Premise: Wang Zengqi once said that language is not an external thing, it exists at the same time as internal thought and cannot be separated. In his view, to write a novel is to write language, Chinese class is to learn language, but language is not an empty shell, but to carry a variety of ideas, philosophy, ethics and morality. How to be a man, how to treat parents, brothers and sisters, how to treat friends, how to treat nation-state and their own labor, and so on, these coexist with language in Chinese class. In this sense, Chinese education must absorb and inherit traditional culture, and poetry is undoubtedly the integration of traditional culture.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the importance of paying attention to the role of poetry in Chinese education.


Premise: Human self-esteem can be divided into conditional self-esteem and unconditional self-esteem. The former is self-esteem obtained by reaching some preset standards. The sense of self-worth depends on the realization of these standards, rather than the true needs of the self. Conditional self-esteem people often do not understand their own needs, and their self-esteem standards are internalized. If the parents' love is conditional, they will reward their desires and punish the undesirable behaviors, which imposes standards of behavior on the children. Children will unconsciously regard this standard as their life pursuit. Conditional self-esteem is often expressed through strong self-awareness. Such people always see themselves through the eyes of others.

Hypothesis: The man of conditional self-esteem is often too much in the unexpected world is consistent with the meaning of this text.


Premise: Grain can be traded in the futures market before harvesting. If grain production is predicted to be insufficient, grain futures prices will rise; if grain harvests are predicted, grain futures prices will fall. This morning, meteorologists predicted that from tomorrow there will be much-needed rainfall in the grain-producing areas. Therefore, since sufficient moisture is very important to the survival of current grains, the price of grain futures today will fall sharply.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "Tomorrow's rainfall predicted by meteorologists is likely to extend beyond the grain-producing areas" weakens the above point of view most seriously.


Premise: The school principal insisted that student failures are caused by bad teaching. In a relatively short time failing grades disappeared from the school. The principal happily recognized this as evidence that the teaching had improved at the school.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the above is most similar to that in which the nutritionist insisted that the weight gain that team members complained of was caused by their thinking of food too often. The nutritionist was happy to conclude that the weight gain had stopped once the team members reported that they had stopped thinking of food so often.


Premise: For more than one hundred years, modern language science has experienced three important periods, which are represented by historical comparative linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational generative linguistics.

Hypothesis: The most accurate retelling of this paragraph is that historical comparative linguistics, structuralist linguistics and transformational generative linguistics have all experienced more than 100 years of development.


Premise: Recently, a research team surveyed 519 young people between the ages of 18 and 25 who had never smoked traditional cigarettes by means of a questionnaire. The survey included these young people's e-cigarette use and intention to smoke traditional cigarettes. Wait. Among young people who have never smoked traditional cigarettes, those who are vaping are more likely to try traditional cigarettes, and regulatory policies on e-cigarettes should pay attention to protecting young people, the study said.

Hypothesis: The statement 'E-cigarettes are less harmful to health than traditional cigarettes, but still contain many harmful substances' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: China is setting off an investment boom in 3D printing. In the face of the broad prospect of 3 D printing, various places have built 3 D printing industrial parks and introduced various preferential policies. But enthusiasm is not enough to develop the emerging technology of 3D printing. In the 3D printing industry chain, the constraints of key technologies, materials and software need to be broken through. 3D printing technology is still in its infancy. If a large number of enterprises and capital pour into the 3 D printing industry, it will not produce benefits in a short period of time.

Hypothesis: The development of 3D printing technology is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: Nature is the environment for the development and continuation of human life. At the same time, productive labor, as a medium in the process of material exchange between man and nature, is the starting point for the formation and development of human social relations. In the process of processing natural materials, people form the relationship between people-- relations of production, and thus form national, class, family and other complex social relations.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement 'The relationship between man and man, man and society is based on the relationship between man and nature.'


Premise: In the paintings by seventeenth-century Dutch artist Vermeer, we find several recurrent items: a satin jacket, a certain Turkish carpet, and wooden chairs with lion' s head finials. These reappearing objects might seem to evince a dearth of props. Yet we know that many of the props Vermeer used were expensive. Thus, while we might speculate about exactly why Vermeer worked with a small number of familiar objects, it was clearly not for lack of props that the recurrent items were used.

Hypothesis: The conclusion follows logically if the assumption that the several recurrent items that appeared in Vermeer's paintings had special sentimental importance for him is made.


Premise: Budget constraints have made police officials consider reassigning a considerable number of officers from traffic enforcement to work on higher-priority, serious crimes. Reducing traffic enforcement for this reason would be counterproductive, however, in light of the tendency of criminals to use cars when engaged in the commission of serious crimes. An officer stopping a car for a traffic violation can make a search that turns up evidence of serious crime.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The great majority of persons who are stopped by officers for traffic violations are not guilty of any serious crimes' most strengthens the argument given.


Premise: All bridges built from 1950 to 1960 are in serious need of rehabilitation. Some bridges constructed in this period, however, were built according to faulty engineering design. That is the bad news. The good news is that at least some bridges in serious need of rehabilitation are not suspension bridges, since no suspension bridges are among the bridges that were built according to faulty engineering design.

Hypothesis: Some bridges that were built according to faulty engineering design are in serious need of rehabilitation must also be true if the statements above are true, on the basis of those statements.


Premise: A criminal group refers to a criminal organization established by more than three persons in order to commit one or several crimes multiple times.

Hypothesis: When examining a corruption case, as many as two hundred people were involved is a criminal group.


Premise: Emissions from automobiles that burn gasoline and automobiles that burn diesel fuel are threatening the quality of life on our planet, contaminating both urban air and global atmosphere. Ttherefore, the only effective way to reduce such emissions is to replace the conventional diesel fuel and gasoline used in automobiles with cleaner-burning fuels, such as methanol, that create fewer emissions.

Hypothesis: Reducing the use of automobiles would not be a more effective means to reduce automobile emissions than the use of methanol is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: The hot stove effect means that anyone in the organization who violates the rules and regulations will be punished. It gets its name because there are many similarities between touching a hot stove and imposing punishment. Hot stove vividly expounds the principle of punishment: first, the principle of warning. The hot stove is so hot that you don't have to touch it to know that it is hot. For example, the leaders of enterprises should often educate their subordinates in rules and regulations. Second, the principle of consistency. Every time you touch a hot stove, you are sure to get burned. As long as you violate the rules and regulations, you will certainly be punished. Third, the principle of immediacy. When you touch the hot stove, you get burned immediately. Punishment must be carried out immediately after the occurrence of the wrong act and must not be dragged on. Fourth, the principle of fairness. Whoever touches the hot stove will get burned.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option that "The prince violates the law and will be punished like ordinary people without special treatment" does not reflect the hot stove effect.


Premise: Some companies in fields where skilled employees are hard to find make signing an agreement not to compete a condition of employment. In such an agreement the employee promises not to go to work for a competing firm for a set period after leaving his or her current employer. Courts are increasingly ruling that these agreements are not binding. Yet paradoxically, for people who signed such agreements when working for competing firms, many firms are unwilling to consider hiring them during the period covered by the agreement.

Hypothesis: Many companies will not risk having to become involved in lawsuits, even suits that they expect to have a favorable outcome, because of the associated costs and publicity is a statement that most helps to resolve the paradox.


Premise: Ana: On libertarian principles, I oppose the proposed smoking ban. It is not the government' s business to prevent people from doing things that harm only themselves. Pankaj: But keep in mind that the ban would apply only to smoking in public places. People could still smoke all they want in private.

Hypothesis: Ana and Pankaj disagree over whether the proposed smoking ban is intended to prevent harm only to smokers themselves, as supported by the dialogue.


Premise: Limited research indicates that therapeutic intervention before the onset of mental disorders can mitigate factors identified as major contributors to them. But a much more comprehensive research program is needed to verify these results and allow for the design of specific health care measures. Thus, in order to explore a potential means of cost-effectively helping people prone to mental disorders, we should increase funding for intervention research.

Hypothesis: Reducing known risk factors for mental disorders is relatively inexpensive compared to the long-term treatment required most strengthens the argument.


Premise: A certain unit has enrolled 8 fresh graduates this year, of which A and B are liberal arts students, C, D and E are science students, and F, G and H are engineering students. Among the 8 people, A, C and F are ladies. The unit intends to select five people to form a research and development team, in which there should be at least one liberal arts student, one science student and one engineering student, and at least one woman should participate in the team. In addition, the following conditions should be met: (1) at most one person will participate in C and G; (2) if B attends, D will also participate; (3) both E and H will either participate or not.

Hypothesis: The options B,D,E,F,G meet the above requirements for the R & D team.


Premise: Zhao Yuan's colleagues are all football fans, zhao Yuan's classmates who work in the software park are not football fans, Li Ya is both zhao Yuan's classmate and his colleague, Wang Wei is Zhao Yuan's classmate but does not work in the software park, Zhang Ming is Zhao Yuan's classmate but not a football fan.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be concluded that Li Ya doesn't work in the software park.


Premise: Civilization and culture are different. Civilization makes all ethnic groups in all places more and more similar. according to the German Elyas's process of civilization, civilization is a group society in which everyone lives according to the same rules, just like dancing to a beat and not stepping on his feet; and culture makes a nation different from other nations, it is born, not rules but habits. In fact, urbanization can also be seen this way: with the rapid development of cities, skyscrapers have become urban symbols, which is actually the result of the strong development of modern civilization in every corner of the world. However, we hope that civilization will not overwhelm culture and that identity will not eliminate differences.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is exploring the relationship between the process of urbanization and the development of civilization.


Premise: The brain is not only the most complex organ in biological structure and function, but also a superb, exquisite and perfect information processing system. The total number of nerve cells in the human brain is about 1012, equivalent to the total number of stars in the entire Milky way. In addition, there are 10 to 50 times more glial cells than nerve cells. The brain is in charge of human language, thinking, feeling, emotion, movement and other advanced activities, which are closely related to the topological structure of neurons or clusters of neurons in the brain network, which essentially determines the function of the whole brain.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the physiological structure of the brain provides the basis for processing complex information.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: K can replace H in the binding group without violating any of the given conditions.


Premise: People who object to the proposed hazardous waste storage site by appealing to extremely implausible scenarios in which the site fails to contain the waste safely are overlooking the significant risks associated with delays in moving the waste from its present unsafe location. If we wait to remove the waste until we find a site certain to contain it safely, the waste will remain in its current location for many years, since it is currently impossible to guarantee that any site can meet that criterion. Yet keeping the waste at the current location for that long clearly poses unacceptable risks.

Hypothesis: The statement that moving the waste to the proposed site would reduce the threat posed by the waste most strongly supports which one of the following.


Premise: Sunlight, radiation, air pollution, etc. in the outside environment will make the human body produce more reactive oxygen free radicals. Reactive oxygen free radicals are the root cause of human aging, and antioxidants can effectively remove excess free radicals from the body.

Hypothesis: The correct option according to the above definition is that severe air pollution can affect the rate of aging and the effects of antioxidants.


Premise: After the Second World War, the charter of the newly formed United Nations established an eleven-member Security Council and charged it with taking collective action in response to threats to world peace. The charter further provided that the five nations that were then the major powers would permanently have sole authority to cast vetoes. The reason given for this arrangement was that the burden of maintaining world peace would rest on the world' s major powers, and no nation should be required to assume the burden of enforcing a decision it found repugnant.

Hypothesis: The reason given for the structure of the Security Council assumes that decisions reached by a majority of nations in response to threats to world peace would be biased in favor of one or more major powers.


Premise: Interpol Wang returned to the Bureau after investigating a murder scene. The guard Lao Zhang asked him what the result was. Wang said he knew that the murderer had been to the scene. Lao Zhang knew that Interpol Wang was teasing him, because he didn't need Wang to tell him at all. He knew that if someone was a murderer, he must be at the scene at the time of the crime.

Hypothesis: Even if Xu Liu is not at the crime scene, he may be a murderer can be inferred according to the answer.


Premise: At Tromen University this semester, some students taking French Literature 205 are also taking Biology 218. Every student taking Biology 218 at Tromen is a biology major. Ttherefore, some of the students taking French Literature 205 are not French-literature majors.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn above follows logically if there are more biology majors than there are French-literature majors is assumed to be true at Tromen University.


Premise: Truth refers to the correct reflection of objective things and their laws in people's consciousness. Truth can be divided into rational truth and factual truth. Rational truth refers to the truth with universality and inevitability, and its opposite is impossible; Factual truth refers to the truth with contingency, and its opposite is possible.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Kindness can be most effective only if it is given little by little is a rational truth.


Premise: Low carbon transportation refers to low carbon dioxide emission, low energy consumption, less pollution and environment-friendly transportation.

Hypothesis: Take the subway does not belong to low-carbon transportation


Premise: A recent study proves the relationship between learning and sleep. The researchers published their findings in Learning Science, a collaborative journal of Nature, pointing out the quality and time of sleep and the persistence of sleep habits are positively correlated with academic performance. Adequate sleep is more beneficial to students' study.

Hypothesis: Go to bed at a fixed time, get up, and form a fixed schedule, which can make up for the impact of short sleep time to a large extent is not the logical inference of the above assertion.


Premise: In computer language, there is a logical operation in which if two digits are zero on the same digit, the sum is zero, one is zero, one is one, or both are one, and the sum is one.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, if the sum is one, then both numbers must be one is correct.


Premise: Four contestants, Zhang, Liu, Li and Zhao, who were not familiar with each other, participated in the university speech contest. They come from mathematics, logic, literature and history majors. Before the game, the four people made the following guesses: Zhang: Zhao's major is logic; Liu: Li's major is literature; Li: Zhang's major is not mathematics; Zhao: Liu's major is history. It was learned afterwards that only the guesses of mathematics and logic professionals were correct.

Hypothesis: The respective majors of Zhang, Liu, Li, and Zhao can be inferred to be literature, history, logic, and mathematics based on the above information.


Premise: A student cheated in the exam and was found by the invigilator of the college. If the teacher reported the matter to the school, the student will be expelled from the school; If the student is expelled, the college's year-end assessment will be rejected by one vote. If the teacher does not report the matter to the school, the student's cheating in the exam will become more and more serious.

Hypothesis: If the college's year-end assessment is rejected by one vote, cheating will not become more and more serious can be inferred.


Premise: There are several graduate students living in a dormitory, one of whom is from Heilongjiang, two from the north, one from Yunnan, two of them only took the philosophy of logic this semester, and three of them took classical music appreciation this semester.

Hypothesis: It may be at least 3 people and it may be at most 8 people assuming that the above introduction involves all the people in this dormitory.


Premise: Export processing zones are a form of special economic zones. They are export-oriented special economic zones. They mainly use foreign capital, technology, and equipment, and take advantage of China's land, resources, labor and other advantages, and the products produced are mainly exported.

Hypothesis: Shenzhen's Shekou Industrial Zone belongs to the export processing zone, where the method of processing supplied materials to cooperate with foreigners is used, and the products are sold abroad.


Premise: The crime of money laundering is to specify the crime of knowledge, organized crime of the nature of the underworld, the illegal income of smuggling crime and the income generated, in order to cover up, conceal its source and nature, and put it on the market by depositing in the financial structure, transferring funds, etc. Legalized behavior.

Hypothesis: A giving the money from the smuggling of watches to his wife, who runs a real estate company and deposits it in the bank in the name of the company, does not constitute a crime of money laundering according to the above definition.


Premise: Albatrosses belong to the order  Procellariiformes, with a tubular nose and a keen sense of smell, and often fly long distances at sea in order to find food. The plastic trash floating on the sea doesn't look delicious, but why did the albatross eat it and pay a heavy price for it? The researchers believe the reason: for albatrosses, the plastic garbage smells delicious. Food signal is a chemical called dimethyl sulfide (D.MS), which is produced by marine phytoplankton.

Hypothesis: Birds of the order Gebliformes that are sensitive to the odor of D.MS can detect very low concentrations of odor molecules does not support the researcher's point of view.


Premise: On the surface, Melville' s Billy Budd is a simple story with a simple theme. However, if one views the novel as a religious allegory, then it assumes a richness and profundity that place it among the great novels of the nineteenth century. However, the central question remains: Did Melville intend an allegorical reading? Since there is no textual or historical evidence that he did, we should be content with reading Billy Budd as a simple tragedy.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the argument is that the only relevant evidence in deciding in which genre to place a novel is the author's stated intention.


Premise: Pursuit what the people like, forsake what the people hate. Green mountains are beautiful, and blue skies are happiness too. Developing the economy is for people's wellbeing, so is protecting the ecological environment. We should not only create more material and spiritual wealth to meet people's ever-growing needs for a better life, but also provide more high-quality ecological products to meet people's ever-growing needs for a beautiful environment. We should continue to ensure that ecology benefits and benefits the people, focus on solving prominent environmental problems that harm people's health, speed up efforts to improve the quality of the environment, provide more quality ecological products, strive to achieve social equity and justice, and constantly meet people's growing needs for a beautiful environment.

Hypothesis: The literal meaning is that we call on the people to participate in the construction of ecological civilization.


Premise: Energy-saving lamps require less electricity and are more power-saving. Therefore, if people only use energy-saving lamps and do not use ordinary incandescent lamps that consume a lot of electricity, it will save a lot of electricity bills.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that the brightness of energy-saving lamps is at least as bright as that of ordinary incandescent lamps.


Premise: One should always capitalize the main words and the first and last words of a title. But one should never capitalize articles, or prepositions and conjunctions with fewer than five letters, when they occur in the middle of a title.

Hypothesis: If a word in the middle of a title should be capitalized, then that word is neither an article nor a conjunction shorter than five letters can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Biologist: Humans have five fingers because we descended from a fish with five phalanges in its fins. Despite our prejudices to the contrary, our configuration of fingers is no more or less useful than several other possible configurations, e. g. , six per hand. So, if humans had descended from a fish with six phalanges in its fins and had six fingers on each hand, then we would be just as content with that configuration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Humans are always equally content with two things of equal usefulness' most strengthens the biologist's argument.


Premise: In a certain democratic country the legislature passed a new tax law over the principled objections of the parliamentary opposition. Some opposition leaders broke the new law by refusing to pay the new tax. They defended their lawbreaking by citing the historical precedent in the country of activists' having to break laws in winning for women the right to vote.

Hypothesis: The opposition leaders, unlike the activists, were part of the democratic process that they are defying most weakens the opposition leaders' argument in defense of their actions.


Premise: Heart attacks are most likely to occur on Mondays. The accepted explanation is that because Monday is the first day of the workweek, people feel more stress on Mondays than on other days. However, research shows that even unemployed retired people are more likely to have heart attacks on Mondays than on other days.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Many retired people take up part-time jobs after they retire from their careers' most helps to explain the increased likelihood that an unemployed retiree will have a heart attack on a Monday.


Premise: The legislature of the Philippines voted recently to abolish the death penalty. In contrast, the death penalty remains legal in the United States. The difference in the legality of capital punishment demonstrates that the majority of American citizens believe in the death penalty, while the majority of Filipino citizens do not.

Hypothesis: The legal standard used to determine whether a criminal should be sentenced to the death penalty in the United States is similar to the legal standard used in the Philippines before capital punishment was abolished there is an assumption upon which the above argument depends.


Premise: Journalist: <b> Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office. </b> Among those making the required financial disclosure this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron. There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron' s running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself. <b> This year it is likely he finally will </b>, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.

Hypothesis: In the journalist's argument, the two boldfaced portions play the roles of stating evidence bearing against the main conclusion of the argument and stating that conclusion.


Premise: Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning, and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.

Hypothesis: The world is becoming more and more urbanized, so people should not continue to live poetically in the countryside is an objective-value fallacy according to the above definition.


Premise: The enthusiastic acceptance of ascetic lifestyles evidenced in the surviving writings of monastic authors indicates that medieval societies were much less concerned with monetary gain than are contemporary Western cultures.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument generalizes from a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative.


Premise: Some critics argue that an opera' s stage directions are never reflected in its music. Many comic scenes in Mozart' s operas, however, open with violin phrases that sound like the squeaking of changing scenery. Clearly Mozart intended the music to echo the sounds occurring while stage directions are carried out. Hence, a change of scenery -- the most basic and frequent stage direction -- can be reflected in the music, which means that other operatic stage directions can be as well.

Hypothesis: In the argument, the statement that many comic scenes in Mozart's operas open with violin phrases that sound like the squeaking of changing scenery is offered in support of the claim that an opera's stage directions are never reflected in its music.


Premise: Business Ethics Investigator: XYZ Coin Exchange has always misled its customers that some of its coins are very rare. In fact, those coins are relatively common and easy to get. XYZ Coin Exchange: This is ridiculous, XYZ Coin The exchange is one of the largest coin exchanges in the world. We sell coins that have been certified by an internationally certified company and have a coin distribution license. XYZ coin exchange's answer is very unconvincing, because it...

Hypothesis: Listed the advantages of XYZ coin exchange, but did not answer the question of the business ethics investigator is the most appropriate as a link to the above.


Premise: China's special climatic environment has led to the formation of the custom of hot food in China. Hot food can not be touched directly by hand. Cutlery is needed to help you eat. During the warring States period, lacquer ware entered into the food utensils and gradually replaced the bronze ware. When using lacquer ware to carry food, if you use a knife and fork to eat, it will cause a lot of scratches and damage on the surface of the lacquer ware, affecting the beauty of the lacquer ware. Taking advantage of the good elasticity of bamboo, the ancestors of ancient China first made bamboo clips, accumulated experience in using them, and finally evolved chopsticks.

Hypothesis: During the warring States period, people gave up knives and forks to use bamboo chopsticks is not mentioned.


Premise: Council member P: Alarmists are those who see an instance of pollution and exaggerate its significance into a major character fault of society. Such alarmists fail to distinguish the incident and the behavior that caused it from the disposition of people not to pollute. Council member Q: To think that there is a lot of pollution based on the discovery of a serious single instance of pollution is simply an application of the widely accepted principle that actions tend to follow the path of least resistance, and it is surely easier to pollute than not to pollute.

Hypothesis: Council members P and Q disagree over whether people are inclined to pollute.


Premise: Coffee and tea contain methylxanthines, which cause temporary increases in the natural production of vasopressin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Vasopressin causes clumping of blood cells, and the clumping is more pronounced in women than in men. This is probably the explanation of the fact that women face as much as a tenfold higher risk than men do of complications following angioplasty, a technique used to clear clogged arteries.

Hypothesis: Prior to undergoing angioplasty, women should avoid coffee and tea is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Theoretically, analog systems are superior to digital systems. A signal in a pure analog system can be infinitely detailed, while digital systems cannot produce signals that are more precise than their digital units. With this theoretical advantage there is a practical disadvantage, however. Since there is no limit on the potential detail of the signal, the duplication of an analog representation allows tiny variations from the original, which are errors. These errors tend to accumulate as signals are duplicated, until this noise obliterates the information embodied in the original signal.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Digital systems are the best information systems because error cannot occur in the emission of digital signals' most strongly supports which one of the following.


Premise: As a living individual, man is not only a natural person but also a social person. The society will vigorously promote moral life, waging a love life of the campaign, the formation of cherish the good habit in life: to launch the social from all walks of life forces involved in the moral education of life: network, film, television, newspapers and other social media must strengthen the positive guidance, to reduce negative suggestion and mislead the youth, and the school, family, social trinity, combined together, to promote green Young appreciate the beauty of life, cherish the existence of life, respect the right of life.

Hypothesis: The central meaning of a word is "Life moral construction needs the joint efforts of family, school, and society."


Premise: To subdue bad people, sometimes we should treat them by their way. Bad people will do good things, but good people become bad as long as they have done bad things.

Hypothesis: A person who has done bad things is not necessarily a bad man can be inferred.


Premise: Biotechnology companies say that voluntary guidelines for their industry are sufficient to ensure that no harm will result when a genetically altered organism is released into the environment. It is foolish, however, to rely on assurances from producers of genetically altered organisms that their products will not be harmful. Ttherefore, a biotechnology company should be required to apply to an independent regulatory board composed of scientists outside the biotechnology industry for the right to sell newly created organisms.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'Methods that result in harm to the environment must sometimes be used in order to avoid even greater harm' most strongly justifies drawing the conclusion above.


Premise: The Yellow River is the second largest river in China and one of the few naked rivers in the world. She started from the northern foot of Bayan Kara Mountain and accepted thousands of streams and rivers, flowing eastward through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other nine provinces and regions, into the vast sea. With a total length of 5464 kilometers and a basin area of more than 750000 square kilometers, it is like a golden dragon lying with its head held high on the vast land in the north of our country.

Hypothesis: The option 'The Yellow River has a long process' does not belong to the characteristics of the Yellow River.


Premise: Critics have argued that because Freudianism holds that people have unconscious desires that can defeat their attempts to follow rational life plans, it is incompatible with the predominantly rationalistic spirit of Western philosophical and psychological thought. But it is a central tenet of Freudianism that through psychoanalysis one can become conscious of one' s previously unconscious desires, enabling one to avoid being defeated by them. Ttherefore, __.

Hypothesis: Freudianism does not run counter to the rationalistic mainstream of Western philosophical and psychological thought most logically completes the argument.


Premise: When a high-pressure peak encounters a low-pressure peak, precipitation usually occurs. Meteorologists can predict when and where they meet by measuring the speed of two moving peaks.

Hypothesis: Precipitation does not necessarily require the appearance of low pressure peaks can be derived.


Premise: After the second World War, the administrative focus of many countries gradually shifted to social welfare management, and their basic population management generally formed a new system based on population services.This system does not give up the control of population, but the core goal of this control is that the basic means of population service is the form of population service, and it is also population service.It will control services, not vice versa, and the population management of China's social transformation is obviously facing similar adjustments.

Hypothesis: The new system of population management realizes population control through population services does not correspond to the meaning of this passage.


Premise: A certain naval force has 7 ships of A, B, C, D, E, H, and G. It is planned to form two fleets to sail. There are 3 ships in the first formation and 4 ships in the second formation. The formation must meet the following conditions: (1) The aircraft carrier must be listed in the second formation; (2) E and C have at most one formation in the first formation; 3) A and C are not in the same formation; (4) If B is arranged in the first formation, D must also be arranged in the first formation.

Hypothesis: If A is in the second formation, D must also be in the second formation.


Premise: Phobia refers to the patient's strong fear of a certain object or situation or when interacting with people, and take the initiative to avoid to relieve the anxiety.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Yu Yanyan's fear of the dark is an example of phobia.


Premise: There are always advantages and disadvantages in doing one thing, and there are almost no advantages without disadvantages. Huainan Zi - The Instruction of The World says: Everyone knows that benefiting is the cause of illness, but the sage knows that benefiting is the cause of illness. It seems that the ancients have noticed the dialectical relationship between advantages and disadvantages.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "Be good at analysis and strive to do more good than harm" fits the text.


Premise: Some people think that yixiang is a translation of English image and associate it with British and American Imagist Poetry in the early 20th century. In fact, image is an inherent concept and word in ancient Chinese literary theory, not a foreign thing.

Hypothesis: Many British and American Imagist poets who advocated hiding all their emotions behind images and implied them through images were actually deeply influenced by ancient Chinese poetry can best prove the originality of yixiang in China.


Premise: A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged. As evidence for this claim, the investor cited the company' s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investor' s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, but <b> in this case it is clearly not justified </b>. It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand. <b> In Burton' s case it indicates no such thing </b>, however: the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

Hypothesis: The first and the second both state intermediate conclusions that are drawn in order to support jointly the conclusion of the argument as a whole, according to the given argument.


Premise: In a transportation company, a certain syndrome often attributed to stress by medical experts afflicts a significantly higher percentage of workers in Department F than in any other department. We can conclude, ttherefore, that the work done in Department F subjects workers to higher stress levels than does the work in the other departments in the company.

Hypothesis: Many workers who transfer into Department F from elsewhere in the company soon begin to develop the syndrome most helps to support the argument.


Premise: Friendship is an important way to obtain happiness in life. According to the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero, Friendship only exists between good people, and friendship for life is the most difficult thing; another Spanish philosopher, George Santayana believes that friendship is almost always a combination of a part of one heart and a part of another, and people can only be partial friends.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, friendship is the most important way to get happiness in life must be true.


Premise: In judicial trials, positive misjudgment refers to the conviction of the innocent as guilty, which is the so-called wrong judgment; negative misjudgment refers to the conviction of guilt as innocence, which is the so-called wrong release. And the fundamental principle of judicial justice is that don't let a bad person go, and don't wrong a good person. A jurist believes that the current measurement of whether a court has implemented the principle of judicial justice in handling cases is sufficiently good should depend on whether its positive misjudgment rate is low enough.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The rate of negative misjudgment in each court is basically the same' can most strongly support the above-mentioned jurist's point of view.


Premise: Morris High School has introduced a policy designed to improve the working conditions of its new teachers. As a result of this policy, only one-quarter of all part-time teachers now quit during their first year. However, a third of all full-time teachers now quit during their first year. Thus, more full-time than part-time teachers at Morris now quit during their first year.

Hypothesis: The argument's reasoning is questionable because the argument fails to rule out the possibility that Morris High School employs more new full-time teachers than new part-time teachers.


Premise: An organization has investigated the average housing prices of three types of housing (villas, ordinary commercial rooms and comfortable housing) in cities A, B and C in eastern China, and the information released is as follows: according to the price of villa housing, from high to low is A, B, C; According to the price of ordinary commercial housing, from high to low is A, C, B; According to the price of comfortable housing, from high to low is B, A, C.

Hypothesis: The overall average price of residential housing in City A is the highest is wrong about the overall average housing price of residents in the above three cities.


Premise: Jackson City has outgrown its current fire station. The existing station cannot be expanded to fit the city' s needs because of building code restrictions. Real estate in the area of the existing station is far more expensive than building space on the west side of the city. Since the price of a building is a considerable portion of the total cost, it would be more economical to move the fire station to the west side of the city.

Hypothesis: If the fire station is moved to the west side of the city, residents there will have to contend with increased noise and traffic most seriously undermines the argument's conclusion.


Premise: Gamification management: refers to the management behavior of using scoring, ranking, competition and other elements in the game in a scene that is not a game. Its use in the work environment can often increase the emotional investment of employees, thereby improving efficiency.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, hiring new management is a game management behavior.


Premise: The four teams A, B, C, and D are in a round robin match (each team has one game against the other teams). The results: Team B loses one game, Team C wins one less than Team B, and Team B wins one less than Team D.

Hypothesis: The ranking of Team A is Third place.


Premise: DM advertising is direct mail advertising, that is, sending promotional materials to consumers themselves, their homes or company locations by mail, gift, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, two free mobile phone stickers when buying mobile phones in the appliance store does not belong to DM advertising.


Premise: Money maples, alias double whorl, is a plant of the genus Acer in the Aceraceae family. It grows on the edge of the forest or in the sparse forest at an altitude of 1000 to 2000 meters, and can be as high as 15 meters. It is endemic to China. Its leaves are opposite, odd-pinnate compound leaves; early summer white flowers, monoecious, panicles; fruit divided into two nutlets, each with wide wings, shaped like money. Due to the deforestation of trees, the adult plants of Acer mongolica are extremely rare, coupled with the weak ability of natural regeneration, it is difficult to grow young trees, which need to be protected like giant pandas.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate summary of the main idea of the passage is that there is an urgent need to strengthen the protection of money maple.


Premise: A year ago the government reduced the highway speed limit, and in the year since, there have been significantly fewer highway fatalities than there were in the previous year. Ttherefore, speed limit reduction can reduce traffic fatalities.

Hypothesis: The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it takes for granted that the number of traffic fatalities the year before the new speed limit was introduced was not abnormally high.


Premise: We business generally refers to a small individual behavior that takes an individual as a unit, uses the carrier channels derived from the Web3.0 era, combines the traditional methods with the Internet, has no regional restrictions, and can move to achieve a new breakthrough in the sales channel

Hypothesis: An optical shop has attracted many young consumers to buy through vigorous publicity is we business according to the above definition.


Premise: The whole thought of Laozi is developed around the central concept of Dao. However, the 73 characters of Dao in Laozi have different meanings although the symbol form is unified. In some places, Dao refers to the origin of the existence of the world, in some places, Tao refers to a law, and in some places, Dao refers to a standard of life, which reflects the unified outlook on life of Dao.

Hypothesis: The Dao in Lao Tzu's saying,  Dao is a process in which everything grows from little to more, from simple to complex is a metaphysical noumenon.


Premise: Ana: On libertarian principles, I oppose the proposed smoking ban. It is not the government' s business to prevent people from doing things that harm only themselves. Pankaj: But keep in mind that the ban would apply only to smoking in public places. People could still smoke all they want in private.

Hypothesis: The proposed ban would prohibit smoking in public places is the subject of the disagreement between Ana and Pankaj, according to the dialogue.


Premise: People cannot devote themselves to the study of natural processes unless they have leisure, and people have leisure when resources are plentiful, not when resources are scarce. Although some anthropologists claim that agriculture, the cultivation of crops, actually began under conditions of drought and hunger, the early societies that domesticated plants must first have discovered how the plants they cultivated reproduced themselves and grew to maturity. These complex discoveries were the result of the active study of natural processes.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that agriculture first began in societies that at some time in their history had plentiful resources is structured to be led to by the argument.


Premise: Looking at the situation in Japan and some European countries, the direct consequence of the persistent economic downturn is that it is difficult for young people to find jobs, the unemployment rate is high, and their incomes are reduced. The difficulty of financial independence of the younger generation has another consequence: parents increase their support for their children. Common experience in these countries shows that parents' involvement in their children's lives deepens when young people lack financial independence. A similar trend has emerged in China.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, Parents' involvement in life is not only reflected in financial support, but also in influencing children's decision-making cannot be supported by the author.


Premise: A new computer system will not significantly increase an organization' s efficiency unless the computer system requires the organization' s employees to adopt new, more productive ways of working. The Ministry of Transportation is having a new computer system custom built to fit the ministry' s existing ways of working, so__

Hypothesis: The statement 'It will be easy for employees of the Ministry of Transportation to learn to use the new computer system' most logically completes the argument.


Hypothesis: The rate of negative misjudgment in each court is basically the same can most strongly support the above-mentioned jurist's point of view.


Premise: If people leave culture, leave the creation and accumulation of culture, and leave the value and meaning of the cultural world, they will naturally lose the meaning of realistic cultural value, and it will be impossible to really realize human essence. On the other hand, if culture leaves people, it will become water without a source.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement 'Culture and the realization of human essence are interdependent.'


Premise: Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single researchers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports' is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Agricultural modernization refers to the process of transforming traditional agriculture based on direct experience and hand tools into socialized agriculture based on modern advanced science and technology, production means and management methods.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, establishing a reasonable agricultural production structure and rural economic structure, and realizing the socialization of agricultural production with the commercialization of production as the core is inconsistent with the meaning of agricultural modernization.


Premise: Educator: If there is a crisis in education today, it is one of maintaining quality. People love to reduce serious learning to degrees and certificates. But one also can obtain these credentials by plodding through courses without ever learning much of value. When that happens, the credentials one receives are almost meaningless.

Hypothesis: Degrees and certificates do not guarantee that a person has acquired much worthwhile knowledge must be true if the educator's statements are true.


Premise: Regular yogurt use reduces a child's risk of tooth decay, a new study has found. Previously, researchers have suggested that yogurt can prevent tooth decay in children, and studies have shown that butter, cheese and milk have no significant effect on preventing tooth decay. Although drinking more yogurt has a protective effect on children's teeth, the reasons why yogurt can reduce the risk of tooth decay remain unclear. One theory is that the protein in yogurt is attached to the surface of the tooth. This prevents harmful acids from eroding teeth.

Hypothesis: The scientific research in many countries around the world studying the effects of yogurt on preventing tooth decay in children best supports the findings of this study.


Premise: In the case that the distortion of the economic structure has not been released, the only way to stop the economic downturn, stabilize the economic situation and establish market expectations for a period of time is investment. However, in order to stabilize one or two percentage points of economic growth and launch trillions of investment projects, such handwork is far more than the so-called stable growth needs.

Hypothesis: The attitude towards trillions of dollars of investment projects is deny, according to the above text.


Premise: A group norm is a code of conduct and standard established by group members applied in a specific environment. It can be divided into two types: descriptive norms and prescriptive norms. Descriptive norms indicate what people should do in a specific situation. It simply tells people which behaviors are effective and suitable. Prescriptive norms specify what people must do in a specific situation, and what behaviors are approved or opposed by people.

Hypothesis: Safety production standards according to the above definition are descriptive norms.


Premise: Biography, in essence, is a record of human life activities and a special carrier of human life. Human life activities not only show the desire for survival and development, but also show the development and release of their own potential. The development and release of their own potential is a kind of force creation. Creation includes various forms, including the display of politicians' ability to govern the country and stabilize the world, the exploration of philosophers and thinkers in the spiritual field, the battle contest of strategists and galloping on the battlefield, the invention and creation of scientists, the talent display of writers and artists, the innovation and transformation of living environment by reformers, etc. This is a magnificent picture of life, and is a challenge from vitality to inertia. Only in this challenge can mankind maintain the vitality of their life and create better conditions for the cohesion of vitality. Chinese classical biographies are the display of this vitality.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this paragraph is Chinese classical biographies show the vitality of life from many angles.


Premise: Modern media ecology shows a micro characteristic, in which fragmented information is connected and combined through chain systems such as social networks. If the media wants to survive, it is necessary to grasp the communication opportunities in each microchain and create possible hot spots of public opinion. Therefore, modern media should not only compete for the unique interpretation power of information, but also arrange troops in the complicated microchain world and become the organizers and communicators of key nodes. The report organization form is no longer the previous across-the-board, but dredge and guide on countless central nodes. Especially in emergencies, the characteristics of this new way of guiding public opinion are more prominent.

Hypothesis: In this passage, the author emphasizes that modern media need to have the ability to pay close attention to the information trends of social networks.


Premise: The amount of money people have wasted on gadgets that they almost never use is surprising. For example, my brother bought an electronic ice cream maker for 100 yuan two years ago, and he has only used it three times so far. He insisted that no matter how many times he uses this ice cream machine, this investment is a good deal for him

Hypothesis: He bought this ice cream maker for the convenience when he needs it because.


Premise: A person' s personality is linked to that person' s genes. And since a person' s genes do not ordinarily change over time, it follows that a person' s personality remains unchanged with the passing of time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Market forces are to some degree influenced by governmental actions, hence a change in the government's policies could result in a change in the economy' is most closely parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: In a unit, Lao Li has great respect for his colleague Da Zhang, and Da Zhang has great respect for the new technician Chen. Lao Li is one of the leaders of the unit and his position is higher than Xiao Chen's.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, someone respects people who are higher than themselves can be inferred.


Premise: Many osseous remains have been found in caves with the remains of Pleistocene primates (some people think they are the ancestors of humans). From the frequency of the discovery of various bones, many animals died elsewhere, but only certain parts of the body was brought back to the cave. Therefore, Pleistocene primates must be good at hunting for bring back so many prey.

Hypothesis: The remains in the cave do not include the bones of an elephant from the same period as the Pleistocene primate weakens the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's urbanization process has been accelerating. The urbanization rate has increased at an average annual rate of 1%, from 17.9% in 1978 to 51.27%, and the urban population has increased from 172 million to 690 million. Nevertheless, compared with 78% of the Urbanization rate in developed countries, there is still much room for development. According to the annual growth rate of 1% of the urbanization rate, China's urbanization rate should really reach the level of developed countries. There is still a development period of about 30 years. Urbanization is of positive significance in coordinating urban and rural development, changing the dual economic structure, realizing urban-rural population transfer, optimizing urban spatial layout, boosting industrial structure, upgrading consumption structure, and accelerating the flow and agglomeration of production factors.

Hypothesis: The main message conveyed by the above words is that China's urbanization has great development space and great potential.


Premise: With the rapid development of the Internet, it has become a reality to buy your favorite goods without leaving home. Even in countries and regions with a low level of economic development, people can meet their pursuit of material life through online shopping.

Hypothesis: People's satisfaction with the pursuit of material life only depends on the level of economic development of the region best questions the above point of view.


Premise: Would it be right for the government to abandon efforts to determine at what levels to allow toxic substances in our food supply? Only if it can reasonably be argued that the only acceptable level of toxic substances in food is zero. However, virtually all foods contain perfectly natural substances that are toxic but cause no harm because they do not occur in food in toxic concentrations. Furthermore, we can never be certain of having reduced the concentration of any substance to zero; all we can ever know is that it has been reduced to below the threshold of detection of current analytical methods.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that the government needs to refine its methods of detecting toxic substances in our food supply.


Premise: Challenger: The mayor claims she has vindicated those who supported her in the last election by fulfilling her promise to increase employment opportunities in our city, citing the 8 percent increase in the number of jobs in the city since she took office. But during her administration, the national government relocated an office to our city, bringing along nearly the entire staff from the outside. The 8 percent increase merely represents the jobs held by these newcomers. Mayor: Clearly my opponent does not dispute the employment statistics. The unemployed voters in this city want jobs. The 8 percent increase in the number of jobs during my term exceeds that of any of my predecessors.

Hypothesis: The mayor's answer is flawed in that it fails to address the challenger's objection that the 8 percent increase did not result in an increase in job availability for those who lived in the city at the time of the last election.


Premise: Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.

Hypothesis: Practice cannot test truth according to this sentence.


Premise: With regard to the problem that the occupying roads of small street vendors in urban streets affects traffic, some scholars think that centralized business areas for small vendors should be set up in specific areas that do not affect urban traffic. in this way, it can alleviate the problem of traffic jams caused by small stall vendors occupying roads at will.

Hypothesis: After setting up a centralized business area, small stalls occupying on the road will go there to set up stalls is a prerequisite that must be added in order to make the above argument valid.


Premise: Specific object refers to the specific object in civil law, which refers to the transferred object with independent characteristics or designated by the obligee and can not be replaced by other objects.

Hypothesis: A famous painting by Xu Beihong at the auction is a specific object.


Premise: Critical thinking in Business, a core subject at the University of Sydney's business school, was taken by 1200 students in the final exam, but more than 400 failed, 80 percent of whom were Chinese students. The University of Sydney explained: Chinese students lack critical thinking and are not good at English.The student's representative L complained: The level of English for the students admitted by the school is recognized by the school, and the entrance examination required IELTS to be 7, and we have all reached this level.

Hypothesis: The assumption that student representative L's complaint depends on is that the school may have unfair discrimination in assessing the scores of Chinese students.


Premise: It is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease. Most diseases are caused by very prolific microorganisms whose response to the pressures medicines exert on them is predictable: they quickly evolve immunities to those medicines while maintaining their power to infect and even kill humans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is a conclusion for which a description of the responses of microorganisms to the medicines designed to cure the diseases they cause is offered as support' most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim that it is unlikely that the world will ever be free of disease.


Premise: With the increasing aging of society, there are more and more empty nesters in many communities. They cannot take care of the little things in their lives and need special care from the society. At present, there is still a lack of social care for some elderly people living alone. During the holidays, although the relevant departments come to deliver food, oil, clothing, money and other condolences, but for the empty nest elderly, the care is not in place and the measures are not effective. In this case, it is necessary to set up some traditional nursing homes, homes for the elderly, community mutual aid societies and other places that are more suitable for empty nesters to spend their twilight years, which can not only meet the needs of the elderly, but also relieve the worries of their children. At the same time, it also strengthens the communication and mutual assistance among the people in the community, so that more and more old people live a rich and colorful life in their twilight years.

Hypothesis: Community is the best way to solve the phenomenon of empty nesters is the main description of this passage.


Premise: Secondary school students achieve broad mastery of the curriculum if they are taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles and they devote significant effort to their studies. Thus, if such broad mastery is not achieved by the students in a particular secondary school, those students are not being taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles.

Hypothesis: The conclusion can be properly drawn if it is assumed that as long as secondary school students are taught with methods appropriate to their learning styles, they will devote significant effort to their studies.


Premise: Our body's circadian clock system is affected by many factors, one of which is light. Research shows that light can effectively deceive the brain into day mode, even if people's eyes are closed at that time. Researchers have found that light therapy can help us adjust jet lag, including continuous light and flashes at different intervals, The study also found that people who experienced flash processing during sleep delayed the cycle of sleepiness by two hours.

Hypothesis: In cities where the time is two hours earlier, people who have received light therapy two hours before sunrise on the departure day have no sense of jet lag best supports the above view.


Premise: Correctly measuring the productivity of service workers is complex. Consider, for example, postal workers: they are often said to be more productive if more letters are delivered per postal worker. But is this really true? What if more letters are lost or delayed per worker at the same time that more are delivered?

Hypothesis: The objection implied above to the productivity measure described is based on doubts about the truth of the statement that the quality of services rendered can appropriately be ignored in computing productivity.


Premise: Frugality should be the standard for selecting state cadres. How can a person who doesn't know how to be frugal be responsible for managing money for the people?

Hypothesis: Unless you live frugally, you can't become a competent state cadre is not consistent with the conclusion of the title stem.


Premise: Rebound effect refers to improving energy efficiency and saving energy consumption through technological progress. However, technological progress will also promote the expansion of economic scale and generate new demand for energy, so as to partially or even completely offset the saved energy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, solar water heaters sell well and slowly replace traditional electric water heaters can effectively control the rebound effect.


Premise: Of the two proposals for solving the traffic problems on Main Street, Chen' s plan is better for the city as a whole, as is clear from the fact that the principal supporter of Ripley' s plan is Smith Stores. Smith Stores, with its highly paid consultants, knows where its own interest lies and, moreover, has supported its own interests in the past, even to the detriment of the city as a whole.

Hypothesis: The faulty reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to the faulty reasoning in the statement 'The planned light-rail system will clearly serve suburban areas well, since its main opponent is the city government, which has always ignored the needs of the suburbs and sought only to protect the interests of the city.'


Premise: The study found that the birth defect rate of IVF is about 9%, and that of naturally conceived infants is about 6.6%. The proportion of eye defects of these two parts of infants is 0.3% and 0.2%, the proportion of cardiac abnormalities is 5% and 3%, and the proportion of reproductive system defects is 1.5% and 1%, respectively. Therefore, it can be explained that the birth defect rate of IVF is higher than that of naturally conceived infants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The parents of IVF are much older than those of naturally conceived infants. The older the parents are, the higher the rate of neonatal birth defects is' questions this conclusion most.


Premise: An instructor presented two paintings to a class. She said that the first had hung in prestigious museums but the second was produced by an unknown amateur. Each student was asked which painting was better. Everyone selected the first. The instructor later presented the same two paintings in the same order to a different class. This time she said that the first was produced by an unknown amateur but the second had hung in prestigious museums. In this class, everyone said that the second painting was better.

Hypothesis: In judging the paintings, some of the students were affected by what they had been told about the history of the paintings is supported by the statements above.


Premise: At present the Hollywood Restaurant has only standard-height tables. However, many customers come to watch the celebrities who frequent the Hollywood, and they would prefer tall tables with stools because such seating would afford a better view of the celebrities. Moreover, diners seated on stools typically do not stay as long as diners seated at standard-height tables. Ttherefore, if the Hollywood replaced some of its seating with high tables and stools, its profits would increase.

Hypothesis: The argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it gives reason to believe that it is likely that a customer of the Hollywood who would choose to sit at a tall table would be an exception to the generalization about lingering.


Premise: Xiao Chen said that at present, comet D3, which was partly in orbit away from the sun in 1996, has recently been able to detect its flickering light through solar telescopes.In the past, people have never observed such a twinkle in a comet far from the sun, so this flicker must be an unusual phenomenon.Xiao Wang said that usually people do not observe comets far away from the sun, and the flicker of Comet D3 discovered in 1996 was obtained by continuous and careful tracking and observation.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Xiao Chen's arguments are self contradictory' can best summarize the methods used by Xiao Wang to refute Xiao Chen's point of view.


Premise: Court mediation refers to the activity in which the two parties voluntarily reach an agreement on civil rights and interests through equal consultation under the auspices of the judges of the people's court, so as to resolve the dispute.

Hypothesis: Court mediation is when two sisters close open a barber shop, because share out bonus issue produces dispute after, but when they are about to make go to court, reach understanding eventually.


Premise: Statistical records of crime rates probably often reflect as much about the motives and methods of those who compile or cite them as they do about the actual incidence of crime. The police may underreport crime in order to convey the impression of their own success or overreport crime to make the case for a budget increase. Politicians may magnify crime rates to get elected or minimize them to remain in office. Newspapers, of course, often sensationalize crime statistics to increase readership.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by showing how evidence that apparently contradicts its conclusion actually supports that conclusion.


Premise: Essayist: Wisdom and intelligence are desirable qualities. However, being wise does not mean that he is wise, and being wise does not mean that he is wise. Some of the people I've met are intelligent and some are wise, but no one has both qualities at the same time.

Hypothesis: If the essayist's statement is valid, no one is intelligent but not wise, and no one is wise but not intelligent cannot be true.


Premise: Scientist: Some critics of public funding for this research project have maintained that only if it can be indicated how the public will benefit from the project is continued public funding for it justified. If the critics were right about this, then there would not be the tremendous public support for the project that even its critics acknowledge.

Hypothesis: Continued public funding for the research project is justified if the scientist's claims are true.


Premise: The diversity of the international community is conducive to learning from each other's strengths and complementing each other's weaknesses. No matter whether the social systems are the same or different, they can and should learn from each other; On the contrary, no one will want to learn if they are forced again. Countries should also find a convergence of interests and cooperate to solve the common problems faced by mankind. These areas of cooperation are very wide, such as sustainable development, pollution control, opposition to drugs and terrorist activities, etc.

Hypothesis: Countries with different social systems have many common problems can be inferred.


Premise: Overlord clause: some operators unilaterally formulate unequal standard contracts, notices, statements, store announcements or industry practices for consumers to evade legal obligations and reduce their own responsibilities.

Hypothesis: The glass of a clothing store says that the goods sold during the discount period are not refundable is overlord clause.


Premise: People have a kind of memory called immune memory. There are very few self-sacrificing cells in human blood, which live for a very short time, and their main function is to destroy as many enemies of the human body as possible. Lymphocytes react quickly to bacteria or simple toxic substances that invade the bloodstream to produce antibodies that stick to harmful substances and prevent them from entering other organs. The task of destroying the enemy falls on the phagocytes in the blood. These cells can easily distinguish foreign cells, remember them and retain memories. Once a person has measles or scarlet fever, he will gain immunity for life.

Hypothesis: Phagocytes and lymphocytes in human blood are cells full of sacrifice is a true statement about the argument in this paragraph.


Premise: A new type of computer keyboard has been introduced on the market. The new type of keyboard has the three most characteristics that traditional keyboards do not have, that is, the most commonly used keys are designed at the position closest to the most flexible fingers. The new type of keyboard can greatly improve typing speed and reduce error rate. Therefore, replacing the traditional keyboard with a new keyboard can quickly improve the efficiency of the relevant departments.

Hypothesis: The price of the new keyboard being higher than that of the traditional keyboard would weaken the above argument most.


Premise: There are two kinds of horror stories: those that describe a mad scientist' s experiments and those that describe a monstrous beast. In some horror stories about monstrous beasts, the monster symbolizes a psychological disturbance in the protagonist. Horror stories about mad scientists, on the other hand, typically express the author' s feeling that scientific knowledge alone is not enough to guide human endeavor. However, despite these differences, both kinds of horror stories share two features: they describe violations of the laws of nature and they are intended to produce dread in the reader.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, all descriptions of monstrous beasts describe violations of the laws of nature.


Premise: Morton: In order to succeed in today' s society, one must have a college degree. Skeptics have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. This success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful.

Hypothesis: Morton's argument is flawed because it fails to consider the status of alleged counterexamples.


Premise: Paleontologists can rediscover the forgotten wisdom of our ancestors. For example, the nabatas occupied the dangerous Negev desert two thousand years ago. They diverted the rainwater of the rare heavy rain in this area into irrigation ditches and reservoirs. This method was used to rebuild the ancient farms in this area, which can now produce high grain production.

Hypothesis: The term method in the above paragraph refers to the nabatas building irrigation ditches and reservoirs.


Premise: Many homeowners regularly add commercial fertilizers to their lawns and gardens to maintain a healthy balance of nutrients in soil. The widely available commercial fertilizers contain only macronutrients -- namely, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To remain healthy in the long term, soil for lawns requires the presence of these macronutrients and also trace amounts of micronutrients such as zinc, iron, and copper, which are depleted when grass clippings are raked up rather than allowed to decay and return to the soil.

Hypothesis: For soil to remain healthy in the long term, it requires the regular addition of both commercial fertilizers and a source of micronutrients such as grass clippings that are allowed to decay and return to the soil can be properly inferred from the statements above.


Premise: Leading cadres cannot achieve strict self-discipline if they do not have bottom-line thinking. Only by not forgetting their original aspirations can they always maintain the bottom-line thinking. Only by always sticking to their ideals and beliefs can they not forget their original Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline only if they do not forget their original aspirations.

Hypothesis: Leading cadres can achieve strict self-discipline only if they do not forget their original aspirations can be derived based on the above information.


Premise: People who regularly take part in diving are generally healthier than those who do not take part in diving. It can be seen that diving exercise can exercise and improve physical health.

Hypothesis: Exercise to improve health in many ways, for example, to participate in long-distance running, ball activities, swimming, etc. can exercise, improve health challenges the above argument.


Hypothesis: The statement that "with enough tall tables to accommodate all the Hollywood's customers interested in such seating, there would be no view except of other tall tables" weakens the argument that the Hollywood's customers prefer to sit at tall tables.


Premise: Modern traditional Chinese medicine improves the diagnostic accuracy of traditional look-smell-ask-cut-place with the help of physical testing means of western medicine.

Hypothesis: Technology optimization is the category to which such optimizations belong.


Premise: Flaubert, a French writer, once said: science and art break up at the foot of the mountain and converge at the peak.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the meaning of the above sentence is that there are many differences between science and art, but their essence and mission are to sort out order and law from chaotic phenomena.


Premise: In order to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive, some legislators in Country R want to ban all exports from R to S. Companies in R that manufacture telecommunication equipment such as telephones and fax machines have argued that exports of their products should be exempted from the ban, on the grounds that it is impossible for a country to remain repressive when telecommunication equipment is widely available to the population of that country.

Hypothesis: The assumption that telecommunication equipment would be the most effective in helping citizens of S oppose that country's repressive government is on which the argument given by the manufacturers depends.


Premise: In order to increase the freshness of the news, many reports will choose the micro-cut of the small incision, and the economic news report is no exception. But in practice, this kind of report often makes the reader's perception too piecemeal and one-sided. For example, in the report of the financial crisis, tourism is deserted, real estate is unsalable at one time, and middle-class white-collar workers dare not spend it at the same time. What does the whole picture look like? At this time, the overall awareness of micro-cut is very important.

Hypothesis: The author's attitude towards the micro-cut of economic news is dialectical.


Premise: There are six switches S, T, W, X, Y, and Z in a circuit. The following conditions must be met to use these switches: (1) If W is turned on, then X should also be turned on; (2) Only when S is turned off , thenT can also be turned off; (3) T and X cannot be turned on at the same time, nor can they be turned off at the same time; (4) If Y and Z are turned on at the same time, W must also be turned on.

Hypothesis: If both S and Z are now turned on, both T and Y are turned off.


Premise: Some area has introduced European and American black poplar for papermaking since the 1970 s. These European and American black poplars adapt to the local climate, grow fast and expand their planting area rapidly. However, in recent years, the local eco-environmental problems are becoming more and more serious. Therefore, some people think that the ecological environment of the region can be repaired by cutting off these European and American black poplars.

Hypothesis: Ignoring the fact that other exotic plants introduced and planted in this area will also affect the ecological environment can best point out the shortcomings of the above discussion.


Premise: Restaurant owner: The newspaper reporter who panned my restaurant acknowledges having no special expertise about food and its preparation. His previous job was as a political reporter. He is a good writer, but he is not a true restaurant critic. A newspaper would never call someone a drama critic who had no special training in theater.

Hypothesis: The newspaper reporter who panned the restaurant is not a true restaurant critic most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the restaurant owner's argument.


Premise: The designated agent refers to the agent acting according to the appointment of the people's court or the designated organ.

Hypothesis: The villagers' Committee of the place where minor A resides appoints B as the civil tort agent for minor A belongs to the designated agent according to the above definition.


Premise: If you do a job just to make a living and don't like it, it's just your occupation. You do a job just because you like it and you don't care whether it brings benefits or not. this job is your career. Ideally, occupation and career are consistent and you can do what you like and make a living.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is Occupation and career.


Premise: In the past 50 years, the per capita living standard of a place has been below the poverty line, so it can be predicted that the per capita living standard of the place will still be very low in the next few years

Hypothesis: If true, the statement "Local administrative leadership is facing a new term, and a large number of officials with rich experience in successfully shaking off poverty are about to take office" most weakens the above conclusion.


Premise: People who do not believe that others distrust them are confident in their own abilities, so people who tend to trust others think of a difficult task as a challenge rather than a threat, since this is precisely how people who are confident in their own abilities regard such tasks.

Hypothesis: The conclusion above follows logically if the assumption 'People who tend to trust others do not believe that others distrust them' is made.


Premise: Today, people often know that tigers have always lived in the mountains, and they do not know the history of their withdrawal from the plains. During the Tang and Song dynasties, with the transfer of the economic and cultural center from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, a large number of northern population moved southward and the South China tiger completely withdrew from the plain area. After that, idioms such as diverting the tiger from the mountain, letting the tiger return to the mountain and sitting on the mountain to watch the tiger fight showed that people had mistakenly regarded the tiger as a mountain species at that time and did not know that the tiger was forced up the mountain because of human activities.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the gist of this passage is that it explains the background of the time when the tiger was forced to go up the mountain.


Premise: Scientists have found that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has a preventive effect on heart disease. People who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day have significantly lower levels of HDL. If you stop smoking, the content will increase. HDL content is the highest in thin people and the lowest in obese people. In men, the content of HDL decreases in their forties, on the contrary, in women, the content of HDL in elderly women is higher than that in elderly men.

Hypothesis: Male smokers are more likely to have heart disease than women is correct.


Premise: In class, the teacher brought a piece of ore for A, B, C 3 students to identify. It's not iron, it's not lead,  A said. It's not iron, it's copper,  B said. It's not copper, it's iron, C said. The teacher concluded: Of the three, one person's two judgments are correct. The other person's two judgments are wrong, and one person's two judgments one-on-one wrong.

Hypothesis: Based on the above criteria, this ore is iron is correct.


Premise: The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale--the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance. Musicologists ttherefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.

Hypothesis: The statement 'No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatonic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite' most strongly supports the hypothesis.


Premise: It is pointless to debate the truth of the law of noncontradiction, a fundamental logical principle according to which two statements that contradict each other cannot both be true. For a debate to be productive, participants must hold some basic principles in common. But the principles held in common in a debate over the law of noncontradiction would be much less certain than that law, so it matters little whether the law of noncontradiction can be defended on the basis of those principles.

Hypothesis: The overall conclusion drawn in the argument is that it is pointless to debate the truth of the law of noncontradiction.


Premise: A sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa occurred in the tenth century. Historians explain this increase as the result of an area opening up as a new source of ivory and argue on this basis that the important medieval trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period.

Hypothesis: Documents from Mediterranean Europe and North Africa that date back earlier than the tenth century show knowledge of East African animals provides some support for the historians' account described above EXCEPT.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: G and I cannot be assigned as transporters together.


Premise: A recent study monitored the blood pressure of people petting domestic animals in the laboratory. The blood pressure of some of these people lowered while petting the animals. Ttherefore, for any one of the people so affected, owning a pet would result in that person having a lower average blood pressure.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which buying an automobile is very expensive, people should hold on to an automobile, once bought, for as long as it can be maintained in running condition.


Premise: Kim: Some people claim that the battery-powered electric car represents a potential solution to the problem of air pollution. But they forget that it takes electricity to recharge batteries and that most of our electricity is generated by burning polluting fossil fuels. Increasing the number of electric cars on the road would require building more generating facilities since current facilities are operating at maximum capacity. So even if all of the gasoline-powered cars on the roads today were replaced by electric cars, it would at best be an exchange of one source of fossil-fuel pollution for another.

Hypothesis: The main point made in Kim's argument is that battery-powered electric cars are not a viable solution to the air-pollution problem.


Premise: There are three traditional standards of civilization, namely writing, bronzes and cities. However, many archaeologists later discovered that due to the differences in civilizations in different regions, this criterion not only does not work, but also hinders archaeological work. Nowadays, the international standard for judging civilization is mainly: it has entered the state and social form, and has a set of etiquette system and governance management system. Although the Liangzhu culture did not have bronze wares and relatively mature characters, it had an early state and social form, a relatively complete etiquette system and management system, and many elements of oriental civilization. Some archaeological researchers of the Liangzhu Culture even believe that the Liangzhu Culture is a comprehensive civilization in the early East.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this text is that Liangzhu culture subverts the traditional understanding of civilization.


Premise: New technology is a great changer. However, will the speed of life and death of new technology connive at the superficiality of WYSIWYG and bring about the phenomenon of both flowers and wild? Some people have been saddened by the thinning of cultural air and think that China is entering a cultural mini-era. Libraries are getting better and better, but there are fewer and fewer good books and readers; physical bookstores and newsstands are withering and cities are losing their cultural lungs. No wonder some people cry to save reading from computers and mobile phones. It is even said that only by unplugging the Internet cable and turning off the mobile phone can we return to the real cultural life.

Hypothesis: Cultural anxiety caused by the upgrading and development of technological means is correct.


Premise: There are four friends: A, B, C and D. They are musicians, scientists, astronomers and logicians. When they were young, they used to predict the future together. At that time, a predicted that I could not become a scientist anyway. B predicted that C would be a logician in the future. C predicted that D would not become a musician. D predicted that B could not become an astronomer. In fact, Only the logician predicted correctly.

Hypothesis: The statement "B is a logician, D is an astronomer, A is a scientist, and C is a musician" is correct.


Premise: In the fable of the race between the tortoise and the hare, the rabbit who is good at running is a negative example. But among the marathon runners, the rabbit plays a glorious role. Rabbit, whose scientific name is speed match, is responsible for guiding runners to run at a steady pace and finish the race within a preset time. Running is considered to be a lonely sport, but once you appear on the field as a rabbit, you can't just focus on refreshing your own results. instead, a qualified rabbit should emphasize his sense of existence. Pass on the confidence of finishing the race and the sense of stability of running to the runners who follow them.

Hypothesis: The interpretation 'Run professionally and give guidance in actual combat' is not the correct interpretation of Rabbit is duties.


Premise: Knowledge marketing refers to injecting certain knowledge content and cultural connotation into the advertising, publicity and public relations of enterprises in the marketing process of enterprises, helping consumers increase commodity related and practical information and knowledge, and improve their consumption and quality of life, so as to achieve the purpose of promoting products, establishing image and improving brand competitiveness.

Hypothesis: A sports commodity production enterprise donating 200000 yuan worth of sporting goods to hope primary school, which was reported by many media belongs to knowledge marketing according to the above definition.


Premise: Several companies that make herbal teas containing ginseng assert in their marketing that ginseng counteracts the effects of stress. As a result, many people buy these products hoping to improve their health. Yet no definitive scientific study links ginseng with the relief of stress. Thus, these marketing campaigns make false claims.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it concludes that a claim is false merely on the grounds that it has not been shown to be true.


Premise: Job burnout: Refers to the phenomenon that the job itself requires excessive personal abilities, energy, and resources, which causes workers to feel emotionally exhausted and worn out.

Hypothesis: Teacher Xiao Zhang has always been frowning at work recently because of the tension with her husband does not belong to burnout of teacher according to this definition.


Premise: Chinese consumers' understanding and requirements for cars have changed greatly, and their values and understanding of cars will affect their intention to buy cars. In the survey of multiple car purchase indicators, we found that we no longer emphasize a single indicator, but safety performance is still the most concerned indicator for consumers to buy cars, accounting for 8.6% in our survey; Secondly, it focuses on the handling performance of the car; The third is quality durability; Then there are appearance, comfort, brand reputation, image, power performance and used car value. Even the index proportion of the brand behind has reached 8.1%.

Hypothesis: Consumers' attention to vehicle safety performance has not changed is consistent with the meaning of the text.


Premise: Political advocacy groups have begun to use information services to disseminate information that is then accessed by the public via personal computer. Since many groups are thus able to bypass traditional news sources, whose reporting is selective, and to present their political views directly to the public, information services present a more balanced picture of the complexities of political issues than any traditional news source presents.

Hypothesis: Information on political issues disseminated through information services does not come almost entirely from advocacy groups that share a single bias is an assumption on which the argument above depends.


Premise: Etiquette firmly opposes both obscene and malicious talk, but this does not imply that speech needs to be restricted by law. Etiquette does not necessarily even oppose the expression of offensive ideas. Rather, it dictates that there are situations in which the expression of potentially offensive, disturbing, or controversial ideas is inappropriate and that, where appropriate, the expression and discussion of such ideas is to be done in a civil manner.

Hypothesis: The judgment that 'the journalists at a news conference should not ask a politician potentially embarrassing questions about a controversial policy issue' most closely corresponds to the principles of etiquette stated above.


Premise: In daily life, some people save trouble when taking medicine. After putting the pills in their mouths, they do not drink water or just take a sip of water, and then swallow hard, thinking they have finished taking the medicine. Some people think that this way of taking medicine is not advisable.

Hypothesis: Some drugs, due to the low solubility of metabolites, are easy to precipitate in the urinary tract and cause other symptoms. Therefore, patients should drink at least 1500 ml of water every day during the period of taking the medicine best supports these people's views.


Premise: Mice that have been given morphine are very likely to develop blood poisoning because bacteria that normally reside in the intestine typically respond to morphine by migrating into the bloodstream. However, when mice are given both morphine and the new drug naltrexone, blood poisoning is much less frequent, although it does still occur. These results provide support for researchers' prediction that naltrexone will turn out to be toxic to certain types of bacteria.

Hypothesis: If it were discovered that after being administered to mice, naltrexone does not pass from the bloodstream into the intestine, it would most seriously weaken the support for the researchers' prediction.


Premise: Advanced entanglement refers to the helplessness, depression, and pain of people with correct insights when their views are not accepted, not believed, and powerless to develop things.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, "Beautiful things are always unable to retain, even if they reappear, they are definitely not the same as before, they are just deja vu" reflects the advanced entanglement.


Premise: The obesity rate of children from poor families is nearly twice as high as that of children from rich families, according to statistics from a Chinese health department. According to government data released in December 2012, more than 24.3 percent of 11-year-olds from poor families were overweight, compared with 13.7 percent of children from affluent families. As a result, experts believe that the poorer the family, the more likely children are to be overweight.

Hypothesis: Poor families eat a lot of cheap but high-calorie food best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: The so-called control refers to the behavior of correcting the production and operation activities of the enterprise in order to achieve the planned goals of the enterprise. The purpose of control is to ensure that the actual production and operation activities of the enterprise are consistent with the expected goals.

Hypothesis: The statement "The object of control may also have only one possibility of development and change" is incorrect.