Premise: The number of tornadoes recorded annually in North America has more than tripled since 1953. Yet meteorologists insist that the climatic factors affecting the creation of tornadoes are unchanged.

Hypothesis: Many more citizens are helping authorities detect tornadoes now than in 1953 most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: Two kinds of things have opposite characteristics in nature, size, appearance and so on. When people recognize one thing, they will think of another thing from the opposite. This kind of association is called contrastive association.

Hypothesis: Su Shi's nostalgia for Nujiao Chibi and nostalgia: the river flows eastward, and the surging waves sweep away all the heroes of the ages. To the west of the old camp, people say that is Chibi where Zhou Yu fought fiercely during the three Kingdoms period uses contrastive association according to the above definition.


Premise: A recent study by an insurance company showed that those who work in a comfortable working environment are 25% more productive than those who work in an uncomfortable working environment. This shows that the ever-improving working environment can increase the productivity of workers.

Hypothesis: A comfortable working environment is usually a reward for highly productive employees challenges most to the above causal connection.


Premise: Zhang Ming said that if Li Ming is selected as the coach, then Wang Fang will be the team leader. Li Hong said she disagree with that.

Hypothesis: The statement "Choose Li Ming as the coach, but can't let Wang Fang as the team leader" best fits Li Hong's meaning.


Premise: Today, people often know that tigers have always lived in the mountains, and they do not know the history of their withdrawal from the plains. During the Tang and Song dynasties, with the transfer of the economic and cultural center from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, a large number of northern population moved southward and the South China tiger completely withdrew from the plain area. After that, idioms such as diverting the tiger from the mountain, letting the tiger return to the mountain and sitting on the mountain to watch the tiger fight showed that people had mistakenly regarded the tiger as a mountain species at that time and did not know that the tiger was forced up the mountain because of human activities.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the gist of this passage is that it describes the history of tigers retreating to the mountains with human activities.


Premise: Grain can be traded in the futures market before harvest. If the rice production is predicted to be insufficient, the price of rice futures will rise; if the rice harvest is predicted, the price of rice futures will fall. Suppose this morning, Meteorologists predict that it will rain in rice producing areas tomorrow.  Because sufficient rain is very important to the current growth of rice, today's rice futures prices will drop significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Agricultural experts announced today that a rice germ is spreading' weakens the above view most severely.


Premise: The traditional view of understanding the working mechanism of visual perception can be traced back to Descartes, a French philosopher in the 16th century. Descartes believes that the brain will first construct a mirror model of the external world, and then in the brain, we observe the world like watching a movie. According to this view, inverted glasses will also invert the internal mirror model, and the brain generates visual perception according to this inverted mirror. However, more and more people began to question this explanation, and Degenna was one of them. The visual phenomenon he experienced on the 30th day of the experiment made him completely stand on the opposite of Cartesian mirror theory.

Hypothesis: The working mechanism of visual perception is most likely to be said in the above paragraph.


Premise: Fever is a common symptom in children. There are often such children in clinical practice. Low fever usually lasts for a while after the fever subsides, but the physical signs and laboratory parameters are normal. At the same time, there was no obvious discomfort and the child's mental status was good. Western medicine has no specific treatment. In addition, some patients have fever of unknown cause, which often lasts for 1 ~ 2 months. As a result, these children often seek treatment in traditional Chinese medicine.

Hypothesis: The option that can be inferred from this text is that there is a secret formula for treating persistent fever in children with traditional Chinese medicine.


Premise: Pascal, a modern French thinker, once argued that either there was a Christian God or there was no Christian God. If you believe that God exists and live in a Christian way, then if God does exist, you will have endless blessings: if God does not exist, you will have very little to lose. But suppose you don't believe that God exists and don't live in a Christian way. If God doesn't exist, you have nothing to lose: if God does exist, you will be punished endlessly. So don't hesitate, choose to believe in God and live in a Christian way.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If God does not exist, we choose to believe in God, which will lead to our wrong understanding of the world and muddle through our lives' best illustrates the loophole in the logic of this argument.


Premise: Liu Yong, the first batch of volunteers for college students to volunteer for the western region, wrote in his diary: there is a kind of job, you don't know the hardship without experience, you don't know the happiness without experiencing it, and you don't know the purity of it without having it.

Hypothesis: The true meaning of happy work is the main expression of this passage.


Premise: Poverty often conjures up images of low mud huts, shabby bedding and cloudy eyes. These are indeed poor people living below the city's minimum standard of living. The man died of illness and owed a lot of money. One of his two children was disabled, but their house was bright and clean, with a refrigerator, a washing machine, and beautiful curtains and curtains. The hostess's smile is as clear as her house, she said, refrigerator, washing machine are neighbors eliminated down to send, curtains and curtains are made of their own paper, the children are very sensible, finished homework to help me do odd jobs......

Hypothesis: Out of the psychological shadow, keep good hope, life is a bit of change does not include the truth of this passage.


Premise: In a broad sense, environmental culture includes both material results and spiritual results; in a narrow sense, it only includes spiritual results. It mainly refers to those achieved on environmental protection issues, national, national, Even the broad consensus of the entire mankind, as well as the expressions of various cultures and arts that contain these consensus content.

Hypothesis: The meaning of 'It' in the passage is Environmental culture in a narrow sense.


Premise: Economists believe that the government's control over energy use is redundant, and the market can completely adjust the contradiction between energy supply and demand. If energy is really tight, then it is reflected in the market that energy prices will naturally rise, and the rise in energy prices will be a problem. On the one hand, people will reduce the use of energy because of the increase in usage costs, and on the other hand, because of the increase in profits, energy suppliers will increase the supply.

Hypothesis: After energy prices rise, people will use more energy-saving products can effectively challenge the assertion.


Premise: Twenty years ago, a high-level diplomatic conference on the Middle East would have been unthinkable without U.S. participation and leadership. Today, Turkey, Russia and Iran are negotiating without Washington, while the Syrian opposition is heading to Moscow to discuss the country's future. Russia has also strengthened ties with Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Israel.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the expression is that the United States control and influence in the Middle East has declined significantly.


Premise: Formative evaluation: refers to the evaluation of the degree to which students or project implementers have reached the predetermined goal formed by the teacher or the competent department in the process of teaching or the project.

Hypothesis: Teachers give students' usual grades based on the Q&A situation in the classroom is formative evaluations.


Premise: Linguist: Only if a sentence can be diagrammed is it grammatical. Any grammatical sentence is recognized as grammatical by speakers of its language. Speaker X' s sentence can be diagrammed. So, speaker X' s sentence will be recognized as grammatical by speakers of its language.

Hypothesis: The statement 'most people are unable to diagram sentences correctly' is the reason the linguist's reasoning is flawed.


Premise: An organ holds an autumn track and field meeting for staff and workers. It is known that all the workers who signed up for the sprint competition signed up for the shot put competition, all the workers who signed up for the long jump competition did not sign up for the shot put competition, and the staff and workers who signed up for the high jump competition also signed up for the long jump competition. The staff and workers who did not sign up for the high jump competition also did not sign up for the long-distance running competition.

Hypothesis: All the workers who signed up for the sprint race did not sign up for the long-distance race can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: Dominant response refers to a habitual action that is extremely proficiency and is made without thinking when encountering a certain stimulus.

Hypothesis: Chinese people usually extend their right hand to shake hands with their friends whom they have not seen for years is not the dominant response.


Premise: A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: There are two types of activities organized by the community: the health type and the leisure type. According to the statistics of all the participants, the organizers found that some of the elderly in the community participated in all the health-preserving activities and some participated in all the leisure activities.

Hypothesis: Any activity organized by the community is attended by the elderly in the community must be true according to this statistics.


Premise: Youth A, B, C, D and E from a village applied for employment in a housing maintenance company. According to their respective expertise, five of them were employed as welders, bricklayers, electricians, carpenters and plumbers. It is known that each of them does only one type of work, and one of their five people does each type of work, and it is also known that: (1) if A works as a welder, C works as a carpenter; (2) if one of B and D works as a plumber, then A works as a welder; (3) C or works as a bricklayer, or an electrician.

Hypothesis: If E works as a bricklayer, then it can be inferred that A works as the carpentry.


Premise: Every time the government introduces an economic policy, it will change the income expectations of some interest groups. Out of self-interest, these interest groups always try to offset the loss caused by the policy through various behavior choices. At this time, if the government really changes the original policy, the result will not only invalidate the policy issued by the government, but also make the government's ability of economic regulation and control decline continuously due to the loss of credibility.

Hypothesis: The main statement of this passage is 'The government must continue to implement the policies it has formulated'.


Premise: Karma relationship refers to the interpersonal relationship formed by the needs of occupation or industry activities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the Karma relationship includes Mr. Huang, who is a salesman of the company, and Mr. He, the Hongyuan manager, who Mr. Huang got to know over time because he often worked in Hongyuan company.


Premise: Politician: Democracy requires that there be no restrictions on the ability of citizens to share their ideas freely, without fear of reprisal. Ttherefore the right to have private conversations, unmonitored by the government, is essential to democracy. For a government to monitor conversations on the Internet would thus be a setback for democracy.

Hypothesis: The claim that democracy depends on the ability of citizens to share their ideas freely, without fear of reprisal is a claim for which no support is provided, and which is used to support a claim that is itself used to support the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: Two paleontologists, Dr. Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot, Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson' s conclusion.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross-stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous' most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion.


Premise: The researchers studied the effects of climate change factors such as monsoon, rainy season, high temperature and drought on the growth environment and quality value of tea in Pu'er, Yunnan Province. They traced the factors leading to the changes of chemical substances in tea and found that in the rainy season, when their growth speed is accelerated, the content of catechin and methylxanthine in leaves is only half of that in the dry season. Therefore, the researchers believe that climate change will affect the content of beneficial chemicals in Yunnan Pu'er tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the past five years, the content of beneficial chemical components in Pu'er tea in a mountainous area of Yunnan has little difference between rainy season and dry season' best supports the above argument.


Premise: With the development of production, people's division of labor is more and more detailed, science and literature are gradually separated, forming scientific community and literary world. Nowadays, the division of labor is more detailed, and people who study science are limited to a certain discipline, a certain major, or even a certain topic for a lifetime. In this way, walking apart like a mountain often limits people's sight and hearing to a very small world and becomes a slave to the division of labor.

Hypothesis: To treat liberal arts and science equally, neither liberal arts nor science should be emphasized most directly supports this view.


Premise: Reverse urbanization refers to the phenomenon that urban residents take the initiative to flow from urban areas to suburban or rural areas due to work, life, environment and other reasons.

Hypothesis: The option "Due to the adjustment of the establishment system, Ms. Lin's husband moved from the big city to the Gobi Desert thousands of miles away. In order to support her husband's work, Ms. Lin planned to take her son to settle down near the new residence" belongs to the reverse urbanization.


Premise: Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city at least as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously. If the writer is faking, I know immediately and do not trust that writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the storyteller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee' s second novel is set in San Francisco. In this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colors.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Peter Lee's first novel was set in San Francisco' can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Xiao Chen said that at present, comet D3, which was partly in orbit away from the sun in 1996, has recently been able to detect its flickering light through solar telescopes.In the past, people have never observed such a twinkle in a comet far from the sun, so this flicker must be an unusual phenomenon.Xiao Wang said that usually people do not observe comets far away from the sun, and the flicker of Comet D3 discovered in 1996 was obtained by continuous and careful tracking and observation.

Hypothesis: Pointing out that Xiao Chen's argument is obviously unconvincing can best summarize the methods used by Xiao Wang to refute Xiao Chen's point of view.


Premise: The right of formation refers to the right to change or destroy the legal relationship according to the meaning of the obligee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'A buys a batch of mobile phones from B in accordance with the contract' does not belong to the exercise of the right of formation.


Premise: Frugality should be the standard for selecting state cadres. How can a person who doesn't know how to be frugal be responsible for managing money for the people?

Hypothesis: The statement 'A person who lives frugally will certainly become a competent national cadre' is not consistent with the conclusion of the title stem.


Premise: At present, there is still a phenomenon of arbitrary fees in education in China, with a variety of names, the proportion of family education expenditure in family personal consumption is too high, and the educational burden of families and children is heavy. In Beijing, when a child graduates from primary school to high school, various education-related expenses are conservatively estimated at more than 100000 yuan.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that there is still a phenomenon of arbitrary charging in education in China.


Premise: The proportion of fat calories in the diets of people who read the nutrition labels on food products is significantly lower than it is in the diets of people who do not read nutrition labels. This shows that reading these labels promotes healthful dietary behavior.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above is flawed in that the argument illicitly infers a cause from a correlation.


Premise: Few animals brave the midday heat of the Sahara desert. An exception is the silver ant, which chooses this time of day to leave its nest and scout for food, typically the corpses of heat-stricken animals. Even the silver ant, however, must be careful: at such times they can become victims of the heat themselves.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Silver ants cool themselves by climbing onto small pieces of dried vegetation to take advantage of random light breezes' LEAST helps to explain the silver ant's choice of scavenging times.


Premise: Synesthesia also known as shifting consciousness, is to describe objective things , with the language of image and the transfer of feeling, the human hearing, smell, taste, touch and other different feelings of each other to move the conversion,  which will originally represent the A feeling of the words used to represent the feeling of B, so that the image is more lively, novel a rhetorical style

Hypothesis: "Your eyes are like stars in the sky" does not use the synonym according to the above definition.


Premise: The advent of refrigerators caused the collapse of the ice market. In the past, people used ice to keep food fresh, but now refrigerators have replaced the role of ice.For the same reason, due to the results of bioengineering, what will happen to the research of crops that can resist pests?

Hypothesis: The best answer to the above question is "Increase the yield of crops."


Premise: Technology is radically improving the quality of life in some communities, and not only by direct application of innovations. After all, the design, production, testing, and marketing of new technology has itself become a growing industry that is turning around the fortunes of once-ailing communities. The companies involved create jobs, add to the tax base, and contribute to an upbeat spirit of renewal.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn by the argument as a whole is that the direct application of innovations is not the only way in which technology is radically improving the quality of life in some communities.


Premise: A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker' s Beach, the world' s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching. Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker' s Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago. Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world' s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.

Hypothesis: Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker's Beach to lay their eggs when they are ten years old most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists' prediction.


Premise: A year ago the government reduced the highway speed limit, and in the year since, there have been significantly fewer highway fatalities than there were in the previous year. Ttherefore, speed limit reduction can reduce traffic fatalities.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it takes for granted that highway traffic has not increased over the past year.


Premise: Automobile ownership was rare in Sabresia as recently as 30 years ago, but with continuing growth of personal income there, automobile ownership has become steadily more common. Consequently, there are now far more automobiles on Sabresia' s roads than there were 30 years ago, and the annual number of automobile accidents has increased significantly. Yet the annual number of deaths and injuries resulting from automobile accidents has not increased significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With more and more people owning cars, the average number of passengers in a car on the road has dropped dramatically' most helps to explain why deaths and injuries resulting from automobile accidents have not increased significantly.


Premise: The principle of visible light communication technology is very simple, light represents 1, light off represents 0, and the combination of light and off carries information. However, because the frequency of visible light is much higher than that of wireless network communication signals, its propagation is very linear, and a slight obstruction will cause communication interruption. Taking into account the development trend of technology and product practicability, visible light communication is not likely to replace wireless networks and be widely used in homes, but this does not mean that this technology has no practical value. This technology has exciting application prospects in broadcast-style public communications. Using visible light communication technology, LED signal lights can tell the driver that there is congestion going straight ahead, and it is recommended to turn right to take another road.

Hypothesis: Visible light communication technology will shine in public communication can be deduced from this text.


Premise: Recently, a new supermarket was opened in Changning District of Shanghai. From the outside, it is a typical Chinese chain supermarket. The shelves are full of various food and daily necessities. All the goods in the store,  the appearance is no different from ordinary goods, but the inside is empty, and there is no trace of unpacking on the packaging. Visitors have no idea how the goods were emptied. Although this is a goods-emptying supermarket, it is very popular.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some buyers do not know that it is empty' can best explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: An ambitious young man wanted to invent a solution that could dissolve everything.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After this solution is developed, what container do you plan to use to hold it?' can best make this young man change his original intentions.


Premise: In the flow of information, the individual is almost in the main position of risk, that is, to bear all the consequences brought by uncertain risks. However, from the point of view of information acquisition, disclosure and result acceptance, individuals are basically in a negative and passive position, and those who can control the corresponding risks or obtain more symmetrical information to a large extent, is the platform or enterprise side to master personal information. Therefore, it is often those who are at risk who cannot afford the risk, while the person in charge of the risk may be absent when they bear the risk.

Hypothesis: The option 'How to make the beneficiary of information bear the responsibility of risk' is most likely to be discussed in this passage.


Premise: Psychologists have long supported the theory of mathematical talent; mathematical ability is the ability that human beings have from birth, even animals have this ability. They believe that there is a natural mathematical core, through self-development, this mathematical core will eventually grow into all the mathematical abilities we are familiar with. Recently, some opponents have put forward a different point of view; mathematical ability has no talent, can only be the product of culture.

Hypothesis: Most of the residents of primitive tribes can only express numbers below 5 or even less best supports the opponent's view.


Premise: Sambar deer are physically incapable of digesting meat. Yet sambar deer have been reported feeding on box turtles after killing them.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Sambar deer kill box turtles only occasionally' best resolves the discrepancy above.


Premise: Although computers can help people communicate, computer games hinder the development of teenagers' communication skills. They spend their spare time playing computer games instead of communicating with others. Therefore, young people who spend their spare time playing computer games have worse communication skills than other children.

Hypothesis: The above conclusions are most likely based on the assumption that children who do not play computer games in their spare time are communicating with others at least for some time.


Premise: Editorial: Supporters of the proposed law that would require bicyclists to wear helmets are seriously misguided. The number of pedestrians who die yearly as a result of accidents involving automobiles is five times the number of deaths resulting from bicycle accidents, and drunken driving exacts a much higher toll than both combined. Yet there are no calls for a ban on alcohol or walking down the street.

Hypothesis: It is foolish to require lab workers to wear safety goggles when working with acids and other dangerous liquids. No one suggests that people stop eating or socializing, even though more people become ill due to food poisoning and contagious diseases than are injured in laboratory accidents exhibits a pattern of flawed reasoning most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Conservationist: The risk to airplane passengers from collisions between airplanes using the airport and birds from the wildlife refuge is negligible. In the 10 years since the refuge was established, only 20 planes have been damaged in collisions with birds, and no passenger has been injured as a result of such a collision. The wildlife refuge ttherefore poses no safety risk. Pilot: You neglect to mention that 17 of those 20 collisions occurred within the past 2 years, and that the number of birds in the refuge is rapidly increasing. As the number of collisions between birds and airplanes increases, so does the likelihood that at least one such collision will result in passenger injuries.

Hypothesis: The pilot counters the conservationist by attempting to show that the conservationist's description of the facts is misleading.


Premise: To make a correct analysis and judgment of social phenomena, even if they are regional, they must go into the real society for investigation and research, and must not speculate. To understand the causal relationship of things and establish relevant theories, there must be no realistic data for verifying the theory.

Hypothesis: To engage in social research, we must collect data from practical work is correct.


Premise: Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country's ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a country's standard of living.

Hypothesis: A proper test of a country's ability to be competitive is its ability to balance its trade while its standard of living falls, if the facts stated in the passage above are true.


Premise: Mencius once said this sentence in Gao Zi Shang: Reason and righteousness please my heart, and meat please my mouth. This statement is truthful, exquisite, and quite enlightening. The practice of life has also been told time and time again. We, all the reason that fits my heart, always explain the profound things in a simple way. For example, chu huan means that delicacies such as beef and mutton fits my taste. maybe the speaker is sincere, but the listener doesn't care, or the speaker is hoarse and the listener is sleepy. After all, the appeal does not depend on the high voice, let alone the power of the microphone, but should be as dazzling, eye-catching, beautiful and enlightening as the peacock opens the screen.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that only true reason can make people truly believe.


Premise: Patient: Pharmacists maintain that doctors should not be permitted to sell the medicine that they prescribe because doctors would then be tempted to prescribe unnecessary medicines in order to earn extra income. But pharmacists have a financial interest in having a monopoly on the sale of prescription medicines, so their objection to the sale of medicines by doctors cannot be taken seriously.

Hypothesis: The patient's argument proceeds by attempting to discredit a position by questioning the motives of the proponents of that position.


Premise: Xiao Li said, I passed all the exams this time and got my motor vehicle driver's license.

Hypothesis: If what Xiao Li said is not true, then Xiao Li failed in one subject at most.


Premise: When talking about French literature in the eyes of the Chinese people, the French can't help but say in a contemptuous tone: you like the camellia girl. in the eyes of the French, it's still some taste to like Dumas. After all, he has a count of Monte Cristo and three musketeers. What does Dumas have? It's just a social flower. French literature is the pride of the French and plays an important role in world literature. It's obviously disrespect for French literature to only like the camellia girl. It became popular in China almost a hundred years ago. At that time, it was the failure of the reform movement of 1898, people were depressed and the road of improvement was not feasible, We have to make do with random novels. The birth of Camellia girl in China is at the right time.

Hypothesis: This passage is intended to explain that a preference for literary works can reflect one's taste.


Premise: While grapefruit juice is a healthy drink, it has been discovered that a chemical in the juice affects how certain medicines are absorbed, with the result that normal medicinal doses act like higher doses. Getting the wrong dose is dangerous. Since it is always desirable to take the lowest effective dose, the best medical approach would be to take lower doses of these medicines along with prescribed amounts of grapefruit juice.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The amount of the chemical in grapefruit juice is highly unpredictable from glass to glass' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: In the process of policy implementation, there is still a lack of strong institutions from top to bottom to inspect and supervise the implementation of various policies. Often, whenever there are problems that need to be solved, they issue a document, make some new regulations, or set up new institutions, and pay less attention to the implementation of these policies. Due to the lack of supervision and guarantee system for the implementation of laws, regulations or policy documents, whether they are implemented or not is the same. Over time, the wind that orders are not carried out and prohibitions are still arbitrary will naturally prevail.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement 'It is necessary to strengthen the implementation of policies.'


Premise: Certain genetically modified strains of maize produce a powerful natural insecticide. The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen. Maize pollen is dispersed by the wind and frequently blows onto milkweed plants that grow near maize fields. Caterpillars of monarch butterflies feed exclusively on milkweed leaves. When these caterpillars are fed milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from modified maize plants, they die. Ttherefore, by using genetically modified maize, farmers put monarch butterflies at risk.

Hypothesis: Determining whether monarch butterfly caterpillars are actively feeding during the part of the growing season when maize is releasing pollen would be most useful to evaluate the argument.


Premise: It is a miracle that a few children can grow up to be independent thinkers, open-minded and knowledgeable after such exam-oriented education.

Hypothesis: Teaching to the test does not fit the meaning of the passage.


Premise: Pledge of rights means that the debtor or a third party takes his rights such as creditor's rights, equity, copyright, etc as security.

Hypothesis: The pledge of rights is that Zhang will own the patent rights as a guarantee to pay off the debt due to debt.


Premise: National civil servants: refer to persons who represent the country or government, are engaged in the management of public affairs, and provide public services. According to the Civil Servants Law that came into effect on January 1, 2006, civil servants in my country refer to all levels of state administrative agencies Workers other than workers.

Hypothesis: The Director of Henan Provincial Labor Department does not belong to the ranks of civil servants according to the above definition.


Premise: Most veterinarians, and especially those at university veterinary research centers, have a devoted interest in the biological sciences. But most veterinarians choose their profession primarily because they love animals. Among persons who are seriously interested in biological science but lack any special love for animals, one does not find any prominent veterinarians.

Hypothesis: Few veterinarians at university research centers chose their profession primarily because they love animals cannot be true if all of the statements above are true.


Premise: A unilateral civil legal act is a juristic act that can be established according to the will of one party.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the act of Xiao Zhang discarding an old sofa and a 40% new washing machine after moving is a unilateral civil legal act.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: If H is on duty on the same day as the day before S, then G is on duty in the second day.


Premise: Everything that is conducive to the peaceful development of cross-strait relations should be vigorously promoted, and everything that undermines the peaceful development of cross-strait relations must be firmly opposed.

Hypothesis: Everything that should be vigorously promoted is conducive to the peaceful development of cross-strait relations can be inferred based on the given information.


Premise: In the face of a major epidemic, timely release of authoritative information and open and transparent response to public concerns can effectively solve the problem of information asymmetry, reduce the space for the spread of false information such as rumors, and better maintain social stability. For some time, relevant departments and relevant institutions have released data on confirmed, suspected, cured and dead people in a timely manner. Some Internet enterprises have used big data, cloud computing and visualization technology to launch products such as Real-time epidemic situation dynamic, Co-ride patient query system and Fever Clinic Map, which simultaneously popularize scientific protection knowledge, effectively meet the information needs of the public, and guide the masses to look at the epidemic rationally. Enhance self-prevention awareness and protection ability.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is enhancing the ability of self-protection by means of technology.


Premise: The development of the Internet of things, an emerging industry, is strong. In only a few years, the industrial scale of the Internet of things has shown a compound growth rate of more than 30% a year. Intellectual property rights such as patents provide strong support for the rapid rise of this sunrise industry. It is predicted that in the next few years, the global Internet of things market will grow rapidly. China's Internet of things market will reach 750 billion yuan in 2015, and the market prospect will far exceed the computer, Internet, mobile communications and other markets. From the current situation of patent applications in China, the number of core technology patents and international patent applications submitted through the Patent Cooperation Treaty is obviously insufficient. Therefore, industry experts point out that it is necessary to accelerate the patent layout of the Internet of things industry in China.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The industry of the Internet of things in China will become the pillar industry of our country in the future' does not match the meaning of the passage.


Premise: There is a multiple-choice paper with 6 questions, and the scoring standard is: 8 points for a correct answer, 0 points for a wrong answer, and 2 points for no answer.

Hypothesis: If a classmate scored 20 points, they answered at least three short questions correctly.


Premise: Scientists have been arguing about who was the ancestor of birds for a long time. There are mainly three theories about the origin of birds: the origin of slotted teeth, the origin of dinosaurs and the sister group of crocodiles, among which the origin of slotted teeth and the origin of dinosaurs have been hotly debated recently. The newly discovered fossils in recent years, especially a series of fossils found in western Liaoning, China, have once again stirred up the debate about the origin of birds, proving that birds are really descendants of dinosaurs.

Hypothesis: Using an electron microscope, scientists found a melanosome in dinosaur fossils, which is also found in bird feathers, which is a continuation of dinosaur genes, if true, best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Many scholars claim that Shakespeare' s portrayal of Richard III was extremely inaccurate, arguing that he derived that portrayal from propagandists opposed to Richard III. But these claims are irrelevant for appreciating Shakespeare' s work. The character of Richard III as portrayed in Shakespeare' s drama is fascinating and illuminating both aesthetically and morally, regardless of its relation to historical fact.

Hypothesis: The principle that in historical drama, the aesthetic value of the work is not necessarily undermined by historical inaccuracies most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: In one study, 51 volunteers from middle school students were divided into a test group and a control group and trained in the same math skills. During the five-day training, the researchers used a technique called transcranial random noise stimulation to deliver mild shocks to areas of the brain thought to be related to computing power in 25 members of the test group. The results of subsequent tests showed that the ability to perform mathematical operations of the members of the test group was significantly higher than that of the control group. To their surprise, the improvement of this ability can last at least half a year. As a result, the researchers believe that to deliver mild shocks in the brain can improve the brain's ability to calculate.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Before the experiment, the math scores of the two groups were about the same' best supports the researchers' view.


Premise: Although computers can enhance people's ability to communicate, computer games are a cause of underdeveloped communication skills in children. After-school hours spent playing computer games are hours not spent talking with people. Ttherefore, children who spend all their spare time playing these games have less experience in interpersonal communication than other children have.

Hypothesis: The assumption that children who do not spend all of their after-school hours playing computer games spend at least some of that time talking with other people is required by the argument.


Premise: Because foreign forecasters often change their posts, and our country has a serious and responsible forecaster team with many years of practical experience, which makes up for the shortcomings of detection equipment and numerical forecasting.

Hypothesis: The accuracy of typhoon forecasting is also affected by the situation of the forecaster himself can be known from this passage.


Premise: Some people say that complete selflessness has two meanings: first, to serve others unconditionally; second, to refuse any service from others.

Hypothesis: It is impossible for all people to be completely selfless is the logical inference of the above point of view.


Premise: In one study, the researchers observed the classroom participation of nearly 300 children in grade 2 and grade 4 over the course of a school year. Participation is measured by attentive behavior and distraction in class. The former refers to answering questions, raising hands to speak or participating in discussions, while the latter refers to behaviors such as small talk. In the experiment, half of the students stood at high desks while the other half sat. It was found that the students who stood up and listened to the class were more attentive than those who sat.

Hypothesis: The statement "Sitting for a long time will increase the pressure on the spine, which is not conducive to the health of students" can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: Although this bottle is labeled vinegar,  no fizzing occurred when some of the liquid in it was added to powder from this box labeled baking soda.  But when an acidic liquid such as vinegar is added to baking soda the resulting mixture fizzes, so this bottle clearly has been mislabeled.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that this argument fails to exclude an alternative explanation for the observed effect.


Premise: Airport administrator: According to the latest figures, less than 1 commercial flight in 2 million strays off course while landing, a number low enough to allow runways to be built closer together without a significant increase in risk. Opponents of closer runways claim that the number is closer to 1 in 20, 000, but this figure is based on a partial review of air traffic control tapes and so is relatively unreliable compared to the other figure, which is based on a thorough study of the flight reports required of pilots for all commercial flights.

Hypothesis: The argument presumes, without providing justification, that the air traffic control tapes studied do not provide accurate information concerning specific flights most accurately describes a flaw in the airport administrator's argument.


Premise: The upper leaves of sugarbeet grow vertically and the leaf clusters are funnel-shaped. the configuration structure of foliar space formed by this growth mode is very powerful in the absorption of light and improves the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and populations.On the other hand, the leaves of plantain are whorled, and the angle between the leaves is 137.5 degrees, which is the chord angle of the golden section of the circle. The leaves grow according to this angle and can make full use of light.As the trunk grows taller, the leaves of the pear tree rise in a logarithmic spiral, and each leaf will not cover the leaves below.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that different growth environments lead to differences in the growth of plant leaves.


Premise: People who browse the web for medical information often cannot discriminate between scientifically valid information and quackery. Much of the quackery is particularly appealing to readers with no medical background because it is usually written more clearly than scientific papers. Thus, people who rely on the web when attempting to diagnose their medical conditions are likely to do themselves more harm than good.

Hypothesis: People attempting to diagnose their medical conditions will do themselves more harm than good only if they rely on quackery instead of scientifically valid information is an assumption the argument requires.


Premise: To use the pool at City Gym, one must have a membership there. Sarah has a membership at City Gym. She must ttherefore use the pool there at least occasionally.

Hypothesis: The argument concludes that a person has a certain attribute simply because that person belongs to a group most of whose members have that attribute is flawed in its reasoning.


Premise: Scientists, puzzled about the development of penicillin-resistant bacteria in patients who had not been taking penicillin, believe they have found an explanation. The relevant group of patients have dental fillings made of mercury-containing amalgam, and the bacteria the patients develop are immune to mercury poisoning. Scientists have concluded that the genes causing resistance to penicillin are closely bundled on the chromosomes of bacteria with the gene that produces immunity to mercury poisoning. Exposure to the mercury kills off bacteria that lack the relevant immunity gene, and leaves room for those that possess both the mercury-immunity gene and the penicillin-resistance gene to flourish.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is a generalization that, if true, rules out the possibility that some people who do not take penicillin develop bacteria resistant to it' most accurately characterizes the role played in the passage by the unstated assumption that some patients who take penicillin develop bacteria with an immunity to penicillin.


Premise: One theater plans to present seven plays over seven weeks in the fall. They are F, G., J, K, O, R, S. There is one play a week, and each play runs exactly one week. The repertory must meet the following conditions :(1) G must be performed in the third week. (2) O and S cannot be performed continuously. (3) K must be staged before J and S. (4) F and J must be scheduled to perform in two consecutive weeks.

Hypothesis: For any acceptable arrangement, F must be scheduled for a week after K.


Premise: Small animals suitable for experimental use must reproduce fast and their genes should be as similar to humans as possible. Some small animals reproduce fast but have few genes similar to humans. Therefore, some fast-breeding small animals are not suitable for experiments.

Hypothesis: According to relevant regulations, to obtain the National Scholarship for Poor Students, applicants must have poor families and excellent grades. Some of the scholarship recipients have very poor families, but their grades are not excellent. Therefore, the rules for assessing the National Scholarship for Poor Students have not been strictly implemented has the most similar logical structure to the question.


Premise: There is a lack of financial support for the development of rural tourism, which urgently needs to be solved. Rural tourism scenic spot is a multi-faceted open area which belongs to the public space. The government is duty-bound to improve the development environment. By integrating financial funds, they can promote the upgrading of scenic spots, encourage all localities to increase financial support in the form of prizes instead of compensation, build first and then make up; they can pry financial funds to build a docking platform between banks and the government, solve the loan problems of operators, and increase credit to rural tourism. New financing models such as PPP and crowdfunding can also encourage social capital to enter the countryside so that rural tourism can be invested, well built and well managed.

Hypothesis: The construction and management of rural tourism needs financial support is emphasized in this passage.


Premise: Liu Yong, the first batch of volunteers for college students to volunteer for the western region, wrote in his diary: there is a kind of job, you don't know the hardship without experience, you don't know the happiness without experiencing it, and you don't know the purity of it without having it.

Hypothesis: The main expression of this passage is that happiness comes from one's sincere devotion to work.


Premise: Civilization and culture are different. Civilization makes all ethnic groups in all places more and more similar. according to the German Elyas's process of civilization, civilization is a group society in which everyone lives according to the same rules, just like dancing to a beat and not stepping on his feet; and culture makes a nation different from other nations, it is born, not rules but habits. In fact, urbanization can also be seen this way: with the rapid development of cities, skyscrapers have become urban symbols, which is actually the result of the strong development of modern civilization in every corner of the world. However, we hope that civilization will not overwhelm culture and that identity will not eliminate differences.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is to emphasize the necessity of preserving culture in the process of urbanization.


Premise: Every year, a magazine publishes a ranking of car sales for the year. Management consultants believe that this ranking should not be the basis for each consumer to decide which car to buy.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The higher-ranking automakers in the magazine use this to advertise in order to attract more consumers' would best support the management consultant's point of view.


Premise: Due to the aging population, the German government is facing a dilemma: if the pension system is not reformed, pensions will be unsustainable. Policies to solve this dilemma include increasing the proportion of pension contributions, lowering the level of pension payments, and raising the retirement age. Among them, raising the retirement age has faced the greatest resistance, and governments that implement such a policy may lose a large number of votes in the next election. But the German government completed the legal process in 2007 to raise the retirement age from 65 to 67.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In 2001, Germany established the upper limit of pension contributions by law, and in 2004, the lower limit of pension payment was determined. The two policies have been used to the extreme' best explains why the German government took the risk with this policy.


Premise: Farmer Xiao Li went to the farmers market to sell fruits,Apples, pears, oranges, and peaches each have a box,three boxes of apples, pears and oranges, with an average of 51 per box;Three boxes of pears, oranges, and peaches, with an average of 47 per box; Two boxes of apples and peaches, with an average of 43 per box.

Hypothesis: There are 49 apples.


Premise: Compared with government public relations, non-governmental diplomacy is more flexible, the communication content and carrier are easier to be accepted, and can achieve the effect of moistening things silently. At present, more and more foreign people visit China, more and more Chinese citizens go abroad, and the development of online media also makes it easier for the general public to influence public opinion. Therefore, we should make good use of the situation, through news media and community organizations, non-governmental organizations and other channels, guide the domestic public to actively cooperate with public diplomacy, actively disseminate China's cultural traditions and values, and maintain the national image.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize the difference between non-governmental diplomacy and government public relations.


Premise: Suppose if Zhang Nan and Lin Feng are not volunteers, then Yangmei is a volunteer is the premise, Lin Feng is a volunteer is the conclusion

Hypothesis: The premise of the argument is that neither Yang nor Zhang is a volunteer.


Premise: Electric washing machines, first introduced in the United States in 1925, significantly reduced the amount of time spent washing a given amount of clothes, yet the average amount of time households spent washing clothes increased after 1925. This increase is partially accounted for by the fact that many urban households had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries. But the average amount of time spent washing clothes also increased for rural households with no access to professional laundries.

Hypothesis: The earliest electric washing machines required the user to spend much more time beside the machine than do modern electric washing machines most helps to explain why the time spent washing clothes increased in rural areas.


Premise: The issue of food security has become a focus of our government and society. From the international background, affected by the American subprime crisis, asset prices represented by stocks and real estate are falling rapidly all over the world. Because of the decline in the stock and real estate markets, a huge amount of hot money around the world has shifted the focus of speculation to oil and food, leading to rising prices of oil and food, two commodities that affect human clothing, food, housing and transportation. From a domestic point of view, after this year's bumper summer grain harvest, grain prices continue to hover at low prices, widening the price gap with the international market. At the same time, the prices of vegetables, pork and many materials are rising, but grain prices have not risen significantly. Once China's existing grain price system is lost, it will directly affect the normal operation of our economy and social stability.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Substantially raising domestic grain prices and narrowing the price gap at home and abroad are important strategies for China to deal with the global food crisis' is not in line with the idea of this text.


Premise: The four teams A, B, C, and D are in a round robin match (each team has one game against the other teams). The results: Team B loses one game, Team C wins one less than Team B, and Team B wins one less than Team D.

Hypothesis: The ranking of Team A is fourth place.


Premise: According to a survey report in 2017, more than 80 percent of households believe that reading is an important way for children to understand the world and acquire knowledge, and more than 60 percent believe that reading is of great significance for children to develop loving learning habits and healthy character. In real life, more than 30% of the minor children of the surveyed families can read every day, and more than 60% of the children can read between half an hour and an hour at a time. But only 30% of the parents surveyed often accompany their children to read, and nearly 60% of families let their children read by themselves. Interestingly, although parents themselves have taken up too much time by mobile phones, computers and TV, some parents want to squeeze their children's time to play with electronic products and watch TV with the help of reading.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Put down your phone so that you can read with your children.'


Premise: If a city wants to develop the exhibition industry well, it needs to build a nest to attract the phoenix, which first has the foundation of software and hardware, and then attracts exhibition activities. Having complete exhibition facilities and ideal traffic conditions only shows that a city has the hardware foundation for the development of convention and exhibition industry. in order to attract a sufficient number of high-quality exhibition activities, it is also necessary to improve the level of public services and build a good business environment, so as to strengthen the construction of soft power.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then it is not possible for Ding City to have complete exhibition facilities and ideal traffic conditions, but not have the hardware basis for the development of the exhibition industry.


Premise: A person' s personality is linked to that person' s genes. And since a person' s genes do not ordinarily change over time, it follows that a person' s personality remains unchanged with the passing of time.

Hypothesis: The statement "The way historians understand the First World War is related to what happened in that war. But what actually happened in that war cannot change. Therefore, historians' understanding of the war cannot change" is most closely parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Both Zhang Fei and Li Bai applied for the MBA this year, and there are four assertions about their exams as follows: (1) at least one of them passed the exam; (2) Zhang Fei did not necessarily pass the exam; (3) Li Bai did pass the exam; (4) it is not that Zhang Fei may not have passed the exam. The final admission results show that two of the four assertions are true and two are false.

Hypothesis: Zhang Fei passed the exam, but Li Bai failed can be inferred from the above conditions.


Premise: One of the things lenders do in evaluating the risk of a potential borrower defaulting on a loan is to consider the potential borrower' s credit score. In general, the higher the credit score, the less the risk of default. Yet for mortgage loans, the proportion of defaults is much higher for borrowers with the highest credit scores than for other borrowers.

Hypothesis: The statement "Most potential borrowers have credit scores that are neither very low nor very high" most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the statements above.


Premise: The greatest protection against the ability of life on Earth's surface is that the Earth's magnetic field deflects large amounts of charged ions and isolates large amounts of harmful cosmic rays from the atmosphere. Recently, scientists found that the South Atlantic magnetic field began to flip the Earth's magnetic field is being weakened. They have studied the idea that if the Earth's magnetic field were reversed, all living things would be extinct without magnetic protection.

Hypothesis: At present, in the South Atlantic, within the abnormal region, orbiting satellites pass by here, often with problems best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Soaring carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming, putting glaciers in the Himalayas where Mount Everest is at risk of shrinking dramatically. The study shows that the rapid melting of glaciers occurs in the glacial-concentrated areas of Mount Everest at an altitude of 5,000 to 6,000 meters, and these places will only see ice in winter and not during the warmer season. Experts theorize that the rate of glacier loss in the Himalayas is likely to accelerate based on future climate change trends, and if temperatures continue to rise as predicted over the course of the century, the region's glaciers will eventually disappear.

Hypothesis: The statement "The glaciers above 7,000 meters above sea level on Mount Everest show no signs of rapid melting" would most weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Silent behavior refers to the behavior of deliberately retaining one's own ideas in the face of hidden dangers in management system or production activities, in order to avoid interpersonal conflict, fear of retaliation or maintain one's face.

Hypothesis: Silent behavior is when Xiao Liu has an idea at a new product development report meeting but doesn't comment on it because he thinks it's not mature enough.


Premise: If urban educational resources can be fairly distributed among different schools, there will be no difference between key schools and ordinary schools, and some teachers will not get rich due to the excessive accumulation of educational resources. If educational resources are fairly distributed among regions and mountain schools in remote areas can get more investment, rural education will not be so difficult.

Hypothesis: The passage mainly talks about regional disparity in the distribution of educational resources.


Premise: With the growth of age, People's demand for material gradually decreased, and spiritual demand gradually increased. Therefore, in order to meet the growing spiritual needs, the elderly should take more active part in recreational and sports activities than when they are young.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the development of society, the old people have more spiritual needs than the young people' can best support the above discussion.


Premise: DataCom, a company that filed many patents last year, was financially more successful last year than were its competitors, none of which filed many patents. It is ttherefore likely that DataCom owed its greater financial success to the fact that it filed many patents last year.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it presupposes what it sets out to demonstrate about the relationship between the financial success of DataCom's competitors and the number of patents they filed.


Premise: The development of a country should be committed to making the cake of economic development bigger, on this basis, pay attention to fair distribution. For regional economic development, the concept of comparative advantage should be firmly established. There are great differences in physical and geographical conditions in different places. Even if the two natural conditions are exactly the same, geographically adjacent provinces or cities, the best mode of development is not for everyone to develop the same production structure, but should have their own division of labor.

Hypothesis: The author emphasizes the idea that the model of regional development should be different in different geographical conditions.


Premise: An enterprise has 7 directors, including A, B, C, D, E, J and G, who implement the collective decision-making system. The system stipulates that a decision can be adopted if more than half of the participants vote for it, otherwise it cannot be adopted; Each director shall exercise the right to vote for or against all proposed decisions without abstention. At another decision making meeting. The directors are all present and need to vote on three proposals, no. 1, no. 2 and No. 3. Known:(1)Each director voted for and against at least one of the three proposals.(2)A is for Proposition 1 but against Proposition 2.(3)B supports proposals 1 and 3;(4)E is in favor of Proposition 1;(5)G opposes proposals 1 and 2

Hypothesis: If the choice of d is the exact opposite of G, then proposition 2 can pass.


Premise: Although footprint fossils can not preserve the complete morphology of organisms like solid fossils, we can analyze the general morphological and behavioral characteristics of organisms from footprint fossils. In other words, when there is a lack of direct evidence, we can only use indirect evidence-footprint fossils to speculate about the environment, which animals left footprints, whether they have complex animal behavior and so on. Therefore, during the transition period from Precambrian to Cambrian, footprint fossils are particularly important.

Hypothesis: During the transition period from Precambrian to Cambrian, the preserved animal fossils are very rare is a necessary premise for the establishment of the above conclusion.


Premise: According to medical records, the global incidence of cancer in the second half of the 20th century than the first half of the increase of nearly 10 times, become a threat to human life of the first killer. This shows that the global ecological imbalance caused by the rapid economic development marked by high technology in the second half of the 20th century is an important cause of cancer.

Hypothesis: The statement 'High technology has greatly improved the human ability to prevent and treat cancer, effectively prolonging the life time of cancer patients' can weaken the above argument, except.


Premise: The survey shows that an important factor leading to the decline of college students' academic performance is that many college students play online games. In order to improve the academic performance of college students, the school decided to prohibit playing online games on campus.

Hypothesis: College students mainly play online games in Internet cafes can most challenge the school's decision.


Premise: If the diversity of tree species in a forest is very rich, then the loss of one species at this time will not have much impact on the productivity of the entire forest; but when the species diversity is scarcer, the number of tree species will continue to decrease, which will affect the productivity of the entire forest. The hit to the productivity of the entire forest will be bigger and bigger.

Hypothesis: Forest-wide productivity won't be affected unless tree species diversity plummets can be inferred.


Premise: Grammarians have for years condemned as ungrammatical the English phrase between you and I, insisting that the correct phrasing is between you and me,  with the objective case after a preposition. Such condemnations, however, are obviously unfounded, because Shakespeare himself, in The Merchant of Venice, wrote, All debts are cleared between you and I.

Hypothesis: In his plays, Shakespeare intentionally had some of his characters use phrases he considered ungrammatical most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: Statistics are divided into qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data includes categorical and ordinal data. Categorical data refers to non-numeric data that can only be assigned to a certain category, which is the result of classifying things and expressed in words; sequential data refers to non-numeric data that can be assigned to an ordered category. Quantitative data are data that represent specific numerical observations. ①Cities can be divided into megacities, large cities, medium cities and small cities according to the size of the city; ②Marital status: 1-unmarried, 2-married, 3-divorced, 4-widowed; ③The distance from place A to place B is 200 kilometers, 320 kilometers to C and 100 kilometers to D; ④ A hospital has a construction area of 50,000 square meters, 3,182 open beds and 687 clinicians.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, ②④ are classified data.


Premise: The microwave oven relies on the microwave to make the internal molecules of the food move violently and make the food itself hot, so that the food is heated evenly inside and outside, and the phenomenon of exogenous internal coke will not occur.  Induction cooker by heating the bottom of the pot, transfers heat from the outside of the food to the inside to complete cooking, which is more in line with people's traditional cooking habits, while the direct heating of the bottom of the pot by using eddy current avoids the loss in the process of heat transfer, there is no open fire, and it is hygienic and safe,this is better than the electric stove.

Hypothesis: The principle of electrothermal heating of food is the same as that of an induction cooker cannot be inferred.


Premise: Professor Hartley' s new book on moral philosophy contains numerous passages that can be found verbatim in an earlier published work by Hartley' s colleague, Professor Lawrence. Ttherefore, in view of the fact that these passages were unattributed in Hartley' s book, Hartley has been dishonest in not acknowledging the intellectual debt owed to Lawrence.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Lawrence did not get the ideas in the passages in question or did not get their formulations originally from Hartley is an assumption on which the argument is based.


Premise: A company stipulates that only employees who have worked continuously in the company for more than 20 years or have outstanding achievements can enjoy the special allowance issued by the company. Although Xiao Zhang has only worked in the company for 3 years, he now enjoys the special allowance issued by the company, so he must have made outstanding achievements.

Hypothesis: The reasoning mode of the following options is most similar to the above problem stem: 'The perfection of the legal system or the powerful social control ability of the rulers are essential conditions for maintaining a country's social stability. A country's society is stable, but the legal system is not perfect. Therefore, its rulers must have strong social control ability'.


Premise: Unfair competition refers to enterprise uses improper or unfair means to increase the market share of its products, creating an unfair market environment for competitors that produce similar products, and seriously harming the interests of its competitors.

Hypothesis: By definition, both Company A and Company B produce weight-loss drugs. In order to expand market share and increase sales profits, Company A made a big publicity on TV stations and some newspapers, pointing out the shortcomings and side effects of Company B's drugs, causing consumers to refuse to buy Company B's products is not unfair competition.


Premise: Curator: If our museum lends Venus to the Hart Institute for their show this spring, they will lend us their Rembrandt etchings for our print exhibition next fall. Having those etchings will increase attendance to the exhibition and hence increase revenue from our general admission fee. Museum Administrator: But Venus is our biggest attraction. Moreover the Hart's show will run for twice as long as our exhibition. So on balance the number of patrons may decrease.

Hypothesis: The point of the administrator's response to the curator is to question whether getting the Rembrandt etchings from the Hart Institute is likely to increase attendance at the print exhibition.


Premise: It is often said that reading can increase knowledge and cultivate temperament. Some experts have pointed out that reading can also cure diseases, especially for mental illnesses caused by some social factors, such as depression, depression, panic, worry, etc., reading has a good effect.

Hypothesis: The statement "Patients can get emotional recognition and comfort from reading intentionally or unintentionally, and release their inner anxiety and anxiety" can best support the opinions of the above-mentioned experts.


Premise: A company has a six-story office building. The company's finance department, planning department, administration department, sales department, human resources department, R & D department and other six departments work here, each department occupies one floor. It is known that: (1) the floors of the human resources department and the sales department are not adjacent; (2) the finance department is on the lower floor of the planning department; (3) the floor of the administration department is above the planning department, but below the human resources department.

Hypothesis: The R & D department and sales department may be located on the first and second floors, respectively.


Premise: A recent poll of a large number of households found that 47 percent of those with a cat had at least one person with a university degree, while 38 percent of households with a dog had at least one person with a university degree. Clearly, people who hold university degrees are more likely to live in a household with a cat than one with a dog.

Hypothesis: The statement 'ignores the possibility that a significant number of households might have both a cat and a dog' is the reasoning in the argument that is flawed.


Premise: A hypothesis is a hypothetical explanation of the universal regularity and causality of unknown things based on known scientific principles and certain factual materials.

Hypothesis: AIDS is caused by mycoplasma and HIV is not a hypothesis.


Premise: Over the past few decades dozens of people have claimed to have sighted the Yeti in the Himalayas. This provides strong evidence that the creature exists.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is questionable because the argument fails to consider the absence of photographs of the Yeti.


Premise: Karma relationship refers to the interpersonal relationship formed by the needs of occupation or industry activities.

Hypothesis: On a business trip, Mr. Liu and Mr. Feng were like-minded on the train and became close friends at first sight belongs to Karma relationship according to the above definition.


Premise: Nimby effect: residents' aversion to public facilities that may cause environmental pollution near their homes. Out of health and safety concerns, residents sometimes appear highly emotional collective boycott or even resistance behavior.

Hypothesis: A hotel plans to expand its parking lot, but after repeated negotiations with nearby residents, it finally gave up its expansion plan is not part of the Nimby effect.


Premise: From the observation that each member of a group could possess a characteristic, it is fallacious to conclude immediately that it is possible for all the group' s members to possess the characteristic. An example in which the fallacy is obvious: arguing that because each of the players entering a tennis tournament has a possibility of winning it, there is ttherefore a possibility that all will win the tournament.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Each of the many nominees could be appointed to any one of the three openings on the committee. Therefore it is possible for all of the nominees to be appointed to the openings on the committee' commits the fallacy described above.


Premise: As a new thing, bike sharing has developed rapidly recently. The shadow of bike sharing can be seen almost everywhere in the streets and alleys of the city. Bike sharing constitutes a new and beautiful scenery in the city and also provides convenience for people's travel. However, some citizens are worried about the whole bicycle production industry. They believe that the emergence of bike sharing and a large number of bikes are put into use.This makes many individuals who plan to buy Bicycles no longer buy bicycles.  As a result, the production and sales of the whole bicycle industry decreased

Hypothesis: The statement 'Shared bicycles are produced by bicycle manufacturers entrusted by the company to which they belong. The number of shared bicycles far exceeds the purchase volume due to personal needs' weakens the conclusion of these citizens.


Premise: Lourdes: Dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day. Kyra: But a daily intake of fiber that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut back on fiber intake.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fiber is at present approximately 10 grams a day' most undermines Kyra's recommendation.


Premise: In 1993, scholars pointed out that the examination system is closely related to the national education system and social situation of various countries, and the examination system of some countries is highly persistent and difficult to change;In some countries, the examination system is undergoing substantial or even rapid restructuring. In addition, the reform direction of examination system in different countries is also different

Hypothesis: The author's point of view reflected in this passage is that we should reform the recruitment system of colleges and universities according to the specific situation of the country.


Premise: Nowadays, film creations make a lot of repeated use of hot topics. There is a market for a theme, and many people flock on it, which is not a healthy film ecology. In contrast, the excavation of national culture is rare, such as the development of traditional festivals such as Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, and the use of national artistic elements such as Kunqu Opera and Huangmei Opera. Once the cultural wealth of the Chinese nation is excavated attentively, what is presented in front of the creators is a splendid treasure house of art, and domestic films will also usher in a spring of a hundred flowers blooming.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the main thrust of this passage is that domestic films should not fall into the misunderstanding of theme reuse.


Premise: Scientific and technological discoveries have considerable effects on the development of any society. It follows that predictions of the future condition of societies in which scientific and technological discovery is particularly frequent are particularly untrustworthy.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on assuming that forecasts of scientific and technological discoveries, or forecasts of their effects, are not entirely reliable.


Premise: Clinician: Patients with immune system disorders are usually treated with a class of drugs that, unfortunately, increase the patient' s risk of developing osteoporosis, a bone-loss disease. So these patients take another drug that helps to preserve existing bone. Since a drug that enhances the growth of new bone cells has now become available, these patients should take this new drug in addition to the drug that helps to preserve existing bone.

Hypothesis: To what extent does the new drug retain its efficacy when used in combination with the other drugs would be most useful to know in order to evaluate the clinician's argument.


Premise: A, B, and C sell their products. Among the three products, one is counterfeit, and the other two are genuine. A said: My product is genuine, and B's product is counterfeit; B said: My product is genuine, and C's product is counterfeit; C said: B's product is genuine, A's product is counterfeit. It is known that one of A, B, and C told all turth, one half turth, half lie, and the other told all lies

Hypothesis: A sells counterfeit goods.


Premise: Intellectual Property: It is a general term for economic and spiritual rights based on the fruits of creative intellectual labor produced by people in the fields of science, technology, culture and art.

Hypothesis: Portrait rights is not intellectual property rights.


Premise: Rationalization refers to the phenomenon that people will come up with various reasons to forgive themselves or justify their failure after setbacks.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wei's business failed and he thought that was because he was inexperienced does not belong to the rationalization according to the above definition.


Premise: Brian: Reporters and photographers are legally required to automatically distort the features of any bystanders whose faces might be shown on television before they can broadcast the taped segment. Yet when people are interviewed for a story, this practice is not followed. If we were as concerned about protecting the privacy of people as we say we are, then reporters would be required to automatically distort the features of the people they interview too. Jessica: But consider this: A person being interviewed can simply ask to have his or her features distorted if he or she wants privacy, where it might not be possible for the bystanders to know they are being filmed. So you see, automatically distorting the features of people being interviewed is not necessary.

Hypothesis: Jessica attempts to counter Brian's argument by pointing out a relevant distinction between the two groups to weaken an analogy that Brian bases his argument on.


Premise: Editorial: The threat of harsh punishment for a transgression usually decreases one' s tendency to feel guilt or shame for committing that transgression, and the tendency to feel guilt or shame for committing a transgression reduces a person' s tendency to commit transgressions. Thus, increasing the severity of the legal penalties for transgressions may amplify people' s tendency to ignore the welfare of others.

Hypothesis: The threat of harsh punishment deters people from committing transgressions only if this threat is at least sometimes carried out is an assumption required by the editorial's argument.


Premise: The difficulties in life and the loneliness of my heart made me waver for my choice. Often worry about eating, or miss my mother can only make a phone call, I really regret my impulsive choice. But think about it, after all, this is my own decision, and it will only take half a year. But soon, seeing that the English grades of these rural children improved and the children who dropped out of school returned to the classroom, I think I found the feeling that I like it here.

Hypothesis: Young volunteers are most likely to be the author's occupation.


Premise: Industrial property rights refer to the possession of intellectual achievements such as inventions and remarkable marks used in production and circulation within a certain period and region as stipulated by law.

Hypothesis: The right of an electrical appliance manufacturer to a brand created after years of hard work belongs to industrial property rights according to the above definition.


Premise: For a certain type of ulcer, traditional therapy can completely heal 44% of patients' ulcers within 6 months. A new therapy for this type of ulcer has achieved obvious improves in 80% of the ulcers treated in a 6-month trial. 61% of ulcers were healed. Since the trial only treated those ulcers very severe, this new treatment is obviously more effective than traditional treatments.

Hypothesis: In order to better compare the effects of the two therapies, additional evidence that needs to be added is the proportion of patients with this type of ulcer, treated under traditional therapies in 6 months, who have achieved significant improvement.


Premise: It is known that birds can sense the earth's magnetic field and use them to navigate. Recently, scientists in a country found that birds actually use their right eyes to view the earth's magnetic field. To test this theory, when birds began to migrate, scientists in the country put several Robin birds into a funnel-shaped and huge cage, and put a special metal eye mask that can shield the earth's magnetic field on one eye of some Robin birds. The walls of the cage are coated with marking substances. Birds can fly out only through the narrow mouth of the cage. If the bird touches the cage wall, it will stick a marker to judge whether the bird can find its direction.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The bird without eye mask and the bird with eye mask on the right eye flew out of the cage smoothly, and the bird with eye mask on the left eye flew in either direction' can best support the researchers' findings if correct.


Premise: Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

Hypothesis: Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever provides the strongest justification for the experts' prediction.


Premise: Literary critic: A folktale is a traditional story told in an entertaining way, which may lead some to think that folktales lack deeper meaning. But this is not the case. A folktale is passed along by a culture for generations, and each storyteller adds something of his or her own to the story, and in this way folktales provide great insight into the wisdom of the culture.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the literary critic's argument can be properly inferred if the assumption that 'Any tale that is passed along by a culture for generations can provide great insight into the wisdom of that culture' is made.


Premise: According to current geological theory, the melting of ice at the end of the Ice Age significantly reduced the weight pressing on parts of the earth' s crust. As a result, lasting cracks in the earth' s crust appeared in some of those parts under the stress of pressure from below. At the end of the Ice Age Sweden was racked by severe earthquakes. Ttherefore, it is likely that the melting of the ice contributed to these earthquakes.

Hypothesis: The statement "Severe earthquakes are generally caused by cracking of the earth's crust near the earthquake site" most strengthens the argument above.


Premise: There are four blood types: A, B, O, and AB. People with the same blood type can transfuse each other. Only people with O type can be transfused to people of any blood type, but only O type can be accepted, and the other three cannot be accepted. Only people with blood type AB can accept blood of any type, but they can only be transfused to people with blood type AB. People of the other three blood types cannot accept blood type AB. It is known that Zhao is of blood type A. Qian can't accept Zhao's blood, nor can he transfuse to Zhao, Sun can accept Zhao's blood, but can't transfuse to Zhao, Li can't accept Zhao's blood, but can transfuse to Zhao.

Hypothesis: According to the above conditions, Qian has blood type B, Sun has blood type AB, and Li has blood type O.


Premise: Some plants need low temperature to blossom, grow and bear fruit. The effect of low temperature induction to promote plant flowering and bearing fruit is called vernalization principle.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, using gibberellin, biennial tianxianzi, cabbage, beet and carrot can bloom without low temperature treatment does not use the vernalization principle.


Premise: Modern media ecology shows a micro characteristic, in which fragmented information is connected and combined through chain systems such as social networks. If the media wants to survive, it is necessary to grasp the communication opportunities in each microchain and create possible hot spots of public opinion. Therefore, modern media should not only compete for the unique interpretation power of information, but also arrange troops in the complicated microchain world and become the organizers and communicators of key nodes. The report organization form is no longer the previous across-the-board, but dredge and guide on countless central nodes. Especially in emergencies, the characteristics of this new way of guiding public opinion are more prominent.

Hypothesis: The ability that the author emphasizes that modern media need to have more is the ability to guide public opinion at key points.


Premise: There are two taxi companies A and B in a city. The colors of their taxis are blue and red respectively. According to the survey, 70% of the taxis circulating in the market are red and only 30% are blue. The average probability of car accidents in red taxis is 4%, while that of blue taxis is 6%.

Hypothesis: Compared with red taxis, blue taxis are more likely to have the accident can be inferred now that there is a taxi accident in the city.


Premise: Since the 20 th century, qualitative changes have taken place in human understanding of strings. The string is the vibration, and the vibration will produce waves, which shows that the waves constitute a rich and colorful world, which provides an ideological basis and technical method for the re-understanding of beauty. The research shows that there is a profound internal relationship between natural beauty and the wavelength (or frequency) of matter, and there is a coupling relationship between the natural frequency of objects and the frequency of human beings. beauty is caused by the interaction between the frequencies of different types of spectra and human beings.

Hypothesis: Different perceptions of beauty and ugliness of the same person are caused by different frequencies of aesthetic subjects is incorrect according to this passage.


Premise: Property rights refer to the subject's exclusive rights to things, and its essence is people's rights to the fruits of labor that occur in society.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, right to labor choice, right to labor exchange and assignment is not property rights.


Premise: If you do a job just to make a living and don't like it, it's just your occupation. You do a job just because you like it and you don't care whether it brings benefits or not. this job is your career. Ideally, occupation and career are consistent and you can do what you like and make a living.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is Occupation and career.


Premise: An authoritative opinion poll conducted an investigation into the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks around the world and found that 40% thought it was caused by the unfair foreign policy of the United States, 55% thought it was caused by the conflict between Islamic civilization and Western civilization, 23% thought it was caused by the evil nature of terrorists, and 19% did not express their opinions.

Hypothesis: The most reasonable explanation for the apparent contradiction in the statements above is that many respondents believe that the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks are not single, but complex.


Premise: Traditionally, the foundations of houses were made of concrete. A builder is experimenting with using a hard plastic polymer for foundations. A foundation made with the polymer is about the same price to construct and install as is concrete foundation. Unlike concrete, the polymer will block all water flow and is not prone to cracking with age. The builder argues that houses built with the polymer foundation will last longer.

Hypothesis: Whether soil acidity, to which all stone is resistant, can dissolve the polymer must be studied in order to evaluate the argument presented above.


Premise: Group-serving bias means that people tend to give a good understanding of the behavior of their group members, and it is easier to imagine from a bad point of view when explaining the similar behavior of other group members.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when a head teacher sees the slapstick behavior of students in his class, he will think it is just joke and mischief, and when involved in similar behavior of students in other classes, he will think it is bad quality has group-serving bias.


Premise: Terrorism aims to instill fear in the target population, disrupting all daily activities and forcing an irrational backlash. More people die in car accidents in a day than terrorists have killed in two decades. Our country spends more money on fighting terrorism than any other single initiative, including healthcare. As such, our country should. . .

Hypothesis: Spending money in proportion to the fear terrorism inspires most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Anchor sinking effect refers to the fact that when people make judgments about something, they are susceptible to the first impression or first information, which fixes people's thoughts somewhere like an anchor sinking into the sea. The first impression and preconceivedness are its manifestations in social life.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the neighbor stealing Washington's horse and refusing to admit it, and Washington covering the horse's eyes and asking which eye is blind is not anchor sinking effect.


Premise: The network era is an era of excess information but scarce attention. The essence of the contemporary economy based on the network is attention economy. In this economic form, the most important resource is attention. therefore, how to attract attention on the Internet has become a very important issue. In the network era, it is undoubtedly necessary to emphasize the economic value of attention, but if the moral evaluation and spiritual significance of attracting attention are ignored, it will lead to a lack of humanistic care and minimum respect for attention. so that some people will make use of the convenience and concealment of network means to waste, pollute and trample on other people's attention through false and bad information, which is undoubtedly a serious mental injury.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the author's intention is to appeal to the Internet era to make good use of attention and cherish its spiritual and cultural value.


Premise: The so-called urban disease refers to a series of social problems caused by the excessive concentration of population in big cities. It is mainly manifested in the blind expansion of urban planning and construction to the surrounding area, a large amount of cultivated land is occupied, and the contradiction between man and land is more acute. .

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a decline in the city's economic strength does not belong to the specific manifestation of urban disease.


Premise: It is generally believed that the outcome of tossing a coin of even quality is random. But in fact, the result of the toss is determined by the momentum and the initial height. Still, making accurate predictions about the outcome of a coin toss is difficult.

Hypothesis: Accurate prediction of the outcome of a coin toss requires extremely accurate estimates of the initial height and momentum of the coin toss explains most the phenomenon stated in the above, that the outcome of the toss is determined by certain factors, but the prediction is difficult.


Premise: No computer will ever be able to do everything that some human minds can do, for there are some problems that cannot be solved by following any set of mechanically applicable rules. Yet computers can only solve problems by following some set of mechanically applicable rules.

Hypothesis: At least one problem solvable by following some set of mechanically applicable rules is not solvable by any human mind is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: The full guarantee of national audit independence determines the degree of realization of audit rule of law, the level of audit quality and the fairness of audit results and whether audit can play the function of immune system in national governance activities and then determine whether the audit anti-corruption mission can be successfully completed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Whether the state can fully guarantee the independence of audit determines the possibility of realizing the rule of law of audit' is most similar in meaning to the line-drawing part.


Premise: Machine vision refers to a device that automatically receives and processes an image of a real object through optical devices and non-contact sensors to obtain the required information or to control the movement of the robot.

Hypothesis: The new glasses caught a large number of ultrasonic waves emitted by bats after the owner ventured into the dark cave, and immediately activated the face protection mode relates to machine vision according to the above definition.


Premise: In the hype of entertainment, privacy and personal dignity become the victims of the viewing effect, and the moral bottom line gives way to economic benefits. What is more serious is that excessive entertainment makes people only satisfied with entertainment needs, but lacks attention to social groups and ignores them existence, ignoring their needs.

Hypothesis: The text 'Ignore its due social responsibilities' is intended to illustrate the over-entertainment of TV shows.


Premise: Of 2, 500 people who survived a first heart attack, those who did not smoke had their first heart attack at a median age of 62. However, of those 2, 500, people who smoked two packs of cigarettes a day had their first heart attack at a median age of 51. On the basis of this information, it can be concluded that nonsmokers tend to have a first heart attack eleven years later than do people who smoke two packs of cigarettes a day.

Hypothesis: The conclusion is incorrectly drawn from the information given because this information does not include how many of the 2,500 people studied suffered a second heart attack.


Premise: A unit needs to send personnel to participate in poverty alleviation work. It is known that if Xiao Li does not participate, then ponies participate. If the pony doesn't take part, so does Xiao Li. If the ponies take part then Xiao Li will also take part.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ma participates in poverty alleviation is correct based on the above criteria.


Premise: Magazine article: Sugar consumption may exacerbate attention deficit disorder (ADD) in children. A recent study found that children produce large amounts of adrenaline within hours after consuming large amounts of sugar. This increase in adrenaline is especially noticeable if the source of sugar is candy, in which case the sugar' s effects are not ameliorated by the ingestion of other foodstuffs.

Hypothesis: Increased adrenaline production can make ADD more severe in children is an assumption on which the argument in the magazine article depends.