Premise: In addition to ABO blood group, there are other types of human blood group, such as GM blood group. GM blood group exists in human serum and shows obvious ethnic specificity. FB subtype like GM blood group is unique to Caucasians; St subtype only exists in yellow people; The C3 subtype is only found in black people.

Hypothesis: Some Caucasians can also have st subtypes of GM blood group can be inferred.


Premise: Glucocorticoid is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex of the human body. It can regulate the synthesis and metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins. It is called glucocorticoid because its activity of regulating carbohydrate metabolism was first recognized by people. In addition, glucocorticoids can also regulate the inflammatory response, so they are often used as anti-inflammatory drugs to treat diseases caused by the overreaction of the immune system, such as allergies, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Glucocorticoids are also often used to fight inflammation in cancer patients. In cells, glucocorticoids need to interact with glucocorticoid receptors to exert their physiological functions.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is Characteristics of glucocorticoid.


Premise: Parents worry that their children's over-reliance on mobile phones will damage their eyesight and see bad information. However, it is worth noting that, in addition to the influence of these shallow levels, the most important thing is that mobile learning improves students' information search ability, but also neglects the training of students' analytical ability and creative ability because of the availability of answers. these are the most important and core parts of learning.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that mobile learning is disadvantageous to training analysis and creativity.


Premise: In 1990, the incidence of bone fractures  was very high among people over 70 years old in W city, and at the same time, the mortality rate of people over 70 years old was also very high, so it can be known that the high incidence of bone fractures  led to an increase in mortality among people over 70 years old.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In 1990, W City was experiencing war' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: Stylistic evidence and laboratory evidence strongly support the claim that the magnificent painting Garden of Eden is a work of the Flemish master van Eyck. Nevertheless, the painting must have been the work of someone else, as any one with a little historical and zoological knowledge can tell merely by looking at the painting. The animals in the painting are all vivid representations of actual animals, including armadillos. Yet armadillos are native only to the Americas, and van Eyck died decades before Europeans reached the Americas.

Hypothesis: The first is an intermediate conclusion drawn in order to support a further conclusion stated in the argument and the second provides evidence in support of that intermediate conclusion is the role played by the two highlighted portions in the argument.


Premise: For years the beautiful Renaissance buildings in Palitito have been damaged by exhaust from the many tour buses that come to the city. There has been little parking space, so most buses have idled at the curb during each stop on their tour, and idling produces as much exhaust as driving. The city has now provided parking that accommodates a third of the tour buses, so damage to Palitito' s buildings from the buses' exhaust will diminish significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some of the tour buses that are unable to find parking drive around Palitito while their passengers are visiting a site' most strongly supports the argument.


Premise: There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense.

Hypothesis: Flints were often used by early humans for everyday chores other than hunting most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Recently, in the analysis of the neural circuit of experimental mice, researchers found the pathogenic gene leading to idiopathic tremor. The researchers analyzed the gene and central nervous system of experimental mice with strong tremor in the lower body during walking, and found mteneuxirr-4 in experimental mice Gene mutation resulted in no myelin sheath outside the axons of nerve cells. Nerves are similar to wires, axons are equivalent to wires in wires, and myelin sheath is like an insulating layer covering the wires. The researchers believe that the shock symptoms of experimental rats are caused by the short circuit of nerve circuits due to the abnormal formation of myelin sheath. The researchers concluded that, The reason for this shock is the same.

Hypothesis: The precondition that humans also have the same teneuxirr-4 gene should be added if the researcher's argument is to be established.


Premise: In Australia, in years with below-average rainfall, less water goes into rivers and more water is extracted from rivers for drinking and irrigation. Consequently, in such years, water levels drop considerably and the rivers flow more slowly. Because algae grow better the more slowly the water in which they are growing moves, such years are generally beneficial to populations of algae. But, by contrast, populations of algae drop in periods of extreme drought.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The larger the population of algae in a body of water, the less sunlight reaches below the surface of the water' does most to explain the contrast.


Premise: The proposed change to the patent system is bound to have a chilling effect on scientific research. Under current rules, researchers have one full year after the initial publication of a new discovery to patent the discovery. This allows research results to be shared widely prior to the patent application. The proposed change would have the application precede initial publication, which would delay the communication of discoveries.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if the statement 'Delays in the communication of discoveries will have a chilling effect on scientific research' is assumed.


Premise: Philosopher: In the 18th century, a paper on the absolutism of motion asserted that the change in position of one object over time could be measured without reference to the position of any other object. However, one respected physicist claimed that the paper was incoherent. Since an incoherent treatise cannot be considered a description of reality, motion cannot be absolute.

Hypothesis: The philosopher uses technical terms to convince others in his argument.


Premise: Contrary to Malthus' s arguments, human foodproducing capacity has increased more rapidly than human population. Yet, agricultural advances often compromise biological diversity. Ttherefore, Malthus' s prediction that insufficient food will doom humanity to war, pestilence, and famine will likely be proven correct in the future, because a lack of biodiversity will eventually erode our capacity to produce food.

Hypothesis: The statement that human food-producing capacity has increased more rapidly than human population plays the role of being a part of the evidence used in the argument to support the conclusion that a well-known view is misguided.


Premise: Reading is a personal life habit, which is determined by cultural literacy. Without the pursuit of knowledge or the hobby of culture, it is difficult to imagine that people can calm down and read. The habit of reading should be cultivated from an early age. Starting from the beginning, only the love and pursuit of cultural knowledge can make us accustomed to reading. The reading habits and hobbies of Chinese people cannot be solved by a youth reading festival. Therefore, reading is still based on usual habits.

Hypothesis: The topic of the above is Advocate reading.


Premise: 1.The popularization of computers 2.The computer management society 3.The decline of ethical concepts of computer technicians 4.The leaks of computer management information 5.The increase of computer professionals 6.Informatization of the overall business management of the enterprise

Hypothesis: Based on the following various facts, after comprehensive analysis, the most likely outcome is an increase in computer crime rate.


Premise: From newspapers to cafes to American-style shopping malls, Kuwaiti people have a dislike for the country that almost single-handedly rescued them from Iraqi military occupation. On the tidy streets of the capital Kuwait, people have speculated that, Washington prefers Saddam Hussein to remain in power to ensure that Kuwait and its weak neighbors can be firmly placed under the control of the United States.

Hypothesis: Kuwaitis are creating public opinion to get rid of U.S. control best matches the semantics of the above text.


Premise: In today's economic globalization, western cultural classics and traditions are still surviving and continuing. In the United States, the president is sworn in according to the Bible, and pupils recite the oath of a nation under the protection of God every week. In China, primary school students no longer study the classics, and there are no people to take the oath of office according to the Analects of Confucius. China has become a country that has almost lost all its cultural classics and traditions.

Hypothesis: The reading of scriptures by primary school students is a symbol for a country and a nation to maintain its cultural classics and traditions is the hypothesis on which the above argument depends.


Premise: Second left-behind refers to left-behind children in rural areas who are moved to cities by their parents and are surrounded by strangers without friends or playmates because their parents are busy with their work every day.

Hypothesis: In a new district street food market, xiao Ying, who was picked up by her parents in the city, helped her grandmother collect money from the vegetable seller every day. When there were no customers, she would squat on the ground and read comic books is second left-behind according to the above


Premise: The high cost of production is severely limiting which operas are available to the public. These costs necessitate reliance on large corporate sponsors, who in return demand that only the most famous operas be produced. Determining which operas will be produced should rest only with ticket purchasers at the box office, not with large corporate sponsors. If we reduce production budgets so that operas can be supported exclusively by box-office receipts and donations from individuals, then the public will be able to see less famous operas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The reduction of opera production budgets would not reduce the desire of large corporate sponsors to support operas' would weaken the argument.


Premise: When can Chinese young directors also have a dynasty change of film language and film achievements, not just the fifth and sixth generation on the seniority baton? However, just like the Matthew effect, the more well-known directors are, the more favored by capital, and the hunger for opportunities and creative use of famous directors are often inferior to young directors, and the more resources young directors need, the more difficult it is to attract funds. rare opportunities once in several years first make survival an obstacle.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate giving young directors more opportunities.


Premise: Robert: The school board is considering adopting a year-round academic schedule that eliminates the traditional three-month summer vacation. This schedule should be adopted, since teachers need to cover more new material during the school year than they do now. Samantha: The proposed schedule will not permit teachers to cover more new material. Even though the schedule eliminates summer vacation, it adds six new two-week breaks, so the total number of school days will be about the same as before.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Most parents who work outside the home find it difficult to arrange adequate supervision for their school-age children over the traditional three-month summer vacation' is a response that Robert could make that would counter Samantha's argument.


Premise: The reason J. S. Bach is remembered is not that he had a high ratio of outstanding compositions to mediocre compositions. It is rather because he was such a prolific composer. He wrote more than a thousand full-fledged compositions, so it was inevitable that some of them would be outstanding and, being outstanding, survive the ages.

Hypothesis: Several of Bach's contemporaries who produced more works than he did have been largely forgotten most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Recognizing the land and climate requirements of species survival can provide a basis for regulating human food production and maximising the protection of species. Scientists have concluded that when rainforests are cut down into farmland, birds that need a humid climate die, while those that are suitable for arid climates survive instead.

Hypothesis: The natural conditions of farmland are similar to those of bird habitat in arid climate best supports the scientists' conclusions.


Premise: The latest two research results have attracted people's attention: one is to use certain bacteria to produce artificial meat protein, which grows by absorbing the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, which takes about 2 kilograms of carbon dioxide for every kilogram of protein; second, to synthesize ethanol from carbon dioxide and water recovered from the atmosphere, it takes 1.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kilogram of ethanol. Experts predict that these new technologies will help to achieve the goal of zero greenhouse gas emissions in the middle of the 21st century.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that only the resource utilization of carbon dioxide can achieve zero greenhouse gas emission based on this.


Premise: In economics, the emergence of individual organizations with higher efficiency within the system will destroy or inhibit the existence and development of other organizations with lower efficiency. People call this effect tIp effect. Due to the unbalanced development among individuals, regions and countries, the tIp effect is common.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A grain production enterprise has been in recession. After adopting advanced cultivation technology, the production scale of the enterprise expanded and the sales share began to increase' helps avoid the tip effect according to the above definition.


Premise: It is generally believed that the eruption of the Toba volcano more than 70,000 years ago caused the cooling of the global climate and the deterioration of the environment, and eventually led to the extinction of human beings outside tropical Africa. A recent genetic study of living populations suggests that between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago, there was a process in which Africans replaced populations in other regions, and the complete substitution hypothesis holds true about the origin of modern humans. That is, Africans are the direct ancestors of people in other regions.

Hypothesis: The statement "After the eruption of the Toba volcano, there is still human activity outside tropical Africa" would most question the above researchers' arguments.


Premise: Marcus: For most ethical dilemmas the journalist is likely to face, traditional journalistic ethics is clear, adequate, and essentially correct. For example, when journalists have uncovered newsworthy information, they should go to press with it as soon as possible. No delay motivated by the journalists' personal or professional interests is permissible. Anita: Well, Marcus, of course interesting and important information should be brought before the public -- that is a journalist' s job. But in the typical case, where a journalist has some information but is in a quandary about whether it is yet important or newsworthy,  this guidance is inadequate.

Hypothesis: The point made by Anita's statements is that there are common situations in which a journalist must make a decision and in which no principle of journalistic ethics can be of help.


Premise: Information industry refers to the group of related industries directly related to the production, circulation, distribution and consumption of information industry and information services in national economic activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a department providing free consulting services to the society and promoting the development of information technology according to the needs of economic development is not the information industry.


Premise: Professor Li said: mineral water contains more minerals than pure water. Therefore, people who drink mineral water regularly increase the risk of stones because minerals precipitate in the kidneys.

Hypothesis: The reason for the precipitation of minerals in the kidneys is a problem with kidney function weakens Professor Li's argument most.


Premise: Many homeowners regularly add commercial fertilizers to their lawns and gardens to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in soil. The widely available commercial fertilizers contain only macronutrients -- namely, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To remain healthy in the long term, soil for lawns requires the presence of these macronutrients and also trace amounts of micronutrients such as zinc, iron, and copper, which are depleted when grass clippings are raked up rather than allowed to decay and return to the soil.

Hypothesis: Widely available commercial fertilizers are not alone sufficient to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in soil for lawns where grass clippings are not allowed to decay and return to the soil can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Carrillo: Using the number of existing primate species, along with measures of the genetic diversify among these primates and among the extinct primate species, our statistical model strongly supports the conclusion that the first primate developed around 81. 5 million years ago. Olson: Given that the oldest primate fossils discovered so far date back only 55 million years, your estimate of how long primate species' development has gone on is sheer speculation.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Carrillo and Olson disagree over whether Carrillo's statistical model is a reliable way of dating the first appearance of primate species.


Premise: Indirect committed, also known as indirect committed crime, refers to the use of others for props to commit a crime of the act. The exploiter achieves his criminal intent by dominating the tool behavior of the exploited.The exploiter and the exploited do not constitute a joint crime. It includes two scenarios, the first one is to use the inability of criminal responsibility to commit crimes, and the second one is to use the negligence of others or unwitting behavior crime.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A, instigating the mentally ill. A cake with a knife cut with a quick feud with it. A-C is a person with full criminal responsibility capacity, and is thought to be a person without criminal responsibility is an indirect principal.


Premise: Researchers in South Australia estimate changes in shark populations inhabiting local waters by monitoring what is termed the catch per unit effort (CPUE). The CPUE for any species of shark is the number of those sharks that commercial sharkfishing boats catch per hour for each kilometer of gill net set out in the water. Since 1973 the CPUE for a particular species of shark has remained fairly constant. Ttherefore, the population of that species in the waters around South Australia must be at approximately its 1973 level.

Hypothesis: A significant threat to shark populations, in addition to commercial shark fishing, is incidental mortality that results from catching sharks in nets intended for other fish most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Analyst: The increasing complexity of computers may lead those who pursue a career in computer programming to think that job security and higher wages can be attained by becoming more specialized as the field becomes more complex. Even though specialists earn higher wages than generalists within computer programming, this move is ill-advised because one risks specializing in a technology that will become obsolete. Consider the plight of people who used to repair eight-track tape players.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The current technological knowledge of most specialists within computer programming could also be applied to many technologies that will replace present ones' most weakens the analyst's argument.


Premise: Zhong Rong, a literary critic of the Southern Dynasty, commented on the works of Liu Kun in the Jin Dynasty in Shi Pin. Kun is not only a good person, but also has bad luck, so he is good at talking about mourning and chaos, and he has many words of hatred.This is to use the experience of Liu Kun's misfortune to explain why his poems are full of grief and indignation. Contemporary literary critics consciously use this method to examine works. A scholar who studied the novel iniquity Sea Flowers in the late Qing Dynasty once said that in order to understand this work, it is necessary to know people and talk about the world, and it is necessary to explore Zeng Pu's life, ideological process and creative process. It can be seen that knowing people and talking about the world is an important method for him to study evil sea flowers.

Hypothesis: Knowing people and talking about the world has always been an important method of literary research is the main content of this text.


Premise: Not all works of art represent something, but some do, and their doing so is relevant to our aesthetic experience of them; representation is ttherefore an aesthetically relevant property. Whether a work of art possesses this property is dependent upon context. Yet there are no clear criteria for determining whether context-dependent properties are present in an object, so there cannot be any clear criteria for determining whether an object qualifies as art.

Hypothesis: Aesthetically relevant properties other than representation can determine whether an object is a work of art is the possibility that the reasoning above fails to exclude.


Premise: The law of sufficient reason means that in the same thought and argument, a thought is always determined to be true for sufficient reasons. There are two logical requirements for the law of sufficient reason: first, the reason must be true; second, there must be a logical relationship between the reason and the inference.

Hypothesis: She is methodical, so she must be a secretary meets the law of sufficient reason according to the above definition.


Premise: Thirty-five years ago, in the second-class primary school at the entrance of Gaojing Hutong, Xizhimen Street, Beijing, there were two children with different personalities: One boy, who was born stiff, shy and cowardly, cared about the surface reputation, and cried when bullied. Another boy, naturally free and easy, energetic, stored his strength in it and didn't easily show it. He was interrupted by the teacher. His tears were so painful that he wouldn't drop a tear or beg for mercy. Because of this difference in talent, Lao She and I had different ways of life.

Hypothesis: The statement "When I was a child, my personality was different, which led to the author and Lao She finally breaking up in the future" is not in line with the meaning of the text.


Premise: Absolute public goods refer to goods that are used by some people without excluding and affecting the use of the goods by others, and can not distinguish users from non users and charge users.

Hypothesis: Air is an absolute public good according to the above definition.


Premise: In an effort to boost sales during the summer months, which are typically the best for soft-drink sales, Foamy Soda lowered its prices. In spite of this, however, the sales of Foamy Soda dropped during the summer months.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, contributes to reconciling the apparent discrepancy indicated above EXCEPT: Foamy Soda's competitors lowered their prices even more drastically during the summer months.


Premise: Editorialist: There would seem to be little hazard for consumers associated with chemicals used in treated lumber because the lumber is used outside where fumes cannot accumulate. However, immediate steps should be taken to determine the safety of these chemicals since consumers could ingest them. If the lumber is used for children' s playground equipment, youngsters could put their mouths on the wood, and if it is used to contain soil in a vegetable garden, the chemicals could leach into the soil.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the editorialist's argument is that the chemicals used in treated lumber are apparently not dangerous to the consumer.


Premise: Some people argue that inquiry is impossible, because a man can explore neither what he knows nor what he does not know. He cannot explore what he knows, because he knows it, and there is no need to explore it; he cannot explore what he does not know, because he does not know what he is trying to explore.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fallacy of ambiguity: there are two different meanings of knowing: knowing what the answer to the question being explored is and knowing what the question is to explore' most accurately points out the logical loophole in the argument.


Premise: The refraction of light is an optical phenomenon, which refers to the phenomenon of deflection of direction when light is shot in by one medium, another medium, or propagated in the same uneven medium.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The sun shines on the mirror, and the students will feel very glare when they shine on the student's face from the mirror' is not a refraction of light according to the above definition.


Premise: For one academic year all the students at a high school were observed. The aim was to test the hypothesis that studying more increased a student' s chances of earning a higher grade. It turned out that the students who spent the most time studying did not earn grades as high as did many students who studied less. Nonetheless, the researchers concluded that the results of the observation supported the initial hypothesis.

Hypothesis: In each course, the more a student studied, the better his or her grade was in that course most helps to explain why the researchers drew the conclusion described above.


Premise: The reality of the development of children's films in China is indeed not optimistic: our country makes 40 to 50 children's films every year. Among them, 1 dream 10 is of good quality, but it lacks specialized personnel or institutions to carry out market promotion and promotion, not to mention cinema support, let alone let primary and secondary school students know, so there are very few children's films that can be shown, even if it is released, it is hard to escape the one-day cinema tour. Does that mean that children's movies are at a dead end in China? Data show that the number of minors in China has reached 367 million, which is a huge audience. At present, most of the parents are post-70s and post-80s, many of them have movie-watching habits and film complex, and with the continuous improvement of living standards, watching movies has become more and more important spiritual needs of people. Therefore, it is also a popular trend to take children to the movies.

Hypothesis: The present situation of the development of children's films in China is very bleak is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: Society and culture advocate generosity, but such behavior often requires one to contribute one's own resources to the interests of others, so it is difficult to explain with general economic theory. However, some neuroscience papers have pointed out that even at the expense of self-interest, some people are generous to others because when people show generosity, they activate specific areas of the brain. and these areas are associated with areas that produce happiness.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the behavior of sacrificing self-interest to satisfy others should not be respected too much.


Premise: Previous studies have suggested that volcanic eruptions release large amounts of heat and cause the global warming, but recent studies have found that volcanic eruptions not only do not cause the global warming, but can also reduce its impact.

Hypothesis: The statement "Volcanic eruptions inhibit certain bacteria that break down organic matter, which contains methane, a combustible gas that produces heat" is true to support the above conclusion.


Premise: Recently, researchers have found that fever can promote the transfer of lymphocytes to the infected site. They explain that this is because fever increases the expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in T lymphocytes, which binds to integrins and promotes T lymphocytes to adhere to blood vessels and eventually accelerate migration to the site of infection.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Fever can induce Hsp90 to bind to the tail of integrin and activate integrin' cannot support the above conclusion.


Premise: A major network news organization experienced a drop in viewership in the week following the airing of a controversial report on the economy. The network also received a very large number of complaints regarding the report. The network, however, maintains that negative reactions to the report had nothing to do with its loss of viewers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The other major network news organizations reported similar reductions in viewership during the same week' most strongly supports the network's position.


Premise: According to reports, female viewers accounted for nearly 2/3 of the core audience of parent-child programs on a certain satellite TV. You can imagine a scene like this: at night, a young mother takes her young children alone, watching Dad with Children on TV at home. And the young dad may still be working overtime, socializing, or just staying in the bedroom to play games and play the computer-their children still continue the story of not being accompanied by their father. In fact, this phenomenon also happens to the mother. In many modern families, the responsibility of raising children is mainly transferred to the older generation of elderly people.

Hypothesis: Absence of the main body of parent-child education in real life is meant to be emphasized.


Premise: Under the conditions of a market economy, as long as opportunities are equal, legal competition, no fraud, no privileges and corruption, the emergence of the gap between the rich and the poor in the society can only be attributed to the innate differences of individuals, acquired efforts, and opportunities and luck.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that if deceit, privilege and corruption are rampant in society, the gap between the rich and the poor cannot be attributed to personal congenital differences, acquired efforts, opportunities and luck.


Premise: In a recent study, each member of two groups of people, Group A (composed of persons sixty-five to seventy-five years old) and Group B (composed of college students), was required to make a telephone call to a certain number at a specified time. The time when each call was initiated was recorded electronically. Group A proved far better at remembering to make a telephone call precisely at a specified time than did Group B. There were fourteen lapses in Group B but only one lapse in Group A. Clearly, at least one type of memory does not suffer as a person ages.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The same group of researchers answered the calls made by the callers in both study groups' is LEAST helpful in establishing that the conclusion above is properly drawn.


Premise: The development of contemporary economy no longer depends mainly on labor. For example, in the United States, the whole information superhighway project will take 20 years, with a total investment of 400 billion US dollars. It will cost $200 billion to install high-capacity fiber-optic lines for all 95 million homes.

Hypothesis: The future economic development mainly depends on high technology is correct.


Premise: The five senses have traditionally been viewed as distinct yet complementary. Each sense is thought to have its own range of stimuli that are incapable of stimulating the other senses. However, recent research has discovered that some people taste a banana and claim that they are tasting blue, or see a color and say that it has a specific smell. This shows that such people, called synesthesiacs, have senses that do not respect the usual boundaries between the five recognized senses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The particular ways in which sensory experiences overlap in synesthesiacs follow a definite pattern' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Formal communication refers to the transmission and communication of information within the organizational system according to certain organizational principles. For example, correspondence between organizations, internal communication of documents, meetings, regular exchange of information between superiors and subordinates. In addition, the group organized visits, technical exchanges, market research and so on are also included.

Hypothesis: A Friend's party is not a formal communication channel.


Premise: Debater: As a pedagogical practice, lecturing embodies hierarchy, since the lecturer is superior to the student in mastery of the subject. But people learn best from peer interaction. Thus, the hierarchy in lecturing is a great weakness. Respondent: By definition, all teaching and learning are hierarchical, for all teaching and learning must proceed from simple to complex. In teaching mathematics, for example, arithmetic must precede calculus. Thus, the hierarchy in lecturing is a strength.

Hypothesis: The respondent's reply to the debater's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the respondent applies a key concept to a different aspect of education than the aspect to which the debater applied it.


Premise: In recent years, academic misconduct and even academic corruption have become more and more serious. Some people plagiarize other people's research results, some make up experimental data, and some take patients for experiments without permission, which not only loses the bottom line of scholars, but also does not even have the bottom line of life. As a scholar, Professor Li feels very sad about this. He believes that academic corruption has reached the point where it must be punished, But the wife, who is also a scholar, said, I don't agree with you. Professor Zhang of our college is rigorous in his scholarship. He has never committed academic misconduct.

Hypothesis: The statement "Professor Zhang may also have academic misconduct, but it has not been found" best refutes the wife of Professor Li's point of view.


Premise: For those who want to keep fit, the effect of alternating multiple physical exercises is better than that of a single project.A single project of exercise makes a small number of muscles developed, while the alternating multiple physical exercises can develop the body's muscle group in an all-round way, and the latter consumes more calories than the former.

Hypothesis: If it is much more difficult to fully develop the muscle group of the human body than to promote the development of a small number of muscles, then this option most advantageously reinforces the above argument.


Premise: Advance payment refers to the payment of a certain amount of money to the other party according to the agreement as a guarantee of claims. After the debtor fulfills its debts, the deposit shall be offset against the price or recovered. If the party paying the deposit fails to perform the agreed obligation, it shall not have the right to request the return of the deposit; If the party receiving the deposit fails to perform the agreed debt, it shall double the deposit.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li's payment of 20,000 yuan to the landlord after fancying a second-hand house and agreeing to sell the house to Xiao Li within a week is an advance payment according to the above definition.


Premise: Chinese TV people must face up to the fact that it is not the institutions and channels of these entities that pose a real challenge to television, no matter whether they are mobile phones, networks or other mobile terminals. it is the audience who is slowly changing under the immersion of these media environment. These audiences, they may be TV masses, netizens, or hand-shot mobs. The TV content has been out of the control of the producers from the moment it is delivered to them. What kind of information, fun and values these audiences will get from TV programs, and how they will interpret, derive and alter TV programs, all keep TV people awake at night.

Hypothesis: The most likely content of this passage is how to adapt TV production to the change of audience's taste.


Premise: Australian box jellyfish is one of the most poisonous animals in the world. after stinging, its toxin can cause skin necrosis and severe pain, invade the heart and cause death due to cardiac arrest in a short period of time. A box jellyfish carries enough venom to kill 60 people, and there is no specific drug for its venom. Recently, through genome-wide screening, researchers have found that a protein called ATP2B1 in human cells is a necessary condition for box jellyfish venom to be toxic, and researchers believe that lowering cholesterol through targeted therapy can fight box jellyfish venom.

Hypothesis: Cholesterol is needed for ATP2B1 proteins to function can be used as the premise of the above argument.


Premise: There is one difference between science and art: science emphasizes the latest discoveries, the latest laws and equations, and the pattern is always renovated, and always runs straight forward. Art is not so convenient. No matter ancient or modern, there are no existing laws or equations can be used for plagiarism and application, so that art can form a relay race like scientific research. The subtle essence of this is that fathers cannot be taught to sons, and mothers cannot be taught to daughters. Everything has to be started from scratch on their own.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is the difference between science and art.


Premise: Most land-dwelling vertebrates have rotating limbs terminating in digits, a characteristic useful for land movement. Biologists who assume that this characteristic evolved only after animals abandoned aquatic environments must consider the Acanthostega, a newly discovered ancestor of all land vertebrates. It possessed rotating limbs terminating in digits, but its skeleton was too feeble for land movement. It also breathed using only internal gills, indicating that it and its predecessors were exclusively aquatic.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support the statement 'Certain anatomical characteristics common to some aquatic animals represent an advantage for survival on land.'


Premise: Scientists applied desulfurization ash from some power plants to 40 mu of saline-alkali land in Inner Mongolia. As a result, corn and grass grew in this land. The scientists concluded that the desulfurized ash from coal-fired power plants can be used to transform saline-alkali land.

Hypothesis: The main component of desulfurization ash is gypsum, and the use of gypsum to improve saline-alkali land has a history of more than 100 years, if true, best supports the scientist's conclusion.


Premise: Domestic dogs are good friends of human beings. Although they are very different, they have a common ancestor -- the gray Wolf. Gray wolves are widely distributed around the globe, but local domestic dogs did not evolve from local wolves. Comparing the genetic diversity of domestic dog populations from different regions based on the genome D.NA., the researchers found that the highest diversity was found in domestic dog populations from southern East Asia. At the same time, the structure of the phylogenetic tree also supports the common origin of the domestic dog. In phylogenetic trees, the end of each branch represents a population, and closely related populations tend to be closer together on the tree. Domestic dogs from southern East Asia were located at the base of the phylogenetic tree.

Hypothesis: Genome D.NA.'s research has fundamentally solved the question of the origin of domestic dogs is described in words.


Premise: Some people believe that high levels of testosterone are the main cause of heart attack in men. However, this view is wrong, because testosterone levels in men with heart disease are generally lower than those in men without heart disease.

Hypothesis: The above discussion is based on the assumption that heart disease does not significantly reduce testosterone levels in men.


Premise: Regression education is a theory that people's life should be a process of continuous alternation and combination of learning and work. Adults who are employed after receiving compulsory education or basic education or even higher education should return to school to study when necessary.

Hypothesis: The technicians of a factory went to the night school held by their unit to tutor English for charging belongs to regression education according to the above definition.


Premise: The Testament of William Thorpe was published around 1530 as an appendix to Thorpe's longer Examination. Many scholars, however, doubt the attribution of the Testament to Thorpe because, whereas the Examination is dated 1406, the Testament is dated 1460. One scholar has recently argued that the 1460 date be amended to 1409, based on the observation that when these numbers are expressed as Roman numerals, MCCCCLX and MCCCCIX, it becomes easy to see how the dates might have become confused through scribal error.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Testament alludes to a date, Friday, September 20, as apparently contemporaneous with the writing of the Testament, and September 20 fell on a Friday in 1409 but not in 1460' would most support the scholar's hypothesis concerning the date of the Testament.


Premise: Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, <b> any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. </b> Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last years record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and <b> there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year' s start-ups. </b>So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last years record.

Hypothesis: The first boldface portion in the argument is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based, and the second is a judgment advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Researcher Wang: the mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation put forward by our government inspires every entrepreneur. For entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to have a perseverance. No matter what difficulties you encounter in starting a business, you must stick to it. Professor Li: for entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to dare to try new technologies. Because there are some new technologies that some big companies do not dare to try easily, this brings opportunities for entrepreneurs to succeed.

Hypothesis: The most accurate point of the difference between Professor Wang and Professor Li is that the most important thing is to dare to meet the challenges of various entrepreneurial challenges, or dare to try new technologies that big companies do not dare to try easily.


Premise: If a crisis occurs, the company can take very effective measures to eliminate the crisis, which can actually increase the company's reputation. A very good reputation may be destroyed in an instant because of an incident; while a bad reputation often takes a long time to eliminate it.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then the statement 'It is easier to destroy a good reputation than to eliminate a bad one' is most supported.


Premise: A report on acid rain concluded, most forests in Canada are not damaged by acid rain. Critics of the report insist that this conclusion must be changed to, most forests in Canada do not show obvious symptoms of being damaged by acid rain, such as abnormal leaf loss, slower growth or higher mortality.

Hypothesis: Acid rain may be causing damage whose symptoms are not yet obvious, if true, provides the most logically strong justification for critics' insistence on changing the conclusions of the report.


Premise: Public health expert: Until recently people believed that applications of biochemical research would eventually achieve complete victory over the microorganisms that cause human disease. However, current medical research shows that those microorganisms reproduce so rapidly that medicines developed for killing one variety will only spur the evolution of other varieties that are immune to those medicines. The most rational public health strategy, ttherefore, would place much more emphasis than at present on fully informing people about the transmission of diseases caused by microorganisms, with a view to minimizing the incidence of such diseases.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn by the public health expert is that no one who is fully informed about the diseases caused by microorganisms will ever fall victim to those diseases.


Premise: A large group of hyperactive children whose regular diets included food containing large amounts of additives was observed by researchers trained to assess the presence or absence of behavior problems. The children were then placed on a low-additive diet for several weeks, after which they were observed again. Originally nearly 60 percent of the children exhibited behavior problems; after the change in diet, only 30 percent did so. On the basis of these data, it can be concluded that food additives can contribute to behavior problems in hyperactive children.

Hypothesis: The statement 'there is no way to know what changes would have occurred without the change of diet, since only children who changed to a low-additive diet were studied' is the reason why the evidence cited fails to establish the conclusion.


Premise: Chinese car manufacturers are developing smart cars.The direct cause is the rising price of gasoline.Due to the continuous improvement of consumers' awareness of energy conservation, the development of energy-saving cars requires a lot of investment.China's FAW Group will spend 13 billion yuan on development of its own-brand cars, mainly energy-efficient cars, by 2015, while Shanghai Automotive Group plans to spend 21.4 billion yuan by 2012.The money will be used to develop energy-saving technologies for new cars and develop energy-efficient vehicles to compete.This is expected to speed up the restructuring of China's auto industry, improving the chaos of small and large enterprises.

Hypothesis: The most likely reason for Chinese car manufacturers to invest in energy-efficient cars is that the energy-efficient cars have huge market prospects.


Premise: Recently, a research team surveyed 519 young people between the ages of 18 and 25 who had never smoked traditional cigarettes by means of a questionnaire. The survey included these young people's e-cigarette use and intention to smoke traditional cigarettes. Wait. Among young people who have never smoked traditional cigarettes, those who are vaping are more likely to try traditional cigarettes, and regulatory policies on e-cigarettes should pay attention to protecting young people, the study said.

Hypothesis: The statement '20% of respondents have tried e-cigarettes or are likely to try e-cigarettes in the future' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: When the Meng / Guan team won the championship at the Athens Olympic Games, there were two more pairs of athletes and they reached the finish line almost at the same time. Before the Beijing Olympic Games, it was predicted that although the Meng / Guan team did not reach their best form, it was possible to win the gold medal.

Hypothesis: The results of the Meng / Guan group and those two couples being far better than those of the other contestants does not improve the probability of Meng / Guan winning the championship in the Beijing Olympic Games.


Premise: Fossilized teeth of an extinct species of herbivorous great ape have on them phytoliths, which are microscopic petrified remains of plants. Since only phytoliths from certain species of plants are found on the teeth, the apes' diet must have consisted only of those plants.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that plants of every type eaten by the apes left phytoliths on their teeth.


Premise: When discussing the differences and the pros and cons of science and religion as cognitive methods, people often put forward the view that science is not everything, and science can make mistakes. This is obviously correct. But in that discussion, no one claimed that  Under the condition that science is always correct, actively inserting this view is obviously using the fact that all cognitive methods are not perfect to deliberately confuse different cognitive methods. This is extremely misleading.

Hypothesis: The author wants to say that the idea that science can go wrong can sometimes confuse the audience according to this text.


Premise: Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. Source of financing, ttherefore, must be a more important causative factor in the success of a start-up company than are such factors as the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the management structure of the company.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The strategic planning of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur' most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: A unit conducted a year-end evaluation, after a democratic vote, identified A, B, C, D, E five people as the candidates for the first prize. In the selection of five into four, the following factors need to be taken into account: 1) at least one of C and D is selected. 2) if E is selected, then An and B are also selected. 3)Of the three people in A and B and D, at most 2 were selected.

Hypothesis: The option D is not in the fourth according to the above statement.


Premise: After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.

Hypothesis: The fifth upper X may be true if the third is M.


Premise: Origin thinking refers to setting people or things to an origin, often returning to the origin for thinking, performing state comparison, correcting deviations, and constantly moving toward the goal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'frequent communication' belongs to origin thinking.


Premise: Due to gene mutation, cells proliferate and differentiate uncontrollably, and eventually develop into malignant tumors. There are many abnormal proteins encoded by mutant genes on the surface of cancer cells. It is reasonable to say that these abnormal proteins should be recognized by the body's immune system in time, and trigger an immune response to remove cancer cells at one stroke. However, due to the rapid development of tumor cells, they are very good at camouflage, Moreover, it is constantly mutated. In the face of fierce and resourceful tumor cells, the originally powerful immune cells seem to be unable and even turn a blind eye to some tumor cells. The immunosuppression formed in the tumor microenvironment makes the immune system paralyzed.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, the study that compares the lifestyle and personality characteristics of patients with malignant tumors with those of healthy people to find out the risk factors inducing tumor incidence may contribute to the development of effective antitumor drugs.


Premise: The necessary condition refers to a relationship between two sentences. If the false sentence is false, it can be concluded that sentence B is false, then sentence A is the necessary condition of sentence B

Hypothesis: The statement 'Salesperson at the jewelry counter is either a college student or a beautiful girl' is a necessary condition for the statement 'The salesperson at the jewelry counter is a beautiful girl.'


Premise: Genomics research shows that the human genome contains 20 to 25000 genes, but so far, using gene detection technology, only more than a thousand disease genes can be found, and all of them are single gene diseases. However, polygenic diseases in humans are still a blind spot for technical testing. In this regard, the existing genetic test results all use high, medium, low or a certain percentage range to indicate the risk probability of an individual suffering from a certain disease, which simply cannot reach the so-called 100% accuracy. In addition, even if the genetic test results are normal, the possibility of getting sick cannot be ruled out.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the current gene detection has its limitations in the application of technology.


Premise: Pursuit what the people like, forsake what the people hate. Green mountains are beautiful, and blue skies are happiness too. Developing the economy is for people's wellbeing, so is protecting the ecological environment. We should not only create more material and spiritual wealth to meet people's ever-growing needs for a better life, but also provide more high-quality ecological products to meet people's ever-growing needs for a beautiful environment. We should continue to ensure that ecology benefits and benefits the people, focus on solving prominent environmental problems that harm people's health, speed up efforts to improve the quality of the environment, provide more quality ecological products, strive to achieve social equity and justice, and constantly meet people's growing needs for a beautiful environment.

Hypothesis: We call on the people to participate in the construction of ecological civilization is a literal meaning.


Premise: Physician: The patient is suffering either from disease X or else from disease Y, but there is no available test for distinguishing X from Y. Ttherefore, since there is an effective treatment for Y but no treatment for X, we must act on the assumption that the patient has a case of Y.

Hypothesis: The physician's reasoning could be based on the principle that when only one strategy carries the possibility of success, circumstances must as much as possible be changed to fit this strategy.


Premise: Gas station owner: Increased fuel efficiency reduces air pollution and dependence on imported oil, which has led some people to suggest that automobile manufacturers should make cars smaller to increase their fuel efficiency. But smaller cars are more likely to be seriously damaged in collisions and provide less protection for their occupants. Greater fuel efficiency is not worth the added risk to human lives; ttherefore, manufacturers should not seek to increase fuel efficiency.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the gas station owner's argument is flawed because the argument concludes, on the basis of the claim that one means to an end is unacceptable, that the end should not be pursued.


Premise: Of the two proposals for solving the traffic problems on Main Street, Chen' s plan is better for the city as a whole, as is clear from the fact that the principal supporter of Ripley' s plan is Smith Stores. Smith Stores, with its highly paid consultants, knows where its own interest lies and, moreover, has supported its own interests in the past, even to the detriment of the city as a whole.

Hypothesis: The faulty reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to the statement that the planned light-rail system will clearly serve suburban areas well, since its main opponent is the city government, which has always ignored the needs of the suburbs and sought only to protect the interests of the city.


Premise: A study found that a pair of right-handed couples are only about 9.5% likely to have left-handed children. If one of the parents is left-handed, the probability of the child being left-handed rises to 19.5%. If both parents are left-handed, the probability of the child being left-handed is 26%. Therefore, the researchers believe that the habit of using left and right hands is genetically affected.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that a study of twins found that 50% of twins are left-handed and one is right-handed can weaken the above view.


Premise: The term emergency risk avoidance refers to an act that may not be taken to damage the legitimate rights and interests of another party in order to protect the state, public interests, personal, property and other rights of oneself or others from ongoing danger.

Hypothesis: Du was chased and bitten by a mad dog in the street. In a hurry, he kicked open Liu's door and rushed into the house belongs to emergency risk avoidance.


Premise: Individuals always live in certain institutional arrangements, and Chinese traditional Confucian institutional arrangements are mostly informal, emphasizing the internalization of behavior rules, neglecting external compulsory constraints, and having high flexibility.

Hypothesis: Under the arrangement of the Confucian system, individuals can flexibly adjust their own rules of behavior with the understanding of their own institutional rules is correct.


Premise: In terms of novel concept, it is an inevitable road from truth to fiction, and Chinese novelists are also on this inevitable road, consciously or unconsciously moving away from historical narration. At the same time, from the rise and prosperity of vernacular books to imitative vernacular books, short stories and novels, Chinese novelists absorb the nutrients of various language forms, moving away from the classical Chinese tradition on the road of gradual evolution from the vernacular language tradition.

Hypothesis: Chinese novelists got rid of the narrative mode with historical stories as the theme, such as the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Water Margin is incorrect in explaining the meaning of the two moving away of Chinese novelists mentioned in this paragraph.


Premise: Chinese consumers' understanding and requirements for cars have changed greatly, and their values and understanding of cars will affect their intention to buy cars. In the survey of multiple car purchase indicators, we found that we no longer emphasize a single indicator, but safety performance is still the most concerned indicator for consumers to buy cars, accounting for 8.6% in our survey; Secondly, it focuses on the handling performance of the car; The third is quality durability; Then there are appearance, comfort, brand reputation, image, power performance and used car value. Even the index proportion of the brand behind has reached 8.1%.

Hypothesis: Consumers' attention to car brands shows a downward trend is consistent with the meaning of the text.


Premise: The harmful behavior of omission refers to the negative behavior, that is, the actor does not perform or actively perform his legal obligations, resulting in the consequences of endangering the society.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, after giving birth to the baby, B selling the baby to others at a price of 20000 yuan because he was unwilling to raise it is a harmful behavior of omission.


Premise: Ruth: To become a politician, a person should be required to have a diversity of experience. The more diverse one' s experience, the more one will understand the need for compromise. Stephanie: To be worthy of public trust, it is not enough, as you suggest, that one simply have varied experience. Such a person would not necessarily be worthy of public trust.

Hypothesis: The response attributes to Ruth a view that is more vulnerable to criticism than any she actually expresses most accurately describes a flaw in the reasoning in Stephanie's response to Ruth's statements.


Premise: In order to reduce traffic congestion and raise revenue for the city, the mayor plans to implement a charge of $10 per day for driving in the downtown area. Payment of this charge will be enforced using a highly sophisticated system that employs digital cameras and computerized automobile registration. This system will not be ready until the end of next year. Without this system, however, mass evasion of the charge will result. Ttherefore, when the mayor' s plan is first implemented, payment of the charge will not be effectively enforced.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the plan to charge for driving downtown should be implemented as soon as payment of the charge can be effectively enforced is necessary for the argument's conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: Infectious disease outbreaks among wild animals due to virus invasion. A new study found that animals living in tropical, subtropical or low-altitude areas are at constant risk of infectious diseases due to their hot living environment. Animals living at low temperatures, such as high latitudes and altitudes, used to be protected from viruses because of long winters, but now winters are getting warmer and shorter. As a result, rising temperatures will exacerbate outbreaks of infectious diseases in wildlife.

Hypothesis: The statement "Animal species adapted to cold and high-altitude habitats are at increased risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases" best supports the above statement.


Premise: The so-called urban disease refers to a series of social problems caused by the excessive concentration of population in big cities. It is mainly manifested in the blind expansion of urban planning and construction to the surrounding area, a large amount of cultivated land is occupied, and the contradiction between man and land is more acute. .

Hypothesis: The pressure of employment is increasing does not belong to the specific manifestation of urban disease according to the above definition.


Premise: Under normal circumstances, the left anterior temporal lobe and orbitofrontal cortex of human brain will inhibit the neural activities of the visual system located at the back of the brain and responsible for processing eye signals. However, in patients with FTD (frontotemporal dementia), these two regions may not be able to send inhibitory signals. In this way, the brain can behave in some pathological abnormal behaviors. But it will also release the patient's artistic sensitivity or other creativity. It can be said that FTD is a window to the palace of art.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Less than 1% of FTD patients can become outstanding artists during their illness' most questions the above conclusion.


Premise: A scientific research institution proposed that wet sand was the key for the ancient Egyptians to carry huge stones and statues in the desert. The researchers pointed out that the ancient Egyptians put heavy stones on the sled, laid a layer of wet sand in front of the sled, and then dragged them. This transportation method had an unexpected effect. In the experiment, the researchers used a rheometer to test the hardness of sand, in order to confirm how much traction force is needed to deform a certain amount of sand. And on this basis, a traction model is designed. It is found that it is easier to move heavy objects when wet sand is laid before the skid, and the water content in the sand determines the hardness and traction force of the sand.

Hypothesis: Skid traction is inversely proportional to the hardness of sand, which is twice as hard as dry sand, if true, best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Not all certified loan consultants have college degrees. Ttherefore, although every loan consultant at the local bank is certified, it must be the case that not all the loan consultants at the local bank have college degrees.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument is most similar to that exhibited by the statement that some paintings in the museum are unfinished because they were done by great artists and all paintings in the museum were done by great artists.


Premise: There is a psychological theory that in order to be happy, one person must maintain a close relationship with another person. However, the world's greatest philosophers spent most of their lives alone and without close relationships. Therefore, this psychological theory must be wrong.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the world's greatest philosophers prefer to avoid close relationships must be made by the above conclusion.


Premise: Since the 20 th century, qualitative changes have taken place in human understanding of strings. The string is the vibration, and the vibration will produce waves, which shows that the waves constitute a rich and colorful world, which provides an ideological basis and technical method for the re-understanding of beauty. The research shows that there is a profound internal relationship between natural beauty and the wavelength (or frequency) of matter, and there is a coupling relationship between the natural frequency of objects and the frequency of human beings. beauty is caused by the interaction between the frequencies of different types of spectra and human beings.

Hypothesis: The brave behavior of righteousness is recognized by the society because the vibration frequency of the aesthetic subject is the same is incorrect according to this passage.


Premise: Consumer health advocate: Your candy company adds caffeine to your chocolate candy bars so that each one delivers a specified amount of caffeine. Since caffeine is highly addictive, this indicates that you intend to keep your customers addicted. Candy manufacturer: Our manufacturing process results in there being less caffeine in each chocolate candy bar than in the unprocessed cacao beans from which the chocolate is made.

Hypothesis: The candy manufacturer's response is flawed as a refutation of the consumer health advocate's argument because it fails to address the issue of whether the level of caffeine in the candy bars sold by the manufacture is enough to keep people addicted.


Premise: This company will not be training any more pilots in the foreseeable future, since we have 400 trained pilots on our waiting list who are seeking employment. The other five major companies each have roughly the same number of trained pilots on their waiting lists, and since the projected requirement of each company is for not many more than 100 additional pilots, there will be no shortage of personnel despite the current upswing in the aviation industry.

Hypothesis: Some of the other major companies are still training pilots but with no presumption of subsequent employment casts the most doubt on the accuracy of the above conclusion.


Premise: The use of language is an important condition for social, economic, political and cultural life, which no one can leave every day.Learning to use the language correctly is of great significance to the accuracy of our thinking and the improvement of our work efficiency.

Hypothesis: The statement "Learning to use language correctly is necessary for our life" is the most accurate restatement of the main idea of this passage according to the conclusion.


Premise: When public opinion is in a position of direct power, when it is unequal, public opinion will not be able to gain respect for its rights, and it will not be possible to protect itself in front of power, let alone let power be obedient.Therefore, in order for public opinion to really play a role, there is no other way but to give public opinion the power. Rights, in particular, need to understand that public opinion is the premise and basis of power action, and respect for public opinion is reflected, and everything is not done in accordance with public opinion.When it is limited to certain conditions and cannot act in accordance with public opinion, confess the reasons to the public and ask the public for understanding, which is the only way to achieve a win-win situation between power and public opinion.

Hypothesis: The main point of view of the author is that the fundamental reason why public opinion cannot be respected by power is that the power of public opinion is weak.


Premise: S: Our nation is becoming too averse to risk. We boycott any food reported to contain a toxic chemical, even though the risk, as a mathematical ratio, might be minimal. With this mentality, Columbus would never have sailed west. T: A risk-taker in one context can be risk-averse in another: the same person can drive recklessly, but refuse to eat food not grown organically.

Hypothesis: T responds to S by showing that risk cannot be defined in relation to perceived probable benefit.


Premise: Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen went to take part in the Olympic Games. There are three kinds of mathematics, physics and chemistry in the Olympic Games, and each person only takes part in one. Jianguo, Xiaojie and Daniul made the following guesses: Jianguo: Dandan participated in the math competition and Xiaoying participated in the physics competition. Xiao Jie: Shuzhen didn't take part in the physics competition. Xiaoying took part in the math competition. Dandan did not take part in the math competition, while Xiaoying took part in the chemistry competition.

Hypothesis: Dandan, Xiaoying and Shuzhen took part in chemistry, physics and mathematics competitions respectively if their guesses are half right.


Premise: For Juanita to get to the zoo she must take either the number 12 bus or else the subway. Everyone knows that the number 12 bus is not running this week; so although Juanita generally avoids using the subway, she must have used it today, since she was seen at the zoo this afternoon.

Hypothesis: The method of the argument is to show that something is the case by ruling out the only alternative.


Premise: The area of equatorial rainforest in H country has been reduced by an astonishing proportion every year, but the data of satellite photos show that the reduction of rainforest area in H country last year is significantly lower than that in previous years. Last year, the H government spent millions of dollars to stop deforestation and prevent forest fires. The H government claims that the data from the above satellite photos show that its government's efforts to protect the equatorial rainforest have achieved remarkable results.

Hypothesis: There was an unusual large area of continuous rainfall in the welding machine in H country last year will most weaken the above conclusion of the H government.


Premise: Ralph Darrandolph wrote in 1998 that the 20th century was largely dominated by divisions, leading to a hot cold war, but it was also the origin of integration; globalization began to dominate people's lives, imagination and fear. People have to think from a global perspective to respond to this increasingly globalized reality.

Hypothesis: The situation of the 20th century highlighted by Darrandolf here is the connection between the world getting closer and closer.


Premise: Because the suspect sells the fake medicine to the pharmacy, the coverage is very wide and the social harm is extremely big. In particular, first-aid drugs such as heart-saving pills, once patients make fake drugs in river, the consequences are unimaginable. An investigation by a public security bureau found that those fake drugs not only have high manufacturing technology and packaging level, but also are popular well-known brands in the current market. The sales volume is astonishing and the purchase price is close to the production cost.

Hypothesis: Some of the most harmful criminal activities in society include the sale of fake medicine with a high level of technology can be inferred.


Premise: Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single researchers.

Hypothesis: The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are produced by international collaboration is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: In a broad sense, environmental culture includes both material results and spiritual results; in a narrow sense, it only includes spiritual results. It mainly refers to those achieved on environmental protection issues, national, national, Even the broad consensus of the entire mankind, as well as the expressions of various cultures and arts that contain these consensus content.

Hypothesis: The meaning of It in the passage is spiritual and material achievements.


Premise: It is widely believed that lancelets -- small, primitive sea animals -- do not have hearts. Each lancelet has a contracting vessel, but this vessel is considered an artery rather than a heart. However, this vessel is indeed a heart. After all, it strongly resembles the structure of the heart of certain other sea animals. Moreover, the muscular contractions in the lancelet' s vessel closely resemble the muscular contractions of other animals' hearts.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only animals that have contracting vessels have hearts' is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: In recent years, in order to avoid coal mine safety accidents, many coal mines have strengthened their emphasis on safe production. Public information shows: Before 2000, China's coal mine accidents killed tens of thousands of people every year. Since 2000, accidents have died every year,the number began to be controlled below 7,000. In 2003, the death toll was 6,434; in 2004, 6,027; in 2005, 5,986; in 2006, a total of 4,746 deaths occurred in coal mines across the country. Therefore, we have concluded that as long as coal mine owners are pay adequate attention to safety production can effectively curb the occurrence of mining accidents.

Hypothesis: In recent years, the state has forcibly closed a large number of illegal small coal mines without safety guarantees, which can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Scientists applied desulfurization ash from some power plants to 40 mu of saline-alkali land in Inner Mongolia. As a result, corn and grass grew in this land. The scientists concluded that the desulfurized ash from coal-fired power plants can be used to transform saline-alkali land.

Hypothesis: The saline-alkali land next to the 40-mu experimental field where no desulfurization ash was applied was covered with gray, and even weeds were rare, if true, best supports the scientist's conclusion.


Premise: All green or germinated potatoes contain more toxic alkaloids-solanine. None of the checked potatoes are green or sprouted. Therefore, the checked potatoes are safe to eat.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'Potatoes that are not green or sprouted are safe to eat' is used as a hypothesis, the conclusion of the above reasoning can be logically inferred.


Premise: Top-level design: it refers to the systematic solution to the problem at the highest level by comprehensively considering all levels and elements of the system, tracing the source, commanding the overall situation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'A municipal government found problems in the inspection of the implementation effect of landscaping decisions, and relevant leaders instructed to optimize the greening scheme of North District' does not meet the requirements of top-level design.


Premise: When Copernicus changed the way we think about the solar system, he did so not by discovering new information, but by looking differently at information already available. Edward Jenner' s discovery of a smallpox vaccine occurred when he shifted his focus to disease prevention from the then more common emphasis on cure. History is replete with breakthroughs of this sort.

Hypothesis: Understanding is advanced less often by better organization of available information than it is by the accumulation of new information is illustrated by the examples provided above.


Premise: Heroin is sometimes allowed as a painkiller in hospitals to treat critically ill patients.  In fact, this should be prohibited.  Because, drug traffickers will obtain heroin through this channel, causing serious harm to society.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of heroin used for pain relief is insignificant compared to the amount used for illegal transactions' will weaken the above argument most.


Premise: Formal performance evaluations in the professional world are conducted using realistic situations. Physicians are allowed to consult medical texts freely, attorneys may refer to law books and case records, and physicists and engineers have their manuals at hand for ready reference. Students, then, should likewise have access to their textbooks whenever they take examinations.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is questionable because the argument cites examples that are insufficient to support the generalization that performance evaluations in the professional world are conducted in realistic situations.


Premise: At present, the most recognized theory about elementary particles is the standard theory. It was established about 30 years ago, and all discovered elementary particles can be explained according to this theory. For more than 100 years, protons, neutrons, electrons and other elementary particles have been discovered one after another. In the face of these achievements, some people believe that the elementary particles in the universe have been discovered almost, and even if there are, they can be explained by existing theories, Therefore, it will not bring too much surprise to people.

Hypothesis: The newly discovered elementary particles do not match the prediction made by the standard theory can best refute the above point of view.


Premise: People who do regular volunteer work tend to live longer, on average, than people who do not. It has been found that doing good,  a category that certainly includes volunteer work, releases endorphins, the brain's natural opiates, which induce in people a feeling of well-being. Clearly, there is a connection: Regular releases of endorphins must in some way help to extend people's lives.

Hypothesis: People who do regular volunteer work are only somewhat more likely than others to characterize the work they do for a living as doing good, most seriously undermines the force of the evidence given as support for the hypothesis that endorphins promote longevity.


Premise: Disjunctive syllogism: it refers to the reasoning that one sentence in the premise is disjunctive judgment, and then deduces the conclusion according to the disjunctive judgment and the relationship between disjunctions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, disjunctive syllogism includes the statement "Either social existence determines social consciousness, or social consciousness determines social existence. The history of social development has fully proved that it is by no means social consciousness that determines social existence, so it must be social existence that determines social consciousness."


Premise: Water tourism is a short-term experience with social, leisure and consumption attributes that people go to water and surrounding areas for the main purpose of seeking pleasure. It has gradually become an important carrier for people's leisure fashion and regional tourism development. Water tourism resources refer to waters (Body of Water) and related shores, islands, forests, grasses, buildings and other natural and cultural landscapes that are attractive to people.

Hypothesis: A certain building stands on the bank of the Yangtze River and becomes a background for tourists to take pictures is not a water tourism resource according to the above definition.


Premise: In the case that the distortion of the economic structure has not been released, the only way to stop the economic downturn, stabilize the economic situation and establish market expectations for a period of time is investment. However, in order to stabilize one or two percentage points of economic growth and launch trillions of investment projects, such handwork is far more than the so-called stable growth needs.

Hypothesis: According to the above text, the attitude towards trillions of dollars of investment projects is to appreciate them.


Premise: Harmonious management is an organization's practice in order to achieve its goals, in a changing environment, around the harmonious theme elements such as society, market, government and employees, with optimization and uncertainty reduction as a means of harmony to provide solutions to problems.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, In order to gain an advantage in bidding for government projects, Company A specially established a public relations department to engage in relations with the government is a harmonious management.


Premise: Discount principle: When there are other reasons that seem to be reasonable, the effect of the cause of a certain result will be discounted.

Hypothesis: The discount principle affects Qian's insistence on long-distance running in the morning and exercising for at least 1 hour every day, which makes people who know admire it.


Premise: The public interest comprises many interests and the broadcast media must serve all of them. Perhaps most television viewers would prefer an action show to an opera. But a constant stream of action shows on all channels is not in the public interest. Thus, __.

Hypothesis: Broadcasters' obligations are not satisfied if they look only to popularity to decide their programming schedules most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Nuclear fusion is a process whereby the nuclei of atoms are joined, or fused,  and in which energy is released. One of the by-products of fusion is helium-4 gas. A recent fusion experiment was conducted using heavy water contained in a sealed flask. The flask was, in turn, contained in an air-filled chamber designed to eliminate extraneous vibration. After the experiment, a measurable amount of helium-4 gas was found in the air of the chamber. The experimenters cited this evidence in support of their conclusion that fusion had been achieved.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'helium-4 gas rapidly breaks down, forming ordinary helium gas after a few hours' would cast doubt on the experimenters' conclusion.


Premise: Appreciation activity is not only a re-creation of the artistic image created by the artist, but also a re-evaluation of the life that the artist has evaluated in his works. Only after re-evaluation can appreciators draw their own conclusions about the social significance of the works of art and receive education from them.

Hypothesis: The process in which the appreciator replenishes and even changes the image in his mind is the explanation of recreation according to the above conclusion.


Premise: In recent years, Guangzhou's economy is undergoing a profound transformation. Prior to this, Guangzhou, as an important global trade center, gathered more of the global flow of goods and people. The construction of a hub network city in Guangzhou is aimed at bringing together more important capital and intellectual (technical) elements to form a global hub for the allocation of high-end elements. At the same time, the industrial structure of Guangzhou is also accelerated to optimize. On the basis of the original automobile, daily chemical and other advantageous industries, the terminal industry and high-end industry, which represent the future industrial direction, are being introduced into Guangzhou and realizing cluster development, thus making up for the industrial deficiency that has existed for a long time in this city.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Guangzhou's self-change conforming to the general trend of global industry.'


Premise: The Testament of William Thorpe was published around 1530 as an appendix to Thorpe's longer Examination. Many scholars, however, doubt the attribution of the Testament to Thorpe because, whereas the Examination is dated 1406, the Testament is dated 1460. One scholar has recently argued that the 1460 date be amended to 1409, based on the observation that when these numbers are expressed as Roman numerals, MCCCCLX and MCCCCIX, it becomes easy to see how the dates might have become confused through scribal error.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Testament alludes to a date, Friday, September 20, as apparently contemporaneous with the writing of the Testament, and September 20 fell on a Friday in 1409 but not in 1460' would most support the scholar's hypothesis concerning the date of the Testament.


Premise: Civil servants rights refer to the legal permission and guarantee that civil servants can perform certain behaviors, require others to perform certain behaviors or restrain certain behaviors in the process of performing their duties and state duties.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, civil servants serving the people heart and soul is not a civil servant right.


Premise: Students who want to engage in media work apply for journalism and communication. Li Jin applied for journalism and communication. He must want to engage in media work.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All students majoring in journalism and communication want to work in the media' supports the assertion most.


Premise: A female teacher at a university silently helped a poor family in a remote mountainous area for 15 years. The reporter inquired about it and found that the person doing the good was one of the five teachers of the University's School of Media, A, B, C, D, and E. In the interview, the five teachers were very humble. They told reporters this way: A: B did this thing. B: I didn't do it. C did it. C: I didn't do this thing. Ding: I didn't do this thing either. A did it. E: If A does not do it, then D will not do it either. The reporter later learned that the words of only one of the above five teachers corresponded to the real situation.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, D is the person who does this good thing.


Premise: According to media reports, a university has officially dismissed 54 professors and associate professors, and rejoiced in the so-called dismissal of professors. The reason is that China's essentially lifelong professor system is like a pot of rice. On the one hand, it leads to a large number of redundant staff in colleges and universities, and on the other hand, it makes professors reluctant to make progress and inhibit competition and innovation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The unscientific dismissal conditions formulated by university administrative leaders will attack the work enthusiasm of in-service professors' can effectively question the above measures.


Premise: Mary to Jamal: You acknowledge that as the legitimate owner of this business I have the legal right to sell it whenever I wish. But also you claim that because loyal employees will suffer if I sell it, I ttherefore have no right to do so. Obviously, your statements taken together are absurd.

Hypothesis: Mary's reasoning is most vulnerable to the criticism that she overlooks the possibility that Jamal is referring to two different kinds of right.


Premise: In some places, the relevant provisions of the organic Law on villagers' committees have not been truly implemented, in particular an important spirit of the law -- the use of means such as supervision and evaluation in the management process to curb the abuse of power by village officials, it is far from being put in place. Against this background, some village officials are wildly corrupt and it is difficult for villagers to safeguard their rights. Only the investigation group through administrative channels or the Two courtsthrough judicial channels may not be able to solve the problem.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In some places, the relevant provisions of the organic Law of villagers' committees have been truly implemented' can best weaken the above relevant content.


Premise: There is a Eurocentric bias in view of world culture. In the cultural axis period, each cultural area has its core thought, and each core thought has its contribution to the world culture. The core of Chinese thought is the combination of Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism. The thoughts represented by Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism have made contributions to world culture.

Hypothesis: China is one of the cultural areas in the cultural Axis period is the assumption on which the argument rests.


Premise: The companies that are the prime purchasers of computer software will not buy a software package if the costs of training staff to use it are high, and we know that it is expensive to teach people a software package that demands the memorization of unfamiliar commands. As a result, to be successful, commercial computer software cannot require users to memorize unfamiliar commands.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above follows logically if it is assumed that commercial computer software will not be successful unless prime purchasers buy it.


Premise: In recent years, the speed of cross-border e-commerce has continued to develop at a high speed, but the proportion of import value-added tax and other taxes in the country's total tax revenue has continued to decline.The tax on imported goods decreased by nearly 200 billion yuan in 2015 compared with 2014. The tax on imported goods not only failed to grow synchronously with the development of cross-border e-commerce, but also decreased by a large margin.The new tax policy on cross-border e-commerce helps to integrate cross-border e-commerce with the general trade tax system, and also helps to form a normal growth mechanism for relevant taxes.

Hypothesis: The introduction of a new tax policy for cross-border e-commerce will help increase tax revenue is intended to be explained in this passage.


Premise: Many athletes inhale pure oxygen after exercise in an attempt to increase muscular reabsorption of oxygen. Measured continuously after exercise, however, the blood lactate levels of athletes who inhale pure oxygen are practically identical, on average, to those of athletes who breathe normal air. The lower the blood lactate level is, the higher the muscular reabsorption of oxygen is.

Hypothesis: The statements above most strongly support the conclusion that high blood lactate levels cannot be reduced.


Premise: Domestic violence: refers to the physical abuse of one family member to another or some other family members.

Hypothesis: Shang's 80 year old mother suffering from an unknown disease, Shang being afraid of her having a malignant infectious disease, him taking her to see a doctor and losing her on the way, and her living on the street for three days falls under the category of domestic violence.


Premise: In recent years, with the influx of capital, the value of web comic content and platforms has risen, as if from the original cheap virgin land to an upscale community full of luxury villas. According to reports, as of the end of 2016, major websites in China The total number of comic works is about 150,000. There are more than 90,000 webcomic authors, 200 billion clicks on the comics, and 70 million users. However, it should be noted that the content creation level of webcomics does not match the increase in market value. , User stickiness and consumption conversion rate are not as high as imagined. In other words, these luxury villas held up by capital are likely to become haunted houses. When things are traded at prices far exceeding their value, It creates a bubble.

Hypothesis: The current content creation level of Chinese web comics does not match the market is what this text is trying to express.


Premise: Although a major part of some fireproof buildings are made of refractory materials, they can be spread and completely destroyed by flammable materials in foyers and other passageways. These buildings may even suffer severe structural damage from the collapse of metal beams and columns.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported is that something could be severely damaged by fire.


Premise: The temperature in Taychester is always at least 10 degrees lower than the temperature in Chariesville. However, the average resident of Charlesville spends 10 to 20 percent more on winter heating expenses than does the average resident of Taychester.

Hypothesis: Heat loss due to wind is less in Taychester than in Charlesville does not help to resolve the apparent paradox described above.


Premise: Acme Corporation offers unskilled workers excellent opportunities for advancement. As evidence, consider the fact that the president of the company, Ms. Garon, worked as an assembly line worker, an entry-level position requiring no special skills, when she first started at Acme.

Hypothesis: Acme promotes its own employees to senior management positions much more frequently than it hires senior managers from other companies most weakens the reasoning above.


Premise: People who are in favor of the death penalty usually give two reasons: first, the fear of death will prevent others from committing the same terrible crime; second, the death penalty is cheaper than its alternative, life imprisonment. However, reliable research shows that life imprisonment is preferable to the death penalty from an economic point of view. People think that it is not true that the death penalty saves money. Therefore, the death penalty should be abolished.

Hypothesis: The argument does not take into account another important reason in favor of the death penalty, so it is not a good argument is an appropriate evaluation of the argument in the main part of the question.


Premise: Statistics show that the safety of civil aviation flight has been greatly improved in recent years. For example, a country had 0.2 fatal accidents per 1 million flights in 2008, compared with 1.4 in 1989. According to the statistics of these years, the incidence of malignant accidents in civil aviation shows a downward trend as a whole. From this, it can be seen that it is becoming safer and safer to travel by air.

Hypothesis: Although the plane crash is terrible, statistically speaking, driving is still much more dangerous cannot reinforce the above conclusion.


Premise: Commission: refers to the legal income obtained by brokers, agents and other intermediaries from introducing transactions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a dealer operating famous wine and obtaining the difference of 2 yuan between the factory price and the wholesale price of each bottle of wine is commissions.


Premise: Generally speaking, the oil quality standard is set by the petrochemical industry, and the environmental protection department does not have the relevant oil quality supervision power. Therefore, it is difficult for the environmental protection department to take effective measures in the face of the massive emission of pollutants and the aggravation of air pollution caused by urban traffic flow.

Hypothesis: Improved oil quality can effectively reduce vehicle pollutant emissions is needed as a premise to draw the above conclusion.


Premise: Economist: Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years. The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact. Thus, some environmentalists argue that <b> Tropicorp's actions do not serve even its own economic interest. </b> However, the initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch; there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations; and taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching. Consequently, <b> the environmentalists' conclusion is probably wrong. </b>

Hypothesis: The first boldface portion states the conclusion of the environmentalists' argument, and the second boldface portion states the conclusion of the economist's argument.


Premise: Recently, there was a consumer rumor that there was a technical problem in the power system of the company's cars. The existence of a technical problem would be harmful to the reputation of M company.If the company doesn't try to test the problem, consumers will lose faith in V's products. But if the company tests and proves that the car's power system is fine, instead, it will make consumers more suspicious that the company's powertrain does have technical problems.

Hypothesis: The company has been unable to prevent this rumor from damaging M's reputation can be inferred.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: If F is not a member of the same subcommittee as M, then I and P are members of the same sub-committee.