number. Zhang San bought a lottery ticket at a Welfare Lottery sales station after get off work. After scratching it off, he found that the number on the right was 15, which was the same as the number scratched out on the left. Looking at the number in the small font below it was 8,000 yuan. He was extremely happy. Li Si, who sells lottery tickets, immediately gave him 8,000 yuan, and Zhang San happily went to the restaurant to have a big meal with his friends. After the conflict broke out, the two started a lawsuit.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Li Si really thinks that Zhang San won the prize of 8,000 yuan' is the least likely to happen.


Premise: In a restaurant, all the dishes belong to Sichuan cuisine or Cantonese cuisine. There is Sichuan cuisine in Mr. Zhang's order. Therefore, Mr. Zhang ordered no Cantonese cuisine.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The restaurant rule: you cannot order Sichuan cuisine if you order Cantonese cuisine, and vice versa' should be added to make the above argument true.


Premise: During his three years in office, the mayor has often been accused of sexist attitudes towards women. However, he has appointed five women in 19 senior positions in his management, and all of them are still in service, which shows that the mayor is not a sexist.

Hypothesis: The statement that the platform of the mayor's party requires him to appoint at least five women in senior positions most refutes the above conclusion.


Premise: A survey of entrepreneurs who started companies last year shows that while virtually all did substantial preparatory research and planning, only half used that work to produce a formal business plan. Since, on average, the entrepreneurs without formal plans secured the capital they needed in half the time of those with plans, these survey results indicate that, in general, formal plans did not help the entrepreneurs who produced them to secure the capital they needed.

Hypothesis: Among the entrepreneurs surveyed, those who did not produce formal business plans sought and received a much larger proportion of their capital from investors with whom they had a long-standing business relationship most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Technology diffusion is the application and promotion of innovative technology in other economic fields and in a wider geographical space. From a geographical point of view, technology diffusion is the flow and transfer of technology in space, which is composed of suppliers, receivers and transmission channels of new technology.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, city A has developed its own characteristic industries by learning from the innovative industrial technology of city B belongs to technology diffusion.


Premise: Indirect intention refers to the mental attitude that the perpetrator knows that his actions will cause harm to society and intentionally let it go, so that such a result occurs.

Hypothesis: Li smashing the old man into serious injuries while driving at high speed is an example of indirect intention.


Premise: Philosopher: In the 18th century, a paper on the absolutism of motion asserted that the change in position of one object over time could be measured without reference to the position of any other object. However, one respected physicist claimed that the paper was incoherent. Since an incoherent treatise cannot be considered a description of reality, motion cannot be absolute.

Hypothesis: The philosopher uses the technique of relying on the authority of an expert to support a premise in his argument.


Premise: Last year a chain of fast-food restaurants, whose menu had always centered on hamburger, added its first vegetarian sandwich, much lower in fat than the chain's other offerings. Despite heavy marketing, the new sandwich accounts for a very small proportion of the chain's sales. The sandwich's sales would have to quadruple to cover the costs associated with including it on the menu. Since such an increase is unlikely, the chain would be more profitable if it dropped the sandwich.

Hypothesis: When even one member of a group of diners is a vegetarian or has a preference for low-fat food, the group tends to avoid restaurants that lack vegetarian or low-fat menu options most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In modern society, many people get fat, have beer bellies and are seriously overweight because they often drink beer.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question "Do fat people often exercise besides drinking beer?" is impossible to question the above argument.


Premise: In a plastic greenhouse, there are six rectangular vegetable ponds of the same size, arranged in order from left to right: numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. And No. 1 is not adjacent to No. 6. Six kinds of vegetables need to be planted in the greenhouse. Q, L, H, X, S and Y. Only one of them can be planted in each vegetable pond. The planting arrangement must meet the following conditions: Q is planted in a vegetable pond on the left side of H. X is planted in the No. 1 or No. 6 vegetable pond. Y or S is planted in the No. 3 vegetable pond. L is planted next to the right side of S.

Hypothesis: If S and Q are planted in odd-numbered vegetable ponds, then H is planted in the No.1 vegetable pond may be true.


Premise: Psychological implication refers to the use of implicit and indirect methods to affect the psychology and behavior of others. The effect of suggestion often makes others unconsciously act in a certain way, or accept certain opinions or beliefs uncritically.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Why are you so haggard? Are you sick?' has no psychological implication.


Premise: Four contestants, Zhang, Liu, Li and Zhao, who were not familiar with each other, participated in the university speech contest. They come from mathematics, logic, literature and history majors. Before the game, the four people made the following guesses: Zhang: Zhao's major is logic; Liu: Li's major is literature; Li: Zhang's major is not mathematics; Zhao: Liu's major is history. It was learned afterwards that only the guesses of mathematics and logic professionals were correct.

Hypothesis: The respective majors of Zhang, Liu, Li, and Zhao, based on the above information, are mathematics, logic, literature, and history.


Premise: Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated from the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers. This population' s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland. Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was. So the current average height of Tufe' s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe' s environmental conditions.

Hypothesis: The mainland's environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Any enterprise that exists in the society is a social enterprise. Society is the stage for entrepreneurs to display their talents. Only entrepreneurs who sincerely return to society and earnestly fulfill their social responsibilities can be truly recognized by the society and meet the requirements of the times.

Hypothesis: If entrepreneurs do not fulfill their social responsibilities, they will not be really recognized by the society can be inferred from the statement above.


Premise: All bridges built from 1950 to 1960 are in serious need of rehabilitation. Some bridges constructed in this period, however, were built according to faulty engineering design. That is the bad news. The good news is that at least some bridges in serious need of rehabilitation are not suspension bridges, since no suspension bridges are among the bridges that were built according to faulty engineering design.

Hypothesis: Some bridges built from 1950 to 1960 are not in serious need of rehabilitation must also be true if the statements above are true, on the basis of those statements.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: G and X cannot be assigned as transporters together.


Premise: Close to his undergraduate graduation, Li Ming has achieved excellent results in all his courses. According to the regulations of the University, if his course scores are excellent in the last semester, he can be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student. Li Ming failed to get an excellent grade in one subject in the last semester, so he can't be exempted from the examination to study as a graduate student.

Hypothesis: The above argument has loopholes because it has a mature understanding of the provisions stated in the title stem as: only if the course scores of all semesters are excellent, can they be exempted from the examination to study as graduate students is the most appropriate evaluation of the above argument.


Premise: In order to eliminate pests in farmland, human beings have invented more than 30,000 kinds of pesticides. Although they have temporarily controlled the pests, they have also eliminated the natural enemies of insects and bees, making it impossible for some vegetables, melons and fruits to be pollinated. Weeds compete with crops for nutrition, water and space, so someone invented herbicides, which temporarily control weeds, but also promote the evolution of weeds, making them more difficult to deal with. To make matters worse, herbicides also eliminated beneficial microorganisms in the soil, harming some nitrogen-fixing bacteria that had the ability to fix nitrogen, and even denitrifying bacteria that reduced excess nitrogen to nitrogen in the atmosphere. Without the care of weeds, farmland becomes plank, and the rainy season is very easy to cause soil erosion.

Hypothesis: Modern agricultural technology has both advantages and disadvantages is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Ttherefore, reforms must be demanded by consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children' s education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic offerings.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that in selecting schools parents would tend to prefer a reasonable level of academic quality to greater sports opportunities or more convenient location.


Premise: Over the past 2000 years, the range of climate change in the Yangtze River Basin has been less than that in the Yellow River Basin, with abundant rainfall and stronger vegetation restoration capacity than that in the north. Every time the severe cold strikes, the damage suffered by the north is much greater than that in the south. Therefore, China's economic center has moved from the north to the south

Hypothesis: The natural environment is not a major factor in economic development can best refute this argument.


Premise: Sometimes poverty is not only a low income, but also a lack of ability. The root of ability is quality. Civilization is also a quality, and it is a more important quality. Researchers of poverty culture have proposed that we should pay attention not only to the living conditions of the poor, but also to their values, life attitudes and behavior patterns. Once this subculture is formed, it will affect them to change the situation of poverty, Yan Yangchu, the pioneer of the rural construction movement of the Republic of China, believed that the fundamental policy of rural construction was to deal with ignorance, poverty, weakness and privacy, so as to cultivate farmers' knowledge, productivity, strong construction and unity.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to improve the civilized quality of the poor people.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: The pair G and I cannot be assigned to the sales department.


Premise: Gao Ming must be a master swimmer, because he goes swimming every day.

Hypothesis: The premise 'Unless you are a good swimmer, people don't go swimming every day' serves as the basis for the above conclusion.


Premise: That Shakespeare' s The Winter s Tale ( 1610-1611) is modeled after Euripides' Alcestis (fifth century B. C. ) seems undeniable. However, it is generally accepted that Shakespeare knew little or no Greek, so Euripides' original play would be an unlikely source. Thus, it seems most likely that Shakespeare came to know Euripides' play through a Latin translation.

Hypothesis: The only English language version of Alcestis available in Shakespeare's time differed drastically from the original in ways The Winter s Tale does not LEAST strengthens the argument.


Premise: There is a lyric: How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain.

Hypothesis: If you experience wind and rain, you can see the rainbow is not a logical inference of the above lyrics.


Premise: Xiao Sun cannot swim and play tennis.

Hypothesis: Xiao Sun can swim, but he cannot play tennis must be true according to the above statement.


Premise: The difficulties in life and the loneliness of my heart made me waver for my choice. Often worry about eating, or miss my mother can only make a phone call, I really regret my impulsive choice. But think about it, after all, this is my own decision, and it will only take half a year. But soon, seeing that the English grades of these rural children improved and the children who dropped out of school returned to the classroom, I think I found the feeling that I like it here.

Hypothesis: Young volunteers are most likely to be the author's occupation.


Premise: Property income refers to the income derived from movable property (such as bank deposits, securities, etc.) and real property (such as houses, vehicles, land, collectibles, etc.) owned by the family.

Hypothesis: Non-property appreciation income is not classified as property income according to the above definition.


Premise: No matter it is accurate, vivid or vivid, it is always appropriate to use the required words in terms of language.Only in this way can the concept expressed be accurate and make people feel bright. to put it mysteriously, there is still its tone and color in the words.

Hypothesis: The most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage is that the use of words should be appropriate.


Premise: The average life expectancy of the population is an important indicator reflecting the health level of the people in a country and region. The sixth national census shows that the average life expectancy of the Chinese population reached 74.83 years in 2010, while the average life expectancy of the population in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China was only about 35 years. Therefore, the elderly people that people thought more than sixty years ago now seem to be just middle-aged people.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China the living environment was more difficult and people's nutritional level was much worse than it is now would most weaken the above point of view.


Premise: A travel agency booked air tickets for three passengers. The three passengers were John from the British, Thomas from the American and Brown from the French. The three of them went to the United Kingdom, one to the United States, and one to Switzerland. It is known that John did not intend to go to the United States and Thomas did not intend to go to Switzerland. Brown did not go to the United States or Switzerland.

Hypothesis: Thomas goes to America, Brown goes to England, John goes to Switzerland is correct.


Premise: Until he was dismissed amid great controversy, Hastings was considered one of the greatest intelligence agents of all time. It is clear that if his dismissal was justified, then Hastings was either incompetent or else disloyal. Soon after the dismissal, however, it was shown that he had never been incompetent. Thus, one is forced to conclude that Hastings must have been disloyal.

Hypothesis: Hastings's dismissal was justified is an assumption upon which the argument depends.


Premise: Service-oriented public relations refers to the public relations activities in which the organization mainly provides various affordable services and obtains the understanding and praise of the public through practical actions, so as to establish a good image of the organization.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, service-oriented public relations includes the practice of a water heater manufacturer regularly sending the precautions for the use of water heater to users, and changing the filter screen for users free every year.


Premise: In order to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive, some legislators in Country R want to ban all exports from R to S. Companies in R that manufacture telecommunication equipment such as telephones and fax machines have argued that exports of their products should be exempted from the ban, on the grounds that it is impossible for a country to remain repressive when telecommunication equipment is widely available to the population of that country.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the telecommunication equipment that would be imported into S if the exemption were to be granted would not be available solely to top government officials in S is on which the argument given by the manufacturers depends.


Premise: Yijiangnan Garden plans to build 5 gardens of pine, bamboo, plum, orchid and chrysanthemum. The garden is planned to have 3 gates in the east, south, and north, respectively located in 3 gardens. The layout of these five gardens meets the following conditions: (1) If the east gate is located in pine garden, or chrysanthemum garden, then the south gate is not located in bamboo garden; (2) If the south gate is not located in bamboo garden, then the north gate is not located in orchid garden; (3) If the chrysanthemum garden is in the center of the garden, then it is not adjacent to the orchid garden; (4) the orchid garden is adjacent to the chrysanthemum garden, with a beautiful bridge in the middle.

Hypothesis: The chrysanthemum garden is in the center of the garden can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city at least as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking, I know immediately and do not trust that writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee' s second novel is set in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colors.

Hypothesis: Peter Lee's first novel was set in San Francisco can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Beck: Our computer program estimates municipal automotive use based on weekly data. Some staff question the accuracy of the program' s estimates. But because the figures it provides are remarkably consistent from week to week, we can be confident of its accuracy.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in Beck's argument is flawed because it takes for granted that the program's output would be consistent even if its estimates were inaccurate.


Premise: The government-owned gas company has begun selling stoves and other gas appliances to create a larger market for its gas. Merchants who sell such products complain that the competition will hurt their businesses. That may well be; however, the government-owned gas company is within its rights. After all, the owner of a private gas company might well decide to sell such appliances and surely there would be nothing wrong with that.

Hypothesis: The principle 'There is nothing wrong with a government-owned company selling products so long as owners of private companies do not complain' most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: Monday syndrome: It refers to symptoms such as dizziness, chest tightness, abdominal distension, loss of appetite, body aches, and inability to concentrate due to excessive consumption of energy to deal with things outside of work on weekends.

Hypothesis: Ms. Wang's schedule filled with children throughout the weekend is an example of Monday syndrome.


Premise: Xiao Wang complained that his mother always turned on the TV too loudly, which affected his reading, and asked his mother to turn off the TV. But his mother said that the sound of the TV was not loud, because his father had been reading the newspaper all the time and did not say that the TV sound was too loud, so she refused to turn down the TV sound.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Father is old and has poor hearing' can best indicate that the mother's refusal to turn down the TV sound is wrong.


Hypothesis: Unless you experience wind and rain, you can't see the rainbow is not a logical inference of the above lyrics.


Premise: The national academic conference held by a certain society received nearly a thousand conference papers each time. In order to ensure the quality of the conference exchange papers, the academic conference organizing committee decided to select only 10% of the conference papers as conference exchange papers.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the organizing committee of the academic conference can make an accurate judgment on the quality of the paper is most likely to be based on the decision of the organizing committee of the academic conference.


Premise: McBride: The proposed new fuel-efficiency standards, if implemented, will discourage the manufacture of full-size cars. This prospect is troubling because when a subcompact and a full-size car collide, the people in the subcompact are more likely to be seriously injured than if theirs had also been a full-size car. The new fuel-efficiency standards should ttherefore be opposed. Leggett: But whenever any two cars collide, it is more likely that someone will be seriously injured if one of the cars is a full-size car than if neither car is full-size. So the new fuel-efficiency standards should be supported precisely because they discourage the manufacture of full-size cars.

Hypothesis: McBride's and Leggett's statements commit them to disagreeing about the truth of the statement 'The manufacture of full-size cars should be discouraged.'


Premise: Weather refers to the combination of meteorological elements (such as temperature, humidity, etc.) and weather phenomena (such as clouds, fog, etc.) in the atmosphere of a certain area at a certain instant or over a certain period of time.

Hypothesis: Tomorrow Nanjing will be cloudy with a maximum temperature of 2  degree and a minimum temperature of 0  degree does not belong to the weather.


Premise: Conservationist: The risk to airplane passengers from collisions between airplanes using the airport and birds from the wildlife refuge is negligible. In the 10 years since the refuge was established, only 20 planes have been damaged in collisions with birds, and no passenger has been injured as a result of such a collision. The wildlife refuge ttherefore poses no safety risk. Pilot: You neglect to mention that 17 of those 20 collisions occurred within the past 2 years, and that the number of birds in the refuge is rapidly increasing. As the number of collisions between birds and airplanes increases, so does the likelihood that at least one such collision will result in passenger injuries.

Hypothesis: The pilot counters the conservationist by disputing the accuracy of the figures cited by the conservationist.


Premise: But if a public place is uncomfortable it is not well designed, and all comfortable public places have spacious interiors If all of the interior decorator' s statements are true, then which one of the following must be true?

Hypothesis: Any restaurant that has a spacious interior is comfortable is a conclusion that can be drawn from the interior decorator's statements.


Premise: The infant's early characteristics can arouse the love and nurturing of adults. Many animals have the characteristics of human babies in shape and behavior.Therefore, people are easily attracted to such animals and make them pets.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Parents like to keep pets, children also like to keep pets' best supports the above conclusions.


Premise: The same number of eggplant seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses, and only fertilizer A was applied to the first greenhouse, but not to the second greenhouse. The first greenhouse produces 1200 kilograms of eggplant and the second greenhouse produces 900kg eggplant. Nothing but water was applied to the two greenhouses, so fertilizer A must have led to a higher yield of eggplant in the first greenhouse.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A small amount of fertilizer A seeps from the first greenhouse into the second greenhouse' most seriously weakens the above argument.


Premise: Trojan horse program is currently a relatively popular virus file. Unlike ordinary viruses, it does not reproduce itself, nor does it deliberately infect other files. It pretends to be a normal file to attract users to download and execute. The trojan horse opens the portal of the computer of the users, so that the applicator can destroy and steal the files in the computer of the users at will, and even remotely control their computers.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the main harm caused by the trojan horse program is disguising itself as normal files.


Premise: In marketing their products, drug companies often send gifts to physicians. According to a recent survey, most physicians believe that their own choices when prescribing drugs are not influenced by drug companies' gifts. The same survey indicates that the majority of physicians believe that most other physicians' prescription choices are influenced by such gifts.

Hypothesis: If the survey results are accurate, all physicians who admit that their own choices when prescribing drugs are influenced by drug companies' gifts believe that most other physicians' prescription choices are also influenced by such gifts must be true.


Premise: In daily life, some people save trouble when taking medicine. After putting the pills in their mouths, they do not drink water or just take a sip of water, and then swallow hard, thinking they have finished taking the medicine. Some people think that this way of taking medicine is not advisable.

Hypothesis: When taking the medicine, drinking too little water will make the tablets stay in the esophagus for a longer time and even cause side effects best supports these people's views.


Premise: If the flowers Drew received today had been sent by someone who knows Drew well, that person would have known that Drew prefers violets to roses. Yet Drew received roses. On the other hand, if the flowers had been sent by someone who does not know Drew well, then that person would have sent a signed card with the flowers. Yet Drew received no card. Ttherefore, the florist must have made some sort of mistake: either Drew was supposed to receive violets, or a card, or these flowers were intended for someone else.

Hypothesis: Some people send flowers for a reason other than the desire to please most weakens the argument.


Premise: Jorge: You won' t be able to write well about the rock music of the 1960s, since you were just an infant then. Rock music of the 1960s was created by and for people who were then in their teens and early twenties. Ruth: Your reasoning is absurd. There are living writers who write well about ancient Roman culture, even though those writers are obviously not a part of ancient Roman culture.

Hypothesis: The issue between Jorge and Ruth is whether only those people who were in their teens or early twenties during the 1960s can be qualified to write about the rock music of that period.


Premise: Public information resources refer to all kinds of data systems which are managed by social specific management organization according to law and provide information service for the whole society. It has the characteristics of publicity, extensiveness, foundation and commonweal.

Hypothesis: The National Meteorological Department establishes the meteorological information release system, such as the weather forecast and the geological disaster early warning, is the public information resource.


Premise: The large amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels does not actually cause the greenhouse effect-that is, the increase in global average temperature. Because if the supply of carbon dioxide rises, plants will consume more of the gas, so they will grow taller and lushly, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will eventually remain stable.

Hypothesis: The fact that the carbon dioxide content has risen or fallen many times in the history of the earth shows that they have some biological effects that can reverse the greenhouse effect will most severely weaken the conclusion-the large amount of carbon dioxide currently released into the atmosphere will not cause the greenhouse effect.


Premise: All truths are tested by practice, and the theory of relativity is truth, so the theory of relativity is tested by practice.

Hypothesis: All fine grains are not high-yield crops. Because all potatoes are high-yield crops, and all fine grains are not potatoes has the same structure as the above reasoning.


Premise: Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development. They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. <b> That plan is ill-conceived </b>: if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable. But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that is exactly why <b> a more sensible preservation strategy would be to the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability </b>.

Hypothesis: The first boldface portion is the main conclusion toward which the reasoning is directed and the second boldface portion is a consideration raised in order to support that conclusion in the reasoning above.


Premise: A recent report on an environmental improvement program was criticized for focusing solely on pragmatic solutions to the large number of significant problems that plague the program instead of seriously trying to produce a coherent vision for the future of the program. In response the report' s authors granted that the critics had raised a valid point but explained that, to do anything at all, the program needed continued government funding, and that to get such funding the program first needed to regain a reputation for competence.

Hypothesis: The basic position taken by the report's authors on the criticism leveled against the report is that addressing the critics' concern now would be premature.


Premise: The key exhibition hall of the museum basically has no divided space, which ensures the smooth and spacious exhibition hall as far as possible. And put the obvious specimens in the most eye-catching position in this exhibition hall, which allows the audience to see the most wonderful display as soon as they enter the exhibition area. In every big space. Appropriate use of the wrong layer of the way to open up an interactive area. Special introduction of relevant scientific knowledge, at the same time, this wrong layer is also a good watch viewing point of view.

Hypothesis: The characteristic of museum exhibits, according to the article, is the combination of art and science.


Premise: For me, in 50 years of spring, summer, autumn and winter, flowers bloom and fall, never give up and follow each other. When I was a teenager, I was obsessed with chasing her, and she always left me far behind; When I was young, I walked with her hand in hand, warm, bitter, and dreams echoed in each other's hearts; When we were middle-aged, we were on each side of the sky, lovesickness, love and nostalgia, which were dense in our strong memory; When I was old, I unconsciously ran ahead of Nian. Although I slowed down again and again, as soon as I looked back, Nian's shadow lay on me. I couldn't pull it down and throw it away. Since then, I no longer love Nian, love Nian and think about Nian. I began to fear Nian and even hate Nian.

Hypothesis: If you ignore Nian more and more, she will follow you. If you don't pay attention, she will suddenly cross in front of you, block your way and trip your feet is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Market economy is essentially an economy ruled by law. Market and rule of law are two sides of the same coin. Different from the era of planned economy, the allocation of resources in the market economy is realized through the competition mechanism, so we must follow a set of perfect rules to adjust the economy through the invisible hand of the market.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that market competition can realize the rational allocation of resources.


Premise: Both the director and the producer are very complex types of work, and the accumulation of experience is very important. If you haven't experienced the hard work on the set, your ability to execute on the spot will be problematic. Therefore, in some countries where the film industry is mature, after graduating from school, newcomers must first be apprentices in studios, starting with script writing, then going through the assistant director, executive director and other links. After mastering all the skills, they will eventually become a qualified director, then guide and supervise.

Hypothesis: The truth contained in this passage can be best summarized as: the knowledge and principles obtained from books are simple, but to truly understand them, one must personally verify them.


Premise: The scientific concept of development is a scientific theory to guide development and a powerful weapon to deal with the crisis. It is necessary to use the scientific concept of development to find countermeasures, adhere to the road of scientific development, and tide over the difficulties. It is necessary to further deepen study, deepen the understanding of the spiritual essence and practical guiding significance of the scientific concept of development, earnestly enhance the consciousness of implementing the scientific concept of development, scientifically analyze the situation, and enhance confidence in winning. We should turn the pressure brought about by the international financial crisis into a driving force for promoting scientific development, and creatively implement the central policy of maintaining growth, expanding domestic demand and adjusting structure. Make great efforts to solve the outstanding problems in economic operation and reduce the losses caused by the international financial crisis to a minimum.

Hypothesis: "Under the guidance of the scientific concept of development, we should deal with the challenges brought by the international financial crisis through China's economy and society" is highlighted in this passage.


Premise: Sea turtle hatchlings leaving their hatching grounds on Florida beaches reach ocean currents by swimming to the northeast, as defined by the north of the Earth' s magnetic field. Florida hatchlings placed in a large indoor tank also swim toward the northeast. But when the tank is surrounded by an artificial magnetic field twice as strong as the Earth' s field and opposite in direction, the hatchlings swim in the direction opposite to that in which they swim without the artificial magnetic field.

Hypothesis: The information in the statements above most strongly supports the statement 'The direction in which ocean currents flow is determined by the magnetic field of the Earth.'


Premise: The raw materials of cement are very cheap, such as limestone and soil that can be found everywhere can be used as raw materials for cement. But the price of cement will be affected by the price of oil, because it consumes a lot of energy to change raw materials into cement in high-temperature furnaces.

Hypothesis: Petroleum is the energy source of some high temperature furnaces for making cement is most likely to come to a conclusion based on the above judgment.


Premise: Crimes in which handguns are used are more likely than other crimes to result in fatalities. However, the majority of crimes in which handguns are used do not result in fatalities. Ttherefore, there is no need to enact laws that address crimes involving handguns as distinct from other crimes.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning displayed in the argument above most closely resembles that in the statement 'Many people swim daily in order to stay physically fit. Yet people who swim daily increase their risk of developing ear infections. Hence people who want to remain in good health are better off not following fitness programs that include swimming daily.'


Premise: Albumin, one element of blood plasma, is an effective substitute for plasma in treating or preventing shock, the collapse of blood vessels due to a drop in the liquid volume of the bloodstream. Injected into the bloodstream, albumin absorbs enough liquid from surrounding tissues to keep the blood vessels open. It has an advantage over plasma because it can be made available for emergencies while taking up a fraction of the shipping and storage space of plasma.

Hypothesis: Hardbound books can be a better choice than paperbacks despite their extra bulk if the books need to be more durable than paperbacks best illustrates the principle illustrated by the stated advantage of using albumin as a substitute for plasma.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: G is on duty in the second day must be true if H is on duty on the same day as the day before S.


Premise: Electric washing machines, first introduced in the United States in 1925, significantly reduced the amount of time spent washing a given amount of clothes, yet the average amount of time households spent washing clothes increased after 1925. This increase is partially accounted for by the fact that many urban households had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries. But the average amount of time spent washing clothes also increased for rural households with no access to professional laundries.

Hypothesis: The earliest electric washing machines required the user to spend much more time beside the machine than do modern electric washing machines most helps to explain why the time spent washing clothes increased in rural areas.


Premise: In ball games, it is wrong to use replay to decide a penalty, because no matter how many cameras follow the game on the field, some foul actions will inevitably be missed, and it is impossible to be aware of what happened to you in the past.

Hypothesis: Trial marriage is not immoral, because anyone who buys clothes can try it on is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Install a metal rod at the top of a tall building, connect it with a metal plate buried underground, and discharge through the tip of the metal rod to gradually neutralize the electricity carried by the clouds and the electricity on the ground, so as to protect the building from lightning.This phenomenon is known as the lightning rod effect in the management community. It refers to the method of management, that is, to conduct guidance before things happen, to prevent accidents or disasters before they occur, and to lead the positive development of the situation, that is, if it is good and good, it will certainly be peaceful if it can be guided.

Hypothesis: In the reconstruction of a garage in a residential area, the property owner extensively solicited the opinions of the owners and reached a consensus so that the project could be carried out smoothly has nothing to do with the lightning rod effect according to the above definition.


Premise: The Renaissance is generally regarded as an ideological and artistic movement that originated in Italy in the 14th century and then spread throughout Europe. Colonialism is often associated with the historical development of Europe since the end of the 15th century, such as the opening of new routes, the discovery of new continents and the political enslavement, economic exploitation and military occupation of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the past, the studies of the two are far apart, but recently some scholars have keenly grasped that there is a covert superposition relationship between the two.

Hypothesis: The most likely topic to be described in this passage next is how the Renaissance paved the way for colonialism.


Premise: The extinction of biological clusters refers to the sudden death of a large number of organisms within more than one geographic area in a relatively short geological period, causing the number of biological species to suddenly and drastically drop in a short time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the past 40 years, the number of native British bird species has decreased by 54%, the native wild plant species have decreased by 28%, and the species of native butterflies have decreased by an astonishing 71%' belongs to the extinction of biological clusters according to the above definition.


Premise: Endorsement brand refers to the supporting brand behind a product brand and service brand. The endorsement brand is also called the parent brand, which is the endorsement brand. It can be divided into two categories: one is the hard endorsement brand, which takes the form of enterprise total brand + sub-brand. The general brand of an enterprise is generally a big brand with a long history, high visibility and intangible asset value, and the sub-brand needs to attract consumers with the general brand. Second, soft endorsement brand, that is, the endorsement brand is not directly in front of the sub-brand, the sub-brand is the protagonist of the circulation, the general brand of the enterprise is only to provide credit guarantee for the sub-brand.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Liuyang River, Jingjiu, Jinliofu and other products packaging are not marked endorsement brand Wuliangye is a hard endorsement brand.


Premise: Pro-Tect Insurance Company has recently been paying out more on car-theft claims than it expected. Cars with special antitheft devices or alarm systems are much less likely to be stolen than are other cars. Consequently Pro-Tect, as part of an effort to reduce its annual payouts, will offer a discount to holders of car-theft policies if their cars have antitheft devices or alarm systems.

Hypothesis: In one or two years, the discount that Pro-Tect is offering will amount to more than the cost of buying certain highly effective antitheft devices provides the strongest indication that the plan is likely to achieve its goal.


Premise: At present, the setting of urban management institutions in various cities is different, which are generally divided into four types: Urban Construction Supervision Brigade, Urban Management Bureau, urban management administrative law enforcement bureau and Urban Management Committee. Because the urban management work is actually carried out independently and there is no special national law to guide it, local governments have formulated some local regulations according to their legislative authority, but there are great differences and it is difficult to systematize, As a result, some urban management violence and law enforcement incidents have occurred throughout the country in recent years, affecting social stability

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is necessary to formulate national urban management regulations' is intended to illustrate that.


Premise: In the market, there are two brands of batteries of the same model. The price of the battery of brand A is 10% lower than that of brand B, and the former sells better than the latter. But the testing shows that the service life of the battery of brand B is 15% longer than that of brand A, but brand A sells better. The reason is that consumers do not know the difference in service life between the two batteries. In this way, in a competitive market, inefficient products that should have been produced less are produced more. This shows that incomplete information can lead to market failure.


Premise: Material evidence refers to material traces and objects that can prove the true circumstances of a case.  Physical evidence is characterized by its appearance, quality, characteristics and location, reflecting some facts of the case, which can be used to prove the truth of the case.

Hypothesis: A stolen vehicle recovered by the police in a certain area during an operation against motor vehicle theft belongs to material evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: Seven people in red, orange, yellow, green, blue, cyan, and purple stand in a row. The teacher asks the seven people to report the number one by one. The students with multiples should stand behind the two students behind them in turn from front to back; finally, the students with multiples of 4 should stand at the top of the team, and purple student should stand in the middle of the team to form a new team.

Hypothesis: There are two people between red and orange can be inferred.


Premise: Unlike consumer goods, which are priced on a cost basis, luxury brands typically set retail prices in three different regions, Europe, the United States and Asia according to different market expectations. In Europe, where France and Italy are the main places of origin, luxury prices are often the lowest. When European brands enter the U.S. market, they typically raise prices only slightly, as the consumer psychology for luxury goods has matured there. Luxury brands are the most expensive in Asia.

Hypothesis: Consumers in the Asian market have high expectations of luxury brands best explains the phenomenon of luxury brands pricing the most in the Asian market.


Premise: Scientist: Some pundits claim that the public is afraid of scientists. This isn' t true. I have been a scientist for several decades, and I have never met anyone who is afraid of scientists.

Hypothesis: People may be apprehensive about technological developments that result from science even if they are not afraid of scientists themselves is an assumption required by the scientist's argument.


Premise: The commissioner has announced that Judge Khalid, who was on the seven-member panel appointed to resolve the Amlec labor dispute, will have sole responsibility for resolving the Simdon labor dispute. Since in its decision the Amlec panel showed itself both reasonable and fair, the two sides in the Simdon dispute are undoubtedly justified in the confidence they have expressed in the reasonableness and fairness of the arbitrator assigned to their case.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that Ula Borg sold fewer houses last year than she had the year before because the number of houses sold by Arcande Realty is far lower than the previous year is flawed and parallel to the reasoning in the passage.


Premise: Pandas are rapidly disappearing from the wild. Ttherefore, in order to preserve the species, existing pandas should be captured and placed in zoos around the world.

Hypothesis: The statement "Sufficient quantities of bamboo, the panda's only food, cannot be made available outside the panda's native habitat" casts most doubt on the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: The current theory about earthquakes holds that they are caused by adjoining plates of rock sliding past each other; the plates are pressed together until powerful forces overcome the resistance. As plausible as this may sound, at least one thing remains mysterious on this theory. The overcoming of such resistance should create enormous amounts of heat. But so far no increases in temperature unrelated to weather have been detected following earthquakes.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that the current theory does not fully explain earthquake data.


Premise: Economist: Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years. The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact. Thus, some environmentalists argue that <b> Tropicorp's actions do not serve even its own economic interest. </b> However, the initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch; there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations; and taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching. Consequently, <b> the environmentalists' conclusion is probably wrong. </b>

Hypothesis: In the economist's argument, the first boldface portion states the conclusion of the economist's argument, and the second boldface portion supports that conclusion.


Premise: A research study revealed that, in most cases, once existing highways near urban areas are widened and extended in an attempt to reduce traffic congestion and resulting delays for motorists, these problems actually increase rather than decrease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Typically, road widening or extension projects are undertaken only after the population near the road in question has increased and then leveled off, leaving a higher average population level' most helps to explain the discrepancy between the intended results of the highway improvements and the results revealed in the study.


Premise: Kim: Some people claim that the battery-powered electric car represents a potential solution to the problem of air pollution. But they forget that it takes electricity to recharge batteries and that most of our electricity is generated by burning polluting fossil fuels. Increasing the number of electric cars on the road would require building more generating facilities since current facilities are operating at maximum capacity. So even if all of the gasoline-powered cars on the roads today were replaced by electric cars, it would at best be an exchange of one source of fossil-fuel pollution for another.

Hypothesis: The main point made in Kim's argument is that replacing gasoline-powered cars with battery-powered electric cars will require building more generating facilities.


Premise: People have been arguing about which cat or dog is smarter. Recently, some scientists have not only studied the size of the animal's brain capacity, but also the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, and found that cats usually seem to have an intelligence-dominant attitude, but the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex of cats is only ordinary golden hair. Half of the dog. From this, they all came to the conclusion: dogs are smarter than cats.

Hypothesis: The number of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex of an animal is positively correlated with the intelligence of the animal is most likely to be the hypothesis that the aforementioned scientists concluded.


Premise: Most hospitals have treatment options for cancer patients. All hospitals are able to treat all kinds of burn victims as well as all kinds of Neurology disorders. Ttherefore, there must be some hospitals that treat both cancer and burn victims and some hospitals that treat both cancer and Neurology disorders.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning in which the argument 'All insects have an exoskeleton as well as a body that's composed of three parts: a head, thorax, and abdomen. Most insects are helpful to humans. Therefore, there must be some insects that are both helpful to humans and have an exoskeleton and some insects that are helpful to humans and have a head, thorax, and abdomen' is most parallel to that in the argument above.


Premise: Naturalist: The recent claims that the Tasmanian tiger is not extinct are false. The Tasmanian tiger' s natural habitat was taken over by sheep farming decades ago, resulting in the animal' s systematic elimination from the area. Since then naturalists working in the region have discovered no hard evidence of its survival, such as carcasses or tracks. In spite of alleged sightings of the animal, the Tasmanian tiger no longer exists.

Hypothesis: Every naturalist working in the Tasmanian tiger's natural habitat has looked systematically for evidence of the tiger's survival is an assumption on which the naturalist's argument depends.


Premise: Legal and moral paradoxes: many people think that ethical behavior is not illegal, but in reality, some acts that conform to general moral principles are prohibited by law.

Hypothesis: A man paid 10,000 yuan to buy a boy from a human trafficker as his son. He treated him as his own child and showed great care. When the police came to rescue him two years later, the boy refused to leave his present parents does not belong to the phenomenon of Legal and moral paradoxes.


Premise: Due to gene mutation, cells proliferate and differentiate uncontrollably, and eventually develop into malignant tumors. There are many abnormal proteins encoded by mutant genes on the surface of cancer cells. It is reasonable to say that these abnormal proteins should be recognized by the body's immune system in time, and trigger an immune response to remove cancer cells at one stroke. However, due to the rapid development of tumor cells, they are very good at camouflage, Moreover, it is constantly mutated. In the face of fierce and resourceful tumor cells, the originally powerful immune cells seem to be unable and even turn a blind eye to some tumor cells. The immunosuppression formed in the tumor microenvironment makes the immune system paralyzed.

Hypothesis: The study that involves sequencing the DNA of tumor cells and healthy cells of each patient to identify tumor specific mutations and identify related abnormal proteins may contribute to the development of effective antitumor drugs according to the above information.


Premise: Double-blind techniques should be used whenever possible in scientific experiments. They help prevent the misinterpretations that often arise due to expectations and opinions that scientists already hold, and clearly scientists should be extremely diligent in trying to avoid such misinterpretations.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that it is advisable for scientists to use double-blind techniques in as high a proportion of their experiments as they can.


Premise: Reconstructing ships so that they have a double hull can protect them from serious damage in the roughly 20 percent of shipping accidents that unavoidably result from severe weather conditions. Avoidable human error, however, causes about 80 percent of shipping accidents. It would ttherefore be far more cost-effective to reduce damage to ships by retraining sailors than by reconstructing ships.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Damage from accidents can be reduced more cost-effectively by reducing the likelihood of accidents than by mitigating their effects' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: The Testament of William Thorpe was published around 1530 as an appendix to Thorpe's longer Examination. Many scholars, however, doubt the attribution of the Testament to Thorpe because, whereas the Examination is dated 1406, the Testament is dated 1460. One scholar has recently argued that the 1460 date be amended to 1409, based on the observation that when these numbers are expressed as Roman numerals, MCCCCLX and MCCCCIX, it becomes easy to see how the dates might have become confused through scribal error.

Hypothesis: Few writers in fifteenth-century England marked dates in their works using only Roman numerals would most support the scholar's hypothesis concerning the date of the Testament.


Premise: Kong Zhi, Meng Rui, Xun Hui, Zhuang Cong, Mo Ling, Han Min and other six people formed a representative team to participate in a chess competition, including two to participate in the game of Go, two to participate in the Chinese chess competition, and two to participate in the international chess competition. The following conditions should also be met regarding their participation in specific events :(1) each participant can only participate in one event; (2) Kong Zhi participates in weiqi competition, if and only if Zhuang Cong and Meng Rui both participate in Chinese chess competition; (3) If Han Min does not participate in the chess competition, Mo Ling will participate in the Chinese chess competition; (4) If Xun Hui participates in Chinese chess match, Zhuang Cong does not participate in Chinese chess match; (5) At least one of Xun Hui and Mo Ling will not participate in Chinese chess matches.

Hypothesis: Han Min and Kong Zhi take part in the go competition can be true according to the above information.


Premise: With the increasing scale of modern enterprises, there is less and less direct connection between managers and managed. To a large extent, managers of today's large enterprises deal with their subordinates through reports to obtain information and manage.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'It brings some better methods of enterprise management' supports the view that the growing size of a business is a reflection of this.


Premise: In seventeenth-century France, many remunerative government positions in the provinces were sold by the king and then passed from father to son. Historians have concluded that this system was more effective than a purely meritocratic system in ensuring not only that most of the officials were competent, but that they were more sympathetic to the local people than to the king.

Hypothesis: To raise revenues, new offices were often created and sold by the king is an exception to the historians' conclusion.


Premise: In modern society, many people get fat, have beer bellies and are seriously overweight because they often drink beer.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'If people only drink beer and eat very little other food every day, especially meat, will they still get fat?' is impossible to question the above argument.


Premise: Among small- to medium-sized marine mammals such as seals and dolphins, the longer an animal can stay submerged during a dive, the greater the depth the animal can reach. Dolphins can dive to greater depths than northern fur seals can, and elephant seals can stay submerged longer than Weddell seals can.

Hypothesis: Northern fur seals can stay submerged longer than elephant seals can, but Weddell seals can dive to greater depths than dolphins can is not true if the information above is accurate.


Premise: Researchers have discovered that caffeine can be as physically addictive as other psychoactive substances. Some people find that they become unusually depressed, drowsy, or even irritable if they do not have their customary dose of caffeine. This is significant because as many people consume caffeine as consume any one of the other addictive psychoactive substances.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If alcohol is a physically addictive psychoactive substance, there are not more people who consume alcohol than consume caffeine' can be logically concluded from the information above.


Premise: A unit needs to send personnel to participate in poverty alleviation work. It is known that if Xiao Li does not participate, then ponies participate. If the pony doesn't take part, so does Xiao Li. If the ponies take part then Xiao Li will also take part.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ma participates in poverty alleviation is correct based on the above criteria.


Premise: Prairie Restaurant is a famous old restaurant on the prairie, but it has some unwritten rules , if prairie restaurant sells both braised mutton and haggis soup on a certain day, it must also sell roast whole lamb; The restaurant never sells roast whole lamb on Sundays; ... People are familiar with these rules and take them for granted. In addition, we also know that Boss Wang only goes to eat at the Grassland Restaurant when he sells braised mutton.

Hypothesis: If this assertion is true, then it must also be true that the Prairie Restaurant doesn't sell haggis soup on Sundays.


Premise: An instigator is a criminal who deliberately instigates another person to commit a crime. Its outstanding feature is that he does not commit the crime personally, but deliberately instigates another person to commit a crime and decides to commit the crime.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang ordering his son and Doudou to steal electric wires and other transmission equipment and resell them is an instigator.


Premise: A working group plans to conduct field research and initially determine that only one region in eastern, western or northern Guangdong will be selected. In this regard, three people in the working group A, B, C put forward the following opinions: A: eastern Guangdong is more representative in this survey and should go to eastern Guangdong. B: I have already been to northern Guangdong in the last round of research, so we should choose other regions this time. C: I think it is more appropriate to choose western or northern Guangdong to conduct field research.

Hypothesis: The working group adopted opinion of B must be correct.


Premise: Thangka is a kind of painting form with rich Tibetan cultural characteristics. It has a history of more than 1300 years since the rise of the Tubo Dynasty. It is a cultural treasure of the snowy plateau. In addition to religion, it also has historical and folk contents, so it is also called an encyclopedia for understanding Tibet. Therefore, if you want to understand the history of Tibet, in addition to reading rigorous but slightly rigid history books, you can also choose a pleasant and pleasant way-- appreciate thangka, talk to many ancients, and imagine historical events. appreciate the rich spiritual world of Tibetans and understand the unique Tibetan folk customs, which is a process that makes history three-dimensional and sensible.

Hypothesis: Thangka can provide you with a comfortable and easy way to learn about Tibet can be inferred from this text.


Premise: The goal of the construction of the social security system is that everyone will enjoy social security to varying degrees by 2020. The bottom line of the social security system is to prevent anyone from falling into despair because of life difficulties and to eliminate their survival crisis and fear. As long as one person is desperate because of the difficulties of life, then there are loopholes in the guaranteed network.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph on the construction of the social security system is the principle.


Premise: Emotion is an important feature of mankind's artistic mastery of the world. Art aesthetics is precisely to regulate art objects with emotions, infect and inspire art appreciators.

Hypothesis: Man's artistic mastery of the world is his emotional mastery is correct.


Premise: The fact that the Chinese women's volleyball team won the championship in the Athens Olympic Games makes us realise many truths. For example, failure must not be accepted when it has not determined. When there is still a faint hope of victory, try your best to win! Otherwise, you are not real strong.

Hypothesis: Only when failure becomes an unchangeable fact, the real strong man will accept failure can be deduced from the above.


Premise: Property income refers to the income derived from movable property (such as bank deposits, securities, etc.) and real property (such as houses, vehicles, land, collectibles, etc.) owned by the family.

Hypothesis: Patent income from the transfer of property use rights is not classified as property income according to the above definition.


Premise: The study found that eating walnuts and other nuts for a long time can improve some indicators related to brain function, which is not the same as the expected brain tonifying function of walnuts. So far, there is no direct research evidence that eating walnuts can improve people's IQ or test scores in a short time. Moreover, most people's intelligence will peak around the age of 20~30. After that, it is difficult to improve. A correct diet, including daily intake of a small number of nuts such as walnuts, is indeed conducive to delaying the aging process of the brain and reducing the risk of diseases, including stroke. However, the effect of quick response, good memory and intelligent running up is just a beautiful imagination.

Hypothesis: Daily intake of an appropriate number of walnuts is conducive to delaying the aging process of the brain is correct according to this passage.


Premise: The worsening environment of the Earth will endanger our health. Each of us should raise the consciousness of environmental protection and undertake the obligation of protecting green environment.

Hypothesis: It is not that some people should have an obligation to protect the environment can be inferred.


Premise: Jiangtian City Finance Bureau decided to send a comrade to help the poor in rural areas according to the instructions of the superior. Finance Bureau A, B, C, D, E and other comrades actively signed up after learning the news and applied to go. According to the registration situation and the needs of the Bureau's own work, the bureau leaders made the following decisions: (1) to select at least one of A and B; (2) to select at most one of B and C; (3) to select at most one of A and D; and (4) if D is selected, then both C and E are indispensable.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that the correct statement is 'Do not pick D' based on the information provided.


Premise: Resistance: refers to the ability of a substance to hinder the flow of electric current. Its size is related to the nature of the material itself.

Hypothesis: According to this definition, the statement "The resistance of copper wires is lower than that of iron wires, which does not mean that the current flows faster in copper wires than iron wires" is wrong.


Premise: Impression management refers to the efforts of individuals to show themselves in front of others in order to make others form a positive impression of themselves.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Ms. Wang is the owner of a beauty salon. She usually pays great attention to skin care and grooming, which always gives people a radiant feeling is not considered to be impression management.


Premise: Throughout the history of currency development, currency internationalization brings some risks to the host country, but the risk is far lower than the benefits. From the perspective of ordinary people, the high degree of internationalization of their own currency means that in the process of traveling, consuming and studying abroad, it is more convenient to pay in their own currency without going through tedious exchange procedures; from the government's point of view, the issuing country of international currency can finance the international deficit by issuing its own currency and levies a seigniorage tax relative to other countries, the benefits of which are self-evident. As a result, the currencies of many countries are scrambling to internationalize.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is explaining the result of currency internationalization.


Premise: Just as insect bites can cause itching, skin contact with plant toxins can also cause itching. Studies on itching of oak leaves have found that when they come into contact with plant toxins, skin cells release histamine that causes redness, swelling and itching. Antihistamine drugs such as diphenhydramine can treat this kind of itching, but there is no suitable drug to treat itching caused by allergic eczema. For the latter, the best advice is wear loose clothes and don't scratch with your hands under any circumstances.

Hypothesis: Reducing skin friction helps to inhibit histamine activity is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: Shake and shake to make friends, Shake and shake to find a restaurant, and Shake and shake to karaoke have become the new lifestyles of people in the era of smartphones. However, the locations that are shaken during the process of shake and shake are often different from reality. The difference is a lot, ranging from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. This often brings users finding trouble in large cities with densely distributed buildings. With the development of Internet technology, cloud computing may be able to help this problem and provide a solution. Experts believe that cloud computing can provide positioning accuracy services. The location service that it combines with positioning navigation can make the positioning accuracy reach 1 meter. As the main theme of the information industry, cloud computing brings people's lives unexpected changes have come, and it has served various groups more and more deeply, and even changed the consumption patterns of the entire society.

Hypothesis: The main point of this text is that location services affect social consumption patterns.


Premise: All-optical communication is a new optical wave communication without any photoelectric conversion. In all-optical communication system, image and voice information are directly converted into optical signals and transmitted in transmission media. In the all-optical communication system composed of camera optical system, optical fiber system and receiving optical amplification system, there is no photoelectric conversion, so there is no electronic component, the signal distortion is small, and it can work continuously in the high temperature environment above 100  degree. It is an ideal way of communication.

Hypothesis: There is no need for information conversion in all-optical communication does not fit into this paragraph.


Premise: It is generally believed that advertisers will do whatever it takes to attract customers. But this is not always the case for advertisers. Recently, in order to expand the sales section, a family magazine called Haven has changed its name to purgatory, which mainly features violent and pornographic content. As a result, some perennial advertisers of Harbor magazine refused to renew their contracts and switch to other publications, which shows that these advertisers consider not only economic interests, but also moral responsibilities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The violent and pornographic content published in purgatory magazine is more restrained in similar magazines' can best weaken the above argument if correct.


Premise: Jackson City has outgrown its current fire station. The existing station cannot be expanded to fit the city' s needs because of building code restrictions. Real estate in the area of the existing station is far more expensive than building space on the west side of the city. Since the price of a building is a considerable portion of the total cost, it would be more economical to move the fire station to the west side of the city.

Hypothesis: If the fire station is moved to the west side of the city, insurance rates will skyrocket because the west side of the city has higher arson and vandalism rates most seriously undermines the argument's conclusion.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Hao Yun Station is adjacent to Fu Yi Station and is to the west of Fu Yi Station can be inferred if Hao Yun Station is on the east side of the station.


Premise: A stereotype is a fixed view of a certain group or thing in society formed through direct or indirect experience.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Northerners are generous is not stereotype.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: Signal soldier: W; Engineering soldiers: F, H and Y; Transport soldiers: G, I and X may be a complete and accurate service allocation plan for recruits.


Premise: On the page does the German Shepherd Dog understand English, the book corrects my understanding of Jenny Goodall. The author criticizes: there is a woman in the United States who claims to be a scientist who claims to be able to talk to Gigi, the mother orangutan. She said Gigi told her interesting stories about death and heaven in orangutan Esperanto, and she answered in dumb language. Unfortunately, other researchers who imitated her found nothing, indicating that this so-called communication is actually based on fantasy.

Hypothesis: The author's original knowledge of Jenny Goodall is that the communication between her and Gigi, the mother orangutan, is actually based on fantasy.


Premise: Environmentalists worry that the large-scale use of plastic packaging will pollute the environment and try to make manufacturers find ways to recycle plastic materials. However, despite their efforts, the recycling rate of plastic products is only 6.5%. The recycling rate of glass containers is 33%.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The quality of products produced from recycled plastic is poor, while recycled glass does not have such a problem' is not helpful in explaining the relatively low recycling rate of plastic products.


Premise: There is no wear, aging, aging and other problems in the long-term operation and use of the software. In the operation and use of any mechanical and electronic equipment, its failure rate mostly follows the U-shaped curve . That is because the parts are not yet flexible when they are first put into use, and they are often prone to problems. After a period of operation, it can be stabilized. When the equipment has experienced a considerable period of operation, there will be wear, aging and other problems, which will suddenly increase the failure rate. This means that it has reached the end of life and is about to be scrapped.

Hypothesis: As soon as any mechanical or electronic equipment is put into use, the parts have not yet operated flexibly, but the more it is used, the easier it is to use does not fit the meaning of the article.


Premise: The realization of food safety must have the effective management of the government. Only the mutual coordination and cooperation between government departments can ensure the effective management of the government. However, without a sound supervision and restriction mechanism, it is impossible to realize the coordination and cooperation among government departments

Hypothesis: If we want to improve the supervision mechanism, we must have the effective management of the government can be inferred.


Premise: Joint ownership means that two or more co-owners have the same rights and assume the same responsibilities and obligations for the same property.

Hypothesis: According to regulations, each dormitory of a university should have six people, but due to the number of people, there are only three people in the last dormitory. In the end, each dormitory was equipped with a drinking fountain, and the three-person dormitory also installed one can be considered as joint ownership according to the above definition.