Premise: Several years ago, the number of wood bison became so low that conservationists began breeding the wood bison in an enclosed refuge. In this time, the number of wood bison has tripled and, according to conservationists, this number is enough for a species to remain viable in the wild. Yet since the wood bison's habitat is still imperiled, conservationists plan to move the wood bison 2, 000 miles away, where the American buffalo, a distinct species, flourishes. The conservationists predict that such a plan will allow for the long-term viability of the wood bison as a species.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'American buffalo once shared territory with the wood bison, but the American buffalo's territory slowly moved south so that now the American buffalo no longer inhabits the same area as the wood bison' calls into question the conservationist's prediction.


Premise: Lu Xun can be said to be the most complex literary individual since ancient times. His complexity has gone beyond the boundaries of pure literature. He represents the transformation of the times, the cold analysis of the national soul, and the bold innovation of thinking methods. As Professor Yan Jiayan said, Lu Xun used the writing style of Pi Li Yang Qiu, which was unknowingly spoken out verbally, but actually had some praise, criticism and comments, which also inspired the reader's judgment.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that Lu Xun's personality is the most complex.


Premise: Invalid civil acts refer to civil acts that have no legal binding force from the beginning. The following civil acts are invalid: (1) performed by a person without civil capacity; (2) performed by a person with limited civil capacity that cannot be independently performed in accordance with the law (3) One party uses fraud, coercion or taking advantage of the danger to cause the other party to act in violation of its true will; (4) Malicious collusion, harming the interests of the state, the collective or a third party; (5) Violating the law or Social public interest; (6) Cover up illegal purposes in a legal form.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Three girls in a middle school have good musical talents, and their bands often win prizes in various interscholastic competitions. A record company verbally paid high rewards and asked them to follow them without the consent of their parents. Signed a contract and suspended school are invalid civil acts.


Premise: Secondary scandal: refers to a place or someone exposed after a scandal, and then pulled out of other scandals.

Hypothesis: An article by The Xinhua News Agency titled Seemingly Hidden, But Really Deceptive -- A Review of official rumors in the past combed through cases of official rumors that have emerged in recent years is secondary scandal according to the above definition.


Premise: Demand levels for some categories of products are closely interdependent. When one type of a product can serve as a complement for another product, the levels of demand for these goods are positively related. An increase in the demand for one product usually increases the demand for its complementary product. Similarly, a decrease in the demand for one good causes a decrease in the demand for its complementary product.

Hypothesis: An increase in the demand for toothpaste results in an increase in the demand for cellular phones provides an example of the relationship between product demands described above.


Premise: According to the TV ratings survey, more young people watch sports programs than the middle-aged people and elderly people.

Hypothesis: Sports programmes are prepared for young people can be inferred.


Premise: Legal evil interest refers to the thing generated from the original thing according to a certain legal relationship. It is the legal income that the owner of the original thing should obtain from specific civil legal activities such as leasing and investment.

Hypothesis: Dividends from investing in treasury bonds are a legal evil interest according to the above definition.


Premise: Office Director: This office does not plan to use recycled paper. The letter to the user must leave a good impression. Cannot print on poor quality paper. Stationery suppliers: recycled paper is not necessarily inferior. In fact, the original paper was made from recyclable materials. It was not until the 1850s that wood fiber was used as a raw material for papermaking due to insufficient supply of scrap materials.

Hypothesis: Unrelated facts are used to prove an assertion about product quality best summarizes the loopholes in the stationery supplier's rebuttal.


Premise: Academic evaluation is often intertwined with various subjective and objective complex factors. Because academic evaluation is often affected by the evaluation subjects' academic views, emotional tendencies, values and other factors, people tend to rely on quantitative data for evaluation. In fact, the evaluation significance contained in this kind of data is reflected by clickers, downloaders and citators. Over reliance on such data is to regard the producer of quantitative data as the evaluation subject.

Hypothesis: The main idea of the above is that we should not rely too much on quantitative data in academic evaluation.


Premise: As an edible sugar, fructose has been widely used in the food processing industry. Fructose is kept in the blood after entering human cells. Its metabolic pathway in the human body is independent of insulin. The intake of human body does not cause fluctuations in blood glucose and insulin levels. Therefore, fructose has a smaller effect on glucose in patients with diabetes than glucose, and blood sugar in diabetic patients does not increase after fructose intake. Fructose is a kind of sugar beneficial to health.

Hypothesis: The statement "Fructose is hydrolyzed from starch, which is first decomposed into glucose, and then transformed into a mixture of fructose and glucose, so fructose does not come from fruit" does not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Xiao Qiang and Xiao Gang are two brothers. Xiao Qiang's study time is longer than Xiao Gang's, and Xiao Qiang's reading is also more than Xiao Gang's.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The information in the above is not enough to compare Xiao Qiang and Xiao Gang in other aspects' can be determined to be true based on the information above.


Premise: Scientist: Given the human tendency to explore and colonize new areas, some people believe that the galaxy will eventually be colonized by trillions of humans. If so, the vast majority of humans ever to live would be alive during this period of colonization. Since all of us are humans and we have no reason to think we are unrepresentative, the odds are overwhelming that we would be alive during this period, too. But, because we are not alive during this period, the odds are slim that such colonization will ever happen.

Hypothesis: The scientist's argument proceeds by inferring that since an event that is taken to be likely on a given hypothesis has not occurred, the hypothesis is probably false.


Premise: At present, more and more parents are gradually aware of the importance of EQ and are fascinated by the promotion of children's EQ training by training institutions. Tens of thousands of tuition fees a year can not stop their enthusiasm. There are several possible reasons analyzed by experts: one is that they are aware of the need to cultivate their children's EQ, and the other is that parents feel that there is something wrong with their children's education. They prefer to send their children out for education rather than look for reasons from their own educational ideas, which is actually an expression of shirking responsibility; in addition, there are self-fulfilling values forged in the daily work mode of white-collar workers, which makes young parents too anxious in the process of educating their children, which is also the reason for the popularity of training courses.

Hypothesis: The most likely topic to be discussed next is 'How to rationally understand EQ training.'


Premise: Archaeology is a science that studies how to find and obtain the physical remains of ancient human society, and how to study the history of human society based on these remains. In other words, archaeology is the science of studying history through physical objects based on scientific excavation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, studying the authors of ancient books belongs to archaeology.


Premise: Mr. Zhang intends to buy several kinds of flowers, and his intention is as follows: (1) buy at most one kind of rose and tulip; (2) buy at least one kind of peony, rose and daisy; (3) buy at least two kinds of tulips, daisies and lilies; and (4) if you buy tulips, do not buy peonies.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhang bought at least one kind of daisies and roses according to the above intention.


Premise: It is undeniable that mathematics is widely used in economics and management research, and plays a positive role in promoting academic research and scientific decision-making. However, academic research should be problem-oriented, not technology-oriented. Mathematical methods are only tools and means, not ends. In research practice, some papers are only written or supplemented by simple charts, the academic level is still very high; some papers do not use mathematical models, clear and clear, even non-professionals can read. In the final analysis, papers are used to express ideas and opinions, and excellent papers should be enlightening, creative and readable.

Hypothesis: The achievements of academic research are out of touch with the actual needs to a certain extent is most likely to be criticized by the author according to the passage.


Premise: Market concentration refers to the degree of concentration of an industry in the market structure. It is used to measure the difference of the number and relative scale of enterprises and is an important quantitative indicator of market power.

Hypothesis: Qingyan village near a small commodity market occupies a large share of the online retail market is a phenomenon of low market concentration.


Premise: Images from ground-based telescopes are invariably distorted by the Earth' s atmosphere. Orbiting space telescopes, however, operating above Earth' s atmosphere, should provide superbly detailed images. Ttherefore, ground-based telescopes will soon become obsolete for advanced astronomical research purposes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'By careful choice of observatory location, it is possible for large-aperture telescopes to avoid most of the kind of wind turbulence that can distort image quality' would cast the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above.


Premise: Information pollution refers to the phenomenon that the elements of harmful, deceptive or misleading information are mixed in the process of information dissemination, thus affecting the normal acquisition and utilization of effective information.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang's Wechat moments have seen all kinds of health-preserving and pseudoscience messages forwarded by his parents every day belongs to information pollution.


Premise: All too many weaklings are also cowards, and few cowards fail to be fools. Thus there must be at least one person who is both a weakling and a fool.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which the statement 'Some painters are dancers, since some painters are musicians, and some musicians are dancers' is made.


Premise: Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years. On installation, the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.

Hypothesis: If another manufacturer's introduction to the market of a similarly efficient burner occurred, it would constitute a disadvantage for Hotco of the plan described above.


Premise: String pair means that in a verse or couplet, the sentence and the pair are not opposite in meaning and grammatical structure, but are inherited from top to bottom. The two sentences cannot be separated from each other or reversed. There is a certain sequence in their language structures.

Hypothesis: If you want to cross the mountain of knowledge, you must take the road of diligence. If you want to cross the ocean of knowledge, you must use diligence as a boat to cross the sea is a string pair according to the above definition.


Premise: Archaeologist: The earliest evidence of controlled fire use in Europe dates to just 400, 000 years ago. This casts doubt on the commonly held view that, because of Europe' s cold winter climate, mastery of fire was a necessary prerequisite for humans' migration there.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the climate in Europe was significantly colder 400,000 years ago than it is today is required by the argument.


Premise: Spinach is available all year round, but spring is the best season. Its root is red and leaf is green, fresh and tender abnormal. It is very delicious. The spinach that comes on sale in spring is very helpful to detoxify and prevent dryness. Chinese medicine that spinach sweet taste and is cool. It can nourish blood, stop bleeding, astringe Yin and moisten dryness. Spinach contains oxalate acid more, hinder the absorption of calcium and iron, so eat spinach with boiling water first, remove and then stir-fry.

Hypothesis: The judgment that oxalic acid dissolves easily in boiling water best supports the above argument.


Premise: Demand always changes in the opposite direction to the price. If the price change causes the total income to change in reverse with the price, then the demand is elastic. In 2007, although the tuition fees of W University were reduced by 20%, the total tuition fees received by W University were higher than in 2006. In this case, the demand for W University is flexible.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, a 20% reduction in tuition fees will bring better economic benefits to W University must be true.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: If R is arranged in the fifth week and O in the second week, five kinds of arrangements are available.


Premise: Avalanches can put 40 to 50 tons of force on the surface of a hit object per square meter. The impact force is very striking. Avalanches can also cause violent oscillations in the air during their high-speed movement, a powerful blast of air in front of an avalanche faucet that resembles the blast wave of an atomic bomb. Avalanches are likely to be stopped at steep rock or sharp turns in river valleys. Avalanches, on the other hand, continue to move in the direction of avalanches, destroying forests, houses, overturning vehicles and choking people and animals.

Hypothesis: An avalanche gas wave has a much greater range than an avalanche can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Cost refers to the material or energy paid to achieve a certain goal, or a certain trade-off, payment, investment, and consumption. Such as doing more things with the least cost.

Hypothesis: The price seen in daily life fits the meaning of this price.


Premise: Linda: During the summer months, people normally take vacations. Ttherefore, during the summer months, the local economy suffers since local residents spend their money at their vacation destinations. Billy: Why do you think that the local economy would be suffering? During the summer months, tourists who come to our city actually spend lots of money at local businesses, attractions, and restaurants.

Hypothesis: The reply argues that Linda's conclusion is correct, but not because of the reasons that Linda claims most correctly explains how Billy's reply is related to Linda's argument.


Premise: In the United States, the average life span of cancer patients, that is the life span from being diagnosed with cancer to death is 7 years, while the average life span of cancer patients in Asia is only 4 years. Therefore, the United States has a higher level of medical care in extending the lifespan of cancer patients than Asia.

Hypothesis: The average survival time of cancer patients in Asia and Japan is 8 years is true and will weaken the above argument most.


Premise: Phobia refers to the patient's strong fear of a certain object or situation or when interacting with people, and take the initiative to avoid to relieve the anxiety.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang's fear of reaching high places is an example of phobia.


Premise: A popular book argues that people who are successful in business have, without exception, benefited from a lot of luck on their way to success. But this is ridiculous. Anyone who has studied successful people knows that success requires a lot of hard work.

Hypothesis: The error of reasoning committed by the argument is mistaking the claim that something is required for a purpose for the claim that it is sufficient for that purpose.


Premise: The media affects the value choice of the audience. From the perspective of audience theory and cultural norms of communication, the reason why the mass media can indirectly influence people's behavior is that the messages it sends out can form a normative force of moral culture. people unwittingly explain social phenomena and facts according to the reference framework gradually provided by the media, and show their views and propositions, so the content of communication can promote the change of the object.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that people's behavior is influenced by the media.


Premise: Many important types of medicine have been developed from substances discovered in plants that grow only in tropical rain forests. There are thousands of plant species in these rain forests that have not yet been studied by scientists, and it is very likely that many such plants also contain substances of medicinal value. Thus, if the tropical rain forests are not preserved, important types of medicine will never be developed.

Hypothesis: There are substances of medicinal value contained in tropical rain forest plants not yet studied by scientists that differ from those substances already discovered in tropical rain forest plants is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Although spinach is rich in calcium, it also contains a large amount of plasma oxalic acid which can effectively prevent the body's absorption of calcium. Therefore, if a person wants to consume enough calcium, he must replace it with other calcium-rich food or at least, eaten with spinach.

Hypothesis: Rice does not contain calcium, but contains alkaline substances that neutralize plasma oxalic acid and change its properties, if true, can weaken the argument of the subject the most.


Premise: Knowledge management: build a quantitative and qualitative knowledge system in the organization, so that the information and knowledge in the organization can be continuously fed back into the knowledge system through the process of obtaining, creating, sharing, integrating, recording, accessing, updating or innovating, forming an uninterrupted accumulation of personal and organizational knowledge,  becoming a cycle of organizational intelligence and intelligent capital for management and application in the enterprise organization, which helps enterprises make correct decisions to respond to market changes. It is a process of creating, acquiring and using knowledge in order to enhance the performance of an organization.

Hypothesis: Dow's patent management: divided into three types: current use, will use and will not use, to save patent tax, obtain patent royalties, about 200 million US dollars a year are not knowledge management according to the above definition.


Premise: With the increase of the contribution rate of science and technology to economic and social development and the deepening of the involvement of science and technology in life, the relationship between ordinary people and science and technology has become closer. Popular science has increasingly become a common expectation of people when it comes to life. And this puts forward higher requirements for popular science innovation. Of course, the first thing to innovate in popular science is to update the ideas and contents of popular science in a timely manner, and to inform the public of the ever-changing achievements of scientific and technological development in an easy-to-understand way. At the same time, it also means the innovation of the forms and means of science popularization. Adding elements of literature and art is the proper meaning of the title_ _ The older generation of scientific workers are very good at borrowing the power of literature and art. For example, when we read Mr. Zhu Kezhen's popular science articles such as hurricane and cloud, we will be impressed by his accurate and vivid words.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate thing to fill in the horizontal part of the painting is 'In fact, popular science itself is literary.'


Premise: The term emergency risk avoidance refers to an act that may not be taken to damage the legitimate rights and interests of another party in order to protect the state, public interests, personal, property and other rights of oneself or others from ongoing danger.

Hypothesis: The statement 'On his way to work, Wang rescued a raped girl and was counterattacked by the gangster. Wang punched the gangster on the head, causing him to die on the spot' belongs to emergency risk avoidance.


Premise: A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren  and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.

Hypothesis: The office buildings of each department, arranged from front to back, meet the requirement that the Legal Department, sales Department, R & D Department, production Department, Finance Department, and personnel Department are arranged in that order.


Premise: In the past, the question of all enterprises was the same question; What should I do and what can I do to make money? After joining the WTO, the question has become: What can I do to be the best?

Hypothesis: The statement 'Businesses can only make big money by being the best' gives the most plausible explanation for the shift in the above question.


Premise: It is often said that reading can increase knowledge and cultivate temperament. Some experts have pointed out that reading can also cure diseases, especially for mental illnesses caused by some social factors, such as depression, depression, panic, worry, etc., reading has a good effect.

Hypothesis: Reading can prompt patients to change their way of thinking, improve their cognitive ability, re-understand the world and recognize themselves can best support the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Hypothesis: The statement 'In August 2011, Vietnam conducted joint military exercises with the United States in the South China Sea' best explains the expert's seemingly contradictory attitude.


Premise: All of John' s friends say they know someone who has smoked 40 cigarettes a day for the past 40 years and yet who is really fit and well. John does not know anyone like that and it is quite certain that he is not unique among his friends in this respect.

Hypothesis: If the statements in the passage are true, then some of John's friends are not telling the truth.


Premise: A large group of hyperactive children whose regular diets included food containing large amounts of additives was observed by researchers trained to assess the presence or absence of behavior problems. The children were then placed on a low-additive diet for several weeks, after which they were observed again. Originally nearly 60 percent of the children exhibited behavior problems; after the change in diet, only 30 percent did so. On the basis of these data, it can be concluded that food additives can contribute to behavior problems in hyperactive children.

Hypothesis: The evidence cited fails to establish the conclusion because exactly how many children exhibited behavior problems after the change in diet cannot be determined, since the size of the group studied is not precisely given.


Premise: Zhong Rong, a literary critic of the Southern Dynasty, commented on the works of Liu Kun in the Jin Dynasty in Shi Pin. Kun is not only a good person, but also has bad luck, so he is good at talking about mourning and chaos, and he has many words of hatred.This is to use the experience of Liu Kun's misfortune to explain why his poems are full of grief and indignation. Contemporary literary critics consciously use this method to examine works. A scholar who studied the novel iniquity Sea Flowers in the late Qing Dynasty once said that in order to understand this work, it is necessary to know people and talk about the world, and it is necessary to explore Zeng Pu's life, ideological process and creative process. It can be seen that knowing people and talking about the world is an important method for him to study evil sea flowers.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that knowing people and talking about the world is regarded as the standard for the study of ancient works.


Premise: A new computer system will not significantly increase an organization' s efficiency unless the computer system requires the organization' s employees to adopt new, more productive ways of working. The Ministry of Transportation is having a new computer system custom built to fit the ministry' s existing ways of working, so__

Hypothesis: The new computer system will not increase the efficiency of the Ministry of Transportation to any appreciable degree most logically completes the argument.


Premise: A security is a written document which establishes and attests to the holder's right to a certain property right. A right represented by a security is combined with a written document recording the right. When the obligee exercises his right, he may not, in principle, leave the securities.

Hypothesis: Contract does not belong to the security.


Premise: Front-line workers, service workers or migrant workers are the majority of our people. Most workers experience the advantages and disadvantages of the social system mainly through social security, social security and the wage and welfare of the employing unit. This part of the interests can not be protected, there will naturally be some dissatisfaction, the longer the accumulation, the stronger the anti-social tendency. The harmonious society should be a society in which the interests of all aspects are coordinated effectively, and the discontented mood should be resolved in time to avoid the antagonistic contradiction and the social instability.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported is that a harmonious society should pursue social justice.


Premise: A soccer league is divided into a junior and a senior division, separated not by age but by a player's skill level. This year, to determine the division for which an aspirant is best qualified, the league held a week-long trial, after which coach A and coach B selected players. Coach A nominated sixteen of the forty players for the senior league. Amongst Coach B's nominations for the senior division were four players not nominated by Coach A. Ttherefore, there will be twenty players in the senior division.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Of the sixteen players nominated by the coach A, coach B nominated more than half to play in the senior division' provides the strongest basis for the conclusion above to be warranted.


Premise: Psychological research abroad has shown that when someone offends you, if you choose to forgive the offender, the offender will be more likely to feel remorse and have inner guilt. Therefore, the possibility of similar offenses happening again will be greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: According to the above point of view, if the offended person forgives the offender, it may help to reform the offender.


Premise: In China, vaccine research, test, approval and production are supervised by the drug inspection system, while vaccination and transportation are mainly supervised by the health system. Vaccine supervision needs to be completed jointly by the drug supervision department and the health department. How to coordinate the supervision scope of the two departments and avoid the blind spot in supervision is very important for the vaccine management in the future market circulation.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the above paragraph is that the lack of communication and coordination between the drug supervision system and the health system has resulted in a blind spot in market supervision.


Premise: Some studies claim that cancer cells are afraid of heat, and high body temperature can fight cancer. The most cancer-prone organs in the human body, including the lungs, stomach, large intestine, and breast, are all parts of the body with lower body temperature, and high temperature organs such as the heart are not easy to get Cancer. Therefore, you can use exercise, drinking hot water, bathing and other methods to raise your body temperature to fight cancer.

Hypothesis: Malignant tumors rarely occur in the heart because the cardiomyocytes here no longer divide and proliferate, regardless of the temperature can best refute the above assertion.


Premise: A warehouse has six warehouses and is arranged in order from 1 to 6. There are six kinds of goods, namely F, G, L, M, P and T. Each warehouse stores exactly one of the six kinds of goods, and different kinds of goods cannot be stored in the same warehouse. The following conditions need to be met when storing goods: (1) the warehouse number for storing goods G is larger than that for storing L. (2) the warehouse number for storing goods L is larger than that for storing T. (3) the warehouse number for storing goods P is larger than that for storing F.(4)the warehouse for storing goods T is next to the warehouse for storing goods P.

Hypothesis: The warehouse where P is stored is next to the warehouse where L is stored must be false.


Premise: At Law Practice, Inc. , last year the average annual salary for attorneys was $75, 000, while the average salary for paralegals was $50, 000. The average annual salary for all Law Practice employees was $45, 000.

Hypothesis: At least one paralegal made less than $50,000 last year can properly be drawn on the basis of the information above.


Premise: After several attempts to distract his young parrot from chewing on furniture, George reluctantly took an expert' s advice and gently hit the parrot' s beak whenever the bird started to chew furniture. The bird stopped chewing furniture, but it is now afraid of hands and will sometimes bite. Since chewing on the furniture would not have hurt the bird, George should not have hit it. When Carla' s puppy escaped from her yard, it bounded into a busy street. Although Carla does not generally approve of physical discipline, she hit the puppy sharply with her hand. Now the puppy enters the street only when accompanied by Carla, so Carla was justified in disciplining the puppy.

Hypothesis: Physical discipline should not be used by an animal trainer except to correct persistent behavior problems is a principle that would justify the judgments about George's and Carla's actions.


Premise: The fallacy of segmentation is based on the fact that the whole has a certain property, and it is inferred that some or all of the individuals also have this property.

Hypothesis: The statement 'This football team is the strongest football team this season, and there is no doubt that its goalkeeper is also the strongest' is the fallacy of segmentation.


Premise: The earliest foundation of Beijing City was Youzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. In the next thousand years, Beijing has undergone four large-scale developments, expansions, or new constructions. They were the Yuan capital in the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty. In most cities, the inner city built in the early Ming Dynasty and the outer city built after the middle period, Beijing's convex-shaped city wall was completed in this way. The Qing Dynasty inherited Beijing from the Ming Dynasty, and the overall layout system of the city was not changed until the modern era.

Hypothesis: Beijing City expanded its outer city in the early Ming Dynasty is correct.


Premise: Nowadays, the young and new generation of parents have generally received perfect higher education and some of them have the experience of studying and living abroad, so they have their own understanding and requirements for their children's enlightening education. Imported cartoons, no matter in narrative style or in means of expression, are closer to their aesthetic standards. At the same time, children's understanding ability is also increasing, they can observe and understand the world earlier. In fact, China is not without such animation resources, such as Journey to the West has become a classic, repeatedly adapted and popular, because its mythological system is the projection of reality. The key question is whether domestic producers have the ability to think deeply and explore reality.

Hypothesis: In fact, there is no shortage of excellent animation materials in China is the author's point of view according to the above passage.


Premise: Canadian researchers tracked the weight gain of 757 3-to 4-month-old babies for three years. The results showed that children who were already overweight or even obese at the age of 3 had different intestinal flora from those of normal weight. After a further study of the living environment of the babies tested, the researchers found that the babies who grew up in the families with the highest use of disinfectants contained twice as many helicobacteria in their intestines as the average. Spirillaceae bacteria feed on undigested carbohydrate fiber in the human body, which is broken down to provide the body with extra calories. The increase of this kind of bacteria causes the child to produce too much heat in the body and begin to gain weight at an early age.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the relationship between household disinfection and infant weight.


Premise: Candidates who pass the examination and pass the physical examination will be admitted. Therefore, if Li Ming passes the exam but is not admitted, he must fail the physical examination.

Hypothesis: If the employees of Unit A go to Guangzhou on business and go alone, they will all take the high-speed rail. Therefore, if Xiao Wu of Unit A goes to Guangzhou on business, but does not take the high-speed rail, then he must not go alone is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Asthma, a chronic breathing disorder, is significantly more common today among adult competitive swimmers than it is among competitive athletes who specialize in other sports. Although chlorine is now known to be a lung irritant and swimming pool water is generally chlorinated, it would be rash to assume that frequent exposure to chlorine is the explanation of the high incidence of asthma among these swimmers, since __ .

Hypothesis: Many people have asthma without knowing they have it and thus are not diagnosed with the condition until they begin engaging in very strenuous activities, such as competitive athletics most logically completes the argument given.


Premise: Only by administering the rule of law can we fundamentally eradicate corruption; if we fail to eradicate corruption fundamentally, we will eventually lose the trust and support of the people. Only by winning the trust and support of the people can our cause have a solid political foundation.

Hypothesis: If we govern the country according to law, we can win the trust and support of the people can be deduced based on the above statement.


Premise: Water tourism is a short-term experience with social, leisure and consumption attributes that people go to water and surrounding areas for the main purpose of seeking pleasure. It has gradually become an important carrier for people's leisure fashion and regional tourism development. Water tourism resources refer to waters (Body of Water) and related shores, islands, forests, grasses, buildings and other natural and cultural landscapes that are attractive to people.

Hypothesis: A forest park that has a release pond that stocks thousands of koi carps is not a water tourism resource according to the above definition.


Premise: Other depository companies: refers to all depository companies except the central bank, which mainly carry out activities such as absorbing deposits, issuing loans and creating deposits. my country calls them deposit currency banks.

Hypothesis: The insurance company does not belong to other depository companies.


Premise: The Fed has always wanted to launch a third round of quantitative and loose monetary policy, also known as QE3, to boost the recovery of the US economy. If the Fed launches QE3, the global supply of dollars will increase sharply again, and countries will have to buy dollar assets in order to maintain exchange rate stability. If countries buy dollar assets, it will increase inflationary pressure in their own countries. If you don't want to import inflation, countries have to let their currencies appreciate. If the local currency appreciates, it will depress domestic exports and lead to an economic downturn.

Hypothesis: If other countries do not experience imported inflationary pressures, they will not let their currencies appreciate if the above statement is true.


Premise: Along the mudflats of Garantia exist two types of annelids: earthworms and lugworms. Earthworms tend to emerge from the mud early in the morning when there is more moisture and nutrients. As a result, earthworms have access to more nutrients and thus reproduce far faster than the lugworm, which spends much of the day submerged in the mud. Nonetheless, the lugworm population far outnumbers that of the earthworm.

Hypothesis: Compared to the lugworm, earthworms are able to consume fewer nutrients at one time helps LEAST to resolve the apparent discrepancy noted above.


Premise: Over the past year, China has been increasing its investment in Africa, which has caused unease in Western countries, and criticisms such as China has plundered resources of Africa have been heard incessantly. A Chinese official retorted: one of the most important bases for criticism is that China takes oil from Africa, but last year China accounted for only 8.7% of all oil exports from Africa, while Europe accounted for 36%. The United States accounted for 33%. If 8.7% of imports are suspected of plundering resources, what about 36% and 33%?

Hypothesis: If Europe and the United States did not plunder resources of Africa, the official can conclude that China has not plundered the resources of Africa.


Premise: The world is undergoing major development, transformation and adjustment. Peace and development remain the call of our times. The world is moving towards multi-polarity, economic globalization, it application, and cultural diversity. The transformation of the global governance system and the international order is accelerating. Countries are increasingly interconnected and interdependent. At the same time, the world faces growing instability and uncertainty. The world economy lacks momentum for growth, the gap between rich and poor is growing, regional hotspot issues keep flaring up, and non-traditional security threats such as terrorism, cyber security, major infectious diseases and climate change continue to spread. Mankind faces many common challenges.

Hypothesis: The passage follows the idea that people of all countries should work together to tackle the risks and challenges we face.


Premise: Li Ming is most likely a senior logic teacher. Like most senior logic teachers, Li Ming is familiar with Gödel's completeness theorems and incompleteness theorems, while most people who are not senior logic teachers are not familiar with these theorems. In fact, many people who are not experienced teachers of logic have not even heard of Gödel.

Hypothesis: Ignoring the possibility that most people familiar with Gödel's theorems are not experienced logic teachers accurately identifies the flaw in the above reasoning.


Premise: From an economic perspective, there are two basic problems: one is the problem of incentive mechanism, and the other is the problem of coordination. In the final analysis, the system is used to solve these two problems. No matter what method you use, as long as you can solve it, it is a good system. Therefore, there is no standard system in the world. When people ignore these basic problems and simply apply certain concepts, problems will arise.

Hypothesis: The fundamental purpose and evaluation criteria of the system is right according to the above paragraph.


Premise: The cremation of the Jurchen nobles in the Jin dynasty mainly used wooden coffinsw,ooden boxes or stone letters to collect ashes. Cremation has always been popular among the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty. However,the shikeng cremation tombs in the Jinyuan area in the early Jin dynasty and those after the mid-Jin dynasty There are essential differences between the various types of cremation tombs. The former is a legacy of Jurchen's old customs, and the latter is influenced by buddhism. In the middle and late Jin dynasty, after the Jurchens occupied the Yellow River Basin, buddhism has become very popular among the Han people. This shows that the Jin dynasty  funeral custom of the Jurchens nobles has been sinicized.

Hypothesis: The statement "The influence of buddhism on the funeral customs of the jurchen aristocrats in the Jin Dynasty occurred in the cultural exchange with the Han nationality" can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: A certain unit has enrolled 8 fresh graduates this year, of which A and B are liberal arts students, C, D and E are science students, and F, G and H are engineering students. Among the 8 people, A, C and F are ladies. The unit intends to select five people to form a research and development team, in which there should be at least one liberal arts student, one science student and one engineering student, and at least one woman should participate in the team. In addition, the following conditions should be met: (1) at most one person will participate in C and G; (2) if B attends, D will also participate; (3) both E and H will either participate or not.

Hypothesis: The options A,D,E,F,H meet the above requirements for the R & D team.


Premise: All the good critics like every poet mentioned by Green in this speech. Although Gerst is a very good poet, no good critic likes him.

Hypothesis: If the above argument is true, then it can be inferred that Green doesn't like Gerst.


Premise: The incidence rate of social anxiety disorder was investigated by college students who studied pickled cabbage, yogurt and other foods. It was found that eating fermented food could significantly reduce the incidence of social anxiety symptoms. The possible reason is that fermented foods contain probiotics that can promote digestion and absorption and improve intestinal environment, and promote emotional health through improving digestion function.

Hypothesis: The onset of social anxiety is also related to personality, gender, and age questions the above research conclusions most.


Premise: Generally, the alcohol concentration used for disinfection is 70%-75%. This concentration of alcohol has the best permeability and the best antivirus effect, and if the concentration is higher, it will not be able to achieve the effect of disinfection. Therefore, the higher the alcohol concentration, the better the disinfection effect.

Hypothesis: 95% alcohol can form a protective shell on the surface of the virus to prevent the penetration of alcohol, if true, can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: If there are any inspired performances in the concert, the audience will be treated to a good show. But there will not be a good show unless there are sophisticated listeners in the audience, and to be a sophisticated listener one must understand one' s musical roots.

Hypothesis: If there are no sophisticated listeners in the audience, then there will be no inspired musical performances in the concert must also be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: Contract: It is an agreement between the parties to establish, modify, and terminate civil relations. A contract established in accordance with the law is protected by law. The establishment of a contract must follow two principles: 1. the principle of legality; 2. the principle of equality and mutual benefit, consensus, and equal compensation.

Hypothesis: The contract between the school and property owners around the school to purchase land at a price of 2500 yuan per square meter is part of a contract according to the above definition.


Premise: For a trade embargo against a particular country to succeed, a high degree of both international accord and ability to prevent goods from entering or leaving that country must be sustained. A total blockade of Patria's ports is necessary to an embargo, but such an action would be likely to cause international discord over the embargo.

Hypothesis: The balance of opinion is likely to favor Patria in the event of a blockade is the conclusion that is most strongly supported by the claims above.


Premise: Real estate developers in a city can only raise more development funds through direct loans from banks or through the pre-sale of commercial housing. The government does not allow banks to increase direct loans to the real estate industry.As a result, the city's real estate developers are unable to raise more development funds. Because _

Hypothesis: Some real estate developers absconded with money after pre-selling commercial housing, which made it impossible for the project to be completed can logically complete the above argument.


Premise: Research shows that the current automobile exhaust treatment technology has been much improved than before, and almost all the pollutants in exhaust emissions are below the detection level. However, some environmental protection organizations are still trying to eliminate all cars in the world. They said,everything is because cars, cars pollute the air and damage our lungs.

Hypothesis: With the increasing global demand for automobiles, automobile manufacturers are constantly producing all kinds of automobiles, and the production process of each automobile will produce a large amount of waste best explains the actions of environmental groups if correct.


Premise: There are two kinds of horror stories: experiments about mad scientists and ferocious monsters. In the horror stories about monsters, monsters symbolize the psychological confusion of the protagonist. The horror stories about mad scientists typically express the author's feelings: scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human exploration. Despite these differences, these two types of horror stories have the following characteristics in common: they describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature: they both want to frighten the reader.

Hypothesis: If the statement that some stories that use symbolism describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature is true, then all descriptions of monsters must describe phenomena that go against the laws of nature.


Premise: If Blankenship Enterprises has to switch suppliers in the middle of a large production run, the company will not show a profit for the year. Ttherefore, if Blankenship Enterprises in fact turns out to show no profit for the year, it will also turn out to be true that the company had to switch suppliers during a large production run.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the ground that the argument explains one event as being caused by another event, even though both events must actually have been caused by some third, unidentified event.


Premise: Korean traditional medicine has the theory of Harmony of Man and Nature, that is, the small environment in the human body should be coordinated with the large environment of nature, so as to make people more adapt to the changes of nature and increase the resistance of the human body to the adverse effects of the outside world.

Hypothesis: According to this theory, Koreans prefer to eat cold food in hot summer to reduce the temperature of the human body and adapt to the needs of the external environment.


Premise: Knowledge management: build a quantitative and qualitative knowledge system in the organization, so that the information and knowledge in the organization can be continuously fed back into the knowledge system through the process of obtaining, creating, sharing, integrating, recording, accessing, updating or innovating, forming an uninterrupted accumulation of personal and organizational knowledge,  becoming a cycle of organizational intelligence and intelligent capital for management and application in the enterprise organization, which helps enterprises make correct decisions to respond to market changes. It is a process of creating, acquiring and using knowledge in order to enhance the performance of an organization.

Hypothesis: Dow's patent management: divided into three types: current use, will use and will not use, to save patent tax, obtain patent royalties, about 200 million US dollars a year is not knowledge management according to the above definition.


Premise: It would not be surprising to discover that the trade routes between China and the West were opened many centuries, even millennia, earlier than 200 B. C. , contrary to what is currently believed. After all, what made the Great Silk Road so attractive as a trade route linking China and the West -- level terrain, easily traversable mountain passes, and desert oases -- would also have made it an attractive route for the original emigrants to China from Africa and the Middle East, and this early migration began at least one million years ago.

Hypothesis: It is offered as evidence in support of the claim that trade routes between China and the West could easily have been established much earlier than is currently believed is the way that a migration from Africa and the Middle East to China occurring at least one million years ago figures in the above reasoning.


Premise: While conditions on Mars are no longer favorable for the evolution of life, scientists point out that in many ways Mars resembles portions of Antarctica, which do manage to support colonies of microbes. But these organisms require liquid water, as do all forms of life. And if there is liquid water on Mars at all, it is only seasonal and in small amounts.

Hypothesis: If there is life on Mars, then there is liquid water on Mars is the statement that is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: If we say that the local industrialization of agriculture means the local urbanization of rural areas, then together with the flow of farmers to the city and the realization of urbanization in the city, can we combine together to realize the overall planning of urban and rural areas? Changsha County, on the outskirts of Changsha City, Hunan Province, seems to have confessed a possible opportunity for urban and rural co-ordination in a country.

Hypothesis: This paper introduces the practice and experience of Changsha County in the process of realizing the overall planning of urban and rural areas is most likely to be described next in this article.


Premise: Lin Yutang once said that he stepped on the culture of the East and the West and commented on the articles on the universe with one heart, and his cultural, ideological and belief was also aimed at winning the strengths of many families and comprehension. Of course, there are many internal and external reasons for the formation of this cultural concept, but I think it is closely related to Cai Yuanpei's influence.

Hypothesis: The central meaning of this passage is that Lin Yutang is a rather conceited cultural man.


Premise: Dai Wei has hardly suffered from stomach trouble after eating milk-made food. Just because he occasionally had stomach pain after eating the milk-made food, it was concluded that his allergy to milk-made food was unreasonable.

Hypothesis: The statement "Although many people can lose weight through a short-term diet, it is unreasonable to believe that such a diet is effective for weight loss" is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Reviewer: Almost all books that offer management advice are written from the perspective of the CEO. But most managers aren' t CEOs and don' t have the same perspective as CEOs. So the advice in management books is of limited use for most managers.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the reviewer's argument can be properly drawn if it is assumed that advice is of limited use unless it is offered from the perspective of the recipient.


Premise: A scenic spot has formulated a new preferential ticket policy. According to this policy, not some students enjoy preferential tickets in this scenic spot. All those who enjoy preferential tickets in this scenic spot are over 12 years old.

Hypothesis: All students over the age of 12 did not enjoy the ticket discount at this scenic spot can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Export subsidy refers to the cash subsidy or financial preference given by a government to exporters when exporting certain commodities in order to reduce the price of export commodities and strengthen their competitiveness in foreign markets.

Hypothesis: A color TV set being sold at a reduced price when it was exported to Africa is not an export subsidy according to the above definition.


Premise: A clear answer to the two questions of What is a good political life? and How to achieve a good political life? is the legal basis for the existence of political philosophy. As a representative of early Western Marxism, yes in the direction of is, Gramsci's answer respected Marx's basic path, that is, only a political life that realizes the full and free liberation of people is the best political life; and in the how direction, starting from the actual situation in Western Europe, Gramsci proposed the path of cultural hegemony.

Hypothesis: Gramsci's political philosophy inherited, enriched, and developed Marxism is the most appropriate summary of this text.


Premise: It is a miracle that a few children can grow up to be independent thinkers, open-minded and knowledgeable after such exam-oriented education.

Hypothesis: Praise the excellence of a few children does not fit the meaning of the passage.


Premise: The suicide wave that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher.

Hypothesis: The statement "The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years" would best challenge the conclusion of the passage.


Premise: The Ministry of Environmental Protection interviewed the city's top officials and opened a new model of environmental governance. But public interview is not a long-term environmental governance model. For now, public interviews are aimed at specific environmental issues. Specific environmental governance is important, but environmental governance is not only a solution to specific environmental problems, but also related to the whole environmental system, the goals and strategies of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and local environmental governance and the relationship between government environmental governance and public rights and interests. After the public interview, the superficial environmental problems may be solved quickly, but the deep-seated problems of local construction are not solved and the triggers of environmental problems always exist.

Hypothesis: An accurate understanding of the passage is that public interviews can fundamentally control the problem of environmental pollution.


Premise: At present, although China has signed bilateral trade agreements with many developed countries, China's exports are still the target of various discriminatory trade measures and still face various discriminatory quantitative restrictions. selective safeguard measures and anti-dumping and countervailing measures based on discriminatory standards.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is that many developed countries still adopt various discriminatory trade measures against China's exports.


Premise: Some political thinkers hope to devise a form of government in which every citizen' s rights are respected. But such a form of government is impossible. For any government must be defined and controlled by laws that determine its powers and limits; and it is inevitable that some individuals will learn how to interpret these laws to gain a greater share of political power than others have.

Hypothesis: In any form of government, if anybody gains a greater share of political power than others have, then somebody's rights will be violated is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Over the past 2000 years, the range of climate change in the Yangtze River Basin has been less than that in the Yellow River Basin, with abundant rainfall and stronger vegetation restoration capacity than that in the north. Every time the severe cold strikes, the damage suffered by the north is much greater than that in the south. Therefore, China's economic center has moved from the north to the south

Hypothesis: The statement 'The latitude is not higher, the magnitude of climate change is greater' can best refute this argument.


Premise: Knowledge economy refers to that the contribution of scientific and technological progress, including intellectual property resources, to economic growth is greater than the contribution of traditional factors of production, such as labor, natural resources, capital, etc. Knowledge economy is an economy based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and experience.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, college students using their knowledge to start a company is not a knowledge economy.


Premise: Some philosophers have pointed out that life should in fact pursue two simple, material is the simplicity of life and interpersonal relationships. With these two simple hearts, it has a vast space and beautiful quiet. But most modern people are very complex in these two aspects, material life is the endless pursuit of wealth. Interpersonal relationships are an endless entanglement of interests, and they take up almost all the space in life. With these two kinds of complexity, it has produced the trouble of modern people.

Hypothesis: According to the philosopher above, if it were simple in both material life and interpersonal relationships, most of the troubles of modern people would not arise.


Premise: The hot stove effect means that anyone in the organization who violates the rules and regulations will be punished. It gets its name because there are many similarities between touching a hot stove and imposing punishment. Hot stove vividly expounds the principle of punishment: first, the principle of warning. The hot stove is so hot that you don't have to touch it to know that it is hot. For example, the leaders of enterprises should often educate their subordinates in rules and regulations. Second, the principle of consistency. Every time you touch a hot stove, you are sure to get burned. As long as you violate the rules and regulations, you will certainly be punished. Third, the principle of immediacy. When you touch the hot stove, you get burned immediately. Punishment must be carried out immediately after the occurrence of the wrong act and must not be dragged on. Fourth, the principle of fairness. Whoever touches the hot stove will get burned.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option that "Although there is misconduct, if the party concerned does not submit a request for prosecution to the authorities, the authorities should not pursue it" does not reflect the hot stove effect.


Premise: The whole thought of Laozi is developed around the central concept of Dao. However, the 73 characters of Dao in Laozi have different meanings although the symbol form is unified. In some places, Dao refers to the origin of the existence of the world, in some places, Tao refers to a law, and in some places, Dao refers to a standard of life, which reflects the unified outlook on life of Dao.

Hypothesis: The combination of laws of things and principles of life is the Dao in Lao Tzu's saying 'Dao is a process in which everything grows from little to more, from simple to complex'.


Premise: The traditional view is that most of the methane that causes Greenhouse Effect comes from wetlands and the digestive tract of ruminants, but green plants that can absorb carbon dioxide also release methane. Scientists have found that the astonishing result is that the annual amount of methane released by the world's green plants is 60 million to 240 million tons, accounting for 10% to 40% of the world's total annual methane emissions, of which about 2/3 come from tropical areas with rich vegetation.

Hypothesis: All but the statement 'Some scientists stressed that the recent increase in methane levels and global warming have nothing to do with forests and plants are innocent' can support the views of scientists.


Premise: Suppose if Zhang Nan and Lin Feng are not volunteers, then Yangmei is a volunteer is the premise, Lin Feng is a volunteer is the conclusion

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is 'Zhang Nan is a volunteer.'


Premise: Recently, scientists have confirmed for the first time that lizards sleep in two states: rapid eye movement (REM) and slow wave sleep (SWS). In REM, the brain produces high-frequency electric waves and rapid eye movements, which are associated with dreaming. Scientists speculate that lizards, like humans, dream during sleep.

Hypothesis: During sleep, rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep are carried out alternately should be added as a premise for scientists to speculate.


Premise: All passwords of this safe are a combination of 4 Arabic numerals and 4 English letters. Known: (1) If the 4 English letters are not arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is greater than 15; (2) If the 4 English letters are arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is equal to 15; (3) ) The sum of the numbers in the password combination is either equal to 18 or less than 15.

Hypothesis: A possible combination of passwords based on the above information is 18ac42de.


Premise: In an electoral society, every politician has to pander to the voters in order to get elected. Cheng Bian was a super politician who wanted to be elected. So he will try his best to pander to voters. In many cases, you can't pander to voters without writing a lot of lip service. In fact, Cheng Bian was elected.

Hypothesis: Mr Cheng is likely to offer voters a lot of empty promises is a conclusion that can best be deduced from the question.


Premise: The survey shows that very few people aged 85-90 are left-handed. Sociologists believe that this is because 80 years ago, if children ate or wrote with their left hand, they would be beaten, so they were forced to use their right hand.

Hypothesis: The statement that hand habit is the product of genetic advantage and social pressure can be strengthened by this survey.


Premise: In a Chinese medicine preparation, there must be at least one kind of ginseng or Codonopsis pilosula, and the following conditions must be met: 1) if there is Codonopsis pilosula, there must be Atractylodes macrocephala. 2) there can be at most one kind of Atractylodes macrocephala and ginseng. 3) if there is ginseng, there must be Polygonum multiflorum.4) if there is Polygonum multiflorum, there must be Atractylodes macrocephala.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, it can be inferred that there is no Polygonum multiflorum in Chinese medicine preparation.


Premise: Recently, in the analysis of the neural circuit of experimental mice, researchers found the pathogenic gene leading to idiopathic tremor. The researchers analyzed the gene and central nervous system of experimental mice with strong tremor in the lower body during walking, and found mteneuxirr-4 in experimental mice Gene mutation resulted in no myelin sheath outside the axons of nerve cells. Nerves are similar to wires, axons are equivalent to wires in wires, and myelin sheath is like an insulating layer covering the wires. The researchers believe that the shock symptoms of experimental rats are caused by the short circuit of nerve circuits due to the abnormal formation of myelin sheath. The researchers concluded that, The reason for this shock is the same.

Hypothesis: The study found that transgenic experimental mice with inhibited function of teneurirr-4 gene also had myelin hypoplasia should be added as a precondition for the researcher's argument to be established.


Premise: A teacher expressed her anxiety about the harm that video games bring to elementary and middle school students. She believes that video games are like a monster that greedily and ruthlessly depriving elementary and middle school students of their time to study and communicate with the society.

Hypothesis: There has been a noticeable increase in homework errors in elementary and middle school students who play video games cannot be a reason to support the above view.


Premise: Joanna: The only way for a company to be successful, after emerging from bankruptcy, is to produce the same goods or services that it did before going bankrupt. It is futile for such a company to try to learn a whole new business. Ruth: Wrong. The Kelton Company was a major mining operation that went into bankruptcy. On emerging from bankruptcy, Kelton turned its mines into landfills and is presently a highly successful waste-management concern.

Hypothesis: Ruth uses the argumentative technique of undermining a claim by showing that it rests on an ambiguity in countering Joanna's argument.


Premise: Vandenburg: This art museum is not adhering to its purpose. Its founders intended it to devote as much attention to contemporary art as to the art of earlier periods, but its collection of contemporary art is far smaller than its other collections. Simpson: The relatively small size of the museum' s contemporary art collection is appropriate. It' s an art museum, not an ethnographic museum designed to collect every style of every period. Its contemporary art collection is small because its curators believe that there is little high-quality contemporary art.

Hypothesis: The principle that the intentions of an art museum's curators should not determine what is collected by that museum, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in Simpson's response to Vandenburg.


Premise: What kind of road to advance along the rule of law is directly related to the success or failure of the construction of socialist rule of law. There is no model of the rule of law of truth that applies wherever it is put in the world. If we copy the rule of law model of other countries blindly from the reality of our own country, it will have a negative effect on economic and social development. In practice, some countries simply copy the rule of law model of other countries, which not only does not achieve good governance, but also increases the factors of social instability. The rule of law is the basic feature and fundamental guarantee of modern national governance. Any country that carries out the construction of the rule of law must explore its own road of rule of law.

Hypothesis: The construction of rule of law cannot be separated from the practice of rule of law in our country is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: Principle: If you sell an item that you know to be defective, telling the buyer that the item is sound, you thereby commit fraud. Application: Wilton sold a used bicycle to Harris, knowing very little about its condition. Wilton told Harris that the bicycle was in good working condition, but Harris soon learned that the brakes were defective. Wilton was ttherefore guilty of fraud.

Hypothesis: The statement 'asserting something without justification is not the same as asserting something one knows to be false' is the most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the application of the principle is.


Premise: Biologist: We know the following things about plant X. Specimens with fuzzy seeds always have long stems but never have white flowers. Specimens with curled leaves always have white flowers, and specimens with thorny seedpods always have curled leaves. A specimen of plant X in my garden has a long stem and curled leaves.

Hypothesis: It can be properly inferred from the biologist's statements that the specimen of plant X in their garden lacks both white flowers and fuzzy seeds.


Premise: Anthropologist: Violence is an extreme form of aggression, and is distinct from the self-expression sufficient for survival under normal conditions. Human beings in certain situations react to unpleasant stimuli with violence -- but only because they are conditioned by their culture to react in this manner.

Hypothesis: Violent behavior is a product of one's cultural environment cannot be logically inferred from the anthropologist's statements.


Premise: As an ancient country with five thousand years of uninterrupted civilization, China is rich in intangible cultural heritage. These living cultures not only constitute the profound cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, but also bear the genes of the cultural origin of the Chinese nation. However, with the acceleration of China's modernization, cultural standardization and the change of environmental conditions, there are still countless cultural heritages in an endangered state, which, like shadows, may disappear at any time.

Hypothesis: Many factors threaten the survival of cultural heritage summarizes this passage most accurately.


Premise: China's available geothermal energy reserves exceed the combined energy reserves of all fossil fuels in the country, and the technology of converting geothermal into electricity in some areas has become a reality. China's possible energy shortage in the next century will be completely solved.

Hypothesis: Some scientists firmly believe that the problem of energy shortage can be solved by improving energy efficiency and encouraging energy conservation can most weaken the author's above point of view.


Premise: Although many political candidates object to being made the target of advertising designed to cast them in an adverse light, such advertising actually benefits its targets because most elections have been won by candidates who were the targets of that kind of advertising.

Hypothesis: The pattern of flawed reasoning in the argument most closely parallels that in the statement "Although many film critics dislike horror films, such films are bound to be successful because a large number of people are eager to attend them."


Premise: Expert: A group of researchers claims to have shown that for an antenna to work equally well at all frequencies, it must be symmetrical in shape and have what is known as a fractal structure. Yet the new antenna developed by these researchers, which satisfies both of these criteria, in fact works better at frequencies below 250 megahertz than at frequencies above 250 megahertz. Hence, their claim is incorrect.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the expert's argument is flawed because the argument contradicts itself by denying in its conclusion the claim of scientific authorities that it relies on in its premises.


Premise: Brain-like computing technology is generally divided into three levels: the structure level imitates the brain, the device level approaches the brain and the intelligence level surpasses the brain. Among them, the structure level imitates the brain refers to the analysis of the brain as a material and physiological object to obtain the basic unit (each The function and connection relationship (network structure) of neuron-like neurons and neuronal synapses, etc.; the device level approaches the brain refers to the development of devices that can simulate the functions of neurons and neuronal synapses, so that under limited physical space and power consumption conditions Construct a neural network system on the scale of the human brain; The level of intelligence beyond the brain refers to the brain-like computer through information stimulation, training and learning to produce intelligence similar to the human brain.

Hypothesis: Developing electronic equipment with the same function and density as the human cerebral cortex does not belong to the level of intelligence that surpasses the brain according to the text.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: If X is not assigned as an engineer, then W and G may be assigned as engineers.


Premise: The Daily Express newspaper organized development training and assessed all employees participating in development on the last day. If the assessment result reached 3 points or more, it was recorded as excellent. Before the assessment, several people discussed the results. Chen Dong said: Xiao Jun and Xiao Xia have good physical quality, and at least one of them is excellent. Niu Li said: The training time is too short, and everyone doesn't practice enough. No one can be excellent this time, said Ma Fang. How is it possible? Some people have participated in training before, and they are sure to do well.

Hypothesis: Assuming that only one of the three people's guesses has been verified, Chen Dong is wrong. Xiao Xia didn't get excellent.


Premise: Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Law of the PRC stipulates: Joint crime refers to two or more persons committing a joint intentional crime.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a joint crime is when A and B conspired to rob C's tape recorder, A first injured C, and B took the opportunity to take the recording machine gun away.


Premise: Scientists recently discovered that the small dinosaur named Zheng Xiaoting Dragon is a relative of the ancestral birds, and the ancestors who lived in the late Jurassic period, very close to the relatives, by analyzing the shape of the birds, and similar birds, dinosaurs and early birds of the systematic development of the relationship. It is concluded that the ancestral bird is not a bird, but a primitive dinosaur claw dragon. So the ancestor bird is the ancestor of the dragon, not the ancestor of the bird.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The clawed dragon is a kind of dinosaur that is closely related to birds' is the least likely to challenge the above claim.


Premise: Only one of the following statements about the failure of  computer A is true

Hypothesis: The true judgment is that if the motherboard is broken, the memory module must have failed.


Premise: There are thousands of genes in nature. Which genes are the most common and abundant? After successfully decoding a large number of genomes, a research institute found the answer: transposons, known as selfish DNA. The abundance and breadth of transposon genes indicate that they play a vital role in evolution and the maintenance of biodiversity.Biology textbooks generally believe that the enzyme that can fix carbon dioxide in photosynthesis is the most abundant enzyme on earth, and some scholars have speculated that the genes that can encode this enzyme should also be the most abundant. But the study found that transposons, known as junk DNA, instead dominate the known genetic world.

Hypothesis: Different enzymes require different genes to encode can best support the speculation of the scholar (there is a version of the findings of the study).


Premise: In British education, children are expected to respect not only family and friends, but also love and responsibility for all life. It is the nature of children to love small animals. To cherish and cherish small animals as the entry point and hand over to children to cherish life is a common way adopted by kindergartens and primary schools in Britain. In addition, some wildlife parks or rescue centers in the UK also work with primary and secondary schools to organize visits for injured animals and abandoned pets. Under this educational background, parents will deliberately teach their children to understand the meaning of life and pass on rationality and warmth from generation to generation.

Hypothesis: The main content of the discussion is ways and means of life education.


Premise: Soft addiction refers to those compulsive habits, behaviors or restorative emotions. It does not involve any substances with direct biological effects, but is based on certain phenomena that have strong psychological and behavioral effects.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhou's habit of drinking cough syrup is not the phenomenon of soft addiction.


Premise: The model in which the government cooperates with private enterprises to complete a certain project (referred to as PPP) can enable the government to obtain funds, and also allow social capital to enter the fields of public utilities such as electricity and railways. The problem in this model is that the government defaults or the investors default and cause economic losses to the other party. In previous PPP projects, government default was not a small probability event. Although local government defaults are not uncommon, investors are still actively investing in PPP projects.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In order to prevent the economic losses caused by the default of local governments, investors try to transfer other interests to their own enterprises' best explains the above seemingly contradictory phenomenon.


Premise: In recent years, the house price of our country has been soaring. In August 2007, the State Council decided to solve the housing problem of 10 million urban low-income families by expanding the low-rent housing system. To achieve this goal, the government needs to subsidize leases or provide low-rent housing, while to build housing, land and funds are needed. A reporter reports on low-income families stepping into the era of low-rent housing, which shows that he is confident of achieving this goal.

Hypothesis: Even in developed countries, most low-income families solve their housing problems by renting rather than buying houses will not boost the confidence of the reporter.


Premise: Among the students admitted to the university in a certain city, the proportion of female students is higher than that of male students. According to this fact, Mr. Wang thinks that girls in this city study better than boys.

Hypothesis: Among the examinees, the proportion of boys is lower than that of girls weakens Mr. Wang's conclusion the most.


Premise: In an experiment, each volunteer was allowed to choose between an easy task and a hard task and was told that another volunteer would do the other task. Each volunteer could also choose to have a computer assign the two tasks randomly. Most volunteers chose the easy task for themselves and under questioning later said they had acted fairly. But when the scenario was described to another group of volunteers, almost all said choosing the easy task would be unfair. This shows that most people apply weaker moral standards to themselves than to others.

Hypothesis: At least some volunteers who said they had acted fairly in choosing the easy task would have said that it was unfair for someone else to do so is an assumption required by this argument.


Premise: The open character and strong national strength of the Datang Empire had a strong impact on the surrounding countries. As handicraft products of the Tang Dynasty, various daily necessities and handicrafts are magnetically attractive to overseas countries. The pursuit of silk, porcelain and other items imported from the Tang Dynasty outside the city is like the fashion people's preference for iPhones and iPad. Tri-colour Pottery of the Tang Dynasty is also carried across the sea in this torrent, taking root and sprouting.

Hypothesis: The Spread and Influence of Tri-colour Pottery of the Tang Dynasty outside the territory is most likely to be described next.


Premise: Official documents are documents with specific formats used by party and government organs, enterprises and public institutions, and social groups in official activities. It is an important tool for conveying and implementing the principles and policies of the Party and the state, issuing administrative regulations and rules, asking for instructions and answering questions, guiding and negotiating work, reporting and exchanging experience.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, D is the staff of some county-level organs, there are things to report to the higher level in the work, and write for instructions is official documents.


Premise: Silent behavior refers to the behavior of deliberately retaining one's own ideas in the face of hidden dangers in management system or production activities, in order to avoid interpersonal conflict, fear of retaliation or maintain one's face.

Hypothesis: Silent behavior is when Xiao Ma has opinions on how to improve customer satisfaction with the company's services, but does not speak up because the colleagues who spoke earlier have already discussed the issue.


Premise: G, H, J, K, L, M and O travel together. During their four-day camping life, two people were arranged to be on duty to cook for everyone every day. The arrangement of the personnel required for these four days cannot be repeated, and there happens to be one person on duty for two days.In addition, the following conditions must be met for those on duty: (1)J is arranged to be on duty the day after H.(2) the person who is on duty for two days must be on the fourth day, not the third day. (3) G must be arranged on the same day as one of J and O. (4) K is arranged to be on duty on at least one day on the first or second day. (5) O must be on the third day.

Hypothesis: J must be on the next day.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the magician must meet the following conditions :(1) if the arrangement of G or H play, they must be in the front. (2) If K is to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is to play, he must be in team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be in the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, Q is in the middle position of team 1.

Hypothesis: If G is on team 1 and K is on team 2, then N must be behind team 2.


Premise: Nearly every criminal trial includes eyewitness testimony, and cognitive psychologists have hypothesized that misidentification by eyewitnesses is a common reason for mistaken convictions in criminal trials.

Hypothesis: In most crimes, eyewitnesses have seen the perpetrator only briefly, and people are generally poor at remembering the faces of people they have seen only briefly supports the cognitive psychologists' hypothesis EXCEPT.


Premise: If all works of art evoke intense feelings, and this sculpture is a work of art, then it follows that this sculpture evokes intense feelings. But this sculpture does not evoke intense feelings at all. So either this sculpture is not a work of art, or not all works of art evoke intense feelings.

Hypothesis: The argument, "If all medical research is significant, and this research is medical, then it follows that this research is significant. But this research is actually of no significance. So not all medical research is significant, and this research is not medical," is most similar in its pattern of reasoning to the argument above.


Premise: Whether it is European literature in the 19th century represented by Balzac or modern Chinese literature led by Lu Xun, most of them hold high the banner of realism, reclaim life and shape models. Literary creation since the new era basically adheres to the position of realism, is good at exposing and criticizing the negative objective reality in life, which is completely necessary and very valuable. However, in fact, realistic creation takes humanitarian thought as a weapon and pays attention not only to the analysis of the dark side of society, but also to the display of the highlights of life. Not only the accuracy and profundity of criticizing the dark side of society, but also the writer's care and sympathy for the fate of the characters.

Hypothesis: Some novels have a negative tendency is the main criticism of the above words in literary creation since the new period.


Premise: Kendrick: Governments that try to prevent cigarettes from being advertised are justified in doing so, since such advertisements encourage people to engage in an unhealthy practice. But cigarette advertisements should remain legal since advertisements for fatty foods are legal, even though those advertisements also encourage people to engage in unhealthy practices.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Governments should place restrictions on cigarette advertisements so as to keep them from encouraging people to engage in unhealthy practices, but should not try to prevent such advertisements' most helps to resolve the apparent conflict between Kendrick's statements.


Premise: Some people are not bad people, so some bad people are not people.

Hypothesis: The reasoning 'Some bargains are not fakes, so some fakes are not bargains' has the same structure as the above reasoning.


Premise: In the past 10 years, the number of criminal cases in area A has increased by 200%, but the number of criminal cases in area B has increased by 500%. Therefore, the current number of criminal cases in area B is higher than that in area A.

Hypothesis: Ten years ago, the number of criminal cases in area B was 50% of the number of criminal cases in area A, which can weaken the above proposition most.


Premise: When a company advertised publicly this year, the average number of applicants for each position decreased by 10% compared with last year. Therefore, the company's attractiveness to job applicants has decreased.

Hypothesis: The statement that 50% of the positions the company recruited this year have raised the employment standards weakens the above inference the most.


Premise: There are 4 cups on the table, each with a sentence written on it. The first cup: There is beer in all cups: The second cup: Coke in this cup: The third cup:  There is no coffee in this cup: The fourth cup: There is no beer in some cups. Only one sentence of the 4 is true.

Hypothesis: There is coffee in the third cup is true.


Premise: Xiao Zeng opened an account in a bank and handled online banking business, but soon after, Xiao Zeng found that 30000 yuan in his account had been transferred through online operation without his knowledge, and the password of the account was only known by himself and never leaked to others. Xiao Zeng found the bank and asked the bank to bear the responsibility, and the bank was very sure that the responsibility could not lie with him, It must be in Xiao Zeng. Although Xiao Zeng didn't deliberately disclose the password, he may have done it unintentionally

Hypothesis: The statement 'The bank's online banking system is impeccable' is most supported by the bank's view.


Premise: Resistance: refers to the ability of a substance to hinder the flow of electric current. Its size is related to the nature of the material itself.

Hypothesis: The statement "During high-voltage power transmission, the power loss is small. It means that the resistance of the wire is small during high-voltage power transmission, and the resistance of the wire is large during low-voltage power transmission" is wrong according to this definition.


Premise: Body image disorder, also known as negative body self, is an individual's negative cognition of the body, negative emotional experience and corresponding behavior regulation. It includes stereotyped, emotional and overemphasized evaluation of information such as weight, figure and food.

Hypothesis: Before going out every day, Zhang Gui laments in front of the mirror why he doesn't gain weight for a long time does not belong to body image disorder according to the above definition.


Premise: To date, most of the proposals that have been endorsed by the Citizens League have been passed by the city council. Thus, any future proposal that is endorsed by the Citizens League will probably be passed as well.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in which the argument 'Most of the stone artifacts that have been found at the archaeological site have been domestic tools. Thus, if the next artifact found at the site is made of stone, it will probably be a domestic tool' is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Interactive memory means that when a group of two or more individuals work and live together for a long time, they will share the stored memory. Individuals do not necessarily need to remember all the information, but only need to remember which information the members of the group are experts in, and when they need this information, they can ask them. In this way, the memories that should be stored in each individual are scattered into the minds of the different members of the group, just as the minds of all members form a larger memory bank.

Hypothesis: Xiaomei and Xiaofang often study together. When they review before the exam, they ask each other questions and examine each other. They find that they do not have their own knowledge points, which effectively improves their learning efficiency does not belong to interactive memory according to the above definition.


Premise: The recent concert was probably not properly promoted. Wells, who is quite knowledgeable about the concert business, was certain that it would sell out unless it was poorly promoted. But the concert did not sell out.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in which the builder said that the school's roof would not require repairs for years, unless it is damaged in a storm and the roof is already leaking, is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: A wise choice is better than blind persistence. The ancients said that meeting a bad thing may be a good thing on the other hand. Choice is the wisdom and foresight to act according to your ability; to give up is the decisiveness and courage to take into account the overall situation. Everyone is the only director of his own life, only those who learn to choose and give up can fully understand life, laugh at life, and have a broad realm of life.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the statement "Everyone should learn to choose and give up at the right time" is incorrect.


Premise: Fortiga also pointed out that in early April, Poland said it was prepared to change its veto position on launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement, which deserved a response from Russia.

Hypothesis: Poland's attitude towards launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement is not specified.


Premise: On July 16, 2013, Whistleblower Edward Snowden formally applied for asylum in Russia. The United States has been hunting Snowden. If Russia accepts Snowden's application, it will surely worsen relations between Russia and the United States. But Mr. Snowden is widely viewed in Russia and around the world as a champion of human rights around the globe, and it would be morally and honorably damaging for Russia to reject him.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then Russia does not want the Snowden affair to damage relations with the United States.


Premise: In the bodies of reptiles, some industrial by-products cause elevated hormonal activity. Hormones govern the development of certain body parts, and in reptiles abnormal development of these parts occurs only with elevated hormonal activity. Recently, several alligators with the telltale developmental abnormalities were discovered in a swamp. So, apparently, industrial by-products have entered the swamp' s ecosystem.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument provides no explanation for developmental abnormalities that do not result from elevated hormonal activity.


Premise: People on the road, for distant goals, have no intention of paying attention to the scenery along the road. Many roadside features, which are not inferior to what you are looking for, have been easily ignored by you, and by the time we understand it years later, it will be too late. And when you change the mentality of running into the mentality of walking, you will find that there is a taste for gain and a taste for loss, a taste for being rich and poor, a taste for success and a taste for failure, a taste for passionate love and a taste for lovelorn, and a taste for youth and aging. Only then will you suddenly realize that what you dream is hidden on the road, and that the encounter on the road is what you are looking for. Apart from that, what else are you looking for?

Hypothesis: We shouldn't be struggling to pursue a distant goal is an incorrect interpretation of this paragraph.


Premise: Of course, the effective management of an enterprise or industry is inseparable from the scientific management guided by the general management rules according to the development law of the industry and the objective economic law, which is based on the standardization system. But this does not mean that every industry or enterprise needs to follow the same, uniform law and become a copy without personality and difference on the social assembly line of cultural industry. On the contrary, as a cross-emerging category of modern cultural industry and service industry, mobile advertising industry has its own particularity in its own development and mode exploration. These particularities require managers to pay attention to the objective reality of mobile advertising industry and develop differentiation on the basis of standardization.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that enterprises should carry out standardized scientific management.


Premise: Even if there are 100 reasons to fade the halo of the profession aura, and there are 10,000 more reasons to require the profession not to step on the bottom line and abandon the bottom line, whether it is moving out, the lack of conscience is still attributed to the bondage of the system in order to survive.Blaming everything on the external environment is harmful to professional ethics.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Those who abandon the bottom line always make excuses for themselves' is the most likely meaning of the passage.


Premise: Researcher Wang: the mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation put forward by our government inspires every entrepreneur. For entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to have a perseverance. No matter what difficulties you encounter in starting a business, you must stick to it. Professor Li: for entrepreneurs, the most important thing is to dare to try new technologies. Because there are some new technologies that some big companies do not dare to try easily, this brings opportunities for entrepreneurs to succeed.

Hypothesis: The most accurate point of the difference between Professor Wang and Professor Li is that the most important thing is to persist in the spirit, not be afraid of difficulties, or dare to try new technologies and seize the opportunity for career success.


Premise: After World War II, the British Labour government established the welfare state based on the Beveridge report. Then many European and American countries followed suit, among which the four Nordic countries, led by Sweden, deducted the concept of welfare state to the extreme. One of the goals of European welfare society is universal. The welfare foundation of from cradle to grave is based on the high taxes of enterprises and individuals, which causes great operating pressure on many enterprises and even leads to the stagnation of national economic development.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the gist of this passage is Reflection on the problems of European Welfare Society.


Premise: Limited research indicates that therapeutic intervention before the onset of mental disorders can mitigate factors identified as major contributors to them. But a much more comprehensive research program is needed to verify these results and allow for the design of specific health care measures. Thus, in order to explore a potential means of cost-effectively helping people prone to mental disorders, we should increase funding for intervention research.

Hypothesis: Reducing known risk factors for mental disorders is relatively inexpensive compared to the long-term treatment required most strengthens the argument.