Premise: Yijiangnan Garden plans to build 5 gardens of pine, bamboo, plum, orchid and chrysanthemum. The garden is planned to have 3 gates in the east, south, and north, respectively located in 3 gardens. The layout of these five gardens meets the following conditions: (1) If the east gate is located in pine garden, or chrysanthemum garden, then the south gate is not located in bamboo garden; (2) If the south gate is not located in bamboo garden, then the north gate is not located in orchid garden; (3) If the chrysanthemum garden is in the center of the garden, then it is not adjacent to the orchid garden; (4) the orchid garden is adjacent to the chrysanthemum garden, with a beautiful bridge in the middle.

Hypothesis: The chrysanthemum garden is not in the center of the garden can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: Among North American school-age children, there is a strong positive correlation between obesity and the amount of television watched. Ttherefore, with the arrival of interactive television, obesity among North American school-age children will increase.

Hypothesis: The argument requires the assumption that obesity among North American school-age children increased as cable television became widely available.


Premise: Weibo registration is very simple, visitors as long as register an e-mail address, set a password to become Weibo users. Writing Weibo is not demanding: you only need to write a few words to vent your feelings. Therefore, as long as users can type on the computer or send text messages, they can publish their feelings in a short and quick form. In addition, Weibo's interface setting makes information browsing more convenient, and the content of one Weibo message is only equivalent to two or three mobile phone text messages, which doesn't take long. In this era of excess information and people's attention is severely divided, Weibo is more in line with the needs of fast reading.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Weibo has low barriers to use, and information is easy to publish' does not match the meaning of this passage.


Premise: There is a multiple-choice paper with 6 questions, and the scoring standard is: 8 points for a correct answer, 0 points for a wrong answer, and 2 points for no answer.

Hypothesis: If a classmate scored 20 points, he answered two questions wrong.


Premise: Attacks on an opponent' s character should be avoided in political debates. Such attacks do not confront the opponent' s argument; instead they attempt to cast doubt on the opponent' s moral right to be in the debate at all.

Hypothesis: Debating techniques that do not confront every argument should be avoided is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning above.


Premise: During the 1980' s Japanese collectors were very active in the market for European art, especially as purchasers of nineteenth-century Impressionist paintings. This striking pattern surely reflects a specific preference on the part of many Japanese collectors for certain aesthetic attributes they found in nineteenth-century Impressionist paintings.

Hypothesis: If true, Impressionist paintings first became popular among art collectors in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century most strongly supports the explanation above.


Premise: Although architecture originated from practical life requirements such as cold prevention, heat elimination, shade and safety, in the history of architecture, human beings paid far less cooperative labor for solving practical life than for non practical aspects. Palaces, temples, altars, tombs, churches, monuments, gardens, etc. these buildings that all or basically serve spiritual life have far more achievements than houses and workshops, Fortress and other buildings serving material life. The evolution of architectural form and architectural style is often the most sensitive witness to the material and spiritual life of a generation of society. In the west, people vividly call architecture a history written in stone.

Hypothesis: People vividly call architecture history written in stone for the following reasons: Architecture is the witness of the material and spiritual life of a generation of society.


Premise: A middle-aged man was admitted to the hospital with no feeling on the left side of his body. A child was shouting loudly in the ward and was pinched by his father and screamed with pain. The patient said, I really envy this child! Someone asked: envy him carefree? The patient shook his head. envy his flower-like age? The patient said, No, I envy him for having such sensitive pain.If I can feel the pain, it means there is a chance of recovery.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is 'Life rejoices in pain.'


Premise: Clinician: Patients with immune system disorders are usually treated with a class of drugs that, unfortunately, increase the patient' s risk of developing osteoporosis, a bone-loss disease. So these patients take another drug that helps to preserve existing bone. Since a drug that enhances the growth of new bone cells has now become available, these patients should take this new drug in addition to the drug that helps to preserve existing bone.

Hypothesis: To evaluate the clinician's argument, it would be most useful to know how large the class of drugs that increase the risk of developing osteoporosis is.


Premise: Looking back on the entire industrial chain, the plight of China's milk powder industry is the plight of the upstream small farmer economy. China is at the peak of population birth, and there is a huge gap between the amount of milk powder needed and the production. High-quality milk is a scarce product, especially in the pasture. Today, when dairy farmers are self-supporting, the traditional animal husbandry model has become the biggest constraint to the development of China's milk powder. my country's milk sources cannot meet the skyrocketing market demand. The free-range farming model has been transformed into an industrial pasture-style farming model, which requires many fundamental reforms such as land transfer, agricultural population diversion, and large investment in original capital, which is more difficult than restoring milk powder credit.

Hypothesis: The text intended to illustrate China's milk powder industry is Difficulties in changing the production model.


Premise: Social public interest: refers to the benefits that all members of society can directly enjoy.

Hypothesis: A local government transferring the land of the old residents to the developer, and the developer developing a high-end residence on this land for sale does not belong to safeguarding social and public interests.


Premise: A warehouse has six warehouses and is arranged in order from 1 to 6. There are six kinds of goods, namely F, G, L, M, P and T. Each warehouse stores exactly one of the six kinds of goods, and different kinds of goods cannot be stored in the same warehouse. The following conditions need to be met when storing goods: (1) the warehouse number for storing goods G is larger than that for storing L. (2) the warehouse number for storing goods L is larger than that for storing T. (3) the warehouse number for storing goods P is larger than that for storing F.(4)the warehouse for storing goods T is next to the warehouse for storing goods P.

Hypothesis: The warehouse where L is stored is next to the warehouse where F is stored must be false.


Premise: Mate is a beverage found in much of South America. While it is uncertain where mate was first made, there are more varieties of it found in Paraguay than anywhere else. Also, mate is used more widely there than anywhere else. Ttherefore, Paraguay is likely the place where mate originated.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Typically, the longer a beverage has been in use in a particular place, the more widely that beverage is used there' would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: Because people are generally better at detecting mistakes in others' work than in their own, a prudent principle is that one should always have one' s own work checked by someone else.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People should always have their writing proofread by someone else. Someone who does not know in advance what is meant to be said is in a better position to spot typographical errors' provides the best illustration of the principle above.


Premise: People don't like to lose their original turf or lose face. They often fall into a kind of ideological trap, which is what economists call sunk cost, which refers to an investment of time and money. After the sale is successful, it can be recycled smoothly. In English-speaking countries, it is also called drop money in the drain.

Hypothesis: Many people have nostalgia and are not good at giving up can be inferred from this text.


Premise: There is evidence to suggest that our cave-dwelling ancestors polished many of their flints to a degree far surpassing what was necessary for hunting purposes. It seems, ttherefore, that early humans possessed an aesthetic sense.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Any benefits that an aesthetic sense would have given to cave-dwelling humans are poorly understood' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Anderson maintains that travel writing has diminished in quality over the last few decades. Although travel writing has changed in this time, Anderson is too harsh on contemporary travel writers. Today, when the general public is better traveled than in the past, travel writers face a challenge far greater than that of their predecessors: they must not only show their readers a place but also make them see it anew. That the genre has not only survived but also flourished shows the talent of today' s practitioners.

Hypothesis: The statement that the general public is better traveled today than in the past is claimed to be a result of good travel writing.


Premise: When a city experiences a sharp decline in population, the city' s tax revenues, which pay for such city services as police protection and maintenance of water lines, also decrease. The area to be policed and the number and length of the water lines to be maintained, however, do not decrease. Attempting to make up the tax revenue lost by raising tax rates is not feasible, since higher tax rates would cause even more residents to leave.

Hypothesis: The information given most strongly supports the general claim that if, in a city with sharply declining population, police protection and water line maintenance do not deteriorate, some other service previously provided by the city will deteriorate or be eliminated.


Premise: Internet public welfare refers to the public welfare activities that non-governmental organizations or enterprises mobilize public participation through the network platform, which have the characteristics of low threshold, high transparency, strong interaction and so on.

Hypothesis: A village committee launched a one-to-one donation campaign through the network platform to help college students from poor families in the village solve the problem of tuition fees belongs to the Internet public welfare.


Premise: Body image disorder refers to a person who compulsively thinks that some parts of his body have a serious defect and adopts special ways to cover up or repair. These perceived defects are usually imagined; even if they do exist, their severity is exaggerated.

Hypothesis: Ms. Zhang, who is 170 centimeters tall, thinks she is short and wears high heels every time she goes out conforms to the performance of body image disorder.


Premise: Once a country ascends the ladder of development, the demands of its citizens will increase. At this time, it is not enough for the government to guarantee an increase in revenue, the government must change its concept from material-based to regulation-based. According to the study of Asia-Pacific countries, it is found that people's satisfaction with the public services they receive, such as education, health care and public safety, plays an important role in their evaluation of government performance. In recent years, Asian countries pay more and more attention to public service satisfaction and have formed some characteristic practices.

Hypothesis: The most likely content about Asian countries in this passage is Innovative ways to improve the satisfaction of public services.


Premise: Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's urbanization process has been accelerating. The urbanization rate has increased at an average annual rate of 1%, from 17.9% in 1978 to 51.27%, and the urban population has increased from 172 million to 690 million. Nevertheless, compared with 78% of the Urbanization rate in developed countries, there is still much room for development. According to the annual growth rate of 1% of the urbanization rate, China's urbanization rate should really reach the level of developed countries. There is still a development period of about 30 years. Urbanization is of positive significance in coordinating urban and rural development, changing the dual economic structure, realizing urban-rural population transfer, optimizing urban spatial layout, boosting industrial structure, upgrading consumption structure, and accelerating the flow and agglomeration of production factors.

Hypothesis: The main message conveyed by the above words is that urbanization is an important engine to promote China's economic growth in the future.


Premise: The commercial news media emphasize exceptional events such as airplane crashes at the expense of those such as automobile accidents, which occur far more frequently and represent a far greater risk to the public. Yet the public tends to interpret the degree of emphasis the news media give to these occurrences as indicating the degree of risk they represent.

Hypothesis: Where commercial news media constitute the dominant source of information, public perception of risk does not reflect actual risk is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Employer: In the current economic climate, the best way to run a business is to pay employees the least amount possible to do the job. The supply of labor is far outpacing demand since the number of college graduates increases every year and the average age of retirement is also increasing. Applicants will typically take the first job offer on the table, and any employee who demands a raise can be easily replaced from the labor pool. Even if the employee is unhappy, he or she will often remain on the job due to the competition in the job market. Keeping payroll costs low allows more resources to be devoted to innovation, delivering a higher quality product to customers.

Hypothesis: Dissatisfied employees lead to labor unrest, and the resulting protests disrupt business does not weaken the employer's argument.


Premise: The cerebral edge system drives emotion, the system is rapidly developed in adolescence, while the foreklikin neural network development is relatively late, mainly responsible for providing reasonable judgment and impulse control.It has now determined that the foregoing leaf skin is about 20 years old to fully develop maturity, but now the adolescence is continuously advanced.The time span of the two does not match is extended.

Hypothesis: The correct statement based on the above conclusion is that the reason for forming the characteristics of adolescent behavior lies in the late development of human regulatory function.


Premise: Adaptation refers to the process of reorganization and transformation of the subject's cognitive structure caused when the original cognitive structure cannot assimilate the information provided by the new environment, that is, the process of the individual's cognitive structure changes due to the influence of external stimuli.

Hypothesis: Three-year-old Xiaoqian was at home alone and opened her mother's mascara. She smelled it and thought she could eat it. She licked it with her tongue and felt very bitter, and never tried her mother's makeup again is an example of adaptation according to the above definition.


Premise: Archaeologist: The fact that the ancient Egyptians and the Maya both built pyramids is often taken as evidence of a historical link between Old- and New-World civilizations that is earlier than any yet documented. But while these buildings are similar to each other, there are important differences in both design and function. The Egyptian pyramids were exclusively tombs for rulers, whereas the Mayan pyramids were used as temples. This shows conclusively that there was no such link between Old- and New-World civilizations.

Hypothesis: The argument that the archaeologist presents presumes that no other evidence is relevant to the issue at hand is a flaw in the archaeologist's argument.


Premise: In a plastic greenhouse, there are six rectangular vegetable ponds of the same size, arranged in order from left to right: numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. And No. 1 is not adjacent to No. 6. Six kinds of vegetables need to be planted in the greenhouse. Q, L, H, X, S and Y. Only one of them can be planted in each vegetable pond. The planting arrangement must meet the following conditions: Q is planted in a vegetable pond on the left side of H. X is planted in the No. 1 or No. 6 vegetable pond. Y or S is planted in the No. 3 vegetable pond. L is planted next to the right side of S.

Hypothesis: Y may be planted in the No.2 vegetable pond if S and Q are planted in odd-numbered vegetable ponds.


Premise: In the early stages of highway development, their trend can still follow the landform, that is, along the edge of the river or forest. But now, the highway is ubiquitous, and the animal populations that could roam freely such as wolves and bears are divided into scattered. Compared with the populations of large animals, the populations of smaller animals have greater fluctuations in numbers and are more prone to mixed habitation.

Hypothesis: The trend of highway development can be inferred from this text.


Premise: In order to improve the market share, long-term apartment enterprises seize the housing supply with the help of capital, which has contributed to the increase of rent. In addition, the capital apartment also brings financial risks. In order to obtain capital leverage to compete for housing supply, some long-term apartment enterprises guide or even defraud tenants to carry out rental installment loans. Such financial products not only have no stable property right guarantee, but also have a very high leverage, Under the coercion of capital, once the long-term rental apartment enterprises form a monopoly position in the rental market, the rise of rent will be more difficult to restrain.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to emphasize that the problems of long-term rental enterprises will affect the healthy development of the housing rental market.


Premise: When a company advertised publicly this year, the average number of applicants for each position decreased by 10% compared with last year. Therefore, the company's attractiveness to job applicants has decreased.

Hypothesis: The statement "The company recruited more applicants for some positions this year than last year" can weaken the above inference the most.


Premise: Announcement refers to the legal subject publicly informs the public with binding or mandatory content for the purpose of making the public understand, know, and comply in behavior.

Hypothesis: A famous person holds a press conference to announce to the public that his current position will be replaced by another person is true by definition.


Premise: Analyst: The increasing complexity of computers may lead those who pursue a career in computer programming to think that job security and higher wages can be attained by becoming more specialized as the field becomes more complex. Even though specialists earn higher wages than generalists within computer programming, this move is ill-advised because one risks specializing in a technology that will become obsolete. Consider the plight of people who used to repair eight-track tape players.

Hypothesis: Many other careers will soon offer greater job security and higher wages than computer programming most weakens the analyst's argument.


Premise: In 1883, the Indonesian island Krakatoa, home to a massive volcano, seemingly disappeared overnight as an eruption rent the entire island apart, catapulting rock and debris into the atmosphere. For the next few years, as ash circled the entire globe, the average world temperature dropped by several degrees Fahrenheit. Ttherefore, an eruption of similar power in terms of the amount of debris ejected into the atmosphere will likely cause the average temperature around the world to drop by several degrees.

Hypothesis: In 1883, the ocean-atmospheric phenomenon La Nina occurred, an event that is always followed by a drop of several degrees in the world's average temperature best challenges the main claim of the argument.


Premise: Regarding reading, there are two views: one thinks that books must not be read or memorized by rote, otherwise they will become nerds; the other is that it is better not to read than to become a nerd. The basis is this motto: If you read someone else's work, you are just interpreting the author's thoughts in your own mind.

Hypothesis: Those who hold the latter view cannot justify themselves can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: Rove held an important position in the navy before he became president. Once, a good friend asked him about the navy's plan to build a submarine base on a small island. Roosevelt looked around mysteriously, lowered his voice and asked, can you keep it a secret? of course i can! his friend is quite sure. then, Roosevelt said with a smile, so can I.

Hypothesis: The passage tells us that "Don't impose on others what you don't want to do."


Premise: Vice President: I advocate that at most one of Mr. Wang and Mr. Qiu can be recommended as a candidate for national famous teaching teachers. President: I disagree.

Hypothesis: The principal's opinion is that both Mr. Wang and Mr. Qiu can be recommended as candidates for national famous teachers.


Premise: According to the price theory, the cost is the basic component of the product value, which determines the lowest limit of the product price. If the price is lower than the cost, the enterprise will not be profitable; the market demand affects the customer's understanding of the product value, and then determines the upper limit of the product price; while the market competition condition adjusts the price to fluctuate constantly between the upper limit and the lower limit and finally determines the market price of the product.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that product price is affected by cost, market demand, and market competition.


Premise: F, G, H and J are university classmates. They all took part in the postgraduate examination, but in the end, only one person was admitted to the postgraduate examination. The other three became composers, high school teachers and civil servants. During the review of the graduate exam, one day they sat together to predict everyone's future life. F said: G will definitely not become a composer; G: H will definitely be admitted to graduate school; H: J will not become a civil servant; J predicts that he will marry a foreign wife in the future. But only one of their predictions was correct, and the person who was correct was admitted to graduate school.

Hypothesis: The statement that G became a high school teacher can be inferred to be false from this passage.


Premise: In order to enrich the spare-time life of employees, a certain company allocates a fixed amount of funds each year for the travel benefits of its employees. Some employees of the company have spontaneously established a travel companion association, and some people in the travel companion association are the technical backbone of the company. Recently, the Some of the leaders of the company are preparing to embezzle the funds for other purposes.This idea has been approved by all members of the company's management, but the members of the Travel Friends Association did not agree with the decision of the company's management.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be derived that some technical backbones are not members of management.


Premise: Commensalism refers to the ecological relationship between two species in the biological world. One species will obtain survival benefits due to this relationship, but the other species does not obtain any benefits or harm in this relationship, but only drives the other to obtain benefits.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Crucian carp has poor swimming ability. Its back turns into a suction cup and adsorbs on the shark. With the shark traveling all over the world, when the shark catches prey, crucian carp steals the remaining food belongs to commensalism.


Premise: Among people who have a history of chronic trouble falling asleep, some rely only on sleeping pills to help them fall asleep, and others practice behavior modification techniques and do not take sleeping pills. Those who rely only on behavior modification fall asleep more quickly than do those who rely only on sleeping pills, so behavior modification is more effective than are sleeping pills in helping people to fall asleep.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most people who have trouble falling asleep and who use behavior modification techniques fall asleep more slowly than do most people who have no trouble falling asleep' most weakens the argument.


Premise: In China, the mid-autumn Festival is one of the five traditional  festivals. Its core cultural connotation is: I Wish Social Harmony and progress and family reunion happiness. But unfortunately, now the commercialization of the mid-autumn Festival has evolved into a Moon cake festival, the larger the moon cake, the less cultural significance.

Hypothesis: The most likely view to be supported by this text is that traditional culture cannot be used as an economic resource.


Premise: There are three types of robots A, B and C in a laboratory. Type A can recognize color, type B can recognize shape, and type C can neither recognize color nor shape. The laboratory experimented with red ball, blue ball, red square and blue square on robots 1 and 2 and ordered them to pick up the red ball, but 1 picked up the red square and 2 picked up the blue ball.

Hypothesis: 1 is type A and 2 is type B is correct according to the above experiment.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the magician must meet the following conditions :(1) if the arrangement of G or H play, they must be in the front. (2) If K is to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is to play, he must be in team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be in the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, Q is in the middle position of team 1.

Hypothesis: P must be behind team 2 if G is on team 1 and K is on team 2.


Premise: The reforms to improve the quality of public education that have been initiated on the part of suppliers of public education have been insufficient. Ttherefore, reforms must be demanded by consumers. Parents should be given government vouchers with which to pay for their children' s education and should be allowed to choose the schools at which the vouchers will be spent. To attract students, academically underachieving schools will be forced to improve their academic offerings.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that schools would each improve all of their academic offerings and would not tend to specialize in one particular field to the exclusion of others.


Premise: On the last day of military training, a class of students carried out live fire, and several instructors talked about the shooting results of Class one. Instructor Zhang said that the time of this military training is too short, and no one in this class will have excellent shooting results. Instructor Sun said: No way, there are a few people who have trained before, so their shooting results to be excellent. Instructor Zhou said: I think the monitor or the sports committee can do well.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that the shooting performance of sports committee members is not excellent because only one of the three instructors is right.


Premise: Pygmalion effect refers to a psychological phenomenon in which a person feels supported when he or she gains the trust that another person expects from him or her, thereby becoming confident, self respecting, and gaining a positive motivation, hope to live up to each other's expectations.

Hypothesis: The Pygmalion effect is when Roger John Rawls went from being a hippie brat to becoming New York's first black governor, inspired by the headmaster, you'll be a List of Governors of New York.


Premise: There are two main sources for formula milk to be contaminated by Enterobacter sakazakii:one is that the milk powder  contains a small amount of Enterobacter sakazakii; the other is to enter the formula through the surrounding environment and bacteria-contaminated equipment or hands.Therefore, the World Health Organization recommends that no less than 70 degrees Celsius of water to prepare infant formula.

Hypothesis: The prerequisite for the conclusion that water above 70 degrees Celsius can kill Enterobacter sakazakii is that most bacteria cannot survive in boiling water.


Premise: Etiquette firmly opposes both obscene and malicious talk, but this does not imply that speech needs to be restricted by law. Etiquette does not necessarily even oppose the expression of offensive ideas. Rather, it dictates that there are situations in which the expression of potentially offensive, disturbing, or controversial ideas is inappropriate and that, where appropriate, the expression and discussion of such ideas is to be done in a civil manner.

Hypothesis: The moderator of a panel discussion of a divisive moral issue should not allow participants to engage in name-calling most closely corresponds to the principles of etiquette stated above.


Premise: Last August the XT chain of gasoline stations had a temporary sales promotion in effect. In the promotion , any customer who made a purchase of ten or more gallons of gasoline was entitled to a free car wash . For the month of August , XT experienced a ten percent increase in gasoline sales as compared to sales in August the previous year so evidently the promotion was successful as a means of boosting sales.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most helpful to answer 'Are XT's gasoline sales in August usually significantly higher than one twelfth of XT's annual gasoline sales?'


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: If O happens to be scheduled the week before J, then S happens to be scheduled the week after K must be true.


Premise: The results of a survey of businessmen's trust in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China showed that half of the locals believed that locals were trustworthy. For example, the reliability score scored by Beijingers for Beijingers is 57.9. The score for Tianjin people is 15, with one exception, that is, Hainan people themselves do not trust Hainan people.

Hypothesis: Foreigners don't know much about Hainan businessmen and give them a very low trust score would provide a reasonable explanation for the above exception.


Premise: Knowledge, as the result of human cognition, is a concept with a large extension. It generally includes 4 levels or aspects, namely common sense, general experience, scientific knowledge and philosophical knowledge. The so-called common sense mainly includes aphorisms, proverbs and other commonly known knowledge. It is often not an understanding of the nature and laws of things. Scientific knowledge is a theoretical system, which is logical and systematic.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Scientific knowledge contains common sense' can be inferred from above.


Premise: A few milliseconds of reaction time is critical when a speeding car needs to brake immediately. Sometimes, just a few meters away is the key to life and death. Recently, researchers used a simulated driving system and eye tracking technology to test the speed at which five groups of subjects responded to moving traffic signs. It was found that moving traffic signs did make subjects react more quickly. Therefore, they suggested that the relevant departments should replace all the original traffic warning signs with more dynamic signs in order to improve the reaction speed of drivers.

Hypothesis: When drivers understand the practical significance of the more dynamic traffic warning signs, their reaction speed will be reduced to the previous level is the best indicator that the researchers' recommendations are not meeting their goals.


Premise: The increase of hurricane intensity is closely related to the rise of ocean temperature. The latest research results should arouse people's vigilance. These additional heat in the ocean is made by human beings. Opening or stepping on the accelerator may lead to the birth of a destructive hurricane.

Hypothesis: Reducing energy consumption can reduce natural disasters is the correct understanding of this passage.


Premise: Gas station owner: Increased fuel efficiency reduces air pollution and dependence on imported oil, which has led some people to suggest that automobile manufacturers should make cars smaller to increase their fuel efficiency. But smaller cars are more likely to be seriously damaged in collisions and provide less protection for their occupants. Greater fuel efficiency is not worth the added risk to human lives; ttherefore, manufacturers should not seek to increase fuel efficiency.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the gas station owner's argument is flawed because the argument presumes, without providing justification, that it would be impossible to reduce the likelihood of dangerous accidents for small cars.


Premise: A company' s two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.

Hypothesis: The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division can properly be inferred from the statement above regarding the past three years.


Premise: A new tax law aimed at encouraging the reforestation of cleared land in order to increase the amount of forested land in a particular region offers lumber companies tax incentives for each unit of cleared land they reforest. One lumber company has accordingly reduced its tax liability by purchasing a large tract of cleared land in the region and reforesting it. The company paid for the purchase by clearing a larger tract of land in the region, a tract that it had planned to hold in long-term reserve.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It can provide a motivation for companies to act in a manner contrary to the purpose of the law while taking advantage of the tax incentives' must be true about the new tax law if the statements above are true.


Premise: Most of the employees of the Compujack Corporation are computer programmers. Since most computer programmers receive excellent salaries from their employers, at least one Compujack employee must receive an excellent salary from Compujack.

Hypothesis: The argument 'Most gardeners are people with a great deal of patience. Since most of Molly's classmates are gardeners, at least one of Molly's classmates who is a gardener must be a person with a great deal of patience' exhibits a flawed pattern of reasoning most similar to the flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: Certain instruments used in veterinary surgery can be made either of stainless steel or of nylon. In a study of such instruments, 50 complete sterilizations of a set of nylon instruments required 3. 4 times the amount of energy used to manufacture that set of instruments, whereas 50 complete sterilizations of a set of stainless steel instruments required 2. 1 times the amount of energy required to manufacture that set of instruments.

Hypothesis: More energy was required for each complete sterilization of the nylon instruments than was required to manufacture the nylon instruments could be true EXCEPT if the statements above are true.


Premise: The enthusiastic acceptance of ascetic lifestyles evidenced in the surviving writings of monastic authors indicates that medieval societies were much less concerned with monetary gain than are contemporary Western cultures.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument employs the imprecise term ascetic.


Premise: The magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Kyushu, Japan, the magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Myanmar, the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Afghanistan, and several earthquakes with magnitude above 7.0 in the waters off the island of Sumatra in Indonesia over the past month.How to explain the spate of strong earthquakes in recent years, is there a connection between them? Whether the earth has entered a period of seismicity is considered by both Chinese and foreign experts.Any conclusion needs to be supported by scientific evidence, but no matter from the statistical significance or specific research, it is impossible to determine whether the global earthquake magnitude and frequency are beyond the normal category, and whether there is a connection between them.But it is necessary to study some dangerous areas and be vigilant.

Hypothesis: Has the earth entered vibration mode is suitable for text headings.


Premise: At present, China's socialist democracy and legal system is still in the stage of gradual improvement. The phenomenon of non-compliance with the law and lax law enforcement still exist to varying degrees. Paying taxes according to the law and conscientiously has not yet become a tight string in the mind of every citizen, especially since the introduction of the individual income tax, the state of collection and payment has always been unsatisfactory.

Hypothesis: We need to strengthen citizens' awareness of paying taxes can be inferred.


Premise: Ms. Zheng said that the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City was higher than that of Yiyang City in the past decade, so the economic outlook of Hengyuan City was better than that of Yiyang City.Mr. Hu said, I don't agree with you. Although the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City is higher than that of Yiyang City, the GDP value of Yiyang City is higher.

Hypothesis: The focus of the dispute between Ms. Zheng and Mr. Hu is whether a city's GDP growth rate being high means that the economic prospect must be good.


Premise: Building a harmonious community is an important part of building a harmonious society. Only when the management system of the community is further improved can the social responsibility of the community be clarified. If the service level of the community is not improved, it can not meet the needs of the residents' rapid growth The construction of community management laws and regulations is an important prerequisite for the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community, and strengthening the democratic self-government at the grass-roots level of the community is also conducive to the improvement of the community management system.

Hypothesis: Only by strengthening the legal construction of community management can the social system of the community be clarified can be inferred.


Premise: At present, the standard of the minimum living security line implemented in our country is different. In many underdeveloped areas, it is 50 yuan or 60 yuan per person per month. In a certain place, the news report also takes raising the minimum living security level to 50 yuan per month as a sign of political achievements. Of course, the price level and living index are very different in different places, but in today's China, even though the minimum security line in many developed cities is more than 300 yuan per month, it is still difficult for low-income households to make ends meet, so it is not difficult to imagine the hardship of 50 yuan a month.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that the standard of minimum living security line in less developed areas is lower.


Premise: The famous scientist and historian of science Price puts forward that if K represents the number of people involved in a certain professional field, then the square root of this number is roughly equal to the number of top-ranked people who have contributed half of the field.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, an organization counted the repertoire of concerts held publicly around the world in the past year and found that all repertoires were completed by about 250 composers, and about half of the repertoire came from 16 composers is in line with Price's point of view.


Premise: Environmentalists worry that the large-scale use of plastic packaging will pollute the environment and try to make manufacturers find ways to recycle plastic materials. However, despite their efforts, the recycling rate of plastic products is only 6.5%. The recycling rate of glass containers is 33%.

Hypothesis: Manufacturing new plastics requires more oil, while manufacturing new glass can use renewable resources, if true, is not helpful in explaining the relatively low recycling rate of plastic products.


Premise: Consumer advocate: There is no doubt that the government is responsible for the increased cost of gasoline, because the government' s policies have significantly increased consumer demand for fuel, and as a result of increasing demand, the price of gasoline has risen steadily.

Hypothesis: The assumption required by the consumer advocate's argument is that the government has an obligation to ensure that demand for fuel does not increase excessively.


Premise: From the phenomenological point of view, humor is a kind of distortion to the general logic of things, but it must be a reflection of conscious reason, it can not be separated from the normal thinking and healthy psychology of human beings, so humor is a reflection of human healthy psychology.

Hypothesis: The essence of humor is to link unrelated things together to make them logically confused and produce comedic effects can be inferred based on the above statement.


Premise: The continuing offence refers to the criminal pattern that the perpetrator commits the same crime for several times on the basis of the same criminal intention.

Hypothesis: A cashier who accidentally discovered that there was a loophole in the unit's Financial Management Regulations and accounted for 3,000 yuan in public funds, and later used the loophole again to embezzle 8,000 yuan, is a continuous offender.


Premise: Arbitrator: The shipping manager admits that he decided to close the old facility on October 14 and to schedule the new facility' s opening for October 17, the following Monday. But he also claims that he is not responsible for the business that was lost due to the new facility' s failing to open as scheduled. He blames the contractor for not finishing on time, but he too, is to blame, for he was aware of the contractor' s typical delays and should have planned for this contingency.

Hypothesis: A manager should be held responsible for mistakes made by those whom the manager directly supervises is the principle that underlies the arbitrator's argument.


Premise: In an exam, a student was caught cheating, and the teacher told him: If you don't want to get caught, don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: People who are caught doing stupid things often have bad luck is different from the above conclusions.


Premise: Induced motion refers to the illusion of motion of an adjacent stationary object due to the motion of an object.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, watching the candle light moving is an example of induced motion.


Premise: When feeding, aquatic birds known as phalaropes often spin rapidly on the water' s surface, pecking for food during each revolution. To execute these spins, phalaropes kick one leg harder than the other. This action creates upwelling currents. Because plankton on which phalaropes feed typically occurs in greater quantities well below the surface, it is hypothesized that by spinning phalaropes gain access to food that would otherwise be beyond their reach.

Hypothesis: The statement "Phalaropes sometimes spin when they are not feeding" most strongly supports the hypothesis.


Premise: A popular book argues that people who are successful in business have, without exception, benefited from a lot of luck on their way to success. But this is ridiculous. Anyone who has studied successful people knows that success requires a lot of hard work.

Hypothesis: The argument commits the error of reasoning of accepting a view as authoritative without establishing the authority of the source of the view.


Premise: Wireless charging, also known as non-contact induction charging, uses the principle of magnetic field resonance to transfer energy from the power supply device (charger) to the device that uses electricity. There is no wire connection between the two devices.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The longer the wireless transmission distance, the greater the loss of useless power' is correct about chargers and electrical devices.


Premise: Environmental impact assessment refers to the investigation, prediction and evaluation of what impact the plan or project will have on the atmosphere, water, soil, organisms and the environmental system composed of them, and what impact the results of these impacts will have on human health and living environment, as well as the natural environment, economy, culture and historical environment, Based on this, the countermeasures and measures to prevent or reduce environmental pollution and damage are formulated.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, before the construction of an airport, a city predicting the aircraft noise and putting forward some suggestions on land use control around the airport belongs to environmental impact assessment.


Premise: When Copernicus changed the way we think about the solar system, he did so not by discovering new information, but by looking differently at information already available. Edward Jenner' s discovery of a smallpox vaccine occurred when he shifted his focus to disease prevention from the then more common emphasis on cure. History is replete with breakthroughs of this sort.

Hypothesis: The examples provided above illustrate that shifting from earlier modes of thought can result in important advances.


Premise: Because chemical fiber is synthetic with petroleum and other raw materials.The production of chemical fiber will produce a lot of pollutants, consume a lot of energy and water, and the degradation rate of chemical fiber waste in the natural environment is very slow,so it is generally believed that wearing cotton fabric is more environmentally friendly than using chemical fiber.

Hypothesis: Cotton is the crop that uses the most pesticides and 25% of the world's pesticides are used in cotton cultivation poses the strongest challenge to this view.


Premise: Anthropologist: Violence is an extreme form of aggression, and is distinct from the self-expression sufficient for survival under normal conditions. Human beings in certain situations react to unpleasant stimuli with violence -- but only because they are conditioned by their culture to react in this manner.

Hypothesis: The self-expression required for survival is generally nonagressive cannot be logically inferred from the anthropologist's statements.


Premise: The researchers recruited 697 smokers who wanted to quit and divided them into two groups. The first group quit smoking quickly, that is, stop smoking on the day of quitting smoking; the second group quit smoking gradually, set a date to stop smoking, and gradually reduce the number of smoking within a month. A month later, the success rate of quitting smoking was 49% in the quick quitting smoking group, compared with 39% in the gradual quitting smoking group. As a result, the researchers believe that the success rate of quitting smoking quickly is higher than that of quitting smoking gradually.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Six months after quitting smoking, the desire for smoking in the quick quitting group was lower than that in the gradual quitting group' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: An economist of one country pointed out: unless the country takes drastic measures to cure the stubborn problems of the economy, it is impossible for the economy to grow steadily. Without steady economic growth, public debt will continue to rise.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that if the public debt continues to rise, the country has not taken drastic measures to cure the stubborn problems of the economy.


Premise: While sales of other highly fuel-efficient automobiles are in decline, sales of the Hydro are rising. The Hydro' s manufacturers attribute its success to the Hydro' s price and very low fuel consumption. However, the Hydro is comparable in price and fuel efficiency to its competitors, so it is more likely that its success is due to the fact that people want to appear environmentally conscious to their neighbors.

Hypothesis: The Hydro is recognizable as environmentally friendly in a way that its competitors are not is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: A local talent market is looking for practitioners in four positions of cleaning, property, network management and sales. Four young people from A, B, C and D come to apply. It was learned afterwards that each person only chose one kind of position to apply for and one of them applied for each kind of position. In addition, we also know: (1) if D applies for network management, then A applies for property; (2) if B does not apply for cleaning, then A applies for cleaning and C applies for sales; (3) if B applies for cleaning, then C applies for sales. D also applied for cleaning.

Hypothesis: A apply for the position of network management can be inferred according to the above statement.


Premise: Known: (1) if A is to be admitted, B will not be admitted; (2) as long as B is not admitted, A will be admitted; (3) A is admitted. It is known that only one of these three judgments is true ,and the other two are false.

Hypothesis: Both A and B are admitted is introduced from this.


Premise: Fat tail effect refers to the phenomenon that statistical extreme situations often occur abnormally.

Hypothesis: The phenomenon of all top students in Arts and Science in the college entrance examination of J province being girls belongs to the fat tail effect according to the above definition.


Premise: The social security system refers to a social security system that, under the management of the government, in accordance with certain laws and regulations, through the redistribution of national income, and relying on social security funds, to provide material assistance and services for the protection of people's lives.

Hypothesis: Laid-off workers applied for preferential loans with the help of the street office, opened their own factories, and provided re-employment opportunities for many laid-off workers is within the scope of the social security system.


Premise: Hunter: Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest' s deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, <b> black bears have also played an important role in this decline </b>. In the past ten years, the forest' s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the hunter's argument is that the boldface portion.


Premise: The governance of climate warming should be to find a way for carbon dioxide, not just to reduce emissions or simply bury it.For this reason, scientists put forward the concept of futannongye. After capturing the carbon dioxide produced by human activities, especially industrial production, it will be released in a small confined artificial climate at a concentration several times higher than the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, and use relevant science and technology to create a highly efficient photosynthetic environment that will greatly increasing the yield of agricultural and forestry crops.Scientists believe that the futannongye will be an important way to solve the problem of climate warming.

Hypothesis: Modern technology can realize the capture, transportation and release of carbon dioxide in confined places at a lower cost would best support the scientists' conclusions.


Premise: Classical Roman architecture is beautiful, primarily because of its use of rounded arches and its symmetry. Postmodern architecture is dramatic, primarily because of its creative use both of materials and of the surrounding environment. An architectural style that combines elements of both classical Roman and postmodern architecture would ttherefore be both beautiful and dramatic.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that it neglects to consider that an architectural style combining elements of two other architectural styles may lack certain qualities of one or both of those styles.


Premise: Some medical studies have shown that taking vitamin and mineral supplements does not significantly help the human body, and sometimes even causes harm to the human body. Some doctors advise not to take vitamin and mineral supplements anymore, but to supplement the vitamins and minerals needed by the human body through a balanced diet.

Hypothesis: A three-year follow-up survey of 20000 children showed that children who did not take vitamin and mineral supplements had a higher incidence of nutritional deficiency weakens the above findings.


Premise: Psychologists have suggested that if social networks are used well, they can also significantly reduce people's negative emotions and improve their mood. But the premise is that we need to use the Internet as a practice platform to truly express ourselves and interact with others sincerely and kindly. Offline, due to geographical spacing and other problems, it is sometimes difficult to find like-minded friends. But relying on the convenience of the Internet, many people are easy to find bosom friends.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis in this passage is that it is an inevitable trend for social networks to replace offline communication in the future.


Premise: The highest mountain ranges are formed by geological forces that raise the earth' s crust: two continent-bearing tectonic plates of comparable density collide and crumple upward, causing a thickening of the crust. The erosive forces of wind and precipitation inexorably wear these mountains down. Yet the highest mountain ranges tend to be found in places where these erosive forces are most prevalent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Patterns of extreme wind and precipitation often result from the dramatic differences in elevation commonly found in the highest mountain ranges' most helps to reconcile the apparent conflict described above.


Premise: Mr. Zhang intends to buy several kinds of flowers, and his intention is as follows: (1) buy at most one kind of rose and tulip; (2) buy at least one kind of peony, rose and daisy; (3) buy at least two kinds of tulips, daisies and lilies; and (4) if you buy tulips, do not buy peonies.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhang bought at least one kind of daisies and roses according to the above intention.


Premise: The Dark Forest Theory put forward in the science fiction three-body tells us that human beings must not reveal the location of our earth to the universe, or they will be destroyed by alien civilizations. However, long before the publication of the three-body, in 1974, humans sent a radio signal to the constellation Hercules, more than 22000 light-years from Earth, proclaiming their existence to the universe at the speed of light. The cluster of Hercules, numbered M 13, has hundreds of thousands of stars. Scientists believe that stars are usually surrounded by planets, but there can be no life on stars, but there may be planets. People who believe in the dark forest theory can not help but worry about this reckless human behavior, thinking that human expectations may usher in a cruel reality.

Hypothesis: There are no planetary systems in the star-dense Hercules Cluster, if true, best illustrates that this worry is unnecessary.


Premise: The Stockholm effect, also known as Stockholm syndrome, or hostage complex or hostage syndrome, refers to a phenomenon in which the victim of a crime has been subject to the perpetrator for a long time, and after being rescued, the perpetrator will have emotions, and even help the perpetrator.

Hypothesis: A female college student was kidnapped for a week. Later, the kidnapper released her out of his conscience. Although she was bullied during that period, the kidnapper boiled hot water to wash her feet every night, so she believed that the kidnapper was a good person and wanted to fall in love with him after his release does not belong to the Stockholm effect according to the above definition.


Premise: As defined by the World Bank, the Gini coefficient reflects the distribution of income and consumption expenditure among different households. Statistics of most countries in the world is the distribution of income, and income is defined as disposable income after tax, but there are also some national statistics is the distribution of consumer spending, such as India, due to the factor of diminishing marginal propensity to consume, gini coefficient was calculated by the consumer spending will be significantly lower than using the gini coefficient of income, for example, India's gini published in 2005, the world bank The coefficient is 0.33, but it would exceed 0.6 if measured by income. On the other hand, if China's Gini coefficient is calculated using the consumption expenditure method, China's gini coefficient will be only 0.26 in 2000.

Hypothesis: The meaning of the text is that at present, the difference in the gini coefficient calculation index affects the comparability between countries.


Premise: Honest cadres are cadres of good conduct, wholeheartedly for the people are strict with themselves cadres. The degeneration of some corrupt elements is the result of relaxing strict requirements on themselves. The cadre that seeks personal gain wholeheartedly is not a cadre of moral integrity, a cadre that seeks personal gain is also impossible to become a cadre of one mind for the people.Zhang Runtime is a respectable cadre.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Zhang Lingga is a cadre who is dedicated to the people is correct.


Premise: Smuggled goods in the notebook computer market are now available in the Chinese mainland.A large number of parallel goods have impacted the sales of products in formal channels. Some analysts believe that the main reason for this phenomenon is the great price advantage of parallel goods

Hypothesis: The premise that the analyst must imply in his analysis is that many consumers cannot afford the price of products from formal channels.


Premise: In Ankole, hima people who live on animal husbandry and IRU people who live on agricultural sanitation live together; In Arizona, the Navajo people used to live by hunting and gathering. Now they are mainly animal husbandry. They are adjacent to the Hopi people who operate agriculture; The southeast coast of Australia used to be inhabited by Aboriginal people who hunted and plundered food, but now there are Europeans engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and industry.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Geographical environment is not the decisive factor of human production mode' illustrates that the author lists these facts.


Premise: Some animal eggs will hatch by the heat generated when microorganisms in the soil and compost decompose organic matter, but these microorganisms (including bacteria) will also penetrate the eggshell and infect embryos. Naturally, this ratio is higher than 20%. However, in In Australia, there is a bird named Congzhong pheasant , whose eggs are only 9% infected. Researchers have found that their eggshells contain lysozyme. Based on this, the researchers believe that the key factor is that this substance is likely to resist Bacteria infestation.

Hypothesis: Compared with the eggshells of other animals, the eggshells of the Congzhong pheasant are one-third thinner and more susceptible to microbial invasion is true and does not weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: If the city starts requiring residents to sort the materials that they put out for recycling, then many residents will put more recyclables in with their regular garbage. This will result in more recyclables being buried in the city' s landfill. However, because of the cost of having city workers do the sorting, the sanitation department will not stay within its budget unless the sorting requirement for residents is implemented.

Hypothesis: The amount of recyclables going to the city's landfill will increase if the sanitation department stays within its budget logically follows from the information above.


Premise: Often a type of organ or body structure is the only physically feasible means of accomplishing a given task, so it should be unsurprising if, like eyes or wings, that type of organ or body structure evolves at different times in a number of completely unrelated species. After all, whatever the difference of heritage and habitat, as organisms animals have fundamentally similar needs and so __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'will in many instances evolve similar adaptations enabling them to satisfy these needs' most logically completes the last sentence of the passage.


Premise: An instigator is a criminal who deliberately instigates another person to commit a crime. Its outstanding feature is that he does not commit the crime personally, but deliberately instigates another person to commit a crime and decides to commit the crime.

Hypothesis: Zheng was ill and asked Lu to be a ghost town. Lu said nonsense that there was a problem with a certain graveyard. So Zheng nailed an iron rod to the grave under the guidance of Lu, and was later pulled out by the grave owner. Zheng was sick again and suspected that the grave was at work again, so he decided to kill the grave owner to eliminate the disaster for himself. So Zheng tricked the grave owner to the grave and killed him with a kitchen knife is an instigator according to the above definition.


Premise: Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Hypothesis: Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'There should be more exchanges and communication between people, more understanding and tolerance, and there will be fewer and fewer nation-states in the world' is an objective-value fallacy.


Premise: Calmness is a kind of emotional state with weak calm, long duration and dispersion.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang, who was driving, yelled at him in an emotional state because the car in front of him suddenly turned around in violation of regulations is not calmness according to the above definition.


Premise: Many osseous remains have been found in caves with the remains of Pleistocene primates (some people think they are the ancestors of humans). From the frequency of the discovery of various bones, many animals died elsewhere, but only certain parts of the body was brought back to the cave. Therefore, Pleistocene primates must be good at hunting for bring back so many prey.

Hypothesis: The prints on all bones, including the remains of Pleistocene primates, are the tooth prints of a large carnivore of that era weakens the above conclusion the most.


Premise: In the past 12 months, the sales volume of new energy electric vehicles in a city has increased significantly. Along with it, there are more and more reports on new energy electric vehicles in TV, Internet and other media. Therefore, some electric vehicle sellers believe that the increase in the sales volume of new energy electric vehicles is mainly due to the publicity role of increasing media reports.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who have read reports about new energy electric vehicles almost don't buy this type of vehicle' weakens the view of the electric vehicle seller most.


Premise: As an environmental enthusiast, Dr. Zhao advocates low-carbon life and actively promotes energy conservation and emission reduction. But I do not agree with him, because as a university teacher, he has taken up a lot of time in scientific research and now even an associate professor has not been rated, how can his point of view be convincing?

Hypothesis: The argument that the company's performance reward system is fair to all employees is most similar to the argument above.


Premise: Research on the Earth's glaciers found that when the volcanoes under the glaciers start to erupt, they will quickly produce steam streams, explosively penetrate the ice layer, release ash into the upper air, and produce zeolite, sulfide and clay. Recently, people have discovered that these minerals have also been detected on some round flat-topped hills on the surface of Mars, and they are widely and abundantly present. Therefore, it is speculated that the early Mars was covered with ice sheets, where there had been more volcanic activities.

Hypothesis: To get the above conclusion, the premise that needs to be added is that the three types of zeolite, sulfide, and clay are unique substances that are only produced after volcanic activity under glaciers.


Premise: Journalist: There is no downside to journalists using anonymous sources. National newspapers require journalists to use multiple sources to corroborate anonymous tips, and corroboration removes any possibility of abuse. Any failure to corroborate sources would risk national security through the publication of misleading information.

Hypothesis: The strength of the argument depends upon the statement 'Journalists should only use anonymous sources.'


Premise: Possession modification is a means of delivery of goods. In the transfer of movable property rights, both parties agreed by the assignor to continue to occupy the movable property. The right in rem becomes effective when the agreement comes into force.

Hypothesis: The case of possession modification is when A will sell his bicycle to B, at the same time the two sides agreed before a abroad the car is still used by A.


Premise: Professor Lin suffers from bronchitis. In order to achieve curative effect, Dr. Zhang asked Professor Lin to quit smoking immediately.

Hypothesis: Smoking is the main cause of bronchitis must be assumed in order to make Dr. Zhang's request persuasive.


Premise: Some people believe that advertising is socially pernicious -- it changes consumers' preferences, thereby manipulating people into wanting things they would not otherwise want. However, classes in music and art appreciation change people' s preferences for various forms of art and music, and there is nothing wrong with these classes. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: If advertising changes consumers' preferences, it generally does so in a positive way most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Leading cadres should also have these three realms of reading and study: first of all, they should have the lofty pursuit of looking at the Tianya Road, the coolness of withering trees by the west wind last night and the loneliness of going up the tall building alone. Calm down and study hard. Second, we should work hard, study assiduously, be willing to pay, persevere, work hard, and never regret even if we wear wider clothes and people are haggard. Third, we should persist in independent thinking, combine learning with use, learn something, use something, find him in the public thousands of degrees in study and practice, and finally suddenly look back and grasp the true meaning in dim lights. the third is to persist in independent thinking, to combine learning with use, to learn something, to find him thousands of degrees in the study and practice, and finally to suddenly look back and comprehend the true meaning in dim lights.

Hypothesis: You should pay attention to methods and skills in reading can best summarize the above text.


Premise: Telomeres are DNA fragments whose length is very long at birth and then becomes shorter and is regarded as a sign of aging. After analyzing data over the years, the researchers found that the average telomere length of women who had at least one child was 4.2% shorter than that of infertile women. This percentage is equivalent to 11 years of cell aging, outpacing the effects of smoking and obesity on cell aging. As a result, it has been suggested that having children will speed up the aging of women.

Hypothesis: The statement 'During pregnancy, the level of estrogen in women continues to rise sharply, which has a protective effect on cell telomeres' cannot refute the above point of view if it is true.


Premise: Mall owner: Our mall' s occupancy rate is so low that we are barely making a profit. We cannot raise rents because of an unacceptably high risk of losing established tenants. On the other hand, a mall that is fully occupied costs about as much to run as one in which a rental space here and a rental space there stands empty. Clearly, ttherefore, to increase profits we must sign up new tenants.

Hypothesis: The statement "The mall's operating costs could be cut by consolidating currently rented spaces in such a way that an entire wing of the mall could be closed up" most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Dai Wei has hardly suffered from stomach trouble after eating milk-made food. Just because he occasionally had stomach pain after eating the milk-made food, it was concluded that his allergy to milk-made food was unreasonable.

Hypothesis: Dogs and cats are sometimes restless before the earthquake, so there is no reason to conclude that dogs and cats have the ability to sense earthquakes in advance, because in most cases, there is no earthquake after the restlessness of dogs and cats is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: In recent years, people's living conditions are getting better and better, and the requirements for tourism ---are getting higher and higher. In the past, the way of tourism ---- has been gradually replaced by the way of in-depth experience and paying attention to culture and interaction. it is under this background that the development of the integration of culture and tourism --- has become a hot spot.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Quality, a glimpse of the surface, stands out from the crowd' is the most appropriate to fill in the underlined part.


Premise: No one can avoid making mistakes. Not everyone will make serious mistakes.

Hypothesis: If the above judgment is correct, then everyone may make mistakes, but some people may not make serious mistakes.


Premise: According to a recent study by the climate center of the Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, these areas will become less and less suitable for the giant panda's survival and reproduction in the next 10 to 30 years, according to the current general trend of climate change in the Giant Panda's habitat, in the northwest, the Qionglai City Mountains will become more suitable for the giant panda because of the increase in temperature and precipitation, and will become a climate-friendly habitat for the giant panda. The sub-suitable area will shift from southeast to northwest, therefore, giant pandas will migrate to the northwest in the future.

Hypothesis: Giant pandas have the ability to migrate best supports the above view.


Premise: Several companies that make herbal teas containing ginseng assert in their marketing that ginseng counteracts the effects of stress. As a result, many people buy these products hoping to improve their health. Yet no definitive scientific study links ginseng with the relief of stress. Thus, these marketing campaigns make false claims.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument rejects an argument because of its source without evaluating the argument's logical strength.


Premise: Editorial: Supporters of the proposed law that would require bicyclists to wear helmets are seriously misguided. The number of pedestrians who die yearly as a result of accidents involving automobiles is five times the number of deaths resulting from bicycle accidents, and drunken driving exacts a much higher toll than both combined. Yet there are no calls for a ban on alcohol or walking down the street.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is silly to recommend that test pilots give up cigarette smoking. Their risk of death from other causes is so high that it is unlikely they will live long enough to develop lung cancer' exhibits a pattern of flawed reasoning most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: The cost of manufacturing automobiles is considerably greater in Esteria than in Burdistan. In order to stimulate Esterian consumers' purchases of domestically manufactured automobiles, the Esterian government has historically charged taxes on automobiles manufactured in Burdistan. Five years ago, however, the Esterian government dropped those taxes; in those five years, the number of workers employed in Esterian automobile factories has decreased by 30%. Ttherefore, the number of vehicles manufactured and sold in Esteria must have decreased in the last five years.

Hypothesis: Recent innovations in automated automobile-manufacturing technology have approximately halved the number of worker-hours required to produce most automobiles most weakens the argument.


Premise: After examining the options, the budget committee discovered that QI' s office-phone system would be inexpensive enough to be within the cost limit that had been set for the committee. However, Corelink' s system must also be inexpensive enough to be within the limit, since it is even less expensive than QI' s system.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by the reasoning that Health Dairy's sharp cheddar cheese is low enough in fat to meet the labeling standard for low fat cheddar cheese, and since its mild cheddar cheese is even lower in fat, it too must meet the labeling standard.


Premise: People's daily thinking and activities, even tiny ones, contain conscious initiative and some kind of creativity, and all the actions of the computer are controlled by pre-programmed programs, so it is impossible for the computer to own the initiative and creativity that people have.

Hypothesis: Computer programs cannot simulate human initiative and creativity can be used as a supplement to strongly support the reasoning from the above.


Premise: If the known bright knowledge (that is, knowledge that can be expressed in words, formulas, programs, and language) is a small corner of the iceberg, then dark knowledge (new knowledge that human beings cannot feel and cannot express, that is, a new kind of knowledge that is being discovered by new machines today) is the largest piece under the iceberg. Dark knowledge will be the largest amount of knowledge that will dominate and occupy the whole space of knowledge in the future. We need to be prepared. The authority of human knowledge is just beginning to be shaken. In the future, more and more knowledge can be mastered and discovered by machines. Slowly, we may become an island-like existence, inundated by the ocean of dark knowledge.

Hypothesis: The intended description of this passage is that dark knowledge will dominate the field of knowledge in the future.


Premise: Some scientific issues are so complex and counterintuitive that they cannot be well understood by readers of popular magazines. Nonetheless, stories about these difficult scientific issues are frequently the ones that these readers would find most fascinating. Unfortunately, this means that some of the scientific stories that would be most interesting to readers are usually not covered in popular magazines since__.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is strongly supported if the statement "editors of popular magazines generally do not approve stories about issues that cannot be well understood by those magazines' readers" completes the passage.


Premise: The study found that people aged 20 to 39 are more keen on using sports applications in smart phones. The main reason is that most of them have participated in work, and sub-health is more common in this group, so more and more white-collar workers and young people pay more attention to physical health. At the same time, the obesity rate of young people is relatively high, and young people's pursuit of beauty is far more than that of middle-aged and elderly people, so they care more about sports. In addition, users in this age group are also more familiar with the operation of smart phones.

Hypothesis: Many young people are addicted to games in smart phones weakens the above findings.


Premise: Anderson maintains that travel writing has diminished in quality over the last few decades. Although travel writing has changed in this time, Anderson is too harsh on contemporary travel writers. Today, when the general public is better traveled than in the past, travel writers face a challenge far greater than that of their predecessors: they must not only show their readers a place but also make them see it anew. That the genre has not only survived but also flourished shows the talent of today' s practitioners.

Hypothesis: The statement that the general public is better traveled today than in the past is cited as a condition that has transformed the task of the travel writer in the argument.


Premise: All the sales staff of a company are from Shaanxi. Some Shaanxi people like to eat pepper, and the general manager of the company likes to eat pepper,

Hypothesis: The company's salespeople like to eat chili can be introduced.


Premise: Three-dimensional agriculture refers to the full utilization of crops in time and space. According to the different characteristics of different crops, such as high stalk and short stalk, rich light and shade tolerance, early and late maturity, deep and shallow roots, legumes and gramineous, use them in The time and space differences in the growth process are rationally implemented scientific interplanting, interplanting, mixed seeding, rotation and other supporting plantings, forming a variety of crops, multi-level, multi-sequential three-dimensional intercropping planting structure.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, growing soybeans in his own cornfield belongs to three-dimensional agriculture.


Premise: As a living individual, man is not only a natural person but also a social person. The society will vigorously promote moral life, waging a love life of the campaign, the formation of cherish the good habit in life: to launch the social from all walks of life forces involved in the moral education of life: network, film, television, newspapers and other social media must strengthen the positive guidance, to reduce negative suggestion and mislead the youth, and the school, family, social trinity, combined together, to promote green Young appreciate the beauty of life, cherish the existence of life, respect the right of life.

Hypothesis: The central meaning of a word is 'It is urgent to carry out life moral education.'


Hypothesis: The statement 'editors of popular magazines generally do not approve stories about issues that cannot be well understood by those magazines' readers' strongly supports the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Geneticist: Ethicists have fears, many of them reasonable, about the prospect of cloning human beings, that is, producing exact genetic duplicates. But the horror-movie image of a wealthy person creating an army of exact duplicates is completely unrealistic. Clones must be raised and educated, a long-term process that could never produce adults identical to the original in terms of outlook, personality, or goals. More realistic is the possibility that wealthy individuals might use clones as living organ banks.

Hypothesis: The claim that cloning will not produce adults with identical personalities illustrates the claim that only wealthy people would be able to have genetic duplicates made of themselves.


Premise: There are four balls of the same size and weight, red, yellow, blue and green. Take a scale. If you put the red and yellow balls on one end of the balance, and put the blue and green balls on the other end of the balance, the  scale will remain balanced. If you put the red and green balls on the left side of the scale, and the yellow and blue balls on the right side, the left side sinks. If you put a red ball and a blue ball on the left and a yellow ball on the right, the right side sinks.

Hypothesis: Blue, red, yellow, green is in light-to-heavy order.


Premise: Unlike consumer goods, which are priced on a cost basis, luxury brands typically set retail prices in three different regions, Europe, the United States and Asia according to different market expectations. In Europe, where France and Italy are the main places of origin, luxury prices are often the lowest. When European brands enter the U.S. market, they typically raise prices only slightly, as the consumer psychology for luxury goods has matured there. Luxury brands are the most expensive in Asia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Asia is far from the origin of luxury brands, so its logistics costs are high' best explains the phenomenon of luxury brands pricing the most in the Asian market.


Premise: The ratchet effect refers to the irreversibility of people's consumption habits after the formation, that is, it is easy to adjust upwards, but it is difficult to adjust downwards.

Hypothesis: After Li bought the lottery and won the 5 million prize, he did not tell anyone, secretly deposited the money in the bank, and went to work and off work as before, and he worked more actively is eligible for the ratchet effect.


Premise: Career anchor refers to the vital things or values in a career that a person will not give up in any case when he has to make a choice. Technical functional career anchor refers to the whole career development of an individual, which is developed around a set of special technical abilities or specific professional work he is good at.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang, who was first employed in a small restaurant and was not reused at first but later devoted himself to studying new dishes and won great praise, and was recruited by headhunters to a five-star hotel as the chef of the restaurant, meets the technical functional career anchor.


Premise: In order to implement the best cooperation, when determining the composition of the players in a volleyball match, the three coaches of A, B and C expressed their views on whether Xiao Wang and Xiao Li are on the court as follows:A: Only Xiao Wang plays the game, Xiao Li plays the game. B: If Xiao Wang plays the game, Xiao Li plays the game. C: Either Xiao Wang plays the game, or Xiao Li plays the game.

Hypothesis: All three were telling the truth is an impossible conclusion on the basis of the information provided.


Premise: In the face of earthquakes, science is still promising. Through the study of seismic waves, it is found that seismic waves include P-waves and S-waves. The former propagates faster but has less destructive power, while the latter is the opposite. Therefore, through the seismic monitoring network, people monitor the P-waves of seismic waves with faster propagation speed and send signals to the monitoring center, The monitoring center can send an alarm to the public and key facilities by radio waves through the client. In other words, the earthquake alarm is a race between radio waves and seismic shear waves, which can warn people when the seismic shear waves have not yet arrived.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to explain that the accuracy and speed of earthquake warning system need to be improved.


Premise: Adaptation refers to the action of the same stimulus on the sensory organ, causing a change in the sensory ability of the sensory organ to appropriate stimulation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "When I walked into a garden, the fragrance of the flowers poured into my nose, but soon I didn't feel anything" does not fit the concept of adaptation.


Premise: In a unit, Lao Li has great respect for his colleague Da Zhang, and Da Zhang has great respect for the new technician Chen. Lao Li is one of the leaders of the unit and his position is higher than Xiao Chen's.

Hypothesis: Someone respects people who are inferior to them can be inferred based on the above statement.


Premise: Only with sufficient capital investment and technical personnel can a company's products have high-tech content. This high-tech content is essential for a product to occupy the market stably for a long time.

Hypothesis: The situation where Yangtze River TV failed to occupy the market steadily for a long time because the product lacks high-tech content can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: The regulations on the protection of consumers' rights and interests in a certain city clearly stipulates that consumers can return goods for no reason within 7 days, but this regulation has not been successfully implemented after the introduction of this regulation. When many consumers return goods for no reason within 7 days, they often encounter obstacles from merchants, who refuse to return goods on the grounds that the goods have been treated at a special price, the goods have been opened or used, and so on.

Hypothesis: If we don't open the seal and inspect the goods, we can't know whether there are any quality problems in the goods can best question the reasons for obstruction by merchants.


Premise: Archaeologist: How did the Parthenon' s stonemasons manage to carve columns that all bulged outward in the center in precisely the same way? One hypothesis is suggested by the discovery of a scale drawing of a column etched into the stone of a Greek temple at Didyma. The drawing is a profile view of a column surrounded by a grid, which makes it possible to determine the correct width at every height of the column. The stonemasons who carved the Parthenon' s columns may have relied on a drawing like the one at Didyma.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Scale drawings were commonly used in many types of construction in ancient Greece' adds the most support for the archaeologist's hypothesis.


Premise: Linda: During the summer months, people normally take vacations. Ttherefore, during the summer months, the local economy suffers since local residents spend their money at their vacation destinations. Billy: Why do you think that the local economy would be suffering? During the summer months, tourists who come to our city actually spend lots of money at local businesses, attractions, and restaurants.

Hypothesis: The reply offers an additional factor to consider that weakens Linda's conclusion most correctly explains how Billy's reply is related to Linda's argument.


Premise: In an experiment, researchers showed more than a dozen portraits of similarly well-dressed children to a panel of doctors and teachers who had to judge the intelligence of the children based on the portrait photos. The results of this subjective judgment will be compared with the results of the objective intelligence test. Finally, the researchers concluded that people can judge an individual's IQ by being ugly.

Hypothesis: If a person is good-looking, we may mistakenly think that he must be very intelligent, which can weaken the above conclusion most.


Premise: The necessary condition refers to a relationship between two sentences. If the false sentence is false, it can be concluded that sentence B is false, then sentence A is the necessary condition of sentence B

Hypothesis: University Teacher Wang Feifei being a doctor and having the experience of studying abroad is a necessary condition for Wang Feifei to be appointed as an associate professor.


Premise: M City made public the work of issuing shares for the first time in more than 20 years, with a total of eight companies listed. To this end, a newspaper in M City investigated more than 5000 people on the issue of stock issuance. The results show that the non-investors in the public have a moderate evaluation of the offering prices of the eight companies, and the above people do not make an evaluation because they have no stock speculation experience. Obviously, more than 1/5 of investors think that the stock offering price is on the high side and that the low one is close to zero, but this should be regarded as more natural, and most people who buy things tend to think that things are expensive. Old investors also think that the price of new shares is on the high side.

Hypothesis: Most people in the city know very little about stocks can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Scientists, puzzled about the development of penicillin-resistant bacteria in patients who had not been taking penicillin, believe they have found an explanation. The relevant group of patients have dental fillings made of mercury-containing amalgam, and the bacteria the patients develop are immune to mercury poisoning. Scientists have concluded that the genes causing resistance to penicillin are closely bundled on the chromosomes of bacteria with the gene that produces immunity to mercury poisoning. Exposure to the mercury kills off bacteria that lack the relevant immunity gene, and leaves room for those that possess both the mercury-immunity gene and the penicillin-resistance gene to flourish.

Hypothesis: The unstated assumption that some patients who take penicillin develop bacteria with an immunity to penicillin most accurately characterizes the role played in the passage by generating the problem that prompted the research described in the passage.


Premise: With the popularity of mobile devices, mobile phones and tablets (PAD) have gradually penetrated into people's lives. Many people have also changed from cannot do without TV to cannot do without mobile phones and PAD. Some people think that more use of computers will reduce the time people spend on TV. After all, time is limited, but surveys have shown that people who spend more time on computer do not reduce their time watching TV.

Hypothesis: The participants' so-called computer time includes the time they use the computer at work should be considered most in order to verify the accuracy of the above survey results.


Premise: The continuing offence refers to the criminal pattern that the perpetrator commits the same crime for several times on the basis of the same criminal intention.

Hypothesis: A gambler who broke into a house eight times and stole more than 30,000 yuan in order to repay gambling debts is a continuous offender.


Premise: If I borrow a generator from a neighbor, then I am morally obligated to return it when my immediate need for it is over. But suppose, instead, I borrow a car, and when I go to return it, the neighbor from whom I borrowed it is very drunk and wants to drive the car; then the obligation to return the car immediately is much less clear. So not all cases of borrowing are equivalent.

Hypothesis: The main point of the argument is that although having borrowed something gives rise, in an ordinary case, to an obligation to return the item promptly, it does not so obviously give rise to such an obligation in every case.


Premise: The scientific concept of development is a scientific theory to guide development and a powerful weapon to deal with the crisis. It is necessary to use the scientific concept of development to find countermeasures, adhere to the road of scientific development, and tide over the difficulties. It is necessary to further deepen study, deepen the understanding of the spiritual essence and practical guiding significance of the scientific concept of development, earnestly enhance the consciousness of implementing the scientific concept of development, scientifically analyze the situation, and enhance confidence in winning. We should turn the pressure brought about by the international financial crisis into a driving force for promoting scientific development, and creatively implement the central policy of maintaining growth, expanding domestic demand and adjusting structure. Make great efforts to solve the outstanding problems in economic operation and reduce the losses caused by the international financial crisis to a minimum.

Hypothesis: The option 'Under the guidance of the scientific concept of development, we should deal with the challenges brought by the international financial crisis through China's economy and society' is highlighted in this passage.


Premise: Doctor: The practice of using this therapy to treat the illness cannot be adequately supported by the claim that any therapy for treating the illness is more effective than no therapy at all. What must also be taken into account is that this therapy is expensive and complicated.

Hypothesis: The main point of the doctor's argument is that the therapy's possible effectiveness in treating the illness is not sufficient justification for using it.


Premise: Man-made environmental anomaly refers to a phenomenon in which one or more environmental elements of the natural environment have changed significantly due to human behavior within a certain geographic area, which disrupts the relative balance of the ecosystem.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the situation where an industrial park along a river discharges a large amount of wastewater, resulting in the death of fish and shrimps and crops along the coast is a human-made environmental abnormality.


Premise: Through the investigation, it is found that if Liaoning team gets the right to qualify, then Jiangsu team or Anhui team will also get the right to qualify. If Jiangsu team and Shandong team get the right to qualify, then Jiangxi team will get the right to qualify, and only Jiangxi team and Shanxi team will get the right to qualify, and Shaanxi team can get the right to qualify.

Hypothesis: Shanxi team cannot get the right to qualify is true because it is impossible for Jiangxi team to get the right to qualify.


Premise: Bureaucratic mechanisms are engineered to resist change. Thus, despite growing dissatisfaction with complex bureaucratic systems, it is unlikely that bureaucracies will be simplified.

Hypothesis: The claim that bureaucratic mechanisms are engineered to resist change is a premise offered in support of the claim that it is unlikely that bureaucracies will be simplified.


Premise: Researchers studied DNA from 1.1 million people and came up with a scoring system. The system can be used to detect someone's DNA to roughly predict someone's education level. It turns out that only 10% of those with the lowest genetic scores. In contrast, those with a genetic score in the top five have a 50% chance of graduating from college. This is the largest study of human cognitive genetics in history. Based on this, some people believe that there is a great connection between human genes and academic qualifications.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Among the 1.1 million people who are studied, sampling shows that less than 30% are college graduates' would most call these people's views into question.


Premise: If the government increases its funding for civilian scientific research, private patrons and industries will believe that such research has become primarily the government' s responsibility. When they believe that research is no longer primarily their responsibility, private patrons and industries will decrease their contributions toward research. Ttherefore, in order to keep from depressing the overall level of funding for civilian scientific research, the government should not increase its own funding.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which the argument relies is that any increase in government funding would displace more private funding for funding for civilian scientific research than it would provide.


Premise: As often now as in the past, newspaper journalists use direct or indirect quotation to report unsupported or false claims made by newsmakers. However, journalists are becoming less likely to openly challenge the veracity of such claims within their articles.

Hypothesis: A basic principle of journalism holds that debate over controversial issues draws the attention of the public does not help to explain the trend in journalism described above.


Premise: A translation invariably reflects the writing style of the translator. Sometimes when a long document needs to be translated quickly, several translators are put to work on the job, each assigned to translate part of the document. In these cases, the result is usually a translation marked by different and often incompatible writing styles. Certain computer programs for language translation that work without the intervention of human translators can finish the job faster than human translators and produce a stylistically uniform translation with an 80 percent accuracy rate. Ttherefore, when a long document needs to be translated quickly, it is better to use a computer translation program than human translators.

Hypothesis: The issue of whether computer translation programs, like human translators, each have their own distinct writing style would be LEAST important to resolve in evaluating the argument.