Premise: An ancient Pavonian text describes how an army of one million enemies of Pavonia stopped to drink at a certain lake and drank the lake dry. Recently, archaeologists discovered that water-based life was suddenly absent just after the event was alleged by the text to have occurred. On the basis of reading the text and an account of the archaeological evidence, some students concluded that the events described really took place.

Hypothesis: The questionable technique used by the students to reach their conclusion is considering people and locations whose existence cannot be substantiated by modern historians.


Premise: Once a writer was asked to identify a very sloppy paragraph in his work. He said, when I wrote these sentences, only monk Huai Su was with me, and now only he knows.

Hypothesis: Most people can't understand cursive script is what the writer means.


Premise: Instinct can make creatures make complex responses to stimuli. Compared with non-instinctive respond, instinctive respond requires only a few nerve cells. A brain with capabilities of non-instinctive respond must have a large number of nerve cells, and no insect brain has such a number of nerve cells.

Hypothesis: The response of insects is generally instinctive can be inferred from above.


Premise: Murphy's law is a famous conclusion made by engineer Edward Murphy. The main content is: if something is possible to go bad, although the possibility is small, it will happen.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Li accidentally dropping some pieces of bread on the new carpet, and the top one being smeared with jam when it fell with the side with jam facing down does not reflect Murphy's Law.


Premise: Commercial confusion means that operators engage in market transactions by deceptive means to confuse their own goods or services with those of specific competitors, resulting in unfair competition that may be sufficient to make buyers mistakenly buy.

Hypothesis: A Baiwei beer sold by a brewer that is very similar to the outer packaging of the well-known brand Budweiser, but has a price that is only half that of Budweiser, is a commercial confusion according to the above definition.


Premise: Although this bottle is labeled vinegar,  no fizzing occurred when some of the liquid in it was added to powder from this box labeled baking soda.  But when an acidic liquid such as vinegar is added to baking soda the resulting mixture fizzes, so this bottle clearly has been mislabeled.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that this argument assumes that the fact of a labeling error is proof of an intention to deceive.


Premise: Successis only a local anesthetic. Those artists should realize that they can only succeed Thereand not Here, which in it self is ridiculous and absurd. This in itself is a kind of Failure. What's more, they thought of coming back with laurel crowns, which is a kind of stale emotion, which shows that they are not free at heart and they are still slaves of Here.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is not ridiculous for an artist to be successful in his field and not be well in other fields' is the most likely to weaken this view.


Premise: Green transportation refers to the transportation characterized by saving energy and reducing exhaust gas emissions. The ways of its implementation mainly include: reasonable selection of means and routes of transport, overcoming circuitous and repeated transportation, in order to achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction; improving the technology of internal combustion engines and the use of clean fuel to improve energy efficiency; prevent leakage in the process of transportation to avoid serious environmental harm to local areas.

Hypothesis: E-commerce carries out intensive distribution to the same area, collecting and delivering goods uniformly, so as to reduce the flow of goods and the rate of empty load as much as possible does not belong to green transportation according to the above definition.


Premise: At present, the use of electronic products has become a major trend. Many children and adolescents are used to learning and entertaining on the Internet, and it is more difficult to prevent and control myopia. To protect the eye health of children and adolescents, we should change the concept of emphasizing treatment and neglecting prevention. To achieve early detection and early intervention, we should adhere to the prevention and control strategy of coordinated medical treatment and prevention, and carry out visual health services covering the whole life cycle. Myopia of children and adolescents is a public health problem. We must start with health education, take public health services as the starting point, cultivate the independent health behavior of children, adolescents and parents, and actively promote popular science knowledge to prevent the visual health of myopia in children and adolescents.

Hypothesis: The option for protecting the eye health of children and adolescents that is not covered in the article is 'Limit the online learning time of students on campus.'


Premise: Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged. They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level. Such newly thin persons will, ttherefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument above depends on the assumption that the metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight.


Premise: Shy adolescents often devote themselves totally to a hobby to help distract them from the loneliness brought on by their shyness. Sometimes they are able to become friends with others who share their hobby. But if they lose interest in that hobby, their loneliness may be exacerbated. So developing an all-consuming hobby is not a successful strategy for overcoming adolescent loneliness.

Hypothesis: The assumption 'No successful strategy for overcoming adolescent loneliness ever intensifies that loneliness' depends on the argument.


Premise: Most bicycle helmets provide good protection for the top and back of the head, but little or no protection for the temple regions on the sides of the head. A study of head injuries resulting from bicycle accidents showed that a large proportion were caused by blows to the temple area. Ttherefore, if bicycle helmets protected this area, the risk of serious head injury in bicycle accidents would be greatly reduced especially since __.

Hypothesis: The bone in the temple area is relatively thin and impacts in that area are thus very likely to cause brain injury most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Scientists applied desulfurization ash from some power plants to 40 mu of saline-alkali land in Inner Mongolia. As a result, corn and grass grew in this land. The scientists concluded that the desulfurized ash from coal-fired power plants can be used to transform saline-alkali land.

Hypothesis: The saline-alkali land next to the 40-mu experimental field where no desulfurization ash was applied was covered with gray, and even weeds were rare, if true, best supports the scientist's conclusion.


Premise: Spectroscopic analysis has revealed the existence of frozen nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide on the surface of Pluto. Such ices have a tendency to vaporize, producing an atmosphere. Since the proportion of any gas in such an atmosphere depends directly on how readily the corresponding ice vaporizes, astronomers have concluded that the components of Pluto' s atmosphere are nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, in order of decreasing abundance.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there is no frozen substance on the surface of Pluto that vaporizes more readily than methane but less readily than carbon monoxide is relied on by the astronomers' argument.


Premise: Glucocorticoid is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex of the human body. It can regulate the synthesis and metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins. It is called glucocorticoid because its activity of regulating carbohydrate metabolism was first recognized by people. In addition, glucocorticoids can also regulate the inflammatory response, so they are often used as anti-inflammatory drugs to treat diseases caused by the overreaction of the immune system, such as allergies, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Glucocorticoids are also often used to fight inflammation in cancer patients. In cells, glucocorticoids need to interact with glucocorticoid receptors to exert their physiological functions.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is Properties of glucocorticoids.


Premise: In the face of increasingly severe environmental pollution and ecological imbalances, the slogan We have only one earth has a strong shock, and it reminds people to pay attention to the importance of environmental protection.

Hypothesis: The idea of the proponent of this slogan is that it is impossible for humans to find a planet that is more suitable for their own living than the earth.


Premise: Traditional social moral education in my country has always emphasized obedience and obligation. If what is required under the traditional society and planned economy system is to perform obligations and obey the common people, then modern society and the market economy require everyone to actively participate in the public Live, citizens who dare to own power.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, modern society and market economy require citizens to participate more in public life and public affairs is correct.


Premise: One name-brand cereal manufacturer is about to reduce wholesale prices for its cereals by 20 percent because consumers have been switching from its cereals to cheaper store brands. The success of this strategy relies on the assumption that supermarkets will pass on all of the savings by lowering the prices they charge consumers for the manufacturer' s cereals. Although supermarkets usually pass on such savings, in this case it is likely that supermarkets not do so because__.

Hypothesis: supermarkets make far more profit on sales of store-brand cereals than on sales of name-brand cereals most logically completes the passage below.


Premise: In a certain place, two production management methods A and B were tried out in two factories. Their pilot work was carried out as follows: Method A was tried out in a large factory with leadership of high education level; Method B was tried out in a small factory with leadership of low education level, and Method A resulted in good economic benefits; Method B not good. Therefore, it was concluded that Method A was the reason for achieving better economic benefits.

Hypothesis: The following option 'The conditions of the two factories are different and cannot be used as experimental bases to test the two management methods' can weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: A certain unit has enrolled 8 fresh graduates this year, of which A and B are liberal arts students, C, D and E are science students, and F, G and H are engineering students. Among the 8 people, A, C and F are ladies. The unit intends to select five people to form a research and development team, in which there should be at least one liberal arts student, one science student and one engineering student, and at least one woman should participate in the team. In addition, the following conditions should be met: (1) at most one person will participate in C and G; (2) if B attends, D will also participate; (3) both E and H will either participate or not.

Hypothesis: If A does not participate, it may be true that all three science students attended.


Premise: Subliminal talent refers to the talents that are not recognized, including the unsuccessful talents and the hidden talents. Unsuccessful potential talents are beginning to see results, and no final results have been achieved. Masking sub-talent is already a talent, but the results of creative labor is not recognized by society, or virtue can not be properly evaluated, so buried.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Su Bin's original soft management, in practice has achieved results, but has been on a small scale of trial, has not been promoted belongs to the unsuccessful dive talent.


Premise: According to a recent study by the climate center of the Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, these areas will become less and less suitable for the giant panda's survival and reproduction in the next 10 to 30 years, according to the current general trend of climate change in the Giant Panda's habitat, in the northwest, the Qionglai City Mountains will become more suitable for the giant panda because of the increase in temperature and precipitation, and will become a climate-friendly habitat for the giant panda. The sub-suitable area will shift from southeast to northwest, therefore, giant pandas will migrate to the northwest in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The climate in the northwest is getting wetter and wetter' best supports the above view.


Premise: Song Jiang, Lin Chong and Wu Song each bought a car, namely BMW, Audi and Land Rover. Wu Yong guessed that Song Jiang chose Land Rover, Lin Chong would not choose Audi, and Wu Song certainly did not choose Land Rover, but he only guessed the choice of one of them.

Hypothesis: Song Jiang chose Audi, Lin Chong chose Land Rover, and Wu Song chose BMW can be inferred.


Premise: In order to reduce traffic congestion and raise revenue for the city, the mayor plans to implement a charge of $10 per day for driving in the downtown area. Payment of this charge will be enforced using a highly sophisticated system that employs digital cameras and computerized automobile registration. This system will not be ready until the end of next year. Without this system, however, mass evasion of the charge will result. Ttherefore, when the mayor' s plan is first implemented, payment of the charge will not be effectively enforced.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the mayor's plan to charge for driving downtown will be implemented before the end of next year is on which the argument depends for its conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: Xinhua University has a sanatorium in Beidaihe that receives its faculty and staff every summer. Last summer, the occupancy rate of the sanatorium, that is the utilization rate of all beds, was 87%. The faculty and staff who came to recuperate here accounted for 10% of the school's faculty and staff. The proportion of faculty and staff who came to recuperate here this summer fell to 8%, but the occupancy rate rose to 92%.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A new school of science has been established in the university this year, and the total number of faculty has increased greatly compared with last year' is not conducive to explaining the above seemingly contradictory data.


Premise: Many adults often remember only a few famous sentences in the three hundred Tang Poems that they were familiar with when they were children, but do not know the author or the name of the poem. There are only three grades of master's degree students in the Chinese Department of School A, and the number of students in each grade is equal. Statistics show that all the first-year students can match the famous sentences in the book with the poem names and their authors; the second-year students in 2 /3 can correspond to the famous sentences in the book with the author; and the students in grade 3 in 1/3 can't match the famous sentences in the book with the names of poems.

Hypothesis: According to the information above, students with a master's degree above 1/3 in the Chinese department of the university cannot match the famous sentences in the book with the name of the poem or the author.


Premise: Agricultural production cycle refers to the whole time from the beginning of production to the whole process of obtaining products in the continuous agricultural reproduction process. In the planting industry, it is generally from the beginning of the preparation of the land to the harvest of the product, and in the animal husbandry, it is generally from the beginning of raising young animals to the time of obtaining animal products. As the animals and plants of agricultural production have their own characteristics and are greatly affected by the natural environment, their production cycle is generally longer than that of industrial production.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wang has a pig farm, and though he repeats the simple and boring work of raising piglets year after year, he is always energetic relates to the agricultural production cycle according to the above definition.


Premise: In the era of mobile reading, the influence of self-media cannot be underestimated. Due to its wider communication paths and distribution channels, it has received a high degree of public attention, and self-media people have a certain right to speak. Compared with traditional media organizations, some self-media people are indeed not inferior, and their credibility has brought them benefits. However, credibility is a double-edged sword. We-media people must not only see the interests behind the traffic, but also recognize the negative effects of abusing their credibility. Miscalculated. The consequences of abusing the right to speak will directly affect the credibility that you have built up so hard, and you will lose the support and attention of the public.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that the right to speak in the self-media cannot be abused.


Premise: Internal administrative actions refer to administrative actions within the administrative system or within the administrative agency, and are not within the scope of the people's courts for administrative litigation. Disputes arising from the dissatisfaction of such decisions by the staff of the administrative agency should be addressed by the higher-level agency or the supervisory personnel agency.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A small and medium-sized enterprise bureau in a certain area networked the information of local small and medium-sized enterprises, and published the development needs of small and medium-sized enterprises on the Internet so as to solve problems at any time' is internal administrative actions according to the above definition.


Premise: The culture medium refers to a nutrient substrate prepared from a combination of different nutrients, which is used for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, plants or animals (or tissues), and generally contains carbohydrates, nitrogenous substances, inorganic salts, vitamins, water and other substances. Natural The medium is a medium made of animals, plants or microorganisms including their extracts;Synthetic medium is a medium prepared by artificial design based on the composition of natural medium, simulated synthesis with chemical substances; semi-combined medium is mainly prepared with chemical reagents, and a medium with a small amount of natural ingredients.

Hypothesis: The statement 'To promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria, a medium made of wheat wort is used' is an example of semi-combined media according to the definition.


Premise: It is generally believed that people receiving frequent medical checkups are likely to need hospitalization less frequently than they would otherwise; after all, many things can be done following a checkup to prevent problems that, if ignored, might become acute and then require hospitalization. But for people with chronic illnesses, frequent medical checkups are likely to lead to more frequent hospitalization since __.

Hypothesis: Medical checkups sometimes do not reveal early symptoms of those chronic illnesses that are best treated in a hospital most logically completes the passage.


Premise: It is undeniable that mathematics is widely used in economics and management research, and plays a positive role in promoting academic research and scientific decision-making. However, academic research should be problem-oriented, not technology-oriented. Mathematical methods are only tools and means, not ends. In research practice, some papers are only written or supplemented by simple charts, the academic level is still very high; some papers do not use mathematical models, clear and clear, even non-professionals can read. In the final analysis, papers are used to express ideas and opinions, and excellent papers should be enlightening, creative and readable.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, academic papers that tend to pursue mathematical models unilaterally are most likely to be criticized by the author.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: M is in the bookbinding group must be true if K and L are members of two groups and the printing group has exactly three members.


Premise: Green design means that in the whole product cycle, the environmental attributes of the product, such as detachability, recyclability, maintainability and reusability are emphatically considered. And the environmental attributes are seen as the design goal to ensure that the quality of the product reaches the optimal state while meeting the needs for environmental protection.

Hypothesis: In Brazil, it was popular to use green plants instead of bricks, stones, steel bars and cement to build walls is in line with the green design concept according to the above definition.


Premise: The cities of Oldtown and Spoonville are the same in area and size of population. Since certain health problems that are caused by crowded living conditions are widespread in Oldtown, such problems must be as widespread in Spoonville.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to take into account that having identical overall population density is consistent with great disparity in living conditions.


Premise: Article 40 of the Constitution stipulates that the freedom and privacy of communication of citizens of the people's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe on citizens' freedom and privacy of communication for any reason, except that the public security organ or procuratorial organ shall inspect communications in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law for the needs of national security or the investigation of criminal crimes.

Hypothesis: According to the above provisions, a municipal people's court could not check all the call records of the party Wang that had nothing to do with the case.


Premise: Of the two proposals for solving the traffic problems on Main Street, Chen' s plan is better for the city as a whole, as is clear from the fact that the principal supporter of Ripley' s plan is Smith Stores. Smith Stores, with its highly paid consultants, knows where its own interest lies and, moreover, has supported its own interests in the past, even to the detriment of the city as a whole.

Hypothesis: The faulty reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to the faulty reasoning in the statement 'Surely Centreville should oppose adoption of the regional planning commission's new plan since it is not in Centreville's interest, even though it might be in the interest of some towns in the region.'


Premise: Every year on the eve of the Mid Autumn Festival, businesses will launch a moon cake war. Relevant experts point out that the moon cake war is not only detrimental to the economic interests of mass consumers, but also has become a sweet burden of the Mid Autumn Festival. If the moon cake market wants to return to normal, it must be improved in terms of technology and ingredients. Otherwise, even if the packaging and gifts are gorgeous, they can not meet the legitimate consumer demand.

Hypothesis: Only by improving the moon cake technology and ingredients is the key to meet the legitimate needs of consumers is a conclusion that cannot be drawn according to the question stem.


Premise: Value rationality means that the actor pays attention to the value represented by the behavior itself, that is, whether to achieve social fairness, justice, loyalty, honor, etc., regardless of means and consequences. Value rationality focuses on the rationality of behavior from the perspective of specific values certain substantive,

Hypothesis: Enforcing justice on behalf of Heaven meets the requirements of value rationality according to the above definition.


Premise: Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that large amounts of homework reduce children' s free time, hindering their development. But the average homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than 30 minutes per night. Clearly, ttherefore, there is no need to impose the limits these editorials are calling for.

Hypothesis: In most schools, if not all, the homework assignments given are of a length that does not diverge widely from the average is an assumption on which the educational theorist's argument relies.


Premise: Educational balance refers to ensuring equal rights and obligations to citizens or future citizens through laws and regulations, providing relatively equal educational opportunities and conditions through policy formulation and adjustment and resource allocation, and achieving a relative balance of educational effects and opportunities for success with an objective and fair attitude and scientific and effective methods.

Hypothesis: A school requiring all teachers to publish a paper each year, otherwise the next year's assessment will be considered unqualified and the school will not hire is not part of implementing educational balance according to the above definition.


Premise: Economic legal person refers to a social organization which is composed according to legal procedures, for the purpose of production or operation, has independent ownership or management rights, and can enjoy economic rights and undertake economic obligations in its own name in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the president of a university is an economic legal person.


Premise: The primary group refers to a social group with close interpersonal relationships and a strong emotional color; the secondary group refers to a social group that forms a formal relationship through clear rules and regulations for the purpose of achieving practical special goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang Liying had her birthday today, and the employees of the company bought her a birthday cake does not involve the primary group.


Premise: The certification conditions of Organic vegetables in Japan are very strict, requiring that the land where organic vegetables are grown has not been used any pesticides or fertilizers within three years. Organic vegetables in Japan sell for only 20 to 30 percent more than regular vegetables. In China, organic vegetables cost several or even 10 times as much. This shows that organic vegetable farming in China is a lucrative business.

Hypothesis: The conclusion assumes that the price of ordinary vegetables in Japan is not too high.


Premise: Technical standards refer to the technical regulations on the quality, specifications and inspection methods of industrial and agricultural products and engineering construction, as well as the commonly used graphics and symbols in technical documents. They are a common basis for production and construction.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, national regulations on recall of defective products is a technical standard.


Premise: Ringtail opossums are an Australian wildlife species that is potentially endangered. A number of ringtail opossums that had been orphaned and subsequently raised in captivity were monitored after being returned to the wild. Seventy-five percent of those opossums were killed by foxes, a species not native to Australia. Conservationists concluded that the native ringtail opossum population was endangered not by a scarcity of food, as had been previously thought, but by non-native predator species against which the opossum had not developed natural defenses.

Hypothesis: The ringtail opossums that were raised in captivity were fed a diet similar to that which ringtail opossums typically eat in the wild most strongly supports the conservationists' argument.


Premise: Murphy's law is a famous conclusion made by engineer Edward Murphy. The main content is: if something is possible to go bad, although the possibility is small, it will happen.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Liu going out to buy popcorn during the advertisement in the middle of the TV play and coming back after the advertisement does not reflect Murphy's Law.


Premise: According to my country's inheritance law, the first-order legal inheritance is: spouse, children, parents, and the second-order legal heirs are: brothers and sisters, stepparents, and grandparents. After the legal inheritance begins, the first-order heirs inherit. Heirs in the second order do not inherit. If there is no heir in the first order, the heirs in the second order will inherit. Several people who have an inheritance relationship with each other die in the same event. If the time of death cannot be determined, it is presumed that there is no heir to die first. If the deceased have their own heirs, if several deceased persons have different identities, it is presumed that the elders died first; if several deceased persons are of the same generation, they are presumed to die at the same time, and no inheritance will occur to each other, and their respective heirs will inherit separately.

Hypothesis: Wang Er can inherit the inheritance of his parents and the King, One's entire legacy according to the above definition, in accordance with the above provisions of statutory inheritance.


Premise: Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, <b> any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company. </b> Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last years record pace. At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up will be no higher this year than it was last year and <b> there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year' s start-ups. </b>So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last years record.

Hypothesis: In the argument given, the first portion in boldface is presented as an obvious truth on which the argument is based, while the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes.


Premise: Some people believe that advertising is socially pernicious -- it changes consumers' preferences, thereby manipulating people into wanting things they would not otherwise want. However, classes in music and art appreciation change people' s preferences for various forms of art and music, and there is nothing wrong with these classes. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: The most logical completion of the argument is that the fact that advertising changes consumers' preferences does not establish that it is bad.


Premise: In reality, migrant workers are often faced with the problem of insufficient evidence and difficult to obtain evidence when safeguarding their rights. Statistics of cases heard by a court in city B show that about 80% of the cases in which migrant workers claim wages are due to migrant workers' lack of relevant evidence. Although labor contracts, wage cards, wage slips, bank transfer records, attendance sheets, work permits and other materials can be used as evidence that migrant workers are owed wages, but many migrant workers work with contractors only pay in cash, but there is no evidence. Coupled with the awareness that some migrant workers are lack of evidence, it may also lead to insufficient evidence to protect their rights after being owed wages.

Hypothesis: Use laws and regulations to solve the problem of insufficient evidence after migrant workers are being owed wages is most likely to be described in this passage next.


Premise: In a factory, there is an employee dormitory with 7 people A, B, C, D, E, F, J and G, each of whom needs to be on duty one day in turn every week, and only one person is arranged to be on duty every day. The arrangement of their duty also needs to meet the following conditions :(1) B is on duty on Tuesday or Saturday; (2) If A is on duty on Monday, then C is on duty on Wednesday and E is on duty on Friday; (3) If A is not on duty on Monday, then he is on duty on Thursday and G on duty on Friday; (4) If B is on duty on Tuesday, he is on duty on Saturday.

Hypothesis: If H is on Thursday, E being on duty on Sunday must be false.


Premise: Similar empirical knowledge of ancient Greece and ancient China produced similar theoretical insights, such as Aristotle's and Mohist Classics' understanding of leverage principle. However, the initial mechanics theory of ancient Greece soon developed into a synthesis of theoretical knowledge, while the mechanical tradition of Chinese Mohism was interrupted after the warring states period. Ancient Chinese science is not good at observing and recognizing the movement of objects and forming a systematic theory, which is an obvious weakness. In contrast, the Chinese have made more outstanding achievements in solving practical problems.

Hypothesis: The characteristics of scientific development in Ancient China are intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Some philosophers have pointed out that life should in fact pursue two simple, material is the simplicity of life and interpersonal relationships. With these two simple hearts, it has a vast space and beautiful quiet. But most modern people are very complex in these two aspects, material life is the endless pursuit of wealth. Interpersonal relationships are an endless entanglement of interests, and they take up almost all the space in life. With these two kinds of complexity, it has produced the trouble of modern people.

Hypothesis: According to the philosopher above, if it were simple in both material life and interpersonal relationships, most of the troubles of modern people would not arise.


Premise: Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants has been temporarily stored on-site, but this is not a satisfactory kind of place for long-range storage. Since no suitable plan of safe permanent storage of such waste from the nation' s existing and planned nuclear plants has been devised, some people propose that we should stop trying to develop such a plan and instead should shut down all present nuclear plants and build no new nuclear plants.

Hypothesis: The proposal mentioned above falls short of offering a complete solution to the problem it addresses because the risks of unsafe disposal of waste from nuclear power plants lie in the future, but the benefits from such plants are in the present.


Premise: The world is in a period of great development, change and adjustment, and peace and development remain the themes of the times. World multi-polarization, economic globalization, social informatization and cultural diversity are developing in depth, changes in the global governance system and the international order are accelerating, countries are increasingly interconnected and interdependent, the balance of international power is becoming more balanced, and the general trend of peaceful development is irreversible. The instability and uncertainty facing the world are prominent, the momentum of world economic growth is insufficient, the polarization between the rich and the poor is becoming more and more serious, regional hot spot issues emerge one after another, terrorism, cyber security, major infectious diseases, climate change and other non-traditional security threats continue to spread, and mankind is facing many common challenges.

Hypothesis: The reason why people believe that the current world is in an era of development and drastic changes might follow from the above text.


Premise: If the city starts requiring residents to sort the materials that they put out for recycling, then many residents will put more recyclables in with their regular garbage. This will result in more recyclables being buried in the city' s landfill. However, because of the cost of having city workers do the sorting, the sanitation department will not stay within its budget unless the sorting requirement for residents is implemented.

Hypothesis: The amount of recyclables going to the city's landfill will increase if the sanitation department stays within its budget logically follows from the information above.


Premise: A new study shows that China's consumption escalation is continuing. The so-called  upgrading of the consumption refers to the growing demand of consumers for high-quality goods and services at higher prices that can better meet the needs of their better material and spiritual life.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Chinese consumption of packaged fast consumer goods such as food, beverages, skin care products, shampoo and prescription drugs being on the rise best reflects the upgrading of consumption.


Premise: Peer pressure refers to the psychological pressure caused by people of similar age who are worried about being despised and excluded because of the gap in life, work, social status and so on.

Hypothesis: When Xiaoding, a salesperson, saw that everyone else had completed the company's annual sales task, he only finished 60%. In order to prevent being transferred from the sales department next year, he contacts customers day and night belongs to peer pressure.


Premise: Only those who play well in Gateball can join the Gateball Association. All the Croquet Association wore sun hats. Some retired comrades are members of the Gateball Association. No one on a certain street can play croquet.

Hypothesis: None of the people on the street are members of the Croquet Association can not confirm the true or false.


Premise: The years 1917, 1937, 1956, 1968, 1979, and 1990 are all notable for the occurrence of both popular uprisings and near-maximum sunspot activity. During heavy sunspot activity, there is a sharp rise in positively charged ions in the air people breathe, and positively charged ions are known to make people anxious and irritable. Ttherefore, it is likely that sunspot activity has actually been a factor in triggering popular uprisings.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the passage is similar to the statement that Acme's most productive managers are consistently those who occupy the corner offices, which have more windows than other offices at Acme. Since people are more alert when they are exposed to abundant natural light, the greater productivity of these managers is probably at least in part a result of their working in the corner offices.


Premise: The recent cleaning of frescoes in the Sistine Chapel has raised important asthetic issues. Art historians are now acutely aware that the colors of the works they study may differ from the works' original colors. Art historians have concluded from this that interpretations of the frescoes that seemed appropriate before the frescoes' restoration may no longer be appropriate.

Hypothesis: The principle 'interpretations of an artwork are appropriate if they originated during the period when the work was created' most helps to justify the art historians' reasoning.


Premise: When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion' is true, and is necessary for the vicious cycle described above to result.


Premise: Butterfly with its gorgeous colors and beautiful dance, won the Flying Flower, Dance Girl of Nature and other reputations. The rich colors and different patterns of butterfly wings create this beautiful spirit. Some butterflies sparkle with metallic light when they dance in the sun, some butterflies can have a single color, and some butterflies can be dazzling in color. Some people even collected patterns in the shape of Arabic numerals 1-9 and 26 English letters on butterfly wings.

Hypothesis: The main content described in this text is that butterflies are a very ornamental group of insects.


Premise: The survey shows that an important factor leading to the decline of college students' academic performance is that many college students play online games. In order to improve the academic performance of college students, the school decided to prohibit playing online games on campus.

Hypothesis: It is technically difficult to prohibit college students from playing online games on campus can most challenge the school's decision.


Premise: No matter from the global scope or from the actual situation of our country, human civilization has developed to such a stage, that is, protecting the ecological environment and ensuring the harmony between man and nature is the key to the sustainable development of economy.

Hypothesis: Only by doing well in environmental protection can we realize the sustainable development of economy follows from this.


Premise: A company is looking for a business manager, Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li to apply for the job. Xiao Zhang said, if I become a business manager, I will forge ahead and develop new business. Xiao Li said, if I become a manager, I will optimize management and reduce personnel. In the end, one of them became a business manager and successfully realized his work proposition.

Hypothesis: If the company hadn't opened up new business, it would have cut back on its staff must be true.


Premise: Buddhist temples in China are distributed all over the country. Puji temple is a Buddhist temple in China, so Puji temple is distributed all over China.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Today's only child is spoiled and spoiled, not to mention that he is still the only child of three generations' is the logical error made in the following options that is most similar to the above reasoning.


Premise: Biomass energy is a kind of new energy. However, because its utilization is limited by land resources and other aspects, the development prospect is not very broad.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported by this paragraph is that the utilization of biomass energy is limited.


Premise: The suicide wave that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months' would best challenge the conclusion of the passage.


Premise: People have a kind of memory called immune memory. There are very few self-sacrificing cells in human blood, which live for a very short time, and their main function is to destroy as many enemies of the human body as possible. Lymphocytes react quickly to bacteria or simple toxic substances that invade the bloodstream to produce antibodies that stick to harmful substances and prevent them from entering other organs. The task of destroying the enemy falls on the phagocytes in the blood. These cells can easily distinguish foreign cells, remember them and retain memories. Once a person has measles or scarlet fever, he will gain immunity for life.

Hypothesis: The main function of phagocytes in human blood is to remember the foreign cells that invade the body is true of the argument in this paragraph.


Premise: Seven security guards, Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li, Wu, Zheng, and Wang, take turns on the night shift every week. In terms of duty hours, it is now known that Zhao is one day behind Sun; Li is two days behind Wu; Qian is three days ahead of Wang; Zheng is between Qian and Sun, on Thursday.

Hypothesis: Based on the above question, Wu is on Sunday.


Premise: Recently, it was found that the mercury content in the feathers of seabird specimens preserved in the 1980s was only half of that of the current live birds of the same species. The accumulation of mercury in seabird feathers is caused by seabirds eating fish, which shows that the content of mercury in seafish is higher than that more than 100 years ago.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the appeal argument is that after mercury from fish is absorbed by seabirds, the residual content in feathers will change with time.


Premise: An organization has investigated the average housing prices of three types of housing (villas, ordinary commercial rooms and comfortable housing) in cities A, B and C in eastern China, and the information released is as follows: according to the price of villa housing, from high to low is A, B, C; According to the price of ordinary commercial housing, from high to low is A, C, B; According to the price of comfortable housing, from high to low is B, A, C.

Hypothesis: The overall average price of residential housing in City A is the lowest is a wrong judgment about the overall average housing price of residents in the above three cities.


Premise: A study found that a pair of right-handed couples are only about 9.5% likely to have left-handed children. If one of the parents is left-handed, the probability of the child being left-handed rises to 19.5%. If both parents are left-handed, the probability of the child being left-handed is 26%. Therefore, the researchers believe that the habit of using left and right hands is genetically affected.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that it is observed that once children form the habit of using their left or right hands, it is difficult to change them can weaken the above view.


Premise: Using supercomputer to simulate the universe and combined with a variety of other calculations, the research team proved that in our accelerating universe, the causality network curve describing the large-scale space-time structure is a power function curve with significant clustering characteristics, which is surprisingly similar to many complex networks such as the Internet, social networks, biological networks and so on.

Hypothesis: The evolution of everything in the universe follows the same law can be inferred.


Premise: Similar empirical knowledge of ancient Greece and ancient China produced similar theoretical insights, such as Aristotle's and Mohist Classics' understanding of leverage principle. However, the initial mechanics theory of ancient Greece soon developed into a synthesis of theoretical knowledge, while the mechanical tradition of Chinese Mohism was interrupted after the warring states period. Ancient Chinese science is not good at observing and recognizing the movement of objects and forming a systematic theory, which is an obvious weakness. In contrast, the Chinese have made more outstanding achievements in solving practical problems.

Hypothesis: The characteristics of scientific development in Ancient China are intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Sea turtle hatchlings leaving their hatching grounds on Florida beaches reach ocean currents by swimming to the northeast, as defined by the north of the Earth' s magnetic field. Florida hatchlings placed in a large indoor tank also swim toward the northeast. But when the tank is surrounded by an artificial magnetic field twice as strong as the Earth' s field and opposite in direction, the hatchlings swim in the direction opposite to that in which they swim without the artificial magnetic field.

Hypothesis: The information in the statements above most strongly supports the idea that baby sea turtles are able to sense the magnetic field of the Earth.


Premise: Residents at a retirement community always play card games for two hours, starting at 3: 00 p. m. every afternoon. Although it is clear that the residents take pleasure in this activity, they never continue their games for longer than two hours. Caregivers assume that since card games require great concentration and strain on the elderly residents' eyes, playing for more than two hours would give the residents headaches that would interfere with their ability to play bingo in the evenings.

Hypothesis: Residents at the retirement community are served dinner at 5:00 p.m. every evening most seriously calls into question the caregivers' explanation.


Premise: The diversity of the international community is conducive to learning from each other's strengths and complementing each other's weaknesses. No matter whether the social systems are the same or different, they can and should learn from each other; On the contrary, no one will want to learn if they are forced again. Countries should also find a convergence of interests and cooperate to solve the common problems faced by mankind. These areas of cooperation are very wide, such as sustainable development, pollution control, opposition to drugs and terrorist activities, etc.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The differences in the degree of civilization between countries are narrowing day by day' can be inferred.


Premise: Countries with a small highly educated population are destined to be economically and politically weak. However, countries with a large highly educated population have a serious financial commitment to public education. So any country with a government that can make such a commitment will get rid of economic and political weakness.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who lack empathy are not good candidates for public office, while people with empathy are good at manipulating the feelings of others. Therefore, people who are good at manipulating other people's feelings are good candidates for public office' is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: It was misleading for James to tell the Core Curriculum Committee that the chair of the Anthropology Department had endorsed his proposal. The chair of the Anthropology Department had told James that his proposal had her endorsement, but only if the draft proposal she saw included all the recommendations James would ultimately make to the Core Curriculum Committee.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the draft proposal that the chair of the Anthropology Department had seen did not include all of the recommendations in James's proposal to the Core Curriculum Committee is required by the argument.


Premise: Recognizing the land and climate requirements of species survival can provide a basis for regulating human food production and maximising the protection of species. Scientists have concluded that when rainforests are cut down into farmland, birds that need a humid climate die, while those that are suitable for arid climates survive instead.

Hypothesis: It is necessary to preserve protozoan habitat in arid areas to cushion the impact of climate change best supports the scientists' conclusions.


Premise: A recent study by an insurance company showed that those who work in a comfortable working environment are 25% more productive than those who work in an uncomfortable working environment. This shows that the ever-improving working environment can increase the productivity of workers.

Hypothesis: The assumption that on average, employees with low productivity spend less time daily in the workplace than those with high productivity challenges most to the above causal connection.


Premise: Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leisure time per worker, however, has increased at only half the rate at which the average hourly output per worker has grown.

Hypothesis: The average hourly output per worker has not risen as much as had been anticipated when modern labor-saving technologies were first introduced is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Structural mobility refers to large-scale changes in the social environment, social class, and the nature and distribution of the population caused by changes in production technology or social structure, which are often not shifted by human wills.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, dissatisfaction with the decline in the quality of life in first-tier cities and returning to second- and third-tier cities is not a structural mobility.


Premise: Weibo registration is very simple, visitors as long as register an e-mail address, set a password to become Weibo users. Writing Weibo is not demanding: you only need to write a few words to vent your feelings. Therefore, as long as users can type on the computer or send text messages, they can publish their feelings in a short and quick form. In addition, Weibo's interface setting makes information browsing more convenient, and the content of one Weibo message is only equivalent to two or three mobile phone text messages, which doesn't take long. In this era of excess information and people's attention is severely divided, Weibo is more in line with the needs of fast reading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Weibo has low barriers to use, and information is easy to publish' does not match the meaning of the passage.


Premise: For years, university administrators, corporations, and government agencies have been predicting an imminent and catastrophic shortage of scientists and engineers. But since there is little noticeable upward pressure on the salaries of scientists and engineers, and unemployment is as high in these fields as any other, these doomsayers are turning out to be wrong.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The proportion of all research in science and engineering being carried out by corporations is larger than it was five years ago' would, if true, most strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Xinhua University has a sanatorium in Beidaihe that receives its faculty and staff every summer. Last summer, the occupancy rate of the sanatorium, that is the utilization rate of all beds, was 87%. The faculty and staff who came to recuperate here accounted for 10% of the school's faculty and staff. The proportion of faculty and staff who came to recuperate here this summer fell to 8%, but the occupancy rate rose to 92%.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the renovation last winter, the quality of the facilities of the sanatorium has been significantly improved, which has greatly increased its attractiveness to convalescents' is not conducive to explaining the above seemingly contradictory data.


Premise: Adult frogs are vulnerable to dehydration because of their highly permeable skins. Unlike large adult frogs, small adult frogs have such a low ratio of body weight to skin surface area that they cannot survive in arid climates. The animals' moisture requirements constitute the most important factor determining where frogs can live in the Yucatan peninsula, which has an arid climate in the north and a wet climate in the south.

Hypothesis: The information above most strongly supports the conclusion that large adult frogs can live in more of the area than small adult frogs can.


Premise: With a social contract, people lose their natural freedom and their absolute right to take whatever they are willing to take; through a social contract, they get civilized freedom and legal rights to the property they own. When weighing the pros and cons, if we want to avoid making mistakes, we must clearly distinguish what is natural freedom and what is civilized freedom-natural freedom is only controlled by the actual power of individuals, while civilized freedom is restricted by public will. After stepping into a civilized society, mankind has gained moral freedom, and this alone has made mankind its own master.

Hypothesis: The social contract emphasizes restraint rather than complete freedom is correct based on the above text.


Premise: Inertial thinking is a special psychological preparation or tendency for activities caused by previous activities, which is manifested in that it solves a problem this time. The next time it encounters a similar problem or seemingly the same problem, it can't help but follow the way or order of the last thought

Hypothesis: When the situation remains unchanged, inertial thinking is conducive to the emergence of new methods is the above paragraph cannot be launched.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: If the statement 'I and W are assigned to the sales department' is true, the allocation of seven employees can be fully determined.


Premise: In an experiment, researchers showed more than a dozen portraits of similarly well-dressed children to a panel of doctors and teachers who had to judge the intelligence of the children based on the portrait photos. The results of this subjective judgment will be compared with the results of the objective intelligence test. Finally, the researchers concluded that people can judge an individual's IQ by being ugly.

Hypothesis: The statement "Beautiful children can receive more attentive education, and their talents can be better developed" can weaken the conclusion most.


Premise: In one study, the researchers observed the classroom participation of nearly 300 children in grade 2 and grade 4 over the course of a school year. Participation is measured by attentive behavior and distraction in class. The former refers to answering questions, raising hands to speak or participating in discussions, while the latter refers to behaviors such as small talk. In the experiment, half of the students stood at high desks while the other half sat. It was found that the students who stood up and listened to the class were more attentive than those who sat.

Hypothesis: If true, standing requires the brain to balance the body and control mild muscle contractions, which are moderately stressful to make people more focused can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Zhang, Wang, Li and Zhao plan to take annual leave for one month from June to September, but the department is short of manpower, so no two people can take a holiday in a month. Zhao did not want to arrange it in June. Zhang asked not to arrange it in September. Li said that it could be either June or August. Wang suggested that it could only be arranged in July or August.

Hypothesis: As long as Li is not in June, Wang will be in July can be inferred if the requirements of all four people are met.


Premise: A customer returning defective merchandise should be given an immediate refund if the merchandise was defective when purchased and was not on sale; if the customer is returning merchandise that is not defective or was damaged by customer negligence or customer abuse, the customer should be referred to the manager.

Hypothesis: A customer who purchased a set of wrought-iron patio furniture at the regular price should be given an immediate refund if the welding on two of the chairs was faulty and caused them to collapse during their first use, because this conforms most closely to the principle stated above.


Premise: Human Visual Gestalt Function means that people always tend to process the unconnected scattered things into an organic whole with their familiar experience when they observe the world with their eyes.

Hypothesis: In 1872, Maibridge from America observed with a moving camera that when a horse was running, it touched the ground with at least one hoof. That was not consistent with the horses painted by ancient painters that were always having four hoofs in the air does not belong to Human


Premise: A researcher found that low-immunity persons score lower in mental health tests than high-immunity persons. The researcher's conclusion is that the immune system can not only defend against physical diseases, but also against mental diseases.

Hypothesis: Generally speaking, intense stress first causes mental illness first and then reduces the activity level of the immune system challenges most towards the invalidity of the causal connection.


Premise: After the United Nations Security Council authorized military intervention by a coalition of armed forces intended to halt civil strife in a certain country, the parliament of one UN member nation passed a resolution condemning its own prime minister for promising to commit military personnel to the action. A parliamentary leader insisted that the overwhelming vote for the resolution did not imply the parliament' s opposition to the anticipated intervention; on the contrary, most members of parliament supported the UN plan.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the parliamentary leader's nation, it is the constitutional prerogative of the parliament, not of the prime minister, to initiate foreign military action' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy presented above.


Premise: When three Everett-owned Lightning-built airplanes crashed in the same month, the Everett company ordered three new Lightning-built airplanes as replacements. This decision surprised many in the airline industry because, ordinarily when a product is involved in accidents, users become reluctant to buy that product.

Hypothesis: The statement that although during the previous year only one Lightning-built airplane crashed, competing manufacturers had a perfect safety record provides the best indication that the Everett company's decision was logically well supported.


Premise: In the past, the question of all enterprises was the same question; What should I do and what can I do to make money? After joining the WTO, the question has become: What can I do to be the best?

Hypothesis: In the past, the industry was divided into good and bad, but now only the good and bad of the enterprise are divided gives the most plausible explanation for the shift in the above question.


Premise: Role conflict refers to the contradiction and conflict that occurs when a person plays a role or plays several different roles at the same time due to incompetence.

Hypothesis: In a primary school in a remote mountainous area, a teacher taught both mathematics and Chinese, but the students did well in both subjects is not a role conflict.


Premise: Parents of a student: Now the students are under too much pressure to study, and they don't have the joy of childhood when they do their homework every day until ten o'clock in the evening! Teachers of the school: The school itself did not put too much pressure on the children and assigned very little homework. It was because the parents enrolled too many tuition classes for the children, which caused all kinds of homework to be completed very late. The children did not have time to play, so there was no happy childhood.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the teacher did not assign much written homework, the requirements of the homework made students have to apply for tuition' would most question the explanation of the school's teacher.


Premise: Though Earth' s human population is increasing, it currently uses only a relatively small fraction of the supply of fresh water. Thus, claims that water shortages will plague humankind in the near future unless population growth trends change are simply mistaken.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of fresh water available to meet the needs of Earth's population varies significantly from region to region' most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: Red tourism is an innovative way to strengthen and improve patriotism education, revolutionary tradition education, civic moral education, minors' ideological and moral construction and college students' ideological and political education in the new era. Red tourism, red is the connotation, resources, characteristics, brand, tourism is the essence, that is, red tourism in essence is a tourism activity, but can not be directly equated with patriotism education, revolutionary tradition education.

Hypothesis: The text means to tell us that red tourism has a strong political function, but the most important is its tourism function.


Premise: Landscape architect: If the screen between these two areas is to be a hedge, that hedge must be of either hemlocks or Leyland cypress trees. However, Leyland cypress trees cannot be grown this far north. So if the screen is to be a hedge, it will be a hemlock hedge.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the statement 'Any path along this embankment must be either concrete or stone. But a concrete path cannot be built in this location. So if there is to be a path on the embankment, it will be a stone path' is most similar to that in the landscape architect's argument.


Premise: In a certain democratic country the legislature passed a new tax law over the principled objections of the parliamentary opposition. Some opposition leaders broke the new law by refusing to pay the new tax. They defended their lawbreaking by citing the historical precedent in the country of activists' having to break laws in winning for women the right to vote.

Hypothesis: The opposition leaders, unlike the activists, fought for a return to an earlier state of affairs most weakens the opposition leaders' argument in defense of their actions.


Premise: A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers, processes them into powder or oil, and then mixes them with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirmed the company's practice and pointed out that eating insects is conducive to dealing with worldwide food shortages and malnutrition.

Hypothesis: Insects are rich in protein, fat, supplements vitamins and iron, and are large and low-cost supplementary foods can be used as the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Materialist dialectics tells us that we must look at the problem in a comprehensive way, not with partial generalizations; we must look at the problem in a connected manner to prevent isolated views; we must look at the problem in a developmental way, not at the problem statically.

Hypothesis: Human nature is immutable, and criminals must not be given a chance to change is incorrect.


Premise: Babies show a strong desire to master the environment at an early age. Due to the slow development of their movement control skills, their activities are limited. They do not have enough skills to dominate the environment to survive independently. In this sense, it should be said that they are unable to stand on their own feet.

Hypothesis: The option 'They don't have enough ability to adapt to the environment' means that the baby is unable to stand on its own feet mentioned above.


Premise: Double-blind techniques should be used whenever possible in scientific experiments. They help prevent the misinterpretations that often arise due to expectations and opinions that scientists already hold, and clearly scientists should be extremely diligent in trying to avoid such misinterpretations.

Hypothesis: Double-blind experimental techniques are often an effective way of ensuring scientific objectivity is the main conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Zhang Nan is a staff member of a research institute, and his friends are all doctors or professors. Wang Xiao is a staff member of the research institute, and Zhao Lin is a middle school classmate of Zhang Nan.

Hypothesis: If the above information is true, then Zhao Lin must not be Zhang Nan's friend.


Premise: The principle of proportionality means that administrative organs should take into account the realization of administrative objectives and the choice of appropriate means to ensure the balance between public interests and the rights and interests of the counterparty. if the realization of administrative objectives may have some adverse impact on the rights and interests of the opposite party, this adverse impact should be limited to the smallest possible scope and limits, and the two should be kept in an appropriate proportion.

Hypothesis: The act of the municipal government suspending the planned chemical project because it believes it will cause serious pollution to nearby national scenic spots and residents' living areas is most in line with the principle of proportionality according to the above definition.


Premise: Cost refers to the material or energy paid to achieve a certain goal, or a certain trade-off, payment, investment, and consumption. Such as doing more things with the least cost.

Hypothesis: People seek the greatest profit at the least cost in their economic life fits the meaning of this price.


Premise: The map is originally a shape, it should not have people, and there can be no people, if there is a person in the map, it is not a map, but a picture. In the strict sense, this sentence should be a theorem, but when it comes to some tourist pictures, it is likely to turn a corner-there are often both scenery and characters in tourism. This is just like Mount Tai, Qin Shihuang must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Terracotta Warriors, emperors of the Ming Dynasty must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Ming Tombs, and Empress Dowager Cixi must be mentioned in the tourist map of the Summer Palace. Because in that environment, many scenes are produced by human activities as the starting point, but also because of human activities, its aesthetic value has increased.

Hypothesis: A tourist map is also a kind of map is considered by the author of this passage.


Premise: Insurance industry statistics demonstrate that cars with alarms or other antitheft devices are more likely to be stolen or broken into than cars without such devices or alarms. Ttherefore antitheft devices do not protect cars against thieves.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which studies reveal that people who are regular users of libraries purchase more books per year than do people who do not use libraries regularly. Hence using libraries regularly does not reduce the number of books that library patrons purchase.


Premise: On average, American consumers buy a new computer every four years even though older computers are still perfectly capable of basic operations such as word processing and surfing the Internet. This is the case despite the fact that most computers are designed to work for approximately ten years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'American consumers are motivated to purchase new computers by some combination of factors other than their current computer's ability to perform basic functions' best supports which of the following as a conclusion.


Premise: Zhang Xiaomeng, Wang Bing, Li Ping and Xu Xiaomei, senior three students of Beishan No. 1 middle school, have entered the top eight of the school's badminton Torch Cup competition; A said, Wang Bing, Li Ping is the best hope to win the championship. B said: Wang Bing, Li Ping can't win the championship at all. C said: Zhang Xiaomeng is in a bad mental state today, and she can't win the championship. Ding said: Xu Xiaomei can win the gold medal. the result is unknown. Only one person guessed right.

Hypothesis: Li Ping is the winner of the Torch Cup competition.


Premise: Five years ago, as part of a plan to encourage citizens of Levaska to increase the amount of money they put into savings, Levaska' s government introduced special savings accounts in which up to $3, 000 a year can be saved with no tax due on the interest unless money is withdrawn before the account holder reaches the age of sixty-five. Millions of dollars have accumulated in the special accounts, so the government' s plan is obviously working.

Hypothesis: Many Levaskans who already had long-term savings have steadily been transferring those savings into the special accounts most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The head baker at Barry's Bagels can either purchase flour in-person from the local flour mill, Larry's Local Mill, or order a shipment of flour from an out-of-state mill, Isadore's Interstate Mill. The cost of the flour from Isadore's Interstate Mill is 10 percent less than the cost of the flour from Larry's Local Mill. Even after shipping and handling fees are added, it is still cheaper to order flour that has to be shipped from Isadore's than to buy flour locally from Larry's.

Hypothesis: The shipping and handling fees for a batch of flour purchased from Isadore's Interstate Mill are less than 10 percent of the cost of an identical batch of flour purchased from Larry's Local Mill is the assertion that the statements above, if true, best support.


Premise: Although the relevant departments have special activities to crack down on the production and sale of fake and shoddy products every year, the phenomenon of making and selling fake products by a few manufacturers is still repeated despite repeated prohibitions.

Hypothesis: The result of the above phenomenon is 'Destroy social credit system'.


Premise: People who are allergic to cats are actually allergic to certain proteins found in the animals' skin secretions and saliva; which particular proteins are responsible, however, varies from allergy sufferer to allergy sufferer. Since all cats shed skin and spread saliva around their environment, there is no such thing as a cat incapable of provoking allergic reactions, although it is common for a given cat to cause an allergic reaction in some -- but not all -- people who are allergic to cats.

Hypothesis: Not all cats are identical with respect to the proteins contained in their skin secretions and saliva is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: An evaluation agency conducted a social survey to evaluate the popularity of books. The results show that the sales volume of life books exceeds that of science and technology books, so the popularity of life books is higher than that of science and technology books.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The types of life books far exceed those of science and technology books' can best refute the above argument.


Premise: Respite service means that government departments purchase services to provide temporary assistance to low-income families or families with special difficulties who have disabled and mentally handicapped elderly, so that those who take care of their relatives at home all the year round can have a short rest.

Hypothesis: The respite service is the street nurses being sent to door-to-door service to allow Ms. du to have time to go to the hospital to see a doctor or have a short rest.


Premise: Dynamic stereotypy refers to a temporary contact system established under the condition of a fixed program. In this system, each conditional spike is presented in strict sequence and time to obtain the exact and constant effect of each stimulus. The final effect is to establish a dynamic stereotypy in the activities of the cerebral cortex.

Hypothesis: Zoo keepers whistling every time before feeding animals does not accord with this theory.


Premise: New legislation would require a seven-day waiting period in the sale of handguns to private individuals, in order that records of prisons could be checked and the sale of handguns to people likely to hurt other people thereby prevented. People opposed to this legislation claim that prison records are so full of errors that the proposed law would prevent as many law-abiding citizens as criminals from having access to handguns.

Hypothesis: Nothing should be done to restrict potential criminals at the cost of placing restrictions on law-abiding citizens is a principle that, if established, would do the most to justify opposition to the new legislation on the basis of the claim made by people opposed to the new legislation.


Premise: In a few recent cases, some teenagers with advanced programming abilities used a new programming language, FANTOD, to hack into ETS and change their own SAT scores. All of the teenagers convicted of this crime were highly skilled in programming FANTOD. In light of these cases, some colleges have discounted the official SAT scores of applicants with a knowledge of FANTOD, and have required them to take special admission tests in supervised conditions on their own campuses.

Hypothesis: Colleges should rely on their own admissions tests instead of the SATs can most properly be drawn from the information above.


Premise: Ms. Smith: I am upset that my son' s entire class lost two days of recess because some of the children were throwing raisins in the cafeteria. He was not throwing raisins, and it was clear to everyone just who the culprits were. Principal: I' m sorry you' re upset, Ms. Smith, but your son' s situation is like being caught in a traffic jam caused by an accident. People who aren' t involved in the accident nevertheless have to suffer by sitting there in the middle of it.

Hypothesis: The principal's response to Ms. Smith's complaint is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it does not acknowledge the fact that a traffic jam following an accident is unavoidable while the mass punishment was avoidable.


Premise: Golden collar refers to the advanced scientific and technical personnel who master modern science and technology and can create a lot of wealth and thus have a higher income.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Owner of a computer marketing company' is golden collar according to the above definition.


Premise: If enterprises want to build a scientific and technological innovation center, they must promote cooperation with universities and scientific and technological institutions, so as to stimulate the vitality of independent innovation. Only by building a strategic platform for serving the development of scientific and technological innovation, a platform for the docking of scientific and technological innovation and economic development, and a platform for gathering innovative talents, can an enterprise produce major scientific and technological achievements.

Hypothesis: If enterprises do not build a platform to gather innovative talents, they will not be able to produce major scientific and technological achievements can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: If the winner of a promotional contest is selected by a lottery, the lottery must be fair, giving all entrants an equal chance of winning. Since 90 percent of the winners selected by the lottery in a recent promotional contest submitted their entry forms within the first 2 days of the 30-day registration period, it is clear that this lottery did not meet the fairness requirement.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The manner in which the contest winner would be selected was publicized prior to the selection of the winner' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: While grapefruit juice is a healthy drink, it has been discovered that a chemical in the juice affects how certain medicines are absorbed, with the result that normal medicinal doses act like higher doses. Getting the wrong dose is dangerous. Since it is always desirable to take the lowest effective dose, the best medical approach would be to take lower doses of these medicines along with prescribed amounts of grapefruit juice.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of the chemical in grapefruit juice is highly unpredictable from glass to glass' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Secondary school students achieve broad mastery of the curriculum if they are taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles and they devote significant effort to their studies. Thus, if such broad mastery is not achieved by the students in a particular secondary school, those students are not being taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles.

Hypothesis: The conclusion can be properly drawn if the assumption that even if secondary school students are taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles, they will not achieve broad mastery of the curriculum if they do not devote significant effort to their studies is made.


Premise: It is common for normal children to focus on one or two things for a while, such as learning the jingle in a commercial or eating cereal in some kind of Mickey Mouse bowl. Generally speaking, these temporary fanaticism will eventually pass. Some normal children are naturally unenthusiastic and don't like to be hugged, but that doesn't mean they must be autistic.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, advertising films may be the cause of autistic can be inferred.


Premise: Unlike traditional coal, gas and atomic energy, solar energy does not produce pollution, does not need to be transported, has no risk of radiation, and is not subject to power companies. Therefore, people should be encouraged to use solar energy.

Hypothesis: An effective way to collect and preserve solar energy for a long time has not been found will most strongly weaken the above argument.


Premise: The cerebral edge system drives emotion, the system is rapidly developed in adolescence, while the foreklikin neural network development is relatively late, mainly responsible for providing reasonable judgment and impulse control.It has now determined that the foregoing leaf skin is about 20 years old to fully develop maturity, but now the adolescence is continuously advanced.The time span of the two does not match is extended.

Hypothesis: According to the above conclusion, the key to adolescent impulsivity is the brain control and the limbic system.


Premise: Some have argued that body size influences mating decisions throughout all societies. Their argument rests largely on self-reports of university-age students and on analyses of personal advertisements in newspapers for dating partners.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument described above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument bases a conclusion on a sample that may be unrepresentative of the population about which the conclusion is drawn.


Premise: Recessive hunger is the hunger symptom of the hidden nutritional requirement, which is caused by the imbalance of nutrition or the lack of some vitamins and essential minerals, and the excessive intake of other nutrients.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiaobai's insistence on six meals a day is recessive hunger.


Premise: The ruins of the prehistoric Bolivian city of Tiwanaku feature green andacite stones weighing up to 40 tons. These stones were quarried at Copacabana, which is across a lake and about 90 kilometers away. Archaeologists hypothesize that the stones were brought to Tiwanaku on reed boats. To show this was possible, experimenters transported a 9-ton stone from Copacabana to Tiwanaku using a reed boat built with locally available materials and techniques traditional to the area.

Hypothesis: Knowing whether the traditional techniques for building reed boats were in use at the time Tiwanaku was inhabited would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the support for the archaeologists' hypothesis.


Premise: There are two taxi companies A and B in a city. The colors of their taxis are blue and red respectively. According to the survey, 70% of the taxis circulating in the market are red and only 30% are blue. The average probability of car accidents in red taxis is 4%, while that of blue taxis is 6%.

Hypothesis: Compared with red taxis, blue taxis are more likely to have the accident can be inferred now that there is a taxi accident in the city.


Premise: Claude: When I' m having lunch with job candidates, I watch to see if they salt their food without first tasting it. If they do, I count that against them, because they' re making decisions based on inadequate information. Larissa: That' s silly. It' s perfectly reasonable for me to wear a sweater whenever I go into a supermarket, because I already know supermarkets are always too cool inside to suit me. And I never open a credit card offer that comes in the mail, because I already know that no matter how low its interest rate may be, it will never be worthwhile for me.

Hypothesis: The two analogies that Larissa offers can most reasonably be interpreted as invoking the principle that in matters involving personal preference, performing an action without first ascertaining whether it is appropriate in the specific circumstances should not be taken as good evidence of faulty decision making, because the action may be based on a reasoned policy relating to knowledge of a general fact about the circumstances, to criticize Claude's policy.


Premise: Green design refers to the consideration of the environmental properties of the product throughout the product cycle, such as detachability, recyclability, maintainability, reusability and so on, and takes it as the design goal. While meeting the conditions of environmental protection, ensure that the quality of the product reaches the optimal state.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, using light green as the background of a classroom is consistent with the concept of green design.


Premise: The reason why river and ocean can become the king of all creeks is because they can be under a hundred creeks. The reason why the saint is above the people is because he is humble to the people. The reason why the saint can lead the people is because he puts his own self-interest behind the people.

Hypothesis: It is not clear what the question and answer are asking or stating. Could you please provide more context or clarify the question and answer?


Premise: To make a correct analysis and judgment of social phenomena, even if they are regional, they must go into the real society for investigation and research, and must not speculate. To understand the causal relationship of things and establish relevant theories, there must be no realistic data for verifying the theory.

Hypothesis: To engage in social research, we must collect data from practical work is correct.


Premise: The brain is an electric organ that uses a pulse magnetic field to activate brain neural circuits to relieve stress, enhance cognition, and even overcome fatigue.

Hypothesis: The best summary of the meaning of the above is the effect of pulsed magnetic fields on brain nerve circuits.


Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument described above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it draws a universal conclusion on the basis of a very small number of individual cases.


Premise: As the ancients said: if you set up a good legal system in the world, the world will be at peace; if you establish a good legal system in a country, a country will be at peace.

Hypothesis: The option 'If you are poor, you should take good care of your morality and self-cultivation, and if you are rich, you should strive to benefit the rest of the world' is most similar to the formal structure of the above-mentioned ancients.


Premise: Homing pigeons have a strong ability to fly, reaching a speed of 100 kilometers per hour and their memory and recognition abilities are outstanding among animals. They are not afraid of fatigue, loyal and reliable. They have no deserters and surrenders and are not restricted by the terrain and transmit information in a timely manner. Homing pigeons have made great achievements since they joined the army.

Hypothesis: The point of view supported by this passage is that homing pigeons have strong flying ability and have made wonderful achievements repeatedly.


Premise: There are 7 heart disease patients E, F, G, H, I, J, K to be assigned to 4 doctors for treatment, they are Dr. Zhang, Dr. Li, Dr. Wang and Dr. Liu. Only one doctor can be responsible for each patient, and each doctor is responsible for the treatment of up to two patients. Among the patients, J and K are children, and the remaining 5 are adults; E, F, and J are male, and the remaining 4 are female. The following conditions must be met: (1) Dr. Zhang is only responsible for treating male patients. (2) Dr. Li can only be responsible for the treatment of 1 patient. (3) If a doctor is responsible for the treatment of a child, he must be responsible for the treatment of an adult of the same sex as the child.

Hypothesis: If E is treated by Dr. Wang, then it must be true that F was treated by Dr. Li.


Premise: Leading cadres should also have these three realms of reading and study: first of all, they should have the lofty pursuit of looking at the Tianya Road, the coolness of withering trees by the west wind last night and the loneliness of going up the tall building alone. Calm down and study hard. Second, we should work hard, study assiduously, be willing to pay, persevere, work hard, and never regret even if we wear wider clothes and people are haggard. Third, we should persist in independent thinking, combine learning with use, learn something, use something, find him in the public thousands of degrees in study and practice, and finally suddenly look back and grasp the true meaning in dim lights. the third is to persist in independent thinking, to combine learning with use, to learn something, to find him thousands of degrees in the study and practice, and finally to suddenly look back and comprehend the true meaning in dim lights.

Hypothesis: We should love to read, read frequently and be good at reading can best summarize the above text.


Premise: An international organization released a research report on multilateral agreements, pointing out that multilateral agreements will significantly reduce trade costs by reducing the red tape of international trade. Among them, the trade costs of developed countries will be reduced by 10% and those of developing countries will be reduced by 13%-15.5%. Every 1% reduction in global trade costs will bring more than 4 billion dollars to the global economy. The organization's analysis believes that the signing of multilateral agreements has greatly promoted the development of the global economy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The inconsistent comparison of trade cost reduction between developing and developed countries will affect the reduction of global trade cost' most questions the results of the organization's analysis.


Premise: Within the earth' s core, which is iron, pressure increases with depth. Because the temperature at which iron melts increases with pressure, the inner core is solid and the outer core is molten. Physicists can determine the melting temperature of iron at any given pressure and the pressure for any given depth in the earth. Ttherefore, the actual temperature at the boundary of the earth' s outer and inner cores-the melting temperature of iron there-can be determined, since __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'the temperatures within the earth's inner core are higher than in the outer core' most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: A long time ago, potatoes were called ghost apples in France, and farmers were reluctant to introduce them. An agronomist came up with a way to plant potatoes on a piece of land and was guarded by an armed King's guard in military dress. At night, the guard deliberately withdrew. As a result, people came to steal potatoes and introduced them into their own fields. In this way, potato planting has been rapidly promoted in France.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some things can arouse people's interest if they are forbidden. For example, some movies and books become more and more popular because they are forbidden' is the most appropriate conclusion that can be inferred.


Premise: Nero was the Roman emperor in the first century AD. Every Roman emperor drank wine and drank only from tin pots and tin goblets. Whoever uses tin utensils to drink alcohol, even once, can lead to poisoning. And poisoning always leads to insanity.

Hypothesis: Whatever else happened to him, Emperor Nero must have been deranged if all the above statements are true.


Premise: Generally, bacteria grow and multiply at room temperature, and the low temperature environment stops growing and can only maintain life. But Yersinia is just the opposite. Not only is it not afraid of low temperature and cold, but it only multiplies at about 0 degree. Food stored in the refrigerator, Make Yersinia in its best growth state.

Hypothesis: The optimal growth temperature of Yersinia is not suitable for general bacteria can be derived from this.


Premise: Demand always changes in the opposite direction to the price. If the price change causes the total income to change in reverse with the price, then the demand is elastic. In 2007, although the tuition fees of W University were reduced by 20%, the total tuition fees received by W University were higher than in 2006. In this case, the demand for W University is flexible.

Hypothesis: The enrollment of W University increased by more than 20% in 2007, if the above statement is true.


Premise: The commercial news media emphasize exceptional events such as airplane crashes at the expense of those such as automobile accidents, which occur far more frequently and represent a far greater risk to the public. Yet the public tends to interpret the degree of emphasis the news media give to these occurrences as indicating the degree of risk they represent.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, print media, such as newspapers and magazines, are a better source of information than are broadcast media is most strongly supported by them.


Premise: A school received a large amount of donation without real name in the flood fighting and disaster relief charity activities. Through the investigations, it can be concluded that it was donated by one of Mr. Zhou, Mr. Wu, Mr. Zheng and Mr. Wang. They four were inquired. Mr. Zhou said: I didn't donate money; Mr. Wu said, it was donated by Mr. Wang; Mr. Zheng said, Mr. Wu donated it; Mr. Wang said, I certainly didn't donate money. Through detailed investigation, it was confirmed that only one of the four people told the truth.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhou told a lie and Mr. Zhou donated it can be a right conclusion inferred from above.


Premise: Only unwise people spoke ill of the people of Dongshan County in front of Dong Jia, and Shi Fei, a friend of Dong Jia, spoke ill of Xi Jia in front of Dong Jia. But what is puzzling is that Dong Jia's friends are very wise people.

Hypothesis: Shi Fei is not from Dongshan County can be inferred according to the above statement.


Premise: A group of children were arguing about what day it was. A said: today is not Sunday.B said: today is Friday. C said :the day before yesterday was Saturday. D said :yesterday was Tuesday.E said: today is Tuesday. F said: today is neither Monday nor Tuesday, it's not even Wednesday. In fact, only one of them got it right.

Hypothesis: Today is Saturday.


Premise: Academic evaluation is often intertwined with various subjective and objective complex factors. Because academic evaluation is often affected by the evaluation subjects' academic views, emotional tendencies, values and other factors, people tend to rely on quantitative data for evaluation. In fact, the evaluation significance contained in this kind of data is reflected by clickers, downloaders and citators. Over reliance on such data is to regard the producer of quantitative data as the evaluation subject.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the above is that the evaluation system based on quantitative indicators is controversial.


Premise: Skilled technique or enough time (more than one month) is regarded as necessary conditions to complete a handicraft. Xiao Zhou only took 25 days to complete a handicraft, which shows that Xiao Zhou has mastered skill.

Hypothesis: Mr. Huang's performance of this year is extraordinary, indicating that either with an extraordinary performance this year, or with the 30 years of working experience in company, one can receive this year's special allowance.


Premise: Research shows that the current automobile exhaust treatment technology has been much improved than before, and almost all the pollutants in exhaust emissions are below the detection level. However, some environmental protection organizations are still trying to eliminate all cars in the world. They said,everything is because cars, cars pollute the air and damage our lungs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the increasing global demand for automobiles, automobile manufacturers are constantly producing all kinds of automobiles, and the production process of each automobile will produce a large amount of waste' best explains the actions of environmental groups if it is correct.


Premise: At Law Practice, Inc. , last year the average annual salary for attorneys was $75, 000, while the average salary for paralegals was $50, 000. The average annual salary for all Law Practice employees was $45, 000.

Hypothesis: There was at least one Law Practice employee who earned less than the average paralegal earned last year can be properly inferred from the information given above.