Premise: If cold fusion worked, it would provide almost limitless power from very inexpensive raw materials, materials far cheaper than coal or oil. But replacing all the traditional electric generators that use these fuels with cold-fusion power plants would result in a reduction of no more than 25 percent in the average residential electric bill.

Hypothesis: Most electric companies would be willing to incorporate cold-fusion technology into their power plants would not help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the predictions above.


Premise: In the early days of its formation, the Earth was a rapidly rotating body in the state of lava, and most of the iron was in its core; some molten liquid was thrown from the surface of this rotating body, and later condensed to form the Moon.

Hypothesis: The conclusion that the proportion of iron in the Moon's core is smaller than that in the Earth's core can support the view that the above theory about the origin of the Moon is correct.


Premise: If the mercury content of sewage discharged into the river is too high, these Mercury will be absorbed by algae and other plankton in the river; When these plankton are eaten by fish, Mercury will accumulate in the fish. If people eat more of this fish, mercury poisoning will occur.

Hypothesis: To eliminate mercury poisoning, dumping garbage into rivers must be prohibited is the answer to the question.


Premise: Scientists have modified feed corn genetically, increasing its resistance to insect pests. Farmers who tried out the genetically modified corn last season applied less insecticide to their corn fields and still got yields comparable to those they would have gotten with ordinary corn. Ordinary corn seed, however, costs less, and what these farmers saved on insecticide rarely exceeded their extra costs for seed. Ttherefore, for most feed-corn farmers, switching to genetically modified seed would be unlikely to increase profits.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to know whether most of the farmers who tried the genetically modified corn last season applied more insecticide than was actually necessary in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Country G had long had a problem with congested roads. To cut down on congestion, Country G developed a high-speed train system connecting most midsize and large cities within the country. The train system was intended to cut down on the number of people utilizing private vehicles on the country' s roads. Within one year after the train system was complete, there were approximately 100, 000 riders using the high-speed train system. The citizens of Country G were ecstatic about the success of the train system.

Hypothesis: It can properly be inferred from the passage that Country G believes that the train system is a success because the increase in public transportation will benefit tourism throughout the country.


Premise: Historian: One traditional childrearing practice in the nineteenth century was to make a child who misbehaved sit alone outside. Anyone passing by would conclude that the child had misbehaved. Nowadays, many child psychologists would disapprove of this practice because they believe that such practices damage the child' s self-esteem and that damage to children' s self-esteem makes them less confident as adults. However, no one disagrees that adults raised under that traditional practice were, on average, as confident as adults not so raised.

Hypothesis: If children's loss of self-esteem makes them less confident as adults, then the traditional childrearing practice in question did not tend to cause significant loss of self-esteem can be properly inferred from the historian's statements.


Premise: The era of big data has come, in which case big data has become an intangible resource, but few people know how to realize this kind of assets. For an ordinary enterprise, enterprises not only have valuable customer data, but also have supplier data and internal finance.Data such as design and manufacturing management, and in the past few decades, many Chinese enterprises have completed the information application step by step and various information tools are digitizing the operation of the enterprise.However, few enterprises really get more value information from complex data and become a kind of asset, but it only stays on the surface for a long time.

Hypothesis: The explanation in this paragraph is intended to show how enterprises can further tap the potential value of data assets.


Premise: Analogical reasoning refers to the conclusion that two objects are the same in a series, and one of them is known to have other attributes, so it is inferred that the other object also has the same other attributes.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, using similarities between the natural environment of California in the United States and the south of China to conclude that California is also suitable for growing citrus belongs to analogical reasoning.


Premise: No more penalty for one case refers to the administrative penalty that a party may not be fined more than twice for the same illegal act.

Hypothesis: A is from Hebei and works in Beijing. Because having one more child violated local laws and regulations, he has already paid social support in Beijing in accordance with the decision of the family planning department of a certain district in Beijing. When he went home to visit relatives, According to the relevant regulations of Hebei Province, the family planning department in the place where the household registration is located also levied social support fees for a certain A is overbirth behavior is not no more penalty for one case.


Premise: Usually, we are used to thinking that exercise is the key or even the most important factor in weight loss. But some experts point out that exercise is very healthy, but it doesn't really help you lose weight. When it comes to weight loss, legs are not equal to mouth control, which is actually more important than legs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Just a small piece of pizza can produce the same calories as an hour of exercise' can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Unpaid prompting: non economic remuneration refers to the remuneration received by employees from their own work. Employees are praised, promoted and valued for their hard work, resulting in a sense of work honor, achievement and responsibility, as well as social respect and career development opportunities

Hypothesis: Posting photos of employees with outstanding performance in the honor list is not unpaid prompting.


Premise: In one election, statistics showed that someone voted in favour of all the candidates.

Hypothesis: If the statistics are true, then for each candidate, voters voted for him must also be true.


Premise: Many people don't know themselves and don't try to know themselves. Such people may want to know others, but this desire must fail, because people who don't even know themselves can't know others. It can be concluded that if you want to understand others, you must first understand yourself.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate evaluation of the above argument is that it is flawed because it ignores the possibility that it is more difficult to know yourself than to know others.


Premise: Once consumers realize that inflation has begun, they will generally consume more. This increase can easily be explained by the phenomenon that consumers hope not to delay purchasing goods that are sure to increase in price. Even though consumers have prediced that prices will continue to rise as well as the wages. But during the long-term inflation period, consumers will eventually delay purchsing them and even daily goods.

Hypothesis: If a large number of consumers cannot buy goods, then prices will eventually come down, but wages will not be affected can best help explain the obvious inconsistencies in consumer behavior described above.


Premise: Accumulation fund refers to the part of national income used for additional production funds, mainly including: expanding reproduction fund, such as building factories, building railways, reclaiming land, building water conservancy, etc., non productive capital construction funds, such as the construction of schools, hospitals, stadiums and gymnasiums, as well as the capital construction of State Administration and national defense departments, social reserve funds, such as material reserves for dealing with emergencies like war and natural disasters.

Hypothesis: Construction costs of Olympic venues is not an accumulation fund according to the definition of the appeal.


Premise: Psychologist: Some have argued that Freudian psychotherapy is the most effective kind because it is so difficult and time consuming. But surely this does not follow. Similar reasoning -- e. g. , concluding that a car-repair chain has the most effective technique for repairing cars because the cars it services receive so much work and spend so much time in the shop -- would never be accepted.

Hypothesis: The reasoning technique employed by the psychologist is to introduce a principle that contradicts the one on which the argument is based.


Premise: Over the past ten years, the population of Dismaston has grown five times as large as it was. During this time, the average income in the city has risen substantially, and a tremendous amount of capital has flowed into city. An independent audit found that, somewhat surprisingly, the number of violent felonies reported per year is now lower than it was ten years ago.

Hypothesis: The city is now much better lit at night, and security cameras protect a large number of public venues is the statement that does not fit the text.


Premise: Non service invention refers to the invention and creation completed by the inventor with his own time, capital, equipment and other material or technical conditions. The patent application right for non service invention belongs to the inventor or designer.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Mark mushroom belongs to non service inventions.


Premise: Editorial: A proposed new law would limit elementary school class sizes to a maximum of 20 students. Most parents support this measure and argue that making classes smaller allows teachers to devote more time to each student, with the result that students become more engaged in the learning process. However, researchers who conducted a recent study conclude from their results that this reasoning is questionable. The researchers studied schools that had undergone recent reductions in class size, and found that despite an increase in the amount of time teachers spent individually with students, the students' average grades were unchanged.

Hypothesis: Degree of student engagement in the learning process correlates well with students' average grades is an assumption required by the researchers' argument.


Premise: Politician: The mandatory jail sentences that became law two years ago for certain crimes have enhanced the integrity of our system of justice, for no longer are there two kinds of justice, the kind dispensed by lenient judges and the kind dispensed by severe ones. Public advocate: But with judges stripped of discretionary powers, there can be no leniency even where it would be appropriate. So juries now sometimes acquit a given defendant solely because the jurors feel that the mandatory sentence would be too harsh. Those juries, then, do not return an accurate verdict on the defendant' s guilt. This is why it is imperative that the legislation instituting mandatory jail sentences be repealed.

Hypothesis: The public advocate responds to the politician's argument by claiming that the politician's evidence, properly analyzed, has no bearing on the conclusion the politician derives from it.


Premise: The urban cultural living room refers to the place where the city uses the small public spaces of the business circle, subway, airport and other places to hold normal cultural and leisure activities in art, history, folklore and other aspects, so that citizens and visitors from all directions can share together.

Hypothesis: The pedestrian street in a city center recently held a celebration of its 10th anniversary. Immersion drama shows in parent-child programs, as well as two-dimensional exhibitions and electronic competitions, which are loved by students, have attracted many young people to come to sign in does not belong to the urban cultural living room.


Premise: Johnson is likely to win the 110m hurdles.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Johnson was not bound to lose in the 110m hurdles' is closest to the meaning of the above propositions.


Premise: Eight large craters run in a long straight line across a geographical region. Although some of the craters contain rocks that have undergone high-pressure shocks characteristic of meteorites slamming into Earth, these shocks could also have been caused by extreme volcanic events. Because of the linearity of the craters, it is very unlikely that some of them were caused by volcanoes and others were caused by meteorites. Thus, since the craters are all different ages, they were probably caused by volcanic events rather than meteorites.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is no independent evidence of a volcanic event strong enough to have created the high-pressure shocks that are characteristic of meteorites slamming into Earth' would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Even if one can of fruit or vegetables weighs more than another, the heavier can does not necessarily contain more food. Canned fruits and vegetables are typically packed in water, which can make up more than half the total weight of the can' s contents. And nothing stops unscrupulous canning companies from including more water per can than others include.

Hypothesis: The weight of the water in a can of fruit or vegetables can be more than half the total weight of the can's contents most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the consumer advocate's argument.


Premise: The eldest, second and third brothers work in Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Their occupations are lawyers, doctors and civil servants. It is known that the boss does not work in Shanghai, the second does not work in Zhejiang, the civil servants who work in Shanghai are not civil servants, the lawyers who work in Zhejiang, and the second is not a doctor.

Hypothesis: The boss, the second and the third work in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Shanghai respectively.


Premise: The ancients once said that when the hard teeth fall out, the soft tongue is still there. Softness is better than hardness, inaction is better than action.

Hypothesis: The main explanation of this passage is that suppressing hardness with softness is the best choice.


Premise: Professional identity refers to an individual's positive evaluation of his occupation.

Hypothesis: Miss has a sense of professional identity according to the above definition.


Premise: The incidence in Japan of most types of cancer is remarkably low compared to that in North America, especially considering that Japan has a modern life-style, industrial pollution included. The cancer rates, however, for Japanese people who immigrate to North America and adopt the diet of North Americans approximate the higher cancer rates prevalent in North America.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The relatively low rate of cancer among people in Japan does not result from a high frequency of a protective genetic trait among Japanese people' provides the most support if the statements above are true.


Premise: Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.

Hypothesis: The government will use funding to foster advances in child care can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: During the hunting season, the number of people injured by a car while walking on the sidewalk is twice the number of people injured in a hunting accident in the woods. Therefore, during the hunting season, it is safer for people to walk in the woods than on the sidewalk.

Hypothesis: Both car drivers and hunters can be careful during the hunting season. Then the number of injured people will decrease is the most important to know to evaluate the above argument.


Premise: A manager is hoping to reach a certain target for camera sales in his store, which sells between 10 and 20 cameras a week. Typically, most cameras sold in any week are the less expensive economy models, and his store has sold relatively fewer of the more expensive, high-end cameras. The manager realizes that if, on average, three more cameras sold each week were high-end instead of economy models, the store would reach its target in sales. The manager prepares a detailed information sheet for the sales associates, outlining the numerous advantages of the high-end cameras over the economy cameras, and provides each sales associate with a portfolio of contrasting photos of the same images, showing the clearly superior image quality of the high-end cameras.

Hypothesis: The only reason many customers buy the economy cameras is that they do not appreciate that the high-end cameras are significantly better would provide most support for the prediction that the detailed information sheet and photo portfolio given to sales associates will have its intended effect of allowing the store to reach its target in sales.


Premise: MetroBank made loans to ten small companies, in amounts ranging from $1, 000 to $100, 000. These ten loans all had graduated payment plans, i. e. , the scheduled monthly loan payment increased slightly each month over the five-year term of the loan. Nonetheless, the average payment received by MetroBank for these ten loans had decreased by the end of the five-year term.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Of the ten small companies, the three that had borrowed the largest amounts paid off their loans within three years' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the statements above.


Premise: Very powerful volcanic eruptions send large amounts of ash high into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight and causing abnormally cold temperatures for a year or more after the eruption. In 44 B. C. there was a powerful eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily. In the following year, Chinese historians recorded summer frosts and dimmed sunlight in China, thousands of miles east of Sicily. If these phenomena were caused by volcanic ash in the atmosphere, then the ash sent into the atmosphere by Mount Etna' s eruption must have spread over great distances.

Hypothesis: Subsequent eruptions of Mount Etna were as powerful as the one in 44 B. C. would be most important to determine in evaluating the support given for the conclusion advanced in the last sentence of the passage.


Premise: After winning the Nobel Prize for Literature, Marquez can still write A Pre-publicized Murder such a tightly narrated and fascinating story, a truly tragic work, it is really surprising.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the above comment is based is that after the Nobel Prize for Literature, Márquez's writing is still quite fascinating.


Premise: The common procedure for determining whether a food additive should be banned from use is to compare its health-related benefits with its potential risks. Yellow Dye No. 5, an additive used to color lemon soda, might cause allergic reactions in a few consumers. For most consumers of lemon soda, however, the coloring enhances their enjoyment of the beverage. This particular additive should not be banned, ttherefore, because its benefits greatly outweigh its risks.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the argument is that the author treats enjoyment of a beverage as a health-related benefit.


Premise: Harmonious economics refers to the structure and function of the social and economic system as the research object, in order to improve the productivity of this system, see the coordination between man and nature and sustainable development.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are more than a hundred gold mines in a city, although most of the enterprise equipment aging, mineral processing technology backward, but decided to continue to develop gold mining, because the city's financial revenue mainly comes from gold mines' is to develop a harmonious economy according to the above definition.


Premise: Recent research indicates that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables by middle-aged people reduces their susceptibility to stroke in later years. The researchers speculate that this may be because fruits and vegetables are rich in folic acid. Low levels of folic acid are associated with high levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that contributes to blocked arteries.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A decreased propensity for blocked arteries is correlated with low levels of folic acid' is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: All business managers are people who actively oppose corporate tax, because all those who actively oppose corporate tax are members of the chamber of commerce, so all members of the chamber of commerce are business managers.

Hypothesis: The reasoning method of 'all soldiers are astronauts, because all astronauts are pilots, and all pilots are soldiers' is most similar to the above reasoning method.


Premise: Goethe lived a rich life, and his understanding of life was derived from his experience of life. In his Conversation, you can find a diamond of statements. These words are scattered here and there, and do not want to control them, but their rays reflect each other.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, penetrability is diamond.


Premise: Yang: Yeast has long been known to be a leaven, that is, a substance used in baking to make breads rise. Since biblical evidence ties the use of leavens to events dating back to 1200 B. C. , we can infer that yeast was already known to be a leaven at that time. Campisi: I find your inference unconvincing; several leavens other than yeast could have been known in 1200 B. C.

Hypothesis: Campisi counters Yang's argument by pointing out that the premises of Yang's argument more strongly support a contrary conclusion.


Premise: Tropical forests with natural diversity are the last habitat of many animals, and their existence is extremely important to human beings. In the face of the serious destruction of tropical forests, it is easy to forget that this has been encountered by most forests in temperate areas: in developed areas, a large number of primitive forests have disappeared; In the Development Zone, especially in the area with severe rainfall, once the plants on the hillside are washed away, it will cause problems such as flood and soil collapse. Most plant species are widely distributed and can withstand local felling and survive, but some species have a narrow distribution range. Excessive felling will disappear forever.

Hypothesis: The author's intention is to call for attention and strengthen the protection of temperate forests.


Premise: A survey by the World Health Organization pointed out that sugar addiction is more harmful than smoking, and long-term consumption of foods with high sugar content will significantly shorten people's lifespan. In recent years, Chinese consumption of sugar has remained high, especially among children. According to survey data, 10 years ago, children in my country drank 715 ml of beverages per day, which has doubled 10 years later. Most beverages currently on the market contain 8% to 11% sugar, and a 500ml bottle of beverage contains between 40g and 55g of sugar. Medical experts recommend that the daily intake of added sugars for adults should not exceed 50 grams, preferably less than 25 grams. Children should not consume more than 25 grams of added sugars per day. However, the amount of added sugar in just 1 drink already exceeds the bottom line of recommended values. As everyone knows, while we are feasting and eating sugar, sugar is quietly eating our health.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is 'Sugar addiction is more harmful than smoking'.


Premise: If the price it pays for coffee beans continues to increase, the Coffee Shoppe will have to increase its prices. In that case, either the Coffee Shoppe will begin selling noncoffee products or its coffee sales will decrease. But selling noncoffee products will decrease the Coffee Shoppe' s overall profitability. Moreover, the Coffee Shoppe can avoid a decrease in overall profitability only if its coffee sales do not decrease.

Hypothesis: Either the price it pays for coffee beans will continue to increase or the Coffee Shoppe's coffee sales will increase follows logically from the statements above.


Premise: There are three types of robots in a laboratory. Type A can recognize colors, type B can recognize shapes and type C can recognize neither colors nor shapes. The lab experimented with red balls, basketball, red squares and blue squares on robots 1 and 2, and ordered them to pick up the red ball, but No. 1 picked up the red square and No. 2 picked up the basketball.

Hypothesis: According to the above experiments, No. 1 is not Type B and No. 2 is not Type A.


Premise: Columnist: Over the last 20 years the demand in North America for Japanese-made automobiles has increased, whereas the Japanese demand for North American-made automobiles has been stagnant. Until recently, this imbalance could plausibly be attributed to Japanese models' superior fuel efficiency and reliability, but now cars made in North America are by these standards the equal of any Japanese model. What North American exporters continue to ignore is that the Japanese drive on the left side of the road. Ttherefore, one obstacle to reducing the automotive trade imbalance will be removed if North American manufacturers simply produce more cars with right-side steering wheels.

Hypothesis: If the Japanese drive on the left side of the road, then they are not inclined to buy cars with left-side steering wheels is an assumption required by the columnist's argument.


Premise: Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil. Ttherefore, if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.

Hypothesis: Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: The gu, the hu, and the jue are types of bronze libation vessels that were produced in China during the Shang dynasty, almost 4, 000 years ago. Close examination of authentic gu, hu, and jue vessels reveals that they all bear incised patterns symbolizing the taotie, a mythological beast of greed. It must be true then that any bronze libation vessel that does not bear incised patterns symbolizing the taotie is not an authentic vessel produced in China during the Shang dynasty.

Hypothesis: The argument makes the error of reasoning of treating the facts that certain specific objects belong to a given category and that some other objects belonging to that category possess a certain characteristic as sufficient evidence that the former objects also possess that characteristic.


Premise: Finally, the state has issued a policy to emphasize the protection of cultural relics, which is a good thing. There are not many cultural relics in China that have been destroyed after the two major shocks of revolution and construction.On the surface, China has become a younger city than the United States, and there is one more than New York, and the buildings in New York are all new steel and concrete, glass squares, streets and neon lights, and every city is the same.Are there any cultural relics in the museums of several central cities and in the hands of private collectors? however, the things there are not cultural relics, but goods that are divorced from the cultural background, just like the Chinese cultural relics in the Metropolitan Museum of New York, just the value of appreciation and auction.

Hypothesis: The loss of cultural relics is the pain of China's cultural relics protection reflects the main idea of this passage.


Premise: The Kiffer Forest Preserve, in the northernmost part of the Abbimac Valley, is where most of the bears in the valley reside. During the eight years that the main road through the preserve has been closed the preserve' s bear population has nearly doubled. Thus, the valley' s bear population will increase if the road is kept closed.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only some of the increase in the preserve's bear population over the past eight years is due to migration of bears from other parts of the Abbimac Valley' most undermines the argument.


Premise: The evaluation of a scientific work can not be simply reduced to the size of a number, and no number can replace peer review and the specific analysis and historical test of the scientific significance of the work; A good evaluation index can provide more accurate information and make the corresponding evaluation more objective and fair.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to emphasize the evaluation of scientific work, and it is suggested that a variety of factors need to be considered in order to achieve justice.


Premise: The unit proposed three schemes A, B and C for energy conservation and emission reduction. Among them, all employees who drive to work choose scheme C, all employees who take the subway to work choose scheme B, none of the employees who take the bus to work choose scheme C, none of the employees who take the subway have a driver's license, and Mr. Wang doesn't have a driver's license when he takes the bus to work.

Hypothesis: Employees who go to work by bus may have chosen scheme A can be inferred.


Premise: Television allows us to transmit images of ourselves that propagate into space. The earliest of these transmissions have by now reached all of our neighboring star systems. None of these transmissions, so far as we know, has been recognized; we have yet to receive any messages of extraterrestrial origin. We must conclude that there is no extraterrestrial intelligence in any of our neighboring star systems.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is questionable because the argument overlooks the immense probability that most star systems are uninhabited.


Premise: In the 3000-meter final of the World Athletics Championships, among the three A, B and C who always ran at the front, one was an American player, one was a German player, and the other was a Kenyan player. After the race, we learned that: (1) A's performance was better than that of the German player; (2) the Kenyan player's performance was worse than that of B; (3) C praised the Kenyan player for his outstanding performance.

Hypothesis: The American player is the champion, the German player is the runner-up, and the Kenyan player is the third must be true.


Premise: In ground equipment, lithium-ion batteries are mainly used in military unmanned ground vehicles, robots, hybrid electric combat vehicles, etc. For ground combat vehicles driven by oil and electricity, using lithium-ion batteries as power source can not only reduce fuel consumption and logistics burden, but also improve the mobility and survivability of tactical vehicles. At present, multinational armies have increased hybrid electric driven combat vehicles. The research and development of lithium-ion battery modules for unmanned ground vehicles and ground robots. However, for large ground equipment, the weak power of lithium-ion battery is the main factor restricting its further application. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to develop lithium-ion batteries with high specific power and low cost in the future to meet the mission requirements of ground equipment.

Hypothesis: It is the development direction of battlefield power source in the future according to the above words.


Premise: Political emotion refers to the inner experience and feeling of political subjects in political life to the political system, political activities, political events and political figures, which is formed with the process of people's political cognition, and is a general term for the psychological reaction of various political object, love and hate only dare, beauty and ugliness.

Hypothesis: Chagrin at the waste of time is not a political emotion.


Premise: Libel is defined as damaging the reputation of someone by making false statements. Ironically, strong laws against libel can make it impossible for anyone in the public eye to have a good reputation. For the result of strong libel laws is that, for fear of lawsuits, no one will say anything bad about public figures.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'Public figures can have good reputations only if there are other public figures who have bad reputations' most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: Research shows that the sales growth rate of China's FMCG market in 2015 was the lowest in recent five years, among which the sales of instant noodles decreased sharply by 12.5%. Some researchers believe that the increase in the number of low-income retirees is an important reason for the decline in FMCG consumption. However, the same data also shows that the growth rate of industries related to health, tourism and entertainment has reached double digits. Among them, the sales of yogurt increased by 20.6%. Three quarters of the respondents said they were willing to pay higher prices for food considered healthy. Consumers' demand for quality and personalized goods and services is increasing rapidly. They are no longer satisfied with the pursuit of material enjoyment, but more spiritual satisfaction.

Hypothesis: The impression that instant noodles are unhealthy in people's mind is gradually accepted can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Magazine article: Punishment for crimes is justified if it actually deters people from committing them. But a great deal of carefully assembled and analyzed empirical data show clearly that punishment is not a deterrent. So punishment is never justified.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the magazine article's argument is flawed because the argument mistakes being sufficient to justify punishment for being required to justify it.


Premise: Magazine editor: I know that some of our regular advertisers have been pressuring us to give favorable mention to their products in our articles, but they should realize that for us to yield to their wishes would actually be against their interests. To remain an effective advertising vehicle we must have loyal readership, and we would soon lose that readership if our readers suspect that our editorial integrity has been compromised by pandering to advertisers. Advertising-sales director: You underestimate the sophistication of our readers. They recognize that the advertisements we carry are not articles, so their response to the advertisements has never depended on their opinion of the editorial integrity of the magazine as a whole.

Hypothesis: The most accurate assessment of the advertising-sales director's argument as a response to the magazine editor's argument is that it fails because it is based on a misunderstanding of the editor's view about how readers respond to advertisements they see in the magazine.


Premise: A popular view is that people can predict earthquakes by the abnormal behavior of animals. In fact, this view is based on subjective analogy and does not necessarily reveal objective connections. A dog's abnormal behavior before the earthquake will naturally impress his owner: but in fact, dogs have abnormal behavior at any moment in the world.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the above argument, the question 'What is the proportion of animals with abnormal behavior before the earthquake that are not noticed?' is the least important.


Premise: A development company has proposed building an airport near the city of Dalton. If the majority of Dalton' s residents favor the proposal, the airport will be built. However, it is unlikely that a majority of Dalton' s residents would favor the proposal, for most of them believe that the airport would create noise problems. Thus, it is unlikely that the airport will be built.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument treats a sufficient condition for the airport's being built as a necessary condition.


Premise: Politician: About 4 years ago, when our party came into power, it was committed to fighting inflation and successfully reduced the increase of the consumer price index (CPI) from 4% at the time to 1.5% now. The CPI rose by more than 4% during the previous four years of the opposition party's administration. Therefore, under the leadership of our party, the prices of commodities are getting lower and lower.

Hypothesis: The politician's argument is most vulnerable to criticism because there is no mention of the period when the opposition party was in power when the domestic economy was overheated, and now there is an economic crisis in Europe and the United States.


Premise: One day five friends got together and one of them enumerated the dangers of drinking and urged everyone to stop drinking. Are you quit drinking now?He asked one by one. The four men answered in different ways.

Hypothesis: According to their answers, I especially like drinking does not violate the implied premise of this reasoning.


Premise: On July 14, 2015, after difficult negotiations in the euro zone, the Greek debt crisis was temporarily quieted down. If the Greek debt crisis is not resolved, it will have a negative impact on the economy of the euro zone. But Greece can only return to the path of economic development through extensive reforms. Greece can either reduce welfare or achieve substantial economic growth, otherwise, the debt crisis will be difficult to solve.

Hypothesis: If Greece does not reduce welfare, or if it fails to achieve substantial economic development, it will have a negative impact on the economy of the euro zone must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Aluminum alloys have widely replaced steel in military equipment because they provide the same protection and are lighter. But an armored vehicle made of aluminum alloy costs twice as much as a armored vehicle made of steel. Therefore, from a financial point of view, it is not advisable to replace the armored vehicles made of steel with armored vehicles made of aluminum alloy with the same protective performance.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The price of aluminum alloy is expected to remain stable, while the price of steel is likely to fall' can raise greater doubts about the above conclusion.


Premise: China has implemented the etiquette of not marrying with the same surname since the Zhou Dynasty. Qu Li said: the same surname is the clan, and there is the meaning of gathering people of the whole clan, so it is based on the surname.... Even though it has been a hundred generations since their ancestors, they are still not allowed to intermarry.  Guoyu said, when you take a wife, you should avoid her with the same surname. He also said, if you don't marry with the same surname, evil doesn't come into being. From this point of view, the ancients of our country have long understood the principle of eugenics in modern genetics, otherwise they would not have realized the harmfulness of next-of-kin marriage.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The intermarriage between the State of Qin and the State of Jin is called the good of Qin and Jin, and the good of Qin and Jin is a model of not marrying with the same surname' weakens the author's explanation of unmarried with the same surname.


Premise: It is crucially important to farmers that the herbicides they use to control weeds do not damage their crops. One very effective herbicide is safe for corn, but soybeans are damaged even by the herbicide' s residue, which remains in the soil more than a year after the herbicide is applied. Soybeans and corn are not sown together in the same field; nevertheless, most farmers are reluctant to use the herbicide on their corn.

Hypothesis: The statement that the application of herbicides is less critical for soybean than for corn crops provides the strongest justification for the farmers' reluctance.


Premise: FastMart, a convenience store chain, is planning to add pancake syrup to the items it sells. FastMart stores do not have shelf space to stock more than one variety of syrup. Surveys of FastMart customers indicate that one-fourth of them prefer low-calorie syrup, while three-fourths prefer regular syrup. Since FastMart' s highest priority is to maximize sales, the obvious strategy for it is to stock regular syrup.

Hypothesis: In general, customers who prefer regular syrup will buy low-calorie syrup if regular is unavailable, but those who prefer low-calorie will not buy regular syrup most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: If you want your children to grow taller, parents must hug them often, because children who cannot feel loved by others have less growth hormone secretion.

Hypothesis: It can be inferred that tall children are more embraced by their parents than short children.


Premise: Maria: Calling any state totalitarian is misleading: it implies total state control of all aspects of life. The real world contains no political entity exercising literally total control over even one such aspect. This is because any system of control is inefficient, and, ttherefore, its degree of control is partial. James: A one-party state that has tried to exercise control over most aspects of a society and that has, broadly speaking, managed to do so is totalitarian. Such a system' s practical inefficiencies do not limit the aptness of the term, which does not describe a state s actual degree of control as much as it describes the nature of a state' s ambitions.

Hypothesis: Maria's main conclusion is that no state can be called totalitarian without inviting a mistaken belief.


Premise: Since 1993, sandstorms have frequently occurred in Inner Mongolia, causing great economic losses. Some people think that sandstorm is caused by grassland degradation and desertification due to climate drought. It is a natural disaster, so it is inevitable.

Hypothesis: The statement "In the 1950s, the grass on the Xilingol grassland in Inner Mongolia was as high as horses' bellies. Now the grass is too thick for mice" would challenge the above statement, except if it is true.


Premise: Political strategist: Clearly, attacking an opposing candidate on philosophical grounds is generally more effective than attacking the details of the opponent' s policy proposals. A philosophical attack links an opponent' s policy proposals to an overarching ideological scheme, thereby telling a story and providing context. This makes the attack emotionally compelling.

Hypothesis: Political attacks that are emotionally compelling are generally more effective than those that are not is an assumption required by the political strategist's argument.


Premise: On the one hand, due to the bad weather, on the other hand, because the main pepper growers are switching to high-priced cocoa, the world's pepper production has been far lower than the sales volume in the past three years. Therefore, the current supply of pepper is quite short. The result is that the price of pepper has risen and is already on par with cocoa.

Hypothesis: The amount of pepper stocks in the world market is decreasing can be derived from the information provided.


Premise: Nutrition education in schools once promoted daily consumption of food from each of the four food groups: milk, meat, fruit and vegetables, and breads and cereals. This recommendation was, however, dangerous to health.

Hypothesis: The recommendation that some food from the fruit and vegetable group be consumed daily constituted a reminder not to neglect this group, which provides needed vitamins, minerals, and fiber provides support for the critique above EXCEPT.


Premise: A beverage manufacturer changed the composition of a famous beverage they produced last year, and at the same time the export value of a small island in the Indian Ocean began to decline. The island's only export product, vanilla beans, accounted for more than half of the global supply. Therefore, analysts believe that the original ingredient of the famous drink contains vanilla extracted from vanilla beans, but the new ingredient does not.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Sales of several other best-selling products containing vanilla are also declining' is correct and is a powerful way to enhance analysts' reasoning.


Premise: Seven security guards, Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li, Wu, Zheng, and Wang, take turns on the night shift every week. In terms of duty hours, it is now known that Zhao is one day behind Sun; Li is two days behind Wu; Qian is three days ahead of Wang; Zheng is between Qian and Sun, on Thursday.

Hypothesis: Based on the above question, Sun is on Friday.


Premise: Archaeologists are currently analyzing plant remains found at a site that was last occupied more than 10, 000 years ago. If the plants were cultivated, then the people who occupied the site discovered agriculture thousands of years before any other people are known to have done so. On the other hand, if the plants were wild -- that is, uncultivated -- then the people who occupied the site ate a wider variety of wild plants than did any other people at the time.

Hypothesis: The statements above, if true, most strongly support the statement that the archaeologists analyzing the plant remains at the site will be able to determine whether the plants were cultivated or were wild.


Premise: The new heart scans offer patients significant benefits. They can be completed in a fraction of the time required for an angiogram, with no recovery time necessary. Furthermore, the scans are more sensitive and can identify problem areas that an angiogram might not perceive. However, heart scans use more radiation than most diagnostic procedures, and can cause undue concern over and treatment for the harmless abnormalities often picked up by such sensitive technology.

Hypothesis: A heart scan is the more appropriate of the two procedures for most patients is the conclusion that is best supported by the statements above.


Premise: Studies suggest that, for the vast majority of people who have normal blood pressure, any amount of sodium greater than that required by the body is simply excreted and does not significantly raise blood pressure. So only persons who have high blood pressure and whose bodies are incapable of safely processing excess sodium need to restrict their sodium intake.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'High blood pressure is more harmful than was previously believed' would most seriously weaken the argument.


Premise: Alan: Government subsidies have been proposed in Cariana to encourage farmers in Rochelle, the country' s principal agricultural region, to implement certain new farming techniques. Unless these techniques are implemented, erosion of productive topsoil cannot be controlled. Unfortunately, farmers cannot afford to shoulder the entire cost of the new techniques, which are more expensive than those currently used. Ttherefore, without subsidies, agricultural output in Rochelle will inevitably decline. Betty: But erosion in Rochelle is caused by recurring floods, which will end next year once Cariana completes the hydroelectric dam it is building across the region' s major river. Ttherefore, Rochelle' s total agricultural output will stabilize at its present level even without subsidies.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which Betty's argument depends is that the government of Cariana has sufficient financial resources both to subsidize its farmers' implementation of new farming techniques and to operate a hydroelectric dam.


Premise: Both Company A and B provide 24-hour hotline consultation services for customers who have difficult problems using their company's digital products. Calling the hotline charges a corresponding call fee, so generally speaking, consumers only encounter difficulties when using digital products. The number of hotline calls received by Company A is five times more than that of Company B. This shows that company A's digital products must be more complex and difficult to use than Company B's.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The number of consumers who bought Company B's digital products is twice as much as that of Company A' can best support the above conclusion.


Hypothesis: The division into four groups gave the impression that an equal amount of each should be consumed, but milk and meat tend to contain fats that promote heart disease and cancer and should be eaten in lesser amounts does not provide support for the critique above.


Premise: Alcohol consumption has been clearly linked to high blood pressure, which increases the likelihood of developing heart disease. Yet in a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, the incidence of heart disease was lower among participants who drank moderate quantities of alcohol every day than it was among participants identified as nondrinkers.

Hypothesis: Many of the participants identified as nondrinkers were people who had been heavy drinkers but had stopped drinking alcohol prior to participating in the study most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price. Surprisingly, perhaps, <b> the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest price the market will bear </b>. Many companies charge the maximum possible price for such a product, because they want to make as much profit as they can and technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed. The drawback is that <b> large profits on the new product give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the new product' s capabilities </b>.

Hypothesis: The first presents a strategy for achieving a certain goal; the second presents grounds for preferring a different goal is the role played by the two portions in boldface in the argument above.


Premise: Literature professor: Critics charge that the work of C. F. Providence' s best-known follower, S. N. Sauk, lacks aesthetic merit because it employs Providence' s own uniquely potent system of symbolic motifs in the service of a political ideal that Providence -- and, significantly, some of these critics as well -- would reject. Granting that Sauk is more imitator than innovator, and that he maintained political views very different from those Providence maintained, it has yet to be shown that these facts make his writings any less subtly or powerfully crafted than those of his more esteemed mentor. So the critics' argument should be rejected.

Hypothesis: The literature professor argues that the claims made in support of the conclusion drawn by the critics have not been shown to be relevant to it.


Premise: A robbery occurred in a school. The Public Security Bureau arrested four suspects A, B, C, and D. When interrogating them, A said: I did not do it. B said: D did it. C said: It was B D said: I did not do it.

Hypothesis: D did the robbery, according to the statement that only one of these four told the truth.


Premise: Last winter was mild enough to allow most bird species to forage naturally, which explains why the proportion of birds visiting feeders was much lower than usual. The mild winter also allowed many species to stay in their summer range all winter without migrating south, thereby limiting the usual attrition accompanying migration. Hence, last year' s mild winter is responsible for this year' s larger-than-usual bird population.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Birds eating at feeders are more vulnerable to predators than are birds foraging naturally' would most strengthen the reasoning in the argument.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the magician must meet the following conditions :(1) if the arrangement of G or H play, they must be in the front. (2) If K is to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is to play, he must be in team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be in the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, Q is in the middle position of team 1.

Hypothesis: If G is on team 1 and K is on team 2, P must be behind team 2.


Premise: The same number of cucumber seedlings were planted in the two experimental greenhouses. Magnesium salt was applied in the first greenhouse, but not in the second. The first one produced 10kg cucumber and the second one produced 5kg. Since nothing was applied to the greenhouse except water, the higher yield of the first greenhouse must be due to magnesium salt.

Hypothesis: The statement "Four different cucumber varieties were planted in both experimental greenhouses" weakens the argument most.


Premise: The crime of intentional damage to property refers to a natural person who has reached the age of criminal responsibility and has the capacity of criminal responsibility. Intentionally damaging or damaging public or private property, a large amount of money or other serious circumstances. The purpose of the crime is only to damage public and private property, not to have the purpose of illegal possession.

Hypothesis: Zhao damaging high-voltage lines, causing power outages throughout the region for three days is the crime of wilful damage to property according to the above definition.


Premise: Tujia dog is a small hairless beast that only lives in the southern United States. Before humans settled in the southern United States, Tujia's natural enemies were not strong, so Tujia thrived in the southern United States. When humans began to hunt them, Tujia dog became extinct. Therefore, it must be people's minefields that led to its extinction.

Hypothesis: While humans settled in the southern United States, they also brought new species that may be natural enemies of Tujia dogs weakens the reasoning above most.


Premise: Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable. However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.

Hypothesis: The argument proceeds by providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case.


Premise: An economic expert pointed out that the key to the success of central macro-control lies in how to arrange as many employees as possible and take into account the basic stability of prices. Inflation is not the most terrible thing. It is impossible to maintain high economic growth without a certain amount of inflation.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that macro-control is to solve the two problems of employment and prices.


Premise: Compared with international oil prices, domestic oil prices have always been rising fast and falling slowly, one of the reasons is that China's refined oil price adjustment is based on the boundary condition that crude oil prices in the three regions change more than 4%. For example, when we went from $100 a barrel to $104, we followed suit. However, a 4% pullback from $104 would take the price back down to $99,.84.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The above argument does not compare the price on the same basis. If the price increase is based on $100, the conditional analysis of the price reduction should also be based on $100' best points out the flaws in the above argument.


Premise: Installing scrubbers in smokestacks and switching to cleaner-burning fuel are the two methods available to Northern Power for reducing harmful emissions from its plants. Scrubbers will reduce harmful emissions more than cleaner-burning fuels will. Ttherefore, by installing scrubbers, Northern Power will be doing the most that can be done to reduce harmful emissions from its plants.

Hypothesis: Switching to cleaner-burning fuel will not be more expensive than installing scrubbers is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Fragments of charred antelope bone have recently been found at a million-year-old settlement of Homo erectus, an early human species. This discovery demonstrates that humans were making controlled use of fire to cook meat at a very early stage of their development.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the antelope bones were charred in a fire controlled by humans is made by the argument above.


Premise: Voluntary attention refers to the attention with a predetermined purpose and requires a certain will effort: non random attention refers to the attention without a predetermined purpose and no will effort in advance; Random attention occurs after random attention. It has a certain purpose and task, and does not need the attention of will and effort.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when Xiao Lin was reading in front of the window, he suddenly heard some noise outside. He looked up and found two birds parked in the tree is an example of voluntary attention.


Premise: Possession modification refers to the transfer of the right to the movable property, the two parties also agreed that the transferee to continue to occupy the movable property, the property right from the transfer agreement when the effective effect.

Hypothesis: A sold all their books to B, in the delivery of this book, A also want to read for a while, and then reached an agreement with B, borrowed the book for 15 days, B said yes is a possession modification according to the above definition.


Premise: On the one hand, due to the bad weather, on the other hand, because the main pepper growers are switching to high-priced cocoa, the world's pepper production has been far lower than the sales volume in the past three years. Therefore, the current supply of pepper is quite short. The result is that the price of pepper has risen and is already on par with cocoa.

Hypothesis: The current price of cocoa is lower than it was three years ago can be derived from the information given.


Premise: The distance that animals travel each day and the size of the groups in which they live are highly correlated with their diets. And diet itself depends in large part on the sizes and shapes of animals' teeth and faces.

Hypothesis: The statements above provide the most support for the idea that information about the size and shape of an extinct animal's teeth and face can establish whether that animal is likely to have been a herd animal.


Premise: Columnist: Contrary to what many people believe, the number of species on Earth is probably not dwindling. Extinction is a natural process, and about as many species are likely to go extinct this year as went extinct in 1970. But the emergence of new species is also a natural process; there is no reason to doubt that new species are emerging at about the same rate as they have been for the last several centuries.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The vast majority of the species that have ever existed are now extinct' most weakens the columnist's argument.


Premise: Administrative system refers to the compulsory punishment measures imposed by the state administrative agencies on administrative offenders in accordance with their administrative responsibilities.

Hypothesis: A girl under the age of 14 has been instigated to pilfer for many times does not belong to the administrative system.


Premise: Educator: Some experimental educational programs, based on the principle that children' s first education should take place at home, instruct parents in how to be their child' s first teacher.  The school performance of the children in these programs is better than average. This shows that these programs are successful and should be expanded.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Most of the parents participating in the programs have prior experience as educators' most weakens the educator's argument.


Premise: Zhu Hong: red squirrels make holes in the bark of sugar pines to absorb sap. Since the sap of sugar pine is mainly composed of water and a small amount of sugar, it is roughly certain that red squirrels are looking for water or sugar. Water is easily available in other ways where pine trees grow. Therefore, red pine trees are not trying to dig holes because they are looking for water, they may be looking for sugar. Lina: it must not be looking for sugar but something else, because the concentration of sugar in sugar pine sap is so low that red squirrels have to drink a lot of sap to get a little sugar.

Hypothesis: If the statement "Red squirrels do not absorb the sap until most of the water in the sap that seeps from the hole in the tree evaporates" is true, it most seriously shakes Lin Na's rebuttal to Zhu Hong.


Premise: Database is a collection of related data organized according to certain structure and rules. It is a data collection formed by integrating user data and a warehouse for storing data. Network is a system that uses communication equipment and lines to connect multiple computers in different places and spatial locations with relatively independent operation, and configures certain systems and application software to realize software and hardware resource sharing and information transmission between originally independent computers. Network database is a system based on background database, plus certain foreground program, which completes data storage, query and other operations through browser.

Hypothesis: The online video conference system conducted by the company's headquarters and subsidiaries at the same time does not belong to the network database according to the above definition.


Premise: Fan filter effect: Refers to the psychological phenomenon in which young people automatically filter out the shortcomings and over-magnify the advantages of the objects they admire.

Hypothesis: The fan filter effect is when fans take to social media to find excuses for a celebrity who has been arrested for taking drugs abroad.


Premise: There is an advertisement in CCTV's Global Information list: every day, we only introduce you to three global hot people; only report the most important global events; only select the top five companies in the world; only release the latest financial news in the world;  only introduce the most imaginative cutting-edge technologies;-- Global Information list, CCTV Economic Channel, 12:00 every day. Know that the messenger survives.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of "know that the messenger survives" in this passage is that the taste of the whole program has risen to a level of providing information and focusing on survival.


Premise: The common people's lecturer means that grass-roots units select ordinary people to publicize the principles and policies of the party and the government in a form that they like to hear and see.

Hypothesis: Mr. Jiang, a citizen, compiled the new medical insurance policy into Allegro, recorded it as a video, and posted it on the official Wechat account and moments every day belongs to the common people's lecturer.


Premise: The hurricane that threatens the continental U.S. was formed by the triggering of high pressure off the west coast of Africa. The continental U.S. is hit by particularly frequent hurricanes whenever there's a lot of rain in the sub-Saharan region. So, a lot of rainfall must be the cause of the hurricane that raises the pressure of the airflow.

Hypothesis: The argument 'Many of those who became entrepreneurs often played competitive sports while they were in college. Therefore, participation in competitive sports must increase the ability to become an entrepreneur' contains the most similar flaw to the argument above.


Premise: Non service invention refers to the invention and creation completed by the inventor with his own time, capital, equipment and other material or technical conditions. The patent application right for non service invention belongs to the inventor or designer.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lao Zhang's advanced technology of planting Ganoderma lucidum in the greenhouse belongs to non service inventions.


Premise: Water tourism refers to a short-term experience with social, leisure and consumption attributes that people go to water and its surrounding areas for the main purpose of seeking pleasure. It has gradually become an important carrier for people's leisure, fashion and regional tourism development. Water tourism resources refer to waters and related shores, islands, forests and grasses, buildings and other natural and cultural landscapes that are attractive to people.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a building standing on the Bank of the Yangtze River and becoming the background for tourists to take photos does not belong to water tourism resources.


Premise: Theory X believes that people are lazy by nature, and the less work the better. They will avoid work if possible. Therefore, managers need to use coercion, threats, punishments, monetary benefits and other incentives to stimulate people's negative original motivation for work. Theory Y believes that people have a positive motivation for work, and work is a natural thing. Most people do not resist work. Even without external pressure and threats of punishment, they will work hard to achieve their goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Director B thinks that the relationship between control and consciousness should be flexibly grasped according to the real situation of the enterprise is in line with Theory Y.


Premise: In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface. Mice infected with the herpesvirus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye. Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpesvirus surface, scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to the herpesvirus.

Hypothesis: Other types of virus have surface proteins that closely resemble proteins found in various organs of mice most helps to support the scientists' reasoning.


Premise: False correlation means that causality is inferred between two events without causality based on some other unseen factors (potential variables), resulting in the illusion that the two events are related. However, this connection can not be confirmed by objective experiments.

Hypothesis: The number of netizens and the degree of depreciation of the house is not a false correlation according to the above definition.


Premise: Professor Lan believes that a person who is not good at thinking cannot become a good manager. There is no humble wise man who learns astrology. Astrologers all learn astrology, but some astrologers are good managers.

Hypothesis: The statement "People who are good at thinking are humble and wise" can best refute professor Lan's above point of view.


Premise: People's fear of flying by plane is actually unreasonable. According to statistics, in 1995, the number of people who died in ground traffic accidents in the world exceeded 800,000. During the 10 years from 1990 to 1999, the world died in an average of air crashes every year. There are less than 500 people, and during these 10 years, my country has suffered an average of less than 25 people in air crashes every year.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the correctness of the above argument, the most important question to answer is how many people in the world use ground transportation and how many people use shipping in the past 10 years.


Premise: If it is said that the painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflects the vulgar side of life in the Song Dynasty, Xiyuan Ya Collection is the symbol of elegance. Xiyuan Ya Ji, which was widely told in the Northern Song Dynasty, showed the banquet scenes of many literati at that time. Su Shi, Li Gonglin and Mi Fu gathered together to recite poems and lyrics, or to caress the piano and sing, or to meditate and ask Zen, forming a literati circle with Su Shi as the center. The painter Li Gonglin depicts the elegant collection in a realistic way, with a preface to rice, saying, the gurgling of water and stone, the swallowing of wind and bamboo, the square curl of furnace smoke, and the self-sweetness of vegetation. The joy of emptiness in the world, but so much. Xiyuan Ya Collection is a classic motif in the history of ancient painting, and many future generations of painters have copies or imitations, which is also a continuation of the spirit of the Song Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the evaluation of the unique contribution of Xiyuan Ya Collection to the history of ancient Chinese painting.


Premise: Radio airplay restrictions are nationally imposed regulations. The City Club has compiled a guide to all nationally imposed regulations except those related to taxation or to labor law. Radio airplay restrictions are related neither to taxation nor to labor law, so the City Club' s guide covers radio airplay restrictions.

Hypothesis: The statement "The Nutrition Foundation recommends avoiding all prepackaged desserts that are not high in vitamins or protein and many prepackaged snack foods are low in vitamins or protein, so the Nutrition Foundation recommends avoiding prepackaged snack foods as well" exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to that exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: Moore: Sunscreen lotions, which are designed to block skin-cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation, do not do so effectively. Many scientific studies have shown that people who have consistently used these lotions develop, on average, as many skin cancers as those who have rarely, if ever, used them.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in Moore's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that people who consistently use sunscreen lotions spend more time in the sun, on average, than people who do not.


Premise: Reasoning is usually divided into deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is based on some general principles and personal examples to draw new conclusions about the individual examples. Inductive reasoning abstracts and generalizes a certain general principle from a certain number of individual facts. But a more precise statement is: deductive reasoning is inevitability reasoning, that is, the premise is true to ensure that the conclusion is true; inductive reasoning is probabilistic reasoning, the premise only provides certain support for the conclusion, and the premise is true and the conclusion is not necessarily true.

Hypothesis: The most accurate expression of the original meaning of this passage is that it summarizes the difference between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.


Premise: An economic expert pointed out that the key to the success of central macro-control lies in how to arrange as many employees as possible and take into account the basic stability of prices. Inflation is not the most terrible thing. It is impossible to maintain high economic growth without a certain amount of inflation.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that macro-control is to solve the two problems of employment and prices.


Premise: It is generally believed that people's aesthetic judgment is subjective, and this is true in a short period of time, and people's evaluation of contemporary works of art often diverges greatly. However, over time, the subjective element in aesthetics gradually disappears. When a work of art continues to provide pleasure and beauty over the centuries, as in Da Vinci paintings and Bach's music, we can fairly objectively call it a great work.

Hypothesis: If critics unanimously affirm a work of contemporary art, it is a great work is best supported by the above statement.


Premise: A scientist recently proposed a new idea: the Earth Plate movement began no later than 3.5 billion years ago. He reasoned that plate tectonics must transform the natural dark mafic rocks into light-colored felsic rocks. And by 3.5 billion years ago, the earth already had light-colored felsic rocks.

Hypothesis: The statement that 3.5 billion years ago, the earth was full of volcanoes, and volcanic eruptions would have released magma that would have buried the mafic rocks deep underground, melting them and turning them into felsic rocks, but plate tectonics is not the only cause of volcanic eruptions most challenges the expert's opinion.


Premise: Research shows that the sales growth rate of China's FMCG market in 2015 was the lowest in recent five years, among which the sales of instant noodles decreased sharply by 12.5%. Some researchers believe that the increase in the number of low-income retirees is an important reason for the decline in FMCG consumption. However, the same data also shows that the growth rate of industries related to health, tourism and entertainment has reached double digits. Among them, the sales of yogurt increased by 20.6%. Three quarters of the respondents said they were willing to pay higher prices for food considered healthy. Consumers' demand for quality and personalized goods and services is increasing rapidly. They are no longer satisfied with the pursuit of material enjoyment, but more spiritual satisfaction.

Hypothesis: The consumption focuses of some consumers began to shift can be inferred from the above words.


Premise: Unfair competition refers to an enterprise that uses improper or unfair methods to increase the market share of its products, creating an unfair market environment for competitors that produce similar products, and seriously harming the interests of its competitors.

Hypothesis: In order to compete for market share with Company B, Company A produced a movie advertisement showing that a fighter aircraft with the emblem of A dropped a blockbuster on the warship that was about to capsize (marked by B) is not considered unfair competition according to the definition.


Premise: Marx was an indomitable great man, but also a man of flesh and blood. He loves life, is sincere and simple, heavy affection heavy righteousness. Marx and Engels' revolutionary friendship lasted 40 years, as Lenin said; There are all kinds of very moving friendship stories in ancient legends, but the Friendship of Marx and Engels surpasses all the most moving legends of human friendship of the ancients.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be concluded that Lenin was an indomitable great man and an ordinary man of flesh and blood.


Premise: On Saturday Melvin suggested that Jerome take the following week off from work and accompany him on a trip to the mountains. Jerome refused, claiming that he could not afford the cost of the trip added to the wages he would forfeit by taking off without notice. It is clear, however, that cost cannot be the real reason for Jerome' s unwillingness to go with Melvin to the mountains, since he makes the same excuse every time Melvin asks him to take an unscheduled vacation regardless of where Melvin proposes to go.

Hypothesis: The reasoning is most vulnerable to the criticism that it fails to establish that Melvin could no more afford to take an unscheduled vacation trip to the mountains than could Jerome.


Premise: In defending the Hyperion School of Journalism from charges that its program is of little or no value to its students, the dean of the school pointed to its recent success in placing students: 65 percent of its graduates went on to internships or jobs in print or broadcast journalism.

Hypothesis: The statement "Some newspaper editors do not regard journalism schools as a necessary part of the training of a journalist" most seriously undermines the defense offered by the dean.


Premise: In big data's wave of everything is quantifiable, the network has gradually become a mirror of the real world. With the increasing integration of the network society and the real society, the management of the government can no longer be limited to offline management. on the other hand, we must fully grasp the influence mechanism of the Internet on the behavior of the government and the public, the regulation law and its connection with the real society to realize the full linkage and coordination between the Internet and the real society.

Hypothesis: The content of big data that this passage is intended to explain is that it adjusts the focus of government management.


Premise: An evaluation agency conducted a social survey to evaluate the popularity of books. The results show that the sales volume of life books exceeds that of science and technology books, so the popularity of life books is higher than that of science and technology books.

Hypothesis: Some of the books sold may not have been read can best refute the above argument.


Premise: Statistics are divided into qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data includes categorical and ordinal data. Categorical data refers to non-numeric data that can only be assigned to a certain category, which is the result of classifying things and expressed in words; sequential data refers to non-numeric data that can be assigned to an ordered category. Quantitative data are data that represent specific numerical observations. ①Cities can be divided into megacities, large cities, medium cities and small cities according to the size of the city; ②Marital status: 1-unmarried, 2-married, 3-divorced, 4-widowed; ③The distance from place A to place B is 200 kilometers, 320 kilometers to C and 100 kilometers to D; ④ A hospital has a construction area of 50,000 square meters, 3,182 open beds and 687 clinicians.

Hypothesis: Based on the above definition, the statement that ①② are all sequential data is correct.


Premise: Butterfly is a very beautiful insect and there are about 14000 species. Most of the species are distributed in Africa, especially in the Amazon River basin, and are distributed in other parts of the world except in the cold regions of the north and south. Taiwan is also famous for its many species of butterflies in Asia. Butterflies generally have brightly colored wings, various patterns on their wings and bodies, and a bunch of rod-shaped or hammered antennae on their heads. The largest butterfly has wings up to 24 centimeters, while the smallest butterfly has only 1.6 centimeters.

Hypothesis: Some insects have brightly colored wings can be inferred based on the above statement.


Premise: British scientists point out that over Antarctica, the top of the escape layer in the atmosphere has fallen by about 8 kilometers in the past 40 years. Over Europe, similar observations have been made. Scientists believe that the atmosphere may continue to contract because of Greenhouse Effect. In the 21 st century. The concentration of carbon dioxide is expected to increase several times, which will reduce the space boundary by 20 kilometers, so that the density of the thermo-ionosphere above the escape layer will continue to decrease, and the shrinking atmosphere will at least have an unpredictable effect on the satellite.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that the greenhouse effect will continue to shrink the atmosphere.


Premise: With the increase of the contribution rate of science and technology to economic and social development and the deepening of the involvement of science and technology in life, the relationship between ordinary people and science and technology has become closer. Popular science has increasingly become a common expectation of people when it comes to life. And this puts forward higher requirements for popular science innovation. Of course, the first thing to innovate in popular science is to update the ideas and contents of popular science in a timely manner, and to inform the public of the ever-changing achievements of scientific and technological development in an easy-to-understand way. At the same time, it also means the innovation of the forms and means of science popularization. Adding elements of literature and art is the proper meaning of the title_ _ The older generation of scientific workers are very good at borrowing the power of literature and art. For example, when we read Mr. Zhu Kezhen's popular science articles such as hurricane and cloud, we will be impressed by his accurate and vivid words.

Hypothesis: The statement 'How to take into account the innovation of the content and form of popular science is a top priority' is the most appropriate to fill in the horizontal part of the painting.


Premise: The sequelae of digital technology refers to the decline of memory or cognitive ability caused by overuse and dependence on digital products.

Hypothesis: Ms. Zhang heard from her friends many times that she could also buy financial products directly on her mobile phone, so she downloaded a financial APP. Unexpectedly, she went to a phishing website and was cheated of more than 30000 yuan is a legacy of the sequelae of digital technology.


Premise: It is a given that to be an intriguing person, one must be able to inspire the perpetual curiosity of others. Constantly broadening one' s abilities and extending one' s intellectual reach will enable one to inspire that curiosity. For such a perpetual expansion of one' s mind makes it impossible to be fully comprehended, making one a constant mystery to others.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the argument is that if one constantly broadens one's abilities and extends one's intellectual reach, one will be able to inspire the perpetual curiosity of others.


Premise: In recent years, the state has made efforts to reduce drug prices from the production, circulation and sales of drugs. However, many patients feel puzzled that, on the one hand, the national policy to reduce drug prices is constantly introduced, on the other hand, the prices of many common drugs are rising.

Hypothesis: The policy of reducing drug price can effectively control the drug price increase caused by the price increase of pharmaceutical raw materials in the drug market best explains this phenomenon.


Premise: The more sunlight our planet reflects back into space, the cooler the global atmosphere tends to become. Snow and ice reflect much more sunlight back into space than do ocean water or land without snow cover. Ttherefore, the greater the area of Earth' s surface that is covered with snow and ice, the cooler, on average, the global atmosphere is likely to become.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Lighter-colored soil reflects more sunlight back into space than does darker-colored soil' would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: To act responsibly in one' s professional capacity, one must act on the basis of information that one has made a reasonable effort to make sure is accurate and complete.

Hypothesis: Toril did not act responsibly in investing the company's money in Twicycled Ink, for, though the investment yielded a large return, she had not investigated the risks associated with that investment is a judgment that most closely conforms to the principle cited above.


Premise: Dante said: morality can often fill the defects of people's wisdom, but wisdom can't fill the defects of morality.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of the above sentence is that in a sense, morality is more important to people than wisdom.


Premise: Cornell University in the United States has studied the tongues of obese and normal mice and found that eating a diet high in fat can reduce the number of taste buds. Taste buds are structures on the tongue, including about 100 cells. After the mice gained weight, the rate of death of mature taste buds became faster, while the growth rate of new cells became slower. The loss of taste buds can lead to dull taste, which makes it difficult for obese people to eat a certain diet, because if they want to taste the same delicacy as normal people with 25% more taste buds than they do, they have to eat heavier food. This means eating more sugar, fat and calories.

Hypothesis: The serious harm of overeating a high-fat diet is intended to describe this passage.


Premise: Professor: One cannot frame an accurate conception of one' s physical environment on the basis of a single momentary perception, since each such glimpse occurs from only one particular perspective. Similarly, any history book gives only a distorted view of the past, since it reflects the biases and prejudices of its author.

Hypothesis: The professor's argument proceeds by arguing that a type of human cognition is unreliable in one instance because it has been shown to be unreliable under similar circumstances.


Premise: Some good things are not cheap. Therefore, not all cheap things are good things.

Hypothesis: Some southerners are not Cantonese. Therefore, not all Cantonese are southerners is not valid for the above conclusion.


Premise: After the conquest of the Mediterranean world, the increase in wealth, changes in economic structure and the influx of foreign ideas made the Romans start to feel at a loss. The pursuit of value showed a bizarre scene. The vast majority of Romans abandoned traditional social virtues and pursued happiness. Doctrine philosophy, worship of money, greed for ease, indulge in food and color, the Roman nation gradually drifted away from traditional virtues in the value orientation of life. After the formation of the Roman Empire, the traditional virtues that the Romans were proud of disappeared, and morality was disintegrated. This led to the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.

Hypothesis: The main point of this passage is that the Roman nation once possessed traditional virtues.


Premise: In view of the considerable length of the police chief' s tenure as head of the department, the chief should be held accountable for the widespread corruption in the department. That no evidence was discovered that the chief was involved in any way in the corruption does not allow us to escape this conclusion.

Hypothesis: The principle that any supervisor who knowingly tolerates widespread corruption among his or her subordinates should be held accountable most helps to justify the argument.


Premise: In recent years, the music curriculum in primary and secondary schools in China has not received enough attention in many areas, and the content of teaching materials can not keep pace with the times. Some music teachers only pay attention to skill training and ignore the main purpose of music education. The first thing should be Building Morality and determination. Before teaching students a music work, teachers should first understand the moral thought expressed in it, Then we should carry out positive education on students' body and mind in various forms. As music teachers, we should take this as our own responsibility to make children really love music and plant a healthy seed of truth, goodness and beauty in their hearts.

Hypothesis: The paragraph is intended to emphasize that music education should pay attention to the moral education of works.


Premise: Salespeople always steer customers toward products from which they make their highest commissions, and all salespeople in major health stores work on commission. Hence, when you buy vitamin supplements in a major health store, you can be sure that the claims the salespeople make about the quality of the products are inaccurate.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument infers that some claims are inaccurate solely on the basis of the source of those claims.


Premise: Emotional advertising is an advertising strategy that appeals to consumers' emotions or emotional responses to convey the added value or emotional satisfaction brought to them by the product. The value of this emotion in the minds of consumers may far exceed the value of the product itself, so that Consumers form a positive brand attitude. According to the above definition,

Hypothesis: The slogan of a brand of body lotion: For the skin to be soft and moisturizing, please use  times body lotion is not emotional advertising.


Premise: Five people, A, B, C, D, and E were traveling by high-speed rail. They happened to sit in the same row of seats A, B, C, D, and F. Known: (1) If one of A or B is sitting In Block C, then C is sitting in Block B; (2) If E is sitting in Block C, then D is sitting in Block F.

Hypothesis: If D is sitting in B, then E is sitting in F can be inferred.


Premise: Corn is an important food crop and a high-yield and high-quality feed. It has now become the main raw material of the feed industry. At present, there are more than 500 processed products made from corn. Corn starch can be directly eaten or processed into Sugars, alcohol, acetic acid, acetone, butanol and other chemical products can also be used in textile, paper, medicine, wine and other industries. The fat in the embryo accounts for more than 85% of the oil content of the grain, and it is extracted from the embryo. Corn oil becomes a high-quality edible oil and can be made into margarine.

Hypothesis: The text intended to illustrate the development of agricultural technology has broadened the market for corn lamp agricultural products.


Premise: Energy analyst: During this record-breaking heat wave, air conditioner use has overloaded the region' s electrical power grid, resulting in frequent power blackouts throughout the region. For this reason, residents have been asked to cut back voluntarily on air conditioner use in their homes. But even if this request is heeded, blackouts will probably occur unless the heat wave abates.

Hypothesis: Air-conditioning is not the only significant drain on the electrical system in the area most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: City council member: Demand for electricity has been increasing by 1. 5 percent a year, and there simply is no more space to build additional power plants to meet future demand increases. We must ttherefore begin to curtail usage, which is why I propose passing ordinances requiring energy-conservation measures in all city departments.

Hypothesis: The city council member's proposal assumes that existing power plants do not have the capacity to handle all of the projected increase in demand for electricity.


Premise: Inventor: All highly successful entrepreneurs have as their main desire the wish to leave a mark on the world. Highly successful entrepreneurs are unique in that whenever they see a solution to a problem, they implement that idea. All other people see solutions to problems but are too interested in leisure time or job security to always have the motivation to implement their ideas.

Hypothesis: The main desire of all people who implement solutions whenever they detect them is to leave a mark on the world must also be true if the inventor's statements are true.


Premise: Element refers to more than 100 basic metallic and non-metallic substances in nature. They are composed of one atom. Each nucleus in its atom has the same number of protons, which cannot be decomposed by general chemical methods, and can form all substances. Atom is an inseparable basic particle in chemical reaction. Atom is inseparable in chemical reaction, but in physical state, it is composed of atomic nucleus and electrons moving around the nucleus. Molecules are composed of atoms. It is the name of a basic particle that constitutes matter. It is a particle that exists alone and maintains the smallest chemical properties.

Hypothesis: Atoms with different numbers of protons are not the same kind of elements is correct according to the above definition.


Premise: Vanwilligan: Some have argued that professional athletes receive unfairly high salaries. But in an unrestricted free market, such as the market these athletes compete in, salaries are determined by what someone else is willing to pay for their services. These athletes make enormous profits for their teams' owners, and that is why owners are willing to pay them extraordinary salaries. Thus the salaries they receive are fair.

Hypothesis: Vanwilligan's conclusion follows logically if the assumption that 'If professional athletes were paid less for their services, then the teams for which they play would not make as much money' is made.


Premise: School is the main channel to spread knowledge, but it is not the only one. It is important to learn book knowledge, but it is also important to learn in practice. No scientist learns his knowledge entirely from school, and no scientist learns his knowledge entirely from books.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that one can't practice everything to acquire knowledge, and there's no need to do that.


Premise: Environment minister: Many countries have signed an international agreement that is intended to reduce pollution in the world' s oceans. While conformity to this agreement probably would significantly reduce pollution in the world' s oceans, it would also probably reduce economic growth in our country and others. Ttherefore, our country should not sign the agreement.

Hypothesis: The principle that when deciding whether to sign an agreement, a country should consider the agreement's effects on other countries' economies as well as on its own economy would most help to justify the environment minister's argument.


Premise: In a coordinated society, the society imposes restrictions on individual tendencies, so that everyone can vaguely feel the great restrictions on achieving personal aspirations. In this way, all members of society have a common goal, and the society can be stable and orderly. Disrupt the social order, the society's control of the individual's wishes will become invalid, and the society will let individuals do their own things. Durkheim calls this anomie.

Hypothesis: Zhang San registered on the Internet and his information was leaked is an anomie behavior.


Premise: The tilted Phoenix eyes of yellow people may be related to the windy sand in central Asia, because this structure can protect the eyes. Just like white people's hair is flaxen and a little transparent, it is easy to make the scalp absorb the heat of the sun, thus adapting to the cold at high latitudes.While black hair is darker and more curly, which helps block the heat from the sun and protect the brain.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that human appearance protects human beings.


Premise: In the past two years, with the continuous sharp rise in the prices of energy resource products in the international market and the rising production costs of the manufacturing industry, the prices of all kinds of manufactured products with fierce competition in the international market have also begun to rise gradually. price increases begin to pass from upstream to downstream. At the same time, the price rise in the international commodity market has also begun to pass on to various countries, especially the sharp rise in the prices of energy and agricultural products has gradually played a significant role in promoting the rise of the consumer price index of various countries.


Premise: It should be noted that a few people rely on consciousness and most people rely on policy. If various social problems are attributed to the lack of conscience, there is a suspicion of logic inversion and cognitive dislocation. Many problems are the lack of law leading to the lack of morality, not the opposite. If the supervision and punishment mechanism can be strictly implemented, the poisoning impulse of food producers can be effectively restrained: if the system is sound, good people will bleed and no longer cry, The innate conscience hidden in the hearts of the people can be transformed into practical acts of bravery.

Hypothesis: If conscience cannot be turned into action, it shows that the system still needs to be improved can be inferred from the above.


Premise: There are six singers: F, G, L, K, H, M. Three piano accompaniment: X, Y, W. Each piano accompanist happens to accompany two of the singers. The known conditions are as follows: (1) if X accompanies F, W accompanies L. (2) if X does not accompany G, Y accompanies M. (3) X or Y to accompany H. (4) F and G do not share the same accompanist; L and K do not share the accompanist; H and M do not share the accompanist.

Hypothesis: If X accompanies L and H, then F and M must be accompanied by the same accompanist.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The age of S is earlier than that of K' may be true if X is older than S.


Premise: Heern: I object to the mayor' s proposal that taxicabs pick up and drop off passengers only at designated stops. This proposal aims to reduce traffic jams and accidents, but if the mayor herself were affected by such a law, she would oppose it. Thus the proposal is without merit.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in Heern's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument focuses on the mayor's preferences instead of addressing the merits of the proposal.


Premise: Legislator: My staff conducted a poll in which my constituents were asked whether they favor high taxes. More than 97 percent answered no.  Clearly, then, my constituents would support the bill I recently introduced, which reduces the corporate income tax.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the legislator's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument fails to establish that the opinions of the legislator's constituents are representative of the opinions of the country's population as a whole.