Premise: One of the truths of the advertising industry is that it is rarely necessary to use words and phrases with content in advertising. All advertising needs to do is to attract the attention of potential customers, because memory will contribute to everything. In terms of product sales, customers are The memory of a product is more important than the understanding of certain characteristics of the product.

Hypothesis: The author's view is that people do not need to have a deep understanding of a product to be able to remember it.


Premise: Emotional advertising is an advertising strategy that appeals to consumers' emotions or emotional responses to convey the added value or emotional satisfaction brought to them by the product. The value of this emotion in the minds of consumers may far exceed the value of the product itself, so that Consumers form a positive brand attitude. According to the above definition,

Hypothesis: The slogan of a certain brand of diapers: "Baby is in a good mood every day, mother must be more beautiful" is not emotional advertising.


Premise: Wang Gang: It is confirmed that more than 80% of heroin users have a history of smoking marijuana. Such data seem to suggest that marijuana use will definitely lead to heroin use. Li Yan: Maybe marijuana use does lead to heroin use, but citing the statistics you mentioned to prove this is absurd, because 100% of heroin users have a history of drinking water.

Hypothesis: Li Yan showed that Wang Gang's argument is flawed by showing that it will lead to a clearly false conclusion in response to Wang Gang's argument.


Premise: The researchers used X-rays to take images of rhesus monkeys making various sounds as they ate, yawned and yelled at each other. The results show that macaques can easily make many different sounds, including the five most basic vowels in the English alphabet. The researchers speculate that rhesus monkeys cannot speak thousands of words and complete sentences because their brains are different from those of humans.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The rich language expression ability of human beings mainly comes from the unique highly developed language functional areas of the brain' if true, best supports the above researchers' conjecture.


Premise: Attention is a psychological state that selectively points to and focuses on a certain object or activity. attention can be divided into intentional attention and unintentional attention according to whether it is generated and maintained out of conscious intention and effort.

Hypothesis: The students' state of immediately taking out their books and writing down the scope of the examination announced by Mr. Liu belongs to intentional attention according to the above definition.


Premise: A number of Chinese universities have held four job fairs in Toronto, New York, Boston and San Francisco. A survey of questionnaires conducted by Chinese students attending the job fairs shows that 67% of them want to return home to work, and 33% will seriously consider the option of returning home. It can be seen that working in the United States has lost its attraction to foreign students, and it has become a common practice for people to want to return home.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Among the Chinese students in North America, those who do not intend to return to work did not attend the job fair' is the most powerful way to weaken the above argument.


Premise: When there is inflation or economic overheating in a country, the government often adopts tight monetary policies such as tightening monetary policy, raising interest rates, raising the discount rate and so on. However, in 1990, in order to suppress the excessively high stock market and real estate bubbles, the Japanese government continued to increase the discount rate, which finally led to deflation, which led to the stagnation of the Japanese economy for more than a decade. From 1995 to 1996, in order to curb the asset price bubble, the Central Bank of Thailand continuously tightened monetary policy, continued to raise interest rates, curbed investment and consumption, and led to the Great Recession.Based on this, it can be concluded that

Hypothesis: The statement 'The use of monetary policy can control economic development' is most appropriate as the conclusion of the above argument.


Premise: Psychologist: Some have argued that Freudian psychotherapy is the most effective kind because it is so difficult and time consuming. But surely this does not follow. Similar reasoning -- e. g. , concluding that a car-repair chain has the most effective technique for repairing cars because the cars it services receive so much work and spend so much time in the shop -- would never be accepted.

Hypothesis: The reasoning technique employed by the psychologist is that of attempting to undermine an argument by presenting an analogous argument whose conclusion is thought to be obviously false.


Premise: Human beings have been proud of their evolution away from nature, and they are proud to conquer nature with rational iron hoofs. However, take a look at the historical books of mankind that are full of gold and iron horses, think about the nuclear arsenal that can destroy the earth dozens of times, and count the species that are dying out every day because of ecological deterioration. Our human existence as a species, as a link in the earth's biosphere, how much better than other creatures in nature?

Hypothesis: The original intention of the author in writing this passage was to point out the mistake of human beings' understanding that they are superior to other creatures.


Premise: Stimulus generalization means that the conditioned organism learns the behavior of making a specific response to a certain stimulus, so it can make the same behavioral response to similar stimuli. Stimulus differentiation is to enable the organism to learn to make different behavioral responses to conditioned stimuli and similar stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression.

Hypothesis: Looking at Mount Lushan from the front and side, the mountains are undulating and the peaks are towering. When you look at Mount Lushan from a distance, near, high and low, Lushan shows a variety of different looks. It belongs to stimulus differentiation is not true according to the above definition.


Premise: Because ethylene dibromide, a chemical used to fumigate grain, was blamed for the high rate of nerve damage suffered by people who work in grain-processing plants, many such plants switched to other chemical fumigants two years ago. Since then, however, the percentage of workers at these plants who were newly diagnosed with nerve damage has not dropped significantly. Ttherefore, either ethylene dibromide was wrongly blamed or else the new chemicals also cause nerve damage.

Hypothesis: If ethylene dibromide causes nerve damage, it does not take two years or longer for that damage to become detectable is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Bacteria from food can survive for several days on the surface of plastic cutting boards, but bacteria can penetrate wooden cutting boards almost immediately, leaving the surface free of contamination. Ttherefore, wooden cutting boards, unlike plastic cutting boards, need not be washed in order to prevent their contaminating food that is cut on them; wiping them off to remove food debris is sufficient.

Hypothesis: Bacteria that penetrate into wooden cutting boards do not reemerge on the surface after the cutting boards have been used is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Wild kiwifruit, originally grown in the three Gorges area, was brought to New Zealand for cultivation in the last century. Today, the fruit, named kiwi, earns New Zealand $300 million a year. After export to China, the price is 50 yuan per kilogram.

Hypothesis: Wild kiwifruit has high market value is what this passage mainly tells us.


Premise: A highway management office decided to recruit 10 auxiliary road managers to solve the problem of shortage of formal managers, but this proposal aroused opposition from some people. The person believes that with the addition of these 10 road auxiliary managers, there will be more road violations and disciplinary violations will be found, and more formal managers will be needed to deal with these problems in the later stage. this will lead to a shortage of already tense formal managers.

Hypothesis: Auxiliary road managers can also deal with road violations and disciplinary violations later will most weaken that person's point of view.


Premise: Vertical integration refers to the integration between the whole industry chain upstream and downstream, the main purpose of which is to control the supply of certain resources, such as the acquisition of upstream raw material suppliers, or have some channel to expand sales. Horizontally integrated production and sale of the same or similar products, operating similar business, providing the same business between enterprises, the main purpose of the merger is to unite some small enterprises, form enterprise groups, to achieve economies of scale.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option 'In order to expand business, a company cooperates with a university and takes the road of combination of industry, University and research' is horizontal integration.


Premise: At any given time, approximately fifteen percent of all homes in Florida are on the market. In Texas, however, only seven percent of all homes are on the market at any given time. Ttherefore, one will have a wider selection of homes to choose from if one looks for a home in Florida rather than in Texas.

Hypothesis: The statement "Mortgages are easier to obtain for homes in Florida than for homes in Texas" would most strongly strengthen the argument above.


Premise: Language attrition refers to the attenuation of speech act or speech ability caused by the linguistic or nonverbal factors (emotion, motivation, age, reduction or cessation of language use, etc.) of a language in a specific language environment. It has the characteristics of non pathology, gradual change, reversibility and repetition.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, after middle school students went to the United States for summer camp, their English level improved a lot belongs to language attrition.


Premise: Xiao Zhang is an employee in the marketing department of a company. The manager of the company said to him, if you win this project, I will reward you with a laptop or give you a commission on the project.

Hypothesis: If which of the following is true, it means that the manager has not fulfilled the promise: Xiao Zhang won the project, and the manager gave him a commission on the project, but did not reward him with a laptop.


Premise: In a restaurant, a table of people talked about business over dinner. Among them, three are from Chengdu, three are from Shenzhen, and two are only engaged in mechanical and electrical business. Three people are in the cosmetics business at the same time.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, it may be at least five people, and it may be eight at most is also true.


Premise: A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.

Hypothesis: A complete and accurate list of students going to England includes H, M, and Z.


Premise: Ditrama is a federation made up of three autonomous regions: Korva, Mitro, and Guadar. Under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federal revenues equal to the share of the total population of Ditrama residing in that region, as shown by a yearly population survey. Last year, the percentage of federal revenues Korva received for its share decreased somewhat even though the population survey on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that Korva' s population had increased.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, the population of Korva grew by a smaller percentage than it did in previous years must also have been shown by the population survey on which last year's revenue-sharing in Ditrama was based.


Premise: In today's society, many old people become old drifters in order to help their children take care of the next generation. In a recent urban survey, young people interviewed admitted that their parents are old drifters. They and their spouses have just started their careers, and work pressure is high, so they have no time to take care of their children and do housework. Some experts assert that the group of old drifters in China's cities will be further expanded.

Hypothesis: The statement "The implementation of the national two-child policy will encourage more children to be born" best supports the views of the above experts.


Premise: Referring to the photos of the US military abusing prisoners, someone said: if you don't want to be caught on the spot doing something stupid, you don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: Or get caught on the spot when you do something stupid, or don't do something stupid has a different meaning from the above sentence.


Premise: Music therapy is a systematic process of intervention. In this process, the therapist uses various forms of musical experience and therapeutic relationships that have been developed as therapeutic dynamics in the course of therapy to help the patient achieve healthy goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, playing hypnotic music for Zhou, who was tense and depressed, and Zhou feeling very relaxed is the music therapy.


Premise: Each year, an official estimate of the stock of cod in the Grand Banks is announced. This estimate is obtained by averaging two separate estimates of how many cod are available, one based on the number of cod caught by research vessels during a once-yearly sampling of the area and the other on the average number of tons of cod caught by various commercial vessels per unit of fishing effort expended there in the past year -- a unit of fishing effort being one kilometer of net set out in the water for one hour. In previous decades, the two estimates usually agreed closely. However, for the last decade the estimate based on commercial tonnage has been increasing markedly, by about the same amount as the samplingbased estimate has been decreasing.

Hypothesis: Last year's official estimate was probably not much different from the official estimate ten years ago is most strongly supported by the statements in the passage.


Premise: Cotton grass, which grows only in arctic regions, has been the only summertime source of protein available to caribou. Caribou that do not get adequate amounts of protein in the summer are unable to reproduce the following year. Rising average temperatures in arctic regions, however, are causing cotton grass to disappear. Ttherefore, if the warming trend continues, caribou are likely to become extinct.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that the warming trend in arctic regions will not enable other plants capable of providing protein to caribou to grow there.


Premise: Appreciation is an organic part of literary activities. Only in the process of appreciation can works acquire its essence and become literary works. Traditional literary theory ignores literary appreciation, which makes it difficult for literary research to go further and hinders the development of literary creation. The biggest difference between modern literary theory and traditional literary theory lies in the importance of literary appreciation. It can be said that the study of literary appreciation is the starting point of modern literary theory, and modern literary theory is based on the theory of literary appreciation.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the most accurate understanding is that modern literary theory attaches importance to the process of literary appreciation.


Premise: The traditional culture of ethnic minorities should be developed as an industry, and the cultural resources should be comprehensively promoted to the market, so that the traditional culture of ethnic minorities has become an effective part of the market operation. Traditional national sports, traditional art performances and traditional cultural landscapes will all become good places for enterprise marketing. Because the economic development of ethnic minority areas not only depends on the introduction of foreign capital, the improvement of the technical content of products, the establishment of efficient incentive mechanism and so on, but also needs a good image of an enterprise. The image effect of an enterprise and the marketing strategy of its products are not only important, but also culture and economy will effectively complement each other and prosper together.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that the culture and economy of ethnic minorities effectively complement each other and prosper together.


Premise: Over the past ten years, the population of Dismaston has grown five times as large as it was. During this time, the average income in the city has risen substantially, and a tremendous amount of capital has flowed into city. An independent audit found that, somewhat surprisingly, the number of violent felonies reported per year is now lower than it was ten years ago.

Hypothesis: The police now have a computerized filing system, so that it is almost impossible for a violent crime to be unrecorded would not explain the somewhat surprising finding.


Premise: Due to the rise in oil prices, the state has raised the sales prices of gasoline and other oil products, which has led to an increase in taxi operating costs and a reduction in drivers' income. According to the survey, more than 95% of taxi drivers in Beijing oppose a taxi fare increase because it will lead to fewer passengers, but opposing a fare increase does not mean they are willing to reduce their income.

Hypothesis: The statement 'As a result of the increase in taxi prices, the cost of rising oil prices is entirely borne by consumers' can explain the seemingly contradictory attitude of taxi drivers in Beijing.


Premise: At Flordyce University any student who wants to participate in a certain archaeological dig is eligible to do so but only if the student has taken at least one archaeology course and has shown an interest in the field. Many students who have shown an interest in archaeology never take even one archaeology course. Ttherefore, many students who want to participate in the dig will be ineligible to do so.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning of the argument "Any automobile that is more than a few years old is eventually sure to need repairs if it is not regularly maintained. Many automobiles are more than a few years old, but still do not need repairs. Therefore, many automobiles are regularly maintained" is most similar to that of the argument above.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: The four players who can participate in the competition together are F, H, K, and M.


Premise: The gun violence tragedy in the United States has reignited the discussion of gun control. Opponents of gun control say gun violence in the United States soared in the 1980s, and some states imposed strict gun controls in 1986. But the average violent crime rate in these states is 1.5 times higher than in other states. It can be seen that strict gun control does not help to reduce violent crime.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After comparing the results of various investigations, criminologists did not find that there was a significant correlation between the number of privately owned guns and gun violence crimes' weakens the above argument most strongly if it is true.


Premise: Since the 1990s, the global annual consumption of rare earth has increased from 33000 tons to more than 10 tons. Rare earth is not only an important raw material for traditional industries such as steel, nonferrous metals and oil, but also plays an irreplaceable role in the fields of photoelectric information, catalytic equivalent technology and new materials. In today's world, a new use of rare earth is found almost every three to five years, One of every four new technologies is related to rare earth. China is the largest resource country of rare earth, so it is urgent to protect rare earth resources.

Hypothesis: The development and utilization of rare earth restricts the application of high and new technology is explained in the paragraph.


Premise: The researchers conducted an experiment on 40 college students. They asked these students to memorize the corresponding English words in Swahili. There were ten groups of ten pairs of words in each group. Each group was given a recall test. Each time they made a mistake, they would see one of two kinds of pictures. One is a picture that can produce negative emotions, such as a gun pointing at them. The other is an ordinary picture, such as a chair or a blank image. They were then given an additional one-minute experiment to erase the effect of short-term memory. Finally, the memory of the 100 pairs of words is tested. The test results showed that the students who got the best grades had seen negative pictures. As a result, researchers believe that negative emotions help improve memory.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is difficult for people to concentrate when they are emotionally unstable" can explain the phenomenon.


Premise: Vertical integration refers to the integration between the whole industry chain upstream and downstream, the main purpose of which is to control the supply of certain resources, such as the acquisition of upstream raw material suppliers, or have some channel to expand sales. Horizontally integrated production and sale of the same or similar products, operating similar business, providing the same business between enterprises, the main purpose of the merger is to unite some small enterprises, form enterprise groups, to achieve economies of scale.

Hypothesis: A famous dairy producer acquiring 85% of the shares of a dairy company is horizontal integration according to the above definition.


Premise: A popular view is that people can predict earthquakes by the abnormal behavior of animals. In fact, this view is based on subjective analogy and does not necessarily reveal objective connections. A dog's abnormal behavior before the earthquake will naturally impress his owner: but in fact, dogs have abnormal behavior at any moment in the world.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the above argument, the question of what is the proportion of animals with abnormal behavior before the earthquake that are not noticed is the least important.


Premise: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A research team found that the development of ALS is closely related to the number of AM bacteria in the gut. The researchers observed and compared gut microbiota and blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 37 ALS patients and 29 healthy relatives. They found differences in gut bacterial strains, one of which was linked to nicotinamide production. In addition, nicotinamide levels decreased in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of these ALS patients.

Hypothesis: Nicotinamide being a metabolite of gut microbial AM bacteria is a prerequisite for the above research findings to hold.


Premise: The term Phoenix Man refers to a man who was born in a rural area and had a poor family. After studying hard by himself, he eventually flew out of the golden phoenix from the mountain nest and became famous in the city.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, D who was from a poverty-stricken family in a town, started a business and became a boss through self-taught belongs to Phoenix Man.


Premise: Some of the covers on the ancient cars are made of mats, some are made of linen, and the top is steeper, picking up to the edge of the canopy to form a curve. The advantage of this is that it can not block the view of passengers and it can make Rain Water on the roof line further.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is the introduction of the shape and function of the cover of an ancient car.


Premise: Some people think that the older a person is, the more free radicals they accumulate in the body, the more damage they do from oxidation, and eventually they die of aging.Grape seed extract contains protopherics, which can effectively remove free radicals from the body and protect human cell tissue from oxidative damage of free radicals.Therefore, eat more grape seed extract, can be antioxidant anti-aging.

Hypothesis: The statement that "there is no difference in free radical concentrations in young, middle-aged and older people" can best weaken the above argument.


Premise: Koreans love sauerkraut, and Cuihua loves sauerkraut, so Cuihua is Korean.

Hypothesis: The absurdity of the above reasoning is most clearly revealed by the option: All gold glitters, so some things that glitter are gold.


Premise: Executives at the Fizzles Beverage Company plan to boost profits in Country X on their range of fruit-flavored drinks by introducing new flavors based on tropical fruits that are little known there. The executives reason that since the fruit drinks of other companies have none of these flavors, Fizzles will not have to compete for customers and thus will be able to sell the drinks at a higher price.

Hypothesis: Consumers choosing among fruit-flavored drinks of different brands generally buy on the basis of name recognition and price rather than the specific fruit flavor presents the most serious potential weakness of the plan.


Premise: Physicalists expect that ultimately all mental functions will be explainable in neurobiological terms. Achieving this goal requires knowledge of neurons and their basic functions, a knowledge of how neurons interact, and a delineation of the psychological faculties to be explained. At present, there is a substantial amount of fundamental knowledge about the basic functions of neurons, and the scope and character of such psychological capacities as visual perception and memory are well understood. Thus, as the physicalists claim, mental functions are bound to receive explanations in neurobiological terms in the near future.

Hypothesis: The statement that the conclusion contradicts the claim of the physicalists indicates an error in the reasoning in the passage.


Premise: In modern deep-diving marine mammals, such as whales, the outer shell of the bones is porous. This has the effect of making the bones light enough so that it is easy for the animals to swim back to the surface after a deep dive. The outer shell of the bones was also porous in the ichthyosaur, an extinct prehistoric marine reptile. We can conclude from this that ichthyosaurs were deep divers.

Hypothesis: In most modern and prehistoric marine reptile species that are not deep divers, the outer shell of the bones is porous most weakens the argument.


Premise: Navigation satellites are located at an altitude of 20,000 kilometers and can be navigated by receiving signals throughout their coverage area. Beyond 20,000 kilometers, a whole new navigation system is needed. Astronomers have proposed several possible navigation systems, the most talked about being pulsar navigation. Pulsars are neutron stars that emit radio or X-ray radiation in the direction of their magnetic poles. They pulse when the axis of rotation does not coincide with the magnetic poles and sweeps across the Earth. Some of these pulsars are so stable that they are comparable to the best atomic clocks on Earth that they are also known as the atomic clocks of the universe. If you can pick up their signals and know where they are, you can use them for interstellar voyages.

Hypothesis: Experiments to verify the feasibility of pulsar navigation is most likely to be introduced next.


Premise: Someone wrote in a letter: I saw platypus eggs in Manchester a few years ago, so I ignorantly laughed at the stupid view that mammals lay eggs, and it is finally confirmed.

Hypothesis: From the letter, it can be seen that the writer wrongly believed in the past that only suckling animals are mammals.


Premise: If the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction,  said the biologist. So all that is needed to save the koala is to stop deforestation,  said the politician.

Hypothesis: Deforestation is stopped and the koala becomes extinct is consistent with the biologist's claim but not with the politician's claim.


Premise: When permits for the discharge of chemicals into a waterway are issued, they are issued in terms of the number of pounds of each chemical that can be discharged into the waterway per day. These figures, calculated separately for each chemical for which a permit is issued, are based on an estimate of the effect of the dilution of the chemical by the amount of water flowing through the waterway. The waterway is ttherefore protected against being adversely affected by chemicals discharged under the permits.

Hypothesis: The argument depends on the assumption that relatively harmless chemicals do not interact with each other in the water to form harmful compounds.


Premise: Ranodon Sibiricus is an endangered and rare animal. It was first discovered by a Russian explorer in 1840. After that, it disappeared for more than 100 years. It was rediscovered in Wenquan County, Xinjiang in 1898. However, data show that in the 15 years since 1898, the number of the northern salamander in Xinjiang has been reduced by half. Some experts believe that the habitat of the Ranodon Sibiricus in Xinjiang was originally a local pasture. Every summer, cattle and sheep walking around on the prairie will trample them to death, resulting in a sharp decline in their numbers.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that "the rainfall and groundwater level has decreased, affecting the water source environment on which Ranodon Sibiricus live" would challenge most the opinion of the above expert.


Premise: Movie Director: Movies come out the best, in terms of both critical and box office success, when a single person has full creative control over the final product. Studios providing notes to the director, writer, producer, or whomever controls that vision, stifle the creative process. Studio Head: At the end of the day, the film industry is a business. Movies will only be made if they are profitable. The most successful movies focus on subjects that the audience cares about, and the studios spend millions of dollars on test screenings to determine what audiences prefer. Whether the studio transmits its research by notes or informal discussion, the studio' s input must be considered.

Hypothesis: The main point in dispute is that test screenings are a waste of money.


Premise: In economics, a Veblen good is an item which people buy in greater quantity when the price goes up. <b> According to the Law of Supply and Demand, when the price of an ordinary item goes up, demand drops, i. e. people buy fewer of them. </b> A Veblen good is a luxury item to which status is attached, such as a designer outfit or luxury car. As the price of such an item increases, its prestige increases, which makes the item that much more desirable. <b> Ttherefore, as the price increases, the demand also increases, and more of these items are sold. </b>

Hypothesis: The first portion in boldface is a general rule, the violation of which seems to indicate a paradox, and the second portion in boldface is the resolution of that apparent paradox in the argument.


Premise: According to reports, 248 middle schools in a poverty-stricken area have had classes synchronusly with key middle schools in a certain tier city through live broadcasts for 16 years. In the past 16 years, some of these 248 middle schools have turned out provincial champions, and some have raised the undergraduate enrollment rate more than ten times. From the data point of view, this live teaching model is very successful. However, it is regrettable that this successful model has not been widely promoted across the country.

Hypothesis: Some poverty-stricken areas have backward and conservative ideas and are unwilling to try and accept new things cannot explain this regrettable phenomenon.


Premise: A new, more aggressive fungus that caused the potato famine in the 19th century in Ireland has recently emerged. Fortunately, because the new fungus can be killed by newly used fungicides, it will not cause widespread food shortages in the countries currently dependent on potatoes.

Hypothesis: If correct, the statement 'In countries where the new fungus has spread, potato farmers cannot afford the increased cost of fungicides' can most doubt the above statement.


Premise: Researchers have introduced specific genes into crops through genetic engineering technology, so that they can encode and synthesize Bt toxic protein, which can kill invasive pests. Transgenic Bt cotton is widely planted in a place, which effectively controls the harm of cotton bollworm, but at the same time, another pest, blind Toona sinensis, is rampant. Therefore, the researchers believe that the proliferation of blind Toona sinensis is not caused by transgenic Bt cotton, But because the local climate is more suitable for the growth of blind Ailanthus sinensis.

Hypothesis: The statement "During the cotton growing period, the climate conditions in this area are also conducive to the growth of cotton aphids, ground tigers, red spiders and other pests" weakens the researcher's point of view most.


Premise: Willett: Lopez and Simmons, a married couple, have both been offered jobs at Evritech Corporation. Because Evritech has a rule against hiring more than one member of the same family, Lopez and Simmons have decided to reveal their marriage to Evritech. Their decision is foolish, however, since it will mean that one of them will have a job offer withdrawn. After all, they could easily keep their marriage secret initially and, if they want, later claim to have married after they were hired: Evritech has no policy of terminating one of two employees who marry each other.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of Willett's argument is that Lopez and Simmons would be unwise to reveal their marriage to Evritech Corporation without already having started to work there.


Premise: In a track and field qualifier, Zhang Qiang surpassed Li Jin, and Song Zhi's results were better than Wang Ping, but not as good as Ma Zheng.

Hypothesis: Zhang Qiang's performance is better than Song Zhi can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Jean: Our navigational equipment sells for $1, 100 and dominates the high end of the market, but more units are sold by our competitors in the $700 to $800 range. We should add a low-cost model, which would allow us to increase our overall sales while continuing to dominate the high end. Tracy: I disagree. Our equipment sells to consumers who associate our company with quality. Moving into the low-cost market would put our competitors in the high-cost market on an equal footing with us, which could hurt our overall sales.

Hypothesis: Jean's and Tracy's statements most strongly suggest that they disagree over the proposition that the company would no longer dominate the high-cost market if it began selling a low-cost model.


Premise: Arrest refers to a coercive method used by public security organs, people's procuratorates and people's courts to prevent defendants from evading or obstructing investigations and trials, or continuing to endanger society, and depriving them of their personal freedom in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After robbing and killing someone, Chen tried to escape, but was caught by the villagers and then transferred to the village committee, where the village cadres detained him for three days' is an arrest according to the above definition.


Premise: A local group had planned a parade for tomorrow, but city hall has not yet acted on its application for a permit. The group had applied for the permit well in advance, had made sure their application satisfied all the requirements, and was clearly entitled to a permit. Although the law prohibits parades without a permit, the group plans to proceed with its parade. The group' s leader defended its decision by appealing to the principle that citizens need not refrain from actions that fail to comply with the law if they have made a good-faith effort to comply but are prevented from doing so by government inaction.

Hypothesis: A physician who had been trained in one country applied for a license to practice medicine in another country. Although he knew he met all the qualifications for this license, he had not yet received it one year after he applied for it. He began to practice medicine without the license in the second country despite the law's requirement for a license is an action that would be justified by the principle to which the leader of the group appealed in defending the decision to proceed.


Premise: A village has a total of 800 acres of land, which is evenly distributed to 500 farmers

Hypothesis: Each farmer can be allocated 4 acres of land.


Premise: Every politician has to please his voters. Although Ma Ying-jeou is an honest man, he is also a politician. No one can please his voters without occasional ambiguity.

Hypothesis: Some honest people are not politicians must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Library preservationist: Due to the continual physical deterioration of the medieval manuscripts in our library' s collection, we have decided to restore most of our medieval manuscripts that are of widely acknowledged cultural significance, though this means that some medieval manuscripts whose authenticity is suspect will be restored. However, only manuscripts whose safety can be ensured during the restoration process will be restored, and manuscripts that are not frequently consulted by researchers will not be restored.

Hypothesis: All of the medieval manuscripts whose safety can be ensured during the restoration process are frequently consulted by researchers must be true of the medieval manuscripts in the library's collection if all of the library preservationist's statements are true.


Premise: The song of the yellow warbler signals to other yellow warblers that a particular area has been appropriated by the singer as its own feeding territory. Although the singing deters other yellow warblers from taking over the feeding territory of the singer, other yellow warblers may range for food within a portion of the singer' s territory. However, a warbler sings a special song when it molts (sheds its feathers). Other yellow warblers will not enter the smaller core territory of a yellow warbler singing its molting song. Ttherefore yellow warblers, which can only fly short distances during molting, have no competition for the food supply within the range of their restricted flying.

Hypothesis: The assumption made in the argument is that warblers often share their feeding areas with other kinds of birds, which often do not eat the same insects or seeds as warblers do.


Premise: Traditional village is a precious heritage of agricultural civilization. At present, the urgent task facing traditional villages is still strict protection. With the arrival of the era of information and intelligence, it is an important topic for the future to integrate traditional villages into the future, to locate their functions under the new pattern, and to re-integrate into urban and rural development. Because the development can reflect the value of the traditional village, the development will let the traditional village pass on. In the future, historical villages and towns will be more closely integrated with modern cities, and as the characteristic protection category and important focus of rural revitalization strategy, they will play an important role in the future urban and rural pattern and promote urban and rural development.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that traditional villages should achieve continuous development under the background of urban-rural integration.


Premise: International trade is a cross-border transaction activity, which is the circulation of goods, technology, labor, and information between a country and other countries or regions in the world.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, the Iraqi Transitional Government purchasing 2000 tons of steel from a German steel company is an example of international trade.


Premise: Suffering from kidney failure and having fallen into a coma, Mr. Smith urgently required a kidney transplant. When Mr. Smith' s cousin volunteered to donate a kidney, Mr. Smith' s daughter had to decide whether to sign the consent form permitting the transplant. She knew that her father strongly objected to transplantation of organs from live donors on the grounds that these operations caused serious disability to the organ donor. Although she knew her father' s objection was based on a mistaken belief about the danger to kidney donors, she decided not to consent to the surgery.

Hypothesis: The principle that a patient's rights to self-determination impose an obligation on others to accede to the patient's preferences concerning treatment, even when those preferences can only be inferred from a general knowledge of the patient's commitments, beliefs, and desires conforms to Mr. Smith's daughter's decision.


Premise: The unit proposed three schemes A, B and C for energy conservation and emission reduction. Among them, all employees who drive to work choose scheme C, all employees who take the subway to work choose scheme B, none of the employees who take the bus to work choose scheme C, none of the employees who take the subway have a driver's license, and Mr. Wang doesn't have a driver's license when he takes the bus to work.

Hypothesis: Those who go to work by bus and choose scheme A have driver's licenses can be inferred.


Premise: Quoting an article in New Scientist magazine, Cleary said that the role of memory is not necessarily to remember the past, but to help us move into the future. Memory sometimes uses imagination and creation to let us know what to do next, or how to react in certain situations. Some people think that they have the ability to foresee the future, but they may be fragmented memories of the past. If the feeling of deja vu comes from an unremembered memory, it is easy to create the illusion that what happens next also comes from this memory and that you have psychic abilities.

Hypothesis: Deja vu cannot help us see the future is inconsistent with the above point of view.


Premise: The manager of a nuclear power plant defended the claim that the plant was safe by revealing its rate of injury for current workers: only 3. 2 injuries per 200, 000 hours of work, a rate less than half the national average for all industrial plants. The manager claimed that, ttherefore, by the standard of how many injuries occur, the plant was safer than most other plants where the employees could work.

Hypothesis: Medical problems arising from work at a nuclear power plant are unusual in that they are not likely to appear until after an employee has left employment at the plant most calls into question the manager's claim.


Premise: Area resident: Childhood lead poisoning has declined steadily since the 1970s, when leaded gasoline was phased out and lead paint was banned. But recent statistics indicate that 25 percent of this area' s homes still contain lead paint that poses significant health hazards. Ttherefore, if we eliminate the lead paint in those homes, childhood lead poisoning in the area will finally be eradicated.

Hypothesis: The area resident's argument is flawed in that it fails to consider that there may be other significant sources of lead in the area's environment.


Premise: Rawls once had a confession about how to read, which was quite thought-provoking. He said: When I read previous works, such as Hume or Kant, I take it for granted that these authors are much smarter than me. If not, why should I waste my time and students studying their works? If I occasionally see a mistake in their argument, my first reaction is that they must have seen the mistake and dealt with it. In short, there are absolutely no simple general errors or major errors in their works.

Hypothesis: Reading is not what others repeat can be inferred.


Premise: A company that invests the necessary infrastructure in a large untapped diamond mine can reap as much as 700% profit in the first year. Some of the largest untapped diamond mines in the world are in the nation of Shagoca. Ttherefore, the American company that brokers a deal in the capital Conkin that allows it to put the necessary infrastructure in place at those mines stands to reap tremendous profits.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The fifteen-year-old civil war in Shagoca has caused significant setbacks for many foreign investments' most helps to explain why American companies are not eager to invest in infrastructure necessarily for diamond mining in Shagoca.


Premise: The urban cultural living room refers to the place where the city uses the small public spaces of the business circle, subway, airport and other places to hold normal cultural and leisure activities in art, history, folklore and other aspects, so that citizens and visitors from all directions can share together.

Hypothesis: In recent years, a number of small exhibitions of non-heritage works have been held in the waiting hall of an airport, and passengers from all directions have experienced the charm of Chinese traditional culture while waiting for the plane does not belong to the urban cultural living room.


Premise: Generally speaking, there are mainly three kinds of variables involved in scientific experiments: independent variables, dependent variables and control variables. Independent variables are variables that are manipulated by the experimenter in an experiment. A dependent variable is a variable that changes as the independent variable changes. Control variables refer to potential factors or conditions other than independent variables in an experiment that affect experimental changes and results.

Hypothesis: To study the effect of climatic conditions on cotton yield, where climatic conditions are dependent variables and pest effects are control variables is correct based on the above definition.


Premise: Without information that could only have come from someone present at the secret meeting between the finance minister and the leader of the opposition party, the newspaper story that forced the finance minister to resign could not have been written. No one witnessed the meeting, however, except the minister' s aide. It is clear, ttherefore, that the finance minister was ultimately brought down, not by any of his powerful political enemies, but by his own trusted aide.

Hypothesis: The error of reasoning committed by the argument is drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence that provides equally strong support for a competing conclusion.


Premise: Since the 1980s, the market-oriented reform has realized the market value of human capital, and the rate of return on Residents' education has increased from a low level to about 10%, which is also an important reason for the widening income gap between workers with different levels of education. With the improvement of education, highly educated workers are no longer scarce, and the income from education is gradually stable, The wage ratio of workers with high and low educational background is no longer rising. In recent years, there has been a phenomenon of wage convergence, and the income gap between different educational background is narrowing.

Hypothesis: The guarantee of education popularization and education equity has continuously narrowed the income distribution gap is in line with this paragraph.


Premise: In a study conducted in Pennsylvania, servers in various restaurants wrote Thank you on randomly selected bills before presenting the bills to their customers. Tips on these bills were an average of three percentage points higher than tips on bills without the message. Ttherefore, if servers in Pennsylvania regularly wrote Thank you on restaurant bills, their average income from tips would be significantly higher than it otherwise would have been.

Hypothesis: Regularly seeing Thank you written on their bills would not lead restaurant patrons to revert to their earlier tipping habits is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: A canteen purchased 4 categories (the last word of each vegetable name is the same, so it is a kind of vegetables) a total of 12 kinds of vegetables: celery, spinach, leek, green pepper, red pepper, yellow pepper, cucumber, wax gourd, towel gourd, lentil, edamame bean, cowpea. According to some conditions, it is divided into three groups, which are ready to be used in the morning, lunch and evening meals respectively. The known conditions are as follows: (1) vegetables of the same category are not in the same group: (2) celery cannot be in the yellow pepper group and wax gourd cannot be in the lentil group; (3) edamame beans must be in the same group as red peppers or leeks; (4) yellow peppers must be in the same group as cowpeas.

Hypothesis: If leeks, green peppers and cucumbers are in the same group, it can be inferred that spinach, yellow pepper and cowpea are in the same group.


Premise: The threshold effect, also known as the inch-to-inch effect, means that once a person accepts a trivial request from others, he is likely to accept a larger request in order to avoid cognitive disharmony or to give others a consistent impression. This phenomenon is like climbing the doorsill step by step, so that you can climb the heights more easily and smoothly.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the scenario where a young monk learns martial arts from a master who teaches him to nurture pigs does not meet the threshold effect.


Premise: In a study on how social relationships affect human mortality, the researchers were surprised to find that, regardless of race, income, physical exercise and other factors, a person who is willing to help others and get along well with others, the average life expectancy is longer than the average person, especially among men. On the contrary, people who are malicious, benefit themselves at the expense of others, and do not get along well with others are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to die before the age of 70 than normal people.

Hypothesis: Being kind to others brings a relaxed and pleasant mood, which is good for your health; while benefiting yourself at the expense of others brings tension, which is harmful to your health can best explain the above findings.


Premise: The greater the number of people who regularly use a product, the greater the number whose health is potentially at risk due to that product. More people regularly use household maintenance products such as cleaning agents and lawn chemicals than regularly use prescription medicines. Ttherefore, it is even more important for such household products to be carefully tested to ensure their safety than it is for prescription medicines to be so tested.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'the more people whose health might be at risk from the regular use of a particular product, the more important it is for that product to be carefully tested to ensure its safety' most helps to justify drawing the conclusion in the argument above.


Premise: After a major toll highway introduced a system of electronic toll paying, delays at all of its interchanges declined significantly. Travel time per car trip decreased by an average of 10 percent. Tailpipe pollution for each trip decreased commensurately. Despite this, the total air pollution from vehicles on that highway did not decrease measurably.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The highway began charging higher tolls when it switched to electronic toll paying' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: Though many insects die soon after reproducing for the first time, some may live for years after the survival of the next generation has been secured. Among the latter are some insects that work for the benefit of the ecosystem -- for example, bees.

Hypothesis: Those bees that reproduce do not always die soon after reproducing for the first time can be properly inferred from the information above.


Premise: Heterogeneous human capital refers to the human capital with the form of increasing productivity in a particular historical stage, which is manifested as the unique abilities of the owner. These abilities mainly include: comprehensive coordination ability, judgment and decision-making ability, learning and innovation ability and ability to bear risks, etc.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a packaging factory that was not profitable but became popular due to a designer's novel design and fresh style does not involve heterogeneous human capital.


Premise: Staggered employment refers to college graduates who actively choose short-term study tours, internships, entrepreneurial investigations or voluntary services at the peak of job hunting, and postpone personal employment in order to find more suitable jobs.

Hypothesis: Kobayashi's experience of working at non-profit organizations and cafes after college graduation before founding a science and technology consulting company is an example of staggered employment.


Premise: People tend to subconsciously think that feeling lonely means that the human figure is only a single shadow. But in fact, people may not feel lonely when they are alone, or they may feel lonely when they are crowded. Because loneliness comes from the difference between people's owned connection and desired connection, which is a subjective feeling. A person may be surrounded by others, but it is not available because of the desire for a certain connection, So I feel lonely; Solitude is an objective state, which is I'm alone at the moment

Hypothesis: The main description of this passage is the relationship between subjective feeling and objective state.


Premise: Some scholars have investigated and studied some successful female secretaries, showing that female secretaries have a strong modern consciousness and a keen modern vision, and they have proficient PR skills. It is precisely because they have the above two advantages that they play a well-deserved and important role on social stage, and they have excellent performance in resolving conflicts and troubleshooting. According to this, scholars have concluded that it is better for leaders to hire female secretaries than male secretaries.

Hypothesis: According to a survey result, male secretaries also have a strong modern awareness and skilled PR skills can weaken the above argument most.


Premise: In yesterday' s council election a majority of voters supported conservative candidates, and a majority of voters supported candidates who voted in favor of the antipollution act. Ttherefore, it must be that a majority of voters in yesterday' s council election supported conservative candidates who voted in favor of the antipollution act.

Hypothesis: According to Bill, soil can be damaged if it is tilled when it is too wet. According to Sue, seeds planted in wet soil can rot. Therefore, gardeners who till and plant their gardens when the soil is wet damage both their soil and their seeds is an argument that contains flawed reasoning most similar to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: Some people think that the older a person is, the more free radicals they accumulate in the body, the more damage they do from oxidation, and eventually they die of aging.Grape seed extract contains protopherics, which can effectively remove free radicals from the body and protect human cell tissue from oxidative damage of free radicals.Therefore, eat more grape seed extract, can be antioxidant anti-aging.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The dismutase in the body binds to a portion of the free radicals to reduce the damage caused by oxidation' can best weaken the above argument.


Premise: Investment banker: Democracies require free-market capitalist economies, because a more controlled economy is incompatible with complete democracy. But history shows that repressive measures against certain capitalistic developments are required during the transition from a totalitarian regime to a democracy. Thus, people who bemoan the seemingly anticapitalistic measures certain governments are currently taking are being hasty.

Hypothesis: The assumption required by the investment banker's argument is that the more democratic a country is, the less regulated its economy must be.


Premise: We can make bicycles that are stronger than ordinary bicycles, and we can also make bicycles that are lighter than ordinary bicycles. Therefore, we can make bicycles that have the above two advantages at the same time.

Hypothesis: The reasoning flaw in the above argument is most similar to the statement 'There are machines for making dumplings and machines for pressing fruit juices, so one day we will be able to build machines with both functions'.


Premise: The local radio station will not win the regional ratings race this year. In the past ten years the station has never finished better than fifth place in the ratings. The station' s manager has not responded to its dismal ratings by changing its musical format or any key personnel, while the competition has often sought to respond to changing tastes in music and has aggressively recruited the region' s top radio personalities.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to that in the argument above is "Every swan I have seen was white. Therefore, all swans are probably white."


Premise: Citizen: Our government has a large budget surplus, which our leaders wish to use to pay down the national debt. This makes no sense. Because of underfunding, our military is inadequate, the infrastructures of our cities are decaying, and our highways are in disrepair. If homeowners used all their money to pay off their mortgages early, while refusing to pay for upkeep of their homes, this would not make them better off financially. The same goes for the country as a whole.

Hypothesis: The conclusion drawn in the citizen's argument is that it does not make sense for the government to use the budget surplus to pay down the national debt.


Premise: After China's accession to the world trade organization, the income of high-quality talents will increase rapidly with the competition for talents between foreign capital, foreign enterprises and domestic enterprises; A large number of rural labor force leave the land and flow into cities and towns, and the rise of urban unemployment rate makes it difficult for ordinary workers to improve their income level.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Knowledge and skills are the main factors that determine the income level of workers' can be inferred.


Premise: Pundit: The only airline providing service for our town announced that because the service is unprofitable it will discontinue this service next year. Town officials have urged the community to use the airline' s service more frequently so that the airline will change its decision. There is no reason to comply with their recommendation, however, for just last week these same officials drove to an out-of town conference instead of flying.

Hypothesis: The pundit's reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it presumes, without providing justification, that ground transportation is usually no less expensive than airplane transportation.


Premise: Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages. Last year, however, one candidate produced a half-hour-long advertisement. During the half hour the advertisement was aired, a substantial portion of the viewing public tuned into the advertisement. Clearly, then, many more people are interested in watching lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the argument depends is that many people would appreciate the opportunity to become better acquainted with political candidates' views on current political issues.


Premise: This semester Professor Popkin will commute to Montreal by plane, leaving every Tuesday and returning to Toronto every Friday. She instructs her travel agent to schedule for her one round-trip that departs from Toronto on the first Tuesday and returns to Toronto on the last Friday of the semester and additional round-trips that depart from and return to Montreal for each weekly commute in between.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Professor Popkin's round-trip tickets are least expensive if each trip is scheduled so that at least one Saturday night intervenes between the departing flight and the returning flight' most helps to explain Professor Popkin's instructions to her travel agent regarding the grouping of her flights into round-trips.


Premise: Some works of art that today are recognized masterpieces were considered obscene when first created. It ttherefore follows that what is considered obscene or not obscene has changed over time.

Hypothesis: Not all currently recognized masterpieces that were once considered obscene are still considered obscene is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: The eight-sided gold cup, which is now in the collection of the Shaanxi Provincial Museum, is a representative work of the Tang Dynasty and was unearthed in 1970. This cup is a national first-class cultural relic, 6.4 cm high, with an extravagant octagonal mouth, and a circle of feet. Between the eight sides It is divided by a continuous bead pattern, and is decorated with character relief patterns such as clappers, flute, and playing pipa. The characters have high noses and deep eyes, which are obviously the image of the Hu people of the Western Regions at that time. In addition, there are honeysuckle patterns, curly grass patterns, and Decorative patterns such as mountains and rocks, birds, and butterflies. This cultural relic is of great help to the study of social phenomena such as metal crafts, plastic arts, cultural exchanges, singing, dancing, music, and clothing in the Tang Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The eight sides of the golden cup are divided into a bead pattern does not correspond to the original text.


Premise: Science columnist: It is clear why humans have so many diseases in common with cats. Many human diseases are genetically based, and cats are genetically closer to humans than are any other mammals except nonhuman primates. Each of the genes identified so far in cats has an exact counterpart in humans.

Hypothesis: Cats have more diseases in common with nonhuman primates than with humans if true, most weakens the science columnist's explanation for the claim that humans have so many diseases in common with cats.


Premise: The executive branch is the organ of the state that exercises the executive functions of the state, as provided for in the Constitution or the organic law of the executive. Its main features are: exercising state administrative authority; managing state administrative affairs; leading-subordinate system in the organizational relations of the executive branch; chief responsibility system in the decision-making system of the executive branch; The executive branch is usually active, regular and uninterrupted in the exercise of its functions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the Shanxi Women's Federation is an executive branch.


Premise: Li Dong is good at debating and likes sophistry. Once he argued, Zheng Qiang knows the number 87654321, and Chen Mei's phone number happens to be 87654321, so Zheng Qiang knows Chen Mei's phone number.

Hypothesis: The mistake made in Zhang ran's argument is most similar to the mistake made in Li Dong's argument.


Premise: Intrusive thinking refers to some involuntary, recurrent and irregular disturbing thoughts that enter the individual's brain, which can cause a series of adaptive problems and induce negative emotions, including anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, intrusive thinking belongs to the option "When Xiaoqiang is in class, there is always a picture of online games in his mind, which makes it difficult for him to calm down and study."


Premise: Historian: The revolutionary party has been accused of having many overambitious goals and of having caused great suffering. However, most of the party' s goals were quickly achieved and the party did not have enough power to cause the suffering the critics claim it caused. So it is clear that the party was not overambitious and caused no suffering.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the historian's argument is flawed because the argument fails to establish that the revolutionary party caused no suffering.


Premise: Only when society is stable can the economy develop. Only when the economy develops can people's living standards improve. Without a fair distribution of wealth, society will not be stable.

Hypothesis: If wealth can be distributed fairly, then people's living standards will improve is not true if the above statement is true.


Premise: A popular view is that people can predict earthquakes by the abnormal behavior of animals. In fact, this view is based on subjective analogy and does not necessarily reveal objective connections. A dog's abnormal behavior before the earthquake will naturally impress his owner: but in fact, dogs have abnormal behavior at any moment in the world.

Hypothesis: In order to evaluate the above argument, the least important question is whether the abnormal behaviors of two different types of animals are similar before the earthquake.


Premise: Oil company representative: We spent more money on cleaning the otters affected by our recent oil spill than has been spent on any previous marine mammal rescue project. This shows our concern for the environment. Environmentalist: You have no such concern. Your real concern is evident in your admission to the press that news photographs of oil-covered otters would be particularly damaging to your public image, which plays an important role in your level of sales.

Hypothesis: The environmentalist's conclusion would be properly drawn if it were true that the oil company cannot have more than one motive for cleaning the otters affected by the oil spill.


Premise: The caterpillar of the monarch butterfly feeds on milkweed plants, whose toxins make the adult monarch poisonous to many predators. The viceroy butterfly, whose caterpillars do not feed on milkweed plants, is very similar in appearance to the monarch. Ttherefore, it can be concluded that the viceroy is so seldom preyed on because of its visual resemblance to the monarch.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The viceroy butterfly is toxic to most predators' if it were discovered to be true, would most seriously undermine the argument.


Premise: The Renaissance is generally regarded as an ideological and artistic movement that originated in Italy in the 14th century and then spread throughout Europe. Colonialism is often associated with the historical development of Europe since the end of the 15th century, such as the opening of new routes, the discovery of new continents and the political enslavement, economic exploitation and military occupation of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the past, the studies of the two are far apart, but recently some scholars have keenly grasped that there is a covert superposition relationship between the two.

Hypothesis: The most likely option to be described in the passage next is how the Renaissance triggered the ideological and artistic Movement in Europe.


Premise: A, B, and C work in Beijing, Nanjing and Chengdu. Their professions are doctors, actors and teachers. It is known that A does not work in Beijing; B does not work in Nanjing; the one who works in Beijing is not a teacher; the one who works in Nanjing is a doctor; B is not an actor.

Hypothesis: The working places of A, B, and C are Nanjing, Chengdu, and Beijing.


Premise: Different from water and air pollution, the concealment of soil pollution is strong. The soil remediation technology that can be used in developed countries may not be applicable in our country. At present, soil in situ remediation technology based on extracellular respiration of microorganisms has become a new force in soil bioremediation technology in South China. Compared with physical and chemical repair, this repair method has the characteristics of high efficiency, low cost, non-destructive, wide application and so on.

Hypothesis: Physical and chemical remediation is the basis of the above argument.


Premise: In Mernia commercial fossil hunters often sell important fossils they have found, not to universities or museums, but to individual collectors, who pay much better but generally do not allow researchers access to their collections. To increase the number of fossils available for research, some legislators propose requiring all fossils that are found in Mernia to be sold only to universities or museums.

Hypothesis: Many universities in Mernia do not engage in fossil research most strongly indicates that the legislators' proposal will fail to achieve its goal.


Premise: Definition: 1. administrative compensation: a kind of compensation liability borne by the state when the administrative subject illegally implements the administrative act, infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of the opposite party, and causes damage. 2. administrative compensation: the state administrative organ and its staff have caused losses to the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons or other organizations due to legal administrative acts in the process of managing state and social public affairs, The system of compensation by the state according to law. 3. administrative recoupment: after the administrative compensation obligation organ pays the compensation expenses to the administrative compensation claimant on behalf of the state, it shall order the organizations and individuals with intentional or gross negligence to bear part or all of the compensation expenses according to law. Example: Li's homestead was expropriated by the state, Obtained various compensation of 60000 yuan. An urban construction law enforcement brigade damaged adjacent legal buildings when demolishing illegal buildings. Later, the law enforcement brigade privately compensated the house owner. Interpol Zhao seriously injured the suspect by extorting confessions by torture. After the public security organ compensated the party, it ordered Zhao to bear part of the medical expenses

Hypothesis: There are 3 examples that meet one of the three definitions of appeal.


Premise: Reverse service refers to the service that enterprises provide to customers to realize the use value of products (services) after products (services) are sold

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "A telecom operator launched a preferential activity of saving phone charges and sending mobile phones" does not belong to reverse service.


Premise: It now seems clear that the significant role initially predicted for personal computers in the classroom has not become fact. One need only look to the dramatic decline in sales of computers for classroom use in the past year for proof that the fad has passed.

Hypothesis: Sales of computers for home use will never reach the levels optimistically projected by manufacturers because home use was envisioned as encompassing tasks, such as menu planning and checkbook reconciliation, that most homemakers perform in much simpler ways than using a computer would require contains flawed reasoning parallel to that in the argument above.


Premise: On completing both the course in experimental design and the developmental psychology course, Angela will have earned a degree in psychology. Since experimental design, which must be completed before taking developmental psychology, will not be offered until next term, it will be at least two terms before Angela gets her psychology degree.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are all true, anyone who earns a degree in psychology from the university Angela attends will have completed the course in experimental design must also be true.


Premise: In Europe, schoolchildren devote time during each school day to calisthenics. North American schools rarely offer a daily calisthenics program. Tests prove that North American children are weaker, slower, and shorter-winded than European children. We must conclude that North American children can be made physically fit only if they participate in school calisthenics on a daily basis.

Hypothesis: North American children can learn to eat a more nutritious diet as well as to exercise daily is assumed in the passage.


Premise: During the National Games, there are 8 athletes living in building F. among them, one is from Heilongjiang, two are from the north, one is from Guangdong, two are track and field athletes, and three are main athletes. The above statistics involve all 8 athletes in building F.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Cantonese are the main athletes' contradicts the information stated in the stem.


Premise: On a clear night, we can see a sky full of stars, some of which are their own glowing stars, and some of which are planets that don't glow but reflect light from nearby stars. Stars may be distant, but some can be seen by existing optical telescopes. Unlike stars, most extrasolar planets cannot be seen with existing optical telescopes because they emit no light and are much smaller than stars.

Hypothesis: Existing optical telescopes can see planets if they are large enough best explains this phenomenon.


Premise: Statistics show that since the founding of New China, 80% of the more than 1,100 high-tech materials that have been developed and put into civilian use in my country have been developed due to the development needs of aerospace technology. As we all know, aerospace technology has The requirements are extremely high. As a result, every advancement in China's aerospace industry has forced the electronics industry, and the equipment manufacturing industry is constantly upgrading and upgrading, and the ultimate beneficiaries of these are ordinary people.

Hypothesis: The text intends to emphasize that aerospace science and technology can ultimately benefit ordinary people.


Premise: Powell: Private waste-removal companies spend 60 percent of what public waste-removal companies spend per customer, yet give their customers at least as good service. Private waste-removal companies, ttherefore, work more efficiently. Freeman: Your conclusion is unwarranted. Different customers have different wasteremoval needs. Since private companies, unlike their public counterparts, can select which customers to serve, they choose to exclude the potential customers whom they judge to be the most costly to serve.

Hypothesis: The issue in dispute between Powell and Freeman is the reason private waste-removal companies are able to offer service comparable to that offered by public ones while spending less money per customer.


Premise: In his new book on his complex scientific research, R frequently imputes bad faith to researchers disagreeing with him. A troubling aspect of R' s book is his stated conviction that other investigators' funding sources often determine what findings those investigators report. Add to this that R has often shown himself to be arrogant, overly ambitious, and sometimes plain nasty, and it becomes clear that R' s book does not merit attention from serious professionals.

Hypothesis: The author of the book review commits using an attack on the character of the writer of the book as evidence that his person is not competent on matters of scientific substance as a reasoning error.


Premise: In a business whose owners and employees all belong to one family, the employees can be paid exceptionally low wages. Hence, general operating expenses are much lower than they would be for other business ventures, making profits higher. So a family business is a family' s surest road to financial prosperity.

Hypothesis: The statement "Ignores the fact that in a family business, paying family members low wages may itself reduce the family's prosperity" is the reasoning in the argument is flawed.


Premise: There are five relatives A, B, C, D, and E. 4 of them each talked about a real situation, as follows: 1.B is my father's brother, 2.E is my mother-in-law, 3.C is my son-in-laws brother, 4.A is me brother's wife. Everyone mentioned above is one of these five people (for example, My father and My father's brother in 1. are one of the five people A, B, C, D, E ),

Hypothesis: It can be seen that A is B's wife is correct.


Premise: From the perspective of combing the relationship between technology and knowledge and the trend of Internet technological autonomy, we should pay attention to a core problem in the future news and communication discipline reconstruction: how to balance the relationship between human and technology, make researchers jump out of the technological system immersed in it, treat the technological system critically, and avoid becoming the driving force of social disorder caused by the autonomy of the Internet. In this regard, Tang Yide pointed out, it is precisely because we are so familiar that we not only ignore the need for critical reflection by the technology system, but also ignore the results obtained from this critical reflection. Therefore, we need to deal with the technological society that besieges us from a transcendental point of view.

Hypothesis: The reconstruction of journalism and communication should sort out the relationship between people and technology is the content that this text is meant to emphasize.


Premise: According to probability theory, tossing a fair coin has almost equal probability of getting heads and tails. I bet with people that if the coin toss comes heads, I win; if it comes tails, I lose. I tossed a coin 6 times and it all came up tails, and I've lost 6 times in a row. So my next few tosses are definitely heads up and will definitely win back.

Hypothesis: It doesn't make sense, because each toss is an independent event, unrelated to the previous results is an appropriate evaluation of I's reasoning.


Premise: Scientists: it has been shown that the adoption of new farming methods can enable some well-managed farms to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and antibiotics without significantly reducing or even increasing yields. Critic: that's not true. The farm you have chosen is the one that is most likely to succeed with these new methods. Why not mention farms that tried new methods but failed?

Hypothesis: Critics have no reason to assume that the failure of some farms is not caused by the quality of their soil properly evaluates the critic's rebuttal.


Premise: In the past, we had a lot of unrealistic boasting on moral propaganda, so that many people said one thing from their mouths and did another behind their backs, resulting in the phenomenon of split personality. Through thinking about this phenomenon, some scholars propose that we should only require general people to abide by the bottom-line ethics.

Hypothesis: Bottom-line ethics are some of the minimum and most basic behavioral norms and standards that general people in society should abide by.


Premise: Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because <b> aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity </b>. However, studies show that <b> a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual </b>. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies' finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.

Hypothesis: The two portions in boldface in the argument play the role of a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes and a finding that has been used in support of that position.


Premise: Eating garlic reduces the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood and so helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Evidence that eating garlic reduces these levels is that a group of patients taking a garlic tablet each day for four months showed a 12 percent reduction in cholesterol and a 17 percent reduction in triglycerides; over the same period, a group of similar patients taking a medically inert tablet showed only a 2 percent reduction in triglycerides and a 3 percent reduction in cholesterol.

Hypothesis: It would be most important to determine whether large amounts of garlic are well tolerated by all patients in evaluating the argument.


Premise: People who take part in taekwondo are healthier than those who don't usually take part in taekwondo, so taekwondo helps to improve their health.

Hypothesis: The statement "Men prefer Taekwondo to women" is the most likely to challenge the above conclusion.


Premise: Chemical fertilizers not only create potential health hazards, they also destroy earthworms, which are highly beneficial to soil. For this reason alone the use of chemical fertilizers should be avoided. The castings earthworms leave behind are much richer than the soil they ingest, thus making a garden rich in earthworms much more fertile than a garden without them.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion of the argument is that earthworms are highly beneficial to soil.


Premise: Many elderly Beijings have never forgotten the unique skills they saw at temple fairs when they were young. Today, these unique skills have more formal names-folk art. However, as the modernization of society accelerates, Chinese folk culture is facing unprecedented crisis. The survival crisis of the city, the continuous change of the urban environment, the rapid diversion and transfer of people's interests and hobbies, and the gradual loss of folk art talents, all of which make the development of folk art face difficulties.

Hypothesis: The social status of folk art talents should be improved can be derived from this text.


Premise: Food company engineer: I stand by my decision to order the dumping of small amounts of chemicals into the local river even though there is some evidence that this material may pose health problems. 1 fish in the river myself and will continue to do so. Furthermore, I will have no problem if other food manufacturers do what our company does.

Hypothesis: One is justified in performing an act if one is willing to submit oneself to the consequences of that action performed by oneself or others is the principle that the engineer's reasoning most closely conforms to.


Premise: In public places, roadside excavation and other ground construction, if no safety measures such as setting up obvious warning signs are taken to cause pedestrian damage, the fault presumption liability shall apply, that is, after the pedestrian proves that the damage is caused by the behavior of the constructor, if the constructor cannot prove that he is not at fault, the constructor shall be deemed to be at fault.

Hypothesis: The victim is obliged to prove that the damage is caused by the behavior of the constructor according to the above words.


Premise: Synthetic food pigment is made from aniline dye separated from coal tar, so it is also called coal tar pigment or aniline pigment, such as synthetic amaranth, tartrazine and ponceau 4R. Occasionally eating food added with a certain amount of synthetic food pigment will not cause poisoning, diarrhea and other reactions. Therefore, it is allowed that people can eat food added with a small amount of synthetic pigment.

Hypothesis: Eating food added with a small amount of natural edible pigment will not affect human health can best weaken the above argument.


Premise: Because of the popularity of e-books, customers have changed their consumption habits and many bookstores have difficulties in operating. But bookstores can also make money by selling books, because bookstores are not only a place to sell books, but also provide face-to-face communication. Only face-to-face communication is the real communication and can constantly improve human feelings.

Hypothesis: The option 'There is still a need for bookstores to continue to exist' does not match the meaning of the above text.


Premise: People often use microwave ovens to heat food. Some people think that heating in a microwave oven changes the molecular structure of food and produces molecules that the human body cannot recognize. These strange formulas are unacceptable to the human body, and some are toxic and may even cause cancer. Therefore, people or animals who often eat microwave food will have serious physiological changes in their bodies, resulting in serious health problems.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is also common for developed countries to use microwave ovens' best questions the above point of view.


Premise: Man is a kind of cultural animal. Human behavior is determined not only by innate biological instincts, but also by acquired cultural and social factors. Everyone has a love of beauty. However, behind anything wonderful, there is an unbeautiful nature or origin, whether you realize it or not. Beauty is often a lie, but the truth is often ugly. Browse the web and you may be attracted by the gorgeous pages. If you look at the source code from the browser menu, you will find a mess that doesn't make any sense to you.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that behind anything beautiful, there is an unbeautiful essence or origin.


Premise: While studying Williams syndrome, Canadian scientists accidentally found that people with musical and mathematical talents are actually caused by genetic disorders and that the same genetic disorder may also lead to mental illness such as schizophrenia. Most children born with Williams syndrome misarrange 20 genes on chromosome 7. This happens to one out of every 20,000 people in the world.

Hypothesis: The typical case of Williams syndrome is most likely to be highlighted by the author next.


Premise: Analogical reasoning refers to a logical method in which two (or two types of) objects have similar or identical properties in some aspects, inferring that their properties in other aspects may also be similar or the same.

Hypothesis: From cancer cells were found in the sputum of this patient, it can be inferred that this patient has lung cancer does not apply analogy reasoning.


Premise: False memory refers to the recollection of an event that has never been experienced, or a false recollection of an experienced event.

Hypothesis: False memories are when someone can't recall whether the word was really learned, they just guessed that it might have been learned.


Premise: In a national park located on an island, a herd of moose was increasing in number and threatening to destroy species of native plants. Wolves were introduced to the island to reduce the herd and thereby prevent destruction of the vegetation. Although the wolves prospered, the moose herd continued to grow.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Wolves often kill moose weakened by diseases that probably would have spread to other moose' most helps to explain the failure of the strategy involving wolves.


Premise: In defending the Hyperion School of Journalism from charges that its program is of little or no value to its students, the dean of the school pointed to its recent success in placing students: 65 percent of its graduates went on to internships or jobs in print or broadcast journalism.

Hypothesis: More than half of the school's students came from jobs in journalism to improve their skills most seriously undermines the defense offered by the dean.


Premise: A company held four competitions for swimming, bowling, billiards and table tennis. Xiao Li, Xiao Zhang, Xiao Wang and Xiao Dai all participated in one of the competitions, and the four people participated in different events. Known: (1) Xiao Li, Xiao Zhang has one person participating in a bowling game; (2) If Xiao Wang participates in a billiards game, Xiao Zhang participates in a bowling game; (3) Only Xiao Li participates in a bowling game, Xiao Wang participates in a billiards game; (4) If Xiao Wang participates in swimming or table tennis competitions, Xiao Dai will not participate in swimming or table tennis competitions.

Hypothesis: Xiao Dai does not participate in the billiards game can be inferred from the given information.


Premise: Seven athletes took part in the men's 5km final: S, T, U, W, X, Y and Z. The clothes worn by athletes are either red or green, and no athletes reach the finish line at the same time. The known information is as follows: for athletes who arrive at the finish line one after another, their clothes are not all red. Y reached the finish line some time before T and W. Two of the athletes who reached the finish line before Y happened to be dressed in red. S is the sixth athlete to reach the finish line. Z arrives at the finish line at some time before U.

Hypothesis: W and T cannot all wear red clothes.


Premise: Family economy means that businesses use people's attention to family relations to hold commercial profit promotion activities during traditional festivals.

Hypothesis: On the eve of children's day, a shopping mall launched a half discount on children's clothing and toys belongs to the family economy.


Premise: Sulfur dioxide is the main cause of acid rain. A region is plagued by acid rain. In order to improve this situation, the region has reduced 118000 tons of sulfur dioxide from January to June, a year-on-year decrease of 9.1%. According to the monitoring, although the content of sulfur dioxide in the air in this region has decreased, the frequency of acid rain has increased by 7.1%.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the total emission of sulfur dioxide has been reduced, the proportion of sulfur dioxide in pollutants has not changed' best explains this phenomenon.


Premise: Nationalism  over resources refers to the realization of political service and national specific development through controlling and dominating resources and market intervention based on the legal jurisdiction of the state over natural resources.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a country has strengthened the mining license of a rare metal and set a high threshold for foreign-funded enterprises to invest belongs to nationalism over resources.


Premise: Advice columnist: Several scientific studies have shown that, when participating in competitive sports, those people who have recently been experiencing major stress in their lives are several times more likely to suffer serious injuries than are other participants in competitive sports. Since risking serious injury is unwise, no sports activity should be used as a method for coping with stress.

Hypothesis: The principle that people with a history of sports injuries should not engage in sports activities if they have recently been under stress most helps to justify the reasoning in the advice columnist's argument.


Premise: A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a massive expansion of the commuter rail system as a means of significantly easing congestion on the province' s highways and were willing to help pay for the expansion through an increase in their taxes. Nevertheless, the poll results indicate that expansion of the rail system, if successfully completed, would be unlikely to achieve its goal of easing congestion, because __.

Hypothesis: Most people in favor of expanding the rail system reported less congestion during their highway commute as the primary benefit they would experience logically completes the passage.


Premise: All unemployed artists are sympathetic to social justice. And no employed artists are interested in the prospect of great personal fame.

Hypothesis: If the claims made above are true, then all artists uninterested in the prospect of great personal fame are sympathetic to social justice must be true.


Premise: Art historian: Successful forgeries tend to be those most recently painted. While such a phenomenon may sound counterintuitive, a forger is able to exploit current modes of aesthetics to create paintings that appeal to the eye of his or her contemporaries. This very quality, however, is what makes those paintings seem amateurish to subsequent generations. As a result, a majority of forgeries are identified as such roughly twenty-five years after their creation.

Hypothesis: What is deemed aesthetically pleasing does not change in the course of twenty-five years is an assumption upon which the argument rests.


Premise: Over the last five years, every new major alternative-energy initiative that initially was promised government funding has since seen that funding severely curtailed. In no such case has the government come even close to providing the level of funds initially earmarked for these projects. Since large corporations have made it a point to discourage alternative-energy projects, it is likely that the corporations' actions influenced the government' s funding decisions.

Hypothesis: The statement "All large corporations have made it a point to discourage some forms of research" most strengthens the reasoning above.


Premise: As a positive and effective development model, global tourism emphasizes that the development of tourism adapts to the carrying capacity of resources and environment. By comprehensively optimizing tourism resources, infrastructure, tourism functions, tourism elements and industrial layout, better dredge and reduce the bearing pressure of the core scenic spots, and better protect the core resources and ecological environment. Realizing the rational layout and optimal allocation of facilities, elements and functions in space is of great significance to promote the new pattern of ecological protection.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Promoting the new pattern of ecological protection with global tourism.'


Premise: Certain minor peculiarities of language are used unconsciously by poets. If such peculiarities appear in the works of more than one poet, they are likely to reflect the language in common use during the poets' time. However, if they appear in the work of only one poet, they are likely to be personal idiosyncrasies. As such, they can provide a kind of fingerprint that allows scholars, by comparing a poem of previously unknown authorship to the work of a particular known poet, to identify the poem as the work of that poet.

Hypothesis: A peculiarity of language that might be used as an identifying mark is likely to be widely scattered in the work of a poet, so that a single poem not known to have been written by that poet might not include that peculiarity is a reason that the test described above can never provide conclusive proof of the authorship of any poem.


Premise: The orange-bellied prairie vole practices monogamy, which is extremely rare in the animal world. The researchers first examined the communication between the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in female voles (the two regions are anatomically connected, and the nucleus accumbens plays a key role in the brain's reward system). The female voles were then asked to meet with male voles, and the intensity of communication between the two brain regions was continuously measured during the meeting. They found that voles with higher levels of communication in their brain regions were more likely to quickly establish intimate relationships with their partners. As a result, they believe that the activation of the loop between the two brain regions can directly affect the production of animal love.

Hypothesis: Mountain mice, which share more than 99% of the genes of orange-bellied prairie voles, still forget their partners overnight even if they are injected with enough oxytocin (love-related chemicals). Studies have found that the corresponding areas of the brain of mountain mice lack oxytocin receptors can best support the views of the above researchers.


Premise: Antisocial personality crime is a criminal act committed by the perpetrator based on antisocial abnormal personality. The characteristics of the perpetrator are as follows: 1. They have no obvious defects in intelligence and spirit, no delusions or other thinking obstacles. 2. Most of them have a criminal record of bad deeds and have committed many types of disciplinary, illegal and criminal acts. 3. They are impulsive and lack of thoughtful and clear motivation. 4. They have no psychology of repentance and remorse, and still break the law and commit crimes after receiving education or serving their sentences.

Hypothesis: Wang wandering in the street, suddenly stabbing the stranger Guo twice, and then smashing the car parked on the roadside is most in line with the characteristics of antisocial personality crime if the perpetrator's mental intelligence is normal.


Premise: A follow-up study on the impact of fathers' diet on offspring found that men-to-be fathers were more likely to develop obesity if they became obese due to overeating before the next generation. This probability had little to do with the mother's weight, while when the father-to-be was starved and experienced the threat of hunger, his children were more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. As a result, the study suggests that the diet of fathers-to-be affects the health of their offspring.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If the father-to-be is too old or has bad habits such as smoking, his children are more likely to have neonatal defects' can best support the above conclusion.