Premise: Put the happiness sensor on the surface of the human body or implanted into the human body, and the happiness index of people every moment can be measured through various indicators. No happiness sensor will be perfect, and there is no need. The thermometer was also very inaccurate when it was invented, but with the passage of time, the design of the thermometer has become increasingly refined, and it is now an indispensable commodity. Scientists believe that happiness Sensors will follow a similar evolutionary process. Although they will always have a certain degree of uncertainty in assessing people's psychological state, wearable sensors are more low-key and easier to use than traditional tools to measure happiness.

Hypothesis: Happiness sensor will become an indispensable commodity is intended to be emphasized in this passage.


Premise: A product is slow to sell, either because of poor quality, or because the price is too high, or because the advertising promotion is not done well. After analysis, the quality of the product is very good.

Hypothesis: The product is sold either because the price is too high or because the advertising promotion is not done well is based on the above materials.


Premise: Peak experience refers to a feeling of spiritual satisfaction and perfection that reaches the peak and surpasses time and space and self in the pursuit of self-realization after the pursuit and satisfaction of basic needs. This feeling can only be understood but cannot be expressed in words.

Hypothesis: The audience witnessed the psychological experience of human beings when they first stepped on the moon is not peak experience.


Premise: Material economy is an economy with material resources as the main labor resources. The primitive economy is the primitive material economy, the agricultural economy is the economy based on biological material resources, and the industrial economy is the advanced stage of material economic development. Knowledge economy is a new economic form relative to material economy, which is based on knowledge resources. The prerequisite for the establishment of knowledge economy is the high development of industrial economy, and industrial economy is based on science and technology, so without the high development and wide application of science and technology, material economy can not be transformed into knowledge economy.

Hypothesis: Only when science and technology are highly developed and widely used can material economy be transformed into knowledge economy is correct based on the information provided.


Premise: Columnist: Although much has been learned, we are still largely ignorant of the intricate interrelationships among species of living organisms. We should, ttherefore, try to preserve the maximum number of species if we have an interest in preserving any, since allowing species toward which we are indifferent to perish might undermine the viability of other species.

Hypothesis: The principle that we should not allow a change to occur unless we are assured that that change will not jeopardize anything that is important to us most helps to justify the columnist's argument.


Premise: A small car offers less protection in an accident than a large car does, but since a smaller car is more maneuverable, it is better to drive a small car because then accidents will be less likely.

Hypothesis: The argument that 'A person who exercises vigorously every day has less body fat than an average person to draw upon in the event of a wasting illness. But one should still endeavor to exercise vigorously every day, because doing so significantly decreases the chances of contracting a wasting illness' employs reasoning most similar to that employed by the argument above.


Premise: In the treatment of patients with recurrent severe colds, some doctors often use one antibiotic continuously, which will have two side effects: one is that it often destroys the balance of bacteria in the patient's body; the other is to make the patient develop drug resistance. Because bacteria that are not killed by antibiotics begin to become drug-resistant, and they may continue to reproduce.

Hypothesis: According to the patient's condition, different kinds of antibiotics are used periodically is the most likely method to solve the above problem.


Premise: Manufacturers sometimes discount the price of a product to retailers for a promotion period when the product is advertised to consumers. Such promotions often result in a dramatic increase in amount of product sold by the manufacturers to retailers. Nevertheless. the manufacturers could often make more profit by not holding the promotions.

Hypothesis: During such a promotion retailers tend to accumulate in their warehouses inventory bought at discount; they then sell much of it later at their regular price most strongly supports the claim above about the manufacturers' profit.


Premise: In a study of the relationship between aggression and television viewing in nursery school children, many interesting interactions among family styles, aggression, and television viewing were found. High aggression occurred in both high-viewing and low-viewing children and this seemed to be related to parental lifestyle. High-achieving, competitive, middle-class parents, whose children did not watch much television, had more aggressive children than parents who planned their lives in an organized, child-centered way, which included larger amounts of television viewing.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that 'The level of aggression of a child cannot be predicted from levels of television viewing alone' is best supported by the passage.


Premise: Horizontal integrated logistics refers to that multiple enterprises in the same industry obtain economies of scale and improve logistics efficiency by jointly using logistics channels. Horizontal integrated logistics must have an information platform for logistics demand and logistics supply, have a large number of enterprises to participate and have a large amount of goods

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, one hundred stores in the electronic city signing an agreement to designate one of them to undertake the delivery business of the electronic city belongs to horizontal integrated logistics.


Premise: The researchers recruited 697 smokers who wanted to quit and divided them into two groups. The first group quit smoking quickly, that is, stop smoking on the day of quitting smoking; the second group quit smoking gradually, set a date to stop smoking, and gradually reduce the number of smoking within a month. A month later, the success rate of quitting smoking was 49% in the quick quitting smoking group, compared with 39% in the gradual quitting smoking group. As a result, the researchers believe that the success rate of quitting smoking quickly is higher than that of quitting smoking gradually.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Six months after quitting smoking, the desire for smoking in the quick quitting group was lower than that in the gradual quitting group' can best support the conclusion of the above.


Premise: A music producer is recording seven records one after another: F, G, H, J, K, L and M, but it doesn't have to be in this order. When arranging the recording order of these seven records, the following conditions must be met: (l) F must be in the second place. (2) J can not be ranked seventh. (3) G can neither be immediately in front of H nor immediately after H. (4) H must be somewhere in front of L. (5) L must be somewhere in front of M.

Hypothesis: The earliest location of recording M is First.


Premise: The traditional view is that although the depleted uranium used in the manufacture of depleted uranium bombs has low radioactivity, it will still lead to the damage of human chromosomes and lead to tumors or cancer. However, in a recent study, researchers studied the blood cells of veterans exposed to depleted uranium bombs. So far, no chromosome breakage and duplication have been detected, no negative health effects caused by exposure to depleted uranium bombs have been found. Therefore, relevant researchers believe that depleted uranium bombs with low radioactivity will not affect human health.

Hypothesis: The statement that 'Data shows that the offspring of these veterans have a higher than normal rate of congenital defects' would weaken the researcher's conclusion most.


Premise: In recent years, many companies have competed to develop brain-training game software. there are dozens of puzzle games on the market. Although this kind of software manual is written in a variety of ways, it only emphasizes two points when it comes to its functions: enhancing brain functions such as attention, memory and information processing speed and slowing down the inevitable decline of brain function with age. Almost all of these companies claim that their game software programs are based on the latest scientific research.

Hypothesis: The development of puzzle game software is about to become a new industry is the content that this text is meant to emphasize.


Premise: This is a typical gully area on the Loess Plateau, where soil erosion is very serious; the land is barren and has nine droughts in ten years. Despite the good policies of the state, some people have embarked on the road to prosperity, but many farmers are still struggling on the poverty line.

Hypothesis: The harsh natural environment is a major obstacle to the prosperity of local people is the main explanation in this passage.


Premise: Reduction refers to the reduction of resource consumption and waste generation in the process of production, circulation and consumption. It is a kind of circular economy.

Hypothesis: An agricultural production base making comprehensive utilization of crop straw, livestock manure and waste agricultural film does not belong to reduction according to the above definition.


Premise: It is wrong to say that foods with high content of refined sugar will not cause acquired diabetes, because foods with high content of refined sugar will lead to obesity, so obesity is an important cause of acquired diabetes.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is wrong to say that inferior gasoline will not cause abnormal fuel consumption. Because inferior gasoline will cause very normal aging of engine valves, while abnormal aging of engine valves will cause abnormal fuel consumption' is most similar to the above argument.


Premise: Before the large-scale medical use of antibiotics, the effect of drug resistance is almost meaningless to bacteria and the harmful effect of mutation itself is more important. Normal use of antibiotics can kill almost all target bacteria and individual missed fish are usually wiped out by the body's immune system. Some of these bacteria are already in the bud of drug resistance, but these buds are not enough to resist normal doses of antibiotics and will disappear as the individual dies.

Hypothesis: After the pathogenic bacteria develop drug resistance, antibiotics will not be able to attack the bacteria can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: There are several graduate students living in a dormitory, one of whom is from Heilongjiang, two from the north, one from Yunnan, two of them only took the philosophy of logic this semester, and three of them took classical music appreciation this semester.

Hypothesis: It may be at least 5 people and it may be at most 8 people assuming that the above introduction involves all the people in this dormitory.


Premise: As the world's first comprehensive scientific and technological work on agriculture and handicraft production, Exploitation of the Works of Nature attaches great importance to theoretical elaboration rather than simple technical description, otherwise it is not much better than those recipes. Some experts believe that Exploitation of the Works of Nature is not only a representative technical book in China, but also in East Asia. It covers a wide range of technologies, which is unmatched by European technical books.

Hypothesis: The most essential difference between Exploitation of the Works of Nature and recipes lies in the fact that the former is a scientific and technological work, while the latter is an operating procedure.


Premise: A survey of entrepreneurs who started companies last year shows that while virtually all did substantial preparatory research and planning, only half used that work to produce a formal business plan. Since, on average, the entrepreneurs without formal plans secured the capital they needed in half the time of those with plans, these survey results indicate that, in general, formal plans did not help the entrepreneurs who produced them to secure the capital they needed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In surveys of entrepreneurs who have attempted without success to raise sufficient capital, more than half of the respondents indicate that they have produced a formal business plan' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: A certain moral system holds that performing good actions is praiseworthy only when one overcomes a powerful temptation in order to perform them. Yet this same moral system also holds that performing good actions out of habit is sometimes praiseworthy.

Hypothesis: It is far more common for people to perform good actions out of habit than for them to do so against strong temptation does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the moral system described above.


Premise: One belt, one road to life is the only slogan that can only be achieved if we integrate the ideals of life into the cause of the nation and the nation. This is not an empty slogan. From the volunteer action of the Wenchuan earthquake to the torch relay of the Beijing Olympic Games, from the anti - Tibetan independence anti - Tibetan independence to the youth spreading, the young generation has a strong sense of national confidence and national honor. The times also requires us to shoulder the important task of national rejuvenation with a solid shoulder. Whether it is a young college student in the ivory tower, a young village official rooted at the grass-roots level, or an express brother walking through the streets and small ports, as long as we do our job well, we are not contributing to our country and home? Bring your personal dreams into the current of the times, let your vigorous youth resonate with your family and country, and make the color of life more gorgeous.

Hypothesis: The background of youth is always struggle is most suitable for the title of this paragraph.


Premise: Programmer: We computer programmers at Mytheco are demanding raises to make our average salary comparable with that of the technical writers here who receive, on average, 20 percent more in salary and benefits than we do. This pay difference is unfair and intolerable. Mytheco executive: But many of the technical writers have worked for Mytheco longer than have many of the programmers. Since salary and benefits at Mytheco are directly tied to seniority, the 20 percent pay difference you mention is perfectly acceptable.

Hypothesis: Evaluating the adequacy of the Mytheco executive's response requires a clarification of how the average seniority of programmers compares with the average seniority of technical writers.


Premise: Peer pressure refers to the psychological pressure caused by people of similar age who are worried about being despised and excluded because of the gap in life, work, social status and so on.

Hypothesis: Lao Wang's friends all bought a wedding house for their children, and he also wanted to buy one for his son, but his financial strength was far from being reached, so he was very upset about it belongs to peer pressure.


Premise: A company stipulates that only employees who have worked continuously in the company for more than 20 years or have outstanding achievements can enjoy the special allowance issued by the company. Although Xiao Zhang has only worked in the company for 3 years, he now enjoys the special allowance issued by the company, so he must have made outstanding achievements.

Hypothesis: The reasoning mode of the following options is most similar to the above problem stem: The perfection of the legal system or the powerful social control ability of the rulers are essential conditions for maintaining a country's social stability. A country's society is stable, but the legal system is not perfect. Therefore, its rulers must have strong social control ability.


Premise: Although a few people verbally advocate that everyone is equal, they still strive to pursue privileges in real life.

Hypothesis: Some people's words are not consistent with actual behavior can be inferred based on the information given.


Premise: For me, in 50 years of spring, summer, autumn and winter, flowers bloom and fall, never give up and follow each other. When I was a teenager, I was obsessed with chasing her, and she always left me far behind; When I was young, I walked with her hand in hand, warm, bitter, and dreams echoed in each other's hearts; When we were middle-aged, we were on each side of the sky, lovesickness, love and nostalgia, which were dense in our strong memory; When I was old, I unconsciously ran ahead of Nian. Although I slowed down again and again, as soon as I looked back, Nian's shadow lay on me. I couldn't pull it down and throw it away. Since then, I no longer love Nian, love Nian and think about Nian. I began to fear Nian and even hate Nian.

Hypothesis: Nian in catching up with each other, let's race with the old area, which also verifies the process and quality of our life is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: How to guard against bicycle thieves? Don't mention the 24-hour surveillance video. The camera often generates a large amount of image data. Even if the theft is recorded, it is often ignored during playback. In Britain, where surveillance video is very popular, more than 500,000 bicycles are stolen every year, of which less than 5% can finally return to their original owners.

Hypothesis: The passage mainly explains that using surveillance video to prevent bicycle theft is not effective.


Premise: Statistical records of crime rates probably often reflect as much about the motives and methods of those who compile or cite them as they do about the actual incidence of crime. The police may underreport crime in order to convey the impression of their own success or overreport crime to make the case for a budget increase. Politicians may magnify crime rates to get elected or minimize them to remain in office. Newspapers, of course, often sensationalize crime statistics to increase readership.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by citing examples in support of its conclusion.


Premise: Lourdes: Dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day. Kyra: But a daily intake of fiber that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut back on fiber intake.

Hypothesis: Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fiber is at present approximately 10 grams a day most undermines Kyra's recommendation.


Premise: Group-serving bias means that people tend to give a good understanding of the behavior of their group members, and it is easier to imagine from a bad point of view when explaining the similar behavior of other group members.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the manager of a company believing that the main reason for the unsatisfactory performance of the company last year is that he underestimated the strength of his competitors and let them steal the vast majority of customers has group-serving bias.


Premise: Someone said: It is impossible that all people will vote for him.

Hypothesis: There will be people who won't vote for him is the closest to the meaning of the above judgement.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: If V chairs the committee in the first year, I and Y must be members of the committee in the second year.


Premise: Conformity refers to the phenomenon that individual's ideas and behaviors change in a direction consistent with the majority of people due to the guidance or pressure of the masses.

Hypothesis: Doing as the locals do is not a conformity phenomenon.


Premise: Electric washing machines, first introduced in the United States in 1925, significantly reduced the amount of time spent washing a given amount of clothes, yet the average amount of time households spent washing clothes increased after 1925. This increase is partially accounted for by the fact that many urban households had previously sent their clothes to professional laundries. But the average amount of time spent washing clothes also increased for rural households with no access to professional laundries.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People with access to an electric washing machine typically wore their clothes many fewer times before washing them than did people without access to electric washing machines' most helps to explain why the time spent washing clothes increased in rural areas.


Premise: The lack of legal aid makes it difficult for the legislative and judicial progress in the protection of criminal human rights to benefit all or even most of the criminal suspects and defendants, resulting in a binary imbalance. Because lawyers can make use of the advantages of resources such as legal knowledge and litigation experience to guide the handling of cases in a direction that is beneficial to their clients, the acceptance rate of their defense opinions such as voluntary surrender and meritorious service is relatively high, so criminal suspects with defense lawyers, defendants are more qualified and likely to enjoy the institutional dividend brought about by the progress of the rule of law than those without defense lawyers. Get more opportunities for leniency and even acquittal.

Hypothesis: The author intends to explain how it is difficult for legal aid to benefit most criminal suspects and defendants through this passage.


Premise: The common people's lecturer means that grass-roots units select ordinary people to publicize the principles and policies of the party and the government in a form that they like to hear and see.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Entrusted by the street office, Mr. Jiang, a citizen, compiled the new medical insurance policy into Allegro, recorded it as a video, and posted it on the official Wechat account and moments every day' belongs to the common people's lecturer.


Premise: In the cinema chain in the United States, whether it is a blockbuster movie or a low-cost production, the ticket price is the same. This does not seem to be in line with the economic theory that the size of demand determines the price. Some researchers pointed out that the ticket prices of all movies released in any theater at the same time were the same, and this phenomenon formed in the 1970s. This is not only the case in the film industry, but also sports events and performances. Although in certain times and in certain regions, mobile pricing can make film companies and theaters obtain higher revenue, but for theaters, keeping the same ticket prices for different movies still has more advantages than disadvantages.

Hypothesis: The main reference factors for the US film industry to determine ticket prices is most likely to be said next in this passage.


Premise: The whole thought of Laozi is developed around the central concept of Dao. However, the 73 characters of Dao in Laozi have different meanings although the symbol form is unified. In some places, Dao refers to the origin of the existence of the world, in some places, Tao refers to a law, and in some places, Dao refers to a standard of life, which reflects the unified outlook on life of Dao.

Hypothesis: The combination of laws of things and principles of life is the Dao in Lao Tzu's saying, "Dao is a process in which everything grows from little to more, from simple to complex".


Premise: In New York, the price of women's handbags made of crocodile skin varies from 1500 to 4000 dollars according to size. Therefore, many people regard crocodile skin as a symbol of wealth.

Hypothesis: In order to show wealth, rich people may buy handbags made of crocodile skin can be inferred.


Premise: Assembly operation means that workers act on the labor object according to the work flow and order, and complete a certain amount of work at a certain stage in the production process, so that the production can be carried out continuously and without interruption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a construction team working on the 10th floor for a week and then moving to the 11th floor to do the same work on the third day is not an assembly operation.


Premise: It is the weakness of human beings to get lost easily in a great deal of information. Perfectionists who collect all the useful or useless information are not able to analyze the information well, and the key to overcoming this is to develop a clear sense of purpose.Aim as much as you can at the information you want and collect it. In order to prevent the monopoly of subjective consciousness, it is necessary to start strong. The collection and judgment of information must be separated, and if the amount of information is large, two or more tests must be carried out.

Hypothesis: It is not easy to develop a clear sense of purpose, and people often feel lost in a lot of information can be inferred from the given answer.


Premise: Dietitian: It is true that nutrients are most effective when provided by natural foods rather than artificial supplements. While it is also true that fat in one' s diet is generally unhealthy, eating raw carrots (which are rich in beta carotene) by themselves is nonetheless not an effective means of obtaining vitamin A, since the body cannot transform beta carotene into vitamin A unless it is consumed with at least some fat.

Hypothesis: The statement 'fat in one's diet is generally unhealthy' plays the role of being mentioned as a reason for adopting a dietary practice that the dietitian provides a reason for not carrying to the extreme in the dietitian's argument.


Premise: The content of Chinese traditional culture embodies the universal values of all mankind and it is full of modern meaning. These contents are not only national, but also belong to all mankind: both traditional and modern. When we spread these contents to the outside world in a form that is easy for the international community to understand, it is relatively easy to be recognized, which will help to enhance the international influence and affinity of Chinese culture and enhance China's soft power in the international community. At the same time, it also helps to shape the image of our country as civilized, friendly, open and inclusive all over the world.

Hypothesis: The main content of this paragraph is the ways to improve the soft power of our country.


Premise: When can Chinese young directors also have a dynasty change of film language and film achievements, not just the fifth and sixth generation on the seniority baton? However, just like the Matthew effect, the more well-known directors are, the more favored by capital, and the hunger for opportunities and creative use of famous directors are often inferior to young directors, and the more resources young directors need, the more difficult it is to attract funds. rare opportunities once in several years first make survival an obstacle.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that young directors should be good at using resources.


Premise: Ability trap means that people always like to do things that are good at and can bring self-confidence and satisfaction, which leads to the strengthening of a single ability and the weakening of other abilities, which makes it difficult to adapt to the new requirements of social changes.

Hypothesis: The option "Mr. Lin is busy expanding the scale of his business all day, opening more and more chain stores, and the benefit is getting better and better, but he is neither good at nor concerned about the trivialities of daily life. His wife does all the housework such as shopping, cooking, cleaning and so on" belongs to the ability trap.


Premise: A recent report on an environmental improvement program was criticized for focusing solely on pragmatic solutions to the large number of significant problems that plague the program instead of seriously trying to produce a coherent vision for the future of the program. In response the report' s authors granted that the critics had raised a valid point but explained that, to do anything at all, the program needed continued government funding, and that to get such funding the program first needed to regain a reputation for competence.

Hypothesis: The basic position taken by the report's authors on the criticism leveled against the report is that addressing the critics' concern now would be premature.


Premise: Science cannot adequately explain emotional phenomena such as feeling frustrated, falling in love, or being moved by a painting. Since they cannot be explained by physics, chemistry, or neurophysiology, human emotions must not be physical phenomena.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if the assumption 'Every physical phenomenon can be explained by physics, chemistry, or neurophysiology' is made.


Premise: United States politician: Although the amount of United States goods shipped to Mexico doubled in the year after tariffs on trade between the two countries were reduced, it does not follow that the reduction in tariffs caused the sales of United States goods to companies and consumers in Mexico to double that year, because __

Hypothesis: The statement 'most of the increase in goods shipped by United States companies to Mexico was in parts shipped to the companies' newly relocated subsidiaries for assembly and subsequent shipment back to the United States' most logically completes the politician's argument.


Premise: No matter what article is selected into the Chinese teaching material, it is no longer an independent work in the original sense, but an organic part of the whole teaching material system, which is the basis of basic skills training.

Hypothesis: The reliance of basic skills training refers to income language teaching materials in all kinds of works.


Premise: In an electoral society, every politician has to pander to the voters in order to get elected. Cheng Bian was a super politician who wanted to be elected. So he will try his best to pander to voters. In many cases, you can't pander to voters without writing a lot of lip service. In fact, Cheng Bian was elected.

Hypothesis: Mr Cheng must have made a lot of empty promises to voters can best be deduced from the question.


Premise: Convert fanaticism refers to a social phenomenon in which later converted congregations are more pious or such than those born in religious families (older congregations).

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Korean Xiaojin's thought that he was more like an American than anyone else does not belong to convert fanaticism.


Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Zhang used to only shop in the supermarket, but today, when he first came into contact with online shopping, he bought tens of thousands of yuan of goods online in one breath does not belong to convert fanaticism.


Premise: From political economy to daily life, from globalization to regional revival, from practical technology to discourse expression, many problems and crises are closely related to the factor of space. This is the earthquake and tsunami disaster, border armed conflict, The collapse of the real estate industry, road congestion, and increasingly fierce competition in space are manifested in various forms.

Hypothesis: The text 'Now space is becoming more and more important' is meant to illustrate.


Premise: Selena claims to have psychic powers. So if we find out whether Selena' s claim is true, we will thereby determine whether it is possible to have psychic powers.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if it is assumed that it is possible to determine whether Selena has psychic powers.


Premise: The recent concert was probably not properly promoted. Wells, who is quite knowledgeable about the concert business, was certain that it would sell out unless it was poorly promoted. But the concert did not sell out.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to that in the argument above is: My neighbor, who is an experienced home renovator, said the damage to the wall would not be noticeable if it were properly repaired. Thus, the repair to the wall probably was not properly done, since one can still notice the damage.


Premise: Electrical engineers have repeatedly demonstrated that the best solid-state amplifiers are indistinguishable from the best vacuum-tube amplifiers with respect to the characteristics commonly measured in evaluating the quality of an amplifier' s musical reproduction. Ttherefore, those music lovers who insist that recorded music sounds better when played with the best vacuum-tube amplifier than when played with the best solid-state amplifier must be imagining the difference in quality that they claim to hear.

Hypothesis: Some of the characteristics that are important in determining how music sounds to a listener cannot be measured most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The leader of a certain unit decides to select several people from the six people of Wang, Chen, Zhou, Li, Lin, and Hu to perform an important task. The candidate to perform the task should meet all the following conditions: Only one of the two of Wang and Li needs to participate; Li , Only one of the two of Zhou will participate; Wang and Chen should have at least one of them; two of Wang, Lin, and Hu should participate; Chen and Zhou must either participate or not; if Lin participates, Li must join.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that Wang, Chen will not attend is correct.


Premise: A successful coffee stand that serves the workers in a large office building plans to increase its profits by adding oatmeal-a hot cereal popular among the workers-to its menu. The manager says that oatmeal is the ultimate convenience food because it can be served by the cup, as coffee is; further, offering oatmeal will enable the stand to get into the breakfast business without making a large investment, because it does not require elaborate cooking equipment.

Hypothesis: Oatmeal manufacturers have recently reduced their oatmeal offerings, which had included oatmeal in microwaveable cups and convenient cereal bars made with rolled oats would, if true, most strengthen the likelihood that the manager's plan will achieve its goal.


Premise: A manager cannot extract the best performance from employees by threatening them with termination or offering financial rewards for high productivity. Rather, employees must come to want to do a good job for its own sake. One of the best ways for a manager to achieve this is to delegate responsibility to them, especially for decisions that previously had to be made by the manager.

Hypothesis: Business works best by harnessing the self-interest of individuals to benefit the company as a whole is the proposition best illustrated by the situation described in the passage.


Premise: Pediatrician: Swollen tonsils give rise to breathing problems during sleep, and the surgical removal of children' s swollen tonsils has been shown to alleviate sleep disturbances. So removing children' s tonsils before swelling even occurs will ensure that the children do not experience any breathing problems during sleep.

Hypothesis: The pediatrician's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to consider the possibility that some breathing problems during sleep may be caused by something other than swollen tonsils.


Premise: Editorial: The threat of harsh punishment for a transgression usually decreases one' s tendency to feel guilt or shame for committing that transgression, and the tendency to feel guilt or shame for committing a transgression reduces a person' s tendency to commit transgressions. Thus, increasing the severity of the legal penalties for transgressions may amplify people' s tendency to ignore the welfare of others.

Hypothesis: At least some actions that involve ignoring the welfare of others are transgressions is an assumption required by the editorial's argument.


Premise: Helen: It was wrong of my brother Mark to tell our mother that the reason he had missed her birthday party the evening before was that he had been in a traffic accident and that by the time he was released from the hospital emergency room the party was long over. Saying something that is false can never be other than morally wrong, and there had been no such accident -- Mark had simply forgotten all about the party.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in Helen's argument is that it was wrong of Mark to tell his mother that he had missed her birthday party as a result of having been in a traffic accident.


Premise: The role of silver iodide in artificial rainfall is called cold cloud catalysis in meteorology. As long as silver iodide is heated, it forms very fine silver iodide particles (only 1% to 1/1000 of the diameter of a hair) in the air. 1g silver iodide can form trillions of particles. These particles move with the airstream into the cloud, producing trillions to trillions of ice crystals in cold clouds. Therefore, using silver iodide to catalyze rainfall does not need aircraft, the equipment is simple, the dosage is very small, the cost is low, and can be popularized in a large area.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the reason why airplanes are not needed for silver iodide to catalyze rainfall is that silver iodide particles will move into the cloud with the airflow.


Premise: Tom: Executives in this country make around 85 times what the average worker earns. This is an extraordinarily large disparity, and ttherefore public resentment over the size of executives' salaries is justified. Martha: Such resentment is not justified, since wealth is created by taking risks and making decisions, actions most people prefer to avoid. Generous rewards for those who choose not to avoid these actions are both fair and necessary. Tom: I think you misunderstood me. I' m not saying that people resent that there is a large disparity here between executives' salaries and workers' salaries, but rather they resent that it is atypically large: in other countries executives earn only 20 or 30 times what the average worker earns.

Hypothesis: The main point at issue between Tom and Martha is whether executives deserve higher salaries than workers deserve.


Premise: Somewhere along the way, the term leftover woman was coined to refer to single, well-educated, older urban women who are under great pressure to find a mate. The average age at which Chinese women marry is indeed rising. In Shanghai, the number has increased from 29 in 2007 to 30.3 in 2013. Marriage rates drop sharply after women turn 30, but by the age of 35, more than 90 percent of Chinese women are married and there are not many leftover women. The phenomenon of leftover women in China is not as serious as it might seem.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The value of women is not in a marriage, but in the contribution they make to society over the long term' is not the cause of the leftover women phenomenon in China.


Premise: The equal right to employment means that citizens enjoy the right to equal employment opportunities regardless of their nationality, race, gender, religious belief and family background.

Hypothesis: During the recruitment of a company, it is clearly stipulated that the relatives of the employees of the company have priority over other candidates does not violate the equal right of employment according to the above definition.


Premise: Emotional blackmail is a powerful means of emotional manipulation, that is, controlling others with fear, responsibility and guilt in life. Emotional blackmailers are divided into four types. The first is punisher. Such people say, unless you do what I mean, I will punish you. The second is self-punisher. Such people say: unless you do what I mean, I will punish myself. The third kind is victim. Such people say: if you don't meet my requirements, then I suffer, which is caused by you. The fourth is the teaser. Such people adopt the carrot strategy, but never let the person who meets their requirements really eat the carrot.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the act of a man begging his past lover to come back to him, being rejected, and then going into the family of his past lover, detonating explosives, killing the woman and her 3-year-old daughter, and himself is an example of emotional blackmail.


Premise: In the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the riverbed is about 10 meters higher than both sides of the river, so that it is also called aboveground river. This is due to the high sediment content of the Yellow River, slow water speed and continuous sediment deposition in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Hypothesis: The sediment content of the Yellow River is high and the sediment continues to deposit due to the slow water speed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is the cause of the aboveground river.


Premise: When someone at home was a guest, his child was sitting on a stool, watching cartoons while being naughty, and accidentally fell off the stool, and then cried. At this time, many parents will feel very angry, so they reprimand their children:  Watching a cartoon is naughty, I fell, and you still have a face to cry? From a psychological point of view, this kind of criticism is probably just that the parents are venting their inner anger, and the educational significance of the child is minimal or even counterproductive: falling down 'S child is in sorrow, unable to grasp the deep meaning behind the parents' criticism, and can only hear the parents' scolding, so they may cry harder. At this time, if there are other children next to seeing this scene, they will only get It came to the conclusion that you can't cry if you fall, or you will be scolded by adults. In fact, the attitude and way parents treat their children are related to the children's mental health, and public criticism of children will affect the formation and development of children's self-esteem. Blindly beaten Scolding and scolding will not only make the child feel humiliated in front of outsiders, but also make the child form a negative thinking that something bad happens to you deserve it.

Hypothesis: The core point of this passage is that educating children in front of everyone may be counterproductive.


Premise: Each biological cell can be seen as a miniature battery or a miniature magnetic pole. After accurately measuring the magnetic activity of the human body, it is believed that the sources of biological magnetism may be: (1) the magnetic field produced by the movement of biological charge, (2) the induction field produced by biomagnetic materials, that is, some substances in living tissues have certain magnetism, the induced magnetic field produced by them under the action of geomagnetic field or external magnetic field, and (3) the magnetic field produced by strong magnetic materials in living organisms.

Hypothesis: Since each cell is a miniature battery and a magnetic pole, there is biomagnetism does not meet the meaning of this paragraph.


Premise: In every case of political unrest in a certain country, the police have discovered that some unknown person or persons organized and fomented that unrest. Clearly, ttherefore, behind all the cases of political unrest in that country there has been a single mastermind who organized and fomented them all.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that of 'Every telephone number in North America has an area code, so there must be at least as many area codes as telephone numbers in North America.'


Premise: Mr. X has always been hailed as the literary master of the Western world in the 19th century, but the benefits he received from the literary masters of his predecessors have been ignored by critics. In addition, Mr. X has never written a truly monumental masterpiece, and his most well-known works have major flaws in both style and expression.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that can be drawn from the above statement is that after Mr. X became famous in the literary world, he did not admit that he had benefited from his predecessors.


Premise: From the perspective of social governance, the occupation of fire passageways is prohibited for many times but still occurs, in addition to such factors as the lack of concept of public safety, lack of awe of life and law of the lawbreaker, inadequate supervision and so on, there are also deep-seated reasons for the difficulty of parking.With the continuous rise of car ownership in China, some residential areas are facing the problem of shortage of parking spaces. This is also the fundamental reason why some places occupy the fire passage repeatedly, and the governance measures can be managed for a while, but can not be managed for a long time. In this regard, to maintain the smooth flow of fire access and effectively solve the parking problem, we should not only manage to prevent, but also guide, which tests the effectiveness and accuracy of grass-roots social governance.

Hypothesis: To explore the deep-seated causes of parking difficulties is most likely to be discussed in this passage next.


Premise: One study involved 80 young people aged 13 to 25 with early symptoms of schizophrenia. Half were randomly assigned to take fish oil tablets for 3 months and the other half were given a placebo for 3 months. The researchers followed the subjects for seven years and found that only 10 percent of those taking fish oil tablets developed schizophrenia, compared with 40 percent of those taking a placebo. Therefore, the researchers concluded that taking fish oil tablets may help prevent schizophrenia in adolescents.

Hypothesis: Fish oil tablets have been tried in adults with schizophrenia, but experiments have found no effect is the least likely to challenge the researchers' conclusions.


Premise: Self handicapping means that individuals coordinate obstacles in advance to create a reasonable excuse for failure, so as to protect their self-worth and maintain their self-image.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhou and Xiao Tian running for monitor together, with Xiao Tian telling his friends that Xiao Zhou studied well and was popular, working as a cadre in the student association and being liked better by teachers, before finally being elected monitor, belongs to self handicapping.


Premise: Researcher: Research has shown that inhaling the scent of lavender has measurable physiological effects tending to reduce stress. It is known that intense stress can impair the immune system, making one more susceptible to illness. Ttherefore, it is likely that the incidence of illness among those who regularly inhale the scent of lavender is reduced by this practice.

Hypothesis: At least some people who use the scent of lavender to induce relaxation and reduce stress are no more susceptible to illness than average is an assumption that the researcher's argument requires.


Premise: Researchers have discovered that caffeine can be as physically addictive as other psychoactive substances. Some people find that they become unusually depressed, drowsy, or even irritable if they do not have their customary dose of caffeine. This is significant because as many people consume caffeine as consume any one of the other addictive psychoactive substances.

Hypothesis: There is no psychoactive substance to which more people are physically addicted than are addicted to caffeine can be logically concluded from the information above.


Premise: Lourdes: Dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day. Kyra: But a daily intake of fiber that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut back on fiber intake.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The more a food is processed, the more the fiber is broken down and the lower the fiber content' most undermines Kyra's recommendation.


Premise: On the first day of trout season a team of biologists went with local trout anglers to the Macawber River. Each angler who caught at least 2 trout chose exactly 2 of these trout for the biologists to weigh. A total of 90 fish were weighed. The measurements show that at the beginning of this season the average trout in the Macawber River weighed approximately 1. 6 kilograms.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to take into account measurements from the same time in previous seasons.


Premise: A good writer, like a famous tea, is the cohesion of the aura of years, mountains and rivers. In addition to acquired skill training, talent and growth environment are inseparable. The backbone of Chinese contemporary literary world, such as Mo Yan, Jia Pingwa, Alai, Chi Zijian and so on, clearly reflects the profound shaping of his writing by the regional environment. Most of these writers were born in remote villages, and their works are mainly local themes, and many of them take their hometown as a literary base. This reflects a phenomenon of contemporary Chinese literature, that is, works with local themes account for the vast majority. Even if most of the writing and reading groups live in the city, the intersection between them is still rural: writers who live in the city, write novels about the country, and read to readers who live in the city but have local memories.

Hypothesis: Why Contemporary Literature is keen on the creation of local themes is most likely to be described next.


Premise: All of the athletes lined up in the park this afternoon were waiting to participate in a charity run. Blake, Tina, and Sara had all signed up to participate in the charity run. No professional runners would sign up to participate in a charity run.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, then neither Tina nor Sara is a professional runner.


Premise: Formative evaluation: refers to the evaluation of the degree to which students or project implementers have reached the predetermined goal formed by the teacher or the competent department in the process of teaching or the project.

Hypothesis: Formative evaluations are when teachers give students' usual grades based on the Q&A situation in the classroom.


Premise: Xiao Sun cannot swim and play tennis.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, if Xiao Sun can play tennis, he cannot swim.


Premise: At present, there is no mainstream channel for the supply of low-rent housing in China, and many functions of low-cost leased housing are undertaken by informal villages in the city. In recent years, the gap between the urban development of the south and the north is getting wider and wider. In the study of explaining this phenomenon, the proportion of the village in the city to the whole urban built-up area should be a very explanatory variable. In the south, there are many  villages in the city of the semi-illegal , which make the availability of low-cost rentable housing much higher than that in northern cities. It is these low-rent housing that enable  manufacturing with meagre profits to survive in big cities where land prices are expensive.

Hypothesis: The availability of low-cost rentable housing determines the development of the manufacturing industry is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: In order to solve a series of global problems such as food security and energy shortage, the scientific community is stepping up its research on projects such as genetically modified food and clean new energy, with a view to leading people out of the food and energy crisis. From this we can see that the development of science no longer strictly follows this conventional route: scientific problems no longer originate from simple, pictorial scientific curiosity.  Science in the routine era is coming.

Hypothesis: Science in the routine era in this passage means scientific research that points to urgent, urgent, and high-risk issues.


Premise: The sun emits two types of ultraviolet radiation that damage skin: UV-A, which causes premature wrinkles, and UV-B, which causes sunburn. Until about ten years ago, sunscreens protected against UV-B radiation but not against UV-A radiation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who wear sunscreen now are less likely to become sunburned than were people who spent the same amount of time in the sun wearing sunscreen ten years ago' is best supported by the information above.


Premise: A recent report on an environmental improvement program was criticized for focusing solely on pragmatic solutions to the large number of significant problems that plague the program instead of seriously trying to produce a coherent vision for the future of the program. In response the report' s authors granted that the critics had raised a valid point but explained that, to do anything at all, the program needed continued government funding, and that to get such funding the program first needed to regain a reputation for competence.

Hypothesis: The basic position taken by the report's authors on the criticism leveled against the report is that giving the report a single focus is less desirable than the critics claim.


Premise: All Labrador retrievers love playing fetch. Only German shepherds love protecting their home. Some dogs are easy to train. Brittany' s dog loves playing fetch and loves protecting her home.

Hypothesis: Brittany's dog is half Labrador retriever and half German shepherd and is also easy to train must be true.


Premise: John wants to win the annual Mayfield raffle next year because he needs the Mayfield raffle' s prize. If he enters more than one raffle next year, the likelihood of his winning one of them would be greater than if he entered only a single raffle. Hence, to have this greater likelihood of winning the Mayfield prize, John should enter several other raffles next year.

Hypothesis: The argument exhibits the flaw in reasoning of assuming that an event, if it is highly improbable, cannot possibly occur.


Premise: People on the road, for distant goals, have no intention of paying attention to the scenery along the road. Many roadside features, which are not inferior to what you are looking for, have been easily ignored by you, and by the time we understand it years later, it will be too late. And when you change the mentality of running into the mentality of walking, you will find that there is a taste for gain and a taste for loss, a taste for being rich and poor, a taste for success and a taste for failure, a taste for passionate love and a taste for lovelorn, and a taste for youth and aging. Only then will you suddenly realize that what you dream is hidden on the road, and that the encounter on the road is what you are looking for. Apart from that, what else are you looking for?

Hypothesis: The incorrect interpretation of this paragraph is "We shouldn't be struggling to pursue a distant goal."


Premise: If the flowers Drew received today had been sent by someone who knows Drew well, that person would have known that Drew prefers violets to roses. Yet Drew received roses. On the other hand, if the flowers had been sent by someone who does not know Drew well, then that person would have sent a signed card with the flowers. Yet Drew received no card. Ttherefore, the florist must have made some sort of mistake: either Drew was supposed to receive violets, or a card, or these flowers were intended for someone else.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Someone who does not know Drew well would be unlikely to send Drew flowers' most weakens the argument.


Premise: Copyright statutes benefit society by providing incentive to produce original works, so some kind of copyright statute is ultimately justified. But these statutes also represent a significant cost to society because they create protected monopolies. In many countries, copyright statutes grant copyright protection for the life of the author plus several decades. This is too long, since the societal benefit from the additional years of copyright is more than offset by the societal cost.

Hypothesis: If a statute is to be justified by its benefit to society, it should be designed so that its societal benefit always exceeds its societal cost most strongly supports the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: The battery used in the American electric vehicle TESLA is composed of nearly 7,000 Panasonic 18650 batteries connected in series. Large battery packs combined in parallel. The safety of the TESLA battery power system has been questioned by the automotive industry. A battery expert said that the probability of fire of 18650 type batteries in the United States is 0.2 millionths, then the probability of fire of a battery pack composed of 7,000 small batteries is 0.14%. Based on the current sales of TESLA, this will be As a result, it has a battery fire accident almost every month.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The 18650 type battery has the characteristics of high energy density, stability and good consistency' most powerfully undermines the expert's judgment if the following statements are true.


Premise: X-ray examination of a recently discovered painting -- judged by some authorities to be a self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh -- revealed an underimage of a woman' s face. Either van Gogh or another painter covered the first painting with the portrait now seen on the surface of the canvas. Because the face of the woman in the underimage also appears on canvases van Gogh is known to have painted, the surface painting must be an authentic self-portrait by van Gogh.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above is properly drawn if it is assumed that any painted canvas incorrectly attributed to van Gogh would not contain an underimage of a subject that appears in authentic paintings by that artist.


Premise: Richard Layard, professor at the London School of Economics: There exists paradox in our lives. Most people want to get higher and higher incomes and work hard to achieve this. But despite the increasing abundance of Western society, people do not feel happier and happier. Economic growth does not guarantee to make people happier. To say something good, it is in vain to pursue material wealth, and the more likely result is to make people even unhappier.

Hypothesis: According to Richard Layard, happiness is not just measured by income is an incorrect statement.


Premise: Tiger is a cat and one of the most powerful predators on the land of Asia. Tiger has the longest canine teeth and the largest claw among cats. It integrates speed, strength and agility. The power of one swing of its forelimb can reach 1000 kg and the penetration depth of its claw can reach 11 cm. It is good at long jumping. The longest distance of one jump can reach 6 meters and is good at predation.

Hypothesis: Some of the animals that are good at jumping are cats can be inferred.


Premise: It is found that the organic carbon, elemental carbon, l-glucan, galactan, mannan, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and dehydrogenated rosin acid in Lumbini area show high values in autumn and the lowest in summer. The content of l-glucan in this area is similar to that in areas seriously affected by biomass combustion in South Asia. It shows that biomass combustion has an important impact on the atmospheric environment in Lumbini area. There is a significant correlation between organic carbon, elemental carbon and l-glucan in Lumbini atmospheric aerosols. It shows that biomass combustion is the main source of high concentration carbon components in this area. The results of the ratio of l-glucan / mannan and vanillic acid / syringic acid show that the types of biomass combustion in this area are mainly the combustion of crop residues and hardwood.

Hypothesis: According to the above words, Biomass combustion increases carbon concentration in Lumbini area is correct.


Premise: According to the daily mail of Britain, Fuji photographic film company of Japan will use its film technology to innovate skin care products and enter the beauty industry. The collagen in photosensitive emulsion can prevent the film from being oxidized, It is similar to using collagen to protect skin from ultraviolet radiation. Some consumers loyal to Fuji brand think this is good news for beauty lovers.

Hypothesis: The implicit assumption that consumers draw the above conclusions is that skin care products can use the scientific research achievements and technology used in Fuji film production.


Premise: Navigation satellites are located at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers and can be navigated by receiving signals throughout their coverage area. Beyond 20,000 kilometers, a whole new navigation system is needed. Astronomers have proposed several possible navigation systems, the most talked about being pulsar navigation. Pulsars are neutron stars that emit radio or X-ray radiation in the direction of their magnetic poles. They pulse when the axis of rotation does not coincide with the magnetic poles and sweeps across the Earth. Some of these pulsars are so stable that they are comparable to the best atomic clocks on Earth that they are also known as the atomic clocks of the universe. If you can pick up their signals and know where they are, you can use them for interstellar voyages.

Hypothesis: Experiments to verify the feasibility of pulsar navigation is most likely to be introduced next.


Premise: In the past, the question of all enterprises was the same question; What should I do and what can I do to make money? After joining the WTO, the question has become: What can I do to be the best?

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the past, the industry was divided into good and bad, but now only the good and bad of the enterprise are divided' gives the most plausible explanation for the shift in the above question.


Premise: Logicians say: if two plus two equals five, then the earth is square.

Hypothesis: The statement '2 plus 2 does not equal 5 or the earth is square' is the same truth as the logicians say.


Premise: At present, the widely used mechanical metamaterial has excellent characteristics such as negative thermal expansion, and high strength and high stiffness at low weight. However, once this mechanical metamaterial is constructed, its properties cannot be changed or adjusted. Recently, researchers have developed a new type of material which overcome this problem. It is certain that in the near future, robots, smart wearable equipment and other fields will definitely fundamentally change.

Hypothesis: The statement "History has proved that every breakthrough in new technologies and new materials will quickly cause drastic changes in related application fields" will most support the above conclusion.


Premise: Peak-End Rule means that the experience of remembering something depends on the feeling at the beginning and end.

Hypothesis: The bank designed the business hall spacious and bright is not applied to the Peak-End Rule.


Premise: In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. Some commentators have argued, correctly, that since <b> there is presently no objective test for whiplash </b>, spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. These commentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that <b> in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious </b>: clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.

Hypothesis: In the argument given, the first boldfaced portion is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes, and the second boldfaced portion is the position that the argument defends.


Premise: In Yasukawa' s month-long study of blackbirds, the percentage of smaller birds that survived the duration of the study exceeded the percentage of larger birds that survived. However, Yasukawa' s conclusion that size is a determinant of a blackbird' s chances of survival over a month-long period is probably mistaken, since smaller blackbirds are generally younger than larger ones.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, support the inference that larger blackbirds of a given age are actually more likely to survive over a one-month period than are smaller blackbirds of the same age.


Premise: Social relief means that through the redistribution of national income, the state gives free assistance to social members who are unable to maintain the minimum standard of living due to natural disasters or other economic and social reasons, so as to ensure their minimum standard of living.

Hypothesis: Open nursing homes for widows and lonely old people is social relief.


Premise: In the paintings by seventeenth-century Dutch artist Vermeer, we find several recurrent items: a satin jacket, a certain Turkish carpet, and wooden chairs with lion' s head finials. These reappearing objects might seem to evince a dearth of props. Yet we know that many of the props Vermeer used were expensive. Thus, while we might speculate about exactly why Vermeer worked with a small number of familiar objects, it was clearly not for lack of props that the recurrent items were used.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if the statement 'If a dearth of props accounted for the recurrent objects in Vermeer's paintings, we would not see expensive props in any of them' is assumed.


Premise: The advent of refrigerators caused the collapse of the ice market. In the past, people used ice to keep food fresh, but now refrigerators have replaced the role of ice.For the same reason, due to the results of bioengineering, what will happen to the research of crops that can resist pests?

Hypothesis: Reduced demand for chemical pesticides is the best answer to the above question.


Premise: Korean traditional medicine has the theory of Harmony of Man and Nature, that is, the small environment in the human body should be coordinated with the large environment of nature, so as to make people more adapt to the changes of nature and increase the resistance of the human body to the adverse effects of the outside world.

Hypothesis: Koreans prefer to eat cold food in hot summer to reduce the temperature of the human body and adapt to the needs of the external environment according to this theory.


Premise: Five years ago, as part of a plan to encourage citizens of Levaska to increase the amount of money they put into savings, Levaska' s government introduced special savings accounts in which up to $3, 000 a year can be saved with no tax due on the interest unless money is withdrawn before the account holder reaches the age of sixty-five. Millions of dollars have accumulated in the special accounts, so the government' s plan is obviously working.

Hypothesis: A substantial number of Levaskans have withdrawn at least some of the money they had invested in the special accounts most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held in Spain, and at least one of Prof. Hacker, Prof. Maas and Prof. Reger attended the conference. Known: (1) Those who sign up for the conference must submit an English academic paper, and the invitation letter will be issued after expert review. (2) If Prof. Hacker attends this conference, then Prof. Maas must attend. (3) Prof. Reger submitted a German academic paper to the conference.

Hypothesis: Based on the above, Prof. Maas attended the conference must be true.


Premise: Tea is a healthy drink that Chinese people love. After brewing and drinking the tea a few times, most people discard the leftover tea. An expert pointed out that in fact, the substances in tea that can be dissolved in water are limited, and a lot of them are nutritious. The substances still remain in the tea, it is a pity to throw away for nothing, people should eat the leftover tea.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It has become a habit for most people to drink tea, not to absorb nutrients' can best refute the expert's point of view if it is true.


Premise: Columnist on the arts: My elected government representatives were within their rights to vote to support the arts with tax dollars. While funded by the government, however, some artists have produced works of art that are morally or aesthetically offensive to many taxpayers. Nonetheless, my conclusion is that no taxpayers have been treated unjustly whose tax dollars are used to fund some particular work of art that they may find abominable.

Hypothesis: The principle 'Elected representatives are within their rights to fund any activity that is supported by a majority of their constituents' if valid, most supports the columnist's argument.


Premise: A team from a foreign university studied 102 different kinds of venomous snakes, investigated their venom, food and habitat, and found that snakes living in a three-dimensional environment such as trees or water are less toxic than snakes in a two-dimensional environment (that is, ground). The researchers speculate that this is because snakes living in a three-dimensional environment encounter more things, encounter prey more frequently, and do not need highly toxic venom to ensure that each hunt is successful.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that animals in a three-dimensional environment are more flexible and more difficult to capture than those in a two-dimensional environment is the most likely to question the researchers' conjecture.


Premise: The calm, shallow waters of coastal estuaries are easily polluted by nutrient-rich sewage. When estuary waters become overnutrified as a result, algae proliferate. The abundant algae, in turn, sometimes provide a rich food source for microorganisms that are toxic to fish, thereby killing most of the fish in the estuary.

Hypothesis: Fish in an estuary that has been polluted by sewage are generally more likely to die from pollution than are fish in an estuary that has been polluted in some other way can be properly inferred from the information above.


Premise: It is necessary to guard against the phenomenon of big and small years in vegetable production due to subjective factors. Garlic prices were low in 2008, and some farmers lost information about growing garlic. Garlic production reduction in 2009, garlic prices have been rising since then. Therefore, vegetable production should be planned, information symmetry should be maintained on species, variety structure and market time, and the detection and early warning mechanism of agricultural products should be improved so as to guide farmers' production and stabilize market supply.

Hypothesis: The text is intended to illustrate that the government should help farmers plan and manage vegetable planting rationally.


Premise: Observers limited by malice and hatred, even with keen observation, can only see the surface; and only when keen observation is combined with kindness and love, can they explore the deepest parts of people and the world. And there is hope to achieve the most lofty goals.

Hypothesis: Well-meaning observers cannot see the surface is an option that can be derived.


Premise: It is common for normal children to focus on one or two things for a while, such as learning the jingle in a commercial or eating cereal in some kind of Mickey Mouse bowl. Generally speaking, these temporary fanaticism will eventually pass. Some normal children are naturally unenthusiastic and don't like to be hugged, but that doesn't mean they must be autistic.

Hypothesis: Abnormal concentration and apathy are manifestations of autism can be inferred from this passage.


Premise: The leader of the British Conservative Party personally solicited young people in advertisements. The Labour Party has a National Committee of the youth Labour Party, and pointed out in the revised Party Constitution in 2005 that young people should resonate with the ideas and propositions of the Labour Party; The Liberal Democratic Party even relaxed the age, and even 12-year-old children can join its youth organization, which also promoted the younger trend of party leaders and brought vitality to British politics; Former Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair took office at the age of 44, and current Prime Minister Cameron became Conservative leader at the age of 39.

Hypothesis: The trend of young leaders of British political parties is becoming more and more obvious is intended to illustrate that.


Premise: A person's personality includes personality orientation and personality psychological characteristic. Personality orientation refers to a person's attitude towards objective reality, which is the basic motivation for people's activities, including needs, motivations, interests, ideals, world outlook, outlook on life, and values. Personality psychological characteristic refers to the typical, stable characteristics that individuals often show.

Hypothesis: Temperament is not the concept of personality according to this definition.


Premise: Editorial: It is the popular assumption that millennials are less altruistic than the generation that came before them. Company reports of top-down volunteer programs and suggested donations through work are less likely to be performed by millennials and more likely to be performed by the generation that preceded them. Millennials who are on board with company donation programs are rare.

Hypothesis: The argument fails to consider altruistic millennial behavior outside of the corporate environment. It only mentions top-down volunteer programs and donations through a company. The argument does not take note of what causes millennials are contributing to in their own free time most accurately describes a flaw in the argument.


Premise: Winston: The Public Transportation Authority (PTA) cannot fulfill its mandate to operate without a budget deficit unless it eliminates service during late-night periods of low ridership. Since the fares collected during these periods are less than the cost of providing the service, these cuts would reduce the deficit and should be made. Transit law prohibits unauthorized fare increases, and fare-increase authorization would take two years. Ping: Such service cuts might cost the PTA more in lost fares than they would save in costs, for the PTA would lose those riders who leave home during the day but must return late at night. Thus the PTA would lose two fares, while realizing cost savings for only one leg of such trips.

Hypothesis: Ping's response carefully redefines a term used in Winston's argument.


Premise: The development of new inventions is promoted by the granting of patent rights, which restrict the right of anyone but the patent holders to profit from these inventions for a specified period. Without patent rights, anyone could simply copy another' s invention; consequently, inventors would have no financial incentive for investing the time and energy required to develop new products. Thus, it is important to continue to grant patent rights, or else no one will engage in original development and consequently no new inventions will be forthcoming.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which the argument depends is that any costs incurred by a typical inventor in applying for patent rights are insignificant in comparison to the financial benefit of holding the patent rights.


Premise: Ancient Chinese has perfect educational programs in primary and secondary schools and universities in China, but art and other non-literature majors lack the necessary qualitative requirements when they reach the master's degree stage. Although some colleges and universities continue to carry out ancient Chinese teaching, it is only an elective course, while foreign language courses run through in the form of compulsory courses from childhood to master's and doctoral students. The imbalance of curriculum leads to a serious imbalance between foreign language and ancient Chinese teaching, which leads to the edge of ancient Chinese teaching.

Hypothesis: The point of view of this passage is that Ancient Chinese should be included as a compulsory course in the teaching of master's degree students such as art.


Premise: Origin thinking refers to setting a origin for people or things, often return to the origin for thinking, state contrast, correct deviation, and keep moving towards the goal.

Hypothesis: Dealing with the relationship between people through regular communication belongs to the origin thinking.


Premise: A scientific research institution proposed that wet sand was the key for the ancient Egyptians to carry huge stones and statues in the desert. The researchers pointed out that the ancient Egyptians put heavy stones on the sled, laid a layer of wet sand in front of the sled, and then dragged them. This transportation method had an unexpected effect. In the experiment, the researchers used a rheometer to test the hardness of sand, in order to confirm how much traction force is needed to deform a certain amount of sand. And on this basis, a traction model is designed. It is found that it is easier to move heavy objects when wet sand is laid before the skid, and the water content in the sand determines the hardness and traction force of the sand.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Experiments show that the wet sand laid in front of the skid is easy to accumulate and form a large sliding resistance' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Fortiga also pointed out that in early April, Poland said it was prepared to change its veto position on launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement, which deserved a response from Russia.

Hypothesis: Poland's attitude towards launching negotiations on a new EU-Russia agreement is neutral.


Premise: A science class stored one selection of various fruits at 30 degrees Celsius, a similar selection in similar conditions at 20 degrees, and another similar selection in similar conditions at 10 degrees. Because the fruits stored at 20 degrees stayed fresh longer than those stored at 30 degrees, and those stored at 10 degrees stayed fresh longest, the class concluded that the cooler the temperature at which these varieties of fruits are stored, the longer they will stay fresh.

Hypothesis: The class's reasoning is flawed in that the class too readily extrapolated from a narrow range of temperatures to the entire range of temperatures.


Premise: Data froma recent biodiversity study of the Ukuluku river estuary in Tritonia showed that last year the pollution rate of this environmentally sensitive region was significantly lower than in previous years. The Tritonian government, which spent millions of dollars last year to enforce laws against dumping waste into the river, is claiming that the study data indicate that its increased efforts to halt the pollution are proving effective.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The largest known polluter on the Ukuluku river relocated to another part of Tritonia, closer to the airport, so as to decrease its shipping costs' most seriously undermines the government's claim.


Premise: Criminologist: Increasing the current prison term for robbery will result in no significant effect in discouraging people from committing robbery.

Hypothesis: The statement "Prison terms for robbery have generally decreased in length recently" does not support the criminologist's claim.


Premise: A change is a big change or shift in time or space, a change or replacement, that is completely different from what happened before.

Hypothesis: Twenty years later, Xiao Zhao went home to visit her family and found that the changes were so great that she couldn't find her way around at all is consistent with the definition.


Premise: Kidov theorem: it means that if the best idea is put forward at the wrong time, it will also lead to failure, that is, whether a decision is correct or not can not leave the specific place, time and conditions. If it is separated from these basic preconditions, the truth may become a fallacy

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that many manufacturers have signed up to participate in the machine tool Expo held in a city, and the manager of machine tool plant B clearly refused to participate when he received the invitation does not accord with the kidov theorem.


Premise: Of course, the effective management of an enterprise or industry is inseparable from the scientific management guided by the general management rules according to the development law of the industry and the objective economic law, which is based on the standardization system. But this does not mean that every industry or enterprise needs to follow the same, uniform law and become a copy without personality and difference on the social assembly line of cultural industry. On the contrary, as a cross-emerging category of modern cultural industry and service industry, mobile advertising industry has its own particularity in its own development and mode exploration. These particularities require managers to pay attention to the objective reality of mobile advertising industry and develop differentiation on the basis of standardization.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is the mobile advertising industry should develop differentiation on the basis of standardization.


Premise: Journalist: There is no downside to journalists using anonymous sources. National newspapers require journalists to use multiple sources to corroborate anonymous tips, and corroboration removes any possibility of abuse. Any failure to corroborate sources would risk national security through the publication of misleading information.

Hypothesis: The strength of the argument depends upon the statement 'All journalists work for national newspapers.'


Premise: Logicians say: if two plus two equals five, then the earth is square.

Hypothesis: If the earth is round, then 2 plus 2 does not equal 5 is the same truth as the logicians say.


Premise: Possession modification is a means of delivery of goods. In the transfer of movable property rights, both parties agreed by the assignor to continue to occupy the movable property. The right in rem becomes effective when the agreement comes into force.

Hypothesis: The case of possession modification is when A and B agree to sell their computers to B, and A asks B to get the computer from his sister, since it was being used by A's sister at the time of the transaction.


Premise: Morality belongs to the category of social ideology. The word morality comes from ancient Greek, which refers to customs at that time. Tao refers to the universal laws and rules that must be followed in the movement and change of things. Virtue refers to morality, virtue and morality. In our country, the first thing to combine the word morality into one word is the piece persuading Learning written by Xun Kuang during the warring States period. He said: We do not stop until we have learned to the degree of propriety. This is the ultimate of morality. He believes that when people learn etiquette and deal with the relationship between people according to the requirements of etiquette, they have reached the highest moral level.

Hypothesis: The realm of morality is mainly described in this passage.


Premise: All passwords of this safe are a combination of 4 Arabic numerals and 4 English letters. Known: (1) If the 4 English letters are not arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is greater than 15; (2) If the 4 English letters are arranged consecutively, the sum of the numbers in the password combination is equal to 15; (3) ) The sum of the numbers in the password combination is either equal to 18 or less than 15.

Hypothesis: The possible combination of passwords is 'ladbe356' based on the above information.


Premise: As an ancient country with five thousand years of uninterrupted civilization, China is rich in intangible cultural heritage. These living cultures not only constitute the profound cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, but also bear the genes of the cultural origin of the Chinese nation. However, with the acceleration of China's modernization, cultural standardization and the change of environmental conditions, there are still countless cultural heritages in an endangered state, which, like shadows, may disappear at any time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There should be new ideas for the protection of cultural heritage' summarizes this passage most accurately.


Premise: The annual output of world food slightly exceeds the demand for food and can provide the minimum food needed by the world population. The statement that insufficient food production will lead to world food famine can be overstated. The famine is not caused by food production, but by unfair distribution.

Hypothesis: It is the general trend that the world's food supply exceeds demand is the scenario envisaged by the author in the above discussion.


Premise: In the spring and fall, eastern pipistrelle bats roost deep inside caves. They feed at night on flying insects and must leave the cave to catch their prey. Flying insects are much more abundant on warm nights than on cool ones. Researchers found that many more bats leave the caves on warm nights than on cool nights, even though the temperature within the caves where the bats roost remains virtually the same from one night to the next.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Eastern pipistrelle bats are incapable


Premise: Screenwriter-style viewers refer to those who don't mind being told of their core content and clues when watching movies and TV series, and even inquire about the plot introduction in advance, and go through various film reviews. This kind of movie viewers pursue the feeling of controlling the development of the plot and do not like to show Unexpectedly.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Du is a screenwriter-style viewer because he emphasizes rational thinking about everything and only has the urge to watch movies after understanding the authoritative evaluation, plot content, and picture characteristics.


Premise: Insects can see ultraviolet light and are known to identify important food sources and mating sites by sensing the characteristic patterns of ultraviolet light that these things reflect. Insects are also attracted to Glomosus spiderwebs, which reflect ultraviolet light. Thus, insects are probably attracted to these webs because of the specific patterns of ultraviolet light that these webs reflect.

Hypothesis: When Drosophila fruit flies were placed before a Glomosus web and a synthetic web of similar pattern that also reflected ultraviolet light and both webs were illuminated with white light containing an ultraviolet component, many of the fruit flies flew to the Glomosus web most strongly supports the argument.


Premise: Distributed Energy is a new type of power generation system built in or near the user's place. It can generate electricity and other forms of energy and satisfy the needs of local users first.It is managed and controlled by users.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the power generation of the Gezhouba Hydropower Project is an example of distributed energy.