Premise: A translation invariably reflects the writing style of the translator. Sometimes when a long document needs to be translated quickly, several translators are put to work on the job, each assigned to translate part of the document. In these cases, the result is usually a translation marked by different and often incompatible writing styles. Certain computer programs for language translation that work without the intervention of human translators can finish the job faster than human translators and produce a stylistically uniform translation with an 80 percent accuracy rate. Ttherefore, when a long document needs to be translated quickly, it is better to use a computer translation program than human translators.

Hypothesis: The issue of whether the problem of stylistic variety in human translation could be solved by giving stylistic guidelines to human translators is the least important to resolve in evaluating the argument.


Premise: It has recently been found that job prospects for college graduates have never been better. The trend is likely to continue over the next decade. A recent survey found that most employers simply did not know that the number of students graduating would drop by 25 percent over the past ten years, and had not anticipated or planned for this trend. Most employers were not aware that, although the supply of graduates currently meets demand, this situation could change. The same survey revealed that the number of undergraduates choosing to study subjects in high demand, like mathematics and engineering, has dropped substantially. This trend is likely to continue over the next decade.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Soon, fewer graduates are likely to be competing for fewer available jobs' can properly be concluded from the passage above.


Premise: The right of formation refers to the right to change or destroy the legal relationship according to the meaning of the obligee.

Hypothesis: "A to recover the reward given by his six-year-old son to the network anchor" does not belong to the exercise of the right of formation according to the above definition.


Premise: Magazine article: Sugar consumption may exacerbate attention deficit disorder (ADD) in children. A recent study found that children produce large amounts of adrenaline within hours after consuming large amounts of sugar. This increase in adrenaline is especially noticeable if the source of sugar is candy, in which case the sugar' s effects are not ameliorated by the ingestion of other foodstuffs.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument in the magazine article depends is that the adrenaline level of children who do not have ADD is not increased by excessive sugar consumption.


Premise: Unit crime: refers to an act that endangers the society and should be punished according to law by a company, enterprise, institution, organ or organization that seeks benefits for the unit and is committed in the name of the unit after being decided by the decision-making body or the person in charge of the unit.

Hypothesis: The unit crime of the person in charge of a milk production enterprise who decided to mix expired milk into fresh milk for packaging and sale, making a profit of more than 500000 yuan, was exposed later.


Premise: The study found that people aged 20 to 39 are more keen on using sports applications in smart phones. The main reason is that most of them have participated in work, and sub-health is more common in this group, so more and more white-collar workers and young people pay more attention to physical health. At the same time, the obesity rate of young people is relatively high, and young people's pursuit of beauty is far more than that of middle-aged and elderly people, so they care more about sports. In addition, users in this age group are also more familiar with the operation of smart phones.

Hypothesis: Many young people work overtime for a long time and sleep is far from enough, which weakens the above findings.


Premise: In response to several bacterial infections traced to its apple juice, McElligott now flash pasteurizes its apple juice by quickly heating and immediately rechilling it. Intensive pasteurization, in which juice is heated for an hour, eliminates bacteria more effectively than does any other method, but is likely to destroy the original flavor. However, because McElligott' s citrus juices have not been linked to any bacterial infections, they remain unpasteurized.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Apple juice that undergoes intensive pasteurization is less likely than McElligott's apple juice is to contain bacteria' provides the most support for the claim if the statements above are true.


Premise: Material evidence refers to material traces and objects that can prove the true circumstances of a case.  Physical evidence is characterized by its appearance, quality, characteristics and location, reflecting some facts of the case, which can be used to prove the truth of the case.

Hypothesis: A stolen vehicle recovered by the police in a certain area during an operation against motor vehicle theft belongs to material evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: Aerobics instructor: Compared to many forms of exercise, kickboxing aerobics is highly risky. Overextending when kicking often leads to hip, knee, or lower-back injuries. Such overextension is very likely to occur when beginners try to match the high kicks of more skilled practitioners.

Hypothesis: To reduce the risk of injuries, beginners at kickboxing aerobics should avoid trying to match the high kicks of more skilled practitioners is most strongly supported by the aerobics instructor's statements.


Premise: Statistics show that people who practice Taijiquan all the year round have the same average life expectancy as those who never practice Taijiquan. Thus it can be seen that practicing Taijiquan can not strengthen the body and prolong life.

Hypothesis: The statement "There are many frail and sick people who insist on practicing Taijiquan all the year round" would most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: A nationwide poll of students, parents, and teachers showed that over 90 percent believe that an appropriate percentage of their school' s budget is being spent on student counseling programs. It seems, then, that any significant increase in a school' s budget should be spent on something other than student counseling programs.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to justify its presumption that what is true of a part of the budget is also true of the total budget describes a flaw in the reasoning of the argument above.


Premise: Dumping is defined as selling a product in another country for less than production cost. Shrimp producers from Country F are selling shrimp in Country G below the cost of producing shrimp in Country G. So Country F' s producers are dumping shrimp.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the argument above, it is necessary to determine whether production cost in the definition of dumping refers to the cost of producing the product in the country where it originates or in the country where it is sold.


Premise: At present, the reform of the examination and enrollment system in our country is being carried out in an all-round way. Through the reform of the college entrance examination, we hope to encourage middle schools to change the direction of education from simple education to all-round education. From pursuing subject achievement to promoting students' growth. At the same time, through the comprehensive quality evaluation, we should encourage the personalized education in middle school, guide the students' self-cognition and find their own interest specialty and personality. On the other hand, if the high school entrance examination bonus program continues to expand, it may not only affect the quality of the education reform at this stage, but also offset the achievements of the college entrance examination reform.

Hypothesis: According to this paragraph, it can be inferred from the realistic logic of China's education reform that the extra points in the senior high school entrance examination should conform to the laws of education and further promote educational equity.


Premise: Some critics of space exploration programs claim that they are too costly to be justified. Moreover, there is the very real risk of a debilitating explosion -- most experts say something like a 1-in-70 chance per flight. Budgetary pressures to make the programs cheaper only serve to undermine safety: one program' s managers uncovered a series of manufacturing flaws that critics contend are a direct consequence of the pressure to produce results as quickly and cheaply as possible.

Hypothesis: Safety is often sacrificed in order to reach a goal as quickly as possible is the proposition that the passage most closely conforms to.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: For any acceptable arrangement, F must be scheduled for a week after K.


Premise: Achieved-status refers to a person's social status obtained by going through some kind of open and competitive struggle or having some special ability.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, having a son like Sun Zhongmou is consistent with the statement of achieved-status.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: If the age of Y is the second earliest, the age of K may be earlier than that of Q.


Premise: Civil juristic acts refer to the legal acts of citizens or legal persons to establish, modify, and terminate civil rights and civil obligations, including civil juristic acts with a time limit and civil juristic acts with conditions. The conditions attached to a civil juristic act are agreed by the actor to occur in the future Uncertain legal facts. A civil juristic act with a time limit refers to a civil juristic act in which a certain period is agreed in a civil juristic act, and the arrival of that period is a prerequisite for the occurrence, modification, and elimination of the actor's civil rights, obligations.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A said to B, 'If the sun rises from the west, I will give you a house' is a conditional civil legal act.


Premise: A unit selects students to study abroad on the condition that they are proficient in business and fluent in English or French. Xiao Hong was not selected.

Hypothesis: Xiao Hong is proficient in business, but he is not fluent in French can be derived from the above information.


Premise: Our body's circadian clock system is affected by many factors, one of which is light. Research shows that light can effectively deceive the brain into day mode, even if people's eyes are closed at that time. Researchers have found that light therapy can help us adjust jet lag, including continuous light and flashes at different intervals, The study also found that people who experienced flash processing during sleep delayed the cycle of sleepiness by two hours.

Hypothesis: It takes a long time to adjust your jet lag by yourself, and on average you can only get an hour's jet lag every day, best supports the above view.


Premise: There is a very complex relationship between genes, traits and diseases. the most primitive way to decipher this relationship is the gene linkage analysis established in the middle of the last century: by comparing the similarities and differences of chromosome bands or genetic markers of different members of families affected by genetic diseases, locate disease-causing genes on chromosomes. This method has made a lot of achievements in the study of single-gene genetic diseases, but its disadvantage is that the resolution is limited, so it is difficult to accurately locate a single gene.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that there are obvious defects in the method of gene linkage analysis.


Premise: The Mayan ruins unearthed jewelry workshops,It is located on the side of the road radiating outward from the center of the site. Since the aristocracy lived only in the centre, archaeologists concluded that the jewellery produced by these workshops was not for the aristocracy, but for a middle class who must have been rich enough, you can buy jewelry.

Hypothesis: The archaeologists made the assumption that the craftsmen working in the workshops were members of the wealthy middle class in their judgment.


Premise: In economics, the emergence of individual organizations with higher efficiency within the system will destroy or inhibit the existence and development of other organizations with lower efficiency. People call this effect tIp effect. Due to the unbalanced development among individuals, regions and countries, the tIp effect is common.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a new policy to increase support for small and medium-sized enterprises, while regulating monopoly industries and limiting the scale can help avoid the tip effect.


Premise: People walk through the city, not only the walk of space, but also the passage of time. The integrity of time series is the context and genealogy of a city, and it is the blood and temperament of a city. Money and technology can make a city tall quickly, but not a city long. The value of a modern handicraft made of a lot of gold, silver and jewelry may not be comparable to that of a simple or even damaged Song Dynasty porcelain vase, and the value between them lies only in time.

Hypothesis: The integrity of time series is referred to as 'it' in this paragraph.


Premise: The western Pacific is the most concentrated seamount system in the world. The Mariana Trench in the western Pacific is a plate subduction zone, and the submarine geological movement is very active. The material composition and genesis of seamount volcanic rocks are of great interest to Marine geologists. The warm pool and the North Equatorial Current in the Western Pacific have important effects on the climate of China, which are the focus of physical oceanography scientists. There is also the coral reef Delta with the highest Marine biodiversity in the world, which is a hot area for research on the origin and evolution of Marine organisms. Therefore, Marine scientists can carry out multi-disciplinary collaborative exploration and research on the hydrophysical, chemical and biogenic elements, topography and geomorphology, geological environment and biological ecology of seamounts here.

Hypothesis: The importance of scientific research in the Western Pacific is mainly introduced in the passage.


Premise: Because people are generally better at detecting mistakes in others' work than in their own, a prudent principle is that one should always have one' s own work checked by someone else.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People should always have their writing proofread by someone else. Someone who does not know in advance what is meant to be said is in a better position to spot typographical errors' provides the best illustration of the principle above.


Premise: All kindergartens face the same problem: for those parents who cannot come to pick up their children in time after the kindergarten is over, kindergarten teachers have no choice but to wait, so many kindergartens charge parents who pick up their children late. However, there are surveys. It is shown that the number of parents who pick up their children late after the fee has not been reduced, but has increased.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fee is too low and does not have much binding force on parents who often come to pick up their children late' best explains the above survey results.


Premise: Although the fact is that the sanitation inspection procedures of institutions that prepare banquets are much stricter than those of ordinary restaurants, there are more food poisoning cases reported to the municipal health department than ordinary restaurants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The organizations that prepare banquets know how many people they have to serve, so they are less likely to have surplus food than ordinary restaurants-a major cause of food poisoning' can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: Scientific outlook on development is to adhere to the people-oriented approach, establish a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development concept, and promote the all-round development of the economy, society and people.

Hypothesis: Increasing interest on deposits and increasing the people's interest income is not in line with scientific outlook on development.


Premise: The earliest foundation of Beijing City was Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. In the next thousand years, Beijing has undergone four large-scale developments, expansions, or new constructions. They were the Yuan capital in the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty. In most cities, the inner city built in the early Ming Dynasty and the outer city built after the middle period, Beijing's convex-shaped city wall was completed in this way. The Qing Dynasty inherited Beijing from the Ming Dynasty, and the overall layout system of the city was not changed until the modern era.

Hypothesis: Beijing City expanded its outer city in the early Ming Dynasty is correct.


Premise: According to relevant surveys, 70% of Chinese families do not keep pets as long as they have children. Their view is that pets are a threat to children's health. In some Western countries, almost every family has pets. For them, pets are children. Indispensable playmates in the process of growing up.

Hypothesis: Chinese and Western families have different ideas about keeping pets is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: The dwarf masked owl, a rare migratory bird of prey, normally makes its winter home on the Baja peninsula, where it nests in the spiny cactus. In fact, there are no other suitable nesting sites for the dwarf masked owl on the Baja peninsula. But a blight last spring destroyed all of the spiny cacti on the Baja peninsula. So unless steps are taken to reestablish the spiny cactus population, the dwarf masked owl will not make its home on the Baja peninsula this winter.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that on occasion the dwarf masked owl has been known to make its winter home far from its normal migratory route.


Premise: Bonding strategy refers to a strategy for bonding different objects or components in different objects into a new image.

Hypothesis: Fengyuan, Hongyuan, and Xinxing were originally three individual small enterprises, and the situation was very difficult. The municipal government took measures to let them unite into Xin Hongyuan Co., Ltd., and now they have become provincial star enterprises is not part of the bonding strategy according to the above definition.


Premise: Rove held an important position in the navy before he became president. Once, a good friend asked him about the navy's plan to build a submarine base on a small island. Roosevelt looked around mysteriously, lowered his voice and asked, can you keep it a secret? of course i can! his friend is quite sure. then, Roosevelt said with a smile, so can I.

Hypothesis: This passage tells us that humor can skillfully solve difficult problems.


Premise: During the Olympic Games, a post said: when playing the national anthem, the Spanish team did not have a mouth, so it was very unpatriotic. It can be inferred that the Dream team led by Jordan is the most patriotic. When they accepted the prize, the team members were all wearing American flags. But the truth is that the Spanish national anthem has no lyrics at all. The U.S. national team is sponsored by Reebok, while Jordan's sponsor is Nike, who used the flag to cover Reebok's logo for their pledge of allegiance to Nike.

Hypothesis: Appearance and truth is a suitable title for this paragraph.


Premise: The king wanted to choose the smartest and bravest son-in-law for his daughter. Like all the suitors, he declared that he had locked the princess and the two lions into three houses respectively, and then wrote a sentence on the doors of the three houses to let the suitors open the doors they thought they could open. The door of the first room said there are lions in this house and the door of the second room said The princess is in the first room. the door of the third room reads there is a lion in this house.

Hypothesis: The correct statement is "The princess is in the second room."


Premise: A law that is not consistently enforced does not serve its purpose. Law without enforcement is not law; it is merely statute -- a promise of law. To institute real law is not merely to declare that such and such behavior is forbidden; it is also to punish those who violate that edict. Furthermore, those who enforce law must punish without favor for their friends or malice for their enemies. To punish only those one dislikes while forgiving others is not to enforce law but to engage in the arbitrary and unjust exercise of power.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that instituting real law consists in the unbiased punishment of prohibited behavior.


Premise: With the rising price of oil, some countries use microorganisms to ferment sugar cane, sugar beet and cassava into alcohol to replace oil. This alcohol has the characteristics of complete combustion, high efficiency and no pollution. It can be used to dilute gasoline to obtain ethanol gasoline. For example, Brazil has refitted dozens of cars to use ethanol gasoline or alcohol as fuel, greatly reducing air pollution.

Hypothesis: Rising fuel prices affect the automotive industry is correct according to the above.


Premise: The recent instability in Southeast Asia is due to the impact of bird flu. However, if there is no turbulence in the economic situation, the impact of bird flu on the situation will not be obvious. Therefore, in order to prevent instability, we must stabilize the economic situation.

Hypothesis: The statement "Before bird flu, the situation in Southeast Asia was unstable" weakens the conclusion that outbreaks such as bird flu caused instability in Southeast Asia.


Premise: Labor dispatch is a new employment model emerging in China in recent years. Its object is a new special labor group with highly professional and technical knowledge, experience and ability under the condition of knowledge economy. They should be invited by different enterprises, and flow between different enterprises, industries and countries. Labor dispatch in various forms, for workers can be used for a long time, can also be used for a short time, weekends, but also can be used for key projects.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao, who works in one company, does a part-time job in another company every weekend is labor dispatch according to the above definition.


Premise: The Dong Hu Lin people site is a human cultural site in the early Neolithic age. The human ossified stone found in the site is identified as two adult male individuals and one young female individual. A necklace made of small spiral shells is used at the neck of the girl's remains, and a bone bracelet made of cow ribs is worn at the wrist. This shows that human aesthetic consciousness has begun to sprout in the early Neolithic age.

Hypothesis: If true, the fact that two adult male remains have larger necklaces around their necks weakens the above judgment most.


Premise: Physician: Stories of people developing serious health problems shortly after receiving vaccinations have given rise to the question of whether vaccination is safe. But even if these stories are true, they need not be cause for concern. With millions of people being vaccinated every year, it is to be expected that some will develop health problems purely by coincidence shortly after receiving vaccinations.

Hypothesis: The statement 'For the most part, stories of people developing serious health problems shortly after receiving vaccinations involve vaccines that were recently introduced' would most strengthen the physician's argument.


Premise: False correlation means that causality is inferred between two events without causality based on some other unseen factors (potential variables), resulting in the illusion that the two events are related. However, this connection can not be confirmed by objective experiments.

Hypothesis: The magnitude of inertia and the nuclear load of the car is not a false correlation according to the above definition.


Premise: Family migration refers to the phenomenon of one-way population flow in which family members leave their original residence and move to the destination with the main factors of production.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After his wife's death, Liu was taken to a local retirement home by his only daughter, who worked in Macau' is the family migration according to the above definition.


Premise: Although winter is approaching, the price of oil used by industrial consumers is particularly low this year and may remain. Therefore, unless the winter is particularly cold, the price of natural gas used by industrial consumers may also remain at a low level.

Hypothesis: Oil sales are more susceptible to severe weather than natural gas sales best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: An evaluation agency conducted a social survey to evaluate the popularity of books. The results show that the sales volume of life books exceeds that of science and technology books, so the popularity of life books is higher than that of science and technology books.

Hypothesis: Sales only partly reflect the popularity of books can best refute the above argument.


Premise: A college will continue to implement the overseas funding plan this year. It plans to select several of the six teachers from Mr. Liu, Mr. Zhang, Mr. Wang, Mr. Ma, Mr. Niu and Mr. Zhou to visit abroad. Due to the limitations of funding, the needs of discipline development, curriculum arrangement, place and time of each student's visit, the selection shall meet the following conditions: (1) Mr. Liu is the reserve discipline leader of the college, This time we have to send out. (2) if we choose Mr. Liu, we should also choose Mr. Zhou, but we can't choose Mr. Zhang. (3) only if Mr. Niu can't choose, at least one of Mr. Wang and Mr. Ma can choose. (4) if we don't choose Mr. Wang, we don't choose Mr. Zhou either.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, neither Mr. Wang nor Mr. Niu was elected.


Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that suitable nesting sites must be present where the dwarf masked owl makes its winter home.


Premise: In 2005 Shanghai invited Manchester United to Shanghai for a friendly  match. In just one day, the sponsor grossed eight million yuan. This time,  Shanghai invited Spain's Real Madrid Club for a friendly match and plus various activities with the fans inside the stadium, the sponsor is ready to make ten million yuan of box office revenue in two days.

Hypothesis: The assumption that this event will take two days longer than the last time, which can attract more fans is most likely implied by the above inference.


Premise: If a crisis occurs, the company can take very effective measures to eliminate the crisis, which can actually increase the company's reputation. A very good reputation may be destroyed in an instant because of an incident; while a bad reputation often takes a long time to eliminate it.

Hypothesis: It is easier to destroy a good reputation than to eliminate a bad one is most supported by the given statement.


Premise: Biography, in essence, is a record of human life activities and a special carrier of human life. Human life activities not only show the desire for survival and development, but also show the development and release of their own potential. The development and release of their own potential is a kind of force creation. Creation includes various forms, including the display of politicians' ability to govern the country and stabilize the world, the exploration of philosophers and thinkers in the spiritual field, the battle contest of strategists and galloping on the battlefield, the invention and creation of scientists, the talent display of writers and artists, the innovation and transformation of living environment by reformers, etc. This is a magnificent picture of life, and is a challenge from vitality to inertia. Only in this challenge can mankind maintain the vitality of their life and create better conditions for the cohesion of vitality. Chinese classical biographies are the display of this vitality.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this paragraph is that there are different expressions of human individual and overall creativity in biography.


Premise: Unmanned banks, using intelligent devices instead of tedious manual operations, of course, is the trend of the future. Reducing manpower expenditure and allowing limited manpower to give full play to the value of limited manpower may be the biggest driving force for banks to actively promote unmanned technology.However, banks can not reduce the level of service in order to reduce costs, ignore the actual needs of some groups, nor can they shirk their responsibility to protect the safety of customers' assets in the uninhabited future. In the application of technology, we can find the common pain point of users in order to better play with unmanned banks. After all, the purpose of the application of intelligent technology, in the final analysis, is to improve the service level of the banking industry, so that every user can enjoy better service.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the adoption of intelligent technology by banks cannot sacrifice service and security.


Premise: Society and culture advocate generosity, but such behavior often requires one to contribute one's own resources to the interests of others, so it is difficult to explain with general economic theory. However, some neuroscience papers have pointed out that even at the expense of self-interest, some people are generous to others because when people show generosity, they activate specific areas of the brain. and these areas are associated with areas that produce happiness.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, one of the reasons why people treat others generously is that generosity can increase happiness.


Premise: Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in AD 365.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No coins minted after AD 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance' most strongly supports the archaeologists' hypothesis.


Premise: According to the content of 27 kinds of essential nutrient elements to evaluate the nutritional value, the nutritional value of vegetables with high water content is low. The water content of Chinese yam is low, so the nutritional value of Chinese yam will be high.

Hypothesis: Venus does not emit its own light because stars emit their own light and Venus is not a star. This has the same form as the above reasoning.


Premise: City-to-city consumption: refers to the way that citizens often go to each other's city for shopping due to the convenient transportation between the two cities and the different prices.

Hypothesis: Every time Ms. Zhao returns from Korea, she buys a lot of cosmetics at the airport duty-free shop, which saves a lot of money than buying the same Korean brand in China is an option for city swap consumption.


Premise: Many most beautiful events unearthed by the media show that although contemporary Chinese society has encountered severe turbulence and reconstruction in the level of moral values in the period of rapid transformation, virtue still spreads in our real life. spread in every corner of society. The most beautiful event is the ordinary acts of ordinary people, and it is the ordinary actions of these ordinary people that well interpret the essence of morality, that is, people's independent reflection and conscious requirements of their own life. It embodies the pursuit of people's intrinsic value, rather than passively making their behavior conform to norms. This provides a useful inspiration for the moral construction of contemporary Chinese society.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that the most Beautiful incident brought moral enlightenment.


Premise: A certain auto repair shop services a particular make of car in the downtown region of a particular city. Three years ago, 4% of all repairs at this shop were not successful --- the mechanics were not able to restore the car to a drivable state. This year, only 2% of all repairs were not successful. Clearly, the mechanics training course, given over a year ago, has considerably increased the skill of mechanics at this particular shop, so that fewer cars are beyond their ability to repair.

Hypothesis: The total number of cars served per year by this shop has increased by 35% over the past three years, if true, does not weaken the argument.


Premise: The 21st century is the century of the ocean. Over the past few years, the characteristics of the development, competition and control of the ocean by the world's powers have begun to take shape, and the most important thing is to march into the deep sea. Although this round of invisible deep-sea secret war seems calm, it hides opportunities, and will have a profound impact on the future global political pattern, military strategy and international relations. At the same time, controlling the deep sea is crucial to winning land wars, air warfare and even space warfare will also be of decisive significance.

Hypothesis: The above paragraph highlights the key points and future trend of deep sea secret war.


Premise: To prevent a newly built dam on the Chiff River from blocking the route of fish migrating to breeding grounds upstream, the dam includes a fish pass, a mechanism designed to allow fish through the dam. Before the construction of the dam and fish pass, several thousand fish a day swam upriver during spawning season. But in the first season after the project' s completion, only 300 per day made the journey. Clearly, the fish pass is defective.

Hypothesis: On other rivers in the region, the construction of dams with fish passes has led to only small decreases in the number of fish migrating upstream most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Public information resources refer to all kinds of data systems which are managed by social specific management organization according to law and provide information service for the whole society. It has the characteristics of publicity, extensiveness, foundation and commonweal.

Hypothesis: The public security departments have established the information sharing system of the Ministry of Public Security is the public information resources.


Premise: All the good critics like every poet mentioned by Green in this speech. Although Gerst is a very good poet, no good critic likes him.

Hypothesis: Green did not mention Gerst in this speech if the above argument is true.


Premise: China's relevant laws stipulate that large and medium-sized hazardous chemical production enterprises and residential buildings should maintain a safety red line of at least 1000 meters. However, with the rapid development of the city, many previously remote hazardous chemical production enterprises are gradually surrounded by residential areas. Once an accident occurs, it will cause immeasurable losses to the lives and property of the surrounding residents. In order to prevent the risks brought by hazardous chemical production enterprises to nearby residents, some experts suggest setting up a chemical park in the suburbs of the city to focus on the resettlement of hazardous chemical production enterprises originally scattered throughout the city, and strictly abide by the provisions of the 1000 meter safety red line.

Hypothesis: Centralized resettlement of chemical enterprises is easy to cause chain accidents, which may threaten the safety of residents thousands away, if correct, can best question the advice of the above experts.


Premise: A customer returning defective merchandise should be given an immediate refund if the merchandise was defective when purchased and was not on sale; if the customer is returning merchandise that is not defective or was damaged by customer negligence or customer abuse, the customer should be referred to the manager.

Hypothesis: The customer should be given an immediate refund is the judgment that conforms most closely to the principle stated above.


Premise: Virtual expression: refers to a way of expressing imaginary rather than real occurrences.

Hypothesis: If you connect the brighter stars in Sagittarius, it looks like a small spoon is not virtual expressions.


Premise: Pledge of rights means that the debtor or a third party takes his rights such as creditor's rights, equity, copyright, etc as security.

Hypothesis: Owing 20,000 yuan, Li presented a check for 20,000 yuan as repayment to his creditors is the pledge of rights.


Premise: In a study of the relationship between aggression and television viewing in nursery school children, many interesting interactions among family styles, aggression, and television viewing were found. High aggression occurred in both high-viewing and low-viewing children and this seemed to be related to parental lifestyle. High-achieving, competitive, middle-class parents, whose children did not watch much television, had more aggressive children than parents who planned their lives in an organized, child-centered way, which included larger amounts of television viewing.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the level of aggression of a child cannot be predicted from levels of television viewing alone is best supported by the passage.


Premise: Instinct can make creatures make complex responses to stimuli. Compared with non-instinctive respond, instinctive respond requires only a few nerve cells. A brain with capabilities of non-instinctive respond must have a large number of nerve cells, and no insect brain has such a number of nerve cells.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Creatures with brains larger than insect brains are capable of non-instinctive respond' can be inferred from the above.


Premise: Most serious students are happy students, and most serious students go to graduate school. Furthermore, all students who go to graduate school are overworked.

Hypothesis: Some happy students are overworked can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: At present, for the bio-processed food system to become a reality, there are still several things to do. First, it must be able to cultivate the tissues of vegetables and fruits in the culture medium. Second, it must be able to expand the production to meet the needs of the market.But to mass-produce economically,it is necessary to develop cheap raw materials and use the basic nutrients in them for mass production.

Hypothesis: The development of cheap raw materials is the key to the bio-processed food system can be inferred from this.


Premise: There is a very complex relationship between genes, traits and diseases. the most primitive way to decipher this relationship is the gene linkage analysis established in the middle of the last century: by comparing the similarities and differences of chromosome bands or genetic markers of different members of families affected by genetic diseases, locate disease-causing genes on chromosomes. This method has made a lot of achievements in the study of single-gene genetic diseases, but its disadvantage is that the resolution is limited, so it is difficult to accurately locate a single gene.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that gene analysis is helpful to the accurate treatment of genetic diseases.


Premise: Real estate developers in a city can only raise more development funds through direct loans from banks or through the pre-sale of commercial housing. The government does not allow banks to increase direct loans to the real estate industry.As a result, the city's real estate developers are unable to raise more development funds. Because _

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some real estate developers absconded with money after pre-selling commercial housing, which made it impossible for the project to be completed' can logically complete the above argument.


Premise: Social adaptation refers to the psychological and behavioral changes of individuals in order to achieve a harmonious relationship with the social environment. It is a continuous and changing process of interaction between individuals and various social environmental factors.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, mastering the local language within three months of going abroad is an example of social adaptation.


Premise: Since the Americas Summit was held in Miami in December last year, Latin American countries have accelerated the pace of establishing free trade zones, and the integration process has entered a new period.

Hypothesis: The Latin American integration process has entered a new era cannot be reflected.


Premise: The report released by the interior ministry states that within the past 5 years the national land-reclamation program has resulted in a 19 percent increase in the amount of arable land within the country. If these figures are accurate, the program has been a resounding success. Senator Armand, a distinguished mathematician and a woman of indisputable brilliance, maintains, however, that the reclamation program could not possibly have been successful. Clearly, ttherefore, the figures cited in the report cannot be accurate.

Hypothesis: The argument above exhibits an erroneous pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by Moira, who reports that Lee won a race in which Adams competed, but Lomas, a bicycle engineering expert, insists that Lee could not have won and so Moira's report cannot be true.


Premise: There are three foreign students sitting side by side on the bench. It is known that: (1) at least one of the two people on the right of the Sudanese student is a French student. (2) among the two French students on the left, there is a French student. (3) at least one of the two people on the left of the boy is a girl. (4) one of the two people on the right of the girl is also a girl.

Hypothesis: A girl from Sudan, a boy from France, and another boy from France is a true option for these three people.


Premise: Co-dependency refers that a person especially needs others to rely on himself and always loves to provide others with care that they don't need. Moreover, this kind of person also forces others to accept his care, so that others can't be independent. When others rely on him, he will feel satisfied and valuable. This symptom will suppress people's nerves and bring a lot of inconvenience to relatives, friends and even colleagues as well.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Mr. Wang renting a house near his daughter's university to accompany her belongs to co-dependency.


Premise: Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons; so alligators must be air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons.

Hypothesis: In terms of its logical features, the argument above most resembles the statement that green plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen back into the air; therefore, grass takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen into the air.


Premise: Journalists agree universally that lying is absolutely taboo. Yet, while many reporters claim that spoken words ought to be quoted verbatim, many others believe that tightening a quote from a person who is interviewed is legitimate on grounds that the speaker' s remarks would have been more concise if the speaker had written them instead. Also, many reporters believe that, to expose wrongdoing, failing to identify oneself as a reporter is permissible, while others condemn such behavior as a type of lying.

Hypothesis: Since lying is permissible in some situations, reporters are mistaken to think that it is absolutely taboo is most supported by the information above.


Premise: Artificial intelligence can imitate human intelligence and behavior, perceive the environment and make decisions and plans in a complex and changeable unknown environment, so as to actively perform tasks or complete set goals.

Hypothesis: The robot dog newly developed by Sony Corporation of Japan can identify men and women according to the characteristics of people's clothes and appearance, and greet different people with Hello, Mr. and Hello, Miss belongs to the category of artificial intelligence according to the definition.


Premise: During the four hundred years of Qin and Han dynasties, politics and culture promoted each other and formed a complementary mechanism. the effect was that unity was considered reasonable and normal, while division was considered unreasonable and abnormal. This stereotype caused by Qin and Han culture has a profound impact on Chinese history in the year 2000. National unity strengthens the speed and intensity of multicultural integration, while the integrated unified culture has strong cohesion and centripetal force, which in turn increases political unity.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the premise of national unity being the integration of culture.


Premise: The researchers recruited 697 smokers who wanted to quit and divided them into two groups. The first group quit smoking quickly, that is, stop smoking on the day of quitting smoking; the second group quit smoking gradually, set a date to stop smoking, and gradually reduce the number of smoking within a month. A month later, the success rate of quitting smoking was 49% in the quick quitting smoking group, compared with 39% in the gradual quitting smoking group. As a result, the researchers believe that the success rate of quitting smoking quickly is higher than that of quitting smoking gradually.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The risk of stroke in the quick quitting group will be reduced to that of non-smokers after 5 to 15 years' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Body fluid refers to the body contains a large amount of water-based fluids, including intracellular and extracellular fluids, which in addition to containing a large amount of water, there are many ions and compounds.

Hypothesis: The flow of plasma through a blood vessel does not belong to body fluids.


Premise: The own person effect means that in the information acceptance activity, the listener feels that the information communicator has similarities or similarities with himself in many aspects, and psychologically regards him as his own person, thus increasing the influence of the communicator.

Hypothesis: By definition, the option 'My son, like your daughter, learned English with this CD when he was three years old, and he especially liked the cartoon characters inside, and he can now communicate in English, a sales told customers while promoting the children's English early education CD' produces a own effect.


Premise: Someone said: It is impossible that all people will vote for him.

Hypothesis: The statement "There will be people who won't vote for him" is the closest to the meaning of the above judgement.


Premise: The leader of a certain unit decides to select several people from the six people of Wang, Chen, Zhou, Li, Lin, and Hu to perform an important task. The candidate to perform the task should meet all the following conditions: Only one of the two of Wang and Li needs to participate; Li , Only one of the two of Zhou will participate; Wang and Chen should have at least one of them; two of Wang, Lin, and Hu should participate; Chen and Zhou must either participate or not; if Lin participates, Li must join.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that Li, Lin will not attend is correct.


Premise: Artificial intelligence refers to the intelligence shown by artificial systems. The core issues of artificial intelligence include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, movement and the ability to manipulate objects.

Hypothesis: By using the digital theorem proving program, scientists have proved 38 theorems in the second chapter of the book Mathematical principles has nothing to do with artificial intelligence.


Premise: Widespread use of the Internet has led to an increase in certain crimes such as information theft and to new crimes like hacking. This seems due, at least in part, to the impersonal nature of the Internet. People seem to feel more free to harm others through the Internet than in person, suggesting that people feel less morally constrained when they use the Internet. For this reason, steps should be taken to educate people about the ethical use of the Internet.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Education about the ethical use of a tool increases one's sense of moral responsibility regarding its use' if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Peer pressure refers to the psychological pressure caused by people of similar age who are worried about being despised and excluded because of the gap in life, work, social status and so on.

Hypothesis: The option "When Xiaoding, a sales, saw that everyone else had completed the company's annual sales task, he only finished 60%. In order to prevent being transferred from the sales department next year, he contacts customers day and night" belongs to peer pressure.


Premise: Studies reveal that most people select the foods they eat primarily on the basis of flavor, and that nutrition is usually a secondary concern at best. This suggests that health experts would have more success in encouraging people to eat wholesome foods if they emphasized how flavorful those foods truly are rather than how nutritious they are.

Hypothesis: The studies that revealed that people choose the foods they eat primarily on the basis of flavor also revealed that people rated as most flavorful those foods that were least nutritious most strengthens the argument above.


Premise: It is generally believed that the outcome of tossing a coin of even quality is random. But in fact, the result of the toss is determined by the momentum and the initial height. Still, making accurate predictions about the outcome of a coin toss is difficult.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If the initial height of the coin toss remains constant, the outcome of the coin toss will only be determined by the toss momentum' explains most the phenomenon stated in the above, that the outcome of the toss is determined by certain factors, but the prediction is difficult.


Premise: Charity is a choice based on the brilliance of humanity. The brilliance of human nature is always illuminated from the inside out, from the near to the far. Filial Piety says, those who love others rather than their relatives are called immoral. As the western proverb also goes, charity begins at home. Life can have poetry and distance, but charity should not have darkness under the lamp. Start to understand charity from the people around you, start to practice charity from the things you can do, put kindness and kindness into your daily life, and make it an expression of love, a social responsibility and a way of life. This is the meaning of charity. The most valuable value of charity, as the embodiment of one's good knowledge and ability, lies not only in the great things it has done, but also in the small things it fills around.

Hypothesis: China and the West have basically the same concept of charity is emphasized in the above text.


Premise: Categorization refers to the individual's perception and judgment of the position of himself or others in society, which is not only based on the criteria of different classification of social systems in real society, but also based on the process of social comparison between himself and others. Classification is divided into social classification and self-classification. Social categorization is a subjective psychological process in which individuals divide others into different groups based on the similarity of sharing. Self-categorization means that the process of an individual from an independent individual to a member of a group is realized through classification, and the attribution of the group and the orientation of membership are realized through de-personalization.

Hypothesis: Xiaoming's parents think that he is more suitable to be a civil servant is the self-classification according to the above definition.


Premise: An ambitious young man wanted to invent a solution that could dissolve everything.

Hypothesis: Researching this solution requires complicated processes and equipment, and your conditions are not available can best make this young man change his original intentions.


Premise: Municipal legislator: The mayor proposes that the city accept a lighting company' s gift of several high-tech streetlights. Surely there would be no problem in accepting these despite some people' s fear that the company wants to influence the city' s decision regarding park lighting contracts. The only ulterior motive I can find is the company' s desire to have its products seen by mayors who will visit the city for an upcoming convention. In any case, favoritism in city contracts is prevented by our competitive-bidding procedure.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the municipal legislator's argument is that the mayor's proposal to accept the gift of streetlights should not be considered problematic.


Premise: Wirth: All efforts to identify a gene responsible for predisposing people to manic-depression have failed. In fact, nearly all researchers now agree that there is no manic-depression gene.  Ttherefore, if these researchers are right, any claim that some people are genetically predisposed to manic-depression is simply false. Chang: I do not dispute your evidence, but I take issue with your conclusion. Many of the researchers you refer to have found evidence that a set of several genes is involved and that complex interactions among these genes produce a predisposition to manic-depression.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Wirth and Chang is whether current research supports the claim that no one is genetically predisposed to manic-depression.


Premise: From the perspective of family affection, people hope that waiters don't really starve to death and hope that they will live forever. This is a normal emotion. However, from an objective perspective, each dead life has lost the characteristics of life at least in the body, and the whole body will inevitably disappear. From the spiritual level, the continuation of life is divorced from the biological concept, How long a person's life exists at the spiritual level depends on how many memorable things this life has brought to the world. The modern outlook on life puts forward the concept of body. Owning their own organs is the best way for the continuation of life and their survival in the world.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that organ donation is a way to prolong life in the world.


Premise: Although a few people verbally advocate that everyone is equal, they still strive to pursue privileges in real life.

Hypothesis: All people are equal can be inferred based on the information provided.


Premise: Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country's ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country's standard of living.

Hypothesis: A proper test of a country's ability to be competitive is its ability to balance its trade while its standard of living rises if the facts stated in the passage above are true.


Premise: Consumer supervision right refers to the right of consumers to supervise goods and services and the protection of consumer rights.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang found a safety hazard in an elevator in a shopping mall and immediately reported it to the relevant department belongs to consumer supervision right according to the above definition.


Premise: Everyone who came into contact with H1N1 was quarantined. Everyone who was quarantined came into contact with Wang.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is true, then Xiao Wang is a H1N1 patient is also true.


Premise: The true scientific significance of a group of unusual fossils discovered by the paleontologist Charles Walcott is more likely to be reflected in a recent classification than it was in Walcott' s own classification. Walcott was, after all, a prominent member of the scientific establishment. His classifications are thus unlikely to have done anything but confirm what established science had already taken to be true.

Hypothesis: A questionable technique used in the argument is drawing conclusions about the merit of a position and about the content of that position from evidence about the position's source.


Premise: It is not known whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infected animal to another at all stages of the infection. If it can be, there is now a reservoir of infected cattle incubating the disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show overt symptoms. Ttherefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated by __.

Hypothesis: The best way to complete the argument is to destroy all cattle in areas where BSE occurs and raise cattle only in areas where BSE is known not to have spread.


Premise: Synesthesia also known as shifting consciousness, is to describe objective things , with the language of image and the transfer of feeling, the human hearing, smell, taste, touch and other different feelings of each other to move the conversion,  which will originally represent the A feeling of the words used to represent the feeling of B, so that the image is more lively, novel a rhetorical style

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Your eyes are like stars in the sky' does not use the synonym.


Premise: Power hint refers to the influence on external members of the organization based on position, business ability, and personality charm.

Hypothesis: Xiao Cong, a fifth-grade student, plays video games very smoothly. When the school forms a team to participate in competitions at all levels, he is always asked for assistance and guidance is not a power hint.


Premise: Avalanches can put 40 to 50 tons of force on the surface of a hit object per square meter. The impact force is very striking. Avalanches can also cause violent oscillations in the air during their high-speed movement, a powerful blast of air in front of an avalanche faucet that resembles the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Avalanches are likely to be stopped at steep rock or sharp turns in river valleys. Avalanches, on the other hand, continue to move in the direction of avalanches, destroying forests, houses, overturning vehicles and choking people and animals.

Hypothesis: An avalanche gas wave has a much greater range than an avalanche can be inferred.


Premise: Counselor: Those who believe that criticism should be gentle rather than harsh should consider the following: change requires a motive, and criticism that is unpleasant provides a motive. Since harsh criticism is unpleasant, harsh criticism provides a motive. Ttherefore, only harsh criticism will cause the person criticized to change.

Hypothesis: The argument in the counselor's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to address the possibility that in some cases the primary goal of criticism is something other than bringing about change in the person being criticized.


Premise: The eyes of the masses are bright, but without adequate guidance and restraint, this bright may turn into a kind of paranoia, a kind of directionless conceit. And based on the majority drown minority on the basis of institutional arrangements, is likely to be entered into the trap of one-sided and intolerance. superior, officials with one, public, officials with a group of people, only the pressure of the sky and site the responsibility of supervision can truly complemented each other enough to work. Only by organically combining top-down and bottom-up supervision forces can the one-sided one person and a group of people be avoided in the game.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the text is how to strike a balance between the masses and their superiors.


Premise: In 1992, a major newspaper circulated throughout North America paid its reporters an average salary that was much lower than the average salary paid by its principal competitors to their reporters. An executive of the newspaper argued that this practice was justified, since any shortfall that might exist in the reporters' salaries is fully compensated by the valuable training they receive through their assignments.

Hypothesis: Most of the newspaper's reporters had worked there for more than ten years, if true about the newspaper in 1992, most seriously undermines the justification offered by the executive.


Premise: N(N>1) natural numbers are taken in turn to form a group of finite series, in which the odd series and even series are obviously shorter than the natural series. But if the natural sequence is extended indefinitely, the odd and even series must be smaller than the whole. In an infinite world, the part may be equal to the whole.

Hypothesis: In the infinite world, the part must not be equal to the whole cannot be a logical corollary of the above conclusion.


Premise: Typically, people who have diets high in saturated fat have an increased risk of heart disease. Those who replace saturated fat in their diets with unsaturated fat decrease their risk of heart disease. Ttherefore, people who eat a lot of saturated fat can lower their risk of heart disease by increasing their intake of unsaturated fat.

Hypothesis: It is difficult to move from a diet that is high in saturated fat to a diet that includes very little fat if assumed, most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: Recently, researchers have found that fever can promote the transfer of lymphocytes to the infected site. They explain that this is because fever increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in T lymphocytes, which binds to integrins and promotes T lymphocytes to adhere to blood vessels and eventually accelerate migration to the site of infection.

Hypothesis: Not only fever, but also other stress can induce the expression of Hsp90 in T lymphocytes cannot support the above conclusion.


Premise: Gambler psychology, gamblers have their own set of theories, called the gambler's fallacy, which is characterized by always believing that their expected goal will come, just like when betting on roulette, the probability of red or black in each round is always 50%, but the gambler thinks that if he bets on red, if black appears several times in a row, the chance of red appearing next time will increase. If it is not this time, then it will be more certain next time. This is a typical irrational theory. In fact, every opportunity is always 50%. The main characteristics of the gambler's psychology: 1. Just want to take a chance to make a fortune, unwilling to work to get rich, start a business to get rich; 2. Dare to make a desperate bet, take risks, even at the cost of life. Cost; 3. Do whatever it takes in order to achieve the goala.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Fan Zheng's belief that buying welfare lottery tickets can barely be considered a kind deed belongs to gambler psychology.


Premise: A school's Lei Feng team decided to water the current small trees on the campus, but when they arrived at the school, they found that there were exactly three students in the school, and the small trees had been watered. A said,B did it.  B said: I didn't do it.  C said, It wasn't me. Two of the three people told a lie, and one told the truth.

Hypothesis: C is watering the tree.


Premise: Bonding strategy refers to a strategy for bonding different objects or components in different objects into a new image.

Hypothesis: In order to solve the financial difficulties of the company, the leadership decided to borrow 2,000 yuan from each employee, calculated according to the bank's interest for the same period is not part of the bonding strategy according to the above definition.


Premise: Political scientist: The economies of a number of European countries are currently in severe difficulty. Germany is the only neighboring country that has the resources to resuscitate these economies. Ttherefore, Germany should begin aiding these economically troubled countries.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'only nations that alone have the capacity to economically resuscitate neighboring countries should exercise that capacity' most helps to justify the political scientist's reasoning.


Premise: The four people investigated in one incident were victims, witnesses, rescuers and bystanders. They made the following statements during the investigation: [1] A:B is not an bystanders.[2] B:C is not a witness.[3] D:A is not a rescuer.[4] C: B is not an eyewitness. Further investigation revealed that their statements were false if they were about the victim and true if they were about someone else.

Hypothesis: D is the victim.


Premise: China's 20 million families make a living by producing silk, and the export volume accounts for three quarters of the world market. However, in recent years, the silk industry has faced export difficulties: the image of silk has declined, the export volume has decreased, and some Asian competitors have met. Some countries have also implemented quotas on silk import, which is undoubtedly a blow to China's silk industry.

Hypothesis: The silk industry in some other countries has made great progress shows that.


Premise: For one academic year all the students at a high school were observed. The aim was to test the hypothesis that studying more increased a student' s chances of earning a higher grade. It turned out that the students who spent the most time studying did not earn grades as high as did many students who studied less. Nonetheless, the researchers concluded that the results of the observation supported the initial hypothesis.

Hypothesis: Students who spent more time studying understood the course material better than other students did most helps to explain why the researchers drew the conclusion described above.


Premise: It is impossible for a person without a Putonghua first-level certificate to become a host, because the host can't pronounce substandard pronunciation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People without a Putonghua first-level certificate will have nonstandard pronunciation' is the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Most commentators on Baroque painting consider Caravaggio an early practitioner of that style, believing that his realism and novel use of the interplay of light and shadow broke sharply with current styles of Caravaggio' s time and significantly influenced seventeenth-century Baroque painting. One must ttherefore either abandon the opinion of this majority of commentators or reject Mather' s definition of Baroque painting, which says that for any painting to be considered Baroque, it must display opulence, heroic sweep, and extravagance.

Hypothesis: The assumption that a realistic painting usually does not depict the world as opulent, heroic, or extravagant is required for the proper conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Other deposit companies refer to all deposit companies except the central bank, which are mainly engaged in the activities of absorbing deposits, issuing loans and creating deposits, which are called deposit money banks in China.

Hypothesis: City commercial bank does not belong to other deposit companies.


Premise: An animal protection organization in Country M is trying to change the long-standing perception of bats as a terrifying animal. The organization argues that bats are scary and upsetting just because they hide whenever they see people and only active at night.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In other areas outside of Country M, bats are also regarded as a terrifying animal' will raise the most serious doubts about the accuracy of the organization's arguments.


Premise: Convert fanaticism refers to a social phenomenon in which later converted congregations are more pious or such than those born in religious families (older congregations).

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang used to only shop in the supermarket, but today, when he first came into contact with online shopping, he bought tens of thousands of yuan of goods online in one breath does not belong to convert fanaticism according to the above definition.


Premise: The area of the United Kingdom is not large, but if the English dialects in the United Kingdom are subdivided, there are more than three hundred types according to statistics. The area of the United States is much larger than that of the United Kingdom, but in the United States, the differences in the dialects of English are much smaller than that of the United Kingdom. The dialects of American English can be roughly divided into three types: East, Midwest and South. Eastern dialects are distributed in the northeastern region with Boston as the center; Midwest dialects extend from the center to the west, and southern dialects are distributed from Virginia to Southeastern Texas.

Hypothesis: The author's point of view in this passage is that even if the land is small, there will be great differences in dialects under certain conditions.


Premise: Copyright statutes benefit society by providing incentive to produce original works, so some kind of copyright statute is ultimately justified. But these statutes also represent a significant cost to society because they create protected monopolies. In many countries, copyright statutes grant copyright protection for the life of the author plus several decades. This is too long, since the societal benefit from the additional years of copyright is more than offset by the societal cost.

Hypothesis: A statute should not limit rights unless it can be shown that it thereby enhances other rights is a principle that, if valid, most strongly supports the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Marine biologist: Scientists have long wondered why the fish that live around coral reefs exhibit such brilliant colors. One suggestion is that coral reefs are colorful and, ttherefore, that colorful fish are camouflaged by them. Many animal species, after all, use camouflage to avoid predators. However, as regards the populations around reefs, this suggestion is mistaken. A reef stripped of its fish is quite monochromatic. Most corals, it turns out, are relatively dull browns and greens.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the marine biologist's argument is that the suggestion that the fish living around coral reefs exhibit bright colors because they are camouflaged by the reefs is mistaken.


Premise: A certain unit plans to send 3 cadres with both political integrity and ability to carry out targeted poverty alleviation in the western mountainous area. The applicants were enthusiastic, and after inspection, 6 candidates were finally identified: Chen Jia, Fu Yi, Zhao Bing, Deng Ding, Liu Wu, and Zhang Ji. According to work needs, the dispatch must meet the following conditions: (1) If Chen Jia is dispatched, Deng Ding will be dispatched but Zhang Ji will not be dispatched; (2) If Fu Yi and Zhao Bing will dispatch at least one person, Liu Wu will not be dispatched.

Hypothesis: Deng Ding, Liu Wu, and Zhang Ji are dispatch candidates who do not contradict the above conditions.


Premise: Company manager: when we recruit talents, the most important thing is the comprehensive quality and ability, not the score. In talent recruitment, it is not uncommon for people with high scores and low abilities. Obviously, we do not want to recruit such talents. As can be seen from your report card, your academic score is very high, so we have some doubts about your ability and comprehensive quality.

Hypothesis: The process of drawing conclusions by managers is most similar to the statement: "Health and happiness are the most important in one's life. Fame and wealth are floating clouds. Zhang Li receives both fame and wealth, so maybe Zhang Li is not happy."


Premise: According to the TV ratings survey, more young people watch sports programs than the middle-aged people and elderly people.

Hypothesis: Sports programs may be more suitable for the interests of young people can be inferred.


Premise: Hairy rhinoceros fossils are mostly found in northern Eurasia, and occasionally found in Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Tibet and other places. The hairy rhinoceros has a unique structure-a nasal septum, simply the bone in the middle of the nose. The study found that the nasal septum of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros fossils is only an incomplete bone, and the nasal septum of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros fossils found earlier in northern Asia and Siberia is more complete than that of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros. This shows that the Tibetan hairy rhinoceros has a more primitive form.

Hypothesis: In order to survive in the ice and snow environment, the nasal septum of the haired rhinoceros evolved from soft to hard and finally formed a complete bone can best support the above statement.


Premise: Article 9 of my country's Law on the Protection of Juveniles stipulates: People's governments at all levels implement the management of compulsory education; it is both a statutory right and a statutory obligation. In the case of minors not filing a lawsuit, governments at all levels can rely on their powers. File a civil lawsuit.

Hypothesis: My country has achieved universal compulsory education can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: Finally, I was convinced that I couldn't stop you from leaving, so I began to enjoy loneliness again.

Hypothesis: Or I'm not sure if I can't stop you from leaving, or I have to start enjoying loneliness again is the premise of the above reasoning.


Premise: Analyst: Any new natural-gas-powered electrical generation station needs to be located close to a natural-gas pipeline, a large body of water for cooling, and transmission lines. It also must be situated in a region where residents will not oppose construction. Our country has an extensive system of transmission lines, but our natural-gas pipelines run in the vicinity of only three of our large bodies of water, and residents would oppose any significant construction projects near these bodies of water.

Hypothesis: The analyst's statements, if true, most strongly support the statement that if a new natural-gas-powered electrical station is built in a region, many residents will move away from that region.


Premise: Editorial: It is the popular assumption that millennials are less altruistic than the generation that came before them. Company reports of top-down volunteer programs and suggested donations through work are less likely to be performed by millennials and more likely to be performed by the generation that preceded them. Millennials who are on board with company donation programs are rare.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to acknowledge corporate altruism, which is a responsibility that a corporation has to the environment and the impact it has on society, is a flaw in the argument. Corporate responsibility is just as important as individual responsibility, especially when it has so large an effect on the world.


Premise: The extinction of biological clusters refers to the sudden death of a large number of organisms within more than one geographic area in a relatively short geological period, causing the number of biological species to suddenly and drastically drop in a short time.

Hypothesis: At the end of the Permian period, about 250 million years ago, 96% of the species on the earth became extinct, of which 90% of marine life and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct belongs to the extinction of biological clusters according to the above definition.


Premise: Due to the unique chemical characteristics of silk, it is difficult for embroidery to be preserved for a long time in the humid climate of Sichuan. Therefore, few embroidery products have been found in the archaeological research in Sichuan, so it is impossible to trace the origin of Shu embroidery by archaeological methods. However, Shu embroidery still has its glory in other forms. In 1986, a bronze statue about 4,800 years ago was unearthed at the Sanxingdui Site in Chengdu. The statue was dressed in a dragon costume with complicated dragon, beast and variant cloud and thunder patterns. With the level of textile technology at that time, these decorative patterns could not have been woven by a textile machine. Since the pattern of the embroidery is consistent with the embroidery residue of the Western Zhou Dynasty unearthed in Baoji, Shaanxi province in 1974, it is most likely that the embroidery was made with the lock embroidery method, which traces the history of Shu embroidery back to the Sanxingdui civilization in ancient Shu, which was contemporized with the Xia Civilization in the Central Plains.

Hypothesis: Shu embroidery in the early period was mostly used for making ceremonial clothes is true.


Premise: Even through an ordinary transparent material such as glass or water, the speed of light slows down slightly because light interacts with the atoms that make up the material. But in this case, the effect is weak, and any attempt to enhance it will lead to light absorption. Therefore, it is important to slow down the speed of light so that it will not be absorbed. Welch did this through the chamber. This method places rubidium atoms in a very delicate quantum state in which rubidium atoms cannot absorb light.At the same time, the interaction of the two beams produces another beam of light with a long wavelength, which travels much slower than the original two beams.

Hypothesis: Creating cheap and efficient light sources to avoid absorption is not part of Welch's experiment.


Premise: Consumers planning to buy recreational equipment tend to buy higher quality, more expensive equipment when the economy is strong than when it is weak. Hill and Dale is a business that sells high-quality, expensive camping and hiking equipment in Boravia. Although all the signs are that Boravia' s economy is now entering a period of sustained strength, the managers of the business do not expect a substantial increase in sales.

Hypothesis: The statement "The economic upturn is likely to allow Boravia's national parks, where most of the camping and hiking is done, to receive extra funding to improve their visitor facilities" would provide the strongest justification for the managers' judgment.


Premise: WiFi relies on invisible radio wave transmission, equipment power is increasing, and local electromagnetic radiation is bound to increase; The wireless signal passes through the wall and the network information is unsafe. These security risks are swept away in lifi. The spectrum is 10000 times larger than the radio spectrum, which means greater bandwidth and higher speed. The network setting hardly needs any new infrastructure. Lifi technology itself has its limitations. If the light is blocked, The network signal will be cut off. At present, a series of key technical products are hands-on by researchers. There is no commercial chipset. There is still a long way to go to thousands of households like WiFi

Hypothesis: The statement 'WiFi has been widely used on a large scale' is inconsistent with the original text.


Premise: According to a survey by the health department of a country, the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among urban residents is nearly three times that of rural residents. Some people assert that it should be due to the high-fat, high-protein, and high-calorie food intake of urban residents. Relatively speaking, few people in rural areas have the conditions for this kind of diseases of affluence.

Hypothesis: Roughly speaking, the longer a person's life span, the higher the probability of suffering from a certain disease during his lifetime can best strengthen the above rebuttal.


Premise: Due to gene mutation, cells proliferate and differentiate uncontrollably, and eventually develop into malignant tumors. There are many abnormal proteins encoded by mutant genes on the surface of cancer cells. It is reasonable to say that these abnormal proteins should be recognized by the body's immune system in time, and trigger an immune response to remove cancer cells at one stroke. However, due to the rapid development of tumor cells, they are very good at camouflage, Moreover, it is constantly mutated. In the face of fierce and resourceful tumor cells, the originally powerful immune cells seem to be unable and even turn a blind eye to some tumor cells. The immunosuppression formed in the tumor microenvironment makes the immune system paralyzed.

Hypothesis: The study that compares the lifestyle and personality characteristics of patients with malignant tumors with those of healthy people to find out the risk factors inducing tumor incidence may contribute to the development of effective antitumor drugs according to the above information.


Premise: Federal investigators, called in at the request of the management of Ploutos National Bank, recently apprehended a ring of seven embezzlers from among the bank' s employees. The bank management decided to call in the federal investigators when they were unable to account for millions of dollars missing in their budget for this year. All the funds those seven individuals embezzled have been returned to the bank, and that accounts for about two thirds of the total amount missing. All seven of the accused have plea-bargained to avoid trial and are now serving in prison on reduced sentences.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the Ploutos National Bank still has reason to suspect more embezzlers beyond the seven apprehended by Federal investigators can most properly be drawn from the information above.


Premise: The Green Peas Grocery Store in the remote wealthy enclave of Luxville charges more than the Green Peas Grocery Store in Oak City charges for the same items. Clearly, on any given item, the Green Peas grocery franchise is taking advantage of its location in Luxville to reap higher profits on that item.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to compare the average cost of the same or comparable items at other grocery stores in Oak City with the average cost at other stores in Luxville.


Premise: Mysterious ancient tracks cut into limestone have recently been found on the island of Malta. The tracks wander, sometimes disappearing under modem structures. Their origin and purpose are unknown, but evidence indicates that they could have connected settlements or water sources. One archaeologist hypothesizes, based on the tracks' physical appearance and surroundings, that they were made in about 1000 B. C. by animal-drawn carts.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Areas near the tracks have yielded relatively large amounts of fossilized animal excrement dating from approximately 1000 B. C.' most helps to support the archaeologist's hypothesis mentioned above.


Premise: Japanese culture has been exerting a subtle influence on the West after the war and now it has increasingly become an important part of mainstream culture. Takashi Murakami, Nara Meiji and Haruki Murakami have become prominent symbols of popular culture in the world. The shadow of Japanese animation can be clearly seen in a number of Hollywood blockbusters such as the Matrix. And in these Japanese culture that affects the world (including China), what we see is not a very superficial chrysanthemum and knife and so on, but something more essential, and some things need to be carefully considered before we can really understand.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that Japanese culture has penetrated into the cultural fields of many countries in the world.


Premise: Venture investment: a kind of equity capital invested by professional financiers into emerging, rapidly developing enterprises with great competitive potential.

Hypothesis: Yu took the opportunity to invest in a new battery manufacturing company and obtained 25% of its shares belongs to venture investment.


Premise: Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver re-education, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.

Hypothesis: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should be sent to jail if the editorialist's statements are true.


Premise: Commentator: For a free market to function properly, each prospective buyer of an item must be able to contact a large number of independent prospective sellers and compare the prices charged for the item to what the item is worth. Thus, despite advertised prices and written estimates available from many of its individual businesses, the auto repair industry does not constitute a properly functioning free market.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the commentator's argument follows logically if it is assumed that some persons who are shopping for auto repairs cannot determine what these repairs are worth.


Premise: The most popular so-called Star, Singer is actually not a real star. They do not deserve the attention and admiration of the public for their artistic achievements, cultural accomplishments and personal qualities.

Hypothesis: A true star deserves the attention and admiration of the public cannot be inferred from the above discussion.


Premise: Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants' most seriously weakens the plan's chances for success.


Premise: Physiologists have found that human brain hair, which is in charge of advanced cognitive functions such as memory and thinking, has six layers under normal circumstances. If the fetus lacks an enzyme called Cdk5, the development of cerebral cortex will become extremely slow and can not finally form the layered structure of normal cerebral cortex, which will seriously affect children's cognitive development. Some people in the medical industry speculate that using this discovery, It is expected to develop drugs to generally improve students' learning ability

Hypothesis: The statement "After teenagers pass the critical period of brain development, the supplement of ddk5 enzyme does not work" cannot question the above speculation.


Premise: The column settings of a literary journal website are usually adjusted at any time based on reader feedback and page views. In September last year, a batch of new columns appeared on the revised website. Among them, 5 columns are serials of comedy and humor, 3 columns are serials of long-form science fiction novels, and 2 columns are literary criticism. As of January this year, only 7 of these newly launched columns are still being updated, 5 of which are serials of comedy and humor.

Hypothesis: At least one column in the category of long-form science fiction novel has been offline if the above statement is true.


Premise: Online social consumption refers to a way of consumption. In the process of online social, it will have the desire to impromptu consumption of certain goods, with the help of the link of the social platform to complete the purchasing behavior.

Hypothesis: Xiao Xia saw an article about a brand of treadmill on Weibo and felt very much to his taste. She did not hesitate to click on a like and bought one through the URL behind Weibo belongs to online social consumption.


Premise: A security is a written document which establishes and attests to the holder's right to a certain property right. A right represented by a security is combined with a written document recording the right. When the obligee exercises his right, he may not, in principle, leave the securities.

Hypothesis: Treasury bill does not belong to the security.


Premise: Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and Xiao Zhao joined the study group. Everyone chooses one of these three books from the first volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, the second volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and the third volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and then selects one or three topics from this book to study, and talk about the experience. It is known that: (1) the books selected by Xiao Zhang and Xiao Zhao are different, and the number of topics they choose to study is also different. (2) one person chose a topic to study. Two people chose two topics to study. (3) Xiao Li chose the three topics in the third volume of Xi Jinping on Governance. (4) each book was selected. Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhao selected the first volume of Xi Jinping on governing the country.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang chose two topics to study can be inferred.


Premise: In the setting of bus stop names, convenience for citizens should be regarded as the first principle. at the same time, some station names also have certain urban characteristics and retain cultural functions such as urban historical information. Today, with the rapid development of the city and the ever-changing appearance, the original meaning is lost due to layout adjustment and environmental changes, coupled with some new or changed routes continue to produce new stations, bus stop names change and increase or decrease occur from time to time. On the other hand, some large shopping malls, cultural and technological companies not only have a good reputation, but are familiar to the public, and can be used as landmark buildings, or even the business cards of cities, to use these enterprise names to name bus stops in a market-oriented way of operation. There's nothing wrong with it.

Hypothesis: The names of some enterprises can be used to name bus stops explains the gist of the passage.


Premise: When treating dental caries, dentists must first remove the carious part of the tooth, and then fill the material to repair the defective tooth. However, 10% to 15% of the fillings will fail, and the fillings used do not have the ability to make the teeth self-heal Functions and even side effects. In view of this, researchers have developed a filler made of synthetic biological materials that can stimulate the growth of stem cells in the dental pulp and repair damaged parts. This filler can stimulate the proliferation of stem cells , And differentiate into dentin. If the fillings of the future fillings are made of such regenerated materials, it will reduce the failure rate of the fillings and reduce the pain of the dental pulp of patients with tooth decay.

Hypothesis: Newly developed dental fillings can stimulate self-healing of damaged teeth can be inferred.


Premise: Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.

Hypothesis: Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher's response.


Premise: There is a saying that the human brain has a reward circuit for sugar, that is, sugar intake, which causes the brain to secrete substances that make people happy. Dopamine is the eloquent salesman who makes you fall into a sugar trap before you know it. However, eating too much can be counterproductive. The study found that the consequences of long-term high sugar may lead not only to physical obesity, but also to psychological depression. But it will not take overnight to understand the relationship between food and human body and mind. It will be a long-term study.

Hypothesis: The more sugar you eat, the more happiness you will feel is true according to this passage.


Premise: Some medical studies have shown that taking vitamin and mineral supplements does not significantly help the human body, and sometimes even causes harm to the human body. Some doctors advise not to take vitamin and mineral supplements anymore, but to supplement the vitamins and minerals needed by the human body through a balanced diet.

Hypothesis: An eight-year follow-up survey of 10000 men showed that not taking vitamin and mineral supplements did not increase their risk of disease, if true, weakens the above findings.


Premise: Some researchers believe that The traditional Chinese agricultural culture is fundamentally different from the nomadic culture in Europe and America and the Marine culture in Japan, which has a profound impact on people's way of life and ideas, as well as the national defense construction. Thousands of years of agricultural economy and culture is the root cause of some Chinese people's weak sense of national defense and weakened military spirit.

Hypothesis: The statement 'He people advocating agricultural culture are industrious, wise, thrifty, united, benevolent and righteous, which are manifested in the defense of the country' most weakens the conclusion.


Premise: Senator Strongwood reported that, contrary to a study cited by the administration, a thorough study by his own party concluded that a reduction in the capital gains tax would lead to an increase in the federal deficit. Hooray for common sense,  he said. Everyone knows that when you cut taxes you lose revenue.  He concluded that the administration' s plan for reducing the capital gains tax was now dead, because he could not imagine any senator voting to increase the deficit.

Hypothesis: Senator Strongwood assumes senators will believe his party's report instead of the administration's in advancing his argument.


Premise: A common non-stick coating for non-stick pans is Teflon coating. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate is a processing aid used in a very small amount in the production. Data suggest that high doses of ammonium perfluorooctanoate may lead to elevated cholesterol levels, thyroid disease, and infertility. Teflon has very stable physical and chemical properties at normal temperature and normal conditions. Cookware with Teflon non-stick coating will not change in the temperature range from normal temperature to 260 °C, but when the temperature exceeds 260 °C, the coating will not change. The layer gradually transitions to an unstable state, and decomposition occurs when the temperature exceeds 350 °C. During normal cooking, the boiling point of water is 100°C, and stir-frying with a higher temperature is usually only about 200°C. Even if frying is used, the oil temperature will not exceed 250°C. However, if you like to dry the pot and add oil after cooking, the temperature in the pot will easily exceed 260°C.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Normally cooking without worrying about the release of harmful substances from nonstick pans' cannot be launched.


Premise: In Yasukawa' s month-long study of blackbirds, the percentage of smaller birds that survived the duration of the study exceeded the percentage of larger birds that survived. However, Yasukawa' s conclusion that size is a determinant of a blackbird' s chances of survival over a month-long period is probably mistaken, since smaller blackbirds are generally younger than larger ones.

Hypothesis: The statement "Among blackbirds of the same age, a difference in size may not indicate a difference in chances of survival over a month-long period" is supported by the statements above.


Premise: The headline model refers to an information service model in which Internet companies, media, etc. accurately push and screen out information to specific users and have important reference value for users.

Hypothesis: A new media company analyzes customer data and organizes a dedicated team to screen different types of information in real time to ensure that specific users can see the content they care about in the first time belongs to the headline model.


Premise: The government should not allow tobacco companies to deduct advertising expenses from their operating income. In this way, tobacco companies will pay more taxes. They have to raise the price of their products, which can reduce tobacco purchase.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is impossible for tobacco companies to reduce other costs to offset the overpayment of taxes' is the premise of the above conclusion.