Premise: Scientists have found that birds' wings, while not as rigid as those of airplanes, are better able to adapt to different weather conditions, especially harsh ones, because they are able to stretch freely and adapt to changes in airflow. Taking a cue from nature, NASA scientists are working on wings that can bend and deform. The idea is that at high speeds, the plane's deformed wings are tucked back slightly to reduce drag and turbulence. As the plane slows down, the wings automatically extend forward to help it land faster and more smoothly. But deforming a wing is no easy task. The key is to create a deformable wing using special smart materials that flex and stretch automatically when exposed to external air pressure and stimulation. Among them, the wing material made of memory alloy can make the airplane wing change into a special shape in a certain air environment; Another important smart material is piezoelectric ceramics, which can respond sensitively to changes in voltage, temperature and other environmental factors. Scientists say such planes with flexible wings are at least 20 years away. At that time, our planes will become more intelligent, comfortable and safe, like all kinds of birds to adapt to various environments and fly freely.

Hypothesis: The wing material, made of memory alloys, allows the wing of an airplane to change into a special shape in certain air conditions can most accurately repeat the above passage.


Premise: Administrative enforcement refers to the failure of other organizations of citizen legal persons to perform their obligations under the law, or the obligations stipulated in administrative decisions made by administrative organs in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: A court confiscated the police car of the same person's urban public security bureau and demanded compensation from the winning party in accordance with legal instruments is not an administrative enforcement action according to the above definition.


Premise: Politician P: My opponent claims that the government is obligated to raise taxes to increase funding for schools and health care. Because raising taxes to increase funding for schools and health care would make taxpayers upset over their loss of buying power, my opponent is simply mistaken.

Hypothesis: Politician P's reasoning is questionable because it involves appealing to wholly irrelevant issues to deflect attention away from the real issue.


Premise: In today's society, many old people become old drifters in order to help their children take care of the next generation. In a recent urban survey, young people interviewed admitted that their parents are old drifters. They and their spouses have just started their careers, and work pressure is high, so they have no time to take care of their children and do housework. Some experts assert that the group of old drifters in China's cities will be further expanded.

Hypothesis: The statement 'After the implementation of the two-child policy, the two-child birth rate in urban areas is lower than that in rural areas' best supports the views of the above experts.


Premise: Biologist: Scientists have discovered fossilized bacteria in rocks 3. 5 billion years old. The fossils indicate that these bacteria were quite complex and so must have already had a long evolutionary history when fossilized 3. 5 billion years ago. However, Earth is only 4. 6 billion years old, so the first life on Earth must have appeared soon after the planet' s formation, when conditions were extremely harsh. This suggests that life may be able to arise under many difficult conditions throughout the universe.

Hypothesis: It is a claim for which some support is provided in the argument, and that itself is used to support another claim that in turn lends support to the conclusion of the argument as a whole most accurately describes the role played in the biologist's argument by the claim that the fossilized bacteria discovered in rocks 3.5 billion years old must have had a long evolutionary history.


Premise: A bodybuilder needs to win a regional contest before competing in the national championship. Arnold just won the West Coast regional contest, so he is eligible to compete in the national championship. The last five winners of the West Coast regional contest have all won the national championship. Arnold' s trainer has worked with the last three national champions, and he believes Arnold will win the national championship this year. Thus, Arnold will win the national championship.

Hypothesis: The argument above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it confuses a probability with a certainty.


Premise: Theory X believes that people are lazy by nature, and the less work the better. They will avoid work if possible. Therefore, managers need to use coercion, threats, punishments, monetary benefits and other incentives to stimulate people's negative original motivation for work. Theory Y believes that people have a positive motivation for work, and work is a natural thing. Most people do not resist work. Even without external pressure and threats of punishment, they will work hard to achieve their goals.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Director D believes that there is no fixed, universally applicable best management method in the world is in line with Theory Y.


Premise: There is an advertisement in CCTV's Global Information list: every day, we only introduce you to three global hot people; only report the most important global events; only select the top five companies in the world; only release the latest financial news in the world;  only introduce the most imaginative cutting-edge technologies;-- Global Information list, CCTV Economic Channel, 12:00 every day. Know that the messenger survives.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of "know that the messenger survives" in this passage is that it is sensational at first, but when thought about carefully, it is exquisite and proper.


Premise: With the improvement of the information degree of equipment, different from the original blind technology stacking, it seems that the installation of phased array radar for aircraft carriers has become a necessary retro wind. But unlike Britain and Russia, which deployed phased array radar on the bridge, whether it was the original US Enterprise or the latest Ford-class aircraft carrier. They all arranged the phased array radar under the bridge to ensure that the bridge was high enough. Although this configuration of the US aircraft carrier bridge will limit the detection range of the phased array radar, the United States, as the largest aircraft carrier in the world, knows which is more important, the phased array radar or the bridge.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The United States Navy does not attach great importance to the actual operational effectiveness of aircraft carriers' is incorrect according to this passage.


Premise: Some university teachers have doctoral degrees, so some people who have obtained doctorates have high levels of teaching plans and scientific research.

Hypothesis: Some university teachers with high level of teaching plans and scientific research did not get a doctorate must be true in order to ensure the validity of the above argument.


Premise: Social phobia is an important subtype of anxiety disorder, its main symptom is the fear of being watched, such as fear of speaking in public, and even afraid to go out when the symptoms are serious. Shyness is a common personality trait, which is not pathological in itself. However, the vast majority of patients with social phobia will be significantly relieved after treatment, and psychotherapy should be the first choice for patients with mild symptoms; if patients are unable or unwilling to receive psychotherapy because of busy work and other reasons, drug treatment can be the first choice, but the combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy is the most effective way to treat social phobia. In addition, most people with social phobias start in adolescence, so prevention is very important.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, middle-aged and elderly people will not become social phobias.


Premise: Researchers have found that, hours after birth, infants are able to distinguish faces from other images. Infants stare at drawings of faces for longer periods of time than they do at blank ovals or drawings in which facial features are scrambled.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The longer an infant stares at an object, the more interesting the infant finds that object' most helps to explain the ability of newborn infants described above.


Premise: The arrival of man has brought many challenges to certain natural laws of the world. For example, the fruit of a plant is delicious because it needs to attract animals to bring the seeds that are provided by its fruit to further places, it also rewards the animals that spread the seeds with nutrient-rich fruit. It's a perfect square deal. But the seeds in the fruit are either disposed of in a concentrated way or planted in orchards by human.

Hypothesis: Scientific research is sometimes carried out on the seeds in the fruit of plants can be inferred.


Premise: The percentage of households with an annual income of more than $40, 000 is higher in Merton County than in any other county. However, the percentage of households with an annual income of $60, 000 or more is higher in Sommer County.

Hypothesis: Some households in Merton County have an annual income between $40,000 and $60,000 must be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: The so-called overall understanding and grasp is to take into account the overall situation and the relationship between the overall situation and its various parts.

Hypothesis: Deal with the whole picture and the relationships between parts and parts of the whole picture is the overall understanding and grasp means.


Premise: There are more users of the cable TV pay channels in city X than in city Y, so citizens of city X are more aware of international current affairs than citizens of city Y.

Hypothesis: The statement "Most citizens of city Y work in city X and usually only return to city Y on weekends" weakens the above argument.


Premise: The greater the power of the incandescent bulb, the brighter the light. The power of a 100-watt incandescent bulb is higher than the power of a 15-watt incandescent bulb. Therefore, a 100-watt incandescent bulb is brighter than a 15-watt incandescent bulb.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that the higher the product quality, the more advertising investment, and the greater the demand for the product, and Company A invests more advertising expenses than Company B, so the demand for Company A's products is greater than the demand for Company B is the most similar to the above reasoning.


Premise: Flexible management: The organization takes people as the center and flexibly operates various management methods, which can produce good management effects by influencing people's psychology.

Hypothesis: The flexible management is when the 7-year-old child had a cold and fever and there was no one to look after him at home, Zhang Li had to take it to work and the leader asked her to take a break and send the child to the hospital.


Premise: From the introduction point of view, this Honda model compared with the other two models, made more than 10 improvements, the performance has been significantly improved. Such news is undoubtedly good for new buyers, but it must not be good for owners of earlier models. After all, the car is not WIN98, the use of instability, with a plate up 2000 on the line.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that it is not easy to change cars.


Premise: Twenty blood donors were selected from about 100 applicants in a unit for medical examination. The least likely to be selected are those who have donated blood since 1993 or who have failed a blood donation check-up since 1995.

Hypothesis: Da Chen last donated blood in 1992, when he had his leg amputated because of a public injury, and blood from voluntary blood donors was flowing through his blood vessels. '


Premise: Compared with Mars, the earth has many common attributes, just like belonging to the solar system, both are relatively regular spheres, with revolutions and rotations. Since there is life on the earth, Mars is also very likely to have life.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Earth and Mars rotate at different speeds' is most likely to undermine the reliability of the above judgment.


Premise: Professor: One cannot frame an accurate conception of one' s physical environment on the basis of a single momentary perception, since each such glimpse occurs from only one particular perspective. Similarly, any history book gives only a distorted view of the past, since it reflects the biases and prejudices of its author.

Hypothesis: The professor's argument proceeds by making a case for the conclusion of one argument by showing that argument's resemblance to another, presumably cogent, argument.


Premise: Eyre, Oman and Derby, one of these three countries belongs to Asia, one belongs to Europe, and the other belongs to Africa. Eyre is not as big as the European countries among them, and the Derby is smaller than the African countries among them, and the European countries among them are bigger than Oman.

Hypothesis: The order of the three countries from large to small is Eyre, Derby and Oman.


Premise: In a study conducted in Pennsylvania, servers in various restaurants wrote Thank you on randomly selected bills before presenting the bills to their customers. Tips on these bills were an average of three percentage points higher than tips on bills without the message. Ttherefore, if servers in Pennsylvania regularly wrote Thank you on restaurant bills, their average income from tips would be significantly higher than it otherwise would have been.

Hypothesis: The written Thank you reminds restaurant patrons that tips constitute a significant part of the income of many food servers is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: The so-called national media literacy refers to the national literacy to correctly judge the value, significance and function of media information and to effectively use and disseminate information. In the information age, national media literacy has become an important part of national comprehensive literacy. As a media audience, if citizens have higher media literacy, they can distinguish all kinds of ideology and values behind the mass media, distinguish false things from the received information, retain the real things, and refine them. Thus, we can adhere to and carry forward healthy and progressive concepts and cultures, and resist and criticize negative and decadent concepts and cultures.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that it is necessary to promote layer by layer and continuously improve the national media literacy.


Premise: Appreciation is an organic part of literary activities. Only in the process of appreciation can works acquire its essence and become literary works. Traditional literary theory ignores literary appreciation, which makes it difficult for literary research to go further and hinders the development of literary creation. The biggest difference between modern literary theory and traditional literary theory lies in the importance of literary appreciation. It can be said that the study of literary appreciation is the starting point of modern literary theory, and modern literary theory is based on the theory of literary appreciation.

Hypothesis: The most accurate understanding of the passage is that the popularization of literary appreciation activities has laid the cornerstone of literary theory.


Premise: A film critic said that truly influential films should be both applauded and popular. Since the release of the film Ren Changxia'' which advocates the theme of society, its box office has soared, even rivaling the imported American blockbusters, and the audience's response has been very strong.

Hypothesis: Ren Changxia has been well received by many audiences and it is a very influential and good movie can be concluded from this.


Premise: Decorating a house can lead to leukemia. According to the preliminary statistics of the hematology department of a hospital for more than a year, children who come to the hospital to see leukemia all show a common characteristic. Most of them carried out luxurious decoration of their houses within six months before the onset of the disease. The materials used include paint for beautifying walls, marble for the floor and other luxury building materials. Such children with leukemia account for 90% of the total number of children with leukemia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The age, parents' work, weight and height of the children who come to the hospital to see leukemia are basically the same' can best reinforce the above conclusion.


Premise: Non-loving behavior refers to the non-loving plundering of the people close to you in the name of love, that is, against the subjective will of others, forcibly control their spirits and behaviors, and force them to act and do things according to the will of the controller. This behavior often occurs between the closest people such as husband and wife, lovers, parents and children.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Lin forcing his son to practice the piano for 3 hours every day to achieve good results in the piano competition is non-loving behavior.


Premise: Social risk refers to the risk of loss of social production and people's life due to the actions of individuals or groups.

Hypothesis: Neglect of duty is not a social risk.


Premise: Organizational commitment refers to the employee's identification with the organization and its goals, including trust and acceptance of the organization's goals and values, willingness to contribute to the organization and desire to maintain the organization's membership.

Hypothesis: Xiao Su of the network company works hard and is full of enthusiasm to the work is not an organizational commitment.


Premise: A few kind owners went to the market to collect leaves, which they soaked in salt and made their only delicacies.

Hypothesis: This is an expose to the boss.


Premise: It is generally believed that children born to couples born far apart have higher IQ. Some data show that both husband and wife are locals, and the average IQ of their children is 102.45; couples are from different places in the province, and the average IQ of their children is 106.17;for those married in other provinces, the IQ of their children is as high as 109.35. Therefore, intermarriage in different places can improve the IQ of the next generation.

Hypothesis: If it is not difficult to find that the parents of some children with low IQ were born far apart, it weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Professor Lin suffers from bronchitis. In order to achieve curative effect, Dr. Zhang asked Professor Lin to quit smoking immediately.

Hypothesis: Professor Lin smokes is preset by Dr. Zhang's requirements.


Premise: Green transportation refers to the transportation characterized by saving energy and reducing exhaust gas emissions. The ways of its implementation mainly include: reasonable selection of means and routes of transport, overcoming circuitous and repeated transportation, in order to achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction; improving the technology of internal combustion engines and the use of clean fuel to improve energy efficiency; prevent leakage in the process of transportation to avoid serious environmental harm to local areas.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, imported fruits, snacks and daily necessities are transported by air and distributed through the cold chain in the city, which are distributed step by step by multi-level dealers does not belong to green transportation.


Premise: During its caterpillar stage, the leopard magpie moth feeds on a plant called the Natal grass cycad and by so doing laces its body with macrozamin, a toxin that makes the moth highly unpalatable to would-be predators. Since the Natal grass cycad is now endangered and facing extinction, the leopard magpie moth is also in danger of extinction.

Hypothesis: Feeding on the Natal grass cycad is the only means by which the leopard magpie moth can make itself highly unpalatable to predators is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: People often praise poems for their truth. But to argue that expressing true propositions contributes to the aesthetic merit of a poem is misguided. Most of the commonplace beliefs of most people are true. Whatever the basis of poetic excellence is, it must certainly be rare rather than common.

Hypothesis: The proposition that whatever the basis of poetic excellence is, it must certainly be rare rather than common is a proposition for which the argument seeks to advance an explanation.


Premise: The earth's hydrosphere consists of oceans, lakes, rivers, swamps, groundwater and glaciers, both liquid and solid water. According to scientists' estimates, the total water volume of the earth's surface is about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, of which ocean water accounts for 97.3%, land water dominated by glaciers accounts for 2.7%, and water in the atmosphere is almost negligible compared to the former two.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There are plenty of fresh water resources on the earth' cannot be inferred from the passage.


Premise: The cut-off method is popular in Japan, Taiwan and other parts of Asia, and is a three-meal-a-day approach that replaces solid foods with low-calorie diets such as fruit juice, vegetable soup and water. with a duration of 3 to 10 days, in order to achieve detox, fat burning and weight loss and other effects.

Hypothesis: A low-calorie diet can cause toxins in the body to lose their activity due to lack of nutrition, but at the same time there is a risk of obesity due to early metabolic disruption is the least likely to undercut the above view.


Premise: In terms of today's Chinese reality, enlightenment is undoubtedly an urgent task. In terms of Chinese history, it is a historical task interrupted without completion. Although the enlightenment spirit of the May 4th New Culture Movement has been forgotten and forgotten for a long time, it does not prove that China does not need enlightenment. All kinds of setbacks in modern times remind us that in the process of modernization. The task of enlightenment is insurmountable, because nothing can surpass the goal of human liberation. As long as this goal has not been achieved, history must make up lessons.

Hypothesis: The above paragraph mainly answers the question of whether China needs enlightenment nowadays.


Premise: Some scientists believe that the relationship between mice and humans has, over time, diminished the ability of mice to survive in nature, so that now they must depend upon human civilization for their continued existence. This opinion, however, ignores significant facts. Despite numerous predators and humanity' s enmity, mice have distributed themselves more widely across the planet than any other mammal except humans. Mice reproduce rapidly and, more important to their survival, they have the ability to adapt to an extraordinary range of habitats. Should the environment ever become too extreme to support human life, naturalists predict that mice would be able to adapt and survive.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Mice have colonized an island near Antarctica which is too bleak and harsh to support human life' would most support the naturalists' prediction.


Premise: Xiao Liu is a member of the environmental protection volunteer organization save the earth. Due to his serious illness, he can't volunteer for the World Expo in Shanghai, while other members of the organization have obtained the qualification of volunteers for the World Expo in Shanghai

Hypothesis: If someone is a volunteer of Shanghai World Expo news and a member of save the earth, he must not be Xiao Liu can be inferred.


Premise: China is in a period of economic and industrial transformation, with a shortage of skilled workers, especially senior skilled workers and skilled talents. it is not only a bottleneck restricting the adjustment of China's economic structure and realizing the transformation of the mode of economic growth, but also an important reason why there are a large number of new jobs in China's economy. Local governments should organize and mobilize all kinds of resources to guide suitable urban and rural young people to choose to receive vocational education and make use of the employment opportunities in China's economic transformation. Vocational education is not only an education for young students, but also a core part of continuing education, especially for migrant workers.

Hypothesis: The option 'Promote vocational education and enhance human capital' is an accurate summary of the gist of this passage.


Premise: Vervet monkeys use different alarm calls to warn each other of nearby predators, depending on whether the danger comes from land or from the air.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Vervet monkeys avoid land-based predators by climbing trees but avoid predation from the air by diving into foliage' contributes most to an explanation of the behavior of vervet monkeys described above.


Premise: If temperatures had dropped below freezing when I was gone last week, the impatiens in my garden would have died. If the impatiens had died, they obviously could not continue to bloom. However, since the impatiens in my garden are still in bloom today, temperatures did not drop below freezing last week.

Hypothesis: The argument 'If a species is highly adaptable, it will thrive when introduced into a new environment. If a species thrives in its new environment, it will have an adverse effect on species already existing in that environment. But, since this species has not had an adverse effect on any species already existing in its new environment, it is not highly adaptable' most closely parallels the pattern of reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: The formation of hurricanes that threaten the United States mainland is triggered by high atmospheric winds off the western coast of Africa. When abundant rain falls in sub-Saharan Africa, hurricanes afterward hit the United States mainland with particular frequency. Ttherefore, the abundant rains must somehow promote the ability of the winds to form hurricanes.

Hypothesis: The argument 'Many people who later become successful entrepreneurs played competitive sports in college. Therefore, playing competitive sports must enhance a person's entrepreneurial ability' contains a flaw that is most similar to one in the argument above.


Premise: Sales manager: The highest priority should be given to the needs of the sales department, because without successful sales the company as a whole would fail. Shipping manager: There are several departments other than sales that also must function successfully for the company to succeed. It is impossible to give the highest priority to all of them.

Hypothesis: The shipping manager criticizes the sales manager's argument by pointing out that the sales manager makes a generalization from an atypical case.


Premise: Columnist: Wildlife activists have proposed that the practice of stringing cable TV lines from the same poles that carry electric power lines should be banned because cable TV lines, while electrically neutral themselves, make it easier for animals to climb near electric power lines, risking electrocution. This particular argument for banning the practice fails, however, since some animals are electrocuted by power lines even where cable TV lines are all underground.

Hypothesis: It rejects an argument for a proposal merely on the grounds that the proposal would not completely eliminate the problem it is intended to address most accurately describes a flaw in the columnist's reasoning.


Premise: The attitude towards intellectuals marks the degree of civilization of a nation, while the attitude towards workers and peasants tests the conscience and conscience of the nation. So _

Hypothesis: We should be kind to intellectuals, as well as workers and peasants can best complete the above argument.


Premise: Decision makers tend to have distinctive styles. One such style is for the decision maker to seek the widest possible input from advisers and to explore alternatives while making up his or her mind. In fact, decision makers of this sort will often argue vigorously for a particular idea, emphasizing its strong points and downplaying its weaknesses, not because they actually believe in the idea but because they want to see if their real reservations about it are idiosyncratic or are held independently by their advisers.

Hypothesis: If certain decision makers' statements are quoted accurately and at length, the content of the quote could nonetheless be greatly at variance with the decision eventually made is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: A committee works for two years and is composed of 4 members each year, 2 of which are from the following 4 judges: F, G, H and I, and the other 2 members are from the following 3 scientists: V, Y and Z. Each year, the committee is chaired by one member. A member who chairs the first year must retire from the committee during the second year. The person who chairs the second year must be a member of the committee during the first year. The committee members must meet the following conditions: G and V cannot be members of the committee in the same year. H and Y cannot be members of this committee in the same year. Each year, only one of I and V is a member of this committee.

Hypothesis: F can be the chairman in the second year if H is the chairman in the first year.


Premise: From the perspective of population spatial layout, urbanization is the transfer of rural population to cities and towns and the transformation from farmers to citizens. The process of transformation from farmers to citizens is the modernization process of human quality. The modernization of human quality is inseparable from receiving modern education. The modernization of human education is the foundation and support of urbanization. Urbanization also means the transfer of employment and production from agriculture to industry and services. The modernization of human mode of production is not only the essential characteristic of urbanization, but also the essential embodiment of human modernization. The foundation of supporting the modernization of human mode of production is the popularization of modern vocational education.

Hypothesis: The option 'Urbanization is the Modernization of human quality education' is intended to be emphasized in this paragraph.


Premise: Critic: Fillmore, an influential television executive, argues that watching television regularly is not detrimental to very young children. Fillmore bases this on the claim, which I grant, that children can learn much that is beneficial from television. But we should reject Fillmore' s argument, because clearly it is to Fillmore' s benefit to convince parents that television is not harmful to their children.

Hypothesis: The flaw in the critic's reasoning is that it takes a necessary condition for something's being harmful to be a sufficient condition for being harmful.


Premise: Concept confusion refers to the informal fallacy caused by the ambiguity and ambiguity of natural language. Configuration ambiguity refers to the ambiguity fallacy caused by the incorrect grammatical structure of a sentence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, configuration ambiguity is when on the night of the Lantern Festival, a woman wanted to watch the lanterns, and her husband said that the lantern isn't lighted up at home.


Premise: Fruit: it is a concept relative to the original thing. The original thing refers to the thing that produces a new thing according to natural attributes or legal provisions, and fruit is the thing produced by the original thing.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, new buds from longan trees are fruit.


Premise: Industry experts expect improvements in job safety training to lead to safer work environments. A recent survey indicated, however, that for manufacturers who improved job safety training during the 1980s, the number of on-the-job accidents tended to increase in the months immediately following the changes in the training programs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Significant safety measures, such as protective equipment and government safety inspections, were in place well before the improvements in job safety training' most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the passage above.


Premise: In recent years, experts have called for a ban on the addition of biphenyl compounds as oxytocin to animal feed because they are harmful to humans. In the past decade, biphenyl residues have been found in the feed of Dutch dairy cows raised by many herdsmen.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the past two years, the incidence of bladder cancer among consumers of dairy dairy milk products in the Netherlands has been particularly high' most strongly supports the expert's point of view.


Premise: The legal liability of a lawyer refers to the lawyer's intentional or gross negligence, violation of the relevant laws and regulations and the lawyer's professional discipline, damages the legal rights and interests of the parties, disrupts the normal judicial procedures, and affects the lawyer's career. The image has led to the consequences that lawyers should bear civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities in accordance with the law.

Hypothesis: The legal liability of a lawyer does not include the judge's decision being not strict, resulting in the wrong case being judged.


Premise: The song of the yellow warbler signals to other yellow warblers that a particular area has been appropriated by the singer as its own feeding territory. Although the singing deters other yellow warblers from taking over the feeding territory of the singer, other yellow warblers may range for food within a portion of the singer' s territory. However, a warbler sings a special song when it molts (sheds its feathers). Other yellow warblers will not enter the smaller core territory of a yellow warbler singing its molting song. Ttherefore yellow warblers, which can only fly short distances during molting, have no competition for the food supply within the range of their restricted flying.

Hypothesis: The assumption that there are no birds other than yellow warblers that compete with yellow warblers for food is made by the argument.


Premise: Although many customers do not make a sufficient effort to conserve water, water companies must also be held responsible for wasteful consumption. Their own policies, in fact, encourage excessive water use, and attempts at conservation will succeed only if the water companies change their practices.

Hypothesis: The statement "The price per unit of water charged by the water companies has risen steadily in the last 10 years" would most strongly support the view above.


Premise: The world's top film actors make no more than three films a year. Therefore, if Zuo Yuan takes about 4 films a year, he is not a world's top film actors.

Hypothesis: The reasoning method "When a good leader leaves his post, his employees can do as well as he did. So, if a general manager moves and the company becomes a shambles, then the general manager is not a good leader" is the same as above.


Premise: The existing works of ancient literature, science, and philosophy do not represent the most original work produced in ancient times. The most compelling evidence for this view is that the existing works frequently refer to other works that we no longer have.

Hypothesis: The statement "Works that contain frequent references to other works tend to be derivative" most helps to justify the argument's conclusion.


Premise: Some Cantonese don't like chili. Therefore, some southerners don't like chili.

Hypothesis: The statement 'All Cantonese are southerners' can verify the above argument.


Premise: Scientists have discovered that birds living in large groups have more new neurons in their brains and stronger memory than birds living alone. This advise humans accordingly: If you are alone, you'd better make some friends, otherwise you will lose your precious brain cells and cause memory loss.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The human brain is fundamentally different from birds' can best refute the above point of view.


Premise: A survey by the World Health Organization pointed out that sugar addiction is more harmful than smoking, and long-term consumption of foods with high sugar content will significantly shorten people's lifespan. In recent years, Chinese consumption of sugar has remained high, especially among children. According to survey data, 10 years ago, children in my country drank 715 ml of beverages per day, which has doubled 10 years later. Most beverages currently on the market contain 8% to 11% sugar, and a 500ml bottle of beverage contains between 40g and 55g of sugar. Medical experts recommend that the daily intake of added sugars for adults should not exceed 50 grams, preferably less than 25 grams. Children should not consume more than 25 grams of added sugars per day. However, the amount of added sugar in just 1 drink already exceeds the bottom line of recommended values. As everyone knows, while we are feasting and eating sugar, sugar is quietly eating our health.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is 'Low-sugar diet for health'.


Premise: There are four kinds of green tea, black tea, scented tea and white tea in the four boxes numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. Each box contains only one kind of tea, and each kind of tea contains only one box. It is known that: (1) the boxes of green tea and black tea are in the range of No. 1, 2 and 3; (2) the boxes of black tea and scented tea are in the range of No. 2, 3 and 4; (3) the boxes of white tea are in the range of No. 1, 2 and 3.

Hypothesis: Based on this information, it can be concluded that black tea is on the 2nd.


Premise: Time syndrome refers to symptoms caused by psychological distress, tension, and changes in physical activity due to the urgency of time.

Hypothesis: Mr. Lei is always in a hurry, often nagging about tight time, and occasionally taking children out to play, but also constantly watching his watch. If the child wants to play for a while, he will be very impatient and even lose his temper with the child is a time syndrome.


Premise: The authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey has long been debated. Some traditional evidence suggests that Homer created both works, or at least large portions of them, but there is equally forceful evidence that he had nothing to do with either. Since there is no overwhelming evidence for either claim, we ought to accept the verdict of tradition that Homer is the principal author of both works.

Hypothesis: The principle underlying the argumentation above is that if there is no overwhelming evidence for or against a hypothesis, one should believe it.


Premise: An aircraft engine manufacturer has developed a new type of engine with better safety performance than the old engine. In the first year when the new and old engines were sold at the same time, the sales of the old engine exceeded the new engine, and the manufacturer concluded The conclusion is that safety is not the customer's primary consideration.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Customers believe that the old engine is better than the new engine in terms of safety because they know more about the safety of the old engine' would weaken the manufacturer's conclusion most severely.


Premise: Function is the inherent efficiency of things, it is determined by the structure of internal elements of things, and it is a kind of internal mechanism which is relatively stable and independent from the interior of things. Function is the external effect produced by the relationship between things and the external environment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, law has the function of promoting the progress of scientific, technological and cultural undertakings is true.


Premise: Commentary marketing refers to a marketing model in which merchants use reviews of products and services to guide customers' consumption tendency and promote product promotion and sales.

Hypothesis: Commentary marketing is when a well-known household appliance company has launched a new product, and the professional evaluation of experts in the industry is prominently printed on the outer package. as soon as the product is put on the market, it is very popular.


Premise: Logging industry official: Harvesting trees from old-growth forests for use in manufacture can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, since when large old trees die in the forest they decompose, releasing their stored carbon dioxide. Harvesting old-growth forests would, moreover, make room for rapidly growing young trees, which absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than do trees in old-growth forests.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A young tree contains less than half the amount of carbon dioxide that is stored in an old tree of the same species' most seriously weakens the official's argument.


Premise: There are 12 books on a shelf from left to right. Four of them are small paperbacks, two are large paperbacks, three are cloth bindings and three are leather bounds. The first is known to be a large paperback, the fourth is a leather face binding book, three cloth binding books are not adjacent to each other, three leather face bindings are put together, four small paperback books are also placed together and on the far right.

Hypothesis: Book Six must be a large paperback.


Premise: In response to high mortality in area hospitals, surgery was restricted to emergency procedures during a five-week period. Mortality in these hospitals was found to have fallen by nearly one-third during the period. The number of deaths rose again when elective surgery (surgery that can be postponed) was resumed. It can be concluded that, before the five-week period, the risks of elective surgery had been incurred unnecessarily often in the area.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The conditions for which elective surgery was performed would in the long run have been life-threatening, and surgery for them would have become riskier with time' most seriously undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: Some people believe that a large number of rural people have flowed into cities to work in recent years, which has caused chaos in urban social order and a decline in public security. It can be said that allowing rural populations to flow into cities is harmful and unhelpful. Therefore, the rural population in cities should be cleared and restricted them from going to cities for employment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The influx of rural population into cities is beneficial to both rural and urban areas; it can not only make up for the shortage of urban labor, but also accelerate the development of rural economy and the improvement of the quality of rural population of our country' refutes the above point of view the most.


Premise: In fact, delaying debt repayment not only does not help to truly resolve the debt risk of local governments, but in most cases, it has planted a more powerful time bomb. Once borrowing the new and returning the old has become the routine practice of local governments, the consequences are unimaginable. In view of this, the central government should take strong measures in time to stop local governments from singing the delaying tactic; Relevant ministries and commissions should also actively consider digesting local government public debt with the help of the capital market, introducing private capital by means of debt securitization and resolving debt risks; Local governments should also appropriately reduce their economic construction functions, realize equal financial and administrative rights, and fundamentally eliminate the living soil of excessive debt.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of this passage is 'Explain the general practice of local government debt repayment.'


Premise: Since 1990 the percentage of bacterial sinus infections in Aqadestan that are resistant to the antibiotic perxicillin has increased substantially. Bacteria can quickly develop resistance to an antibiotic when it is prescribed indiscriminately or when patients fail to take it as prescribed. Since perxicillin has not been indiscriminately prescribed, health officials hypothesize that the increase in perxicillin-resistant sinus infections is largely due to patients' failure to take this medication as prescribed.

Hypothesis: Many patients who take perxicillin experience severe side effects within the first few days of their prescribed regimen, if true of Aqadestan, provides most support for the health officials' hypothesis.


Premise: Poetry must not only stay in the paper media, but should make full use of the stage, film and television and other platforms, so that it can be accepted by the people and maintain long-term vitality. Many excellent poetry works are highly artistic. In the process of going to the stage and film and television, they incorporate the performers' understanding and feelings, and carry out the second artistic creation of poetry, supplemented by sound, optoelectronics and other forms of modern art expression. it greatly improves the appreciation of poetry.

Hypothesis: With the help of stage, film and television and other art forms, poetry can maintain its long-term vitality is correct.


Premise: A street comprehensive management committee has a total of 6 members: F, G, H, I, M and P. Each of these members shall serve as a member of at least one of the three sub-committees under the Comprehensive Management Committee. Each sub-committee consists of three different members. The known information is as follows: one of the six members serves as a member of three subcommittees. F is not a member of the same subcommittee as G. H is not a member of the same subcommittee as I.

Hypothesis: It is possible that the person serves on the subcommittee and P is also involved.


Premise: The opposite theory of investment market means that the investment market itself does not create new value, does not increase in value, or even impairment. If an investor is the same as most investors in investment action, he must not be the one who makes the most profits, because it is impossible for most people to make profits. To get the best benefit, we must be inconsistent with the actions of the majority.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'When others sell shares, I buy them. When others fear, I buy more shares' does not accord with the opposite theory of investment market.


Premise: A national restaurant chain has launched a new pastry in some northern cities, with excellent sales and reputation, so the company's management believes that if it is launched in the south, it will also be loved by customers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It acquiesces that the sales volume and word-of-mouth information of the product in the northern market can be used to predict the southern market' best points out the shortcomings of the above argument.


Premise: Bio-fuel generally refers to the solid, liquid or gaseous fuel extracted from biomass. Biomass refers to various organisms produced by photosynthesis through the use of atmosphere, water and land, that is, all living organic substances that can grow. It includes plants, animals and microorganisms.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Bio-gas produced by anaerobic fermentation of crops does not belong to bio-fuels.


Premise: Maize contains the vitamin niacin, but not in a form the body can absorb. Pellagra is a disease that results from niacin deficiency. When maize was introduced into southern Europe from the Americas in the eighteenth century, it quickly became a dietary staple, and many Europeans who came to subsist primarily on maize developed pellagra. Pellagra was virtually unknown at that time in the Americas, however, even among people who subsisted primarily on maize.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Traditional ways of preparing maize in the Americas convert maize's niacin into a nutritionally useful form' most helps to explain the contrasting incidence of pellagra described above.


Premise: Therapist: Cognitive psychotherapy focuses on changing a patient' s conscious beliefs. Thus, cognitive psychotherapy is likely to be more effective at helping patients overcome psychological problems than are forms of psychotherapy that focus on changing unconscious beliefs and desires, since only conscious beliefs are under the patient' s direct conscious control.

Hypothesis: The statement "It is difficult for any form of psychotherapy to be effective without focusing on mental states that are under the patient's direct conscious control" would most strengthen the therapist's argument.


Premise: How the pigment known as Han purple was synthesized by the ancient Chinese of the Qin and Han dynasties has puzzled scientists. The Chinese chemists employed the same chemical ingredients used for Han purple in the production of a common type of white glass during that period. Both were produced in processes that involved subjecting the mixtures to high heat and mixing in lead to decrease the melting temperature. Thus, Han purple was probably discovered by fortuitous accident during glass production.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Chemical analysis shows that most of the known fragments of both Han purple and the white glass were produced within a small geographical radius' would most strengthen the argument.


Premise: The proper way to plan a scientific project is first to decide its goal and then to plan the best way to accomplish that goal. The United States space station project does not conform to this ideal. When the Cold War ended, the project lost its original purpose, so another purpose was quickly grafted onto the project, that of conducting limited-gravity experiments, even though such experiments can be done in an alternative way. It is, ttherefore, abundantly clear that the space station should not be built.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it contains statements that lead to a self-contradiction.


Premise: Turkey has applied to join the EU since 1987, and the two sides are still engaged in difficult negotiations. For strategic reasons, the EU needs Turkey, and a categorical no to Turkey would deprive the EU of Turkish cooperation in security, justice, energy and other areas. However, if Turkey joins the EU, it will bring a series of problems to the EU, such as the disharmony of cultural and religious views, the heavy burden of economic subsidies, and the impact of the influx of immigrants on the job market.

Hypothesis: In the statement above, it can be inferred that only 3% of Turkey is in Europe, and most Europeans do not recognize Turkey as a European country.


Premise: China is in a period of economic and industrial transformation, with a shortage of skilled workers, especially senior skilled workers and skilled talents. it is not only a bottleneck restricting the adjustment of China's economic structure and realizing the transformation of the mode of economic growth, but also an important reason why there are a large number of new jobs in China's economy. Local governments should organize and mobilize all kinds of resources to guide suitable urban and rural young people to choose to receive vocational education and make use of the employment opportunities in China's economic transformation. Vocational education is not only an education for young students, but also a core part of continuing education, especially for migrant workers.

Hypothesis: It is necessary to guide young people in urban and rural areas to receive vocational education is an accurate summary of the gist of this passage.


Premise: Anderson: Taking the long view, history shows that word usage and grammar rules are constantly changing and evolving-sometimes resulting in entirely new languages. Since they will change regardless of our efforts, we shouldn' t worry about violations of grammar rules. Lipton: That' s like arguing that we shouldn' t worry about enforcing laws since, in the larger scheme of things, laws change and nations come and go. But of course it is good that laws are enforced.

Hypothesis: The dialogue provides the most support for the claim that Anderson and Lipton disagree over whether grammar violations should be resisted.


Premise: As far as calligraphy is concerned, there is a difference between Han stele and Han bamboo slips. Han stele is later carved by Shudan and then extended into Motuo, while Han bamboo slips are written directly on bamboo slips with a brush. This leads to differences in writing attitude: the writing of the stele is formal, and its words, contents, fonts and even the process of writing and engraving are very rigorous, while the writing of Han bamboo slips is the embodiment of real writing, and the writer is often in a relaxed state. There is no pressure and burden that must be written well. Calligraphy has no intention to be good. The rectification of Han steles and the frankness of Han bamboo slips have different aesthetic interests. The inspiration of Han bamboo slips calligraphy to today is more of a frank and natural attitude. In the study of ancient calligraphy works, it is necessary to understand this difference, so as to better grasp their respective characteristics.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is how to correctly understand the calligraphy value of Han Stele and Han Bamboo slips.


Premise: When Mr. Chen encouraged his children, he said, Don't be afraid of temporary difficulties and setbacks. How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain? His child said unconvincingly, what you said is wrong. I've been through so much wind and rain, why didn't I see the rainbow?

Hypothesis: As long as you go through the wind and rain, you can see the rainbow is most appropriate to refute the answer of Mr. Chen's child.


Premise: By deciphering the enemy's password, we have already known that banana, apple and pear means secret attack on Wednesday, apple, sugar cane and peach means implementation of secret plan, and Guangdong orange, banana and tomato means victory on Wednesday belongs to us.

Hypothesis: The meaning of pear is attack.


Premise: Counterfactual thinking is usually the negation of events that have occurred in the mind, and then it is characterized as a mental activity that may have occurred but did not occur in reality. According to the direction of occurrence, counterfactual thinking can be divided into upward counterfactual thinking and downward counterfactual thinking, upward counterfactual thinking refers to events that have occurred in the past, and imagine that if certain conditions are met, there may be better results than real results; downward counterfactual thinking refers to events that have occurred in the past, imagine If certain conditions are met, there may be a result that is worse than the real result.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'If we didn't bring so many things, we could run faster now' belongs to downward counterfactual thinking.


Premise: Administrative Emergency: it refers to the system that the state administrative organ exercises emergency functions and powers to control and deal with public emergencies.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, public access offices taking measures against individual visitors who disturb its office order does not belong to Administrative Emergency.


Premise: According to promotional material published by the city of Springfield, more tourists stay in hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown. A brochure from the largest hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel in Springfield. If both of these sources are accurate, however, the Report on Tourism for the region must be in error in stating that __.

Hypothesis: The statement 'More tourists stay in hotels in Harristown than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel' most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: At the academic exchange meeting, a foreign scholar denied the existence of the Xia dynasty on the grounds that there were no relics and no written records of the corresponding ages.

Hypothesis: The statement that ancient my country used wood as a building material as a record carrier and that it is subject to geological and climatic effects would most refute the foreign scholar.


Premise: Many people who call themselves teachers are not actually teachers, because teaching is not their main source of income.

Hypothesis: A person cannot be called a writer unless writing is his main source of income. The same goes for teachers is assumed by the above discussion.


Premise: Our era is described as the information age, which means that we can not only obtain a large amount of information quickly, but also mean a large number of changes of the information we get. Pasting and updating of network information is a typical example. The classic is the crystallization of genius brain's hard creation, and it is a kind of permanent spiritual existence. The state of the information age is out of step with the contemplative spirit needed by the classics, which is one of the reasons why it is difficult to produce classics in our times.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that in a sense, the information age is the era of classical crisis.


Premise: If one has evidence that an act will benefit other people and performs that act to benefit them, then one will generally succeed in benefiting them.

Hypothesis: Betsy regularly changing the furnace filter in her daughter's house, as suggested by a heating contractor, has resulted in the furnace never requiring maintenance due to becoming clogged with dust or dirt, illustrating the proposition above.


Premise: Because ethylene dibromide, a chemical used to fumigate grain, was blamed for the high rate of nerve damage suffered by people who work in grain-processing plants, many such plants switched to other chemical fumigants two years ago. Since then, however, the percentage of workers at these plants who were newly diagnosed with nerve damage has not dropped significantly. Ttherefore, either ethylene dibromide was wrongly blamed or else the new chemicals also cause nerve damage.

Hypothesis: If the new chemicals cause nerve damage, the nerve damage caused would be different from any nerve damage that ethylene dibromide may cause is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon of demand variation and amplification in the supply chain. It means that when the information flow is transmitted from the final client to the original supplier, the sharing of information cannot be effectively realized, which makes the phenomenon of information distortion amplify step by step, leading to greater and greater fluctuations in demand information.

Hypothesis: The bullwhip effect includes Retailer A estimating an order quantity based on the sales volume of the previous month, slightly increasing the order quantity, and submitting it to wholesaler B, who places an order from a merchandise sales center for the same consideration.


Premise: Institutional entrepreneurs: refers to those who not only perform the functions of traditional entrepreneurs, but also help establish a market system in the process of their career development. They are highly sensitive to opportunities in the development environment and dare to break through institutional barriers to obtain considerable income.

Hypothesis: An entrepreneur who established an education group to improve the ability of private schools is not an institutional entrepreneur according to the above definition.


Premise: WiFi emitters produce electromagnetic radiation. Five middle school students in Denmark nurtured the seeds of water celery in rooms with and without WiFi emitters. After 12 days, they found that the germination rate of seeds in the room without WiFi emitters was 95.4%, and that the germination rate of seeds in the room with WiFi emitters was 85.3%. As a result, many people worry that the radiation of WiFi will affect the health of the human body. However, many experts believe that the above experiments are not rigorous, and it can not be concluded that the radiation of WiFi is harmful to the human body based on the experiment.

Hypothesis: Animal experiments should be done to determine the effects of the radiation of WiFi on humans, not just plant experiments does not support the views of these experts.


Premise: People often praise poems for their truth. But to argue that expressing true propositions contributes to the aesthetic merit of a poem is misguided. Most of the commonplace beliefs of most people are true. Whatever the basis of poetic excellence is, it must certainly be rare rather than common.

Hypothesis: The claim that the basis of poetic excellence must be rare rather than common is a premise that, in conjunction with another premise, is intended to support the argument's conclusion.


Premise: A survey by the World Health Organization pointed out that sugar addiction is more harmful than smoking, and long-term consumption of foods with high sugar content will significantly shorten people's lifespan. In recent years, Chinese consumption of sugar has remained high, especially among children. According to survey data, 10 years ago, children in my country drank 715 ml of beverages per day, which has doubled 10 years later. Most beverages currently on the market contain 8% to 11% sugar, and a 500ml bottle of beverage contains between 40g and 55g of sugar. Medical experts recommend that the daily intake of added sugars for adults should not exceed 50 grams, preferably less than 25 grams. Children should not consume more than 25 grams of added sugars per day. However, the amount of added sugar in just 1 drink already exceeds the bottom line of recommended values. As everyone knows, while we are feasting and eating sugar, sugar is quietly eating our health.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is 'Low-sugar diet for health'.


Premise: Both Company A and B provide 24-hour hotline consultation services for customers who have difficult problems using their company's digital products. Calling the hotline charges a corresponding call fee, so generally speaking, consumers only encounter difficulties when using digital products. The number of hotline calls received by Company A is five times more than that of Company B. This shows that company A's digital products must be more complex and difficult to use than Company B's.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that "Company A received 5 times more complaints about the quality of digital products than Company B" can best support the conclusion above.


Premise: The moon is the only natural satellite on the earth and the only extraterrestrial planet that human beings can reach at present. In addition to man-made satellites, using this natural satellite to carry out remote sensing observation of the earth has many advantages and irreplaceable. The surface area of the moon is much larger than any man-made satellite, so the remote sensor is deployed on the moon without considering the load, size, weight, etc. Many different types of remote sensors can be placed at the same time to form the ability of active, passive and full band synchronous observation. It will have an in-depth understanding of observing large-scale geoscience phenomena-global environmental change, land sea air interaction, plate tectonics and solid tide, three pole comparative research, and may observe previously unknown scientific phenomena.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the above words is that the moon opens up a new direction of Earth Observation Science and technology.


Premise: Although the evolutionary history of chimpanzees and humans is about 99.5% common, most thinkers regard chimpanzees as monsters that have nothing to do with humans and regard themselves as the master of all things. For an evolutionist, this is by no means the case. There is no objective basis for believing that one species is superior to another. Chimpanzees and humans, lizards and fungi have evolved through 3 billion years of so-called natural selection.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In fact, all species are the result of natural selection' is intended to be clarified in this paragraph.


Premise: A photograph of the night sky was taken with the camera shutter open for an extended period. The normal motion of stars across the sky caused the images of the stars in the photograph to appear as streaks. However, one bright spot was not streaked. Even if the spot were caused, as astronomers believe, by a celestial object, that object could still have been moving across the sky during the time the shutter was open, since __.

Hypothesis: The spot could have been caused by an object that emitted a flash that lasted for only a fraction of the time that the camera shutter was open most logically completes the argument.


Premise: Some psychologists working in personnel departments abroad advocate the determination of the temperament characteristics of workers and take the results as a basis in order to assign each person to the job most suitable for his or her characteristics.

Hypothesis: The argument that there are many workers working in jobs that are not suitable for their characteristics is directly supported by this paragraph.


Premise: Muscular strength is a limited resource, and athletic techniques help to use this resource efficiently. Since top athletes do not differ greatly from each other in muscular strength, it follows that a requirement for an athlete to become a champion is a superior mastery of athletic techniques.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is that no athlete can become a champion without a superior mastery of athletic techniques.


Premise: The separation of government and enterprises refers to the distinction between ownership and the right of management, and the return to enterprises of many functions and powers of the competent government departments at all levels in direct management of the production and operation of enterprises, so that the government's economic management focus has changed from micro to macro economic system reform.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The government appoints officials to manage the enterprise, and the personnel system and salary system of the enterprise shall be discussed and decided by the government at a meeting' is in line with the separation of government and enterprises.


Premise: The closest distance from the earth to Mars is about 55 million kilometers, and the farthest is more than 400 million kilometers. Only when the angle between the earth and Mars is 70° can the probe reach Mars as scheduled. Therefore, my country is expected to launch a Mars probe in 2020, and the following year. Landing on Mars, an aerospace expert commented: If this opportunity in 2020 cannot be seized, then the next suitable launch time will be delayed until at least 2022.

Hypothesis: The premise that needs to be supplemented for the above-mentioned expert's comment to be established is that the relative near point of Earth and Mars occurs about every 15 years, and the year when the two are close is the best time to land on Mars.


Premise: The eight-sided gold cup, which is now in the collection of the Shaanxi Provincial Museum, is a representative work of the Tang Dynasty and was unearthed in 1970. This cup is a national first-class cultural relic, 6.4 cm high, with an extravagant octagonal mouth, and a circle of feet. Between the eight sides It is divided by a continuous bead pattern, and is decorated with character relief patterns such as clappers, flute, and playing pipa. The characters have high noses and deep eyes, which are obviously the image of the Hu people of the Western Regions at that time. In addition, there are honeysuckle patterns, curly grass patterns, and Decorative patterns such as mountains and rocks, birds, and butterflies. This cultural relic is of great help to the study of social phenomena such as metal crafts, plastic arts, cultural exchanges, singing, dancing, music, and clothing in the Tang Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The eight-lens golden cup is a gift given to the Western Regions by the Tang Dynasty does not correspond to the original text.


Premise: Recently, the State Press and publication Administration and other eight major ministries and commissions jointly announced that online game anti-addiction system 'and the matching scheme of real-name authentication of online game anti-addiction systemwill be formally implemented this year. If minors play online games for more than 5 hours, the experience value and income will be counted as 0. The implementation of this scheme will effectively prevent minors from indulging in online games.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The online game anti-addiction system does not work for adults, and minors may falsely use their adult identity or use some online tools to generate fake ID numbers to log in to the online game' will most effectively weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: In recent years, with the development of mobile Internet, big data and artificial intelligence technology, a lot of new business type has emerged. For example, the very popular live broadcast with goods, and so on, many new products and even traditional products have achieved good results through the promotion of these new business type. Similar to new technologies such as push and live broadcast, new business type can stimulate those potential consumption. It shows that there is room for further exploration in the re-saturated market, and the key is whether consumers can find and meet more levels of needs other than the simple material needs of consumers, such as fruits, which can also be bought in supermarkets, but products with live broadcast are pushed from poor areas, and buying on the platform has an extra layer of social significance.

Hypothesis: The push platform highlighting the social significance of goods and being conducive to sales is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: Some Cantonese don't like chili. Therefore, some southerners don't like chili.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Some Cantonese don't like chili or sweets' can verify the above argument.


Premise: M University student Xiao Duan suddenly became seriously ill, and a classmate secretly donated money to help. After Xiao Duan turned from crisis to safety, he wanted to know who made the donation. He asked five students and got the following answers: (1) Either A donated or B donated; (2) If A donated, then C also donated; (3) If B did not donate, then D donated; (4) Neither A nor B donated. In fact, only one sentence of the five students'answers was yes fake.

Hypothesis: It can be concluded that B donated, based on the information provided.


Premise: Organization president: The stationery and envelopes used in all of the mailings from our national headquarters are made from recycled paper, and we never put anything but letters in the envelopes. When the envelopes have windows, these windows are also made from recycled material. Ttherefore the envelopes, and thus these mailings, are completely recyclable.

Hypothesis: The assumption on which the organization president's argument depends is that the envelope windows made from recycled material are recyclable.


Premise: The results of experiments that some volunteers took part in to assess the sweetness of drinks showed that those who regularly drank sugary drinks and were fatter rated the sweetness of the same drink lower than those of normal size. This shows that their taste buds are less sensitive to sweetness. The results also show that people who are fatter tend to choose sweeter foods subconsciously. This suggests that eating too much sugar may form a vicious circle, that is, eating sugar regularly will lead to a decrease in the sensitivity of taste buds to sweetness, and a decrease in satisfaction caused by eating the same amount of sugar, which will subconsciously ask for more sugar. The result is that eating too much sugar leads to obesity.

Hypothesis: Satisfaction is dominated by the subconscious does not support the above argument.


Premise: Music therapy is a systematic process of intervention. In this process, the therapist uses various forms of musical experience and therapeutic relationships that have been developed as therapeutic dynamics in the course of therapy to help the patient achieve healthy goals.

Hypothesis: The statement "When traveling in front of the mountain spring to hear the murmur of the water, the therapist Wang felt relaxed and happy" is the music therapy according to the above definition.


Premise: Among the three of A, B, and C, only one can swim. A said: I can, B said: I can't, and C said: A can't.

Hypothesis: If only one of these three sentences is true, then the one who can swim is B.


Premise: Bus driver: Had the garbage truck not been exceeding the speed limit, it would not have collided with the bus I was driving. I, on the other hand, was abiding by all traffic regulations -- as the police report confirms. Ttherefore, although I might have been able to avoid the collision had I reacted more quickly, the bus company should not reprimand me for the accident.

Hypothesis: The principle 'When a bus is involved in a collision, the bus driver should not be reprimanded by the bus company if the collision did not result from the bus driver's violating a traffic regulation' most helps to justify the reasoning in the bus driver's argument.


Premise: Library preservationist: Due to the continual physical deterioration of the medieval manuscripts in our library' s collection, we have decided to restore most of our medieval manuscripts that are of widely acknowledged cultural significance, though this means that some medieval manuscripts whose authenticity is suspect will be restored. However, only manuscripts whose safety can be ensured during the restoration process will be restored, and manuscripts that are not frequently consulted by researchers will not be restored.

Hypothesis: Some of the medieval manuscripts whose authenticity is suspect are frequently consulted by researchers must be true of the medieval manuscripts in the library's collection if all of the library preservationist's statements are true.


Premise: 183/5000 According to solubility, pesticides can be divided into water soluble and fat soluble. The traditional method of soaking in water can only remove the water-soluble pesticides on the surface of fruits and vegetables, but can not remove the main residues of fat-soluble pesticides. Moreover, in the process of soaking, water-soluble pesticides will dissolve in water and form an aqueous solution with a certain concentration. If soaking time is too long, it is likely to lead to the re-adsorption of pesticides in water by fruits and vegetables, and also cause many water-soluble nutrients in vegetables, such as vitamin C. As well as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and other dissolved in water, resulting in the loss of its nutrients.

Hypothesis: Lipid soluble pesticides are more difficult to clean than water soluble pesticides is the content that best sums up the meaning of the text.


Premise: People with serious financial problems are so worried about money that they cannot be happy. Their misery makes everyone close to them -- family, friends, colleagues -- unhappy as well. Only if their financial problems are solved can they and those around them be happy.

Hypothesis: People who solve their serious financial problems will be happy can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Since the deregulation of airlines, delays at the nation' s increasingly busy airports have increased by 25 percent. To combat this problem, more of the takeoff and landing slots at the busiest airports must be allocated to commercial airlines.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The major causes of delays at the nation's busiest airports are bad weather and overtaxed air traffic control equipment' casts the most doubt on the effectiveness of the solution proposed above.


Premise: Imprint learning refers to the learning behavior formed by direct impression in the early stage of animal life. Although imprint learning behavior occurs in the early stage, it also has a certain impact on the later stage.

Hypothesis: The ewe using the tongue to lick the lamb to mark her offspring does not belong to imprint learning behavior according to the above definition.


Premise: According to probability theory, tossing a fair coin has almost equal probability of getting heads and tails. I bet with people that if the coin toss comes heads, I win; if it comes tails, I lose. I tossed a coin 6 times and it all came up tails, and I've lost 6 times in a row. So my next few tosses are definitely heads up and will definitely win back.

Hypothesis: This is just his personal belief and cannot be evaluated rationally or logically is an appropriate evaluation of I's reasoning.


Premise: Five graduate students majoring in linguistics in the liberal arts college of a university in 2014, Zhang, Wang, Li, Zhao and Liu, were hired by one of the three employers Tianshu, Tianji and Tianxuan, and each unit hired at least one of them. It is known that: (1) Li was hired by Tianshu; (2) Li and Zhao were not employed by the same unit; (3) Liu and Zhao were hired by the same unit; (4) if Zhang was hired by Tianxuan, Wang was also hired by Tianxuan.

Hypothesis: Zhang was hired by Tianxuan is correct to determine the employer of each graduate.


Premise: The so-called area source pollution refers to the dissolved or solid pollutants flowing into the receiving water body (including rivers, lakes, reservoirs and bays) through the runoff process from non-specific places under the scouring action of precipitation (or snow melting), and causing water eutrophication or other forms of pollution. It is a type of water environment pollution relative to point source pollution.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the garbage scattered everywhere in the countryside pollutes the water body through the precipitation process belongs to area source pollution.


Premise: The use of phrases like as so-and-so said or as the saying goes suggests that the quote that follows has just been illustrated. Such phrases are inappropriately used when an apparent counterexample has just been given.

Hypothesis: As the saying goes, All's well that ends well contains an inappropriate usage of a phrase, according to the principle stated above.


Premise: The researchers tested a new longevity drug on two groups of white rabbits. They injected two identical groups of rabbits with the new drug, then kept one in a cage and the other in a natural environment. The results showed that the average life span of rabbits raised in natural environment was 1/10 longer than that of rabbits raised in cage. As a result, the researchers believe that the relaxed environment is conducive to the function of the new drug.

Hypothesis: The most likely hypothesis for the researchers' conclusion is that little white rabbits raised in the natural environment live more easily.


Premise: Inventor: All highly successful entrepreneurs have as their main desire the wish to leave a mark on the world. Highly successful entrepreneurs are unique in that whenever they see a solution to a problem, they implement that idea. All other people see solutions to problems but are too interested in leisure time or job security to always have the motivation to implement their ideas.

Hypothesis: If the inventor's statements are true, then most people do not want to leave a mark on the world because trying to do so would reduce their leisure time or job security must also be true.


Premise: As long as the rule of law and truly people - oriented,, we can completely solve the problem of arrears of migrant workers wages. According to a survey conducted during the Spring Festival in 2004, wage arrears to migrant workers are still serious in some places.

Hypothesis: Some places either do not the rule of law or are not people-oriented can be inferred.


Premise: A tiny, tree-living thrips is the first species identified that can reproduce both by laying eggs and by bearing live young, although for any one instance of reproduction, a given female will use only one of the two methods. Interestingly, biologists have observed that all of the offspring of this insect that are hatched from eggs are females, and all of the offspring that are live-born are males. It has also been noted that any particular live-born brood will comprise fewer individuals than any particular brood hatched from eggs. However, a much larger proportion of male offspring than of female offspring survives to adulthood, and among thrips reaching adulthood the ratio of males to females is about even.

Hypothesis: On average, across the species, more of the offspring are born by hatching from eggs than are born live can be properly inferred about the species of thrips described in the passage.


Premise: Function is the inherent efficiency of things, it is determined by the structure of internal elements of things, and it is a kind of internal mechanism which is relatively stable and independent from the interior of things. Function is the external effect produced by the relationship between things and the external environment.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'Mobile phone has the function of communication' is true.


Premise: Substitution effect refers to that after the commodity price rises, consumers change to other commodities to meet their needs. When commodity prices fall, consumers will use this commodity to replace other commodities to meet demand.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement "Commodity prices and the relationship between supply and demand are dynamic" is incorrect.


Premise: A certain unit organizes employees to perform physical examinations and employees can sign up voluntarily.Lao Wang met a newcomer Xiao Li and talked about it. Lao Wang reminded Xiao Li: The unit organizes a physical examination. Hurry up and sign up. Xiao Li said : I am in good health and I don't need to report it.

Hypothesis: Only those who are not in good health will sign up for a physical examination can be used as a hypothesis in Xiao Li's answer.


Premise: In the The Book of Odes, the earliest literary work in China, there are many chapters about nostalgia (such as Cai Wei), especially the theme of nostalgia in Tang and Song poems. Early modern Chinese writers in the 20th century, such as Lu Xun, Shen Congwen, Fei Ming, Xiao Hong and so on, have many works about rural memories, which are full of their deep concern for the modern plight of the countryside. Homesickness is, of course, a theme in the world literary tradition. Homer's epic Odyssey shows Odysseus drifting at sea for 10 years and finally returning to his native Ithaca to be reunited with his family. With the rise of German romantic literature, nostalgia is its important theme and has modern significance.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that Chinese and foreign writers express the most basic and universal emotions of human beings through their works of homesickness or homesickness.


Premise: In 1990 major engine repairs were performed on 10 percent of the cars that had been built by the National Motor Company in the 1970s and that were still registered. However, the corresponding figure for the cars that the National Motor Company had manufactured in the 1960s was only five percent.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The cars that the National Motor Company built in the 1970s incorporated simplified engine designs that made the engines less complicated than those of earlier models' most helps to explain the discrepancy.


Premise: The administrative reconsideration law stipulates that if citizens, legal persons or other organizations believe that a specific administrative act infringes upon their legitimate rights and interests, they may apply to the administrative organ at the next higher level or the administrative organ specified in laws and regulations for reconsideration. The administrative procedure law stipulates that citizens, legal persons and other organizations may first apply to the administrative organ at the next higher level for reconsideration of administrative cases that fall within the scope of cases accepted by the people's court. If the applicant refuses to accept the reconsideration, he may bring a lawsuit in the people's court within 15 days from the date of receiving the reconsideration decision; he may also directly bring a lawsuit in the people's court.

Hypothesis: If a citizen, legal person or other organization is not satisfied with the decision of administrative reconsideration, it may bring an administrative lawsuit within the time limit prescribed by law can be deduced from the above discussion.


Premise: When the human brain is exposed to visual stimulation at the developmental stage, that is, when it sees the outside world through the eyes, the neurons in the visual cortex are activated, that is, these neurons process different image features such as color, shape, brightness, orientation, distance, and so on. If a person is in a critical period of development of visual function, and visual neurons are not fully activated, they will not react or react weakly when they see some image features in the future, resulting in invisibility or obscurity.

Hypothesis: Missing the critical period of development may lead to the loss of some human functions is an idea that this passage is best used as an argument for.


Premise: Perceptual defense refers to an ideological method of self-protection of individuals, which makes it easier for people to observe, to meet the needs of individuals, and to meet the needs of individuals unrelated things, is to turn a blind eye, listen without asking.

Hypothesis: The statement "The songstress who sells songs doesn't understand what the hate of the dead country is, and sings songs across the river" is not a perceptptical defense.


Premise: Trademark infringement refers to the use of a trademark by another person for a commercial purpose without the permission of the trademark owner, or the use of a major part of another person's trademark as his trademark on the same or similar goods, thus produces the trademark to confuse to deceive the consumer.

Hypothesis: Printing the American flag on the packaging of a factory's products in order to highlight the fact that they are made from imported materials is a trademark infringement according to the above definition.


Premise: In the headquarters of a famous multinational company, all the employees who know English are not proficient in Indonesian, some people who know English are not proficient in Spanish, some people who know Korean are proficient in Indonesian, all those who know Korean are proficient in Spanish, some who know Korean are proficient in English.

Hypothesis: Some people who understand English are not proficient in Korean is false if the above statement is true.


Premise: To solve the problem of urban traffic congestion, the government has been expanding new roads, but the new road surface is quickly flooded by vehicles. Traffic congestion is not alleviated, but more serious.

Hypothesis: The option 'The minimum speed limit on new roads is higher than on other roads' is the least likely to explain this phenomenon if correct.


Premise: No occupation should be subject to a licensing requirement unless incompetence in the performance of tasks normally carried out within that occupation poses a plausible threat to human health or safety.

Hypothesis: The principle stated above, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument that because there are no realistic circumstances in which poor work by an interior designer poses a danger to human beings, interior designers should not be subject to a licensing requirement.


Premise: Employees of a supermarket put various brands of shampoo on the shelves. It is known that there are five brands of shampoos such as E, F, G, H and I. They are arranged from left to right on the shelf. Shelf requirements: 1.F is next to H and on the left, 2.I is adjacent to E, 3.G is to the left of F.

Hypothesis: E is next to F and on the left must be true if I is to the left of G.


Premise: Since anyone who supports the new tax plan has no chance of being elected, and anyone who truly understands economics would not support the tax plan, only someone who truly understands economics would have any chance of being elected.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it ignores the possibility that some people who do not support the tax plan do not truly understand economics.


Premise: Recently, some netizens expressed such concern: I have money in Alipay and Wechat. If I die unexpectedly one day, what will I do with the money (my family doesn't know about the money)? It struck a chord for a moment. According to the regulations of Internet companies, if personal accounts are not used for a long time, Alipay will be cancelled and Wechat will be recycled. This also means that personal network property is likely to be confiscated. Such a situation also exists in brick-and-mortar banks. But physical banks generally have relief mechanisms. For example, for dormant accounts, the bank can contact the second contact, or the relatives and friends of the parties with bank cards to inquire. Inspired by this, the problem of dormant account on the network platform should be solved by legislation.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is to emphasize the necessity of legislation related to network accounts.


Premise: Intermediary sequelae refers to the phenomenon that after users accept the services of an intermediary agency, their personal information is leaked to other agencies and they are harassed for a long time.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang found a satisfactory job through a headhunting company, but in the next few months he will receive some unknown calls every day, recommending him a job with good pay, flexible time and easy tasks is a sequelae of intermediary.


Premise: Confirmation Bias refers to paying too much attention to the information supporting our decision-making. When we subjectively believe that a certain view is correct, we tend to look for the information that can support this view and ignore the information that may overturn this view.

Hypothesis: Xiao Lin did not enter a key university this year, but he always said to his classmates that he would have done better if he hadn't caught a cold before the exam belongs to Confirmation Bias according to the above definition.


Premise: Only people with high fishing skills can join the fishing association; all people in the fishing association wear sun hats; some retired comrades are members of the fishing association; people in a certain street can't fish.

Hypothesis: The statement "Some retired old comrades have superb fishing skills" cannot be confirmed from this.


Premise: Parents, students and employers do not have the right to participate in the management of colleges and universities, but they have the right to be accountable for the social responsibility of colleges and universities. Higher education is popular and university funding sources are diversified. As a result, parents, students and employers have become stakeholders in colleges and universities. For parents and students, their accountability for the responsibility of colleges and universities depends more on whether students can get good learning experience and learning experience, whether the school can train graduates who meet the needs of society, and can be aimed at the needs of enterprises and society,conduct applied research that directly puts into production and increases efficiency.

Hypothesis: It can be seen that the development of applied disciplines has been promoted by the requirements of parents, students, and employers.


Premise: Recently discovered bird fossils are about 20 million years older than the fossils of the birdlike dinosaurs from which the birds are generally claimed to have descended. So these newly discovered fossils show, contrary to the account espoused by most paleontologists, that no bird descended from any dinosaur.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument draws a generalization that is broader than is warranted by the findings cited.


Premise: The record of examination in criminal proceedings refers to the fact that the investigators conduct their own personal inspection and observation, and make objective records in order to determine certain characteristics, injuries and physiological state of the victim, suspect, defendant.

Hypothesis: The statement "The police searched the suspect, took pictures, and scanned the fingerprint" does not belong to the inspection in the inspection record in criminal proceedings according to the above definition.


Premise: Only when society is stable can the economy develop. Only when the economy develops can people's living standards improve. Without a fair distribution of wealth, society will not be stable.

Hypothesis: If the people's living standards have not improved, then the economy has not been developed is not true if the above statement is true.


Premise: Twenty years ago, Balzania put in place regulations requiring operators of surface mines to pay for the reclamation of mined-out land. Since then, reclamation technology has not improved. Yet, the average reclamation cost for a surface coal mine being reclaimed today is only four dollars per ton of coal that the mine produced, less than half what it cost to reclaim surface mines in the years immediately after the regulations took effect.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Mine operators have generally ceased surface mining in the mountainous areas of Balzania because reclamation costs per ton of coal produced are particularly high for mines in such areas' most helps to account for the drop in reclamation costs described.


Premise: If Zhang Sheng likes photography, he will like to travel; if he doesn't like photography, he will like to drive; but if Zhang Sheng doesn't like to travel, then he will not be interested in driving.

Hypothesis: Based on this, it can be concluded that like to travel is correct.


Premise: Goswami: I support the striking workers at Ergon Foods. They are underpaid. The majority of them make less that $20, 000 per year. Nordecki: If pay is the issue, I must disagree. The average annual salary of the striking workers at Ergon Foods is over $29, 000.

Hypothesis: Goswmi and Nordecki disagree over the truth of the statement that the striking workers at Ergon Foods are underpaid.


Premise: In a track and field qualifier, Zhang Qiang surpassed Li Jin, and Song Zhi's results were better than Wang Ping, but not as good as Ma Zheng.

Hypothesis: Among the five people, Wang Ping ranked third at most can be inferred.


Premise: Mr. Zhang, Mr. Wang, Mr. Li and Mr. Zhao are driver, professor, doctor and worker. It is known that: (1) Mr. Zhang is taller than the professor; (2) Mr. Li is shorter than Mr. Wang; (3) The worker is taller than the driver; (4) The doctor is shorter than the professor; (5) The worker is either Mr. Zhao or Mr. Li.

Hypothesis: According to the above information, only one person's occupation can be determined.


Premise: A canteen purchased 4 categories (the last word of each vegetable name is the same, so it is a kind of vegetables) a total of 12 kinds of vegetables: celery, spinach, leek, green pepper, red pepper, yellow pepper, cucumber, wax gourd, towel gourd, lentil, edamame bean, cowpea. According to some conditions, it is divided into three groups, which are ready to be used in the morning, lunch and evening meals respectively. The known conditions are as follows: (1) vegetables of the same category are not in the same group: (2) celery cannot be in the yellow pepper group and wax gourd cannot be in the lentil group; (3) edamame beans must be in the same group as red peppers or leeks; (4) yellow peppers must be in the same group as cowpeas.

Hypothesis: If leeks, green peppers and cucumbers are in the same group, it can be inferred that spinach, wax gourd and cowpea are in the same group.


Premise: The members of the printing group and the bookbinding group are mainly from the following seven employees - F, G, H, J, K, L and M. The members of each group must meet the following conditions: (1) Each group has at least 3 employees . (2) F and K cannot be in the same group. (3) If K is in a certain group, J must also be in this group. (4) M is a member of at least one of these two groups. (5) Both groups have at least one same employee.

Hypothesis: The acceptable membership choices for the printing group are F, H, J, and K, while the acceptable membership choices for the bookbinding group are H, L, and M.


Premise: The lipstick effect means that consumers are more willing to buy relatively cheap non-essential goods during an economic crisis. When the economy is down, the sales of lipstick will rise sharply. This is because people still have a strong desire to consume during the downturn. As a cheap non-essential thing, lipstick can provide a certain comfort effect to consumers.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Wang Wu is under great pressure to repay the mortgage, and the price of food in the unit canteen is relatively high. He often goes to the roadside stall to eat a 10-yuan box lunch fits the lipstick effect.


Premise: A, B, C, D and E travel on high-speed rail and they happen to be sitting in the same row of A.B.C.D.F seats. It is known that: (1) if one of A or B sits in seat C, C sits in seat B; (2) if E sits in seat C, D sits in seat F.

Hypothesis: If D is sitting in seat B, F is sitting in seat F can be determined.


Premise: A convenience store manager noticed that a cooler which had been stocked with only a cola product and an iced-tea product had 15 colas left at the end of the day but only 3 iced-tea beverages. As a result, the manager reasoned that he should increase the amount of iced tea and decrease the amount of cola he ordered from the distributor.

Hypothesis: At the beginning of the day, the cooler was stocked with at least as many of the iced tea beverages as of the cola beverages would most strengthen the manager's rationale for ordering more iced tea and less cola.