Premise: It is generally believed that people receiving frequent medical checkups are likely to need hospitalization less frequently than they would otherwise; after all, many things can be done following a checkup to prevent problems that, if ignored, might become acute and then require hospitalization. But for people with chronic illnesses, frequent medical checkups are likely to lead to more frequent hospitalization since __.

Hypothesis: The recommended treatments for complications of many chronic illnesses involve hospitalization even if those complications are detected while barely noticeable most logically completes the passage.


Premise: Expert: only when the property right of an item is clearly defined and can be traded, can the true value of the item be reflected. We say that we should protect the interests of the peasants. if we do not even know what the peasants' best interests are, how can we protect them? What valuable things do farmers have? That's the homestead. Only by fully reflecting the value of homestead can we really protect the interests of farmers.

Hypothesis: In order to really protect the interests of farmers, it is necessary to allow transactions on homestead must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Unfair competition refers to the behavior of the operator that violates the provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, harms the legitimate rights and interests of other operators, and disrupts the social and economic order. The so-called operator refers to a legal person engaged in commodity operations or profitable services.

Hypothesis: A certain factory adopts advanced technology to reduce the price after reducing the cost to occupy a favorable market position is not unfair competition according to the above definition.


Premise: At one sitting, a typical doughnut eater consumes 4 doughnuts containing a total of 680 calories and 40 grams of fat. The typical bagel eater consumes exactly one bagel, at 500 calories and one or two grams of fat per sitting, though the addition of spreads can raise calorie and fat content to the four-doughnut range. Thus, as far as total calorie content is concerned, there is very little difference between what a typical doughnut eater and a typical bagel eater each consumes at one sitting.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that most bagel eaters are not fully aware of the calorie and fat content of a bagel.


Premise: In many mobile apps, there is the problem of over collecting information, which has aroused public doubts. Once users authorize apps to collect this information, they are most worried about the security of private information. In this era of rapid development of information, absolute information security is almost impossible. In recent years, Facebook leaked users in the United States and the recent killing of big data in China, As the most basic telecommunications service provider, operators have hundreds of millions of users' privacy data. Once there is a problem, the consequences are even more difficult to estimate.

Hypothesis: Domestic Internet users should not use Facebook, let alone register can be introduced.


Premise: Internationally, there is no lack of government led establishment of social groups. The purpose of government led establishment of social groups is to expand the scope and space of their functions. Some people call such non-governmental organizations governmental non-governmental organizations, which objectively often become quasi departments performing certain functions of the executive government.

Hypothesis: The view that international non-governmental organizations often perform certain functions of the government is directly supported by the above paragraph.


Premise: Some countries in the Alliance of Small Island States are located in tropical regions. The small island countries in these tropical regions have beautiful scenery and rich products. In recent years, these beautiful small island countries have been paid more and more attention by the world, and have gradually become the first choice for tourists from all over the world. Driven by the tourism boom in island countries, the economies of these small island countries are developing rapidly.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that some countries with rapid economic development have beautiful scenery and rich products is correct.


Premise: Environmental rights refer to citizens enjoy the right to use environmental resources from the bottom up in an environment that is not polluted or destroyed.

Hypothesis: Xiao Xu bought a box of biscuits in a supermarket and found a fly in the biscuits when he returned home. Xu sued the supermarket to the court and demanded that the supermarket restore its sanitation rights is not an environmental right.


Premise: Compared with us, people who lived a century ago had much less entertainment. Therefore, they like reading more than we do today.

Hypothesis: On average, people who lived a century ago have much less time for leisure than people do today weakens the above argument most strongly.


Premise: Substitution effect means that when the collection of a certain tax and the change of tax rate affect the relative price or relative benefit, people choose another consumption or activity to replace the original consumption or activity.

Hypothesis: In 1747, Britain imposed a window tax. In order to avoid paying taxes, most people blocked their own windows does not involve substitution effect according to the above definition.


Premise: Although new retail has become the hottest concept at present, there is no accurate definition of what new retail is. The professional saying is the reconstruction of people, goods, and market under the Internet and big data. popular understanding is probably the combination of online and offline, and then supplemented by artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and other technical means to achieve all-round upgrading of the production and sales of the traditional retail industry.

Hypothesis: The new retail makes extensive use of high technology, which can effectively reduce the traditional labor cost can be inferred from the original text.


Premise: There are seven candidates hired by Haier: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one needs to be assigned to the public relations department, three to the production department and three to the sales department. The personnel allocation of these seven employees must meet the following conditions: (1) H and Y must be assigned to the same department. (2) F and G cannot be assigned to the same department. (3) if X is assigned to the sales department, W is assigned to the production department. (4) F must be assigned to the production department.

Hypothesis: The statement 'G and Y are assigned to the sales department' if true, the allocation of seven employees can be fully determined.


Premise: Nero was the Roman emperor in the first century AD. Every Roman emperor drank wine and drank only from tin pots and tin goblets. Whoever uses tin utensils to drink alcohol, even once, can lead to poisoning. And poisoning always leads to insanity.

Hypothesis: Poisoning was a common phenomenon among the subjects of the Roman dynasty must be true if all the above statements are true.


Premise: Hereditary refers to a self reproduction process in which organisms take in substances from the environment, build themselves and produce copies similar to their parents according to the same development path and mode experienced by their parents.

Hypothesis: The statement "Lao Zhang is an old hand in business, and his son Xiao Zhang is also good at business" implies that business ability is hereditary.


Premise: Since John Lindy was named vice president of sales, the highest ranked salespeople have been successfully recruited by rival companies, sales in all departments have plummeted, and company morale is down. This information clearly provides proof that John Lindy was named vice president of sales to ruin the company.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is weak because the argument bases its conclusion on hearsay rather than hard evidence about the effect John Lindy has had on the company.


Premise: Marcus: For most ethical dilemmas the journalist is likely to face, traditional journalistic ethics is clear, adequate, and essentially correct. For example, when journalists have uncovered newsworthy information, they should go to press with it as soon as possible. No delay motivated by the journalists' personal or professional interests is permissible. Anita: Well, Marcus, of course interesting and important information should be brought before the public -- that is a journalist' s job. But in the typical case, where a journalist has some information but is in a quandary about whether it is yet important or newsworthy,  this guidance is inadequate.

Hypothesis: The ethical principle that Marcus cites does not help the journalist in a typical kind of situation in which a decision needs to be made is the point made by Anita's statements.


Premise: Some educators claim that it is best that school courses cover only basic subject matter, but cover it in depth. These educators argue that if students achieve a solid grasp of the basic concepts and investigatory techniques in a subject, they will be able to explore the breadth of that subject on their own after the course is over. But if they simply learn a lot of factual information, without truly understanding its significance, they will not be well equipped for further study on their own.

Hypothesis: The educators' reasoning provides grounds for accepting the statement that it is easier to remember new ideas explained personally by a teacher than ideas that one explores independently.


Premise: In the long process of evolution, food scarcity has always been the primary threat faced by mankind. Due to the uncertainty of food supply and the inability of food to be preserved for a long time, mankind has been living a full and hungry life. Individuals who can make the most effective use of food have survival advantages. After repeated famine choices, individuals with survival advantages and their genes, These genes can stimulate the secretion of a large amount of insulin after a full meal, so as to maximize the conversion and utilization of glucose in the blood. Although the cost of doing so may lead to obesity, the threat to survival caused by its harm to the body will not appear until middle age. For most of human history, The average life expectancy is less than 30 years.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to illustrate that human physiological structure is the result of natural selection.


Premise: It was once believed that cells grown in laboratory tissue cultures were essentially immortal. That is, as long as all of their needs were met, they would continue dividing forever. However, it has been shown that normal cells have a finite reproductive limit. A human liver cell, for example, divides 60 times and then stops. If such a cell divides 30 times and then is put into a deep freeze for months or even years, it remembers where it stopped dividing. After thawing, it divides another 30 times -- but no more.

Hypothesis: A liver cell in which more than 60 divisions took place in a tissue culture cannot be a normal liver cell that came from an individual of a nonhuman species and had been frozen after its first division and afterward thawed, according to the information above.


Premise: The only songs Amanda has ever written are blues songs and punk rock songs. Most punk rock songs involve no more than three chords. So if the next song Amanda writes is not a blues song, it probably will not involve more than three chords.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument that the next pet the Gupta family owns will probably be very noisy if it is not a fish is most similar to the reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Necessary conditions refer to the judgment relationship that there is no result without conditions, and there may not be a result with conditions. It is a condition opposite to sufficient and necessary conditions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It's raining. The ground must be wet' is not a necessary condition.


Premise: Wu: Jurgens is dishonest and so should not be elected mayor. Miller: I disagree with your conclusion. Jurgens should be elected mayor. Honest people usually are not tough enough to run a city.

Hypothesis: Miller's questionable reasoning in the dialogue 'Wu: We should not go back to that restaurant. The service is too slow. Miller: Yes, we should. Food that is served quickly is often of poor quality' is most closely parallel to Miller's questionable reasoning in the dialogue above.


Premise: Critic: It is common to argue that there is a distinction between literary and genre fiction. The first should be interpreted, so this argument goes, while the second is merely a source of easy pleasure. But this is a specious distinction -- not because every work should be interpreted, but because no work should be. When we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work' s emotional impact.

Hypothesis: The claim that when we evaluate a work principally for its themes and ideas, we cut ourselves off from the work's emotional impact is the conclusion in the critic's argument.


Premise: The headline model refers to an information service model in which Internet companies, media, etc. accurately push and screen out information to specific users and have important reference value for users.

Hypothesis: An online media company divides the content of its platform thematic columns into free and paid. The paid content is very professional and is mainly used by people with specific needs belongs to the headline model.


Premise: From the perspective of family affection, people hope that waiters don't really starve to death and hope that they will live forever. This is a normal emotion. However, from an objective perspective, each dead life has lost the characteristics of life at least in the body, and the whole body will inevitably disappear. From the spiritual level, the continuation of life is divorced from the biological concept, How long a person's life exists at the spiritual level depends on how many memorable things this life has brought to the world. The modern outlook on life puts forward the concept of body. Owning their own organs is the best way for the continuation of life and their survival in the world.

Hypothesis: The passage mainly shows that the concept of life should jump out of the physical level and advocate organ donation.


Premise: The folk medicine of many different cultures has extolled the use of garlic both to prevent and to cure many diseases. Modern medical research is absorbing some of these beliefs. Recent studies indicate that many of the more than 50 sulphur compounds that can be produced from garlic (depending upon whether it is boiled, fried in oil, or dried) have medicinal utility. Some of these compounds lower blood cholesterol, others reduce platelet clumping, while still others shrink some kinds of tumors. Other plants and herbs recommended by traditional medicine may also prove valuable for medicine generally.

Hypothesis: Each of the following statements is supported by the information above EXCEPT: Garlic that is neither boiled, fried in oil, nor dried has no medicinal value. This statement is not supported by the information above.


Premise: For over two centuries, no one had been able to make Damascus blades-blades with a distinctive serpentine surface pattern-but a contemporary sword maker may just have rediscovered how. Using iron with trace impurities that precisely matched those present in the iron used in historic Damascus blades, this contemporary sword maker seems to have finally hit on an intricate process by which he can produce a blade indistinguishable from a true Damascus blade.

Hypothesis: The iron with which the contemporary sword maker made Damascus blades came from a source of iron that was unknown two centuries ago provides the strongest support for the hypothesis that trace impurities in the iron are essential for the production of Damascus blades.


Premise: The demand for biofuels has increased rapidly in recent years. Global ethanol production tripled between 2000 and 2007, will double again by 2017, and biodiesel production will more than double in 10 years. These biofuels are produced by corn, sugar and oil crops, so the expansion of production is bound to lead to a spike in the prices of those crops.

Hypothesis: If the above view is correct, then a decline in biofuel production can be derived as an indication of higher agricultural prices.


Premise: The traditional view is that most of the methane that causes Greenhouse Effect comes from wetlands and the digestive tract of ruminants, but green plants that can absorb carbon dioxide also release methane. Scientists have found that the astonishing result is that the annual amount of methane released by the world's green plants is 60 million to 240 million tons, accounting for 10% to 40% of the world's total annual methane emissions, of which about 2/3 come from tropical areas with rich vegetation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If green plants are not taken into account, excluding all other factors, there are still a large number of sources of methane in the world that cannot be explained' is the only one that cannot support the views of scientists.


Premise: At an economics seminar, experts and scholars who attended the meeting expressed their views in response to the current domestic consumer price increase. An economist pointed out that this round of price increases is mainly manifested in the increase in food prices. The fundamental reason lies in excess liquidity, which is manifested by excessive currency input. These excess funds need to find a way out for investment, so there will be investment or economic overheating. Excess liquidity is a hidden danger for current price increases.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that "when there is insufficient liquidity in the market, it often leads to oversupply and lower consumer prices" can weaken the above-mentioned economist's view.


Premise: Zhong Rong, a literary critic of the Southern Dynasty, commented on the works of Liu Kun in the Jin Dynasty in Shi Pin. Kun is not only a good person, but also has bad luck, so he is good at talking about mourning and chaos, and he has many words of hatred.This is to use the experience of Liu Kun's misfortune to explain why his poems are full of grief and indignation. Contemporary literary critics consciously use this method to examine works. A scholar who studied the novel iniquity Sea Flowers in the late Qing Dynasty once said that in order to understand this work, it is necessary to know people and talk about the world, and it is necessary to explore Zeng Pu's life, ideological process and creative process. It can be seen that knowing people and talking about the world is an important method for him to study evil sea flowers.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that knowing people and talking about the world has always been an important method of literary research.


Premise: Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Ttherefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.

Hypothesis: If true, technical obsolescence of robot satellites would most seriously weaken the argument above.


Premise: Leader refers to an individual or group with certain power and status, in order to achieve a predetermined organizational goal, through its own role, guide and influence others or organizations, and complete the behavioral process of predetermined tasks under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The leading members of the municipal party committee study and formulate policies and guidelines, and organize and mobilize party members throughout the city to implement them' is not a leader.


Premise: On the surface, Melville' s Billy Budd is a simple story with a simple theme. However, if one views the novel as a religious allegory, then it assumes a richness and profundity that place it among the great novels of the nineteenth century. However, the central question remains: Did Melville intend an allegorical reading? Since there is no textual or historical evidence that he did, we should be content with reading Billy Budd as a simple tragedy.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the argument is that without relevant evidence as to a novel's intended reading, one should avoid viewing the work allegorically.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The availability of low-cost rentable housing determines the development of the manufacturing industry is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: The survey results released by a scientific research institution show that while the book reading rate continues to decline, the online reading rate has increased year by year, from 3.7% in 1999 to 47.8% in 2008. In the face of the irresistible information technology revolution, it is not easy for traditional libraries to maintain their position or even expand.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the statement 'People don't like reading more and more' is incorrect.


Premise: Xiao Wang and Xiao Li are now second-year students in the Department of Economics. When assessing the scholarship based on the total scores of the first-year course, it is known that they both have the same scores in the course of economic principles, while the other six courses such as English and Advanced Mathematics have slight differences. In the end, Xiao Wang won the scholarship.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Wang's lowest score is higher than Xiao Li's average, we can judge that Xiao Wang's total score is higher than Xiao Li's.


Premise: European fern is a poisonous weed that has spread and destroyed many pastures in the northern hemisphere in recent years. A cheap and self-sustaining way to deal with this weed is to introduce the plant's natural enemies. As a result, some scientists have suggested that fern-eating moths from the southern hemisphere could be re-stocked to the northern hemisphere affected by the weed as a way to control fern growth.

Hypothesis: The stocked moths were able to survive in the northern hemisphere and form a group large enough to reduce the fern population and prevent its growth is necessary for the success of the scientist's proposal to control the European fern.


Premise: As the result of human cognition, knowledge is a concept with great extension. It generally includes four levels or aspects, namely, common sense, experience generalization, scientific knowledge and philosophical knowledge. The so-called common sense mainly includes common knowledge such as sayings and proverbs, which is often not an understanding of the nature and laws of things. Scientific knowledge is a theoretical system, which is logical and systematic.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement that compared with scientific knowledge, there are many aspects of common sense that can't stand scrutiny, that is, it contains many mistakes.


Premise: All passwords of this safe are a combination of 4 Arabic numerals and 4 English letters. Known: (1) If the 4 English letters are not arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is greater than 15; (2) If the 4 English letters are arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is equal to 15; (3) ) The sum of the numbers in the password combination is either equal to 18 or less than 15.

Hypothesis: A possible combination of passwords based on the above information is 'ladbe356'.


Premise: Civil servants rights refer to the legal permission and guarantee that civil servants can perform certain behaviors, require others to perform certain behaviors or restrain certain behaviors in the process of performing their duties and state duties.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, civil servants making criticisms and suggestions to the work and leading personnel of the organs is not a civil servants right.


Premise: Tony: Few anarchists have ever performed violent actions. These few are vastly outnumbered by the violent adherents of other political ideologies. Ttherefore, the special association in the public mind between anarchism and political violence is unwarranted. Keisha: Anarchists have always been few in number, whereas other ideologies have often spawned mass movements. Ttherefore, the proportion of anarchists who are violent is possibly greater than the proportion of adherents of other ideologies who are violent.

Hypothesis: Keisha responds to Tony's argument by showing that his conclusion is questionable because he bases it on a comparison that inappropriately involves absolute numbers rather than proportions.


Premise: Day is Xiao Hong's birthday, the day after tomorrow is Xiao Wei's birthday. Their birthdays are equally far away from Sunday.

Hypothesis: Today is Wednesday if the above expression is true.


Premise: A recent survey in a key middle school shows that high school students in this school have a special preference for playing football, far more than other balls. The survey also found that students who regularly play football do better than those who do not. It can be seen that playing football regularly can improve students' academic performance.

Hypothesis: With the consent of the students' parents, the school has made a rule that only high school students whose academic performance is in the top 30% of the grade can often play football weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Wu: Jurgens is dishonest and so should not be elected mayor. Miller: I disagree with your conclusion. Jurgens should be elected mayor. Honest people usually are not tough enough to run a city.

Hypothesis: Miller's questionable reasoning in the dialogue above is most closely parallel to the following dialogue: Wu: Bailey should not be the company spokesperson. He is too aggressive. Miller: Yes, he should. Aggressive people generally do not get pushed around.


Premise: It is choking when the water is sucked into the trachea and into the lungs. If you only put some water in a person's nose without letting him inhale it, he will not choke. Elephants are a case in point. If you look carefully, you will find that when drinking water, the elephant sucks some water through its nose (not into its lungs), then raises its head and puts the water from its nose into its mouth to drink. In the process, it only uses the nose as a tool to absorb water, not as an organ to drink water.

Hypothesis: The point to be demonstrated in this paragraph is that water sucks into the trachea and lungs, it chokes.


Premise: From parchment, bamboo tube to paper, the invention of movable type printing, from Morse code, binary code to image digitization, the carrier of cultural products is becoming lighter and lighter, and the dissemination of spiritual products is becoming faster and faster. In particular, the invention and application of the Internet just broke the space-time boundary of cultural content dissemination, allowing text, video, Music can also be transmitted to any corner of the earth in an instant. At the same time, with the help of various new tools of scientific and technological innovation, people can make wonderful animation games, digital films and television, mobile newspapers, online publishing, audio books and so on at a faster speed, and create brand-new cultural industries.

Hypothesis: Scientific and technological innovation provides tools and carriers for cultural innovation is mainly explained by this passage.


Premise: Not all certified loan consultants have college degrees. Ttherefore, although every loan consultant at the local bank is certified, it must be the case that not all the loan consultants at the local bank have college degrees.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument is most similar to that exhibited by the statement that large government agencies need not be well funded because all government agencies are large but not all government agencies are well funded.


Premise: Camera manufacturers typically advertise their products by citing the resolution of their cameras' lenses, the resolution of a lens being the degree of detail the lens is capable of reproducing in the image it projects onto the film. Differences between cameras in this respect are irrelevant for practical photography, however, since all modern lenses are so excellent that they project far more detail onto the film than any photographic film is capable of reproducing in a developed image.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that advertised differences among cameras in the resolution of their lenses have no practical bearing on the cameras' relative quality as photographic tools.


Premise: Anna: Did you know that rainbows always occur opposite the sun, appearing high in the sky when the sun is low, and low in the sky when the sun is high? The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder claimed that this was so, in the first century A. D. William: His claim cannot be correct. After all, Pliny the Elder wrote that there are tribes of dogheaded people and beings with no heads or necks but with eyes on their shoulders, and said that smearing snails on your forehead cures headaches!

Hypothesis: William's argument against Anna's claims about rainbows is most vulnerable to criticism because it implies that Pliny the Elder's writings are too outdated to be of any value.


Premise: If Brazil protests to the United Nations or Chile calls for a plenary meeting of Latin American countries, Argentina will mobilize troops.

Hypothesis: Accordingly, it cannot be introduced that if Brazil does not protest to the United Nations, then Argentina will not mobilize troops.


Premise: Article 9 of my country's Law on the Protection of Juveniles stipulates: People's governments at all levels implement the management of compulsory education; it is both a statutory right and a statutory obligation. In the case of minors not filing a lawsuit, governments at all levels can rely on their powers. File a civil lawsuit.

Hypothesis: The state effectively guarantees the right of minors to education through the system can be inferred.


Premise: Pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for rare diseases suffer financial losses because sales are too small to recoup the development and production costs.

Hypothesis: Some drugs for rare diseases also have good effects on other diseases best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: The Marriage Law stipulates that any divorce is permitted if both parties voluntarily divorce. In a marriage case, only one party is willing to divorce.

Hypothesis: The court's sentence should be not sure to judge divorce.


Premise: Harm payment refers to that in the process of performance of the contract, the performance behavior of the debtor in the contractual relationship does not conform to the provisions of the contract, and such improper performance behavior causes damage to the creditor's performance interests other than personal injury or other property damage other than the target of payment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, fruit shop A wanting to buy fruit from supplier B and finding that part of the fruit sent by B has been rotten and cannot be sold does not reflect harm payment.


Premise: Although footprint fossils can not preserve the complete morphology of organisms like solid fossils, we can analyze the general morphological and behavioral characteristics of organisms from footprint fossils. In other words, when there is a lack of direct evidence, we can only use indirect evidence-footprint fossils to speculate about the environment, which animals left footprints, whether they have complex animal behavior and so on. Therefore, during the transition period from Precambrian to Cambrian, footprint fossils are particularly important.

Hypothesis: At present, the footprint fossils found in the transition period from Precambrian to Cambrian are rarer than those in other periods is a necessary premise for the establishment of the above conclusion.


Premise: At this Games, all athletes participating in the freestyle swimming participated in the breaststroke.

Hypothesis: Some athletes who did not participate in the breaststroke competition participated in the butterfly stroke can be added to say that some athletes who participated in the butterfly did not participate in the freestyle.


Premise: When an invading insect threatens an ant colony' s territory or food sources, the ants will vigorously swarm over the invader, biting or stinging it. This defensive tactic can effectively deter even aggressive flying insects, such as wasps. Ants do not attack all insects within their territory, however. For example, riodinid caterpillars commonly live harmoniously among South American ants. These caterpillars, which are a favorite prey of wasps, produce secretions the ants consume as food.

Hypothesis: The statement "Among insect species that inhabit South America, wasps are the only kinds of organism other than ants that use riodinid caterpillars as a source of food" is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: After the Second World War, the charter of the newly formed United Nations established an eleven-member Security Council and charged it with taking collective action in response to threats to world peace. The charter further provided that the five nations that were then the major powers would permanently have sole authority to cast vetoes. The reason given for this arrangement was that the burden of maintaining world peace would rest on the world' s major powers, and no nation should be required to assume the burden of enforcing a decision it found repugnant.

Hypothesis: The reason given for the structure of the Security Council assumes that decisions reached by a majority of nations in response to threats to world peace would be biased in favor of one or more major powers.


Premise: On the bus, a man opens his mouth wide and yawns. Several people around him also yawn. Some people don't yawn because they're not suggestible. Who are the most suggested? You can check this out with a simple test. Have a person extend their hands horizontally, palms up, and close their eyes. Tell him that he now has a hydrogen balloon tied to his left hand and is floating upwards; He had a large stone tied to his right hand and it was falling down. After three minutes, look at the gap between his hands. The greater the distance, the more suggestive.

Hypothesis: The main content of the text is that people are easy to be implied by information from the outside world, which leads to the deviation of self-perception.


Premise: Building a harmonious community is an important part of building a harmonious society. Only when the management system of the community is further improved can the social responsibility of the community be clarified. If the service level of the community is not improved, it can not meet the needs of the residents' rapid growth The construction of community management laws and regulations is an important prerequisite for the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community, and strengthening the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community is also conducive to the improvement of the community management system.

Hypothesis: If we do not further improve the management system of the community, we cannot be clear about the community's social responsibilities can be inferred.


Premise: The survey shows that an important factor leading to the decline of college students' academic performance is that many college students play online games. In order to improve the academic performance of college students, the school decided to prohibit playing online games on campus.

Hypothesis: College students mainly play online games in Internet cafes can most challenge the school's decision.


Premise: Ideology: a systematic idea formed on a certain socio-economic basis and representing the interests of a class or social group.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The Federation of literary and artistic circles of a province called on everyone to resist vulgar culture and purify the cultural environment in the new era' is ideological.


Premise: A few milliseconds of reaction time is critical when a speeding car needs to brake immediately. Sometimes, just a few meters away is the key to life and death. Recently, researchers used a simulated driving system and eye tracking technology to test the speed at which five groups of subjects responded to moving traffic signs. It was found that moving traffic signs did make subjects react more quickly. Therefore, they suggested that the relevant departments should replace all the original traffic warning signs with more dynamic signs in order to improve the reaction speed of drivers.

Hypothesis: The replacement of the original traffic warning signs is a huge and complicated project, which requires huge cost is the best indicator that the researchers' recommendations are not meeting their goals.


Premise: The causal link between phenomena refers to the existence of one phenomenon, others will cause another phenomenon, then there is a causal link between the two phenomena. One way to explore the causal link between phenomena is to seek the same method, which means that the phenomenon being studied appears on different occasions, and in each case, only one situation is common, then the only common situation is causally related to the phenomenon.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Psychologists have found that 75 percent of people with antisocial personalities have a narrow mind. It follows that narrow-mindedness may be the cause of antisocial personality formation' applies the method of seeking common ground based on the above definition.


Premise: Hospital auditor: The Rodriguez family stipulated that the funds they donated to the neurological clinic all be used to minimize patients' suffering. The clinic administration is clearly violating those terms, since it has allocated nearly one fifth of those funds for research into new diagnostic technologies, instead of letting that money flow directly to its patients. Clinic administrator: But the successful development of new technologies will allow early diagnosis of many neurological disorders. In most cases, patients who are treated in the early stages of neurological disorders suffer far less than do patients who are not treated until their neurological disorders reach advanced stages.

Hypothesis: The main point at issue between the hospital auditor and the clinic administrator is whether the Rodriguez family clearly stipulated that the funds they donated to the neurological clinic be used to minimize patients' suffering.


Premise: In Ankole, hima people who live on animal husbandry and IRU people who live on agricultural sanitation live together; In Arizona, the Navajo people used to live by hunting and gathering. Now they are mainly animal husbandry. They are adjacent to the Hopi people who operate agriculture; The southeast coast of Australia used to be inhabited by Aboriginal people who hunted and plundered food, but now there are Europeans engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and industry.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People have strong adaptability to the natural environment' illustrates that the author lists these facts.


Premise: Card free payment means that the payer can transfer acceptable monetary claims to the payee without reading the physical card through the acceptance equipment through the Internet, mobile Internet, wireless LAN and other channels.

Hypothesis: A university has opened the Campus All-in-one Card service, which can be used not only as a door ban card and library card, but also in restaurants and supermarkets, which is convenient for teachers and students does not belong to card free payment according to the above definition.


Premise: The solution to any environmental problem that is not the result of government mismanagement can only lie in major changes in consumer habits. But major changes in consumer habits will occur only if such changes are economically enticing. As a result, few serious ecological problems will be solved unless the solutions are made economically enticing.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the argument above follows logically if the assumption that most environmental problems that are not the result of government mismanagement are major ecological problems is made.


Premise: Although tales of wonder and the fantastic are integral to all world literatures, only recently has the fantasy genre had a commercial resurgence in North America. During the last 20 years, sales of fantasy-fiction books written for adults have gone from 1 to 10 percent of total adult-fiction sales. At the same time, the number of favorable reviews of fantasy books has increased markedly. Some booksellers say that the increased sales of fantasy books written for adults can be traced to the increased favorable attention given the genre by book reviewers.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that 'few readers of fantasy fiction read book reviews, and even fewer select books to purchase on the basis of those reviews' undermines the booksellers' explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults.


Premise: The Dai bamboo buildings in Xishuangbanna use square columns to raise their houses to prevent moisture and mosquito blood harassment. The reason why square columns are used instead of circular columns is to prevent snakes from climbing into the bamboo buildings.

Hypothesis: The assumption of the above statement is likely to be that snakes cannot crawl around square posts.


Premise: This year, 11 college entrance examination champions were rejected by the University of Hong Kong due to unsatisfactory interview results. This is the same phenomenon as mainland universities chasing high-scoring candidates for recruiting champion candidates, and the phenomenon of champion scholars in the college entrance examination. There is a sharp contrast. This move has caused a great uproar, and the media have pointed the finger at examination-oriented education. The author believes that the admissions of Hong Kong University and quality education are not directly related. They only admit students according to their own requirements. This kind of standard is only the standard of Hong Kong.as to whether it is the best or whether it is suitable for the situation in the mainland. it's a matter of opinion.

Hypothesis: The opinion supported by the author is that the admission criteria of the University of Hong Kong are not the best criteria for selecting students.


Premise: Nutritionists believe that a person' s daily requirement for vitamins can readily be met by eating five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. However, most people eat far less than this. Thus, most people need to take vitamin pills.

Hypothesis: Many commonly consumed foods that are neither fruits nor vegetables are fortified by manufacturers with the vitamins found in fruits and vegetables most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Internationally, there is no lack of government led establishment of social groups. The purpose of government led establishment of social groups is to expand the scope and space of their functions. Some people call such non-governmental organizations governmental non-governmental organizations, which objectively often become quasi departments performing certain functions of the executive government.

Hypothesis: Many governments led social organizations can often perform government functions is directly supported by the above paragraph.


Premise: Wang Ping is the manager of the Phoenix Company. All of Li Qiang's friends work in the Phoenix Company. Hu Bin is a friend of Li Qiang. Some employees in the Phoenix Company are from Hunan, and all the employees in the Phoenix Company are college students.

Hypothesis: Hu Bin is a college student is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart's show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease.

Hypothesis: The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to question whether the number of patrons attracted by the Hart Institute's Rembrandt etchings will be larger than the number of patrons who do not come in the spring because Venus is on loan.


Premise: Civil juristic acts refer to the legal acts of citizens or legal persons to establish, modify, and terminate civil rights and civil obligations, including civil juristic acts with a time limit and civil juristic acts with conditions. The conditions attached to a civil juristic act are agreed by the actor to occur in the future Uncertain legal facts. A civil juristic act with a time limit refers to a civil juristic act in which a certain period is agreed in a civil juristic act, and the arrival of that period is a prerequisite for the occurrence, modification, and elimination of the actor's civil rights, obligations.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A said to B, "If the sun rises from the west, I will give you a house" is a conditional civil legal act.


Premise: Motto: Originally refers to the aphorisms written on the side of the seat to motivate, alert and restrain one's behavior. Later, one or a few aphorisms that are remembered by a person or often remind oneself are also called a motto.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, the statement 'If nature knows, it will perceive the immutable law of prosperity and decline. It is the inevitable law of the development of human society to change, develop and advance constantly' is not suitable for use as a motto.


Premise: Prions are structurally abnormal proteins that force normal proteins to take the same misfolded shape and spread through tissues like infectious diseases. This is another disease-causing pathogen discovered by human beings after realizing that bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma and other microorganisms can cause disease. Therefore, if you want to successfully develop effective treatments, you need to target (targeted) active prions rather than large amounts of proteins in dead plaques and entanglements.

Hypothesis: The statement "Diseases caused by prions can be effectively treated" can be inferred from this paragraph.


Premise: Dietitian: Eating fish can lower one' s cholesterol level. In a study of cholesterol levels and diet, two groups were studied. The first group ate a balanced diet including two servings of fish per week. The second group ate a very similar diet, but ate no fish. The first group showed lower cholesterol levels, on average, than the second group. The two groups had displayed similar average cholesterol levels prior to the study.

Hypothesis: The claim that the two groups had displayed similar average cholesterol levels prior to the study provides background information on the purpose of the study.


Premise: In the past, the question of all enterprises was the same question; What should I do and what can I do to make money? After joining the WTO, the question has become: What can I do to be the best?

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the past, the industry was divided into good and bad, but now only the good and bad of the enterprise are divided' gives the most plausible explanation for the shift in the above question.


Premise: Last year Comfort Airlines had twice as many delayed flights as the year before, but the number of complaints from passengers about delayed flights went up three times. It is unlikely that this disproportionate increase in complaints was rooted in an increase in overall dissatisfaction with the service Comfort Airlines provides, since the airline made a special effort to improve other aspects of its service last year.

Hypothesis: The average length of a flight delay being greater last year than it was the year before most helps to explain the disproportionate increase in customer complaints.


Premise: An offer is a proposal made to one or more specific persons to conclude a contract. If its content is very definite and indicates that the offeror has the intention to be bound by its offer once it is accepted. Typical case: on June 8, 2016, Party A sent a telegram to Party B, we have a batch of canned grapes here, do you need it? and received a reply from Party B the next day: If necessary, please give details of the goods and price. Party A sent a power message on June 13: 1500 cases of canned grapes, 545g tin skin, 20 bottles per case, unit price of each bottle is 2.10 yuan, the quality meets the national standard, and the freight of the whole batch of goods is 1200 yuan After receiving the power, Party B called back and requested to change the 545g tin sheet to 300g tin sheet, and requested delivery in the middle of August, and payment at sight. On June 17, considering that the quantity of 300g tin sheet in its inventory was small, Party A had difficulties in delivery in the middle of August and could not meet the needs of Party B, so Party A sent a power generation to tell Party B: we only have 545g tin sheet, which can be delivered in the middle of August. Party B called back on June 21: You sent us a telegram on June 17. We agree. Please also consider the goods with a scale of 300g tin sheet.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, there are 3 offers in the above cases.


Premise: Purebred dogs are prone to genetically determined abnormalities. Although such abnormalities often can be corrected by surgery, the cost can reach several thousand dollars. Since nonpurebred dogs rarely suffer from genetically determined abnormalities, potential dog owners who want to reduce the risk of incurring costly medical bills for their pets would be well advised to choose nonpurebred dogs.

Hypothesis: Most genetically determined abnormalities in dogs do not seriously affect a dog's general well-being most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: A company' s two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.

Hypothesis: Regarding the past three years, it can properly be inferred from the statement above that total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.


Premise: Dai Wei has hardly suffered from stomach trouble after eating milk-made food. Just because he occasionally had stomach pain after eating the milk-made food, it was concluded that his allergy to milk-made food was unreasonable.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although many people can lose weight through a short-term diet, it is unreasonable to believe that such a diet is effective for weight loss' is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Nowadays, biotechnology is causing a new revolution in the field of medicine and health. People are looking forward to using bioengineering technology to produce effective therapeutic drugs. Some biologically active substances with specific therapeutic effects, such as enzymes, hormones, vaccines, interferons, immunoglobulins, Interleukins, growth factors, etc., traditional production processes are mainly extracted from animal organs, blood and urine. Due to limited resources and minimal content, the use of high-purity separation processes is difficult and expensive. These problems can be solved well by producing these drugs by biological genetic engineering methods.

Hypothesis: The high-purity separation process is difficult and expensive has the most accurate understanding of these problems.


Premise: The principle of prudence is not respect for science, but a pragmatic attitude towards the application of science. The achievement of scientific research achievements and their social recognition often represent huge empirical interests or even the lifelong achievements of scientists, so it is difficult to ensure that scientists will not relax the requirements of scientific principles and break the rules; the socialization of scientific research achievements is often linked to the interests of enterprises, enterprises will inevitably deliberately conceal the harm when pursuing profits. Because of the unknown factors and dangers of scientific research, the difficulty and time span of discovery are too large, even if scientists and enterprises adhere to moral principles, it is difficult to guarantee that the potential harm of scientific research achievements can be found.

Hypothesis: The incidental economic benefits of science corrupt the spirit of science is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'The world is becoming more and more urbanized, so people should not continue to live poetically in the countryside' is an objective-value fallacy.


Premise: The shoe factory in Centerville is the town' s largest firm, and it employs more unskilled workers on a full-time basis than all of the other businesses in town combined. Ttherefore, if the shoe factory closes down and ceases all operations, more than half of Centerville' s residents who are unskilled workers with full-time jobs in Centerville will lose their jobs.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above logically follows from the premises if it is assumed that there are no factories in Centerville other than the shoe factory.


Premise: Most small children are flat-footed. This failure of the foot to assume its natural arch, if it persists past early childhood can sometimes result in discomfort and even pain later in life. Traditionally, flat-footedness in children has been treated by having the children wear special shoes that give extra support to the foot, in order to foster the development of the arch.

Hypothesis: Many small children who have normal feet wear the same special shoes as those worn by flat-footed children most calls into question the efficacy of the traditional treatment described above.


Premise: Biotechnology companies say that voluntary guidelines for their industry are sufficient to ensure that no harm will result when a genetically altered organism is released into the environment. It is foolish, however, to rely on assurances from producers of genetically altered organisms that their products will not be harmful. Ttherefore, a biotechnology company should be required to apply to an independent regulatory board composed of scientists outside the biotechnology industry for the right to sell newly created organisms.

Hypothesis: The principle 'People who engage in an activity and have a financial stake in that activity should not be the sole regulators of that activity' most strongly justifies drawing the conclusion above.


Premise: Trancorp currently transports all its goods to Burland Island by truck. The only bridge over the channel separating Burland from the mainland is congested, and trucks typically spend hours in traffic. Trains can reach the channel more quickly than trucks, and freight cars can be transported to Burland by barges that typically cross the channel in an hour. Ttherefore, to reduce shipping time, Trancorp plans to switch to trains and barges to transport goods to Burland.

Hypothesis: Whether loading the freight cars onto barges is very time consuming would be most important to know in determining whether Trancorp's plan, if implemented, is likely to achieve its goal.


Premise: Bacteriophage is a kind of bacteria, which can prey on bacteria. At present, with the development of medical implantation technology, more and more patients receive medical implants such as urinary catheters and cardiac stents, but it also brings the risk of bacterial infection. Therefore, some researchers believe that if bacteriophages are adsorbed on the surface of implant materials and then were put into patients, the infection caused by implants could be avoided.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After entering the body, some bacteriophages cannot adapt to the body fluid environment, so they cannot maintain their activity' can most weaken the above conclusion if it is true.


Premise: Golden collar refers to the advanced scientific and technical personnel who master modern science and technology and can create a lot of wealth and thus have a higher income.

Hypothesis: Microsoft programmer is golden collar according to the above definition.


Premise: In the first phase of the Industrial Revolution, machines were invented whose main advantage was that they worked faster than human workers. This technology became widely used because it was economically attractive; many unskilled workers could be replaced by just a few skilled workers. Today managers are looking for technology that will allow them to replace highly paid skilled workers with a smaller number of less-skilled workers.

Hypothesis: The proposition that 'Technology eliminates many jobs but also creates just as many jobs' is best illustrated by the examples presented above.


Premise: Conservationists have established land reserves to preserve the last remaining habitat for certain species whose survival depends on the existence of such habitat. A grove of trees in Mexico that provide habitat for North American monarch butterflies in winter is a typical example of such a land reserve. If global warming occurs as predicted, however, the temperature bands within which various types of vegetation can grow will shift into regions that are currently cooler.

Hypothesis: If global warming occurs rapidly, species of plants and animals now protected in conservation land reserves will move to inhabit areas that are currently used for agriculture, is the most supported conclusion given the information provided.


Premise: Linguist: Only if a sentence can be diagrammed is it grammatical. Any grammatical sentence is recognized as grammatical by speakers of its language. Speaker X' s sentence can be diagrammed. So, speaker X' s sentence will be recognized as grammatical by speakers of its language.

Hypothesis: The statement 'some ungrammatical sentences are diagrammable' is the reason that the linguist's reasoning is flawed.


Premise: Infectious disease outbreaks among wild animals due to virus invasion. A new study found that animals living in tropical, subtropical or low-altitude areas are at constant risk of infectious diseases due to their hot living environment. Animals living at low temperatures, such as high latitudes and altitudes, used to be protected from viruses because of long winters, but now winters are getting warmer and shorter. As a result, rising temperatures will exacerbate outbreaks of infectious diseases in wildlife.

Hypothesis: Cold climates may protect wild animals from viruses, while hot climates are more likely to cause wild animals to become infected with viruses, if true, best supports the above statement.


Premise: Fluoride enters a region' s groundwater when rain dissolves fluoride-bearing minerals in the soil. In a recent study, researchers found that when rainfall, concentrations of fluoride-bearing minerals, and other relevant variables are held constant, fluoride concentrations in groundwater are significantly higher in areas where the groundwater also contains a high concentration of sodium.

Hypothesis: Sodium in groundwater increases the rate at which fluoride-bearing minerals dissolve can most reasonably be concluded on the basis of the researchers' findings.


Premise: Court analyst: Courts should not allow the use of DNA tests in criminal cases. There exists considerable controversy among scientific experts about how reliable these tests are. Unless there is widespread agreement in the scientific community about how reliable a certain test is, it is unreasonable for the courts to allow evidence based on that test.

Hypothesis: The court analyst's reasoning is flawed because it fails to take into account that experts may agree that the tests are highly reliable while disagreeing about exactly how reliable they are.


Premise: Material economy is an economy with material resources as the main labor resources. The primitive economy is the primitive material economy, the agricultural economy is the economy based on biological material resources, and the industrial economy is the advanced stage of material economic development. Knowledge economy is a new economic form relative to material economy, which is based on knowledge resources. The prerequisite for the establishment of knowledge economy is the high development of industrial economy, and industrial economy is based on science and technology, so without the high development and wide application of science and technology, material economy can not be transformed into knowledge economy.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that if science and technology are highly developed and widely used, material economy can be transformed into knowledge economy.


Premise: In the cinema chain in the United States, whether it is a blockbuster movie or a low-cost production, the ticket price is the same. This does not seem to be in line with the economic theory that the size of demand determines the price. Some researchers pointed out that the ticket prices of all movies released in any theater at the same time were the same, and this phenomenon formed in the 1970s. This is not only the case in the film industry, but also sports events and performances. Although in certain times and in certain regions, mobile pricing can make film companies and theaters obtain higher revenue, but for theaters, keeping the same ticket prices for different movies still has more advantages than disadvantages.

Hypothesis: The main reference factors for the US film industry to determine ticket prices is most likely to be said next in this passage.


Premise: If Xiao Zhao goes on a trip, then Xiao Qian, Xiao Sun and Xiao Li will go together.

Hypothesis: If Xiao Sun didn't travel, then Xiao Zhao and Xiao Li wouldn't both go is also true if the above assertion is true.


Premise: Shake and shake to make friends, Shake and shake to find a restaurant, and Shake and shake to karaoke have become the new lifestyles of people in the era of smartphones. However, the locations that are shaken during the process of shake and shake are often different from reality. The difference is a lot, ranging from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. This often brings users finding trouble in large cities with densely distributed buildings. With the development of Internet technology, cloud computing may be able to help this problem and provide a solution. Experts believe that cloud computing can provide positioning accuracy services. The location service that it combines with positioning navigation can make the positioning accuracy reach 1 meter. As the main theme of the information industry, cloud computing brings people's lives unexpected changes have come, and it has served various groups more and more deeply, and even changed the consumption patterns of the entire society.

Hypothesis: The main point of this text is that cloud computing makes precise positioning possible.


Premise: Someone said: It is impossible that all people will vote for him.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Maybe all the people will vote for him' is the closest to the meaning of the above judgement.


Premise: The development of contemporary economy no longer depends mainly on labor. For example, in the United States, the whole information superhighway project will take 20 years, with a total investment of 400 billion US dollars. It will cost $200 billion to install high-capacity fiber-optic lines for all 95 million homes.

Hypothesis: The future economic development process is a capital-intensive process is correct.


Premise: If a crisis occurs, the company can take very effective measures to eliminate the crisis, which can actually increase the company's reputation. A very good reputation may be destroyed in an instant because of an incident; while a bad reputation often takes a long time to eliminate it.

Hypothesis: It's harder to eliminate a bad reputation than it is to earn a good one is most supported by the statement that it is easier to destroy a good reputation than to eliminate a bad one.


Premise: Artificial intelligence can imitate human intelligence and behavior, perceive the environment and make decisions and plans in a complex and changeable unknown environment, so as to actively perform tasks or complete set goals.

Hypothesis: The assembly line robot belongs to the category of artificial intelligence according to the definition.


Premise: A new computer system will not significantly increase an organization' s efficiency unless the computer system requires the organization' s employees to adopt new, more productive ways of working. The Ministry of Transportation is having a new computer system custom built to fit the ministry' s existing ways of working, so__

Hypothesis: The new computer system will not increase the efficiency of the Ministry of Transportation to any appreciable degree most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Only those with good logical thinking ability and physics major background can be qualified for this position.

Hypothesis: Doctor Of physics Xiao Zhao is qualified for this post can't be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Morton: In order to succeed in today' s society, one must have a college degree. Skeptics have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. This success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful.

Hypothesis: Morton's argument is flawed because it assumes what it sets out to conclude.


Premise: Some people believe that if a country can operate its economy efficiently, it will definitely be able to create wealth and become rich: if such a country wants to maintain political stability, the wealth it creates must be fairly distributed; the fair distribution of wealth will end economic risk; however, the existence of risk is an indispensable prerequisite for the efficient operation of the economy.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that can be drawn from the above view point is that a country's political stability and economically efficient operation cannot coexist.


Premise: A sports arena is considering a new stadium design, one in which each block of seats would be in an enclosed weather-proof room with a view of the playing field and a large screen TV showing the action of play, including the instant replays typical of television broadcasts of sports games. The developer reasons that exposure to elements and lack of access to instant replays significantly limits the typical spectator' s enjoyment of the live game.

Hypothesis: This stadium design would be unlikely to increase the pleasure the spectators take from live games if they enjoyed watching the game without interruptions from other spectators.


Premise: Every year, a magazine publishes a ranking of car sales for the year. Management consultants believe that this ranking should not be the basis for each consumer to decide which car to buy.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Different consumers should determine different car purchase standards according to their actual conditions' would best support the management consultant's point of view.


Premise: A chemical plant produces an insecticide that makes small mammals such as otters infertile. After the factory began operation, the incidence of infertility of an otter living in a nearby river increased rapidly. Therefore, the factory must have polluted the river when producing pesticides.

Hypothesis: The bacteria that cause tetanus live in the digestive tract of horses. Tetanus is a highly contagious disease. Therefore, horses must be more likely to catch tetanus than most other animals contains a reasoning error that is most similar to the one above.


Premise: Many mountain climbers regard climbing Mount Everest as the ultimate achievement. But climbers should not attempt this climb since the risk of death or serious injury in an Everest expedition is very high. Moreover, the romantic notion of gaining spiritual discovery atop Everest is dispelled by climbers' reports that the only profound experiences they had at the top were of exhaustion and fear.

Hypothesis: The principle that mountain climbers and other athletes should carefully examine the underlying reasons they have for participating in their sports most helps to justify the reasoning above, if valid.


Premise: National civil servants: refer to persons who represent the country or government, are engaged in the management of public affairs, and provide public services. According to the Civil Servants Law that came into effect on January 1, 2006, civil servants in my country refer to all levels of state administrative agencies Workers other than workers.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a village committee member does not belong to the ranks of civil servants.


Premise: Serpentine rock soil is dry and low in nutrients, and usually contains heavy metal elements such as nickel and chromium that are toxic to most species. Researchers have found that a population of Arabidopsis plants grow in serpentine rock soil, which is bad for them. It is said that it is a very extreme environment. Some researchers have analyzed the genes of this Arabidopsis plant and believe that they have borrowed some beneficial genes from the relatives that grow nearby to help them cope with the extreme environment. However, some opponents believe that this Arabidopsis plant adapts to the environment by obtaining genetic variation through the original genetic variation.

Hypothesis: A characteristic gene fragment from nearby relatives was detected in Arabidopsis plants growing in serpentine soil, which enhanced tolerance to heavy metals weakens the opponent's point of view.


Premise: Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons; so alligators must be air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeletons.

Hypothesis: The argument above most resembles the statement 'Green plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen back into the air; so it follows that grass takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen into the air' in terms of its logical features.


Premise: Zoologist: Plants preferentially absorb heavy nitrogen from rainwater. Heavy nitrogen consequently becomes concentrated in the tissues of herbivores, and animals that eat meat in turn exhibit even higher concentrations of heavy nitrogen in their bodily tissues. We compared bone samples from European cave bears of the Ice Age with blood samples from present-day bears fed meat-enriched diets, and the levels of heavy nitrogen present in these samples were identical. Thus, the prehistoric European cave bears were not exclusively herbivores.

Hypothesis: Bone samples from present-day bears fed meat-enriched diets exhibit the same levels of heavy nitrogen as do their blood samples would most strengthen the zoologist's argument.


Premise: Due to the emergence of the information revolution, our educational theory and model are facing a great change and challenge at the turn of the century. In the next few years, interactive multimedia system will be widely used in the educational field because of its rich functions, powerful influence, convenience and cheapness, thus setting off a new type of educational revolution.

Hypothesis: The central idea of this passage is that the function of multimedia is very powerful.


Premise: The defects of traditional Keynesianism and the achievements and mistakes of neoclassicism inspire some scholars to construct microcosmic-based macroeconomics and find another way to make empirical analysis of labor market and product market.Based on the wage price rigidity and market clearing hypothesis, they take the neoclassical wage price activity flexibility and market clearing hypothesis and combine it with the re-Keynesian conclusion in the macro output and employment decision theory. in this way, new-Keynesianism came into being.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of the preceding paragraph is that New Keynesianism is to replace the neoclassical hypothesis with the hypothesis of wage, price rigidity and non market clearing.


Premise: The group-buying industry does have the worry of terminal illness. From the realistic environment of the group-buying industry, in the short term, the capital is drying up day by day, the endogenous development is weak and the industry reshuffle storm is approaching. In a chaotic pattern, only with the continuous occurrence of death cases can we clarify the market, prevent Bad money drives out good, and blow all the sand before we see gold. At the same time, the author believes that the heavy lessons of the dead will stimulate the survival desire of the living. I hope that when death begins to fall on the group-buying industry, the collapse of peers can touch the souls of valuable survivors, push each other and themselves, show compassion, and reflect on themselves in order to find ways to strengthen their bodies. For the whipping of capital, the followers of the group-buying industry do not expect the public to sympathize with you: good products and valuable services are the best media to interact with the public; only the soul of innovation is immortal, can Phoenix Nirvana.

Hypothesis: The option 'Full of expectation' does not accord with the author's attitude towards group buying.


Premise: Chili peppers relieve indigestion. People who suffer from indigestion after a spicy meal may be shocked and can't believe it. However, this is the conclusion drawn by Italian experts through experiments. They gave the subjects with indigestion a pill containing chili ingredients before meals, and after five weeks, 60% of the subjects' discomfort symptoms were relieved.

Hypothesis: The statement "In this experiment, 5% of the subjects had aggravated their discomfort symptoms" can best refute the above experimental conclusions.


Premise: A medical journal used a questionnaire survey to determine whether a particular change in its format would increase its readership. Sixty-two percent of those who returned the questionnaire supported that change. On the basis of this outcome, the decision was made to introduce the new format.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It was determined that the new format would be less costly than the old format' would provide the best evidence that the journal's decision will have the desired effect.


Premise: In 2014, many stars were arrested by the police for drug-related activities. On August 13, Beijing performance industry associations and major performance companies signed the Anti-Drug commitment of Beijing Performing Arts, promising not to hire or organize drug-related artists to participate in performing arts activities. In response to the query that this practice is suspected of discrimination in employment, a lawyer replied: there is no discrimination in employment, because there are many other occupations to choose from.

Hypothesis: According to the lawyer, anyone who discriminates in employment can defend himself as he did is the logical problem in the lawyer's answer.


Premise: A country's demographic agency predicts that by 2031, the country's population will fall below 127 million, and the population will decrease by 24 million in the next 40 years. To this end, the country's government has introduced a series of policies to encourage childbirth. In recent years, the total population of the country has stabilized. As of June 1, 2014, the population was 146.1 milli. The population growth from January to May 2014 was 59,100, with a growth rate of 0.04%. Therefore, some experts believe that the country's policy of encouraging childbirth has achieved the desired effect.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If the country's government does not introduce policies to encourage childbirth, the total child population will continue to decline' would best strengthen the above point of view.


Premise: While sales of other highly fuel-efficient automobiles are in decline, sales of the Hydro are rising. The Hydro' s manufacturers attribute its success to the Hydro' s price and very low fuel consumption. However, the Hydro is comparable in price and fuel efficiency to its competitors, so it is more likely that its success is due to the fact that people want to appear environmentally conscious to their neighbors.

Hypothesis: The Hydro is recognizable as environmentally friendly in a way that its competitors are not is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: The key is unlocked and the lock is the problem. The key that can open the lock is the useful key and the management that can solve the problem is the effective management. There are all kinds of locks and keys. Trying to open ten thousand locks with one key can only be ideal, not reality. Although the principle of the key is universal, whether it is really effective or not lies in being good at thinking. Lock has division of labor, division of labor is not separation, authorization is not loss of power. A remote control is required for authorization. Remote control should choose its important ones, grasp the leading aspects of principal contradictions and contradictions, control head, that is, control thought and behavior, and foot, that is, control resources and funds. This is the key: no matter how useful it is, no matter how complicated the operation is.

Hypothesis: The statement "Understand the laws of things, grasp the pulse of the times and promote the development of the key" is the most appropriate summary of this passage.


Premise: In setting environmental standards for industry and others to meet, it is inadvisable to require the best results that state-of-the-art technology can achieve. Current technology is able to detect and eliminate even extremely minute amounts of contaminants, but at a cost that is exorbitant relative to the improvement achieved. So it would be reasonable instead to set standards by taking into account all of the current and future risks involved.

Hypothesis: The argument given concerning the reasonable way to set standards presupposes that there are effective ways to take into account all of the relevant risks posed by allowing different levels of contaminants.


Premise: Zhao section chief and Qian section chief's ability is stronger than sun section chief, Li section chief's ability is inferior to sun section chief and Sun section chief's ability.

Hypothesis: If the ability of director sun is not as good as that of director Zhou, then the worst option is Section Chief Zhou.


Premise: Game refers to the process of maximizing benefits and minimizing risk cost by relying on the information held by each participant under certain rules and under the environment of direct interaction. Among them, cooperative game refers to the participants from their own interests to negotiate with other participants to reach an agreement or form an alliance. The results of which are beneficial to both sides of the alliance; Non - cooperative game means that participants cannot reach binding agreements when choosing actions.

Hypothesis: The more people on both sides involved in the tug-of-war, the less effort each person actually puts into it is the cooperative game.


Premise: A scientific study provides evidence that crows are capable of recognizing threatening people and can even pass their concerns on to other crows. Researchers wearing rubber caveman masks trapped wild crows and then released them in the same area. Years later, people wearing the same masks near where the crows had been trapped were shrieked at and dive-bombed by crows.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that some of the crows that shrieked at and dive-bombed people wearing the masks were not among the crows that had been trapped.


Premise: Driver: My friends say I will one day have an accident because I drive my sports car recklessly. But I have done some research, and apparently minivans and larger sedans have very low accident rates compared to sports cars. So trading my sports car in for a minivan would lower my risk of having an accident.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the driver's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument infers a cause from a mere correlation.


Premise: In the face of the chronic social and psychological illness of teenagers' Internet addiction, people from all walks of life have been trying to find countermeasures. Relevant scientific research has explained the mechanism of game addiction from different angles such as biomedicine, psychology and sociology, and sought the corresponding mechanism of intervention and governance. From the point of view of biomedicine, biochemical scientists have found that game addiction should be treated as a disease of the cerebral neurodopamine system; psychologists have revealed from a large number of case studies that game addiction mostly comes from defective personality, cognitive deviation, and specific defense mechanisms that balance the inner world with the impact of external reality. Sociological research focuses on the environmental factors of life events such as national policy, social environment, family education, parent-child relationship, school teaching, social communication style and so on.

Hypothesis: Psychologists put forward countermeasures to solve teenagers' Internet addiction is the option that the author is most likely to describe next.


Premise: As a strict economic concept, innovation specifically refers to the behavior of enterprises to obtain profits with new products, new services, new markets, new management and business models.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the core technology of deep diving of Jiaolong manned submersible is not an innovation in the concept of economics.


Premise: When it comes to the impact of ocean acidification, the treasure crab with a fishery value of about 2.20 dollars per year may be impacted by the reduction of its own food source and will face a strong downturn in the next 50 years. However, pteropods, copepods and small marine organisms with shells vulnerable to acidification may experience a slight decline because they are rich enough to withstand most of the impact. At the same time, marine mammals and seabirds are less affected by ocean acidification.

Hypothesis: Ocean acidification has little impact on marine life can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Just look at the growing machine replacement craze, in the current tight labor supply background, it has not seen an obvious negative impact on employment. Moreover, the deepening of the industry and the refinement of the division of labor brought about by the scientific and technological revolution may lead to more job opportunities. But the categorical denial that there is no contradiction between machine replacement and full employment is overly optimistic. At present, employees who engage in repetitive, routine and high-risk jobs are most likely to be eliminated in the man-machine competition. In the face of the renewal of science and technology, we should not easily give up the traditional manufacturing industry which is conducive to increasing employment in the structural reform, and we also need to speed up the development of modern service industries that are conducive to absorbing the employed population.

Hypothesis: Scientific and technological renewal can provide new ideas for alleviating the current employment pressure tells the gist of the passage.


Premise: A wise choice is better than blind persistence. The ancients said that meeting a bad thing may be a good thing on the other hand. Choice is the wisdom and foresight to act according to your ability; to give up is the decisiveness and courage to take into account the overall situation. Everyone is the only director of his own life, only those who learn to choose and give up can fully understand life, laugh at life, and have a broad realm of life.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, it is incorrect to say that "life is a play, so give up when you should, don't be too persistent."


Premise: Explaining causality: It refers to explaining the causal connection among certain facts.

Hypothesis: A serious illness forcing Lao Zhang to leave his beloved job early is not an explaining causality.


Premise: In interpersonal communication, people always find that people who do good deeds are always easy to suffer losses, and even suffer disasters, while bad people often take advantage, so that they get prosperous. So gradually people stop doing good deeds and act on their own private interests as the only standard. Some philosophers concluded that this standard is the natural law of human life.

Hypothesis: Those close to cinnabar will turn red, and those close to ink will turn black is most irrelevant to the above conclusion.


Premise: Surrendering refers to the behavior of a criminal who takes the initiative to confess the crime to the public security organ, the people's procuratorate, the people's court or other relevant units after committing a crime, and is willing to accept legal action.

Hypothesis: Li going to the public security agency with his parents to confess his crime after many persuasion from his parents is a typical surrendering behavior.


Premise: Some plants need low temperature to blossom, grow and bear fruit. The effect of low temperature induction to promote plant flowering and bearing fruit is called vernalization principle.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, onion flowering affects its quality and high temperature treatment of overwintering bulbs before planting in spring can reduce its ability to feel low temperature, so as to obtain larger bulbs do not use the vernalization principle.


Premise: Surveys show that in China, men are increasingly buying and using skin care products such as facial cleansers and toners, as well as cosmetics such as concealer or BB cream. At the promotion meeting of a large shopping mall, all the cosmetics on display are for men, and the shopping guides are all men with exquisite makeup. Within one hour of the Double Eleven in 2019, the transaction volume of male cosmetics by a large e-commerce company reached 44 times that of the same period of the previous year. The rapid growth of China's male cosmetics market is a reflection of consumer demand.

Hypothesis: More and more Chinese men are buying and using cosmetics can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Storytelling appears to be a universal aspect of both past and present cultures. Comparative study of traditional narratives from widely separated epochs and diverse cultures reveals common themes such as creation, tribal origin, mystical beings and quasi-historical figures, and common story types such as fables and tales in which animals assume human personalities.

Hypothesis: The evidence cited above from the study of traditional narratives most supports the statement that storytellers have long understood that the narrative is a universal aspect of human culture.


Premise: Parents worry that their children's over-reliance on mobile phones will damage their eyesight and see bad information. However, it is worth noting that, in addition to the influence of these shallow levels, the most important thing is that mobile learning improves students' information search ability, but also neglects the training of students' analytical ability and creative ability because of the availability of answers. these are the most important and core parts of learning.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that mobile learning is disadvantageous to training analysis and creativity.


Premise: The governmental archives of a country recently freed from dictatorship contain no material incriminating the country' s most notorious dictator in certain crimes that political observers believed him to have instigated. In fact, the archives contain documents implicating others in these crimes. Ttherefore, even though this dictator was probably guilty of many other crimes, the political observers' belief that he was also guilty of these crimes is almost certainly wrong.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to justify its presumption about the reliability of the archives as a source of information regarding the dictator's criminal involvement.


Premise: If a President is elected, then he or she won the nomination of a major party and received at least 270 Electoral College votes, even if he or she did not win the popular vote.

Hypothesis: No President has received less than 270 Electoral College votes must be true.


Premise: At an economics seminar, experts and scholars who attended the meeting expressed their views in response to the current domestic consumer price increase. An economist pointed out that this round of price increases is mainly manifested in the increase in food prices. The fundamental reason lies in excess liquidity, which is manifested by excessive currency input. These excess funds need to find a way out for investment, so there will be investment or economic overheating. Excess liquidity is a hidden danger for current price increases.

Hypothesis: The statement 'What caused this round of consumer price increases is still under further study' can weaken the economist's view.


Premise: Any unsubstantiated testimony of witness is not the basis for jurors to make a judgment. Because in general, it is wise to highly suspect that anyone has no evidence for litigation requests, but jurors should not trust their common experience in order to be consistent that declare the defendant guilty based on all unconfirmed confessions.

Hypothesis: For those accused of crimes and easy to be hinted, it is difficult for them to determine their memories of the past, so they finally accept accusations against them supports the above view.


Premise: At present, the materials used in artificial joints are no more than metal and plastic. As potassium, sodium, chlorine and other chemicals in the human body may cause corrosion and rust of metal materials and aging of plastics, the chemical properties of selected metals and plastics must be highly stable.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that metals and plastics with high chemical stability must be selected in the manufacture of artificial joints.


Premise: Moral hazard: After a certain contract, the agent conducts activities under the condition that the principal cannot supervise or the supervision cost exceeds the supervision benefit, and this kind of activity will bring losses to the principal.

Hypothesis: The behavior of people who have bought property insurance not wanting to spend money to reinforce the door lock is not a moral hazard according to the above definition.


Premise: When the Meng / Guan team won the championship at the Athens Olympic Games, there were two more pairs of athletes and they reached the finish line almost at the same time. Before the Beijing Olympic Games, it was predicted that although the Meng / Guan team did not reach their best form, it was possible to win the gold medal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The results of the Meng / Guan group and those two couples are far better than those of the other contestants' does not improve the probability of Meng / Guan winning the championship in the Beijing Olympic Games.


Premise: Art restorers who have been studying the factors that cause Renaissance oil paintings to deteriorate physically when subject to climatic changes have found that the oil paint used in these paintings actually adjusts to these changes well. The restorers ttherefore hypothesize that it is a layer of material called gesso, which is under the paint, that causes the deterioration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Renaissance oil paintings with a thin layer of gesso are less likely to show deterioration in response to climatic changes than those with a thicker layer' most strongly supports the restorers' hypothesis.


Premise: Electronic cigarettes should not be subject to the same regulation as other products that contain nicotine. Recent studies indicate that electronic cigarettes help people quit smoking by providing nicotine without the harmful tar and additive chemicals. Although electronic cigarettes also contain their own additives, they are much less harmful in the short-term than traditional cigarettes. People who smoke electronic cigarettes are ten times less likely to die from cancer than smokers of traditional cigarettes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The current regulations are designed to prevent children from using nicotine' most weakens the argument.


Premise: Increasing the electrical load carried on a transmission line increases the line' s temperature, and too great a load will cause the line to exceed its maximum operating temperature. The line' s temperature is also affected by wind speed and direction: Strong winds cool the line more than light winds, and wind blowing across a line cools it more than does wind blowing parallel to it.

Hypothesis: The electrical load that a transmission line can carry without reaching its maximum operating temperature increases when the wind speed increases is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Moralist: TV talk shows are contributing to the moral decline in our country. By constantly being shown the least moral people in our society, viewers begin to think that such people are the norm, and that there is something wrong with being morally upright. TV talk show host: Well, if there is such a decline, it' s not because of TV talk shows: we simply show people what they want to see. What can be wrong with letting the viewers decide? Furthermore, if restrictions were put on my show, that would amount to censorship, which is wrong.

Hypothesis: The moralist's and the TV talk show host's statements provide the most support for holding that they disagree about whether TV talk shows should be censored.


Premise: Pi type talent refers to a compound talent who possesses at least two professional skills and can integrate multiple knowledge. The two vertical columns of Pi refer to two professional skills and the bar above refers to the integration of multiple knowledge.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Mr. Cao is a Pi type talent.


Premise: The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale--the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance. Musicologists ttherefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale' most strongly supports the hypothesis.


Premise: A very popular ice-cream shop recently raised the price of an ice-cream soda by $0. 20, from $1. 80 to $2. 00. Within a week of the price increase, all of the waiters-and waitresses had quit.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Regular customers continued to frequent the shop, despite the increase in the price of ice cream sodas' would most help to explain the resignations of the waiters and waitresses.


Premise: According to the existing laws of physics, it is impossible for any matter to move faster than the speed of light, but a recent astronomical observation challenged this law. The IC310 galaxy, which is far away from Earth, has an active black hole, and the matter that falls into the black hole produces gamma-ray shock waves. Some astronomers have found that the gamma ray travels faster than the speed of light because it takes only 4.8 minutes to cross the boundary of the black hole, while light takes 25 minutes to cover the distance. As a result, these astronomers propose that the law of constant speed of light needs to be modified.

Hypothesis: If the astronomer's observation is wrong, or someone has tampered with the astronomical observation data, it would most question the conclusion made by the above-mentioned astronomers.


Premise: Jupiter is a gas giant planet and the largest planet in the solar system. Its mass is 2.5 times the total mass of the other seven planets in the solar system. Observations have found that most of the more than 70 moons surrounding Jupiter are composed of water ice. Therefore, Jupiter's atmosphere should contain a considerable amount of water.

Hypothesis: The statement that the satellite and the planets around it were formed from the same gas and dust at the same time can best support the above statement.


Premise: The use of money causes a civilization to decline. That this is true is shown by the way the troubles of Western civilization began with the invention of money. While real money (gold and silver) is bad enough, imitation money (paper money) is a horror. The decline of Western civilization exactly parallels the increasing use of money -- both real money and worthless paper money -- as a substitute for things of intrinsic value.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Eastern cultures have used money, and Eastern civilizations have not declined' could contribute most to a refutation of the argument.