Premise: Art historian: Great works of art have often elicited outrage when first presented; in Europe, Stravinsky' s Rite of Spring prompted a riot, and Manet' s Dejeuner sur 1' herbe elicited outrage and derision. So, since it is clear that art is often shocking, we should not hesitate to use public funds to support works of art that many people find shocking.

Hypothesis: Public funds should support art is an assumption that the art historian's argument requires in order for its conclusion to be properly drawn.


Premise: Today, people often know that tigers have always lived in the mountains, and they do not know the history of their withdrawal from the plains. During the Tang and Song dynasties, with the transfer of the economic and cultural center from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, a large number of northern population moved southward and the South China tiger completely withdrew from the plain area. After that, idioms such as diverting the tiger from the mountain, letting the tiger return to the mountain and sitting on the mountain to watch the tiger fight showed that people had mistakenly regarded the tiger as a mountain species at that time and did not know that the tiger was forced up the mountain because of human activities.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the gist of this passage is that it explains the background of the time when the tiger was forced to go up the mountain.


Premise: An international paleontological research team recently reported that the True South Turtle, which lived in South Africa 280 million years ago, is the ancestor of modern turtles who survived large-scale species extinctions from Permian to Triassic. At that time, in order to avoid the harsh natural environment, they tried to dig down the hole, and in order to ensure that the digging movement of the forelimbs was strong enough, the body needed a stable support, which led to the widening of the ribs. It can be seen that turtles have shells to adapt to the environment, but not for protection, but to dig holes in the ground.

Hypothesis: The front legs of True South Turtles are strong enough that they do not need shell protection can be added as a prerequisite.


Premise: If the flowers Drew received today had been sent by someone who knows Drew well, that person would have known that Drew prefers violets to roses. Yet Drew received roses. On the other hand, if the flowers had been sent by someone who does not know Drew well, then that person would have sent a signed card with the flowers. Yet Drew received no card. Ttherefore, the florist must have made some sort of mistake: either Drew was supposed to receive violets, or a card, or these flowers were intended for someone else.

Hypothesis: Someone who does not know Drew well would be unlikely to send Drew flowers most weakens the argument.


Premise: Energy-saving lamps require less electricity and are more power-saving. Therefore, if people only use energy-saving lamps and do not use ordinary incandescent lamps that consume a lot of electricity, it will save a lot of electricity bills.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that energy-saving lamps are no cheaper than ordinary incandescent lamps.


Premise: Dietitian: Many diet-conscious consumers are excited about new fake fat products designed to give food the flavor and consistency of fatty foods, yet without fat' s harmful effects. Consumers who expect the new fat substitute to help them lose weight arc likely to be disappointed, however. Research has shown that when people knowingly or unknowingly eat foods containing fake fat, they tend to take in at least as many additional calories as are saved by eating fake fat.

Hypothesis: Fake fatin foods is probably not going to help consumers meet weight loss goals most accurately expresses the conclusion of the dietitian's argument.


Premise: In order to improve the income of taxi drivers, F city taxi company plans to change its taxi charging scheme. The company will charge a starting fee of 10 yuan for the first 5 kilometers or less, and 2 yuan per kilometer in the future; Instead of charging a starting fee of 6 yuan for the first 3 kilometers or less, a fare of 2 yuan per kilometer will be charged in the future,

Hypothesis: The assumption that the area of F City is very small and many people don't take taxis for more than 3 kilometers is likely the basis for the company's belief that the plan can increase revenue.


Premise: The realization of food safety must have the effective management of the government. Only the mutual coordination and cooperation between government departments can ensure the effective management of the government. However, without a sound supervision and restriction mechanism, it is impossible to realize the coordination and cooperation among government departments

Hypothesis: A government that cannot manage effectively is a government that has not established a sound supervision and restriction mechanism can be inferred.


Premise: The education system has two aspects, one is compulsory education, the other is higher education. A reasonable education system requires everyone to have the right to compulsory education and the opportunity to obtain higher education through fair competition.

Hypothesis: An education system that ensures that everyone enjoys compulsory education is reasonable can be drawn from the above conclusion.


Premise: Pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for rare diseases suffer financial losses because sales are too small to recoup the development and production costs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some drugs for rare diseases also have good effects on other diseases' best weakens the above conclusions.


Premise: The loss sensitivity effect means that people are different in sensitivity to loss and gain. People are more sensitive to loss than gain. That is, the pain caused by the decrease of wealth is not equal to the happiness caused by the increase of the same amount of wealth. The former is greater than the latter.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when losses and gains are equal, emphasizing losses is more convincing than emphasizing gains belongs to the loss sensitivity effect.


Premise: Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area -- whatever those may be -- is an expert.

Hypothesis: The assumption that almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area is required for the columnist's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: Compared with genes, man-made components (artifacts) have a more powerful intervention in human evolution. From the controlled use of fire to the invention of stirrups and even supercomputers, from rough utensils to artistic creations, from primitive worship to nirvana? The recognition of the realm, from the gathering and hunting of food to the exploration of the fate of the universe. Cultural components change people's behavior and thinking, and even change the natural track of human genetic inheritance.

Hypothesis: The relationship between human genes and man-made components conforms to the context.


Premise: An enterprise refers to an independent commodity production unit that has the status of a legal person, creates value, increases utility, and pursues maximum profit.

Hypothesis: Farmers engaged in self-sufficient production belongs to the enterprise.


Premise: At the end of 2009, the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of China showed that only 6.48% of the people had overall health quality, of which only 4.66% had the literacy of chronic disease prevention. This shows that the national awareness of the disease is still very poor. Only when the national quality is fundamentally improved, the fallacies of Li Yi and Zhang Wuben will not have so many people blindly follow.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the lack of awareness of the disease is one of the manifestations that the national quality needs to be fundamentally improved can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: With the development and transformation of the eastern coastal areas, industrial transfer and the economic rise of the central and western regions, traditional labor exporting places such as Chongqing, Hunan and Sichuan are ushering in an upsurge of returning home to start a business. Among these entrepreneurs, there are not only returning migrant workers, enterprise managers, but also college students and company employees. With strong nostalgia, they seize the great opportunities for the development of their hometown and bring funds. At present, this trend is in the ascendant. It has brought strong impetus to the urbanization and industrialization of the central and western regions, and also changed China's economic landscape.

Hypothesis: Returning home to start a business has become the driving force to promote the development of county economy in central and Western China is an inaccurate understanding of the above words.


Premise: Letter to the editor: When your newspaper reported the (admittedly extraordinary) claim by Mr. Hanlon that he saw an alien spaceship, the tone of your article was very skeptical despite the fact that Hanlon has over the years proved to be a trusted member of the community. If Hanlon claimed to have observed a rare natural phenomenon like a large meteor, your article would not have been skeptical. So your newspaper exhibits an unjustified bias.

Hypothesis: The principle 'If a claim is extraordinary, it should not be presented uncritically unless it is backed by evidence of an extraordinarily high standard' conflicts with the argument in the letter.


Premise: Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today' s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.

Hypothesis: Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular LEAST strengthens the argument above.


Premise: The extended product refers to the sum of all kinds of benefits obtained by customers when they purchase the product, including product specification, warranty, installation, maintenance, delivery, technical training, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a game company launching a game and then releasing an updated version in time to satisfied user demand is the extended product.


Premise: Circulation processing refers to the general term for simple operations such as packaging, dividing, measuring, sorting, marking, sticking standards, and assembly as needed from the production site to the use of items.

Hypothesis: A factory purchasing fabrics, buttons and other materials, processing them into fashions, and selling them on the market belongs to circulation processing.


Premise: Some people argue that inquiry is impossible, because a man can explore neither what he knows nor what he does not know. He cannot explore what he knows, because he knows it, and there is no need to explore it; he cannot explore what he does not know, because he does not know what he is trying to explore.

Hypothesis: The statement 'False presupposition: either you know what you are exploring, or you do not know what you are exploring' most accurately points out the logical loophole in the argument.


Premise: Out of deep concern for the lives of peasant workers entering the city, when the writers narrate the stories of peasants entering the city, the metropolis can not help holding a stern moral standpoint. These stories are often reduced to a kind of narrative of suffering or accusing literature. In this narrative picture, the city and the countryside are often abstracted into two opposing worlds of value, and the struggle of farmers in the city is always interpreted as an elegy about the destruction of simple values.

Hypothesis: The main point of this text is that the literary creation of migrant workers in cities should not be limited to simple value judgments.


Premise: A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker' s Beach, the world' s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching. Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker' s Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago. Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world' s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neither Merrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker's Beach' most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists' prediction.


Premise: Dominant response refers to a habitual action that is extremely proficiency and is made without thinking when encountering a certain stimulus.

Hypothesis: When you accidentally reach into the boiling water, you pull their hands back in an instant is not the dominant response.


Premise: The maintenance of marriage is inseparable from the mutual trust between husband and wife. Trust is the basis for maintaining a stable and intimate relationship, but trust alone is not enough. They also need to have common interests and hobbies. Two people can spend time together and experience the fun of life. Therefore, trust and common interests and hobbies are the necessary factors for the stability of marriage.

Hypothesis: The relationship based on trust and common interests is the most ideal marriage relationship can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: United States politician: Although the amount of United States goods shipped to Mexico doubled in the year after tariffs on trade between the two countries were reduced, it does not follow that the reduction in tariffs caused the sales of United States goods to companies and consumers in Mexico to double that year, because __

Hypothesis: The statement 'the amount of Mexican goods shipped to the United States remained the same as it had been before the tariff reductions' most logically completes the politician's argument.


Premise: Four good friends made an appointment to have a field life experience on the isolated island for a month. Then they had the following conversation about the activity: A: none of us insisted on it for a month; B: one of the four of us persisted for a month; C: at least one of B and D didn't insist for a month; D: I didn't insist for a month

Hypothesis: It's B and C who tell the truth is correct.


Premise: A unilateral civil legal act is a juristic act that can be established according to the will of one party.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, picking up a bottle of shampoo after paying at the vending counter in the supermarket downstairs is a unilateral civil legal act.


Premise: As cultural knowledge becomes more and more important, people spend more and more time on reading, and the proportion of literati students with myopia is getting higher and higher. Even among urban workers and township farmers, many people can be seen wearing myopic glasses. However, few scholars with myopia, let alone ordinary people, were found in ancient China.

Hypothesis: The statement "The ancients lived at a slow pace and did not have to worry about traffic safety, so even if they suffered from myopia, the harm was very small" cannot explain the above phenomenon.


Premise: At present, for the bio-processed food system to become a reality, there are still several things to do. First, it must be able to cultivate the tissues of vegetables and fruits in the culture medium. Second, it must be able to expand the production to meet the needs of the market.But to mass-produce economically,it is necessary to develop cheap raw materials and use the basic nutrients in them for mass production.

Hypothesis: The current raw materials are too expensive can be inferred from this.


Premise: After full testing and investigation, the CDC experts determined the following facts: (1) If both Jiang and Zhang were infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus, then Li was not infected; (2) Li was infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus, and Wang's statement is correct; (3) Only Wang's statement is incorrect, Zhang has not been infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus.

Hypothesis: Jiang was infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus and Zhang was not infected can be derived from the above facts.


Premise: Because the statement all gray rabbits are rabbits is true, it follows by analogy that the statement all suspected criminals are criminals is also true.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is flawed because it fails to recognize that the relationship between being a gray rabbit and being a rabbit is not of the same kind as that between being a suspected criminal and being a criminal.


Premise: Dillworth: More and more people are deciding not to have children because of the personal and economic sacrifices children require and because so often children are ungrateful for the considerable sacrifices their parents do make for them. However, such considerations have no bearing on the fact that their children provide the best chance most people have of ensuring that their values live on after them. Ttherefore, for anyone with deeply held values, foregoing parenthood out of reluctance to make sacrifices for which little gratitude can be expected would probably be a mistake. Travers: Your reasoning ignores another fact that deserves consideration: children' s ingratitude for parental sacrifices usually stems from a wholesale rejection of parental values.

Hypothesis: Dillworth employs the argumentative strategy of distinguishing a category of person for whom the reason presented in favor of a given course of action is more telling than the reasons cited against that course of action.


Premise: It is impossible for a person without a Putonghua first-level certificate to become a host, because the host can't pronounce substandard pronunciation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People without a Putonghua first-level certificate will have nonstandard pronunciation' is the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Specific object refers to the specific object in civil law, which refers to the transferred object with independent characteristics or designated by the obligee and can not be replaced by other objects.

Hypothesis: New 100 yuan RMB is a specific object.


Premise: Green public relations refers to a series of public relations activities in which enterprises influence public relations with the concept of ecological and economic sustainable development, select media with green characteristics to carry out communication activities, shape enterprise image with green characteristics, win public trust and support, and bring more convenience and competitive advantages to enterprises

Hypothesis: A fast food enterprise launched a publicity campaign of planting a tree, advocated reducing packaging to save resources, and created a good business environment and social atmosphere belongs to green public relations according to the above definition.


Premise: In recent years, there has been a popular argument in western public opinion that huge demand from China has led to soaring prices of raw materials such as oil, grain, steel and so on.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the development of India's economy, their domestic demand for food products is increasing day by day' can raise the greatest challenge to the above argument.


Premise: The fact that the Chinese women's volleyball team won the championship in the Athens Olympic Games makes us realise many truths. For example, failure must not be accepted when it has not determined. When there is still a faint hope of victory, try your best to win! Otherwise, you are not real strong.

Hypothesis: A truly strong man never accepts failure can be deduced from the above.


Premise: In his book, published in 1892, Grey used the same metaphor that Jordan used in her book, which was published in 1885. The metaphor is so unusual that there is little chance that two different people independently created it. Ttherefore, it is highly likely that Grey read Jordan' s book.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Jordan used the same metaphor in a work that she wrote in 1894 and published in 1895' most weakens the argument.


Premise: In recent years, in order to avoid coal mine safety accidents, many coal mines have strengthened their emphasis on safe production. Public information shows: Before 2000, China's coal mine accidents killed tens of thousands of people every year. Since 2000, accidents have died every year,the number began to be controlled below 7,000. In 2003, the death toll was 6,434; in 2004, 6,027; in 2005, 5,986; in 2006, a total of 4,746 deaths occurred in coal mines across the country. Therefore, we have concluded that as long as coal mine owners are pay adequate attention to safety production can effectively curb the occurrence of mining accidents.

Hypothesis: In recent years, coal mine safety has attracted great attention from relevant departments, and the state's capital investment in safety production has continued to increase can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: If we say that the local industrialization of agriculture means the local urbanization of rural areas, then together with the flow of farmers to the city and the realization of urbanization in the city, can we combine together to realize the overall planning of urban and rural areas? Changsha County, on the outskirts of Changsha City, Hunan Province, seems to have confessed a possible opportunity for urban and rural co-ordination in a country.

Hypothesis: This paper introduces the practice and experience of Changsha County in the process of realizing the overall planning of urban and rural areas is most likely to be described next in this article.


Premise: Anthropologists measured human skulls at various periods in history and found that the average brain capacity of contemporary adults is 1349 milliliters, compared with the brain capacity of Mesolithic humans, the brain capacity of men is reduced by 10%. The brain capacity of women is reduced by 17%. The researchers believe that in an era of increasingly clear division of labor, people with a cooperative spirit have more opportunities to survive and reproduce than others, and survival of the friendliest is an important reason for the shrinking human brain.

Hypothesis: The statement 'With the rise of the temperature, people's requirements for weight are reduced, and the shrinking of the body will inevitably lead to the shrinking of the brain' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Some people say that Zhouzhuang was at the expense of the destruction of Suzhou, and I immediately flashed the appearance of ancient Suzhou. Yes, Suzhou has taken off its Luo shirt and long coat. Suzhou is much more modern. Although he still has a silk-embroidered fan in his hand, it is no longer the old appearance of hiding in purdah. In this way, Zhouzhuang, a classical embroidery girl in the south of the Yangtze River, became famous all over the world.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the modernization of Suzhou making her lose her original classical charm.


Premise: Editorialist: There would seem to be little hazard for consumers associated with chemicals used in treated lumber because the lumber is used outside where fumes cannot accumulate. However, immediate steps should be taken to determine the safety of these chemicals since consumers could ingest them. If the lumber is used for children' s playground equipment, youngsters could put their mouths on the wood, and if it is used to contain soil in a vegetable garden, the chemicals could leach into the soil.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the editorialist's argument is that the effects on humans from the chemicals in treated lumber should be studied.


Premise: The right of formation refers to the right to change or destroy the legal relationship according to the meaning of the obligee.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'A buys a batch of mobile phones from B in accordance with the contract' does not belong to the exercise of the right of formation.


Premise: Peer pressure refers to the psychological pressure caused by people of similar age who are worried about being despised and excluded because of the gap in life, work, social status and so on.

Hypothesis: Lao Wang's friends all bought a wedding house for their children, and he also wanted to buy one for his son, but his financial strength was far from being reached, so he was very upset about it belongs to peer pressure.


Premise: In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. Some commentators have argued, correctly, that since <b> there is presently no objective test for whiplash </b>, spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. These commentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that <b> in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious </b>: clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.

Hypothesis: The first boldfaced portion is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes and the second is that conclusion.


Premise: Of 2, 500 people who survived a first heart attack, those who did not smoke had their first heart attack at a median age of 62. However, of those 2, 500, people who smoked two packs of cigarettes a day had their first heart attack at a median age of 51. On the basis of this information, it can be concluded that nonsmokers tend to have a first heart attack eleven years later than do people who smoke two packs of cigarettes a day.

Hypothesis: The conclusion is incorrectly drawn from the information given because this information does not include data on people who did not survive a first heart attack.


Premise: The calm, shallow waters of coastal estuaries are easily polluted by nutrient-rich sewage. When estuary waters become overnutrified as a result, algae proliferate. The abundant algae, in turn, sometimes provide a rich food source for microorganisms that are toxic to fish, thereby killing most of the fish in the estuary.

Hypothesis: Overnutrifying estuary waters by sewage can result in the death of most of the fish in the estuary can be properly inferred from the information above.


Premise: As temperatures rise, so does the chance that tropical rainforests will be struck by lightning and start fires. However, current monitoring shows that although the American rainforest is hit by lightning more frequently, it does not cause more forest fires. The researchers believe that this may have something to do with the large increase in the number of vines in the rainforest in recent years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lightning strikes such a large-scale and extremely fast discharge, first destroying the external vines and the trees in the middle are protected' can best support the above conclusion.


Premise: The Dai bamboo buildings in Xishuangbanna use square columns to raise their houses to prevent moisture and mosquito blood harassment. The reason why square columns are used instead of circular columns is to prevent snakes from climbing into the bamboo buildings.

Hypothesis: Snakes like to climb round pillars is most likely to be the assumption of the above statement.


Premise: Compared with government public relations, non-governmental diplomacy is more flexible, the communication content and carrier are easier to be accepted, and can achieve the effect of moistening things silently. At present, more and more foreign people visit China, more and more Chinese citizens go abroad, and the development of online media also makes it easier for the general public to influence public opinion. Therefore, we should make good use of the situation, through news media and community organizations, non-governmental organizations and other channels, guide the domestic public to actively cooperate with public diplomacy, actively disseminate China's cultural traditions and values, and maintain the national image.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to emphasize that we should guide non-governmental diplomacy to play an active role.


Premise: Leading cadres should also have these three realms of reading and study: first of all, they should have the lofty pursuit of looking at the Tianya Road, the coolness of withering trees by the west wind last night and the loneliness of going up the tall building alone. Calm down and study hard. Second, we should work hard, study assiduously, be willing to pay, persevere, work hard, and never regret even if we wear wider clothes and people are haggard. Third, we should persist in independent thinking, combine learning with use, learn something, use something, find him in the public thousands of degrees in study and practice, and finally suddenly look back and grasp the true meaning in dim lights. the third is to persist in independent thinking, to combine learning with use, to learn something, to find him thousands of degrees in the study and practice, and finally to suddenly look back and comprehend the true meaning in dim lights.

Hypothesis: You should pay attention to methods and skills in reading can best summarize the above text.


Premise: Although this bottle is labeled vinegar,  no fizzing occurred when some of the liquid in it was added to powder from this box labeled baking soda.  But when an acidic liquid such as vinegar is added to baking soda the resulting mixture fizzes, so this bottle clearly has been mislabeled.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that it assumes that the fact of a labeling error is proof of an intention to deceive.


Premise: As a new thing, bike sharing has developed rapidly recently. The shadow of bike sharing can be seen almost everywhere in the streets and alleys of the city. Bike sharing constitutes a new and beautiful scenery in the city and also provides convenience for people's travel. However, some citizens are worried about the whole bicycle production industry. They believe that the emergence of bike sharing and a large number of bikes are put into use.This makes many individuals who plan to buy Bicycles no longer buy bicycles.  As a result, the production and sales of the whole bicycle industry decreased

Hypothesis: The statement 'Bicycle manufacturers of different brands will face more fierce market competition. Some manufacturers will produce and sell more bicycles in cooperation with shared bicycle operation companies' weakens the conclusion of these citizens.


Premise: When the ancient fossils of a primitive land mammal were unearthed in New Zealand, they provided the first concrete evidence that the island country had once had indigenous land mammals. Until that discovery, New Zealand had no known native land mammals. The discovery thus falsifies the theory that New Zealand' s rich and varied native bird population owes its existence to the lack of competition from mammals.

Hypothesis: Some other island countries that are believed to have no native land mammals in fact had indigenous land mammals at one time most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Individual partnership refers to two or more citizens who provide capital, physical objects, technology, etc., operate in partnership, and work together in accordance with the agreement.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang and Sun selling boxed lunches in the same market and jointly taking orders to deliver boxed lunches is an example of individual partnership.


Premise: Both the director and the producer are very complex types of work, and the accumulation of experience is very important. If you haven't experienced the hard work on the set, your ability to execute on the spot will be problematic. Therefore, in some countries where the film industry is mature, after graduating from school, newcomers must first be apprentices in studios, starting with script writing, then going through the assistant director, executive director and other links. After mastering all the skills, they will eventually become a qualified director, then guide and supervise.

Hypothesis: The truth contained in this passage can be best summarized as: after all, the knowledge and principles obtained from the books are very simple and must be personally verified to truly understand them.


Premise: Nostalgia is a lingering feeling of people. The reason why nostalgia lasts forever after being washed over the years is not because it has much charm in itself, but because it can provide people with material for reflection, so that people can trigger the perception of life or draw power from it in the process of some kind of drastic or broken change that people have experienced or are experiencing.

Hypothesis: The object of nostalgia is something that causes dramatic changes in life matches the content of this passage.


Premise: Civil juristic acts refer to the legal acts of citizens or legal persons to establish, modify, and terminate civil rights and civil obligations, including civil juristic acts with a time limit and civil juristic acts with conditions. The conditions attached to a civil juristic act are agreed by the actor to occur in the future Uncertain legal facts. A civil juristic act with a time limit refers to a civil juristic act in which a certain period is agreed in a civil juristic act, and the arrival of that period is a prerequisite for the occurrence, modification, and elimination of the actor's civil rights, obligations.

Hypothesis: A said to B, 'If my daughter is transferred to work in another place, I will rent the house to you' are conditional civil legal acts according to the above definition.


Premise: Zhang Jing said: only official representatives can speak. Liu Qiang said: no! Li Gui is also the official representative, but he did not speak.

Hypothesis: Liu Qiang's answer is to misinterpret Zhang Jing's words as no official representative spoke.


Premise: Recently, there was a consumer rumor that there was a technical problem in the power system of the company's cars. The existence of a technical problem would be harmful to the reputation of M company.If the company doesn't try to test the problem, consumers will lose faith in V's products. But if the company tests and proves that the car's power system is fine, instead, it will make consumers more suspicious that the company's powertrain does have technical problems.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If there is a consumer rumor that there is no technical problem with the power system of M's car, the rumor will also damage M's reputation' can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: The open character and strong national strength of the Datang Empire had a strong impact on the surrounding countries. As handicraft products of the Tang Dynasty, various daily necessities and handicrafts are magnetically attractive to overseas countries. The pursuit of silk, porcelain and other items imported from the Tang Dynasty outside the city is like the fashion people's preference for iPhones and iPad. Tri-colour Pottery of the Tang Dynasty is also carried across the sea in this torrent, taking root and sprouting.

Hypothesis:
The following statement can be derived from the question and answer provided:
"Various manifestations of the Tang Dynasty's objects advocating outside the territory is most likely to be described next."


Premise: Commercial confusion means that operators engage in market transactions by deceptive means to confuse their own goods or services with those of specific competitors, resulting in unfair competition that may be sufficient to make buyers mistakenly buy.

Hypothesis: A Baiwei beer sold by a brewer that is very similar to the outer packaging of the well-known brand Budweiser, but with a price that is only half that of Budweiser, is a commercial confusion according to the above definition.


Premise: Mental illness is not a pathological concept, but a sociological concept. If a person is forcibly committed to a mental hospital by a family member or authority, that person can almost only be diagnosed as a Mental patient. The description of his symptoms by his family and authority is an important piece of information for judging whether he is mentally ill or not. And if he says he was persecuted and fought back, he fits the criteria of the psychiatric diagnosis of Paranoia, Maniaand the like. His right to self-defense is also nullified by this invincible logic: you say that you are not mentally ill, and you are, precisely at this time, because you refuse to admit that you are mentally ill -- a manifestation of mental illness; And you admit it, of course you are.

Hypothesis: The option that can be inferred is that family members or authorities send someone to a mental hospital just to get him timely and effective treatment.


Premise: Sabina: The words used in expressing facts affect neither the facts nor the conclusions those facts will support. Moreover, if the words are clearly defined and consistently used, the actual words chosen make no difference to an argument' s soundness. Thus, how an argument is expressed can have no bearing on whether it is a good argument. Emile: Badly chosen words can make even the soundest argument a poor one. After all, many words have social and political connotations that influence people' s response to claims expressed in those words, regardless of how carefully and explicitly those words are defined. Since whether people will acknowledge a fact is affected by how the fact is expressed, the conclusions they actually draw are also affected.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Emile and Sabina is whether a sound argument in support of a given conclusion is a better argument than any unsound argument for that same conclusion.


Premise: A German scientist did a study in which he showed a group of 6-month-old babies pictures of the same size and color. Some pictures showed flowers or fish, and others showed spiders or snakes. They found that the babies did not respond significantly to pictures of flowers or fish, but all had significantly larger pupils when shown pictures of spiders or snakes. As a result, the scientist believes fear of dangerous animals is something we are born with, not learned.

Hypothesis: The premise of the above argument is that dilated pupils are a sign of stress or fear.


Premise: If this parking policy is unpopular with the faculty, then we should modify it. If it is unpopular among students, we should adopt a new policy. And, it is bound to be unpopular either with the faculty or among students.

Hypothesis: If this parking policy is popular with the faculty, then we should adopt a new policy must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: After the long-distance running results of the Games were announced, Xiao Zhang said: I am in the top five, Xiao Xia's position is not good, Xiao Wang is the last to cross the finish line. Xiao Xia said: my long-distance running results have always been at this level, and I followed Xiao Wang across the finish line. Xiao Wang said, both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Xia have better grades than me. At most one in three people tells lies.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that Xiao Xia told a lie.


Premise: A traveler wants to go to the railway station. In the morning, he starts from the hotel and arrives at an intersection. The intersection leads to four directions: Southeast and northwest. There are hotels, hotels, bookstores and railway stations in the four directions. The bookshop is in the northeast of the hotel and the hotel is in the northwest of the railway station.

Hypothesis: The traveler should go North to reach the railway station.


Premise: According to a report by the People's Daily on November 22, 2000, from January to October that year, Jilin Province's industrial profits were 7.64 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 6 times over the same period last year. State-owned enterprises reduced losses by 1.5 billion yuan, a decrease of 42.2%. The profit is 6.74 billion yuan, an increase of 8 times, and these two indicators are in the forefront of the country.

Hypothesis: According to the statistics from January to October of that year, Jilin Province's state-owned enterprises have not achieved an overall turnaround from loss to profit.


Premise: Jewel collectors, fearing that their eyes will be deceived by a counterfeit, will not buy a diamond unless the dealer guarantees that it is genuine. But why should a counterfeit give any less aesthetic pleasure when the naked eye cannot distinguish it from a real diamond? Both jewels should be deemed of equal value.

Hypothesis: The principle 'It should not be assumed that everyone who likes diamonds receives the same degree of aesthetic pleasure from them' if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: The food safety problem has always been a chronic disease in our country, and the reasons for it, experts said. This is related to the huge profits of certain food industries. It is necessary to expand the production of these industries and increase the supply, and the food safety problem will gradually disappear.

Hypothesis: A small number of money-grabbing elements created food safety issues, stimulating the dissatisfaction of the people with the government best refutes the above view.


Premise: False correlation means that causality is inferred between two events without causality based on some other unseen factors (potential variables), resulting in the illusion that the two events are related. However, this connection can not be confirmed by objective experiments.

Hypothesis: The option 'The sales of cold drinks and the number of people drowning in the pool' is not a false correlation according to the above definition.


Premise: Jorge: You won' t be able to write well about the rock music of the 1960s, since you were just an infant then. Rock music of the 1960s was created by and for people who were then in their teens and early twenties. Ruth: Your reasoning is absurd. There are living writers who write well about ancient Roman culture, even though those writers are obviously not a part of ancient Roman culture.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether people who are not now in their teens or early twenties can write well about the rock music of the 1960s' most accurately represents what is at issue between Jorge and Ruth.


Premise: The photosynthesis of plants is the most effective process of fixing solar light energy on earth. The oil and natural gas consumed by humans are actually the direct or indirect products of plant photosynthesis in ancient times. The earth produces 173 billion to 220 billion tons of materials each year through photosynthesis, and the energy contained therein is equivalent to 10 to 20 times the total energy consumption of the world, but the current utilization rate is less than 3%. Photosynthesis is the best example of the efficient use of solar energy. Deciphering the mysterious mechanism of photosynthesis will lay the foundation for the establishment of an artificial photosynthesis system and the development of clean and efficient new energy.

Hypothesis: The main topic of the passage is the importance of the photosynthesis mechanism.


Premise: After comparing bone changes in people living in Europe over the past 33,000 years, the researchers found that the strength of both leg bones continued to decline from the Middle Stone Age 10,000 years ago to the Roman Empire 2,000 years ago, but the strength of the upper arm bone, which was not related to running, remained stable. It was during this period that agriculture began to rise and human beings gradually changed to a settled way of life. The rise of agriculture has led to lighter bones in modern humans, but the strength of the two later leg bones has barely changed. The researchers concluded that the effects of mechanization and urbanization on bone strength were not significant.

Hypothesis: Mechanization and urbanization came after the rise of agriculture is the most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Essayist: Computers have the capacity to represent and to perform logical transformations on pieces of information. Since exactly the same applies to the human mind, the human mind is a type of computer.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in which one of the following most closely resembles the flawed pattern of reasoning in the essayist's argument is: In any organism, the proper functioning of each component depends upon the proper functioning of every other component. Thus, communities belong to the category of organisms, since communities are invariably characterized by this same interdependence of components.


Premise: After being subjected to clinical tests like those used to evaluate the effectiveness of prescription drugs, a popular nonprescription herbal remedy was found to be as effective in treating painful joints as is a certain prescription drug that has been used successfully to treat this condition. The manufacturer of the herbal remedy cited the test results as proof that chemical agents are unnecessary for the successful treatment of painful joints.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The herbal remedy contains no chemical agents that are effective in treating painful joints' is an assumption required for the test results to provide the proof that the manufacturer claims they do.


Premise: Supervision is the government's regulation and restriction on microeconomic subjects in order to realize some public policy goals under market economy conditions. Mainly through the specific industry and micro-economic activities of the entry, exit, qualification, price and related to national health, life safety, sustainable development and other behaviors for supervision and management to achieve.

Hypothesis: Supervision by the government includes farmers adjusting the kinds of crops they grow based on market predictions.


Premise: A company has six general manager assistants F, G, H, I, M and P, and three departments. Each department is just under the charge of three general manager assistants. Each general manager assistant is in charge of at least one department. The following conditions must be met: (1) there is and only one general manager assistant in charge of three departments at the same time. (2) F and G are not in charge of the same department. (3) H and I are not in charge of the same department.

Hypothesis: Some general manager assistants are in charge of two departments properly must be correct.


Premise: Beta Corporation claims that it no longer has enough work for the 60 computer data-entry workers that it is laying off. These workers have heard, however, that the company is buying 100 new computers. So the workers concluded that the company' s real reason for laying them off is to fill their jobs with lower-paid workers.

Hypothesis: Beta Corporation's computer data-entry workers are more experienced and hence more highly paid than people doing comparable work in other companies would most undermine the workers' conclusion.


Premise: Adobe is an ideal material for building in desert environments. It conducts heat very slowly. As a result, a house built of adobe retains the warmth of the desert sun during the cool evenings and then remains cool during the heat of the day, thereby helping to maintain a pleasant temperature. In contrast, houses built of other commonly used building materials, which conduct heat more rapidly, grow hot during the day and cold at night.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in the argument above is that ideally, a material used for building houses in desert environments should enable those houses to maintain a pleasant, constant temperature.


Premise: There are many repertoire of dazzling skills in classical music, and there are multiple forces to promote dazzling skills in the development of history. Sometimes, it is the composer who wants to test the limits of sound, writing a passage that the performer at that time generally cannot play for the sake of melody or harmony. Sometimes, it is the composer who does not know enough about a solo instrument to think rationally from the point of view of playing, so he writes a piece that is difficult or even impossible to play. Sometimes, it is the performer who takes the initiative to pursue a breakthrough, asking for music that could not be performed in the past, so as to highlight the difference between himself and other performers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The performer has to perform to the limit because of the requirements of the music' is not in line with the meaning of the text with regard to the driving force of the dazzling skills of music.


Premise: In response to requests made by the dairy industry, the government is considering whether to approve the synthetic hormone BST for use in dairy cows. BST increases milk production but also leads to recurring udder inflammation, decreased fertility, and symptoms of stress in cows who receive the hormone. All of these problems can be kept under control with constant veterinary care, but such levels of veterinary help would cost big farms far less per cow than they would small farms.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, the claim that 'owners of big farms stand to gain more from government approval of BST than do owners of small farms' is most strongly supported by them.


Premise: Full authorization, also called general authorization, means that when the higher-level administrative entity issues tasks, only general work instructions are issued, and when specific tasks are assigned, it is allowed that subordinates can decide their own action plans and can make creations.

Hypothesis: Vague authorization, that is, the authorizer generally does not clearly state the matters and scope of the work, only instructs the tasks and goals to be achieved, and the authorized person is free to choose the specific way to complete is not fully authorization.


Premise: On the surface of the aircraft carrier, the personnel at each station are dressed in colorful clothing, which is very different from the dress code of the same color on traditional warships. The colors of the helmets, vests and long-sleeved shirts worn by the staff are also different ;Purple represents fuel supply; red represents danger and safety control; green represents takeoff and landing and aircraft maintenance; blue represents transportation and gas supply guarantee; brown stands for locomotive maintenance, The appearance looks like a rainbow of seven colors on the deck.

Hypothesis: The source of the text is a travel note.


Premise: Ms. Zheng said that the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City was higher than that of Yiyang City in the past decade, so the economic outlook of Hengyuan City was better than that of Yiyang City.Mr. Hu said, I don't agree with you. Although the GDP growth rate of Hengyuan City is higher than that of Yiyang City, the GDP value of Yiyang City is higher.

Hypothesis: The focus of the dispute between Ms. Zheng and Mr. Hu is whether or not a city's GDP growth rate being high means that the economic prospect must be good.


Premise: The emergence of computers has changed our lives to a great extent. Sitting in front of the computer typing, browsing, more and more instead of pen writing, holding books to read. But the computer not only brings convenience, but also has a strong impact on the traditional culture, even some excellent traditional culture is gradually away from us. Calligraphy is the treasure of Chinese culture and the embodiment of the national spirit, but in front of the computer, the group of practicing calligraphy is shrinking, and the charming calligraphy works are gradually fading out of people's sight. It is urgent to protect traditional culture and calligraphy art.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this paragraph is 'Calligraphy should be handed down even in the computer age.'


Premise: There are four friends: A, B, C and D. They are musicians, scientists, astronomers and logicians. When they were young, they used to predict the future together. At that time, a predicted that I could not become a scientist anyway. B predicted that C would be a logician in the future. C predicted that D would not become a musician. D predicted that B could not become an astronomer. In fact, Only the logician predicted correctly.

Hypothesis: A is a logician, B is an astronomer, C is a scientist, and D is a musician is correct.


Premise: Heat conduction is a heat transfer phenomenon when there is no macroscopic motion in the medium, which can occur in solids, liquids and gases, but strictly speaking, only in solids is pure heat conduction, in fluids (generally refers to liquids and gases) In another case, even if the fluid is in a static state, natural convection will occur due to the density difference caused by the temperature gradient, so thermal convection and heat conduction may occur simultaneously in the fluid.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the sun shining, causing the earth's surface temperature to rise does not have heat conduction phenomenon.


Premise: Essayist: Wisdom and intelligence are desirable qualities. However, being wise does not mean that he is wise, and being wise does not mean that he is wise. Some of the people I've met are intelligent and some are wise, but no one has both qualities at the same time.

Hypothesis: If the essayist's statement is valid, then it cannot be true that no one is intelligent but not wise, and no one is wise but not intelligent.


Premise: A recent study confirms that nutritious breakfasts make workers more productive. For one month, workers at Plant A received free nutritious breakfasts every day before work, while workers in Plant B did not. The productivity of Plant A' s workers increased, while that of Plant B' s workers did not.

Hypothesis: Workers in Plant B were more productive during the month of the study than were workers from Plant A most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Product positioning in management refers to the determination of the function, quality, price, packaging, sales channels and service methods of a product (or service) in order to satisfy the target market.

Hypothesis: Our service will make you enjoy the beauty does not fall within the scope of product positioning in management science based on the above definition.


Premise: On one of the busiest streets in a city, a department store was robbed of a batch of property. After the incident, the local Public Security Bureau arrested three major suspects after investigation. They were A, B and C. Later, after interrogation, the following facts were found out: 1. the criminal escaped with the stolen goods by driving; 2. C will never commit a crime without A; 3. B can't drive; 4. The criminal is one or a group of these three people.

Hypothesis: A can be inferred from above that B was guilty.


Premise: During the 1980' s Japanese collectors were very active in the market for European art, especially as purchasers of nineteenth-century Impressionist paintings. This striking pattern surely reflects a specific preference on the part of many Japanese collectors for certain aesthetic attributes they found in nineteenth-century Impressionist paintings.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Several nineteenth-century Impressionist painters adopted certain techniques and visual effects found in Japanese prints that are highly esteemed in Japan' most strongly supports the explanation above.


Premise: Documentary evidence refers to evidence that corroborates the facts of a case by recording the content or expressing ideas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The deceased wrote an abbreviation of the killer's name on the ground with blood on his deathbed' is a documentary evidence according to the above definition.


Premise: In February 2006, the X and Y sections of a certain expressway entered the bidding stage, and four units of A, B, C, and D were bidding. Xiao Wang believed: It is not the A family won the bid, or the B family won the bid. Xiao Li believes : Both A and C can win the bid. Xiao Zhou said: It cannot be said that if D wins the bid, then C wins the bid. Xiao Ma thinks: Dcannot win the bid.

Hypothesis: The correct answer that will not win the bid is B and D.


Premise: The development of metamaterials is to combine artificial composites with different electromagnetic response properties according to specific rules. The properties of these materials are not only determined by the material itself, but also closely related to the shape, size, arrangement and combination of its structure. By changing the structure and size of the key locations of metamaterials, people can achieve arbitrary bending and fine reduction of light waves, radar waves, radio waves, sound waves and even seismic waves like building blocks. For example, with the help of a thin layer of metamaterial that allows light to bypass the object, researchers began to study the invisibility cloak that makes the object invisible.

Hypothesis: The main content of metamaterials introduced in this paragraph is design intention.


Premise: Sunflowers growing in pots were placed, with their roots submerged, in the pond contaminated with radioactive elements. The sunflowers kept growing; in the process, they absorbed radioactive elements. Within twelve days, 85 percent of the radioactive elements were removed from the water, which is no less than can be accomplished with the much more expensive conventional filtration techniques. Scientists ttherefore propose using sunflowers for decontamination wherever there are radioactively contaminated ponds.

Hypothesis: The water in many ponds contaminated with radioactive elements is so cold that it would kill sunflowers whose roots were submerged in it points to a limitation on the applicability of the proposed method of decontamination.


Premise: An expert on the current multi-lateral aviation security questions issued a statement. He said regional planes are subject to the same safety standards as big Boeing and Airbus planes, as well as the same structural strength for large and small planes. Passengers feel the regional turbulence, because the larger the aircraft, the more anti-interference ability, so feel stable. In fact, there is no difference in safety between regional and regional planes.

Hypothesis: In recent years, China's regional aviation development is too fast. The problem of management and equipment lag of regional planes is becoming more and more serious most challenges the expert's opinion.


Premise: The development of new inventions is promoted by the granting of patent rights, which restrict the right of anyone but the patent holders to profit from these inventions for a specified period. Without patent rights, anyone could simply copy another' s invention; consequently, inventors would have no financial incentive for investing the time and energy required to develop new products. Thus, it is important to continue to grant patent rights, or else no one will engage in original development and consequently no new inventions will be forthcoming.

Hypothesis: Financial reward is the only incentive that will be effective in motivating people to develop new inventions is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Certain groups of Asian snails include both left-handed and right-handed species, with shells coiling to the left and right, respectively. Some left-handed species have evolved from right-handed ones. Also, researchers found that snaileating snakes in the same habitat have asymmetrical jaws, allowing them to grasp right-handed snail shells more easily. If these snakes ate more right-handed snails over time, this would have given left-handed snails an evolutionary advantage over right-handed snails, with the left handed snails eventually becoming a new species. Thus, the snakes' asymmetrical jaws probably helped drive the emergence of the left-handed snail species.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Experiments show that the snail-eating snakes in this habitat fail more often in trying to eat left-handed snails than in trying to eat right-handed snails' would, if true, most strengthen the argument that asymmetrical snake jaws helped drive left-handed snail evolution.


Premise: Researchers have studied the cost-effectiveness of growing halophytes -- salt-tolerant plant species -- for animal forage. Halophytes require more water than conventional crops, but can be irrigated with seawater, and pumping seawater into farms near sea level is much cheaper than pumping freshwater from deep wells. Thus, seawater agriculture near sea level should be cost-effective in desert regions although its yields are smaller than traditional, freshwater agriculture.

Hypothesis: Pumping water for irrigation is proportionally one of the largest costs involved in growing, harvesting, and distributing any forage crop for animals most strengthens the argument above.


Premise: The number of tornadoes recorded annually in North America has more than tripled since 1953. Yet meteorologists insist that the climatic factors affecting the creation of tornadoes are unchanged.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many more citizens are helping authorities detect tornadoes now than in 1953' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: Zhang Ming said that if Li Ming is selected as the coach, then Wang Fang will be the team leader. Li Hong said she disagree with that.

Hypothesis: If you choose Li Ming as the coach, you can't let Wang Fang be the team leader best fits Li Hong's meaning.


Premise: The scientific community recently discovered a alpha anthropomorphic virus that can live in beta amoeba. beta amoeba parasitic by the virus releases a stimulus in the mammal that causes the animal's respiratory system to react violently and in severe cases, causes breathing difficulties. Alpha anthropomorphic virus can be found in animals with symptoms of breathing difficulties.

Hypothesis: If a mammal is infected with an alpha virus, the animal must have difficulty breathing can be inferred.


Premise: A survey has shown that public perceptions of comparative risks differ radically from the assessments of risk-management experts. For example, living near a nuclear power plant was judged a much greater risk by the survey respondents than it was by the experts. On the other hand, exposure to X-rays was judged a significantly lower risk by the survey respondents than it was by the experts. Psychologists have found that people tend to be more worried about risks they consider involuntary than about risks they consider voluntary. Thus the survey results were probably caused by the respondents' tendency to consider involuntary risks to be greater than they actually are.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the survey's respondents did not include people living near nuclear power plants is required by the argument.


Premise: Regression education is a theory that people's life should be a process of continuous alternation and combination of learning and work. Adults who are employed after receiving compulsory education or basic education or even higher education should return to school to study when necessary.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the technicians of a factory going to the night school held by their unit to tutor English for charging belongs to regression education.


Premise: Xiao Li made an appointment with his friend: if it's sunny tomorrow, I'll go hiking with you.

Hypothesis: It will be sunny tomorrow, but Xiao Li didn't go hiking with his friends can be deduced when Xiao Li breaks his appointment according to this.


Premise: 2 million-1 million years ago, during the evolution from apes to modern Homo sapiens, the brains of our ancestors evolved to support cooperation to support hunting. This made the memory and thinking centers in the prefrontal cortex of human ancestors more developed than those of other primates. As groups become more powerful than individuals, and the brain evolves the ability to manage larger groups, competition between groups becomes more important than competition between individuals, and groups with more cooperative individuals develop better. This evolution has led to the development of altruistic consciousness, ethics, conscience and dignity.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that group development depends on the number of cooperative individuals.


Premise: After quoting an article in a magazine called New Scientist, Cleary said that the role of memory is not necessarily to remember the past, but to help us move into the future. Memory sometimes uses imagination and creation to let us know what to do next. Or how to react in some cases. Some people think that they have the ability to foresee the future, but in fact, this may be a fragmented memory of the past. If the feeling of deja vu comes from an unremembered memory, it is easy to create the illusion that what happens next also comes from this memory and that you have psychic abilities.

Hypothesis: Deja vu cannot help us see the future does not agree with this passage.


Premise: In recent years, the speed of cross-border e-commerce has continued to develop at a high speed, but the proportion of import value-added tax and other taxes in the country's total tax revenue has continued to decline.The tax on imported goods decreased by nearly 200 billion yuan in 2015 compared with 2014. The tax on imported goods not only failed to grow synchronously with the development of cross-border e-commerce, but also decreased by a large margin.The new tax policy on cross-border e-commerce helps to integrate cross-border e-commerce with the general trade tax system, and also helps to form a normal growth mechanism for relevant taxes.

Hypothesis: The intended explanation in this passage is how to integrate cross-border e-commerce with the general trade tax system.


Premise: In the long traditional agricultural society, mankind has been unable to get rid of the shortage of production and basic materials, and the total social wealth is relatively constant, and the wealth mainly depends on limited natural resources. This means that international relations are more centered on the acquisition of limited natural resources. However, with the development of modern industry and commerce, With the progress of science and technology, the total amount of social wealth has increased explosively. Countries all over the world have increasingly realized that jointly establishing a fair and reasonable world order is the best way to realize everyone's interests.

Hypothesis: The passage is intended to explain that there is a close link between international relations and natural resources.


Premise: Low price dumping refers to the behavior that operators sell goods at a price lower than the cost for the purpose of crowding out competitors.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, selling leather bags at a price lower than the purchase price in order to occupy the leather bag market is low price dumping.


Premise: Body fluid refers to the body contains a large amount of water-based fluids, including intracellular and extracellular fluids, which in addition to containing a large amount of water, there are many ions and compounds.

Hypothesis: A lymph that flows through a lymphatic vessel does not belong to body fluids.


Premise: In the process of policy implementation, there is still a lack of strong institutions from top to bottom to inspect and supervise the implementation of various policies. Often, whenever there are problems that need to be solved, they issue a document, make some new regulations, or set up new institutions, and pay less attention to the implementation of these policies. Due to the lack of supervision and guarantee system for the implementation of laws, regulations or policy documents, whether they are implemented or not is the same. Over time, the wind that orders are not carried out and prohibitions are still arbitrary will naturally prevail.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement that 'It is necessary to strengthen the implementation of policies.'


Premise: The Mogao Grottoes are the crystallization of the clever and wisdom of ancient ancestors. The Mogao Grottoes are located in the oasis of the Gobi desert, which reflects the idea of Buddhism and secular isolation and integration with nature. The surrounding green trees form a unique and peaceful scenery. The highest point of the caves in the honeycomb arrangement of Mogao Grottoes is no more than 40 meters. In winter, the wind and sand blowing from the west passes through the top of the cave and cannot blow the cave: summer, opposite The Sanwei Mountain has become a natural barrier, so that the wind and sand blowing from the east cannot threaten the cave. In this way, the Mogao Grottoes have become the safest zone in the dry area. Because of this, even though the Mogao Grottoes have been thousands of years old, they are still 492 caves from 11 dynasties and a large number of murals and sculptures have been well preserved, leaving a precious cultural and artistic heritage for the world.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate reasons for the preservation of Mogao Grottoes and its murals.


Premise: Some medical studies have shown that taking vitamin and mineral supplements does not significantly help the human body, and sometimes even causes harm to the human body. Some doctors advise not to take vitamin and mineral supplements anymore, but to supplement the vitamins and minerals needed by the human body through a balanced diet.

Hypothesis: A three-year follow-up survey of 20000 children showed that children who did not take vitamin and mineral supplements had a higher incidence of nutritional deficiency, which weakens the above findings.


Premise: Constance: The traditional definition of full employment as a 5 percent unemployment rate is correct, because at levels below 5 percent, inflation rises. Brigita: That traditional definition of full employment was developed before the rise of temporary and part-time work and the fall in benefit levels. When people are juggling several part-time jobs with no benefits, or working in a series of temporary assignments, as is now the case, 5 percent unemployment is not full employment.

Hypothesis: The dialogue most strongly supports the claim that Constance and Brigita disagree with each other about whether it is a good idea, all things considered, to allow the unemployment level to drop below 5 percent.


Premise: Under the current financial constraints, the proposal to increase the police force in City A is not advisable. When calculating the expenditure required to increase the police force, it is not enough to pay the salary of the new police officers, and the payment to the court must also be considered. And the salary of new prison employees, due to the increase in police force brought about by the increase in arrests, sentencing and supervision tasks, it is bound to require related agencies to increase their staff at the same time.

Hypothesis: The statement that the cost of additional police officers accounts for a very small proportion of overall financial expenditure would weaken the argument most.


Premise: From January to June this year, Zhujiang Road is expected to sell 200000 computers, which is only 45% of the sales in the same period last year.It can be seen that the sales of computers on Zhujiang Road this year will be less than last year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the first half of this year, the price of computers was generally higher than that of the same period last year' weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: A study was designed to establish what effect, if any, the long-term operation of offshore oil rigs had on animal life on the bottom of the sea. The study compared the sea-bottom communities near rigs with those located in control sites several miles from any rig and found no significant differences. The researchers concluded that oil rigs had no adverse effect on sea-bottom animals.

Hypothesis: The discharge of oil from offshore oil rigs typically occurs at the surface of the water, and currents often carry the oil considerable distances before it settles on the ocean floor most seriously weakens the researchers' conclusion.


Premise: Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, ttherefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies' is an assumption on which the author's argument relies.


Premise: China's relevant laws stipulate that large and medium-sized hazardous chemical production enterprises and residential buildings should maintain a safety red line of at least 1000 meters. However, with the rapid development of the city, many previously remote hazardous chemical production enterprises are gradually surrounded by residential areas. Once an accident occurs, it will cause immeasurable losses to the lives and property of the surrounding residents. In order to prevent the risks brought by hazardous chemical production enterprises to nearby residents, some experts suggest setting up a chemical park in the suburbs of the city to focus on the resettlement of hazardous chemical production enterprises originally scattered throughout the city, and strictly abide by the provisions of the 1000 meter safety red line.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Hazardous chemicals cannot be far away from residential areas in the links such as sales and abandonment, and accidents may also occur in these links' can best question the advice of the above experts.


Premise: When a cold snowstorm sweeps across the pasture, the temperature drops rapidly below zero, and the cattle usually turn their back to the storm and slowly move downwind, and when they are finally blocked by the fence, they have to huddle together, resulting in the death of a large number of cattle. But there is a kind of Hereford cattle that will face the storm side by side and bow their heads in the face of the blizzard, resulting in the lowest death rate and the least loss.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Meet on a narrow road, the brave wins' is closest to the truth of this story.


Premise: American philosophers Cohen and Arato divide modern society into three parts. On the one hand, they distinguish civil society from a political society composed of parties, political organizations and political public bodies. On the other hand, they distinguish civil society from an economic society composed of production and distribution organizations. When discussing China's social transformation, we should also choose the theoretical framework of modern society as the coordinate.

Hypothesis: China's social transformation is related to political organizations, enterprises, and citizens can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: A, B, C, and D are comparing their heights. A said:I am the highest. B said: I am not the shortest. C said: although I am shorter than A, there are still people shorter than me. D Say: I'm probably the shortest. The actual measurement showed that only one person was wrong.

Hypothesis: The correct order for the four people from high to short is B,A,C,D.


Premise: Anxiety neurosis is characterized by generalized anxiety disorder (chronic anxiety disorder) and paroxysmal panic state (acute anxiety disorder). It is a kind of unfounded panic and tension or the degree of tension and panic is not commensurate with the reality. Psychological experience is generalized, fear and panic without a fixed goal, and physical symptoms accompanied by increased alertness.

Hypothesis: Xiao Li's anxiety neurosis is an example of an anxiety neurosis according to the above definition.


Hypothesis: The dialogue most strongly supports the claim that Constance and Brigita disagree with each other about what definition of full employment is applicable under contemporary economic conditions.


Premise: An organ holds an autumn track and field meeting for staff and workers. It is known that all the workers who signed up for the sprint competition signed up for the shot put competition, all the workers who signed up for the long jump competition did not sign up for the shot put competition, and the staff and workers who signed up for the high jump competition also signed up for the long jump competition. The staff and workers who did not sign up for the high jump competition also did not sign up for the long-distance running competition.

Hypothesis: All the workers who signed up for the long jump competition signed up for the long-distance race can be inferred according to the above statement.


Premise: Over the past twenty-five years the introduction of laborsaving technologies has greatly reduced the average amount of time a worker needs to produce a given output, potentially both reducing the number of hours each worker works each week and increasing workers' leisure time correspondingly. The average amount of leisure time per worker, however, has increased at only half the rate at which the average hourly output per worker has grown.

Hypothesis: Twenty-five years ago the average weekly output per worker was less than it is today is most strongly supported by the statements above if they are true.


Premise: The defects of traditional Keynesianism and the achievements and mistakes of neoclassicism inspire some scholars to construct microcosmic-based macroeconomics and find another way to make empirical analysis of labor market and product market.Based on the wage price rigidity and market clearing hypothesis, they take the neoclassical wage price activity flexibility and market clearing hypothesis and combine it with the re-Keynesian conclusion in the macro output and employment decision theory. in this way, new-Keynesianism came into being.

Hypothesis: The correct interpretation of the preceding paragraph is that wage, price flexibility and market clearing hypothesis may be the achievements and mistakes of neoclassicism.


Premise: Recently, the latest data analysis of the Aeronautics and Space Administration in a certain country confirmed that the signal detected by the Curiosity Mars rover on Mars in June 2013 was a methane signal. Based on this, some people inferred that the methane may come from organisms living in Gale crater, which indicates that there must be life on Mars.

Hypothesis: The statement that methane on Earth will quickly disappear into the atmosphere after being produced by organisms, which proves that methane on Mars must have just been released soon would most question the above inference.


Premise: Some accountants calculate with simple adding machines, and some use complex computers. One can perform more calculations in less time with a computer than with an adding machine. Ttherefore, assuming the costs of using the two types of machines are equal, an accountant who uses a computer generally can earn more per hour than an accountant who uses an adding machine.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the more hours an accountant spends on the job, the more money he or she will earn would make the conclusion in the passage a logical one.


Premise: Last year, a shopping mall sold 20 million yuan in two days on national day. This year, the shopping mall is expected to reach 70 million yuan during National Day.

Hypothesis: The statement "During the National Day every year, the mall found that the daily sales were almost the same" best supports the above reasoning.


Premise: After graduating from university, A, B and C choose to pursue different professions: teacher, lawyer and engineer. Other students made the following guess: Xiao Li: A is an engineer, B is a teacher. Xiao Wang: A is a teacher and C is an engineer. Xiao Fang: A is a lawyer and B is an engineer. It was later proved that Xiao Li, Xiao Wang and Xiao Fang were only half right.

Hypothesis: The correct answer about the occupations A, B and C are engaged in respectively is that A is a lawyer, B is a teacher and C is an engineer.


Premise: An analysis of the language in social media messages posted via the Internet determined that, on average, the use of words associated with positive moods is common in the morning, decreases gradually to a low point midaftemoon, and then increases sharply throughout the evening. This shows that a person' s mood typically starts out happy in the morning, declines during the day, and improves in the evening.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that most of the social media messages posted in the evening are posted by people who rarely post such messages in the morning.


Premise: Wang Zengqi once said that language is not an external thing, it exists at the same time as internal thought and cannot be separated. In his view, to write a novel is to write language, Chinese class is to learn language, but language is not an empty shell, but to carry a variety of ideas, philosophy, ethics and morality. How to be a man, how to treat parents, brothers and sisters, how to treat friends, how to treat nation-state and their own labor, and so on, these coexist with language in Chinese class. In this sense, Chinese education must absorb and inherit traditional culture, and poetry is undoubtedly the integration of traditional culture.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that Chinese education needs to be carried out at the same time as ideological and moral education.


Premise: Years ago, consumers in Frieland began paying an energy tax in the form of two Frieland pennies for each unit of energy consumed that came from nonrenewable sources. Following the introduction of this energy tax, there was a steady reduction in the total yearly consumption of energy from nonrenewable sources.

Hypothesis: If the statements in the passage are true, then a steady decline in the total amount of energy consumed each year in Frieland must be true.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: H and W cannot go to the United States together.


Premise: Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, red symbolizes enthusiasm. As soon as I see red, my blood boils. Xiao Li wrote two words in red and said to Xiao Zhang, do you feel blood boiling?

Hypothesis: The logical expression 'Xiao Zhang said to Xiao Li, is the sea salty?' is consistent with the given stem.


Premise: Seasonal variation refers to the regular and obvious fluctuation of some objective phenomena in a year with the change of seasons.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, the statement "In the winter of 2007, China's consumer price index rose rapidly" is an example of seasonal variation.


Premise: The protection of patents and trade secrets of biotechnology and other high-tech achievements in the existing intellectual property system promotes invention and creation; the existing intellectual property system protects the copyright of computer software and literary works (including written and audio-visual works, etc.), it promotes intellectual creation in the industrial and cultural fields. However, in protecting the flow of today's intellectual creation and creation, people have neglected the protection of the intellectual property rights of their sources for a long time. Traditional knowledge, especially the expression of folk literature, is an important part of this source.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of this passage is that the intellectual property system is very important.


Premise: Cactus is a leafless, jointed, prickly evergreen and guardian plant. No matter it is born in deserts, cliffs, or parks or roadsides, she can be calm and carefree. Smile to welcome sunrise and sunset.?. Whether she is as fat as a hill or as thin as a lonely peak, she can enjoy herself and lose weight without trying to lose weight. She is blessed with no worries, nourishes her by not thinking about sorrow inside, and has the taste of Mo Si infinite things outside her body, and a limited cup in her lifetime.

Hypothesis: The main description of this text is 'The life of cactus is strong, and the taste of cactus is natural'.


Premise: Although the charter of Westside School states that the student body must include some students with special educational needs, no students with learning disabilities have yet enrolled in the school. Ttherefore, the school is currently in violation of its charter.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument follows logically if the statement 'All students with learning disabilities have special educational needs' is assumed.


Premise: Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.

Hypothesis: The answer to the question 'Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission's financial disclosure requirements' would be most useful in evaluating the journalist's argument.


Premise: Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

Hypothesis: Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever provides the strongest justification for the experts' prediction.


Premise: Inverted force: refers to the process in which some negative factors push things in a positive direction under certain conditions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "In view of the increasing number of small property housing in some areas, some experts have written that small property housing to a certain extent to solve the housing problem of low - and middle-income groups. The government is investigating the issue" is not Inverted force.


Premise: Policy Adviser: Freedom of speech is not only a basic human right; it is also the only rational policy for this government to adopt. When ideas are openly aired, good ideas flourish, silly proposals are easily recognized as such, and dangerous ideas can be responded to by rational argument. Nothing is ever gained by forcing citizens to disseminate their thoughts in secret.

Hypothesis: The policy adviser's method of persuasion, in recommending a policy of free speech to the government, is best described by advocating respect for basic rights of citizens for its own sake.


Premise: A zoologist in the United States put a big mirror in front of the chimpanzee's cage to observe their reaction. They can recognize themselves from the mirror and often look into the mirror for parts they can't normally see. As a close relative of chimpanzees, gorillas don't have this ability.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that there are other animals in the animal kingdom that have this ability.


Premise: Economist: Global recessions can never be prevented, for they could be prevented only if they were predictable. Yet economists, using the best techniques at their disposal, consistently fail to accurately predict global recessions.

Hypothesis: The economist's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to establish that economists claim to be able to accurately predict global recessions.


Premise: Career burnout refers to the feeling that people feel that their physical and mental energy is exhausted by work under the pressure of their long-term work.

Hypothesis: Manager Liu is busy at work every day, lacks adequate rest, and his mood is getting worse and worse is a state of career burnout according to the above definition.


Premise: J. J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron and a recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics, trained many physicists, among them seven Nobel Prize winners, 32 fellows of the Royal Society of London, and 83 professors of physics. This shows that the skills needed for creative research can be taught and learned.

Hypothesis: At least one of the eminent scientists trained by J. J. Thomson was not a creative researcher before coming to study with him is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: An enterprise has 7 directors, including A, B, C, D, E, J and G, who implement the collective decision-making system. The system stipulates that a decision can be adopted if more than half of the participants vote for it, otherwise it cannot be adopted; Each director shall exercise the right to vote for or against all proposed decisions without abstention. At another decision making meeting. The directors are all present and need to vote on three proposals, no. 1, no. 2 and No. 3. Known:(1)Each director voted for and against at least one of the three proposals.(2)A is for Proposition 1 but against Proposition 2.(3)B supports proposals 1 and 3;(4)E is in favor of Proposition 1;(5)G opposes proposals 1 and 2

Hypothesis: Proposition 1 can pass if the choice of d is the exact opposite of G.


Premise: Generic drugs contain exactly the same active ingredients as their brand-name counterparts, but usually cost much less to develop, produce, and market. So, generic drugs are just as effective as their brand-name counterparts, but cost considerably less.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Generic drugs are no more likely than brand name drugs to suffer from defects in composition' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Agricultural modernization refers to the process of transforming traditional agriculture based on direct experience and hand tools into socialized agriculture based on modern advanced science and technology, production means and management methods.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, taking the road of agricultural industrialization focusing on the integration of trade, industry and agriculture and taking high yield, high quality and high efficiency as the basic content is inconsistent with the meaning of agricultural modernization.


Premise: In the United States proven oil reserves -- the amount of oil considered extractable from known fields -- are at the same level as they were ten years ago. Yet over this same period no new oil fields of any consequence have been discovered, and the annual consumption of domestically produced oil has increased.

Hypothesis: Oil exploration in the United States has slowed due to increased concern over the environmental impact of such exploration best reconciles the discrepancy described above.


Premise: The utilization mode of mineral resources in our country is still relatively extensive, the phenomenon of mining the rich and abandoning the poor in some places, opening more than one mine and opening small mines is more common. The total recovery rate of mineral resources in China is about 30% and 35% respectively, which is 20 percentage points lower than the advanced level of foreign countries. Among the large and medium-sized mines, almost no comprehensive utilization has been carried out, accounting for 43%. With the further increase of the development intensity of mineral resources, it will be more and more difficult to protect and restore the mine environment.

Hypothesis: The main way to emphasize the mineral resources of our country is to strictly stop waste in mineral development.


Premise: Columnist on the arts: My elected government representatives were within their rights to vote to support the arts with tax dollars. While funded by the government, however, some artists have produced works of art that are morally or aesthetically offensive to many taxpayers. Nonetheless, my conclusion is that no taxpayers have been treated unjustly whose tax dollars are used to fund some particular work of art that they may find abominable.

Hypothesis: The principle that the funding of a particular activity is warranted if it is funded by elected representatives who legitimately fund that activity in general most supports the columnist's argument.


Premise: A recent study proves that at least some people possess an independent sixth sensethat allows them to detect whether someone is watching them. In the study, subjects were seated one at a time in the center of a room facing away from a large window. On average, subjects decided correctly 60 percent of the time whether or not they were being watched through the window.

Hypothesis: A similar result was found when the subjects were watched from another room on a video monitor, if true, most supports the conclusion drawn from the study mentioned above.


Premise: Dr. Jones: The new technology dubbed telemedicine will provide sustained improvement in at least rural patient care since it allows rural physicians to televise medical examinations to specialists who live at great distances -- specialists who will thus be able to provide advice the rural patient would otherwise not receive. Dr. Carabella: Not so. Telemedicine might help rural patient care initially. However, small hospitals will soon realize that they can minimize expenses by replacing physicians with technicians who can use telemedicine to transmit examinations to large medical centers, resulting in fewer patients being able to receive traditional, direct medical examination. Eventually, it will be the rare individual who ever gets truly personal attention. Hence, rural as well as urban patient care will suffer.

Hypothesis: Dr. Carabella uses providing grounds for dismissing Dr. Jones's interpretation of a key term in medical technology in responding to Dr. Jones.


Premise: Other deposit companies refer to all deposit companies except the central bank, which are mainly engaged in the activities of absorbing deposits, issuing loans and creating deposits, which are called deposit money banks in China.

Hypothesis: The option 'Insurance company' does not belong to other deposit companies.


Premise: A solid wood flooring seller solemnly promised in the text of its contract: The floors sold in our shop are definitely made of wood and are responsible for free installation, except for the cost of materials required for installation. Free warranty for one year, except for losses caused by non-fault of the company, if there is fraud, the company is willing to bear legal liability and pay more than 1000 times as compensation. Our company reserves the right to interpret the terms of this contract.

Hypothesis: From the customer's point of view, the company's contract terms are acceptable is a correct evaluation of the company and the contract.


Premise: Reverse incentive refers to the phenomenon that the original intention of policy design and the actual implementation effect are contrary to one's wishes. Once the reverse incentive effect is stimulated, it will not only worsen the current situation and damage the credit of policy makers, but also further strengthen the relevant negative consequences and eventually lead to a vicious cycle.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, In order to provide more favorable material conditions for children's growth, they have developed the bad habit of loving leisure and hating work is not a reverse incentive.


Premise: In 1988, a significant percentage of seals in the Baltic Sea died from viral diseases; off the coast of Scotland, however, the death rate due to viral diseases was approximately half what it was for the Baltic seals. The Baltic seals had significantly higher levels of pollutants in their blood than did the Scottish seals. Since pollutants are known to impair marine mammals' ability to fight off viral infection, it is likely that the higher death rate among the Baltic seals was due to the higher levels of pollutants in their blood.

Hypothesis: Among marine mammals other than seals, the death rate due to viral diseases in 1988 was higher in the Baltic Sea than it was off the Scottish coast provides the most additional support for the argument.


Premise: There are four cups on the kitchen table, each with a sentence: the first cup says all cups are honey water; the second cup says this cup is brine water; the third cup says this cup is not sugar water; the fourth cup says there is no honey water in some cups.

Hypothesis: The fourth cup is not honey water if only one sentence written on the four cups is true.