Premise: The faster a car is traveling, the less time the driver has to avoid a potential accident, and if a car does crash, higher speeds increase the risk of a fatality. Between 1995 and 2000, average highway speeds increased significantly in the United States, yet, over that time, there was a drop in the number of car-crash fatalities per highway mile driven by cars.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There were increases in both the proportion of people who wore seat belts and the proportion of cars that were equipped with airbags as safety devices' most helps to explain why the fatality rate decreased in spite of the increase in average highway speeds in the United States between 1995 and 2000.


Premise: All senior students majoring in criminal investigation become policemen after graduation. Some policemen are party members, and senior students majoring in criminal investigation are not policemen.

Hypothesis: Some senior students majoring in criminal investigation are party members can be inferred from the above information.


Premise: Editorial: Contrary to popular belief, teaching preschoolers is not especially difficult, for they develop strict systems (e. g. , for sorting toys by shape), which help them to learn, and they are always intensely curious about something new in their world.

Hypothesis: Some older children also develop strict systems that help them learn most seriously weakens the editorial's argument.


Premise: The researchers put themice in a labyrinth space to observe their stress behavior patterns. They found that in open, brightly lit places, mice felt stressed and panicked and found ways to escape, while drugs or genes inhibited the production of certain proteins in the amygdala of the mice brain. they will no longer have similar stress behavior patterns in the same area. The researchers concluded that the activity of this protein determines the stress resistance of mice, which in turn determines its stress behavior pattern.

Hypothesis: If the mice feels nervous in an open, brightly lit place, the function of the amygdala to produce this protein is not inhibited can be derived from this.


Premise: Commentator: Human behavior cannot be fully understood without inquiring into nonphysical aspects of persons. As evidence of this, I submit the following: suppose that we had a complete scientific account of the physical aspects of some particular human action -- every neurological, physiological, and environmental event involved. Even with all that we would obviously still not truly comprehend the action or know why it occurred.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the argument's reasoning is that the purported evidence cited in support of its conclusion presumes that the conclusion is true.


Premise: A school is going to choose four classes to give commendation, and give a certain reward. From the perspective of learning, the two classes of A and B are better than the two classes of C and D.

Hypothesis: Based on this, plus the statement that class E is better than class A, it may be concluded that class E is better than class D.


Premise: Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak' provides the strongest justification for the experts' prediction.


Premise: Trust, which cannot be sustained in the absence of mutual respect, is essential to any long-lasting relationship, personal or professional. However, personal relationships, such as marriage or friendship, additionally require natural affinity. If a personal relationship is to endure, it must be supported by the twin pillars of mutual respect and affinity.

Hypothesis: In the context of any professional relationship, mutual respect presupposes trust must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: The diversity of the international community is conducive to learning from each other's strengths and complementing each other's weaknesses. No matter whether the social systems are the same or different, they can and should learn from each other; On the contrary, no one will want to learn if they are forced again. Countries should also find a convergence of interests and cooperate to solve the common problems faced by mankind. These areas of cooperation are very wide, such as sustainable development, pollution control, opposition to drugs and terrorist activities, etc.

Hypothesis: Countries with different social systems have many common problems can be inferred.


Premise: Poverty often conjures up images of low mud huts, shabby bedding and cloudy eyes. These are indeed poor people living below the city's minimum standard of living. The man died of illness and owed a lot of money. One of his two children was disabled, but their house was bright and clean, with a refrigerator, a washing machine, and beautiful curtains and curtains. The hostess's smile is as clear as her house, she said, refrigerator, washing machine are neighbors eliminated down to send, curtains and curtains are made of their own paper, the children are very sensible, finished homework to help me do odd jobs......

Hypothesis: Adversity is not an essential part of life, and to ignore it is not a waste of life does not include the truth of this passage.


Premise: The crime of money laundering is to specify the crime of knowledge, organized crime of the nature of the underworld, the illegal income of smuggling crime and the income generated, in order to cover up, conceal its source and nature, and put it on the market by depositing in the financial structure, transferring funds, etc. Legalized behavior.

Hypothesis: A taking the fraudulent two million yuan out of the country and cashing it in for foreign currency does not constitute a crime of money laundering according to the above definition.


Premise: Mental illness is not a pathological concept, but a sociological concept. If a person is forcibly committed to a mental hospital by a family member or authority, that person can almost only be diagnosed as a Mental patient. The description of his symptoms by his family and authority is an important piece of information for judging whether he is mentally ill or not. And if he says he was persecuted and fought back, he fits the criteria of the psychiatric diagnosis of Paranoia, Maniaand the like. His right to self-defense is also nullified by this invincible logic: you say that you are not mentally ill, and you are, precisely at this time, because you refuse to admit that you are mentally ill -- a manifestation of mental illness; And you admit it, of course you are.

Hypothesis: The expression of individuals who have been forced into a mental hospital is pale and feeble on the question of whether they have a mental illness can be inferred.


Premise: Under the current financial constraints, the proposal to increase the police force in City A is not advisable. When calculating the expenditure required to increase the police force, it is not enough to pay the salary of the new police officers, and the payment to the court must also be considered. And the salary of new prison employees, due to the increase in police force brought about by the increase in arrests, sentencing and supervision tasks, it is bound to require related agencies to increase their staff at the same time.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "After increasing the police force, the crime rate in city A will be greatly reduced" would weaken the argument above most.


Premise: Columnist: Taking a strong position on an issue makes one likely to misinterpret or ignore additional evidence that conflicts with one' s stand. But in order to understand an issue fully, it is essential to consider such evidence impartially. Thus, it is best not to take a strong position on an issue unless one has already considered all important evidence conflicting with that position.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Anyone who does not understand an issue fully should avoid taking a strong position on it' most closely conforms to the columnist's reasoning.


Premise: Half of the subjects in an experiment-the experimental group-consumed large quantities of a popular artificial sweetener. Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects-the control group who did not consume the sweetener. The detrimental effects were attributed to an amino acid that is one of the sweetener' s principal constituents.

Hypothesis: A second experiment in which subjects consumed large quantities of the sweetener lacked a control group of subjects who were not given the sweetener would best support the conclusion that some ingredient of the sweetener was responsible for the experimental results.


Premise: Role pressure refers to the fact that in an organization or a specific social environment, there are unfavorable factors that interfere with the action of the role task, which causes the individual to fall into a dilemma of knowing what to do.

Hypothesis: Role pressure is when banks require staff to greet customers with smiles, but some people find it difficult to do so.


Premise: A manager asked several employees to cut a 30-centimeter strip from each wrinkle tape, only use visual inspection, not measuring tools. Then, each listener was asked to cut a 150 cm and 600 cm tape. After everyone was cut, the manager took out a tape measure and carefully measured each piece of paper and announced the results: 30 cm group, the average error of less than 6%, 150 cm group, the average error rose to 11%; 600 cm group, the average error was as high as 19%, with individual differences of 100 cm.

Hypothesis: The target is the right size and the easiest to get close to can be derived from the information given.


Premise: Science is not a religion, religion is the belief, so the belief is not scientific.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who do not study hard can not become a business backbone, Xiao Li is a person who study hard, so Xiao Li can become a business backbone' best illustrates that the above reasoning is not true.


Premise: Product positioning in management refers to the determination of the function, quality, price, packaging, sales channels and service methods of a product (or service) in order to satisfy the target market.

Hypothesis: Our service will be mainly through home maintenance to achieve does not fall within the scope of product positioning in management science based on the above definition.


Premise: Theater critic: The theater is in a dismal state. Audiences are sparse and revenue is down. Without the audience and the revenue, the talented and creative people who are the lifeblood of the theater are abandoning it. No wonder standards are deteriorating. Producer: It' s not true that the theater is in decline. Don' t you realize that your comments constitute a self-fulfilling prophecy? By publishing these opinions, you yourself are discouraging new audiences from emerging and new talent from joining the theater.

Hypothesis: The questionable technique employed by the producer in responding to the critic is relying on emphasis rather than on argument.


Premise: Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why __.

Hypothesis: Large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Essayist: Some linguists claim that competent speakers of a language have explicit knowledge of the rules of grammar for that language. However, linguistic ability is not the possession and utilization of a body of knowledge, or rules of grammar, but is more similar to a skill like riding a bicycle. Just as the typical cyclist does not need to know physics, neither does the language user need to know grammar rules.

Hypothesis: Not everyone follows the same set of rules in acquiring a skill most accurately expresses a principle underlying the essayist's argument.


Premise: Consumers planning to buy recreational equipment tend to buy higher quality, more expensive equipment when the economy is strong than when it is weak. Hill and Dale is a business that sells high-quality, expensive camping and hiking equipment in Boravia. Although all the signs are that Boravia' s economy is now entering a period of sustained strength, the managers of the business do not expect a substantial increase in sales.

Hypothesis: In Boravia when the economy is strong, those who might otherwise go camping tend to take vacations overseas would provide the strongest justification for the managers' judgment.


Premise: According to relevant surveys, 70% of Chinese families do not keep pets as long as they have children. Their view is that pets are a threat to children's health. In some Western countries, almost every family has pets. For them, pets are children. Indispensable playmates in the process of growing up.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Chinese people care for children more than pets is correct.


Premise: The people who participated in the lecture had connections with the military. All of them believed that UFO really existed, and most of them thought that UFO should be studied. Although the lecture held by the National Atomic experiment museum was small, the speakers were very credible. It can be seen that some very rigorous scientists also believed that UFO really existed.

Hypothesis: Some of the participants in the lecture are very rigorous scientists best supports the above argument.


Premise: Golden collar refers to the advanced scientific and technical personnel who master modern science and technology and can create a lot of wealth and thus have a higher income.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a Microsoft programmer is golden collar.


Premise: In order to control the deer population, a biologist has proposed injecting female deer during breeding season with 10 milligrams of a hormone that would suppress fertility. Critics have charged that the proposal poses health risks to people who might eat the meat of treated deer and thereby ingest unsafe quantities of the hormone. The biologist has responded to these critics by pointing out that humans can ingest up to 10 milligrams of the hormone a day without any adverse effects, and since no one would eat even one entire deer a day, the treatment would be safe.

Hypothesis: The biologist's response to critics of the proposal is based on the assumption that the hormone in question does not occur naturally in the female deer that would be injected.


Premise: Editorial: The most vocal proponents of the proposed law are not permanent residents of this island but rather a few of the wealthiest summer residents, who leave when the vacation months have passed. These people will benefit from passage of this law while not having to deal with the problems associated with its adoption. Ttherefore, anyone who supports the proposed law is serving only the interests of a few outsiders at the cost of creating problems for the island' s permanent residents.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The problems associated with this law outweigh any benefits it might provide the island's permanent residents' is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: To subdue bad people, sometimes we should treat them by their way. Bad people will do good things, but good people become bad as long as they have done bad things.

Hypothesis: A person who has done good things is not necessarily a good man can be inferred.


Premise: In the early stage of traditional culture, culture presents a comprehensive form, which becomes the common cradle of Chinese traditional medicine and classical literature. When the two disciplines have not been separated independently, there is an obvious mixture between Chinese traditional medicine and classical literature. Poetry, folk songs, ballads and market tunes are all important carriers of ancient medicine. On the other hand, many ancient medical books are works with rich literary value. When reading these classical medical works, we can often experience the inevitability and profundity of literature.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The study of classical literature is the basis for the study of traditional medicine' is inconsistent with the context.


Premise: The maintenance of most roads takes more time and money than budgeted, but the maintenance of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangzhou Expressway and similar roads in the summer and night of the previous year did not cost more time or money than budgeted. Therefore, in summer, night maintenance Major roads may save time and money.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Road workers who are willing to work at night are easier to find jobs because most people prefer to work during the day' best supports the above conclusions.


Premise: The twin towers effect refers to the phenomenon that two powerful neighboring economies unite and make use of their respective ability to gather radiation to jointly promote the development of the surrounding region.

Hypothesis: The twin towers effect belongs to the phenomenon of two mega-cities in a certain region taking advantage of their superior location, and according to the principle of giving full play to their advantages, learning from each other's strong points to offset their weaknesses, and mutual benefit, after years of efforts, they have formed a leading advantage in science and technology, culture, industry and so on.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the magician must meet the following conditions :(1) if the arrangement of G or H play, they must be in the front. (2) If K is to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is to play, he must be in team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be in the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, Q is in the middle position of team 1.

Hypothesis: If H is in team 2, the arrangement of Front: Q Middle: K Rear: L is an acceptable arrangement for team 1.


Premise: Announcement refers to the legal subject publicly informs the public with binding or mandatory content for the purpose of making the public understand, know, and comply in behavior.

Hypothesis: The Ministry of Health publishes to the public the rules of conduct that citizens should be aware of during a serious outbreak is true by definition.


Premise: One study found that treating the same disease with cheaper drugs was as effective as treating the same disease with more expensive drugs at the same time. Therefore, should vigorously promote the lower price of drugs to reduce medical costs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lower-priced drugs have fewer side effects than higher-priced drugs' would most weaken this conclusion.


Premise: Air traffic controllers and nuclear power plant operators are not allowed to work exceptionally long hours, because to do so would jeopardize lives. Yet physicians in residency training are typically required to work 80-hour weeks. The aforementioned restrictions on working exceptionally long hours should also be applied to resident physicians, since they too are engaged in work of a life-or-death nature.

Hypothesis: There is no indispensable aspect of residency training that requires resident physicians to work exceptionally long hours is an assumption the argument depends on.


Premise: A good way to get over one' s fear of an activity one finds terrifying is to do it repeatedly. For instance, over half of people who have parachuted only once report being extremely frightened by the experience, while less than 1 percent of those who have parachuted ten times or more report being frightened by it.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that most people who have parachuted many times did not find it frightening initially.


Premise: The arithmetic mean describes the average trend of a set of data and is the sum of all data divided by the number of data. When used in statistics, it should be noted that the arithmetic mean cannot be calculated when extreme values, ambiguous data or data of different qualities are present.

Hypothesis: The average age of residents in a community was calculated, including 204 children under 10 years old and 26 old people over 90 years old is suitable for calculating the arithmetic mean according to the above definition.


Premise: The case of Xu Yunhe in Tianjin: while driving, Xu Yunhe encountered Mrs. Wang crossing the guardrail in the center of the road. Mrs. Wang fell to the ground and was injured. Xu helped her up. Mrs. Wang insisted that she was hit by Xu. After judicial identification, Xu's car did not touch her. The court of first instance held that Xu was only four or five meters away from Mrs. Wang when she saw her, and that she must have fallen because she was frightened by Xu's car and ordered Xu to bear 40% of the responsibility and compensate Mrs. Wang 108606 yuan.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The judge reasoned against common sense: Mrs. Wang crossed the guardrail illegally and should have expected a car in the driveway, while being frightened was usually when she saw something unexpected' best points out the flaws in the first instance of the case.


Premise: Matthew effect refers to the achievement of success and progress in a particular area (such as money, fame, status, etc.) , which creates a cumulative advantage for any individual, group, or region, there will be more opportunities to achieve greater success and progress.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Manager Chen likes to buy lottery tickets. Recently, he even bought a new car. The neighbors envied him and asked him about the number selection method is not a Matthew effect.


Premise: Xiao Wang: Judging from the huge cost of hosting the Olympic Games, the price of tickets should be much higher. It is the advertising revenue of the Olympic games organizers that has lowered ticket prices. Therefore, the Olympic Games live audience from the Olympic games pull the advertisement to obtain the economic benefit. Xiao Li: your statement doesn't hold water. Who will pay for the advertising that seems to be driving down the price of Olympic tickets? Aren't consumers, after all, including those who are in the audience at the Olympics? Because manufacturers by raising the price of goods to spread advertising costs to consumers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The advertisement expenditure of each manufacturer is a constant on the whole, just have the choice in advertisement form' could powerfully weaken Xiao Li's rebuttal to Xiao Wang.


Premise: Scientists have recently discovered that the small dinosaur named Cheng Hiu Ting Lung is the relative of Archaeopteryx and is very closely related to Archaeopteryx that lived in the late Jurassic. By analyzing the morphology of Archaeopteryx and comparing bird-like dinosaurs with The phylogenetic relationship of early birds was re-analyzed, and it was concluded that Archaeopteryx was not a bird, but a primitive Deinonychus. That is, Archaeopteryx is the ancestor of Velociraptor, not the ancestor of birds.

Hypothesis: The question 'Deinonychus is a type of dinosaur closely related to birds' best questions the above conjecture.


Premise: Purebred dogs are prone to genetically determined abnormalities. Although such abnormalities often can be corrected by surgery, the cost can reach several thousand dollars. Since nonpurebred dogs rarely suffer from genetically determined abnormalities, potential dog owners who want to reduce the risk of incurring costly medical bills for their pets would be well advised to choose nonpurebred dogs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most genetically determined abnormalities in dogs do not seriously affect a dog's general well-being' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: On New Year's day in 1990, the total sales volume of social goods in China increased by 1.3% over the same period of last year. The sales volume of color TV sets increased, the clothing was basically flat, and the products such as tape recorders and refrigerators decreased in varying degrees. We should take into account the fact that the Spring Festival in 1989 was in February, while the Spring Festival and new year's day in 1990 were in January. We know that the Spring Festival is the most valued Festival by the Chinese people, It is also the peak of consumption in a year.

Hypothesis: Therefore, we can infer that by the end of January 1990, China's market sales situation has not improved significantly.


Premise: The crime of corruption is an intentional crime. A is not an intentional crime, so A is not a corruption crime.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that 'if the defendant is a crime of injury, there should be a significant harmful result. The defendant's behavior has caused the obvious harmful result, therefore constitutes the injury crime' has the most similar logic to the above.


Premise: Some people are not bad people, so some bad people are not people.

Hypothesis: The reasoning 'Some bargains are not good, so some bargains are good' has the same structure as the above reasoning.


Premise: A family is a social unit based on marriage and blood relationship, including parents, children and other relatives living together.

Hypothesis: Lao Zhang and his wife dismissed the adoption relationship because Li often fights, gambling and prostitution, so Li is not family members according to the above definition.


Premise: The cities of Oldtown and Spoonville are the same in area and size of population. Since certain health problems that are caused by crowded living conditions are widespread in Oldtown, such problems must be as widespread in Spoonville.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to take into account that having identical overall population density is consistent with great disparity in living conditions.


Premise: From the perspective of social governance, the occupation of fire passageways is prohibited for many times but still occurs, in addition to such factors as the lack of concept of public safety, lack of awe of life and law of the lawbreaker, inadequate supervision and so on, there are also deep-seated reasons for the difficulty of parking.With the continuous rise of car ownership in China, some residential areas are facing the problem of shortage of parking spaces. This is also the fundamental reason why some places occupy the fire passage repeatedly, and the governance measures can be managed for a while, but can not be managed for a long time. In this regard, to maintain the smooth flow of fire access and effectively solve the parking problem, we should not only manage to prevent, but also guide, which tests the effectiveness and accuracy of grass-roots social governance.

Hypothesis: A beneficial exploration in alleviating the problem of parking difficulties is most likely to be discussed in this passage next.


Premise: China has implemented the etiquette of not marrying with the same surname since the Zhou Dynasty. Qu Li said: the same surname is the clan, and there is the meaning of gathering people of the whole clan, so it is based on the surname.... Even though it has been a hundred generations since their ancestors, they are still not allowed to intermarry.  Guoyu said, when you take a wife, you should avoid her with the same surname. He also said, if you don't marry with the same surname, evil doesn't come into being. From this point of view, the ancients of our country have long understood the principle of eugenics in modern genetics, otherwise they would not have realized the harmfulness of next-of-kin marriage.

Hypothesis: The etiquette system of intermarriage between different clans has laid the foundation of etiquette and law for the political marriage between countries weakens the author's explanation of unmarried with the same surname.


Premise: Etiquette and music culture is a great creation of pre-Qin Confucianism, unfortunately, it has been experiencing the process of marginalization. Probably since the Han Dynasty, etiquette has been unilaterally interpreted by the ruling class as the dignity of hierarchical order, including the clothing, chariots, palaces and utensils of officials of different grades. The result of this misreading is that the Confucian thought of etiquette has lost its leading position in the way of governing the country, and has become increasingly marginalized, so that when people mention ancient etiquette, they immediately think of the strict royal ceremonies and civil and military officials who lie on the ground, but the original meaning of etiquette is increasingly forgotten by people.

Hypothesis: The main point of the passage is that etiquette has been misread.


Premise: Dr. Schilling: Those who advocate replacing my country' s private health insurance system with. nationalized health insurance because of the rising costs of medical care fail to consider the high human costs that consumers pay in countries with nationalized insurance: access to high-technology medicine is restricted. Kidney transplants and open-heart surgery-familiar life-saving procedures are rationed. People are denied their right to treatments they want and need. Dr. Laforte: Your country' s reliance on private health insurance denies access even to basic, conventional medicine to the many people who cannot afford adequate health coverage. With nationalized insurance, rich and poor have equal access to life-saving medical procedures, and people' s right to decent medical treatment regardless of income is not violated.

Hypothesis: In responding to Dr. Schilling, Dr. Laforte employs the argumentative strategy of showing that the force of Dr. Schilling's criticism depends on construing the key notion of access in a particular limited way.


Premise: Faith, belief and confidence are all important at all times. Small to a person, a collective, to a political party, a nation, a country. As long as you have faith, belief and confidence, you will be more frustrated and diligent, and you will fight more and more bravely, otherwise you will be defeated and collapse without fighting.

Hypothesis: Without faith, belief and confidence, we will defeat ourselves without fighting and collapse without fighting can be obtained according to the above statement.


Premise: In fact, just as it is impossible for the New Culture Movement to shake the firm position of Confucianism in Chinese culture, the waterflooding articles and the concept of flying all over the world will not completely stifle the spirit of Puxue in the Qing Dynasty.Fond of great achievements and illusory, following the so-called heel of the West with a few nouns will only produce a pile of written rubbish, which will not be able to gain a foothold for a long time and will be despised by the Western academic circles. On the contrary, if we do not abandon our students' tradition and do knowledge in a down-to-earth manner, we can establish a strong opposite in front of Westerners.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only by adhering to China's academic tradition can we have great prospects' can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: Thoroughbred horse racing is an expensive commodity. A disease caused by genetic defects threatens thoroughbred horses, ranging from loss of racing ability to paralysis and even death. Therefore, horse breeders believe that once such defects are found, horse breeding should be stopped. This view is one-sided. Because generally speaking, this disease can be controlled through diet and medical treatment. In addition, horses with such genetic defects are often particularly beautiful, which is what equestrian performances pay special attention to.

Hypothesis: The method used in the demonstration of the topic stem is to put forward new ideas that do not deny the arguments of horse breeders but draw different conclusions.


Premise: Speaker: Like many contemporary critics, Smith argues that the true meaning of an author' s statements can be understood only through insight into the author' s social circumstances. But this same line of analysis can be applied to Smith' s own words. Thus, if she is right we should be able, at least in part, to discern from Smith' s social circumstances the true meaning of Smith' s statements. This, in turn, suggests that Smith herself is not aware of the true meaning of her own words.

Hypothesis: The speaker's main conclusion logically follows if the assumption that Smith lacks insight into her own social circumstances is true.


Premise: A long time ago, potatoes were called ghost apples in France, and farmers were reluctant to introduce them. An agronomist came up with a way to plant potatoes on a piece of land and was guarded by an armed King's guard in military dress. At night, the guard deliberately withdrew. As a result, people came to steal potatoes and introduced them into their own fields. In this way, potato planting has been rapidly promoted in France.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate conclusion that can be inferred is: Some things can arouse people's interest if they are forbidden. For example, some movies and books become more and more popular because they are forbidden.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: Signal soldier: X; Engineering soldiers: F, I and W; Transport soldiers: G, H and Y may be a complete and accurate service allocation plan for recruits.


Premise: A manager cannot extract the best performance from employees by threatening them with termination or offering financial rewards for high productivity. Rather, employees must come to want to do a good job for its own sake. One of the best ways for a manager to achieve this is to delegate responsibility to them, especially for decisions that previously had to be made by the manager.

Hypothesis: In some cases one's effectiveness in a particular role can be enhanced by a partial relinquishing of control is best illustrated by the situation described in the passage.


Premise: Contract of gift refers to a contract in which one party to a contract gives its property to the other party without compensation. The party giving the property is called the giver and the party receiving the property is called the grantee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, giving 15 new computers to his alma mater on the occasion of the school celebration may result in a contract of gift.


Premise: There is a psychological theory that in order to be happy, one person must maintain a close relationship with another person. However, the world's greatest philosophers spent most of their lives alone and without close relationships. Therefore, this psychological theory must be wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The greatest philosophers in the world are happy' must be assumed by the above conclusion.


Premise: Text is the soul of calligraphy. The bookish style and artistic style of calligraphy are closely related to the humanistic spirit behind the text. Calligraphy with the absence of text is incomplete calligraphy. As for the judgment of the value of calligraphy, although it has been adjusted to a certain extent in traditional culture and modern culture, the culture of calligraphy has not been shaken at all. The art of calligraphy has always assumed the function of carrying Tao. The calligraphy classics represented by the Preface to the Collection of Orchid Pavilion and manuscripts for nephews are the products of pen and ink and rhetoric, which contain national feelings, national character and humanistic spirit, and embody the calligrapher's cultural accomplishment and artistic accomplishment.

Hypothesis: The old motto of Literature to carry Tao is not applicable to the art of calligraphy.


Premise: The Chinese surname has a very big characteristic, that is, it is the same Han surname, but it is likely to have a very big difference in consanguinity. Generally speaking, taking Wuyishan-Nanling as the boundary, the consanguinity of Chinese surnames is obviously divided into two branches: the north and the south.The consanguinity of the Han nationality between the two places is quite different, even greater than that between the Han nationality in the north and south and the local ethnic minorities. This shows that with the expansion of the population, the Han nationality continued to go south and crossed the Yangtze River into Huguang more than 2000 years ago, and finally crossed the strait to Hainan Island. During this process, the Han people who moved south continued to integrate with many ethnic minorities who spoke Dong-Tai, South Asian and Miao languages, thus diluting the consanguinity of the Han nationality in the north.

Hypothesis: The ethnic minorities in the south may have been the northerners who migrated to the south a long time ago can best refute the above argument.


Premise: At the beginning of the crisis, another purpose of opening low interest rates was to provide free funds for financial institutions with tight liquidity, and help the financial industry replenish capital. With zero interest rate lending, banks can invest in government bonds and obtain stable and risk-free returns. But because of this, banks have lost the business and motivation of providing credit for enterprises, which coexists risk and income, and thus failed to help small and medium-sized enterprises create jobs.

Hypothesis: It shows that the role of low interest rate policy in stimulating consumption is limited is true.


Premise: A country's demographic agency predicts that by 2031, the country's population will fall below 127 million, and the population will decrease by 24 million in the next 40 years. To this end, the country's government has introduced a series of policies to encourage childbirth. In recent years, the total population of the country has stabilized. As of June 1, 2014, the population was 146.1 milli. The population growth from January to May 2014 was 59,100, with a growth rate of 0.04%. Therefore, some experts believe that the country's policy of encouraging childbirth has achieved the desired effect.

Hypothesis: If the country's government introduces a more effective policy to encourage childbirth, it can improve the quality of the population would best strengthen the above point of view.


Premise: If all primate brains may have frontal cortex is true,

Hypothesis: It is possible that not all primate brains have frontal cortex must be true.


Premise: Jorge: You won' t be able to write well about the rock music of the 1960s, since you were just an infant then. Rock music of the 1960s was created by and for people who were then in their teens and early twenties. Ruth: Your reasoning is absurd. There are living writers who write well about ancient Roman culture, even though those writers are obviously not a part of ancient Roman culture.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether only those people who were in their teens or early twenties during the 1960s can be qualified to write about the rock music of that period' most accurately represents what is at issue between Jorge and Ruth.


Premise: Body image disorder, also known as negative body self, is an individual's negative cognition of the body, negative emotional experience and corresponding behavior regulation. It includes stereotyped, emotional and overemphasized evaluation of information such as weight, figure and food.

Hypothesis: Hou Zhen thinks he is strong and likes to show off his chest muscles in the gym does not belong to body image disorder according to the above definition.


Premise: Richard Layard, professor at the London School of Economics: There exists paradox in our lives. Most people want to get higher and higher incomes and work hard to achieve this. But despite the increasing abundance of Western society, people do not feel happier and happier. Economic growth does not guarantee to make people happier. To say something good, it is in vain to pursue material wealth, and the more likely result is to make people even unhappier.

Hypothesis: According to Richard Layard, happiness has nothing to do with people's income is an incorrect statement.


Premise: Related marketing means that businesses find the relevance of the marketing content of products and brands through the integration of resources, so as to achieve deep and multifaceted guidance.

Hypothesis: The best-selling product of a clothing company is a kind of round-neck T-shirt with a certain pattern. at the same time, the company also produces V-collar T-shirt and vertical-collar T-shirt with this pattern, which also sells well does not reflect related marketing according to the above definition.


Premise: Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leisure time per worker, however, has increased at only half the rate at which the average hourly output per worker has grown.

Hypothesis: Twenty-five years ago the average weekly output per worker was less than it is today is most strongly supported by the statements above if they are true.


Premise: A small car offers less protection in an accident than a large car does, but since a smaller car is more maneuverable, it is better to drive a small car because then accidents will be less likely.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is better to consume sugar and fat in moderation, for then the cravings that lead to uncontrolled binges will be prevented' employs reasoning most similar to that employed by the argument above.


Premise: Zhao section chief and Qian section chief's ability is stronger than sun section chief, Li section chief's ability is inferior to sun section chief and Sun section chief's ability.

Hypothesis: The worst option is Section Chief Li if the ability of director sun is not as good as that of director Zhou.


Premise: Pro-Tect Insurance Company has recently been paying out more on car-theft claims than it expected. Cars with special antitheft devices or alarm systems are much less likely to be stolen than are other cars. Consequently Pro-Tect, as part of an effort to reduce its annual payouts, will offer a discount to holders of car-theft policies if their cars have antitheft devices or alarm systems.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount Pro-Tect has been paying out on car-theft claims has been greater for some models of car than for others' provides the strongest indication that the plan is likely to achieve its goal.


Premise: When a group is unable to reach a consensus, group members are often accused of being stubborn, bull-headed, or unyielding. Such epithets often seem abusive, are difficult to prove, and rarely help the group reach a resolution. Those who wish to make such an accusation stick, however, should choose unyielding,  because one can always appeal to the fact that the accused has not yielded; obviously if one acknowledges that a person has not yielded, then one cannot deny that the person is unyielding, at least on this issue.

Hypothesis: The argumentative technique employed above is conditionally advocating a tactic on the grounds that it results in an argument for which one could not consistently accept the premise but deny the conclusion.


Premise: Purebred dogs are prone to genetically determined abnormalities. Although such abnormalities often can be corrected by surgery, the cost can reach several thousand dollars. Since nonpurebred dogs rarely suffer from genetically determined abnormalities, potential dog owners who want to reduce the risk of incurring costly medical bills for their pets would be well advised to choose nonpurebred dogs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A dog that does not have genetically determined abnormalities may nevertheless have offspring with such abnormalities' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Kong Zhi, Meng Rui, Xun Hui, Zhuang Cong, Mo Ling, and Han Min formed a team to participate in a chess competition. Two of them participated in the Go game, two in the Chinese chess game, and two others, chess game. Regarding their specific participation in the competition, the following conditions must be met: (1) Each player can only participate in one competition; (2) Kong Zhi participates in the Go game, and Zhuang Cong and Meng Rui both participate in the Chinese chess game; (3) If Han Min does not participate in the chess competition, then Mo Ling will participate in the Chinese chess competition; (4) If Xun Hui participates in the Chinese chess competition, then Zhuang Cong will not participate in the Chinese chess competition; (5) At least one of Xun Hui and Mo Ling will not participate in the Chinese chess competition .

Hypothesis: If Xun Hui participates in a Chinese chess competition, Han Min participates in a chess competition can be derived.


Premise: Categorization refers to the individual's perception and judgment of the position of himself or others in society, which is not only based on the criteria of different classification of social systems in real society, but also based on the process of social comparison between himself and others. Classification is divided into social classification and self-classification. Social categorization is a subjective psychological process in which individuals divide others into different groups based on the similarity of sharing. Self-categorization means that the process of an individual from an independent individual to a member of a group is realized through classification, and the attribution of the group and the orientation of membership are realized through de-personalization.

Hypothesis: Xiaoming intends to apply for a position in the company, but his parents think that he is more suitable to be a civil servant is an example of self-classification.


Premise: Any enterprise that exists in the society is a social enterprise. Society is the stage for entrepreneurs to display their talents. Only entrepreneurs who sincerely return to society and earnestly fulfill their social responsibilities can be truly recognized by the society and meet the requirements of the times.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, if entrepreneurs do not fulfill their social responsibilities, they will not be really recognized by the society can be inferred.


Premise: In fact, just as it is impossible for the New Culture Movement to shake the firm position of Confucianism in Chinese culture, the waterflooding articles and the concept of flying all over the world will not completely stifle the spirit of Puxue in the Qing Dynasty.Fond of great achievements and illusory, following the so-called heel of the West with a few nouns will only produce a pile of written rubbish, which will not be able to gain a foothold for a long time and will be despised by the Western academic circles. On the contrary, if we do not abandon our students' tradition and do knowledge in a down-to-earth manner, we can establish a strong opposite in front of Westerners.

Hypothesis: The statement "The vain academic atmosphere makes it difficult for China to make academic achievements" can express the meaning of this passage.


Premise: If Wang is admitted to the doctorate and Xiao Liu is not admitted to the doctorate, then Wenli will not be admitted to the doctorate.

Hypothesis: The option 'Wang was admitted to the doctorate with Wen Li' can infer that Xiao Liu has been admitted to the doctorate if the above propositions are correct.


Premise: Social integration: refers to the process of adjusting or coordinating the contradictions and conflicts between various parts of society, so that the entire society becomes a unified and well-functioning system. Through social integration, the various parts of the social system that are both independent and interconnected Comply with each other and form a state of equilibrium.

Hypothesis: The No. 1 Central Document Guides Agriculture, Rural Areas and Farmers Work is not social integration according to the above definition.


Premise: In order to verify the efficacy of a new drug for the treatment of hypertension, clinicians gave the drug to 100 hypertensive patients. 65 people's blood pressure did indeed drop. Therefore, the pharmaceutical factory claimed that the drug was indeed effective.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A patient with high blood pressure is given a tablet that has the same appearance as the drug but does not contain the drug effect, and the patient's blood pressure does not drop' can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: In the era of mobile reading, the influence of self-media cannot be underestimated. Due to its wider communication paths and distribution channels, it has received a high degree of public attention, and self-media people have a certain right to speak. Compared with traditional media organizations, some self-media people are indeed not inferior, and their credibility has brought them benefits. However, credibility is a double-edged sword. We-media people must not only see the interests behind the traffic, but also recognize the negative effects of abusing their credibility. Miscalculated. The consequences of abusing the right to speak will directly affect the credibility that you have built up so hard, and you will lose the support and attention of the public.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that self-media people should seek public support.


Premise: The four teams A, B, C, and D are in a round robin match (each team has one game against the other teams). The results: Team B loses one game, Team C wins one less than Team B, and Team B wins one less than Team D.

Hypothesis: The ranking of Team A is third place.


Premise: Naima: The proposed new computer system, once we fully implemented it, would operate more smoothly and efficiently than the current system. So we should devote the resources necessary to accomplish the conversion as soon as possible. Nakai: We should keep the current system for as long as we can. The cost in time and money of converting to the new system would be greater than any predicted benefits.

Hypothesis: Naima and Nakai disagree over whether it is essential to have the best computer system available.


Premise: A clear answer to the two questions of What is a good political life? and How to achieve a good political life? is the legal basis for the existence of political philosophy. As a representative of early Western Marxism, yes in the direction of is, Gramsci's answer respected Marx's basic path, that is, only a political life that realizes the full and free liberation of people is the best political life; and in the how direction, starting from the actual situation in Western Europe, Gramsci proposed the path of cultural hegemony.

Hypothesis: Political philosophy requires not only a good plan, but also a method of realization is the most appropriate summary of this text.


Premise: In his book, published in 1892, Grey used the same metaphor that Jordan used in her book, which was published in 1885. The metaphor is so unusual that there is little chance that two different people independently created it. Ttherefore, it is highly likely that Grey read Jordan' s book.

Hypothesis: A text that was probably known to both Jordan and Grey was published in 1860 and also contained the same unusual metaphor most weakens the argument.


Premise: The objective-value fallacy is a wrong reasoning whose premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this reasoning does not presuppose an obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: The world is becoming more and more urbanized, so people should not continue to live in the countryside poetically is an objective-value fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: Most of my open-minded friends read a lot. Most of my non-open-minded friends don't. It makes sense that the more you read, the more likely you are to be challenged by new ideas and that your commitment to your own ideas will weaken. Reading also frees you from everyday life and shows you the variety and richness of life. Therefore, reading makes people open-minded.

Hypothesis: Some people read a lot of books, and every book they read makes sense. Different reasons always fight in their head, and they almost become crazy most strongly undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: Neuroscientists subjected volunteers with amusia -- difficulty telling different melodies apart and remembering simple tunes -- to shifts in pitch comparable to those that occur when someone plays one piano key and then another. The volunteers were unable to discern a difference between the tones. But the volunteers were able to track timed sequences of musical tones and perceive slight changes in timing.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support the hypothesis that amusia results more from an inability to discern pitch than from an inability to discern timing.


Premise: The 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held in Spain, and at least one of Prof. Hacker, Prof. Maas and Prof. Reger attended the conference. Known: (1) Those who sign up for the conference must submit an English academic paper, and the invitation letter will be issued after expert review. (2) If Prof. Hacker attends this conference, then Prof. Maas must attend. (3) Prof. Reger submitted a German academic paper to the conference.

Hypothesis: Based on the above, Prof. Maas attended the conference must be true.


Premise: There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.

Hypothesis: G and H is the most unlikely singer for Y to accompany.


Premise: Surveys in several provinces have found that spending a lot of time on social networking does not affect the willingness of extroverts to socialize face-to-face, and that introverts do not become socialites even if they do not socialize online. Therefore, some researchers believe that the fear that social networking will hinder traditional socialization is unnecessary.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many people who spend a lot of time on social networking are reluctant to communicate face to face with others' is most helpful in supporting the above conclusions.


Premise: The production of infant formula in China there are more than 130 enterprises, and only four companies in the United States, compared to the United States for the number of infant formula milk powder is much higher than our country.  imagine, if there are only four production formula, the enterprise will cherish their own brand value, continue to strengthen food safety consciousness, any possible food safety risk is the enterprise itself, It would be unthinkable to occur a problem with melamine.

Hypothesis: There are too many enterprises producing infant formula milk powder in China, brand value is not important to the enterprise, so these enterprises dare to add melamine in milk powder weakens the above view.


Premise: The mayor boasts that the average ambulance turnaround time, the time from summons to delivery of the patient, has been reduced this year for top-priority emergencies. This is a serious misrepresentation. This reduction was produced simply by redefining top priority.  Such emergencies used to include gunshot wounds and electrocutions, the most time-consuming cases. Now they are limited strictly to heart attacks and strokes.

Hypothesis: One half of all of last year's top-priority emergencies were gunshot wounds and electrocution cases would strengthen the author's conclusion that it was the redefinition of top priority that produced the reduction in turnaround time.


Premise: Archaeologist: The fact that the ancient Egyptians and the Maya both built pyramids is often taken as evidence of a historical link between Old- and New-World civilizations that is earlier than any yet documented. But while these buildings are similar to each other, there are important differences in both design and function. The Egyptian pyramids were exclusively tombs for rulers, whereas the Mayan pyramids were used as temples. This shows conclusively that there was no such link between Old- and New-World civilizations.

Hypothesis: The argument equivocates with respect to the term evidence most accurately describes a flaw in the archaeologist's argument.


Premise: The anonymity of communication seems to be inherent in the Internet. There was a time when a cartoon by Peter Steiner, published in The New Yorker in 1993 with the jokey title On the Internet, No One Knows You're a Dog, was taken as a truism by Internet users.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, on the Internet, no one knows you are a dog is wrong because it is a strong question about the humanity of netizens.


Hypothesis: If X accompanies L and H, then W must accompany K.


Premise: The battery used in the American electric vehicle TESLA is composed of nearly 7,000 Panasonic 18650 batteries connected in series. Large battery packs combined in parallel. The safety of the TESLA battery power system has been questioned by the automotive industry. A battery expert said that the probability of fire of 18650 type batteries in the United States is 0.2 millionths, then the probability of fire of a battery pack composed of 7,000 small batteries is 0.14%. Based on the current sales of TESLA, this will be As a result, it has a battery fire accident almost every month.

Hypothesis: TESLA has a very advanced battery management system that will automatically disconnect the output of abnormal battery cells most powerfully undermines the expert's judgment.


Premise: Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city at least as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking, I know immediately and do not trust that writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee' s second novel is set in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colors.

Hypothesis: The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Music professor: Because rap musicians can work alone in a recording studio, they need not accommodate supporting musicians' wishes. Further, learning to rap is not as formal a process as learning an instrument. Thus, rap is an extremely individualistic and nontraditional musical form. Music critic: But rap appeals to tradition by using bits of older songs. Besides, the themes and styles of rap have developed into a tradition. And successful rap musicians do not perform purely idiosyncratically but conform their work to the preferences of the public.

Hypothesis: The music critic's response to the music professor's argument challenges it by offering evidence against one of the stated premises on which its conclusion concerning rap music is based.


Premise: For the first few weeks after birth, the dunnart has such poor control over its respiratory muscles that it cannot use them to breathe. Instead, this tiny marsupial breathes through its thin skin, which gradually thickens as the dunnart matures inside its mother' s pouch. The dunnart is unique among warm-blooded animals, the rest of which need thick skin throughout their lives to maintain body temperature and reduce water loss.

Hypothesis: Adult dunnarts experience more heat and water loss through their skin than other adult marsupials do most helps explain how newborn dunnarts manage to survive despite their thin skins.


Premise: Mel: The official salary for judges has always been too low to attract the best candidates to the job. The legislature' s move to raise the salary has done nothing to improve the situation, because it was coupled with a ban on receiving money for lectures and teaching engagements. Pat: No, the raise in salary really does improve the situation. Since very few judges teach or give lectures, the ban will have little or no negative effect.

Hypothesis: Pat's response to Mel is inadequate in that it attempts to assess how a certain change will affect potential members of a group by providing evidence about its effect on the current members.


Premise: Li Ming is most likely a senior logic teacher. Like most senior logic teachers, Li Ming is familiar with Gödel's completeness theorems and incompleteness theorems, while most people who are not senior logic teachers are not familiar with these theorems. In fact, many people who are not experienced teachers of logic have not even heard of Gödel.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Ignore the possibility that most people familiar with Gödel's theorems are not experienced logic teachers' accurately identifies the flaw in the above reasoning.


Premise: Which is happier to win a silver medal or a bronze medal? Most people will conclude that a silver medalist is happier than a bronze medalist because he gets a higher reputation. But this is not the case. Although bronze medalists are only in third place, they are much happier than silver medalists. Olympians explain how they feel about winning a medal: the third place trembles with excitement when they win a medal; on the other hand, the second place feels like a loser because they fail to win the first place. It doesn't matter what you get, but how you feel it.

Hypothesis: The psychological adjustment of athletes is particularly important is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: The researchers studied the effects of climate change factors such as monsoon, rainy season, high temperature and drought on the growth environment and quality value of tea in Pu'er, Yunnan Province. They traced the factors leading to the changes of chemical substances in tea and found that in the rainy season, when their growth speed is accelerated, the content of catechin and methylxanthine in leaves is only half of that in the dry season. Therefore, the researchers believe that climate change will affect the content of beneficial chemicals in Yunnan Pu'er tea.

Hypothesis: Pu'er tea contains higher secondary metabolites in dry season, but if the dry season lasts too long, its content may decrease best supports the above argument.


Premise: Economist: Countries with lower tax rates tend to have stronger economies. Although higher taxes raise more revenue, highly taxed consumers have less disposable income. An economy can never grow if consumers aren' t able to purchase goods and services. Ttherefore, the government should lower tax rates across the board.

Hypothesis: The economist's argument depends on the assumption that consumers' disposable income is directly related to their ability to purchase goods and services.


Premise: In 1963, a young macaque monkey was observed venturing into a hot spring to retrieve food which had fallen in. Soon, other macaques began to enter the spring, and over a few years this behavior was adopted by the entire troop. Prior to 1963, no macaques had ever been observed in the hot spring; by 1990, the troop was regularly spending time there during the winters. Thus, these macaques are able to adopt and pass on new patterns of social behavior, and are not complete captives of their genetic heritage.

Hypothesis: New patterns of behavior that emerge in macaque populations over the course of a few years or decades are not necessarily genetically predetermined is an assumption required by the argument above.


Premise: Technological innovation refers to the economic development, only new technology and new inventions in the production of the first application, is in the production system to establish a new production function or supply function. The new combination economics, which causes a kind of factor of production and production conditions, emphasizes that planned innovation is not exclusive. Uncertainty, marketability and systemic characteristics.

Hypothesis: The behavior of introducing foreign advanced production technology to improve product quality belongs to technological innovation in the field of economics according to the above definition.


Premise: Since people are social animals and cannot do anything without the interpersonal environment, who can win the trust and cooperation of others fastest with the lowest communication cost per unit time has a great chance of success. At all times, at home and abroad, those who can achieve great things often win in the comprehensive quality of communication, organization and action. No matter socialized mass production in the industrial era, or the business competition in the market economy environment, it is necessary to put this kind of interpersonal knowledge through the behavior of every economic man.

Hypothesis: Communication is important for success is consistent with the above words.


Premise: The large amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels does not actually cause the greenhouse effect-that is, the increase in global average temperature. Because if the supply of carbon dioxide rises, plants will consume more of the gas, so they will grow taller and lushly, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will eventually remain stable.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'Methane produced by rotting plants, which is another gas that can significantly cause the greenhouse effect' is correct, it will most severely weaken the conclusion that the large amount of carbon dioxide currently released into the atmosphere will not cause the greenhouse effect.


Premise: After the four countries of Dali, Wu Yue, South Han to participate in the northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast and other four different alliances, and the four countries to participate in the alliance is different.First, only after joining the Southwest Alliance, the South Han can participate in the Northeast Alliance. Second, if Nanhan joins the Northeast Alliance, Dali will join the Southwest Alliance. Third, after that, Dali has at least one country participating in the Southwest Alliance. Fourth, if The South Han joins the Northwest or Southwest Alliance, Wu Yue will not participate in the Northwest or Southwest Alliance.

Hypothesis: South Han Sims does not participate in the Southwest Alliance based on the above statement.


Premise: Linguistics is a discipline that studies the patterns and evolutional laws of language structure. The search for pattern and law is the common goal of linguistics and other sciences. However, scientific goals are far from enough. The common methodological features of modern science, such as deduction and induction, qualitative and quantitative, description and interpretation, hypothesis and testing, are exactly what Chinese traditional linguistics lacks. At the same time, Chinese linguistics is also faced with the problem of internationalization. Our voice in the international academic community of linguistics is still very weak. The reason for this situation can not be completely attributed to the different objects of study, and the international academic language is the language barrier of English, and there are also problems of research ideas and research methods.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that in the past, there were some misunderstandings about the direction of linguistic research in the field of linguistics in China.


Premise: Environmentalists worry that the large-scale use of plastic packaging will pollute the environment and try to make manufacturers find ways to recycle plastic materials. However, despite their efforts, the recycling rate of plastic products is only 6.5%. The recycling rate of glass containers is 33%.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Manufacturing new plastics requires more oil, while manufacturing new glass can use renewable resources' is not helpful in explaining the relatively low recycling rate of plastic products if true.


Premise: weeds originally means useless or unbeautiful herbs, while the so-called useful and beautiful actually depend on people's perspective. The word weed is a convenient label with a strong subjective color, so it is not a scientific classification term.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All words with strong subjective color are not scientific classification terms' is the hypothesis that makes the above conclusion valid.


Hypothesis: The statement 'Communication, organization and action can achieve great things' is consistent with the above words.


Premise: Pregnant women are prone to vitamin deficiency. Some people believe that this is not caused by lack of vitamins in the diet, but usually due to the large demand for vitamins when babies grow up in the abdomen.

Hypothesis: The daily diet of a pregnant woman lacking vitamins was tested to determine the content of vitamins is the most important operation in order to evaluate the accuracy of the above conclusions.


Premise: Signature Effect means that when people write down their names on paper, their self-awareness in the brain will be strengthened. At this time, when they see what they like, it is easier to connect the items with themselves, and generate ideas such as this thing is really suitable for me, so as to stimulate their desire to buy

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, intermediary company requiring the tenant to sign the house viewing agreement before the house viewing can be explained by Signature Effect.


Premise: Cold chain refers to a special supply chain system in which perishable food is always in the low temperature environment necessary for products in all links of product processing, storage, transportation, distribution and retail after being purchased or fished from the origin, so as to ensure food quality and safety, reduce loss and prevent pollution.

Hypothesis: Cold chains are refrigerated trucks used to transport fresh seafood to the refrigeration rooms of various shopping malls for fresh-keeping businesses.


Premise: The genes responsible for the basic elements of durian flavor are the volatiles of sulfur compounds, which are activated during durian maturity, such as diallyl trisulfide. These sulfur compounds have a pungent taste, and also contain onions, garlic, leeks and so on, it is not difficult to understand that a considerable number of people can not stand the stink of durian. But the pericarp and pulp of durian are also rich in esters, which make durian chewy and have a mixed flavor of a variety of fruits.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is to explain why durian smells pungent but tastes delicious.


Premise: Any enterprise that exists in the society is a social enterprise. Society is the stage for entrepreneurs to display their talents. Only entrepreneurs who sincerely return to society and earnestly fulfill their social responsibilities can be truly recognized by the society and meet the requirements of the times.

Hypothesis: If entrepreneurs meet the requirements of the times, they will be truly recognized by the society can be inferred according to the above statement.


Premise: Conflict of power and authority refers to the dispute or confrontation caused by the definition of authority in the process of exercising administrative authority.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, two or more administrative entities considering themselves and the other party to have jurisdiction over the same administrative matter, but there are disputes in terms of jurisdiction, degree or dominance is not a conflict of power and authority.


Premise: Advance payment refers to the payment of a certain amount of money to the other party according to the agreement as a guarantee of claims. After the debtor fulfills its debts, the deposit shall be offset against the price or recovered. If the party paying the deposit fails to perform the agreed obligation, it shall not have the right to request the return of the deposit; If the party receiving the deposit fails to perform the agreed debt, it shall double the deposit.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li paying 20,000 yuan to the landlord after fancying a second-hand house and the two sides agreeing to sell the house to Xiao Li within a week is advance payment.


Premise: The reality of the development of children's films in China is indeed not optimistic: our country makes 40 to 50 children's films every year. Among them, 1 dream 10 is of good quality, but it lacks specialized personnel or institutions to carry out market promotion and promotion, not to mention cinema support, let alone let primary and secondary school students know, so there are very few children's films that can be shown, even if it is released, it is hard to escape the one-day cinema tour. Does that mean that children's movies are at a dead end in China? Data show that the number of minors in China has reached 367 million, which is a huge audience. At present, most of the parents are post-70s and post-80s, many of them have movie-watching habits and film complex, and with the continuous improvement of living standards, watching movies has become more and more important spiritual needs of people. Therefore, it is also a popular trend to take children to the movies.

Hypothesis: In fact, there is a bright future in China's children's film market is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: A new law gives ownership of patents-documents providing exclusive right to make and sell an invention-to universities, not the government, when those patents result from government-sponsored university research. Administrators at Logos University plan to sell any patents they acquire to corporations in order to fund programs to improve undergraduate teaching.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Profit-making corporations interested in developing products based on patents held by universities are likely to try to serve as exclusive sponsors of ongoing university research projects' would cast the most doubt on the viability of the college administrators' plan described above.


Premise: David: Forbidding companies from hiring permanent replacements for striking employees would be profoundly unfair. Such companies would have little leverage in their negotiations with strikers. Lin: No, the companies would still have sufficient leverage in negotiations if they hired temporary replacements.

Hypothesis: David and Lin disagree over the amount of leverage companies lose in their negotiations with strikers by not being able to hire permanent replacements is most strongly supported by the exchange between David and Lin.


Premise: Programmer: We computer programmers at Mytheco are demanding raises to make our average salary comparable with that of the technical writers here who receive, on average, 20 percent more in salary and benefits than we do. This pay difference is unfair and intolerable. Mytheco executive: But many of the technical writers have worked for Mytheco longer than have many of the programmers. Since salary and benefits at Mytheco are directly tied to seniority, the 20 percent pay difference you mention is perfectly acceptable.

Hypothesis: Evaluating the adequacy of the Mytheco executive's response requires a clarification of how the Mytheco executive's salary compares with that of the programmers.


Premise: According to the statistics in the 1990s, the average annual growth rate of patent applications in China is 48%, but the implementation of patents in China only accounts for 20-30% of the total number of patents, compared with the implementation rate of up to 80% in foreign countries, there is a big gap. Only 15% of total patent applications in China come from enterprises, while 80% of patent applications in developed countries come from enterprises.

Hypothesis: The main support is the statement that "efforts should be made to expand the development and implementation of the growing number of patented technologies" in our country.


Premise: A company' s two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.

Hypothesis: Regarding the past three years, it can properly be inferred from the statement above that the chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.


Premise: Linguist: One group of art critics claims that postimpressionist paintings are not really art and so should be neither studied nor displayed. Another group of critics disagrees, insisting that these paintings are works of art. But since the second group grants that there are paintings that are not works of art and should ttherefore be ignored in the manner suggested by the first group, their disagreement is not over the meaning of the word art.

Hypothesis: The claim that there are paintings that are not works of art plays the role of being a claim whose acceptance by both of the two disputing parties is cited as evidence for a conclusion the argument draws about the disagreement.


Premise: An independent audit found no indication of tax avoidance on the part of the firm in the firm' s accounts; ttherefore, no such problem exists.

Hypothesis: The questionable reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by that in the statement "A compilation of the best student essays of the year includes no essays on current events; therefore, students have become apathetic toward current events."


Premise: The common people's lecturer means that grass-roots units select ordinary people to publicize the principles and policies of the party and the government in a form that they like to hear and see.

Hypothesis: Lao Chen, the secretary of the village branch, watches the News broadcast on time every day, publicizes the principles and policies of the Party and the state by chatting with the villagers, and answers their questions belongs to the common people's lecturer.


Premise: Because the suspect sells the fake medicine to the pharmacy, the coverage is very wide and the social harm is extremely big. In particular, first-aid drugs such as heart-saving pills, once patients make fake drugs in river, the consequences are unimaginable. An investigation by a public security bureau found that those fake drugs not only have high manufacturing technology and packaging level, but also are popular well-known brands in the current market. The sales volume is astonishing and the purchase price is close to the production cost.

Hypothesis: Some of the most harmful criminal activities in society include the sale of fake medicine with a high level of technology can be inferred.


Premise: Recently, it was found that the mercury content in the feathers of seabird specimens preserved in the 1980s was only half of that of the current live birds of the same species. The accumulation of mercury in seabird feathers is caused by seabirds eating fish, which shows that the content of mercury in seafish is higher than that more than 100 years ago.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the appeal argument is that the methods used for the preparation and preservation of seabird specimens did not significantly reduce the mercury content in seabird feathers.


Premise: Handwriting test is a special technical method to identify the writer through the characteristics of writing action habit, character layout habit and written language habit of writing symbols.

Hypothesis: Handwriting examination is a special technical method for material evidence inspection mainly supports the idea of handwriting verification.


Premise: All Labrador retrievers love playing fetch. Only German shepherds love protecting their home. Some dogs are easy to train. Brittany' s dog loves playing fetch and loves protecting her home.

Hypothesis: Brittany's dog is half Labrador retriever and half German shepherd, and her dog is also easy to train must be true.


Premise: Most bicycle helmets provide good protection for the top and back of the head, but little or no protection for the temple regions on the sides of the head. A study of head injuries resulting from bicycle accidents showed that a large proportion were caused by blows to the temple area. Ttherefore, if bicycle helmets protected this area, the risk of serious head injury in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced especially since __.

Hypothesis: Bicyclists generally land on their arm or shoulder when they fall to the side, which reduces the likelihood of severe impacts on the side of the head most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Helen: It was wrong of my brother Mark to tell our mother that the reason he had missed her birthday party the evening before was that he had been in a traffic accident and that by the time he was released from the hospital emergency room the party was long over. Saying something that is false can never be other than morally wrong, and there had been no such accident -- Mark had simply forgotten all about the party.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in Helen's argument is that Mark did not tell his mother the truth.


Premise: In the late Qing and early Ming dynasties, a group of Westerners went to the mountains of southwestern China for scientific research or poaching. Some of them found a small koala in the mountains, because the locals called it mountain bear or maoxiong. They also called it maoxiong in the article, why did maoxiong later become panda? After the Republic of China, some traditional books and periodicals changed from vertical to horizontal. However, the fundamental reason is that there is no clear classification of it in the field of zoology.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the origin of the word panda.


Premise: Principle: A government should reduce taxes on imports if doing so would financially benefit many consumers in its domestic economy. There is a notable exception, however: it should never reduce import taxes if one or more of its domestic industries would be significantly harmed by the added competition. Conclusion: The government should not reduce taxes on textile imports.

Hypothesis: The domestic textile industry and consumers in the domestic economy would benefit less from reductions in taxes on textile imports than they would from other measures is a statement from which the conclusion can be properly drawn using the principle.


Premise: It is well documented that people have positive responses to some words, such as kind and wonderful,  and negative responses to others, such as evil and nausea.  Recently, psychological experiments have revealed that people also have positive or negative responses to many nonsense words. This shows that people' s responses to words are conditioned not only by what the words mean, but also by how they sound.

Hypothesis: The claim that people have positive or negative responses to many nonsense words is a conclusion for which the only support provided is the claim that people's responses to words are conditioned both by what the words mean and by how they sound.


Premise: The goblin fern, which requires a thick layer of leaf litter on the forest floor, is disappearing from North American forests. In spots where it has recently vanished, the leaf litter is unusually thin and, unlike those places where this fern still thrives, is teeming with the European earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, which eats leaf litter. L. rubellus is thus probably responsible for the fern' s disappearance.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that wherever there is a thick layer of leaf litter in North American forests, goblin ferns can be found.


Premise: Psychologists have suggested that if social networks are used well, they can also significantly reduce people's negative emotions and improve their mood. But the premise is that we need to use the Internet as a practice platform to truly express ourselves and interact with others sincerely and kindly. Offline, due to geographical spacing and other problems, it is sometimes difficult to find like-minded friends. But relying on the convenience of the Internet, many people are easy to find bosom friends.

Hypothesis: The correct use of social networks can make up for the lack of real communication is mainly emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Green consumption refers to the consumption behavior characterized by saving resources and protecting the environment, which is mainly manifested as advocating diligence and thrift, reducing loss and waste, choosing efficient and environmentally friendly products and services and reducing the consumption of resources and the emission of pollution in the process of consumption.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li pays more attention to hygiene and often chooses disposable chopsticks and paper cups when eating in the canteen does not belong to green consumption according to the above definition.


Premise: Needless to say, bringing economic development into the plan is conducive to maintaining socialist public ownership, preventing the imbalance of economic development, and avoiding periodic economic crises and the resulting waste. However, a perfect economic operation system depends on perfect people to ensure its perfection. For China, a large country with a population of 1.3 billion, these perfect people who make and implement economic plans must have absolutely superhuman wisdom and absolutely noble moral character, like the gods and saints that people worship.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that if wise people make and implement economic plans, the planned economy will be more effective than the market economy.


Premise: The Marriage Law stipulates that any divorce is permitted if both parties voluntarily divorce. In a marriage case, only one party is willing to divorce.

Hypothesis: The court's sentence should be that they cannot judge the divorce.


Premise: According to statistics, about 5000 elderly people commit suicide in Japan every year, accounting for 3/10 of the number of suicides, which can be called the big country of elderly suicide in the world. Among them, the suicide rate of divorced men is 8 times that of those with spouses, and the suicide rate of divorced women is 4 times that of those with spouses.

Hypothesis: The view that widowhood and loneliness are the important causes of suicide among the elderly in Japan is directly supported by the above paragraph.


Premise: A research paper published in a famous foreign academic journal reveals that when people are angry, there will be a series of reactions in the body, which will make the heart beat faster and endocrine disorder, and cause high blood pressure and digestive system disorder. In severe cases, it may cause vomiting or even fainting, and it can also cause skin freckles to increase in the future. Zhang San hopes that his child can go to a famous university. If he sees the grades his child are not satisfactory, he will sulk.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the final exam of the semester, the grades of two of the son of the Zhang San subjects dropped' can best lead to the conclusion that Zhang San is angry based on the conclusion of the question.


Premise: Public shaming of students, as a cold and punitive experience, develops students' feelings of inferiority, hatred and even social aggression, and impinges on self-esteem, trust and a sense of belonging. A public humiliation is a trample on human dignity, and repeated humiliation experience will lead to the loss of personal dignity. And the most important values of human society -- love, morality, citizenship and social cohesion -- depend on recognition and appreciation of the dignity of oneself and of others.

Hypothesis: Students have the tendency of inferiority, hatred and even social aggression, and will turn to crime is an misinterpretation of the material.


Premise: Export processing zones are a form of special economic zones. They are export-oriented special economic zones. They mainly use foreign capital, technology, and equipment, and take advantage of China's land, resources, labor and other advantages, and the products produced are mainly exported.

Hypothesis: The Salt Lake Economic Development Zone in Northwest Qinghai Province belongs to the export processing zone and adopts a strategy of attracting investment and foreign investment, providing manpower, land, etc. and selling products mainly in the five northwestern provinces and regions.


Premise: Small stories reveal great strategies, while details reveal wisdom of survival. True success does not come from a panacea or a sidetrack, but from a key in the hands of each of us. That is to pay attention to every detail of the living environment, implement every detail, do small things fine, do details thoroughly.

Hypothesis: The author thinks that grasping the details is the key to success.


Premise: As a new thing, bike sharing has developed rapidly recently. The shadow of bike sharing can be seen almost everywhere in the streets and alleys of the city. Bike sharing constitutes a new and beautiful scenery in the city and also provides convenience for people's travel. However, some citizens are worried about the whole bicycle production industry. They believe that the emergence of bike sharing and a large number of bikes are put into use.This makes many individuals who plan to buy Bicycles no longer buy bicycles.  As a result, the production and sales of the whole bicycle industry decreased

Hypothesis: Shared bicycles are produced by bicycle manufacturers entrusted by the company to which they belong and the number of shared bicycles far exceeds the purchase volume due to personal needs weakens the conclusion of these citizens.


Premise: From May 1, 2019 to the end of 2019, a total of 113 accidents occurred in new energy vehicles, and fire accidents accounted for a certain proportion. Among the vehicles in fire accidents, passenger cars account for 6%, special-purpose vehicles take the second place, and buses are the lowest. This shows that among the new energy vehicles, the safety of passenger vehicles is much lower than that of special vehicles and buses.

Hypothesis: According to the agency's statistics, the number of new energy vehicles and buses accounted for less than 10% of the total number of new energy vehicles is the most likely to question the above conclusion.


Premise: The equal right to employment means that citizens enjoy the right to equal employment opportunities regardless of their nationality, race, gender, religious belief and family background.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, refusing to hire a hepatitis B patient on the grounds of food safety does not violate the equal right of employment.


Premise: Mayor McKinney' s policies have often been criticized on the grounds that they benefit only wealthy city residents, but that is not a fair evaluation. Some of McKinney' s policies have clearly benefited the city' s less affluent residents. McKinney actively supported last year' s proposal to lower the city' s high property taxes. Because of this tax decrease, more development is taking place in the city, helping to end the housing shortage and stabilize the rents in the city.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that the criticism that McKinney's policies benefit only the wealthy is unjustified.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: If M and W go to England, L and U both go to the United States can be true.


Premise: In 1992, a major newspaper circulated throughout North America paid its reporters an average salary that was much lower than the average salary paid by its principal competitors to their reporters. An executive of the newspaper argued that this practice was justified, since any shortfall that might exist in the reporters' salaries is fully compensated by the valuable training they receive through their assignments.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The union that represented reporters at the newspaper was different from the union that represented reporters at the newspaper's competitors' most seriously undermines the justification offered by the executive.


Premise: Throughout the history of cartography, the effective use of maps means understanding a series of abstract symbols drawn on the plane and then connecting these symbols with various three-dimensional features of the local environment, so as to successfully determine their own location. But not all ordinary people can do this and not long ago, the map itself was a scarce artifact, some of which were militarily sensitive secrets. But the map that can be seen on the phone screen changes all that.

Hypothesis: The most important part of this passage is that smart phones have greatly improved the quality of human life.


Premise: Telomeres are DNA fragments whose length is very long at birth and then becomes shorter and is regarded as a sign of aging. After analyzing data over the years, the researchers found that the average telomere length of women who had at least one child was 4.2% shorter than that of infertile women. This percentage is equivalent to 11 years of cell aging, outpacing the effects of smoking and obesity on cell aging. As a result, it has been suggested that having children will speed up the aging of women.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Giving birth is good for women's health and can reduce the risk of many diseases. Breastfeeding for one year can reduce women's risk of breast cancer by 30%' cannot refute the above point of view if it is true.


Premise: Boreal owls range over a much larger area than do other owls of similar size. The reason for this behavior is probably that the small mammals on which owls feed are especially scarce in the forests where boreal owls live, and the relative scarcity of prey requires the owls to range more extensively to find sufficient food.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The boreal owl requires less food, relative to its weight, than is required by members of other owl species' most helps to confirm the explanation above.


Premise: In fact, just as it is impossible for the New Culture Movement to shake the firm position of Confucianism in Chinese culture, the waterflooding articles and the concept of flying all over the world will not completely stifle the spirit of Puxue in the Qing Dynasty.Fond of great achievements and illusory, following the so-called heel of the West with a few nouns will only produce a pile of written rubbish, which will not be able to gain a foothold for a long time and will be despised by the Western academic circles. On the contrary, if we do not abandon our students' tradition and do knowledge in a down-to-earth manner, we can establish a strong opposite in front of Westerners.

Hypothesis: The vain academic atmosphere makes it difficult for China to make academic achievements expresses the meaning of this passage.


Premise: The theory of mime means that the mutual behavior between people in social life is a kind of performance to some extent. Everyone, like an actor, performs to the audience on the stage according to the requirements of a certain role in a certain scene. In the whole process of performance, people always try to make their behavior closer to the role they want to present to the audience, and the audience sees the role rather than the actor itself. When the performance is over and the actor returns backstage, his true face is revealed, and the actor returns to his original self.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Wei was short of money but worked hard, so the boss quietly drove a limousine to pick up his parents at the airport does not prove the theory of mime.


Hypothesis: Based on the conclusion of the question, if it is true that the grades of two of the son of Zhang San dropped in the final exam of the semester, it can best lead to the conclusion that Zhang San is angry.


Premise: Last year a chain of fast-food restaurants, whose menu had always centered on hamburger, added its first vegetarian sandwich, much lower in fat than the chain's other offerings. Despite heavy marketing, the new sandwich accounts for a very small proportion of the chain's sales. The sandwich's sales would have to quadruple to cover the costs associated with including it on the menu. Since such an increase is unlikely, the chain would be more profitable if it dropped the sandwich.

Hypothesis: Many of the people who eat at the chain's restaurants also eat at the restaurants of competing chains and report no strong preference among the competitors most seriously weakens the argument.