Premise: Did all ancient Chinese cities have walls? In people's impression, all ancient cities seemed to have walls, especially the towering walls of capital city, which marked the loss of the supreme walls of imperial power and often meant the demise of empires.The city of Beijing in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the city of Bianliang in the Northern Song Dynasty, the city of Yongtang, the city of Changan, the female east capital of Luoyang and so on. The Lifang pattern in these cities and the tall city walls in the periphery constitute the most distinct physical and chemical representation of the imperial capital.

Hypothesis: The relationship between imperial power and urban pattern is most likely to be followed by this passage.


Premise: The excuse is to admit that the activity itself is wrong, but the party denies that he should bear the responsibility. The defense is to admit that should be responsible for the activity, but the party denies that the activity is wrong. In the face of failed events, people use excuses to minimize their responsibilities, while  use defense  to try to redefine controversial actions so that they do not look too bad.

Hypothesis: Consumers in a country questioned the practice of adding carbon monoxide to the packaging to make the meat look ruddy and fresh, but the country's Food Administration said that this practice is generally safe is an example of a defense according to the above definition.


Premise: The winter of 2020 seems to come earlier than usual. Before November, there was the first snowfall and the temperature dropped below zero in some parts of our country. According to this, the winter of 2020 will be the coldest winter in China in 60 years.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Under the condition of global warming, the average temperature in winter in China has shown an upward trend in recent years' most weakens the above argument.


Premise: A concurrent sentence is a sentence in which a facultative phrase acts as a predicate or an independent sentence. The concurrent sentence has the following characteristics: first, the predicate of the concurrent sentence is composed of verb-object phrases and subject-predicate phrases, and the object of verb-object phrases is also the subject of subject-predicate phrases. Second, most of the concurrent sentences have the meaning of causative, so the former predicate in the sentence is mostly served by the causative verb. Third, the predicate in the sentence is the purpose or result of the previous action, that is, there is a certain semantic connection between the two verbs before and after the sentence. I asked him to give a report is a concurrent sentence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, The students chose Xiaoming as their monitor does not belong to a concurrent sentence.


Premise: Elena: The best form of government is one that fosters the belief among its citizens that they have a say in how the government is run. Thus, democracy is the best form of government. Marsha: But there are many forms of government under which citizens can be manipulated into believing they have a say when they don' t.

Hypothesis: Marsha's claim that it is possible for governments to manipulate people into thinking that they have a say when they do not is used to suggest that the premise Elena uses to support her conclusion could be used to support a conflicting conclusion.


Premise: A plausible explanation of the disappearance of the dinosaurs is what is known as the comet theory. A large enough comet colliding with Earth could have caused a cloud of dust that enshrouded the planet and cooled the climate long enough to result in the dinosaurs' demise.

Hypothesis: Various species of animals from the same era as the dinosaurs and similar to them in physiology and habitat did not become extinct when the dinosaurs did most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Without information that could only have come from someone present at the secret meeting between the finance minister and the leader of the opposition party, the newspaper story that forced the finance minister to resign could not have been written. No one witnessed the meeting, however, except the minister' s aide. It is clear, ttherefore, that the finance minister was ultimately brought down, not by any of his powerful political enemies, but by his own trusted aide.

Hypothesis: The error of reasoning committed by the argument is basing its conclusion on evidence that is almost entirely irrelevant to the point at issue.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: K and S are not on duty on the same day must be true.


Premise: Mo Yan, a Chinese writer, won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his works such asBreast fat buttocks and frogs. He combined magical realism with folktales, history with contemporary society. After winning the award, his collection of works was snapped up in many domestic cities and became the best-selling book recently, and then began to go out of China and to the world, and was deeply sought after by foreign readers.

Hypothesis: More and more foreign writers are interested in Chinese culture can be derived from this.


Premise: A study shows that if the mass of a neutron star exceeds 3.22 times the mass of the sun, neutrons cannot compete with their own gravity, resulting in neutron collapse.

Hypothesis: The view that collapse is one of the ways for massive neutron stars to achieve new internal equilibrium supports the above inference strongly.


Premise: I don't know who ate the cake on the table. Here are the answers of the four people in the room. A said, B ate it. B said, d ate it. C said, I didn't eat it. d said, B was lying. only one of the four said the truth,

Hypothesis: It can be judged from this that C told the truth and A ate it.


Premise: In the development of more than 5000 years of civilization, the Chinese nation has created a broad and profound splendid culture. At present, how to make the cultural relics collected in the forbidden palace, the heritage displayed in the vast land, and the words written in ancient books alive has become a realistic problem that we must face. Just imagine, if traditional culture loses its connection with the times, lacks emotional communication and spiritual understanding with modern people, and only a few people sigh at each other in the study, what's the difference between that and a bunch of scattered symbols and rigid materials? Only by starting from the deep sleep and from the world of the museum building to the great world, can we cultivate more innovative cultural self-confidence with the characteristics of the times.

Hypothesis: The intended emphasis in this paragraph is that traditional culture should strengthen its connection with the times.


Premise: A company held four competitions for swimming, bowling, billiards and table tennis. Xiao Li, Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang and Xiao Dai all participated in one of the competitions, and the four people participated in different events. Known: (1) Xiao Li, Xiao Zhang has one person participating in a bowling game; (2) If Xiao Wang participates in a billiards game, Xiao Zhang participates in a bowling game; (3) Only Xiao Li participates in a bowling game, Xiao Wang participates in a billiards game; (4) If Xiao Wang participates in swimming or table tennis competitions, Xiao Dai will not participate in swimming or table tennis competitions.

Hypothesis: Xiao Dai participates in a billiards game can be inferred.


Premise: The principle of exception means that the senior management personnel of the enterprise authorize the general daily affairs to be handled by the subordinate management personnel, and they themselves retain the decision-making and control rights of the exceptions, which are generally important matters.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the principle of exception is that in the accounting system of a company, all items below 500 yuan should be approved by the departmental manager, while those above 500 yuan need the approval of the general manager.


Premise: Many people think that online love is unreliable. A team at the University of Chicago conducted an online survey of 19000 Americans who married between 2005 and 2012 and found that more than 1/3 met their spouses through dating sites or social networks such as Facebook; the overall divorce rate was much lower than the average. The survey shows that online love is reliable in achieving a stable marriage.

Hypothesis: The statement "Compared with online love, working contacts, introductions of the friends and attending the same school are more common ways to find a spouse" most strongly questions the above conclusion.


Premise: The covariance method of traditional inductive logic means that if only one situation changes in several occasions when the phenomenon under study changes, the only change is the cause or result of the phenomenon under study.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, one of Pierre Curie's colleagues put a small glass containing radium reagent in his underwear pocket for several hours and found that the skin next to the underwear pocket was red, while Curie also did a series of experiments on himself and found the same results. This applies the covariance method.


Premise: About 3 billion years ago, the Sun was only 80 percent as luminous as it is currently. Such conditions today would result in the freezing of Earth' s oceans, but geological evidence shows that water rather than ice filled the oceans at that time. Heat is trapped within Earth' s atmosphere through the presence of carbon dioxide, which, like methane, is a greenhouse gas.  Only if the level of greenhouse gases were higher 3 billion years ago than it is today would Earth have retained enough heat to keep the oceans from freezing. It is likely, ttherefore, that the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was significantly higher then than it is today.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because the distance from Earth to the Sun has not changed significantly over the last 3 billion years, the increase in the Sun's luminosity has resulted in more radiation reaching Earth' weakens the argument.


Premise: Rawls once had a confession about how to read, which was quite thought-provoking. He said: When I read previous works, such as Hume or Kant, I take it for granted that these authors are much smarter than me. If not, why should I waste my time and students studying their works? If I occasionally see a mistake in their argument, my first reaction is that they must have seen the mistake and dealt with it. In short, there are absolutely no simple general errors or major errors in their works.

Hypothesis: Reading requires humility can be inferred.


Premise: As a representative of high technology content, intelligence and industrial concentration in the manufacturing industry, the automobile industry has become the first position of industry 4.0 in Germany. If China's automobile manufacturing industry, which has been in the 2.0 industrial thinking for a long time, wants to occupy a place in the world, it is essential to carry out technological innovation and reform and experienced senior talents. And high salary and welfare have become the magic weapon to attract talents.

Hypothesis: German automobile manufacturing industry plays an important role and influence in the world automobile industry can be inferred.


Premise: Microwave oven meets the needs of modern urbanized workers' life and has become a new favorite of the kitchen because of its fast, convenient and clean characteristics. It not only has the functions of steaming, boiling, stewing and stewing, but also maintains the smell of food. In particular, heating leftovers is more suitable for the habits of Chinese people, although some people think it is a waste.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that Microwave oven has a good market prospect in China.


Premise: A crime research report revealed that 60% of serious criminal cases in a city in the past three years were committed by 350 habitual criminals on record. The report also reveals that more than half of the perpetrators of serious criminal cases are also drug addicts.

Hypothesis: If the above assertions are true, there may be no drug addicts among the 350 habitual criminals.


Premise: Employee green behavior refers to a series of behaviors shown by employees in an organization aimed at protecting the ecological environment and reducing the negative impact of personal activities on the natural environment. These behaviors are an important supplement to the formal green management plan of the organization, can improve the efficiency of the green management measures of the organization, and are ultimately conducive to the sustainable development of the environment.

Hypothesis: The statement "The cleaners of the company often collect the waste plastic bottles in the dustbin and take them home after work" belongs to employee green behavior according to the definition above.


Premise: Congressman Jones experienced a drop in his approval numbers after announcing that taxes in his district would increase the following year. His office also received a significant number of phone calls decrying this tax raise. Nevertheless, he claims that reactions to the tax increase were unrelated to his drop in voters' approval of him.

Hypothesis: All elected officials in his area experienced similar drops in approval numbers at the same time if true, most strongly supports Congressman Jones's position.


Premise: Reverse induction refers to the measures taken by the government, the media and other subjects or publicity activities, in the actual social life not only did not receive the desired effect, but led to a large number of social phenomena with the opposite.

Hypothesis: Water supply during the hot season is relatively tight, a city water company posted a notice to inform the public that the water will not stop in the near future, resulting in many people in the home to store large quantities of water for backup is reverse-induced as defined above.


Premise: In Europe, schoolchildren devote time during each school day to calisthenics. North American schools rarely offer a daily calisthenics program. Tests prove that North American children are weaker, slower, and shorter-winded than European children. We must conclude that North American children can be made physically fit only if they participate in school calisthenics on a daily basis.

Hypothesis: School calisthenics are an indispensable factor in European children's superior physical fitness is assumed in the passage.


Premise: According to a recent survey, in recent years, among the high-income groups of foreign enterprises in the city (referring to the legal income of more than 120,000 annual salary), the number of returnees from foreign countries (referred to as returnees) accounted for 60%, which fully shows that the domestic It is extremely difficult for university graduates (referred to as local factions) to obtain high wages in foreign enterprises in the city.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Among foreign-funded enterprises in the city, the number of local factions exceeds 50%' can best reinforce the above conclusion.


Premise: Most of Earth' s surface is ocean. The ocean floor is inaccessible for extensive research without equipment of greater technological sophistication than is currently available. It must ttherefore be true that scientists know less about the ocean floor environment than about almost any other environment on Earth.

Hypothesis: The statement "Animals living on the ocean floor must be able to withstand water pressure that is far greater than the atmospheric pressure with which land animals live" provides the most support for the conclusion.


Premise: People without integrity don't know self-respect, and people who don't know self-respect can't win the respect of others.

Hypothesis: Those who cannot win the respect of others are those who have no integrity can be inferred.


Premise: In the Novel catch-22 by the American writer Joseph Heller,catch-22 stipulates that only if a soldier is mentally abnormal and he or she applies to stop flying, he or she can be allowed to stop flying. According to common sense, if a soldier is aware of the danger of flying and applies to stop flying, it shows that he is clear-headed and his mind cannot be abnormal.

Hypothesis: The logical inference above is that no one can be allowed to stop flying.


Premise: The sequelae of digital technology refers to the decline of memory or cognitive ability caused by overuse and dependence on digital products.

Hypothesis: Ms. Zhang went to a phishing website and was cheated of more than 30000 yuan is a legacy of the sequelae of digital technology.


Premise: Historian: Megapolis was once administered wisely, with vision and with universal public support. That' s how it became a great city. City council member: Not so. Megapolis' past glory was achieved not because of greater vision, but because power was concentrated in the hands of autocrats and hence more easily exercised.

Hypothesis: The statement 'whether vision and wisdom are important in urban administration' best captures what is at issue in the dispute between the historian and the city council member.


Premise: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease: white blood cells attack the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers in the spinal cord and brain. Medical science now has a drug that can be used to successfully treat multiple sclerosis, but the path that led medical researchers to this drug was hardly straightforward. Initially, some scientists believed attacks characteristic of multiple sclerosis might be triggered by chronic viral infections. So in 1984 they began testing gamma interferon, one of the body' s own antiviral weapons. To their horror, all the multiple sclerosis patients tested became dramatically worse. The false step proved to be instructive however.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Medical researchers have discovered that the gamma interferon level in the cerebrospinal fluid skyrockets just before and during multiple sclerosis attacks' is least compatible with the results of the gamma interferon experiment.


Premise: Xia Yan, Xiao Jia and Zheng Wei three students to travel together, in order to take pictures convenient, each person is taking the student's camera, back is another classmate's bag.

Hypothesis: Xiao Jiana is Zheng Wei's camera if the person carrying Zheng Wei's bag is holding Xiao Jia's camera.


Premise: Administrative system refers to the compulsory punishment measures imposed by the state administrative agencies on administrative offenders in accordance with their administrative responsibilities.

Hypothesis: An urban management staff forcibly brought an unlicensed hawker to the urban management office and put him under arrest for one day does not belong to the administrative system.


Premise: Researcher: Dinosaurs lack turbinates -- nasal cavity bone structures in warm-blooded species that minimize water loss during breathing. According to some paleobiologists, this implies that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded. These paleobiologists must be mistaken, however, for fossil records show that some dinosaur species lived in Australia and Alaska, where temperatures drop below freezing. Only warm-blooded animals could survive such temperatures.

Hypothesis: The claim that only warm-blooded animals could survive temperatures below freezing most accurately describes the role played in the researcher's argument as the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: The physicist Hawking believes: The danger of life on earth being wiped out by a certain disaster is increasing at an unprecedented rate, such as sudden global warming, nuclear war, genetic viruses or other dangers. On this basis, Hawking believes that the earth is getting more and more not suitable for human habitation, and puts forward the viewpoint of space immigration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The habitable surface area of the earth is too small, and its ability to withstand devastating disasters is poor' can most question Hawking's view.


Premise: Literature professor: Critics charge that the work of C. F. Providence' s best-known follower, S. N. Sauk, lacks aesthetic merit because it employs Providence' s own uniquely potent system of symbolic motifs in the service of a political ideal that Providence -- and, significantly, some of these critics as well -- would reject. Granting that Sauk is more imitator than innovator, and that he maintained political views very different from those Providence maintained, it has yet to be shown that these facts make his writings any less subtly or powerfully crafted than those of his more esteemed mentor. So the critics' argument should be rejected.

Hypothesis: The literature professor argues that the conclusion drawn by the critics has not really been established, on the grounds that the claims made in support of this conclusion have not been shown to be correct.


Premise: Film historians often find it difficult to determine typical audience members' responses to particular films, especially those from the early twentieth century. Box office figures help little, for they indicate only a film' s financial success or failure; they do not show what audiences found funny, or frightening, or moving. These historians also find that newspaper and magazine reviews fail to provide much insight.

Hypothesis: Film historians do not believe that film reviews in newspapers and magazines reveal typical film audience members' views is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: People ought to take into account a discipline' s blemished origins when assessing the scientific value of that discipline. Take, for example, chemistry. It must be considered that many of its landmark results were obtained by alchemists -- a group whose superstitions and appeals to magic dominated the early development of chemical theory.

Hypothesis: The reasoning above is most susceptible to criticism because the author fails to consider how chemistry's current theories and practices differ from those of the alchemists mentioned.


Premise: Mr. Harry must be a senior employee of the company. He always wears a tie to work.

Hypothesis: The premise that 'Men can't wear ties unless they become senior staff of the company' is the basis for the above conclusion.


Premise: Activist: Although the environmental bill before the legislature is popular with voters, it will have mainly negative economic consequences if it is passed, especially when we try to lure new businesses to our country. Great leaders have the courage to look beyond popularity to what is sound policy; legislators ought to do the same by not voting for this bill.

Hypothesis: The activist's argumentation is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider whether there are noneconomic reasons for supporting the bill that outweigh the reason given for rejecting it.


Premise: Many people suffer an allergic reaction to sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several winemakers producing wine to which no sulfites are added, those who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink these wines without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Hypothesis: Sulfites occur naturally in most wine most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: The students in our class have achieved excellent results in the past year. Some won awards in the Mathematical Olympiad, some won awards in the English oral competition, and some won awards in dancing. Many girls in our class... The head teacher said at the final summary meeting.

Hypothesis: There may be no girls who achieved excellent results can be inferred from above.


Premise: Flow operation: it refers to that workers act on the labor objects in sequence according to the operation process to complete a certain amount of work at a certain stage in the production process, so that the production can be carried out in the frontier without interruption.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, purchase of raw materials - processing and production - finished products - sales belongs to flow operation.


Premise: In a quality spot check, the director of a factory asked the leader in charge of quality inspection about the inspection: our factory has always attached great importance to quality, and the products inspected this time are probably qualified? the answer of the quality inspection leader was: your first half sentence may be right, and the second half sentence may be wrong.

Hypothesis: According to the meaning of the quality inspection leader, it must be true that 'I'm not sure whether we pay attention to quality, but there are unqualified products in your factory this time'.


Premise: From the perspective of social governance, the occupation of fire passageways is prohibited for many times but still occurs, in addition to such factors as the lack of concept of public safety, lack of awe of life and law of the lawbreaker, inadequate supervision and so on, there are also deep-seated reasons for the difficulty of parking.With the continuous rise of car ownership in China, some residential areas are facing the problem of shortage of parking spaces. This is also the fundamental reason why some places occupy the fire passage repeatedly, and the governance measures can be managed for a while, but can not be managed for a long time. In this regard, to maintain the smooth flow of fire access and effectively solve the parking problem, we should not only manage to prevent, but also guide, which tests the effectiveness and accuracy of grass-roots social governance.

Hypothesis: A beneficial exploration in alleviating the problem of parking difficulties is most likely to be discussed in this passage next.


Premise: In the 3000-meter final of the World Athletics Championships, among the three A, B and C who always ran at the front, one was an American player, one was a German player, and the other was a Kenyan player. After the race, we learned that: (1) A's performance was better than that of the German player; (2) the Kenyan player's performance was worse than that of B; (3) C praised the Kenyan player for his outstanding performance.

Hypothesis: A-Kenyan player, B-American player and C-German player must be true.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Even if one can of fruit or vegetables weighs more than another, the heavier can does not necessarily contain more food. Canned fruits and vegetables are typically packed in water, which can make up more than half the total weight of the can' s contents. And nothing stops unscrupulous canning companies from including more water per can than others include.

Hypothesis: The heavier of two cans of fruit or vegetables does not necessarily contain more food than the lighter of the two cans contains is the conclusion drawn in the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: People's life is short and unpredictable. When science cannot relieve people's great suffering, it is cruel to deprive them of the power to obtain comfort through faith. Those who cannot withstand the burden of science can be unconstrainedly ignore the maxims of science.

Hypothesis: With the progress and development of science, religious beliefs will surely be replaced by scientific and rational thinking can be derived.


Premise: The greater the number of people who regularly use a product, the greater the number whose health is potentially at risk due to that product. More people regularly use household maintenance products such as cleaning agents and lawn chemicals than regularly use prescription medicines. Ttherefore, it is even more important for such household products to be carefully tested to ensure their safety than it is for prescription medicines to be so tested.

Hypothesis: The principle that it is generally more important for a medicine than it is for a nonmedical product to be carefully tested to ensure its safety unless more people's health would be at risk from the nonmedical product than from the medicine, if valid, most helps to justify drawing the conclusion in the argument above.


Premise: As a large system, human society includes three systems: economy, politics and culture, in which the economic system provides material benefits for the society and optimizes the allocation of resources; the political system provides the legal system, order and justice for the society; the cultural system provides spiritual motivation and moral cohesion for the social production and dissemination of knowledge. The three are intertwined and indispensable.

Hypothesis: The economic system can not operate independently without the cultural system can be inferred from this passage.


Premise: Babe's Law is a social psychological effect, which refers to when a person experiences strong stimulation, then the stimulation to him or her becomes insignificant, in terms of psychological feelings, the first stimulation can dilute the second small stimulation.

Hypothesis: Four-year-old Meng Meng began to learn a foreign language after reading common Chinese characters is consistent with Babe's law according to the above definition.


Premise: China's state drug administration stipulates that the chemical and common names of drugs are formulated by the State Pharmacopoeia and the drug administration, but the trade names are designated by manufacturers. It is this latter regulation that creates conditions for the renaming and naming of many drugs. In China, there are more than 200 kinds of commonly used drugs with multiple names in recent years, of which 4 names account for 20%, 5 names account for 25%, 7 names account for 15%, and 15% of drugs have more than 10 names. some drugs have more than 20 names, and the most have more than 40 names. All these drugs with multiple names are veritable change soup without changing medicine. The basic content remains the same, but the packaging or individual ingredients change and the curative effect is exactly the same.

Hypothesis: The efficacy of drugs with multiple names is exactly the same is intended to be explained in this paragraph.


Premise: In a national park located on an island, a herd of moose was increasing in number and threatening to destroy species of native plants. Wolves were introduced to the island to reduce the herd and thereby prevent destruction of the vegetation. Although the wolves prospered, the moose herd continued to grow.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Attempts to control moose populations in other national parks by introducing predators have also been unsuccessful' most helps to explain the failure of the strategy involving wolves.


Premise: Natural unemployment is unemployment caused by some insurmountable reasons in the economy. It is unemployment that is inevitable in any economy, and it is also normal unemployment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, being fired from a company for violating labor discipline is not natural unemployment.


Premise: Speaker: Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility leads to the gradual erosion of power. This is Davis and Blomstrom' s Iron Law of Responsibility: In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.  The law' s application to human institutions certainly stands confirmed by history. Though the long run may require decades or even centuries in some instances, society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly. Ttherefore, a business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The power of some institutions erodes more slowly than the power of others, whether they are socially responsible or not' most weakens the speaker's argument.


Premise: A crime research report revealed that 60% of serious criminal cases in a city in the past three years were committed by 350 habitual criminals on record. The report also reveals that more than half of the perpetrators of serious criminal cases are also drug addicts.

Hypothesis: If the above assertions are true, there may be no drug addicts among the 350 habitual criminals.


Premise: To reduce the mosquito population in a resort area, hundreds of trees were planted that bear fruit attractive to birds. Over the years, as the trees matured, they attracted a variety of bird species and greatly increased the summer bird population in the area. As expected, the birds ate many mosquitoes. However, the planting of the fruit trees had the very opposite of its intended effect.

Hypothesis: The statement "The birds attracted to the area by the trees ate many more insects that prey on mosquitoes than they did mosquitoes" most helps to explain the apparently paradoxical result.


Premise: Our computer experts are asked from time to time to allocate funds for new hardware and software for our company. Unfortunately, these experts favor cutting-edge technologies, because that is what excites them, despite the fact that such experimental technologies are highly expensive, full of undiscovered bugs, and thus are not the most profitable investments.

Hypothesis: When supermarkets choose foods, they choose the kinds that can be sold for the most profit, not the kinds of foods that are the most healthful for consumers conforms most closely to the principle illustrated by the situation described above.


Premise: Compared with other energy crops that can effectively replace fossil fuels, the ability of algae to produce oil is very outstanding. In order to increase the yield of algae fuel, some researchers are committed to the development of genetically modified algae. However, opponents believe that the proliferation of genetically modified algae will produce toxins and deplete the oxygen in the water, resulting in the death of a large number of other organisms in the water, which will seriously damage the ecological balance.

Hypothesis: In the past 20 years, there have been several outflows of genetically modified algae cultivated in the laboratory, which have never caused serious consequences to the natural environment will most weaken the concerns of opponents.


Premise: New types of washing machines designed to consume less energy also extract less water from laundry during their final spin cycles than do washing machines that consume somewhat more energy. The wetter the laundry, the more energy required to dry it in an automatic dryer. Thus using these new types of washing machines could result in an overall increase in the energy needed to wash and dry a load of laundry.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most parallel to the argument that pine is a less expensive wood than cedar but is more susceptible to rot, outdoor furniture made from wood susceptible to rot must be painted with more expensive paint, therefore building outdoor furniture from pine rather than cedar could increase the total cost of building and painting the furniture.


Premise: Explicit cost: refers to the actual expenditure of the manufacturer to purchase or rent the production factors needed in the production factor market, that is, the monetary amount that the company pays to the owner of economic resources outside the company. For example, the production costs paid, wage costs, marketing Expenses, etc., so it is a tangible cost.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, enterprise's factory buildings worth 10,000 yuan per square meter are not explicit costs.


Premise: With the escalation of the situation in the Middle East, the price of crude oil in the international oil market has risen sharply. However, many economic analysts are optimistic that oil prices cannot continue to rise unless there is a sudden increase in demand or a collective boycott by the oil producing countries in the Middle East. If the oil producing countries in the Middle East do not unanimously take oil embargo or other similar actions, the demand for oil in the international market will not increase sharply.

Hypothesis: The situation in the Middle East has further deteriorated can be inferred according to the above description.


Premise: Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi' s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi' s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi' s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi' s air-quality problem.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution' would most strongly support the experts' contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi's air-quality problem.


Premise: The rebels of country A kidnapped 23 citizens of State H who were working in country An as hostages, demanding that the government release the detained members of the armed group. If the government of country A does not comply with the demands of the rebels, the organization will kill the hostages; if the hostages are killed, it will deter most countries that provide aid to country A. If the government of country A agrees to the demands of the rebels, the organization will take this as a successful case and continue to replicate kidnappings.

Hypothesis: If most of the countries that assist country A continue to send personnel to country A, the kidnapping will occur again can be deduced from the above statement.


Premise: The statistics department pointed out that although the educational burden of rural families has been greatly reduced with the popularization of rural compulsory education, with the change of Contemporary Farmers' concept, their understanding and consumption level of education have been continuously improved. It is expected that the proportion of education expenditure in the total expenditure of rural families will be further improved in the future.

Hypothesis: The statement "The total expenditure of rural households will increase in the future" best supports the view.


Premise: The experience of a certain company fully shows that a successful marketing operation not only depends on a special marketing department, but also requires excellent products, sophisticated market research, and professional business departments and public relations departments,good at analysis of the financial department and logistics and other departments of full cooperation and support. If the marketing department is strong and other departments are weak, or the marketing department is not in harmony with other departments, or the company is unable to integrate effectively, the marketing operation will not be carried out smoothly and effectively, and it will be difficult to exert its due power.

Hypothesis: The main emphasis of the text is that successful marketing operations can bring huge economic benefits to enterprises.


Premise: Dogs learn best when they are trained using both voice commands and hand signals. After all, a recent study shows that dogs who were trained using both voice commands and hand signals were twice as likely to obey as were dogs who were trained using only voice commands.

Hypothesis: The claim that dogs learn best when they are trained using both voice commands and hand signals is an intermediate conclusion that is offered as direct support for the argument's main conclusion.


Premise: Underwater cultural heritage refers to all cultural, historical or archaeological remains of human existence partially or wholly located underwater, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the Chinese merchant ship Taixing, which sank between Sumatra and Java during the Daoguang period, belongs to underwater cultural heritage.


Premise: The common people's lecturer means that grass-roots units select ordinary people to publicize the principles and policies of the party and the government in a form that they like to hear and see.

Hypothesis: After retiring, Mr. Zhu walked the streets for a long time to publicize the principle of changing customs and revitalizing the countryside, and was awarded the title of rural cultural celebrity by the township government belongs to the common people's lecturer.


Premise: The spirit of craftsmanship is based on ingenuity. Whether there is a craftsman spirit or not, the key is to see if there is an ingenuity that is content with obscurity and persistent in the pursuit of excellence. To cultivate ingenuity, you must stick to your original intention, persist in concentration, uphold the heart of a child, abandon impetuous noise, sit still in your post, and do a good job. How can we sit still and do a good job? The key is to concentrate, pursue the best, and maximize every detail of the product.

Hypothesis: The content that this text is meant to emphasize is that to cultivate ingenuity needs a good social and cultural environment.


Premise: A graduate degree in policymaking is necessary to serve in the presidential cabinet. In addition, every member of the cabinet must pass a security clearance. No person with a felony can pass a security clearance. Rick holds a graduate degree in policymaking, but he has a conviction for driving under the influence. Ttherefore, Rick cannot serve in the cabinet.

Hypothesis: The assumption that Rick's conviction for drunk driving calls his character in question enables the argument's conclusion to be logically drawn.


Premise: All the water lilies bloom at night, and this lotus blossoms during the day, so this lotus is not a water lily.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All taxpayers have savings, and this girl has savings, so this girl is a taxpayer' is very similar to the formal structure of the above reasoning.


Premise: A newly opened north-south highway with six tunnels in the middle: Changchuan Tunnel, Damei Tunnel, Qingshan Peak Tunnel, Green Water Tunnel, Caishi Tunnel and Baiyu Tunnel. It is known that: (1) Baiyu Tunnel is in the north of Caishi Tunnel and is adjacent to Caishi Tunnel. Baiyu Tunnel is located in the south of Damei Tunnel but not adjacent to it. (2) there is a tunnel between Changchuan Tunnel and Qingshan Tunnel.

Hypothesis: The Damei Tunnel is in the second place from north to south must be true if the Green Water Tunnel is adjacent to the Baiyu Tunnel.


Premise: A says B is fat, B says C is fat, and C and D both say they are not fat.

Hypothesis: If only one of the four statements is wrong, then B must be fat.


Premise: Companies that offer employer sponsored insurance (ESI) pay a portion of employees' health care costs. In the manufacturing sector last year, companies that offered ESI had worker absentee rates 22% lower, on average, than those at companies that did not offer ESI.

Hypothesis: Results similar to those cited for the manufacturing sector have been found in other sectors of the economy where ESI is offered would most seriously weaken the argument that ESI decreases worker absenteeism, based on the evidence above.


Premise: A, B, and C work in Beijing, Nanjing and Chengdu. Their professions are doctors, actors and teachers. It is known that A does not work in Beijing; B does not work in Nanjing; the one who works in Beijing is not a teacher; the one who works in Nanjing is a doctor; B is not an actor.

Hypothesis: A, B and C work in Chengdu, Nanjing and Beijing.


Premise: Loss of inheritance rights refers to the heir's disqualification of inheritance due to certain crimes or other illegal acts against the decedent or other heirs.

Hypothesis: In ordinary small talks, Xiao Zhang mentioned that he is not willing to inherit the inheritance left by his father will not lead to the loss of inheritance rights according to the above definition.


Premise: Intermediary sequelae refers to the phenomenon that after users accept the services of an intermediary agency, their personal information is leaked to other agencies and they are harassed for a long time.

Hypothesis: The sequelae of intermediary is that when Lao Wang registered for medical treatment, he met Ding who claimed to know a famous doctor. After seeing the famous doctor recommended by Ding, his condition did not improve, so he stopped paying attention to Ding and stopped receiving harassing calls from Ding.


Premise: In translation, literal translation focuses on the faithfulness to the original text, while free translation focuses on the smoothness of the tone of the translation. People hold their own opinions on which translation method is the most appropriate. In my opinion, the difference between literal translation and free translation should not exist at all. A faithful translation must be able to express the meaning of the original text as much as possible. Thoughts, feelings and language are consistent and change with each other. There is only one accurate statement for a meaning, another statement, Therefore, if you want to express the meaning of the original text as much as possible, you must try to maintain the sentence organization of the original text. Therefore, literal translation cannot be free translation, and free translation cannot be literal translation.

Hypothesis: In this passage, the author believes that faithfulness to the original idea is the highest art of translation.


Premise: Sincerity is always like a mirror. When you sincerely face the public, the public will certainly read your sincerity. Even if you have mistakes and mistakes you don't find, it may be an intellectual problem, or the existing behavior mode and intellectual structure can't be avoided, and the public will forgive you.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this sentence is that sincerity is a mirror.


Premise: For a long time, because China pursues a defensive national defense policy, the division of war zone space is basically based on local and offshore defense according to the border guard model.The tentacles of military strategists seldom extend beyond the territory, but the development crisis facing our country in the future will be far greater than the survival crisis. In order to meet the new requirements of safeguarding national security and development interests, we should bring the surrounding overseas and new security areas into the scope of the war zone strategy and further expand the theater mission functions.Don't be more outward-oriented and open-minded! In particular, with the development of multipolarization globalization and informatization, the traditional national security field has expanded to space network information electromagnetism and other fields. In the future, the strategic scope of the war zone should be further extended to space, that is, near space, so as to form a strong multi-dimensional three-dimensional war zone space situation.

Hypothesis: The practice of our country that this paragraph is intended to indicate is the traditional security field is facing new challenges.


Premise: The academy is a unique form of culture and education in Chinese history. In the more than one thousand years of history process of the development of the academy, it is not only a symbol of Chinese culture, but also a window for Chinese culture to spread abroad. The name of the academy began in the Tang Dynasty, and it gradually evolved from the earliest institution of repairing and collecting books to a place with the function of teaching and research. The system of the academy continued to develop, grow and mature in the Song Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of the development of the academy, no matter in the remote areas or in the border towns. Not only that, the academy went abroad with Confucianism, took root, sprouted and flourished on the Korean Peninsula, and played an irreplaceable role in the spread of Chinese culture.

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is the functions of the educational and cultural communication carried by the academy.


Premise: For the past 13 years, high school guidance counselors nationwide have implemented an aggressive program to convince high school students to select careers requiring college degrees. The government reported that the percentage of last year' s high school graduates who went on to college was 15 percent greater than the percentage of those who graduated 10 years ago and did so. The counselors concluded from this report that the program had been successful.

Hypothesis: The guidance counselors' reasoning depends on the assumption that any college courses that the graduates take will improve their career prospects.


Premise: There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific findings, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that "Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication" would weaken the argument.


Premise: Since 2002, China's divorce rate has been rising all the way. Experts say that the reason for the rise of China's divorce rate cannot be simply explained as the bad social atmosphere. On the one hand, it is related to the low level of the original overall divorce rate. On the other hand, it is also related to the changes in all aspects of Chinese society, public opinion environment and social ideas.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the reasons for the rise of divorce rate in China are actually very complex. In addition to the influence of social atmosphere, it also involves people's emotional factors" best supports the expert's view.


Premise: NowNews, although still the most popular magazine covering cultural events in Kalopolis, has recently suffered a significant drop in advertising revenue because of falling circulation. Many readers have begun buying a competing magazine that, at 50 cents per copy, costs less than NowNews at $1. 50 per copy. In order to boost circulation and thus increase advertising revenue, NowNews's publisher has proposed making it available at no charge, but this proposal has a serious drawback, since __.

Hypothesis: One reason NowNews's circulation fell was that its competitor's reporting on cultural events was superior most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: Factory director: the adoption of the new process flow can greatly reduce the sulfur dioxide produced by the copper smelting workshop. The key point of this new process is to replace the original open furnace with a closed furnace. However, not only does it cost a lot to purchase and install new equipment, but also the cost of operating the new process is higher than the current process. Therefore, on the whole, the adoption of the new process flow will greatly increase the production cost and make the plant unprofitable. Chief engineer: I have different opinions. In fact, the smelting capacity of the latest closed furnace is unmatched by the existing open furnace.

Hypothesis: The chief engineer and the factory director are most likely to disagree on whether the adoption of new process flow will make the factory unprofitable.


Premise: It should be noted that a few people rely on consciousness and most people rely on policy. If various social problems are attributed to the lack of conscience, there is a suspicion of logic inversion and cognitive dislocation. Many problems are the lack of law leading to the lack of morality, not the opposite. If the supervision and punishment mechanism can be strictly implemented, the poisoning impulse of food producers can be effectively restrained: if the system is sound, good people will bleed and no longer cry, The innate conscience hidden in the hearts of the people can be transformed into practical acts of bravery.

Hypothesis: Only with a sound system can there be no social problems can be inferred from the information provided.


Premise: Brain-like computing technology is generally divided into three levels: the structure level imitates the brain, the device level approaches the brain, and the intelligence level surpasses the brain. Among them, the structure level imitates the brain refers to the analysis of the brain as a material and physiological object to obtain the basic unit (Various types of neurons and nerve synapses, etc.) each The function and connection relationship network structure; device-level approach to the brain refers to the development of devices that can simulate the functions of neurons and nerve synapses, so as to construct a human brain-scale neural network system under limited physical space and power consumption;the intelligence level beyond the brain refers to the information stimulation, training and learning of the brain-like computer to make it produce intelligence similar to the human brain.

Hypothesis: Adjusting the synaptic connection relationship and connection frequency and strength of the neural network belongs to the intelligence level surpassing the brain according to the above definition.


Premise: With the improvement of material life, people's spiritual pursuits have become more abundant, and the land of China has developed a collection craze. However, due to the excessive utilitarianism, the collection craze is somewhat impetuous, and it lacks a cultural soul. Recently, Beijing Several appreciation of treasures activities have been held. Experts are invited to appraise private collections. There are a lot of people who come with treasures, and very few of them can find genuine products; some people spend hundreds of thousands of dollars to buy collections that are fakes. .

Hypothesis: The statement 'Collection needs to be properly guided' can be derived from this text.


Premise: A university sports meeting is about to be held, the school of Economics and Management plans to form a representative team of 12 people to participate in the competition, the players will be selected from the students of 4 grades of the college. College regulations: each grade must choose one or two of the five events in long-distance running, sprint, high jump, long jump, shot put to participate in the competition, the rest of the events can be arbitrary choice; If a grade chooses to run, it cannot choose to sprint or jump; If a grade chooses the long jump, can not choose to run or shot put; Each team member participates in only one event. The number of players selected for the representative team varies from grade to grade. The number of players in two grades multiplied by the number of players in the other grade

Hypothesis: If a grade does not have the smallest number of team members and chooses to run long distances, then choosing the long run or the high jump is not possible for that grade.


Premise: Xiao Zhang asked Xiao Li to go to the mall the next day. Xiao Li said, if it doesn't rain tomorrow, I'll climb the mountain. The next day, it began to drizzle. Xiao Zhang thought Xiao Li would not climb the mountain, so he went to Xiao Li's dormitory to find him and learned that Xiao Li still went to climb the mountain. When the two met again, Xiao Zhang blamed Xiao Li for breaking his promise and saying why he went climbing when it was raining. Xiao Li said that he had not broken his promise and  Xiao Zhang's inference was illogical.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang's inference is illogical is an appropriate option for the argument between the two people.


Premise: Many people think that online love is unreliable. A team at the University of Chicago conducted an online survey of 19000 Americans who married between 2005 and 2012 and found that more than 1/3 met their spouses through dating sites or social networks such as Facebook; the overall divorce rate was much lower than the average. The survey shows that online love is reliable in achieving a stable marriage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The subjects were married for a short time' most strongly questions the above conclusion.


Premise: There are seven recruits in a university: F, G, H, I, W, X and Y, of which one is a signal soldier, three are engineers, and the other three are transport soldiers. The conditions for the distribution of arms for recruits are as follows: H and Y must be assigned to the same arms. F and G cannot be assigned to the same arms. If X is assigned as a transport soldier, W is assigned as an engineer. F was assigned to be an engineer.

Hypothesis: The recruits H and W cannot be assigned as transporters together.


Premise: The covariance method of traditional inductive logic means that if only one situation changes in several occasions when the phenomenon under study changes, the only change is the cause or result of the phenomenon under study.

Hypothesis: In 1917, American physiologist Jacob and others found that when other conditions remain unchanged and the temperature changes normally, the life span of fruit flies can be doubled for every 8  degree decrease in temperature. It can be concluded that the life span of fruit flies is related to temperature applies the covariance method according to the above definition.


Premise: Researchers have introduced specific genes into crops through genetic engineering technology, so that they can encode and synthesize Bt toxic protein, which can kill invasive pests. Transgenic Bt cotton is widely planted in a place, which effectively controls the harm of cotton bollworm, but at the same time, another pest, blind Toona sinensis, is rampant. Therefore, the researchers believe that the proliferation of blind Toona sinensis is not caused by transgenic Bt cotton, But because the local climate is more suitable for the growth of blind Ailanthus sinensis.

Hypothesis: After large-scale planting of transgenic Bt cotton, the number and dosage of pesticide spraying decreased significantly due to the cotton resistance to cotton bollworm, which indirectly led to the survival space of blind Toona sinensis population weakens the researcher's point of view most.


Premise: On the surface, college graduates in 1982 are similar to college graduates in 1964. They are quite conservative: they are well dressed and interested in tradition and respect their parents. But there is a deep-rooted difference: most of the 1982 surveyed college graduates declared that getting a good income in their freshman year was an important reason for their decision to go to college.

Hypothesis: Less than half of the 1964 college graduates in their freshman year declared that they went to college to increase their income is the conclusion most supported by the above text.


Premise: A taxpayer of personal income tax is an individual who has a residence or no residence in China and has lived in the territory for one year and obtains income from within or outside China.Living in China without a residence and without a residence for less than one year. An individual who obtains income from the territory of China.

Hypothesis: Gao Hong, a Chinese-American, still pays her wages for working in the United States within two months of returning home to visit her family is not a taxpayer of personal income tax in China according to the above definition.


Premise: Art Historian: Robbins cannot pass judgment on Stuart' s art. While Robbins understands the art of Stuart too well to dismiss it, she does not understand it well enough to praise it.

Hypothesis: The art historian's argument depends on the assumption that in order to pass judgment on Stuart's art, Robbins must be able either to dismiss it or to praise it.


Premise: The unilateral administrative behavior refers to the behavior of administrative subject to use administrative power in order to achieve administrative purposes.The administrative actions of both parties refer to the act of the administrative subject and the equality of the other party.

Hypothesis: The National Tourism Administration released a summer holiday travel guide and tips is an administrative act of both parties according to the above definition.


Premise: Singing and dancing is a common phenomenon among all human nations and tribes. Its great advantage effect is to enable people to maintain unity, solve various internal disputes and defend their territory more effectively.

Hypothesis: Singing and dancing can make all participants gradually forget their contradictions with others and live in peace is the premise of the above conclusion.


Premise: Generally speaking, plastic is extremely difficult to decompose, and even small fragments are difficult to be degraded by the ecosystem, so the environmental damage it causes is very serious. Recently, scientists have discovered that an insect called wax worm can degrade polyethylene , And the speed is extremely fast. If we use biotechnology to replicate wax worms to degrade polyethylene, it will be able to help us effectively clean up plastic waste accumulated in landfill plants and the ocean.

Hypothesis: The impact of polyethylene degraded by wax worms on the environment is still unclear cannot support the above discussion.


Premise: The average normal infant born in the United States weighs between 12 and 14 pounds at the age of three months. Ttherefore, if a three-month-old child weighs only 10 pounds, its weight gain has been below the United States average.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is possible for a normal child to weigh 10 pounds at birth' indicates a flaw in the reasoning above.


Premise: Substitution effect: When the price of an item rises, consumers tend to substitute other items for the item that has become expensive, so as to obtain satisfaction at the cheapest price.

Hypothesis: The price of hemp raw material in a textile factory has risen, and it is produced by cheaper cotton is not a substitution effect.


Premise: If one has evidence that an act will benefit other people and performs that act to benefit them, then one will generally succeed in benefiting them.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A country's leaders realized that fostering diplomatic ties with antagonistic nations reduces the chances of war with those nations. Because those leaders worried that war would harm their chances of being reelected, they engaged in diplomatic discussions with a hostile country, and the two countries avoided a confrontation' best illustrates the proposition above.


Premise: After using various conventional advertising and promotion methods, the online sales revenue of an e-commerce company did not improve as expected. For this reason, the management hired professionals to conduct market analysis. The analysis report proposed that the people who have activated the mobile payment (usually refers to the people who use smartphones to pay for the goods or services they consume)  function are the real potential customer groups of the e-commerce. Therefore, the management decided to cooperate with a large commercial bank to carry out publicity and promotion among the newly opened mobile payment functions. But after a month, the effect was not satisfactory, and the online sales revenue did not increase significantly.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Online shopping is more popular among white-collar workers, but they also hope that e-commerce can provide some distinctive services' can best explain the above result.


Premise: The more sunlight our planet reflects back into space, the cooler the global atmosphere tends to become. Snow and ice reflect much more sunlight back into space than do ocean water or land without snow cover. Ttherefore, the greater the area of Earth' s surface that is covered with snow and ice, the cooler, on average, the global atmosphere is likely to become.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Ocean water and land heated by sunlight in turn warm Earth's atmosphere' would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: The market economy has had a major impact on university education. The so-called unpopular majors and hot majors have emerged. The number of applicants is very different, which has seriously affected the normal education and academic research of universities.

Hypothesis: While adapting to the market economy, university education must adhere to the correct direction of education and research is correct.


Premise: Internet users justifiably fear identity fraud and other online crimes. The attribute that most Internet crimes have in common is anonymity. Criminals hide behind screen names when perpetrating their crimes and feel safe from apprehension and punishment in doing so because other Internet users cannot learn their true identities, and jurisdictional and budget issues make it difficult for law enforcement agencies to enforce existing laws. Clearly, the only way to reduce such crime in the future is to create a system that requires Internet users to provide their true identities and full contact information in a way that is visible to all other users.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the statement: When surveyed in prison, the majority of convicted violent criminals report that they have made decisions during their criminal careers to avoid at least one potential victim because of fears that the potential victim might be armed. Even when the criminals themselves are armed, they tend to prefer unarmed victims. Add to this the fact that statistics reveal that complete bans on private weapons in some jurisdictions have failed to eliminate violent crime and the fact that many jurisdictions with a high proportion of private weapon ownership enjoy a very low crime rate, and one may conclude that public policy should favor the private ownership of weapons.


Premise: A new batch of liberal arts books were purchased by the library of a school. For the convenience of readers, the management staff made the following tips on the placement of these books in the new liberal arts book reading room: (1) The first three rows of bookcases have new philosophy books; (2) The new law books are all placed in the first three rows of bookcases.The left side of this row of bookcases also contains new economic books; (3) The new management books are placed in the last row of bookcases. In fact. All books are placed in accordance with the above tips. According to the prompt, Xu Li successfully found the new book she wanted to read.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, Xu Li finding a new law book in the sixth row of bookcases is impossible.


Premise: In the pre-primary comprehensive ability test for 6-year-old children, the average score was 58 for the children who attended A preschool all day for 9 months, and the average score was 52 for the 9 months who attended the A preschool only in the morning, and only in the afternoon. The average score of 9 months in preschool A is 51; the average score of 9 months in preschool B is 54; and those 6-year-olds from low-income families who have not attended preschool, before entering the same primary school The average score in the comprehensive ability test is 32. Statistically, the difference between 32 points and the other scores mentioned above is significant.

Hypothesis: The most reasonable hypothetical conclusion that can be drawn from the data given above is that there should be more financial support for children under 6 years old going to preschool.


Premise: If there is an election, you can either vote or not. If you vote, you have the satisfaction of knowing you influenced the results of the election; if you do not vote, you have no right to complain about the results. So, following an election, either you will have the satisfaction of knowing you influenced its results or you will have no right to complain.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above most closely resembles the statement: 'If you attend school, you will find the courses stimulating or you will not. If your teachers are motivated, you will find the courses stimulating. If your teachers are not motivated, you will not. So either your teachers are motivated, or their courses are not stimulating.'


Premise: Mass media is mainly carried out through newspapers, television, radio and other platforms. Interpersonal communication refers to holding forums, public open days and other activities to achieve communication between people. New media combines the advantages of mass media and interpersonal communication and has both extensiveness and accuracy. It can not only face millions or even tens of millions of audiences at the same time, but also realize one-to-one communication between communicators and audiences. The audience is not only the target object of communication, but also the main body of communication, which can help us to achieve secondary or even multiple re-communication.

Hypothesis: The audience of new media has changed from the target object of communication to the subject of communication has an inaccurate understanding of new media according to the above text.


Premise: The new heart scans offer patients significant benefits. They can be completed in a fraction of the time required for an angiogram, with no recovery time necessary. Furthermore, the scans are more sensitive and can identify problem areas that an angiogram might not perceive. However, heart scans use more radiation than most diagnostic procedures, and can cause undue concern over and treatment for the harmless abnormalities often picked up by such sensitive technology.

Hypothesis: A heart scan could result in indirect harm by causing a patient to undergo unnecessary procedures is the conclusion that is best supported by the statements above.


Premise: Traditional Chinese concepts believe that traditional Chinese medicine is a vague concept, and the planting conditions of medicinal materials are different, and there are differences in quality and efficacy. But in fact, some parameters of Chinese medicine can be considered to be controlled. Take Ginkgo yellow produced in Germany as an example, although the raw materials Ginkgo is also collected from all parts of China, and the raw materials themselves are different, but after the German technology is extracted, the product quality is ultimately uniform. This also means that the later production and processing technology has a certain buffer effect on the differences in the raw materials themselves.

Hypothesis: The quality of medicinal materials after German technology extraction is better is the text intended to illustrate.


Premise: The crime of producing and selling toxic and harmful food refers to the act of mixing toxic or harmful non-food raw materials into the food produced or sold, or selling food that is known to be mixed with toxic or harmful non-food raw materials.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a food factory adding excessive edible pigment to a rainbow candy produced, which could be harmful to human health when eaten for a long term, constitutes the crime of producing and selling toxic or harmful food.


Premise: Outsourcing is the practice of obtaining from an independent supplier a product or service that a company has previously provided for itself. Since a company's chief objective is to realize the highest possible year-end profits, any product or service that can be obtained from an independent supplier for less than it would cost the company to provide the product or service on its own should be outsourced.

Hypothesis: The statement "Certain tasks, such as processing a company's payroll, are commonly outsourced, whereas others, such as handling the company's core business, are not" most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: There is a sentence in the award message of the annual Top Ten people moving China event held by CCTV: Young people like the wind, he continues to surpass and never give up, which represents an accelerating nation. Dressed in the national flag, he stood in front of the world with a leap.

Hypothesis: The charm of Liu Xiangzhi in a leap is just right to show it is used to explain the extreme metaphor that young people like the wind in this passage.


Premise: Nutritionist: The healthiest soups all contain spinach and various other vegetables. Few vegetable soups are thought to be rich in nutrients. The lower the nutritional benefit of a food, the less healthy it is. No vegetable soup that does not contain spinach then should be considered healthy.

Hypothesis: It would be most relevant to investigate if spinach is the only high-nutrient vegetable that is used in soup in evaluating the conclusion of the nutritionist's argument.


Premise: A bodybuilder needs to win a regional contest before competing in the national championship. Arnold just won the West Coast regional contest, so he is eligible to compete in the national championship. The last five winners of the West Coast regional contest have all won the national championship. Arnold' s trainer has worked with the last three national champions, and he believes Arnold will win the national championship this year. Thus, Arnold will win the national championship.

Hypothesis: The argument above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it confuses a necessary and sufficient condition.


Premise: The orange-bellied prairie vole practices monogamy, which is extremely rare in the animal world. The researchers first examined the communication between the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in female voles (the two regions are anatomically connected, and the nucleus accumbens plays a key role in the brain's reward system). The female voles were then asked to meet with male voles, and the intensity of communication between the two brain regions was continuously measured during the meeting. They found that voles with higher levels of communication in their brain regions were more likely to quickly establish intimate relationships with their partners. As a result, they believe that the activation of the loop between the two brain regions can directly affect the production of animal love.

Hypothesis: The researchers' findings that female voles were more likely to be intimate with male voles they had seen the day before than with strange male voles can best support their views.


Premise: Radio airplay restrictions are nationally imposed regulations. The City Club has compiled a guide to all nationally imposed regulations except those related to taxation or to labor law. Radio airplay restrictions are related neither to taxation nor to labor law, so the City Club' s guide covers radio airplay restrictions.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning exhibited by the argument 'Coreopsis is a perennial. The Garden Club awards a prize each year for each perennial except those that are shrubs or not native to North America. Coreopsis is native to North America and is not a shrub. So the Garden Club awards a prize each year for coreopsis' is similar to the reasoning exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: ①Language is a symbol system, and the symbol system of each language bears the imprint of culture, which is the result of the collective cognition of the language community, and is the carrier of culture, which is the body of language. ②Language and Culture is one with two sides, and no one can completely separate language and culture. This is determined by the attributes of language. ③Therefore, there is no need to highlight cultural communication in international Chinese education, because learning a language is impossible without involving this kind of language. The cultural content carried by language is self-evident .④the values of people and social groups who use this language implicit in language, and such values are often unaware of. ⑤ language is also thinking Tools and communication tools. When we use a language to think and communicate, it is impossible not to be influenced by this language. This is like the use of a language.

Hypothesis: The correct word order of the five sentences, if rearranged, is ④②①⑤③.


Premise: Among the pilots who joined the state-run airlines more than a decade ago, those who later transferred to private airlines now usually earn more than one million yuan a year, while those who remain in state-run airlines generally earn no more than 600000 yuan a year. These figures show that pilots at state-run airlines are underpaid.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis required by the above conclusion is that the annual mileage flown by pilots of private airlines and pilots of state-run airlines is roughly the same.


Premise: In the past the country of Malvernia has relied heavily on imported oil. Malvernia recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Malvernia currently produces more natural gas each year than it uses, and oil production in Malvernian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, ttherefore, Malvernian reliance on foreign sources for fuel is likely to decline soon.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to establish whether Malvernia is among the countries that rely most on imported oil in evaluating the argument.


Premise: Students in key middle schools generally do better than those in non key middle schools. Li Ming ranked the first of the class in college, so he studied in key middle schools in high school.

Hypothesis: The inference 'Xiaoyan is the whitest in the dorm, so she must be from the south' is most similar to the above sentence.


Premise: The stable functioning of a society depends upon the relatively long-term stability of the goals of its citizens. This is clear from the fact that unless the majority of individuals have a predictable and enduring set of aspirations, it will be impossible for a legislature to craft laws that will augment the satisfaction of the citizenry, and it should be obvious that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens.

Hypothesis: The claim that a society is stable only if its laws tend to increase the happiness of its citizens helps to support the conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Rossi: It is undemocratic for people to live under a government in which their interests are not represented. So children should have the right to vote, since sometimes the interests of children are different from those of their parents. Smith: Granted, children' s interests are not always the same as their parents' ; governmental deficits incurred by their parents' generation will later affect their own generation' s standard of living. But even if children are told about the issues affecting them, which is not generally the case, their conceptions of what can or should be done are too simple, and their time horizons are radically different from those of adults, so we cannot give them the responsibility of voting.

Hypothesis: Rossi's argument substitutes description for giving a rationale for a policy.


Premise: The term Phoenix Man refers to a man who was born in a rural area and had a poor family. After studying hard by himself, he eventually flew out of the golden phoenix from the mountain nest and became famous in the city.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, B who was from a poor family in a village, and stayed on to teach after graduating from university and published many high-quality papers in internationally renowned journals belongs to Phoenix Man.


Premise: Vocational training refers to the training of vocational knowledge and practical skills of the trainees in accordance with the requirements of different vocational positions.

Hypothesis: A city's Human Resources and Social Security Bureau plans to hold a computer training course and home economics training course in the first half of the year, the training target is all laid-off personnel of the city is vocational training according to the above definition.


Premise: A few kind owners went to the market to collect leaves, which they soaked in salt and made their only delicacies.

Hypothesis: This is neither a compliment nor an expose to the boss.


Premise: Chemical fertilizers not only create potential health hazards, they also destroy earthworms, which are highly beneficial to soil. For this reason alone the use of chemical fertilizers should be avoided. The castings earthworms leave behind are much richer than the soil they ingest, thus making a garden rich in earthworms much more fertile than a garden without them.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that the use of chemical fertilizers should be avoided.


Premise: Spring Mountain College recently sent out a survey to the graduating class of 2003 asking that the graduates provide their class rank. Surprisingly, the survey results revealed that most of the students ranked in the top third of the class.

Hypothesis: A majority of the respondents ranked high in the graduating class would most likely explain the survey results.


Premise: Hunger marketing means that commodity suppliers deliberately reduce their output in order to regulate the relationship between supply and demand, create the illusion of short supply, and maintain a high selling price and profit margin of commodities. Hunger marketing is more suitable for industries with high unit price and difficult to form repeated purchase of single commodities.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, the statement 'Recently, the top grade Baijiu is not saleable, and a well-known brand Baijiu manufacturer has taken the initiative to limit production and raise the price to ensure the efficiency.Sales did not decline significantly' belongs to hunger marketing.


Premise: Political scientist: When a bill comes before a legislative body, the majority of the representatives are usually prepared to vote for it. Moreover, when a bill is at first unlikely to get approval by the majority, a compromise regarding the content of the bill is usually possible, allowing its passage into law. Such compromises are impossible, however, when the bill concerns an issue of fundamental importance to a large bloc of representatives.

Hypothesis: If the political scientist's statements are true, most bills concerning issues of fundamental importance to a large bloc of representatives passing into law as a result of compromises over the bills' contents must be false.


Premise: Heterogeneous human capital refers to the human capital with the form of increasing productivity in a particular historical stage, which is manifested as the unique abilities of the owner. These abilities mainly include: comprehensive coordination ability, judgment and decision-making ability, learning and innovation ability and ability to bear risks, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a certain factory hiring an academician as a technical consultant, and a large number of venture capital companies coming to the factory, and some highly educated talents also joining one after another does not involve heterogeneous human capital.


Premise: The researchers believe that babies born may be less intellectually inferior if mothers are exposed to pesticides in the first few months of pregnancy. They believe that shortly after a woman becomes pregnant, the embryonic brain begins to develop, so the early stages of pregnancy are a critical period for the development of the baby's brain, and exposure to pesticides may alter the environment around the developing embryos in the pregnant woman's body and the brain.

Hypothesis: The statement "The researchers followed 1,500 pregnant women and found that children born to more exposed to pesticides performed significantly worse in math and language subjects" best supports the researcher's point of view.


Premise: For the community pension institutions located in the garden community, most people think that the elderly can not only play chess and chat together, enjoy their body and mind, but also exert their residual heat to help other residents. However, Lao Wang raised an objection, saying that community pension institutions bring noise pollution and affect the normal life of residents.

Hypothesis: When the elderly carry out recreational activities, the noise is lower than that of daily life can best refute Lao Wang's opinion.


Premise: Teresa: If their goal is to maximize profits, film studios should concentrate on producing bigbudget films rather than small-budget ones. For, unlike big-budget films, small-budget films never attract mass audiences. While small-budget films are less expensive to produce and, hence, involve less risk of unprofitability than big-budget films, low production costs do not guarantee the highest possible profits.

Hypothesis: An assumption required by Teresa's argument is that each big-budget film is guaranteed to attract a mass audience.


Premise: During 1991 the number of people in the town of Bayburg who received municipal food assistance doubled, even though the number of people in Bayburg whose incomes were low enough to qualify for such assistance remained unchanged.

Hypothesis: The statement 'During 1991 many residents of a nearby city lost their jobs and moved to Bayburg in search of work' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Many banks have a drive-through automated teller machine, built into the wall flanking the driver' s side of a narrow aisle. Even though blind people obviously do not drive, these machines nonetheless invariably feature Braille -- the system of raised dots used by the blind for reading and writing -- in addition to the standard letters and numerals on their control panels.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The embossing technique used to form the raised dots does not typically add much to the overall cost of the automated teller machine' does the most to explain the situation described.


Premise: If Argentina joins the alliance, Brazil and Chile will boycott the alliance. If Brazil and Chile have one country boycotting the alliance, the alliance will exist in name only. The alliance will not exist in name.

Hypothesis: Argentina did not participate in the league according to the above definition.


Premise: Five graduate students majoring in linguistics in the liberal arts college of a university in 2014, Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao and Liu, were hired by one of the three employers Tianshu, Tianji and Tianxuan, and each unit hired at least one of them. It is known that: (1) Li was hired by Tianshu; (2) Li and Zhao were not employed by the same unit; (3) Liu and Zhao were hired by the same unit; (4) if Zhang was hired by Tianxuan, Wang was also hired by Tianxuan.

Hypothesis: The correct way to determine the employer of each graduate is that Liu was hired by Tianji.


Premise: A tour group went to the Mulan paddock for a trip. The group members rode horses, shot arrows, ate barbecued meat, and finally went to the store to buy souvenirs. Known: (1) Someone bought a Mongolian knife. (2) Someone did not buy a Mongolian knife. (3) Both Mr. Zhang and Ms. Wang from the group bought Mongolian knives.

Hypothesis: If only one of the three sentences above is true, then both Mr. Zhang and Ms. Wang bought Mongolian knives must be true.


Premise: Our cabbage soup provides good nutrition; a warm bowl of it contains more units of vitamin C than does a serving of mango or fresh broccoli!

Hypothesis: Few people depend exclusively on mango and broccoli to supply vitamin C to their diets is true, the advertisement is misleading.


Premise: Most of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, and life is born in the oceans. However, it is estimated that 80% of Earth's species live on land, compared to only 15% in the oceans, with the remaining 5% in freshwater. The researchers believe that the physical layout of terrestrial habitats may be more fragmented than the ocean, which is one of the main reasons for the greater diversity of terrestrial species.

Hypothesis: Over time, natural selection can even turn different groups of the same species on two islands into distinct species, according to records from one archipelago would most strengthen the above researcher's point of view.


Premise: Different from water and air pollution, the concealment of soil pollution is strong. The soil remediation technology that can be used in developed countries may not be applicable in our country. At present, soil in situ remediation technology based on extracellular respiration of microorganisms has become a new force in soil bioremediation technology in South China. Compared with physical and chemical repair, this repair method has the characteristics of high efficiency, low cost, non-destructive, wide application and so on.

Hypothesis: The soil in remediation technology is developed on the basis of the characteristic soil conditions in South China is the basis of the above argument.


Premise: Nutritionist: Many people claim that simple carbohydrates are a reasonable caloric replacement for the fatty foods forbidden to those on law-fat diets. This is now in doubt. New studies show that, for many people, a high intake of simple carbohydrates stimulates an overproduction of insulin, a hormone that is involved in processing sugars and starches to create energy when the body requires energy, or, when energy is not required, to store the resulting by-products as fat.

Hypothesis: People who wish to avoid gaining body fat should limit their intake of foods high in simple carbohydrates is most strongly supported by the nutritionist's statements.


Premise: After suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Zeng Guofan asked the court to demobilize the Hunan army in his book, but made no mention of his personal fate. Because he knew that if he asked to stay in the court in the memoir, he would be suspected of being greedy for power; if he asked for dismissal and return to his hometown in the memoir, it would give the court the impression that he was unwilling to continue to be loyal to the court.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that states that between the brothers Liang Wudi and Xiao Hong, if Xiao Hong gave up power and coveted money, Liang Wudi would not worry that he would seize power; if Xiao Hong was greedy for money and fought for power, Liang Wudi would take precautions. Although Xiao Hong amassed excessive wealth, Emperor Liang Wudi trusted him very much is most similar to the one above.


Premise: Developers of neighborhood Y are trying to lure potential homebuyers by offering a large discount on newly built homes. As a result, the homes in neighborhood Y are available for 20% less than comparably sized homes in neighborhood X. So unless potential homebuyers distrust the developers of neighborhood Y, neighborhood X is unlikely to attract many homebuyers because there are plenty of houses available in neighborhood Y.

Hypothesis: None of the houses in neighborhood X are selling for less than the houses in neighborhood Y is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Statistics show that since the founding of New China, 80% of the more than 1,100 high-tech materials that have been developed and put into civilian use in my country have been developed due to the development needs of aerospace technology. As we all know, aerospace technology has The requirements are extremely high. As a result, every advancement in China's aerospace industry has forced the electronics industry, and the equipment manufacturing industry is constantly upgrading and upgrading, and the ultimate beneficiaries of these are ordinary people.

Hypothesis: The text intended to emphasize is the upgrading of manufacturing industry brings continuous progress in aerospace technology.


Premise: In view of the considerable length of the police chief' s tenure as head of the department, the chief should be held accountable for the widespread corruption in the department. That no evidence was discovered that the chief was involved in any way in the corruption does not allow us to escape this conclusion.

Hypothesis: If a person has been in a position of authority for a long time, then there is no excuse that can absolve the person of responsibility for widespread corruption among subordinates is a principle that, if valid, most helps to justify the argument.


Premise: Linda: The governor' s proposal to raise taxes to improve carpool lanes is unjust. Why should commuters who never use carpool lanes be forced to subsidize them? Mario: You are mistaken. The state government has always designated more funding to noncarpool lanes. The additional revenue raised from the tax increase will just allow the governor to distribute funds to all lanes more equally.

Hypothesis: Mario expands the context of the problem in order to make the governor's proposal appear more equitable in answering Linda.


Premise: Scientists believe that dreams are the result of a combination of centers in the brain responsible for various bodily functions. Some brain cells are active during sleep, which is the basis of dreams. Recent research has confirmed that dreaming not only does not affect people's sleep and health, but also is one of the physiological activities necessary to protect brain health.

Hypothesis: In the study, people whose dreams were disturbed appeared anxious, nervous and had short-term memory impairments when they woke up best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Gartland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gartland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Ttherefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gartland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both.

Hypothesis: People in Gartland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrease their consumption of grain is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Many Seychelles warblers of breeding age forgo breeding, remaining instead with their parents and helping to raise their own siblings. This behavior, called cooperative breeding, results from the scarcity of nesting territory for the birds on the tiny island that, until recently, was home to the world' s population of Seychelles warblers. Yet when healthy warblers were transplanted to a much larger neighboring island as part of an experiment, most of those warblers maintained a pattern of cooperative breeding.

Hypothesis: The statement "The Seychelles warblers had fewer competitors for nesting territory on the island to which they were transplanted than on their native island" most helps to explain the result of the experiment.


Premise: The smartest deceiver may deceive all people at a certain moment, or it may deceive some people at all times, but it is absolutely impossible to deceive all people at all times.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, the statement "A man may not be deceived at any moment" is incorrect.


Premise: Bureaucrat: The primary, constant goal of an ideal bureaucracy is to define and classify all possible problems and set out regulations regarding each eventuality. Also, an ideal bureaucracy provides an appeal procedure for any complaint. If a complaint reveals an unanticipated problem, the regulations are expanded to cover the new issue, and for this reason an ideal bureaucracy will have an everexpanding system of regulations.

Hypothesis: An ideal bureaucracy will never be permanently without complaints about problems that are not covered by that bureaucracy's regulations is an assumption the bureaucrat's argument requires.


Premise: Alcohol consumption has been clearly linked to high blood pressure, which increases the likelihood of developing heart disease. Yet in a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, the incidence of heart disease was lower among participants who drank moderate quantities of alcohol every day than it was among participants identified as nondrinkers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because many people who do not drink alcohol are conscious of their health habits, they are likely to engage in regular exercise and to eat nutritionally well-balanced meals' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: People who are good at playing the game Drackedary are invariably skilled with their hands. Mary is a very competent watchmaker. Ttherefore, Mary would make a good Drackedary player.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following: 'All race car drivers have good reflexes. Chris is a champion table tennis player. Therefore, Chris would make a good race car driver.'


Premise: Man is born of nature, and man and nature are in a symbiotic relationship, and damage to nature will eventually damage human beings. Therefore, only by respecting the laws of nature can we effectively prevent detours in the development and utilization of nature.

Hypothesis: If we do not respect the laws of nature, we cannot effectively prevent detours in the development and utilization of nature can be concluded from the above statement.


Premise: If sponsors of the Olympic Games want to achieve commercial success through the Olympics, it is not enough to simply add five rings on their business cards or set up tents to attract tourists. For the past 15 years, as a global sponsor of the Olympic Games, VISA International Organizations believe that in order to effectively use this world's largest sports and cultural event, it is not just an event that simply throws money into the Olympic flame.

Hypothesis: VISA International did not set up tents to attract tourists is an option that can be derived.


Premise: In the early days of its formation, the Earth was a rapidly rotating body in the state of lava, and most of the iron was in its core; some molten liquid was thrown from the surface of this rotating body, and later condensed to form the Moon.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the Moon has a solid surface structure and a lava-state core can most support the view of the origin of the Moon.