Premise: In an electoral society, every politician has to pander to the voters in order to get elected. Cheng Bian was a super politician who wanted to be elected. So he will try his best to pander to voters. In many cases, you can't pander to voters without writing a lot of lip service. In fact, Cheng Bian was elected.

Hypothesis: Mr Cheng is likely to offer voters a lot of empty promises can best be deduced from the question.


Premise: Although a major part of some fireproof buildings are made of refractory materials, they can be spread and completely destroyed by flammable materials in foyers and other passageways. These buildings may even suffer severe structural damage from the collapse of metal beams and columns.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported is that something could be severely damaged by fire.


Premise: The most difficult thing in China's reform is not to find problems and put forward countermeasures, but that this reform must consider the fundamental and long-term interests of 1.3 billion people. To avoid causing social unrest and intensifying contradictions is both positive and prudent. It is a belief that China has always adhered to in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, and it is also a magic weapon to overcome difficulties and overcome difficult problems all the way.

Hypothesis: Giving consideration to the relationship between development and stability is the magic weapon for the success of China's reform and opening up is the correct option based on the above conclusion.


Premise: The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon that patients unknowingly take fake drugs that have no effect at all, but can get the same or even better effect as the real drug. The placebo effect is supported by many clinical studies. One explanation for this phenomenon is that people's expectations for the future will change the physiological state of the brain, which in turn causes physiological changes in the whole body.

Hypothesis: Some patients do not believe that the treatment will be effective, although the normal treatment, but their condition further worsened does not support the above explanation.


Premise: Porcelain was originally a vulgar object and a daily necessities. It was originally born out of pottery. After thousands of years, it finally got rid of its original rough appearance, entered the hall and became a graceful work of art. But porcelain utensils used in daily life It is still used in daily life, and it has not lost its secularity because it has become a valuable artwork. Secular is the thick and huge artistic foundation of porcelain. On this basis, it has risen step by step, getting better and better, and the art is endless. The beauty is endless. It can be seen that the elegance resides in the vulgarity, and the vulgarity is also innocent, and the elegance and vulgarity are actually one.

Hypothesis: The vulgarity and elegance of porcelain art are interdependent and dialectically unified can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: A small car offers less protection in an accident than a large car does, but since a smaller car is more maneuverable, it is better to drive a small car because then accidents will be less likely.

Hypothesis: The argument that it is better to consume sugar and fat in moderation in order to prevent uncontrolled binges employs reasoning most similar to that employed by the argument above.


Premise: The full guarantee of national audit independence determines the degree of realization of audit rule of law, the level of audit quality and the fairness of audit results and whether audit can play the function of immune system in national governance activities and then determine whether the audit anti-corruption mission can be successfully completed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Whether the independence of national audit is fully guaranteed or not determines the possibility of realizing the rule of law of audit' is most similar in meaning to the line-drawing part.


Premise: Speech fusion refers to the gradual convergence of two accents that communicate frequently without realizing it.

Hypothesis: Voice fusion is when Lao Zhang and his wife have been married for more than ten years, and the eating habits of the family can no longer tell the difference between the north and the south. Even Mr. Zhang's northeast accent has almost lost its original flavor, and his wife's Cantonese has become strange. The daughter often teases them that they are the real husband and wife.


Premise: People cannot devote themselves to the study of natural processes unless they have leisure, and people have leisure when resources are plentiful, not when resources are scarce. Although some anthropologists claim that agriculture, the cultivation of crops, actually began under conditions of drought and hunger, the early societies that domesticated plants must first have discovered how the plants they cultivated reproduced themselves and grew to maturity. These complex discoveries were the result of the active study of natural processes.

Hypothesis: The argument is structured to lead to the conclusion that early agricultural societies knew more about the natural sciences than did early nonagricultural societies.


Premise: Handwriting test is a special technical method to identify the writer through the characteristics of writing action habit, character layout habit and written language habit of writing symbols.

Hypothesis: The operation method of handwriting inspection mainly supports the idea of handwriting verification.


Premise: A unit must select 3 from the 6 staff members of A, B, C, D, E, and A to participate in the Provincial Vocational Skills Competition. 4 judges respectively put forward their own opinions: (1) At least among A and C Choose one person; (2) Choose at least one person out of B and E; (3) Choose at most one person out of B and C; (4) Choose at most one person out of A and D. Later, I learned that E cannot be due to illness. Participated, and the opinions of the above 4 judges have been respected.

Hypothesis: The contestant selected by the unit is A, B, F based on the above information.


Premise: Most serious students are happy students, and most serious students go to graduate school. Furthermore, all students who go to graduate school are overworked.

Hypothesis: All overworked students are serious students can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Scientists have created double-blind studies so that neither the subjects of the experiment nor scientists know whether the subject is receiving an actual drug or a placebo, which is nothing more than a sugar pill. Essentially, if one knows whether one is receiving actual medicine or a placebo, such knowledge can affect the outcome of a study. A recent double-blind study on the effectiveness of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Freloxamine on depression found that those subjects administered the drug were 15% more likely to have a decrease in symptoms than the control group, which was comprised of those who received a placebo. Since neither group knew which they were receiving, the placebo or the SSRI, the observed drop in depression can only be attributed to Freloxamine.

Hypothesis: Since subjects in both groups were debriefed on the potential side effects of SSRI, which can often be pronounced, many in the Freloxamine group, upon exhibiting side effects, concluded that they were being administered the SSRI. If true, this best calls into question the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: If Blankenship Enterprises has to switch suppliers in the middle of a large production run, the company will not show a profit for the year. Ttherefore, if Blankenship Enterprises in fact turns out to show no profit for the year, it will also turn out to be true that the company had to switch suppliers during a large production run.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to establish that a condition under which a phenomenon is said to occur is the only condition under which that phenomenon occurs is the reasoning in the argument that is most vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: There are two primitive tribes in a primeval forest. The totem worship of the two tribes is different. Tribe A worships snakes and thinks snakes are their ancestors. Tribe B worships birds and thinks birds are their ancestors. The totem worship of people in these two tribes is completely the same as that of their tribe. If the tribes are intermarried, the children born belong to this tribe. If the tribes are intermarried, The children born belong to the mother's tribe,

Hypothesis: If someone is known to worship birds, the statement that "Someone's father is from tribe A" must be wrong.


Premise: Professor Zhang: the prehistoric essential tools found in South America existed 13,000 years ago. Some archaeologists believe that these tools were used by people whose ancestors migrated from Siberia to Alaska. This view is untenable. In order to reach South America, these people had to trek 13, 000 years ago, and 13, 000-year-old wooden tools were never found between Alaska and South America. Researcher Li: I'm afraid you've overlooked: these wooden tools are found in peat bogs, which are rarely found in North America. Wooden tools rot and dissolve in ordinary soil within a few years.

Hypothesis: The problem discussed by Professor Zhang and researcher Li is whether Professor Zhang's argument can overturn the above-mentioned archaeologist's conclusion.


Premise: Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.

Hypothesis: According to this sentence, the statement 'There must be other criteria for testing truth' is incorrect.


Premise: Technical listeners: These listeners work hard to listen to what others say. They value the meaning of words, facts and statistics figures, but they do not work enough in terms of feeling, sympathy and true understanding.

Hypothesis: Audience who only listen to some easy-to-understand content and avoid difficult topics are technical listeners.


Premise: Insufficient demand has caused overproduction, and layoffs and wage cuts have caused the income of low-income groups to continue to decline. Therefore, demand has become weaker, and overproduction has become more serious.

Hypothesis: According to the above sentences, the statement 'Overproduction is caused by insufficient demand' is wrong.


Premise: For a long time, the role of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has both pros and cons: on the one hand, the increase in its concentration can promote the accumulation of photosynthetic products in terrestrial ecosystems, increase soil carbon storage, and form a soil carbon sequestration effect, which is a positive effect. On the other hand, It will increase the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide in terrestrial ecosystems and exacerbate the greenhouse effect, which is a negative effect. Therefore, carbon dioxide still has the majority of negative effects in the atmosphere.

Hypothesis: The soil carbon sequestration effect formed by carbon dioxide is more important than the greenhouse effect can explain the conclusion in the question.


Premise: Some insects die after first breeding larvae, others live for years after their offspring are guaranteed survival. Among the latter insects are those that make beneficial contributions to the ecosystem, such as bees.

Hypothesis: Bees don't usually die immediately after a single reproduction can be drawn from the above statement.


Premise: Some critics argue that an opera' s stage directions are never reflected in its music. Many comic scenes in Mozart' s operas, however, open with violin phrases that sound like the squeaking of changing scenery. Clearly Mozart intended the music to echo the sounds occurring while stage directions are carried out. Hence, a change of scenery -- the most basic and frequent stage direction -- can be reflected in the music, which means that other operatic stage directions can be as well.

Hypothesis: The statement that many comic scenes in Mozart's operas open with violin phrases that sound like the squeaking of changing scenery is offered in support of the claim that a variety of stage directions can be reflected in an opera's music.


Premise: In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started popping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania' s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.

Hypothesis: Total attendance at Moviemania's movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before, which most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania's claim that its popcorn sales have declined.


Premise: Intellectual motivation method, also known as brainstorming method, brainstorming method. A method of collective creation that generates creative ideas in the form of group discussions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'Discussion meeting of sales team about opening up new markets' is an intellectual motivation method.


Premise: Most bicycle helmets provide good protection for the top and back of the head, but little or no protection for the temple regions on the sides of the head. A study of head injuries resulting from bicycle accidents showed that a large proportion were caused by blows to the temple area. Ttherefore, if bicycle helmets protected this area, the risk of serious head injury in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced especially since __.

Hypothesis: Bicyclists generally land on their arm or shoulder when they fall to the side, which reduces the likelihood of severe impacts on the side of the head most logically completes the passage.


Premise: In 2018, the number of college graduates across the country will reach 8.2 million, a new record high. In order to grab talents, many cities have introduced new policies to attract talents. According to a survey conducted by the media, when answering the question Where do you want to work?,  60% of respondents choose second-tier cities, 30% choose first-tier cities, and only 10% choose third-tier cities. This is mainly based on the comprehensive consideration of living cost, employment opportunities and development space. 80.53% of respondents consider housing price and other living costs as the main consideration. To put it more bluntly, it is difficult to live in first-tier cities, so college students are 'preferred second-tier cities' for employment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Considering the cost of living and development opportunities, second-tier cities are more popular with graduates' can best support the above discussion.


Premise: Goodbody, Inc. , is in the process of finding tenants for its newly completed Parrot Quay commercial development, which will make available hundreds of thousands of square feet of new office space on what was formerly derelict property outside the financial center of the city. Surprisingly enough, the coming recession, though it will hurt most of the city' s businesses, should help Goodbody to find tenants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Businesses forced to economize by the recession will want to take advantage of the lower rents available outside the financial center' does most to help resolve the apparent paradox.


Premise: The gold standard rule means that in terms of brand positioning and advertising performance, set up a statement for the brand that can make it better than similar brands, thus reflecting that the brand is superior and superior. The contents of the gold standard rule can be as follows: emphasize leadership and professionalism; highlight the superior quality of products; establish scientific rules of use; highlight the advanced nature of the brand in technology, technology, etc.; spread the egotistical brand value and image and so on.

Hypothesis: The slogan of a meat brand is The world's leading supplier of meat! does not apply the gold standard rule according to the above definition.


Premise: Suppose if Zhang Nan and Lin Feng are not volunteers, then Yangmei is a volunteer is the premise, Lin Feng is a volunteer is the conclusion

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is 'Neither Yang nor Zhang is a volunteer.'


Premise: Biologist: We know the following things about plant X. Specimens with fuzzy seeds always have long stems but never have white flowers. Specimens with curled leaves always have white flowers, and specimens with thorny seedpods always have curled leaves. A specimen of plant X in my garden has a long stem and curled leaves.

Hypothesis: It has white flowers but lacks fuzzy seeds can be properly inferred about the specimen of plant X in the biologist's garden from the biologist's statements.


Premise: Violent charity that acquires its own satisfaction at the expense of the dignity of the recipient. Violent charity is a generalization of the high-profile way of doing good deeds.

Hypothesis: Sending cash red envelopes to nursing homes in a high profile does not belong to violent charity according to the above definition.


Premise: In the United States, all academicians of X Research Institute are opposed to human consumption of genetically modified food, while all the leaders of Y company, which specializes in producing genetically modified corn, believe that genetically modified food is safe and advocate people to eat it at ease. Some university professors also serve as the leaders of Y company.

Hypothesis: Assuming that the above statement is true, some university professors support people to eat genetically modified food must be true.


Premise: After a follow-up study of 9 people wearing contact lenses and 11 people who did not wear contact lenses, the researchers found that compared with those without contact lenses, the average number of bacteria on the eyeball of people wearing contact lenses increased by an average of two times. There were also differences in the composition of eyeball surface flora between the two groups. Pseudomonas, a bacterium that causes corneal ulcer, is more common in the eyes of people with contact lenses. It can be seen that changing the flora in the eyes with contact lenses is more likely to lead to eye infection

Hypothesis: Since the emergence of soft contact lenses, the prevalence of corneal ulcer has increased significantly best supports the above argument.


Premise: An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power. Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y' would most weaken the argument above.


Premise: A certain unit plans to send 3 cadres with both political integrity and ability to carry out targeted poverty alleviation in the western mountainous area. The applicants were enthusiastic, and after inspection, 6 candidates were finally identified: Chen Jia, Fu Yi, Zhao Bing, Deng Ding, Liu Wu, and Zhang Ji. According to work needs, the dispatch must meet the following conditions: (1) If Chen Jia is dispatched, Deng Ding will be dispatched but Zhang Ji will not be dispatched; (2) If Fu Yi and Zhao Bing will dispatch at least one person, Liu Wu will not be dispatched.

Hypothesis: Deng Ding, Liu Wu, Zhang Ji do not contradict the above conditions.


Premise: Spreading iron particles over the surface of the earth' s oceans would lead to an increase in phytoplankton, decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thereby counteracting the greenhouse effect. But while counteracting the greenhouse effect is important, the side effects of an iron-seeding strategy have yet to be studied. Since the oceans represent such an important resource, this response to the greenhouse effect should not be implemented immediately.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above most closely conforms to the principle that we should not implement a problem-solving strategy if the consequences of doing so are more serious than the problem itself.


Premise: Xiaodong is playing the game of Warriors Wars. When he enters the second level, four options appear on the interface, the first option is you need to pay game currency if you choose any option, the second option is you can get additional game reward after choosing this option, the third option is the game will not continue after choosing this game, and the fourth option is you don't have to pay game currency when you choose an option.

Hypothesis: After selecting the third option, the game can continue must be true if one of the statements in the four options is true.


Premise: Skepticism is a rhetorical method formed by flexible use of selective questions, which asks questions side by side with two or more questions, but does not require the reader to choose one of them, but makes the reader question. When the language is coherent, all doubts will be dispelled.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "I have traveled a lot of roads. Where have I ever seen a road full of thorns like this? I have traveled a lot of roads. Where have I seen such a rugged and difficult road?" uses skeptical rhetoric.


Premise: Zhang, Wang, Li and Zhao entered the semifinals of table tennis. The four coaches of A, B, C and D have the following predictions on the results of the semi-finals: A: Xiao Zhang did not make the finals unless Xiao Li made the finals. B: Xiao Zhang entered the finals, but Xiao Li did not enter the finals. C: If Xiao Wang enters the final, Xiao Zhao has not entered the final. D: Both Xiao Wang and Xiao Li did not make the finals.

Hypothesis: If only one of the four coaches' predictions is wrong, B's prediction was correct, and Xiao Li did not make the finals.


Premise: Columnist: Although much has been learned, we are still largely ignorant of the intricate interrelationships among species of living organisms. We should, ttherefore, try to preserve the maximum number of species if we have an interest in preserving any, since allowing species toward which we are indifferent to perish might undermine the viability of other species.

Hypothesis: The principle 'We should always undertake the course of action that is likely to have the best consequences in the immediate future' most helps to justify the columnist's argument, if valid.


Premise: Two different dates have been offered as the approximate end point of the last ice age in North America. The first date was established by testing insect fragments found in samples of sediments to determine when warmth-adapted open-ground beetles replaced cold-adapted arctic beetles. The second date was established by testing pollen grains in those same samples to determine when ice masses yielded to spruce forests. The first date is more than 500 years earlier than the second.

Hypothesis: Toward the end of the ice age, warmth-adapted open-ground beetles colonized the new terrain opened to them faster than soil changes and seed dispersion established new spruce forests most strongly supports the conclusion about the last ice age and its aftermath in North America if the statements above are true.


Premise: The last foreign blockbuster, The Da Vinci Code, was only in Tokai for a week. The total box office of each theater withPoseidonshould be able to break 10 million yuan.

Hypothesis: The box office appeal of the disaster film Poseidon, which uses a lot of computer stunts, is to be expected is most likely implied by the author.


Premise: Letter to the editor: Middle-class families in wealthy nations are often criticized for the ecological damage resulting from their lifestyles. This criticism should not be taken too seriously, however, since its source is often a movie star or celebrity whose own lifestyle would, if widely adopted, destroy the environment and deplete our resources in a short time.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the letter to the editor is vulnerable to criticism in that it takes failure to act consistently with a belief as an indication of the sincerity with which that belief is held.


Premise: The results of a survey of businessmen's trust in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China showed that half of the locals believed that locals were trustworthy. For example, the reliability score scored by Beijingers for Beijingers is 57.9. The score for Tianjin people is 15, with one exception, that is, Hainan people themselves do not trust Hainan people.

Hypothesis: The statement "The vast majority of those inspected in Hainan were left behind from other places to do business there" would provide a reasonable explanation for the exception mentioned above.


Premise: Synaesthesia refers to a feeling, such as vision, hearing and touch, which causes the occurrence of another feeling. It is a manifestation of sensory interaction

Hypothesis: Take the words too literally doesn't belong to synaesthesia according to the above definition.


Premise: Each biological cell can be seen as a miniature battery or a miniature magnetic pole. After accurately measuring the magnetic activity of the human body, it is believed that the sources of biological magnetism may be: (1) the magnetic field produced by the movement of biological charge, (2) the induction field produced by biomagnetic materials, that is, some substances in living tissues have certain magnetism, the induced magnetic field produced by them under the action of geomagnetic field or external magnetic field, and (3) the magnetic field produced by strong magnetic materials in living organisms.

Hypothesis: The option "There is an electric charge in the organism, which moves to produce a magnetic field" does not meet the meaning of this paragraph.


Premise: Because of the need for work, a certain unit decided to select four of its three women (Xiao Wang, Xiao Li Xiao Sun) and five men (Xiao Zhang, Xiao Jin, Xiao Wu Xiao Meng, Xiao Yu) to form a negotiating group to participate in an important negotiation. The selection conditions are as follows: (1) the members of the group should have both women and men. (2) Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang can't both be selected. (3) Xiao Li and Xiao Sun can't both be selected. (4) if Xiao Yu is chosen, Xiao Wu will not be chosen.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Zhang is selected, the correct option is either choosing Xiao Yu or choosing Xiao Meng.


Premise: 1.The popularization of computers 2.The computer management society 3.The decline of ethical concepts of computer technicians 4.The leaks of computer management information 5.The increase of computer professionals 6.Informatization of the overall business management of the enterprise

Hypothesis: The most likely outcome based on the given facts is an increase in computer crime rate.


Premise: The Long Tail Effect is a new theory that has emerged in the Internet age and was proposed by the American Chris Anderson. The Long Tail Effect believes that because of cost and efficiency factors, people can only pay attention to important people or things in the past. If we use normal distribution curve to depict these people or things, people can only pay attention to the head of the curve and ignore the people or things at the tail of the curve, which requires more effort and cost to notice

Hypothesis: In the situation where manufacturers pay attention to a few VIP customers and have no time to take care of ordinary consumers who are the majority in number, the Long Tail Effect and the tail are being adopted.


Premise: The traditional view is that the high content of egg yolk cholesterol is the culprit directly causing hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and stroke. Therefore, many middle-aged and elderly people dare not eat egg yolk. Recently, nutritionists organized a team to study the relationship between egg yolk and cholesterol, and conducted a six-month experiment on 116 men aged 50 to 65.

Hypothesis: The results of several experiments, in which the cholesterol content of the subjects who did not eat egg yolk decreased, weaken the traditional view the most.


Premise: With regard to all kinds of criticisms, leading cadres should adopt the attitude of correcting the shortcomings and mistakes pointed out by others, and if they do not, they should encourage themselves so that they will not make the same mistakes in the future. Create an atmosphere in which people who give advice are innocent as long as they are well-intentioned, even if the proposal is not correct. Even if the person who listens to the opinion does not have the shortcomings and mistakes mentioned by the other party, he can warn himself with what he has heard. Only in this way can people tell everything they know and talk endlessly. Only by following the flow of advice and supporting those who tell the truth can leading cadres make scientific decisions or make scientific decisions; only when they are willing and good at listening to different opinions can they create a political ecology with a clear spirit.

Hypothesis: If leading cadres fail to heed the flow of advice, they will not be able to make scientific decisions can be inferred based on the above information.


Premise: Brain scans of people exposed to certain neurotoxins reveal brain damage identical to that found in people suffering from Parkinson' s disease. This fact shows not only that these neurotoxins cause this type of brain damage, but also that the brain damage itself causes Parkinson' s disease. Thus brain scans can be used to determine who is likely to develop Parkinson' s disease.

Hypothesis: The argument contains the reasoning error of overestimating the importance of early diagnosis in determining appropriate treatments for people suffering from Parkinson's disease.


Premise: Researcher: Results indicate that the higher their educational level, the better are students' mathematical skills. These results do not prove that education improves mathematical skills, however, since it is possible that students who have better mathematical skills to start with are the students who reach higher educational levels.

Hypothesis: The reasoning of the researcher's argument is most similar to that of the argument that 'Surveys indicate that politicians with law degrees are better at what they do than politicians without law degrees. These surveys do not prove that having a law degree makes one a better politician, since it is possible that many


Premise: The primary group refers to a social group with close interpersonal relationships and a strong emotional color; the secondary group refers to a social group that forms a formal relationship through clear rules and regulations for the purpose of achieving practical special goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Grandpa Zhang is 100 years old this year, and he established an organizing committee to celebrate his birthday and younger generations' does not involve the primary group.


Premise: Consumer: If you buy a watch at a department store and use it only in the way it was intended to be used, but the watch stops working the next day, then the department store will refund your money. So by this very reasonable standard, Bingham' s Jewelry Store should give me a refund even though they themselves are not a department store, since the watch I bought from them stopped working the very next day.

Hypothesis: The assumption that one should not sell something unless one expects that it will function in the way it was originally designed to function is required by the consumer's argument.


Premise: People can see objects because they block the passage of light waves. If you want to make a ball invisible, you can cover it with a layer of metamaterial arranged in the shape of a concentric circle, which can block all light waves and does not reflect or absorb. The blocked waves meet again on the other side of the object and continue to travel in a straight line. To the observer, the object seems to become non-existent and visual invisibility is realized. in short, the metamaterial used in the invisibility cloak allows radar waves, light, or other waves to pass around the object without being bounced. in order to achieve an invisible effect. In the future, the invisibility cloak will be first used in the military field to improve the concealment and security of operations. But if anyone can achieve invisibility, it will also cause a series of social problems.

Hypothesis: The use of metamaterials can rebound radar waves matches the meaning of the passage.


Premise: Geological relic resources refer to the precious, non renewable natural heritage formed, developed and preserved due to the geological action of internal and external power in the long geological historical period of earth evolution, which can be developed and utilized by mankind and produce economic value in the present and foreseeable future, so as to improve the current and future welfare of mankind.

Hypothesis: Karst caves with beautiful scenery in a certain place belongs to geological relic resources according to the above definition.


Premise: There are five volcanic islands E, F, G, H and I along the eastern coast of a country, which are arranged in a straight line from north to south. At the same time, it is found that: (1) F is adjacent to H and to the north of H. (2) I and E are adjacent. (3) G is somewhere to the north of F.

Hypothesis: The number 5 is the possible order of the group of islands if G is found to be the northernmost island.


Premise: If top management is not personally involved in the formulation of compensation policy, the company's final compensation policy will not be successful. In addition, if more managers participate in the formulation of compensation policies and tell the company what they think is important, the company's final compensation policies will be more effective.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, either top management is personally involved in setting compensation policies, or the company's final pay policies will not succeed cannot be false.


Premise: There are four cups on the kitchen table, each with a sentence: the first cup says all cups are honey water; the second cup says this cup is brine water; the third cup says this cup is not sugar water; the fourth cup says there is no honey water in some cups.

Hypothesis: The third cup must be sugar water if only one sentence written on the four cups is true.


Premise: Organizational identity refers to the consistency between organizational members and the organization they join in terms of behavior or concept. They feel that they have not only a rational sense of contract and responsibility, but also an irrational sense of belonging and dependence in the organization, as well as the result of doing their best to organizational activities on this psychological basis.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Today I am proud of my alma mater, and tomorrow my alma mater will be proud of me does not belong to organizational identity.


Premise: On the Discount Phoneline, any domestic long-distance call starting between 9 A. M. and 5 P. M. costs 15 cents a minute, and any other domestic long-distance call costs 10 cents a minute. So any domestic long-distance call on the Discount Phoneline that does not cost 10 cents a minute costs 15 cents a minute.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in which the argument 'If a university class involves extensive lab work, the class will be conducted in a laboratory; otherwise, it will be conducted in a normal classroom. Thus, if a university class involves extensive lab work, it will not be conducted in a normal classroom' is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Finally, I was convinced that I couldn't stop you from leaving, so I began to enjoy loneliness again.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Or I'm not sure if I can't stop you from leaving, or I have to start enjoying loneliness again' is the premise of the above reasoning.


Premise: Absolute public goods refer to goods that are used by some people without excluding and affecting the use of the goods by others, and can not distinguish users from non users and charge users.

Hypothesis: Air is an absolute public good according to the above definition.


Premise: Throughout the history of currency development, currency internationalization brings some risks to the host country, but the risk is far lower than the benefits. From the perspective of ordinary people, the high degree of internationalization of their own currency means that in the process of traveling, consuming and studying abroad, it is more convenient to pay in their own currency without going through tedious exchange procedures; from the government's point of view, the issuing country of international currency can finance the international deficit by issuing its own currency and levies a seigniorage tax relative to other countries, the benefits of which are self-evident. As a result, the currencies of many countries are scrambling to internationalize.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is revealing the reasons for the internationalization of currency.


Premise: Dumping refers to a behavior in which monopolistic capitalists sell goods at prices far lower than domestic and foreign markets, or even lower than production costs, for a certain period of time in order to defeat competitors and seize foreign markets.

Hypothesis: In order to open up sales, a Chinese silk export company launched a buy one get one free promotion in five European countries is an act of dumping.


Premise: All people living in a city are entitled to a card after reaching 65, guaranteeing them discounts on most of the city's public transport services. Census records from 1990 show that 2,450 of the city's residents turned 64 that year, but in 1991, more than 3,000 applied for and reasonably received discount cards. So it is clear that part of the city's population growth between 1990 and 1991 must have come from people in their 60s migrating to the city.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the city's total population grew by more than 500 during the 1990s is the basis for the above discussion.


Premise: Social punishment: refers to the restrictions and punishments from other departments that are not directly related to the trust-breaking behaviors of the personnel.

Hypothesis: On the eve of the Spring Festival, some contractors who maliciously delayed the wages of migrant workers were exposed by relevant departments and various media, causing close attention from all walks of life. According to regulations from the banking, insurance, and railway departments, these violators will be restricted when they apply for credit cards, buy insurance, and tickets for bullet trains and high-speed trains is a social punishment.


Premise: It is impossible for a person without a Putonghua first-level certificate to become a host, because the host can't pronounce substandard pronunciation.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that a person whose pronunciation is not standard may obtain a Putonghua first-level certificate.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: H or G, or both, will definitely take part in the competition.


Premise: The upper leaves of sugarbeet grow vertically and the leaf clusters are funnel-shaped. the configuration structure of foliar space formed by this growth mode is very powerful in the absorption of light and improves the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and populations.On the other hand, the leaves of plantain are whorled, and the angle between the leaves is 137.5 degrees, which is the chord angle of the golden section of the circle. The leaves grow according to this angle and can make full use of light.As the trunk grows taller, the leaves of the pear tree rise in a logarithmic spiral, and each leaf will not cover the leaves below.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the leaf structure which conforms to the mathematical law is beneficial to plant growth.


Premise: Research shows that 90% of people with severe insomnia like to drink strong tea. Lao Zhang likes drinking strong tea, so he is likely to have serious insomnia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The argument it relies on does not involve the proportion of people who have severe insomnia among those who love strong tea' best points out the loopholes in the above argument.


Premise: Addictionhas been defined as dependence on and abuse of a psychoactive substance.  Dependence and abuse do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, cancer patients can become dependent on morphine to relieve their pain, but this is not abusing the drug. Correspondingly, a person can abuse a drug without being dependent on it. Ttherefore, the definition of addiction is incorrect.

Hypothesis: The relevance of the example of cancer patients to the argument depends on the assumption that cancer patients often become dependent on morphine.


Premise: A major network news organization experienced a drop in viewership in the week following the airing of a controversial report on the economy. The network also received a very large number of complaints regarding the report. The network, however, maintains that negative reactions to the report had nothing to do with its loss of viewers.

Hypothesis: The statement "Major network news organizations publicly attribute drops in viewership to their own reports only when they receive complaints about those reports" most strongly supports the network's position.


Premise: Publicity campaigns for endangered species are unlikely to have much impact on the most important environmental problems, for while the ease of attributing feelings to large mammals facilitates evoking sympathy for them, it is more difficult to elicit sympathy for other kinds of organisms, such as the soil microorganisms on which large ecosystems and agriculture depend.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which the argument depends is that an organism can be environmentally significant only if it affects large ecosystems or agriculture.


Premise: Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, and about 75 percent of the sun today is hydrogen. This suggests that hydrogen was the main component of the solar system when it formed. With the formation of the Sun, most of the solar system's material was concentrated in the Sun, while outside the sun, the elements were stratified: close to the Sun, the temperature was very high, leaving only the relatively heavy elements such as silicon, iron, oxygen, these elements together to form mercury, Venus, Earth and other rocky planets; Farther away from the Sun, as temperatures cool, the proportions of these elements decrease, and the planet's atmosphere becomes dominated by hydrogen, with some nitrogen, such as Jupiter and Saturn; At the edge of the solar system, there are few heavy elements, mostly water ice, methane and so on.

Hypothesis: The main text introduction is 'The influence of temperature on the solar system's material composition.'


Premise: S: Our nation is becoming too averse to risk. We boycott any food reported to contain a toxic chemical, even though the risk, as a mathematical ratio, might be minimal. With this mentality, Columbus would never have sailed west. T: A risk-taker in one context can be risk-averse in another: the same person can drive recklessly, but refuse to eat food not grown organically.

Hypothesis: To risk cannot be reliably assessed without reference to context is T's response to S.


Premise: A medical journal used a questionnaire survey to determine whether a particular change in its format would increase its readership. Sixty-two percent of those who returned the questionnaire supported that change. On the basis of this outcome, the decision was made to introduce the new format.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The percentage of surveyed readers who like the format change was almost the same as the percentage of the entire potential readership who would like the format change' would provide the best evidence that the journal's decision will have the desired effect.


Premise: Consumer supervision right refers to the right of consumers to supervise goods and services and the protection of consumer rights.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Wang buying the spoiled food in a store and immediately going back to request a return belongs to consumer supervision right.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: A complete and accurate list that cannot be assigned to the production department is G.


Premise: Archaeologist: Neanderthals, a human-like species living 60, 000 years ago, probably preserved meat by smoking it. Burnt lichen and grass have been found in many Neanderthal fireplaces. A fire of lichen and grass produces a lot of smoke but does not produce nearly as much heat or light as a wood fire.

Hypothesis: In the region containing the Neanderthal fireplaces in which lichen and grass were burnt, no plants that could be burned more effectively to produce heat or light were available 60, 000 years ago would most weaken the archaeologist's argument.


Premise: Remote sensing geophysical prospecting refers to the method of detecting electromagnetic wave information radiated (or reflected) by ground objects with various sensors at a considerable distance to find out various geological or geological conditions.

Hypothesis: The scientist uses satellites to conduct geological exploration of a coastal area belongs to remote sensing geophysical prospecting according to the above definition.


Premise: The report released by the interior ministry states that within the past 5 years the national land-reclamation program has resulted in a 19 percent increase in the amount of arable land within the country. If these figures are accurate, the program has been a resounding success. Senator Armand, a distinguished mathematician and a woman of indisputable brilliance, maintains, however, that the reclamation program could not possibly have been successful. Clearly, ttherefore, the figures cited in the report cannot be accurate.

Hypothesis: The argument above exhibits an erroneous pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by Evelyn reports that she got home before midnight. Robert, who always knows the time, insists that she did not. If Robert is right, Evelyn could not possibly have listened to the late news; since she admits not having listened to the late news, her report cannot be true.


Premise: The transfinite effects refers to the psychological phenomenon of extreme impatience or reverse when the stimulation is too much, too strong or too long.

Hypothesis: Miss Wang's son was killed in an accident is not conforming to the transfinite effect.


Premise: Adaptation refers to the action of the same stimulus on the sensory organ, causing a change in the sensory ability of the sensory organ to appropriate stimulation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when I walked into a garden, the fragrance of the flowers poured into my nose, but soon I didn't feel anything does not fit the concept of adaptation.


Premise: The well-being of the people in the current sense is different from the simple state of food and clothing in the history, but includes extremely rich contents: not only the rights and dignity of the people, but also the income and consumption of the people, as well as freedom, security, social security and spiritual life.

Hypothesis: People's well-being has shifted from material to spiritual is the main statement according to the above text.


Premise: At present, the use of electronic products has become a major trend. Many children and adolescents are used to learning and entertaining on the Internet, and it is more difficult to prevent and control myopia. To protect the eye health of children and adolescents, we should change the concept of emphasizing treatment and neglecting prevention. To achieve early detection and early intervention, we should adhere to the prevention and control strategy of coordinated medical treatment and prevention, and carry out visual health services covering the whole life cycle. Myopia of children and adolescents is a public health problem. We must start with health education, take public health services as the starting point, cultivate the independent health behavior of children, adolescents and parents, and actively promote popular science knowledge to prevent the visual health of myopia in children and adolescents.

Hypothesis: Adhering to the normal visual health service for a long time is not covered in the article as an option for protecting the eye health of children and adolescents.


Premise: For years, university administrators, corporations, and government agencies have been predicting an imminent and catastrophic shortage of scientists and engineers. But since there is little noticeable upward pressure on the salaries of scientists and engineers, and unemployment is as high in these fields as any other, these doomsayers are turning out to be wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement that the number of students in university programs in science and engineering has increased significantly in the last five years would most strengthen the argument above.


Premise: A school's Lei Feng team decided to water the current small trees on the campus, but when they arrived at the school, they found that there were exactly three students in the school, and the small trees had been watered. A said,B did it.  B said: I didn't do it.  C said, It wasn't me. Two of the three people told a lie, and one told the truth.

Hypothesis: B is watering the tree.


Premise: Other deposit companies refer to all deposit companies except the central bank, which are mainly engaged in the activities of absorbing deposits, issuing loans and creating deposits, which are called deposit money banks in China.

Hypothesis: The insurance company does not belong to other deposit companies.


Premise: Because the image of the photo is formed by the contact between the light and the film, each photo has a certain degree of authenticity. However, the photos taken from different angles always reflect the truth of one side of the object rather than the whole truth. in this sense, the photos are not true. Therefore, under the current technical conditions, it is not appropriate to use photographs as evidence, especially in court.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Any evidence only needs to reflect one side of the fact' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Technical listeners: These listeners work hard to listen to what others say. They value the meaning of words, facts and statistics figures, but they do not work enough in terms of feeling, sympathy and true understanding.

Hypothesis: Audiences who always take a lot of notes every time listening to a leader's speech, but often follow their own intentions when implementing policies, and are inconsistent with the leader's intentions are technical listeners.


Premise: Goethe said, if people want to pursue something, they have to make mistakes. Of course, this does not mean that you should not try to prevent and reduce mistakes, or that you can take a nonchalant attitude towards mistakes, but that you should not be timid and timid because you are afraid of mistakes. We are also afraid of this and that, and we will not be able to achieve a career.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that if one wants to succeed in a career, he will always make mistakes.


Premise: Some educators claim that it is best that school courses cover only basic subject matter, but cover it in depth. These educators argue that if students achieve a solid grasp of the basic concepts and investigatory techniques in a subject, they will be able to explore the breadth of that subject on their own after the course is over. But if they simply learn a lot of factual information, without truly understanding its significance, they will not be well equipped for further study on their own.

Hypothesis: It is easier to understand any Greek tragedy after one has analyzed a few of them in detail is a statement that is supported by the educators' reasoning.


Premise: Implicit discrimination: refers to the existence of a person's mind, not openly manifest discrimination against a particular group of people.

Hypothesis: Beggars who dress up as dropouts often get more money is implicit discrimination according to the above definition.


Premise: Liu Jiang, director of the Index research office of the Development research Center of the State Post Bureau, said that from January to April, the volume of express delivery business was 17.07 billion pieces, up 24.8% year on year, more than three times the growth rate of the service industry production index in the same period, leading the modern service industry. In the first four months of this year, the total business revenue of China's express delivery service enterprises reached 213.54 billion yuan, up 22.8% year on year. The average daily express processing capacity of the industry reaches 160 million pieces, and the highest is 180 million pieces. The monthly express business volume is close to 5 billion pieces.

Hypothesis: 'Express delivery should make up for weaknesses' would be a good title for an article.


Premise: When public opinion is in a position of direct power, when it is unequal, public opinion will not be able to gain respect for its rights, and it will not be possible to protect itself in front of power, let alone let power be obedient.Therefore, in order for public opinion to really play a role, there is no other way but to give public opinion the power. Rights, in particular, need to understand that public opinion is the premise and basis of power action, and respect for public opinion is reflected, and everything is not done in accordance with public opinion.When it is limited to certain conditions and cannot act in accordance with public opinion, confess the reasons to the public and ask the public for understanding, which is the only way to achieve a win-win situation between power and public opinion.

Hypothesis: The author's main point of view is that the key to the win-win situation of power and public opinion lies in the public's knowledge and understanding.


Premise: Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver re-education, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.

Hypothesis: Drivers with a large number of demerit points but no conviction for a serious driving-related offense should receive driver reeducation rather than jail if the editorialist's statements are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following.


Premise: All living organisms need to be metabolized, otherwise life will stop. Civilization is the same, if it is self-closed for a long time, it will inevitably decline. Communication and mutual learning are the essential requirements for the development of civilizations. Only by communicating and learning from other civilizations and absorbing the strengths of others, To make up for one's shortcomings, in order to maintain a vigorous life.

Hypothesis: If a civilization does not exchange and learn from other civilizations, it cannot maintain its vigorous vitality can be derived.


Premise: Geneticist: Ethicists have fears, many of them reasonable, about the prospect of cloning human beings, that is, producing exact genetic duplicates. But the horror-movie image of a wealthy person creating an army of exact duplicates is completely unrealistic. Clones must be raised and educated, a long-term process that could never produce adults identical to the original in terms of outlook, personality, or goals. More realistic is the possibility that wealthy individuals might use clones as living organ banks.

Hypothesis: The claim that cloning will not produce adults with identical personalities illustrates the claim that only wealthy people would be able to have genetic duplicates made of themselves.


Premise: Women constitute the majority of the country's population, and most of the tranquilizer prescriptions prescribed by doctors are for female patients. However, drug trials are only performed on men to complete the testing of the efficacy of these drugs and the calibration of recommended doses. It is even used for Animals tested for drug toxicity also use males.

Hypothesis: It is not yet known whether the recommended dose of tranquilizers is suitable for women is most supported by the above views.


Premise: Curator: Since ancient times, the fine arts were developed and sustained with the aid of large subsidies from the aristocracies and religious institutions that were the public sectors of their day; it is doubtful that the arts would have survived without these subsidies. Clearly, contemporary societies should fulfill their obligation as stewards of cultural heritage without the assistance of aristocracies or religious institutions, so governments must help finance the maintenance, advancement, and enrichment of the fine arts today.

Hypothesis: Serving as stewards of cultural heritage requires that contemporary societies help to maintain the fine arts is an assumption required by the curator's argument.


Premise: Crisis management refers to how the government deals with and responds to a sudden incident. Crisis management is more comprehensive, including not only the treatment of the outbreak, duration and recession of the crisis, but also the treatment of the incubation period, that is, when the crisis has not yet occurred, the government should have a kind of early warning ability and then have the ability to deal with the crisis.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, crisis intervention is the core of crisis management.


Premise: Some of the politicians who strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico are now refusing to support publicly the idea that free trade should be extended to other Latin American countries.

Hypothesis: If the statement above is true, then not all politicians who strongly supported free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico now publicly support extending free trade to other Latin American countries.


Premise: Paleontologists can rediscover the forgotten wisdom of our ancestors. For example, the nabatas occupied the dangerous Negev desert two thousand years ago. They diverted the rainwater of the rare heavy rain in this area into irrigation ditches and reservoirs. This method was used to rebuild the ancient farms in this area, which can now produce high grain production.

Hypothesis: The term method in the above paragraph refers to rebuilding the ancient farms in this area.


Premise: Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang, Xiao Li and Xiao Zhao joined the study group. Everyone chooses one of these three books from the first volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, the second volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and the third volume of Xi Jinping talking about governing the country, and then selects one or three topics from this book to study, and talk about the experience. It is known that: (1) the books selected by Xiao Zhang and Xiao Zhao are different, and the number of topics they choose to study is also different. (2) one person chose a topic to study. Two people chose two topics to study. (3) Xiao Li chose the three topics in the third volume of Xi Jinping on Governance. (4) each book was selected. Xiao Wang and Xiao Zhao selected the first volume of Xi Jinping on governing the country.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao chose the two topics in Volume 1 to study is an option that can be inferred.


Premise: As for actor certification, we are most familiar with the title of first-class actor, and one of the main criteria for the selection of first-class actor is that he has made outstanding contributions to the prosperity of China's literary and artistic undertakings, which is also vague. In addition, according to relevant data, it is only a habit to call first-class actor as national first-class actor, It can also be understood that the popularity and popularity of an actor mainly comes from his works, which has nothing to do with his professional title.

Hypothesis: The evaluation of actors should focus on their works rather than their professional titles is the main emphasis of this paragraph.


Premise: In recent years, networks of fiber-optic cable have been replacing electrical wire for transmitting telecommunications signals. Signals running through fiber-optic cables deteriorate, and so the signals must be run through a piece of equipment called a regenerator before being transmitted farther. Light-Line is the leading manufacturer of signal regenerators. Ttherefore, Light-Line is one of the companies that will most benefit if new long-distance fiber-optic telecommunications networks are constructed.

Hypothesis: Expanding its production of regenerators will require Light-Line to spend proportionately more on labor and materials casts the most doubt on the prediction about Light-Line's prospects.


Premise: The so-called memory representation refers to the image of things perceived by people in the human brain.

Hypothesis: Recalling the hard life of his childhood is an activity designed for memory content that does not belong to memory representation.


Premise: Convert fanaticism refers to a social phenomenon in which later converted congregations are more pious or such than those born in religious families (older congregations).

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Zhang used to only shop in the supermarket, but today, when he first came into contact with online shopping, he bought tens of thousands of yuan of goods online in one breath does not belong to convert fanaticism.


Premise: The latest two research results have attracted people's attention: one is to use certain bacteria to produce artificial meat protein, which grows by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which takes about 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide for every kilogram of protein; second, to synthesize ethanol from carbon dioxide and water recovered from the atmosphere, it takes 1.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kilogram of ethanol. Experts predict that these new technologies will help to achieve the goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions in the middle of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that carbon dioxide resource utilization may achieve zero greenhouse gas emission target based on this.


Premise: Biologist: Humans have five fingers because we descended from a fish with five phalanges in its fins. Despite our prejudices to the contrary, our configuration of fingers is no more or less useful than several other possible configurations, e. g. , six per hand. So, if humans had descended from a fish with six phalanges in its fins and had six fingers on each hand, then we would be just as content with that configuration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Humans are never equally content with two things of unequal usefulness' strengthens the biologist's argument.


Premise: Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with a credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo' most strongly supports the psychologists' interpretation of the studies.


Premise: Although spinach is rich in calcium, it also contains a large amount of plasma oxalic acid which can effectively prevent the body's absorption of calcium. Therefore, if a person wants to consume enough calcium, he must replace it with other calcium-rich food or at least, eaten with spinach.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that during the cooking process, plasma oxalic acid in spinach is destroyed slightly more than calcium can weaken the argument of the subject the most.


Premise: There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.

Hypothesis: If E is treated by Dr. Wang, then G must also be treated by Dr. Wang.


Premise: Tom: Executives in this country make around 85 times what the average worker earns. This is an extraordinarily large disparity, and ttherefore public resentment over the size of executives' salaries is justified. Martha: Such resentment is not justified, since wealth is created by taking risks and making decisions, actions most people prefer to avoid. Generous rewards for those who choose not to avoid these actions are both fair and necessary. Tom: I think you misunderstood me. I' m not saying that people resent that there is a large disparity here between executives' salaries and workers' salaries, but rather they resent that it is atypically large: in other countries executives earn only 20 or 30 times what the average worker earns.

Hypothesis: The main point at issue between Tom and Martha is whether public resentment of the size of executive salaries is justified.


Premise: Raising the tax rate on essential goods -- a traditional means of increasing government revenues -- invariably turns low- and middle-income taxpayers against the government. Hence government officials have proposed adding a new tax on purchases of luxury items such as yachts, private planes, jewels, and furs. The officials claim that this tax will result in a substantial increase in government revenues while affecting only the wealthy individuals and corporations who can afford to purchase such items.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Will sales of the luxury items subject to the proposed tax occur at current rates once the proposed tax on luxury items has been passed?' would be the most relevant in evaluating the accuracy of the government officials' prediction.


Premise: Climatologists believe they know why Earth has undergone a regular sequence of ice ages beginning around 800, 000 years ago. Calculations show that Earth' s orbit around the Sun has fluctuations that coincide with the ice-age cycles. The climatologists hypothesize that when the fluctuations occur, Earth passes through clouds of cosmic dust that enters the atmosphere; the cosmic dust thereby dims the Sun, resulting in an ice age. They concede, however, that though cosmic dust clouds are common, the clouds would have to be particularly dense in order to have this effect.

Hypothesis: Two large asteroids collided 800,000 years ago, producing a tremendous amount of dense cosmic dust that continues to orbit the Sun is an exception that would not lend support to the climatologists' hypothesis.


Premise: Illusion means that people sometimes cannot perceive external things completely correctly due to subjective and objective reasons, and various distortions will occur. It refers to a certain distorted perception of objective things under specific conditions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When the moon is above your head, you will find that no matter where you go, it always follows behind you' is not an illusion.


Premise: The brain is not only the most complex organ in biological structure and function, but also a superb, exquisite and perfect information processing system. The total number of nerve cells in the human brain is about 1012, equivalent to the total number of stars in the entire Milky way. In addition, there are 10 to 50 times more glial cells than nerve cells. The brain is in charge of human language, thinking, feeling, emotion, movement and other advanced activities, which are closely related to the topological structure of neurons or clusters of neurons in the brain network, which essentially determines the function of the whole brain.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the topology of the brain network determines the whole brain function.


Premise: Every morning, the mother makes breakfast for her son in primary school. Five kinds of breakfast are noodles, dumplings, porridge, fried rice with eggs, pancakes, etc., but she only makes one of them for her son every day. It is known that: (1) making noodles is easier, twice a week, twice a week, three days apart in a week, (2) making porridge is made the day before or after the first noodle making, only once a week. (3) dumplings are also made only once a week, but this time is only once before the second noodle making. (4) making fried rice with eggs is also limited to four days apart from the day the first noodle is made in a week.(5) there was a time when the cake was made before the first time it was made noodles.

Hypothesis: Assuming that Monday is the first day of the week, Tuesday noodles is correct according to the above statement.


Premise: A group traveling to Tibet, besides Lhasa, there are six cities or scenic spots to choose from: E City, F City, G Lake, H mountain, I peak, J Lake. Considering such factors as time, funds, plateau environment and personnel's physical condition, (1) at least one of G lake and J Lake should be visited. (2) If you don't go to E city or F city, you can't go to G Lake. (3) If you don't go to E city, you can't go to H Mountain. (4) Lake J can be reached only after crossing peak I.

Hypothesis: The group went to E City and Lake J must be true if the team does not go to I-peak due to climate.


Premise: Typically, people who have diets high in saturated fat have an increased risk of heart disease. Those who replace saturated fat in their diets with unsaturated fat decrease their risk of heart disease. Ttherefore, people who eat a lot of saturated fat can lower their risk of heart disease by increasing their intake of unsaturated fat.

Hypothesis: The assumption that it is difficult to move from a diet that is high in saturated fat to a diet that includes very little fat most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: The senator has long held to the general principle that no true work of art is obscene, and thus that there is no conflict between the need to encourage free artistic expression and the need to protect the sensibilities of the public from obscenity. When well-known works generally viewed as obscene are cited as possible counterexamples, the senator justifies accepting the principle by saying that if these works really are obscene then they cannot be works of art.

Hypothesis: The senator's reasoning seeks to persuade by emotional rather than intellectual means.


Premise: A report on acid rain concluded, most forests in Canada are not damaged by acid rain. Critics of the report insist that this conclusion must be changed to, most forests in Canada do not show obvious symptoms of being damaged by acid rain, such as abnormal leaf loss, slower growth or higher mortality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The report does not compare the damage caused by acid rain to forests in Canada with the damage caused by acid rain to forests in other countries' provides the most logically strong justification for critics' insistence on changing the conclusions of the report.


Premise: In seventeenth-century France, many remunerative government positions in the provinces were sold by the king and then passed from father to son. Historians have concluded that this system was more effective than a purely meritocratic system in ensuring not only that most of the officials were competent, but that they were more sympathetic to the local people than to the king.

Hypothesis: Government officials often received financial gratuities from local merchants does not help to support the historians' conclusion if it is true of seventeenth-century France.


Premise: Homing pigeons have a strong ability to fly, reaching a speed of 100 kilometers per hour and their memory and recognition abilities are outstanding among animals. They are not afraid of fatigue, loyal and reliable. They have no deserters and surrenders and are not restricted by the terrain and transmit information in a timely manner. Homing pigeons have made great achievements since they joined the army.

Hypothesis: Many unique advantages of homing pigeon play an important role in the military is the point of view supported by this passage.


Premise: On the surface, Melville' s Billy Budd is a simple story with a simple theme. However, if one views the novel as a religious allegory, then it assumes a richness and profundity that place it among the great novels of the nineteenth century. However, the central question remains: Did Melville intend an allegorical reading? Since there is no textual or historical evidence that he did, we should be content with reading Billy Budd as a simple tragedy.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the argument is that the only relevant evidence in deciding in which genre to place a novel is the author's stated intention.


Premise: Researchers at the University of Kent in the United Kingdom asked two groups of volunteers to play puzzle games and watch documentaries about sports cars, and then asked them to perform indoor cycling endurance tests. As a result, the first group members who thought they were exhausted were more likely to give up than the second group. However, the researchers found that there was no difference in blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and cardiac output between the two groups of volunteers.

Hypothesis: The influence of mental activity on physical strength is just a sensory deviation can be derived.


Premise: Some insects die after first breeding larvae, others live for years after their offspring are guaranteed survival. Among the latter insects are those that make beneficial contributions to the ecosystem, such as bees.

Hypothesis: Most insects live independently from birth and do not require the care of adult insects can be drawn from the above statement.


Premise: Early in the twentieth century, Lake Konfa became very polluted. Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lake' s waters have become cleaner. Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction of an oil pipeline across the lake' s bottom might revive pollution and cause the fish population to decline again. However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed. Ttherefore, provided this technology is effective, the fears are groundless.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A major leak of oil from the pipeline would harm not only the lake's fish but also populations of other aquatic animals and plants' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: All green or germinated potatoes contain more toxic alkaloids-solanine. None of the checked potatoes are green or sprouted. Therefore, the checked potatoes are safe to eat.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'Green or germinated potatoes are not safe to eat' is used as a hypothesis, the conclusion of the above reasoning can be logically inferred.


Premise: For a certain type of ulcer, traditional therapy can completely heal 44% of patients' ulcers within 6 months. A new therapy for this type of ulcer has achieved obvious improves in 80% of the ulcers treated in a 6-month trial. 61% of ulcers were healed. Since the trial only treated those ulcers very severe, this new treatment is obviously more effective than traditional treatments.

Hypothesis: Among the patients who participated in the 6-month trial of the new therapy, what percentage of the people were dissatisfied with the recovery rate is additional evidence that needs to be added in order to better compare the effects of the two therapies.


Premise: Scientist: In our study, chemical R did not cause cancer in laboratory rats. But we cannot conclude from this that chemical R is safe for humans. After all, many substances known to be carcinogenic to humans cause no cancer in rats; this is probably because some carcinogens cause cancer only via long-term exposure and rats are short lived.

Hypothesis: It is cited as being insufficient to support the conclusion that chemical R is safe for humans most precisely describes the role played in the scientist's argument by the statement that chemical R did not cause cancer in laboratory rats.


Premise: Gerrit: While browsing in a record store I noticed that one copy of a recording I wanted had mistakenly been priced at a quarter of the list price. When I finally reached the cashier I was told that the price had been mismarked and I would have to pay the full list price. Since I had wasted an hour standing in line, the retailer was morally obligated to sell me the recording at the lower price. Saskia: I disagree. You knew that a mistake had been made, and you were simply trying to take advantage of that mistake.

Hypothesis: The principle that the price displayed on an item in a retail store morally constitutes an irrevocable offer to sell the item at that price would most help to justify Saskia's position.


Premise: Subliminal talent refers to the talents that are not recognized, including the unsuccessful talents and the hidden talents. Unsuccessful potential talents are beginning to see results, and no final results have been achieved. Masking sub-talent is already a talent, but the results of creative labor is not recognized by society, or virtue can not be properly evaluated, so buried.

Hypothesis: Zhang Qiang's first phase of the trial is good, the company decided that if the second phase can solve the remaining problems, it will consider putting into the market belongs to the unsuccessful dive talent according to the above definition.


Premise: Energy-saving lamps require less electricity and are more power-saving. Therefore, if people only use energy-saving lamps and do not use ordinary incandescent lamps that consume a lot of electricity, it will save a lot of electricity bills.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that the brightness of energy-saving lamps is at least as bright as that of ordinary incandescent lamps.


Premise: In medicine, according to different pathogens that cause colds, colds can be divided into viral colds and bacterial colds. If there is no bacterial infection, through the body's own immunity, the cold can heal itself in about a week. Therefore, there is no need to take medicines and injections for most circumstances of colds.

Hypothesis: The cold that people catch is commonly viral cold must be true for the above conclusion to be true.


Premise: Endogenous development is a kind of development that is mainly promoted and participated by the interior of the development area, makes full use of the strength and resources of the development area, respects its own value and system, and explores a development path suitable for its own development.

Hypothesis: The situation where farmers abandoned the mechanized farming mode and adopted the traditional manual farming method belongs to endogenous development according to the above definition.


Premise: The education system has two aspects, one is compulsory education, the other is higher education. A reasonable education system requires everyone to have the right to compulsory education and the opportunity to obtain higher education through fair competition.

Hypothesis: An education system that does not enable everyone to enjoy the right to compulsory education is unreasonable can be concluded from the above conclusion.


Premise: Courtyard economy refers to a form of operation in which farmers make full use of the family courtyard space, surrounding non contracted empty land and various resources to engage in highly intensive commodity production, mainly including planting, breeding and processing industry.

Hypothesis: Building a handicraft weaving factory with tile roofed houses in their backyard is a courtyard economy according to the above definition.


Premise: There is a psychological theory that in order to be happy, one person must maintain a close relationship with another person. However, the world's greatest philosophers spent most of their lives alone and without close relationships. Therefore, this psychological theory must be wrong.

Hypothesis: The greatest philosophers in the world are happy must be assumed by the above conclusion.


Premise: The results showed that after heating sweet corn for 10 minutes, 25 minutes and 50 minutes at 115  degree, its anti free radical activity increased by 22%, 44% and 53% respectively. Therefore, the longer the heating time, the better the anti-aging effect of corn.

Hypothesis: Compared with sweet corn, the increase of anti free radical activity of waxy corn after heating for the same time is very small cannot weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Working residents of Springfield live, on average, farther from their workplaces than do working residents of Rorchester. Thus, one would expect that the demand for public transportation would be greater in Springfield than in Rorchester. However, Springfield has only half as many bus routes as Rorchester.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, contributes to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy described above EXCEPT: The statement 'Three-fourths of the Springfield workforce is employed at the same factory outside the city limits' does not contribute to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: Oscar: I have been accused of plagiarizing the work of Ethel Myers in my recent article. But that accusation is unwarranted. Although I admit I used passages from Myers' book without attribution, Myers gave me permission in private correspondence to do so. Millie: Myers cannot give you permission to plagiarize. Plagiarism is wrong, not only because it violates authors' rights to their own words, but also because it misleads readers: it is fundamentally a type of lie. A lie is no less a lie if another person agrees to the deception.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Plagiarism is never justified, but writers are justified in occasionally quoting without attribution the work of other writers if the work quoted has not been published' would justify Oscar's judgment if it is established.


Premise: When many people browse the Internet, once they encounter the content that goes directly to the heart, the first thing is to find the QR code for forwarding, scan the phone quickly, store it, and share it at any time, which has become an unimaginative rule. On social media, negative emotions are often triggered by retweeted content, such as jealousy, slowness, or even anger, and the more controversial opinions and claims are, the more likely they are to be forwarded. Wharton School professors found that anger tops the list of easily shared emotions on social media, a study of China's Weibo service found. Rage spreads faster than happiness, sadness and disgust. Reflex retweets make people become indiscriminate responders, thinking less and less independently.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is "The inexplicable retweet of social media".


Premise: Shepherd Economics refers to the situation that shepherd boys only graze when grazing, regardless of the damage to the grassland. In economics, in order to pursue high production (consumption of natural resources) and high consumption (transformation of commodities into pollutants), they consume a large number of natural resources quickly and choose waste accumulated environmental pollution.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a place investing a lot of money to organize villagers to plant apple trees, and the resulting poor sales leading to apples falling to the ground and rotting a lot, belongs to Shepherd Economics.


Premise: The so-called viewpoint of information processing is to compare the human brain with the computer and regard the human brain as an information processing system similar to the computer. But this analogy is only functional, that is, it can only be an analogy at the behavioral level, regardless of the difference between biological cells and electronic components. In other words, this analogy involves only software, not hardware.

Hypothesis: The hardware in this paragraph is material composition.


Premise: Special family: refers to a family with no blood relationship between family members.

Hypothesis: When Xiao Juan was 10 years old, her parents divorced. She followed her father. Her father died suddenly soon after remarriage, and her stepmother brought her up is not a special family.


Premise: A British experiment found that after separating female dog from their young children, they were mixed with a group of adult dogs and puppies of the same kind, and then put the female dogs into the pack. The female dog will soon join her children. Studies have shown that dogs' body odor is the basis on which they identify each other. Puppies can't tell the smell of their mother from that of other female dogs. So every female dog can tell the smell of her children.

Hypothesis: The method used in the above argument is to determine one of the two alternative interpretations of a phenomenon by excluding the other.


Premise: Despite the autumn wind and frost, the cabbage flourishes. Late autumn's new green is rare. At this time, the field flowers withered, cabbage is still fresh. Petiole wide and thick, porcelain spoon shaped petals curved upward, in the sun cheerfully raised face, called life out of hope. The white of cabbage is as beautiful as the yellow of pumpkin or the red of chili.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cabbage spills out the essence of life' best sums up the passage.


Premise: No computer will ever be able to do everything that some human minds can do, for there are some problems that cannot be solved by following any set of mechanically applicable rules. Yet computers can only solve problems by following some set of mechanically applicable rules.

Hypothesis: At least one problem not solvable by following any set of mechanically applicable rules is solvable by at least one human mind is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: The causal link between phenomena refers to the existence of one phenomenon, others will cause another phenomenon, then there is a causal link between the two phenomena. One way to explore the causal link between phenomena is to seek the same method, which means that the phenomenon being studied appears on different occasions, and in each case, only one situation is common, then the only common situation is causally related to the phenomenon.

Hypothesis: The police concluded that well water may have contributed to the poisoning of the villagers based on the above definition, which applies the method of seeking common ground.


Premise: With the growth of age, People's demand for material gradually decreased, and spiritual demand gradually increased. Therefore, in order to meet the growing spiritual needs, the elderly should take more active part in recreational and sports activities than when they are young.

Hypothesis: Older people who are more active in recreational and sports activities than young people lead more fulfilling lives can best support the above discussion.


Premise: When answering questions about enrollment, Mr. Gu from a certain university emphasized: Our school recruits some free normal students and some general normal students. Normally normal students are different from free normal students. Students who do not have free normal students can stay and work in big cities when they graduate. Normally, normal normal students can choose to stay in the big cities when they graduate.Any non-free teacher students need to self-employment when they graduate, and no free teacher students need to self-employment when they graduate.

Hypothesis: According to Mr. Gu's statement, all normal students in this school need to seek self-employment can be derived.


Premise: To be horrific, a monster must be threatening. Whether or not it presents psychological, moral or social dangers, or triggers enduring infantile fears, if a monster is physically dangerous then it is threatening. In fact, even a physically benign monster is horrific if it inspires revulsion.

Hypothesis: All monsters that are not physically dangerous, but that are psychologically dangerous and inspire revulsion, are threatening logically follows from the statements above.


Premise: Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic. New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10, 000 kilometers away. Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from Atlantic loggerhead turtles' most seriously weakens the reasoning above.


Premise: The Dai bamboo buildings in Xishuangbanna use square columns to raise their houses to prevent moisture and mosquito blood harassment. The reason why square columns are used instead of circular columns is to prevent snakes from climbing into the bamboo buildings.

Hypothesis: Snakes like to climb round pillars is most likely to be the assumption of the above statement.


Premise: A study of 8, 000 randomly chosen adults in a European country found that 75 percent of those who consumed alcohol an average of twice or more per week over a six-month period suffered at least one cold during that period. We can tentatively conclude from this that consuming alcohol tends to increase one' s susceptibility to colds.

Hypothesis: The statement "Seventy-five percent of those in the study who never consumed alcohol suffered at least one cold over the six-month period" would most weaken the argument.


Premise: Mr. X has always been hailed as the literary master of the Western world in the 19th century, but the benefits he received from the literary masters of his predecessors have been ignored by critics. In addition, Mr. X has never written a truly monumental masterpiece, and his most well-known works have major flaws in both style and expression.

Hypothesis: Mr. X's contribution to the development of Western literature has been overstated is a conclusion that can be drawn from the above statement.


Premise: Today, people often know that tigers have always lived in the mountains, and they do not know the history of their withdrawal from the plains. During the Tang and Song dynasties, with the transfer of the economic and cultural center from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, a large number of northern population moved southward and the South China tiger completely withdrew from the plain area. After that, idioms such as diverting the tiger from the mountain, letting the tiger return to the mountain and sitting on the mountain to watch the tiger fight showed that people had mistakenly regarded the tiger as a mountain species at that time and did not know that the tiger was forced up the mountain because of human activities.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the gist of this passage is that it describes the history of tigers retreating to the mountains with human activities.


Premise: At present, although China has signed bilateral trade agreements with many developed countries, China's exports are still the target of various discriminatory trade measures and still face various discriminatory quantitative restrictions. selective safeguard measures and anti-dumping and countervailing measures based on discriminatory standards.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that China's exports are aimed at establishing opposition to all kinds of discriminatory measures.


Premise: Contingent liabilities refer to the potential obligations formed by past transactions or events, which are likely to be undertaken by the enterprise under certain circumstances, but have not been fully determined so far. They are liabilities that need to be confirmed by the occurrence or non occurrence of uncertain events in the future

Hypothesis: A business may incur contingent liabilities if they prepare to pay the contract liquidated damages agreed in advance according to the definition.


Premise: At the end of 2009, the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of China showed that only 6.48% of the people had overall health quality, of which only 4.66% had the literacy of chronic disease prevention. This shows that the national awareness of the disease is still very poor. Only when the national quality is fundamentally improved, the fallacies of Li Yi and Zhang Wuben will not have so many people blindly follow.

Hypothesis: If the quality of the national awareness cannot be fundamentally improved, many people will blindly follow the fallacies of Li Yi and others can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Editorial: The premier' s economic advisor assures her that with the elimination of wasteful spending the goal of reducing taxes while not significantly decreasing government services can be met. But the premier should not listen to this advisor, who in his youth was convicted of embezzlement. Surely his economic advice is as untrustworthy as he is himself, and so the premier should discard any hope of reducing taxes without a significant decrease in government services.

Hypothesis: A questionable argumentative strategy employed in the editorial's argument is rejecting a proposal on the grounds that a particular implementation of the proposal is likely to fail.


Premise: Infectious disease outbreaks among wild animals due to virus invasion. A new study found that animals living in tropical, subtropical or low-altitude areas are at constant risk of infectious diseases due to their hot living environment. Animals living at low temperatures, such as high latitudes and altitudes, used to be protected from viruses because of long winters, but now winters are getting warmer and shorter. As a result, rising temperatures will exacerbate outbreaks of infectious diseases in wildlife.

Hypothesis: There is a positive correlation between the temperature and the risk of infectious diseases of wild animals, that is, the higher the temperature, the higher the risk of infectious diseases best supports the above statement.


Premise: Self handicapping means that individuals coordinate obstacles in advance to create a reasonable excuse for failure, so as to protect their self-worth and maintain their self-image.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Ming's Chinese score being among the best in his class and his final score being within the top three, despite telling his classmates that he would fail the exam if he was in bad condition, belongs to self handicapping.


Premise: During World War II, the air forces of the United States and Britain bombed Germany and suffered heavy losses. Experts found that the belly of all the returning planes was covered with bullet marks, but the wings were intact. They concluded that the belly of the plane is very vulnerable to gunfire and that the protection of the belly should be improved. It was later confirmed that they were affected by survivor bias when these experts speculated, because the reality was that all the planes that were hit on the wing crashed, while most of the planes that were only hit in the belly returned.

Hypothesis: In a random sampling survey with a large enough sample, it is found that in China, the TV program with the largest audience is News Network does not have a similar survivor bias.


Premise: Twenty years ago, a high-level diplomatic conference on the Middle East would have been unthinkable without U.S. participation and leadership. Today, Turkey, Russia and Iran are negotiating without Washington, while the Syrian opposition is heading to Moscow to discuss the country's future. Russia has also strengthened ties with Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Israel.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the expression is that in the Middle East, Russia has largely replaced the United States.


Premise: It is the people of the country who are most concerned about the fate and future of a country, and it is the people of the country who know the most about the situation of the country. Therefore, it is only up to the people of the country to decide what kind of road a country will take.

Hypothesis: The reason why we can't know the true face of Lushan Mountain is that we are in the middle of these mountains does not support the argument in the main part of the question.


Premise: One should always capitalize the main words and the first and last words of a title. But one should never capitalize articles, or prepositions and conjunctions with fewer than five letters, when they occur in the middle of a title.

Hypothesis: If a word in the middle of a title should be capitalized, then that word is neither an article nor a conjunction shorter than five letters can be properly inferred from the statements above.