Premise: Efraim: The popular press continually advises people to avoid various health risks. Yet by seeking to avoid health risks, people inevitably become anxious, and anxiety, in turn, poses a major health risk. Thus, paradoxical as it seems, simply disregarding journalists' advice about reducing health risks is bound to pose less of a health risk than does trying to follow any such advice. Felicity: But history shows that you are wrong. It was articles in the popular press that made people aware of the health risks posed by smoking cigarettes. Many people stopped smoking in response, and they led longer and healthier lives than they would have otherwise.

Hypothesis: The point at issue between Efraim and Felicity is whether the sort of anxiety that results from efforts to avoid health risks can be overcome.


Premise: In some western countries, the population engaged in the tertiary industry has reached 70%, and the income level of people in these countries is considerable,

Hypothesis: The statement 'Statistical error' can be seen in the above.


Premise: Heern: I object to the mayor' s proposal that taxicabs pick up and drop off passengers only at designated stops. This proposal aims to reduce traffic jams and accidents, but if the mayor herself were affected by such a law, she would oppose it. Thus the proposal is without merit.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in Heern's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that this argument presumes, without providing justification, that the proposed law would not be the most effective way to reduce traffic jams and accidents.


Premise: After a logic test, Lan Lan, Jingjing, and Lingling discussed the test results together. Lanlan said: If I can get 100 points, Jingjing can also get 100 points. Jingjing said: I see Lanlan can get 100 points, I can't get 100 points. Lingling said: If I can get 100 points, Jingjing won't get 100 points. In fact, after the test results came out, it proved that only one of the three of them told the truth.

Hypothesis: Lanlan is telling the truth, Jingjing scored 100 points is correct.


Premise: People who buy commercial health insurance, because they can reimburse medical expenses, will allow bad behaviors and hobbies that can lead to illness, such as alcoholism, inaction, etc.

Hypothesis: The reimbursement scope of commercial medical insurance including diseases caused by bad behavior and hobbies best constitutes a challenge to the above conclusions.


Premise: As a modern agricultural technological revolution, the Blue Revolution refers to the general term for a major technological revolution in which humans ask for food from the waters.

Hypothesis: Renovate tidal flats, plant submarine fodder, and establish submarine pastures is inconsistent with the Blue Revolution.


Premise: Environmentalist: Snowmobiles in the park north of Milville create unacceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned. Milville Business Spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in the winter months, to the great direct financial benefit of many local residents. In addition, the money the town collects in fees for the recreational use of the park indirectly benefits all Milville residents. So, it is basic economics for us to put up with the pollution.

Hypothesis: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate could best be used by the environmentalist to counter the business spokesperson's argument.


Premise: Most employees spend their time completing unimportant tasks for which they have been given firm schedules and deadlines. Efficient employees know how to ignore such demands and instead spend their time on projects that will yield big rewards for their employers if successful, even when such projects carry the risk of significant loss if unsuccessful.

Hypothesis: Spending the entire afternoon completing routine correspondence that could be delayed instead of working on a report that a supervisor has ordered completed by the following day is an example of efficiency as described above.


Premise: Zhu Hong: red squirrels make holes in the bark of sugar pines to absorb sap. Since the sap of sugar pine is mainly composed of water and a small amount of sugar, it is roughly certain that red squirrels are looking for water or sugar. Water is easily available in other ways where pine trees grow. Therefore, red pine trees are not trying to dig holes because they are looking for water, they may be looking for sugar. Lina: it must not be looking for sugar but something else, because the concentration of sugar in sugar pine sap is so low that red squirrels have to drink a lot of sap to get a little sugar.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the season when sap can be obtained from sugar pines, the weather is cold enough to stop the sap from seeping out of the tree' shakes Lin Na's rebuttal to Zhu Hong the most.


Premise: At the beginning of this century, Wigner put forward the theory of continental drift, which met with strong opposition because his theory was based on the assumption of unidentified forces sufficient to cause continental drift. We can now accept Wigner's theory. This is not because we have identified the power to cause the continent to drift, but because the new instruments eventually enable us to confirm the movement of the continent through observation.

Hypothesis: The statement "When an event assumed by a theory is confirmed, the theory can be accepted even if there is no explanation for the cause of the event" is best illustrated by the above examples.


Premise: Before a football match, four players A, B, C and D guessed their playing situation. A: none of us will play; B: some of us will play; C: B and d have at least one player; D: I'll play.

Hypothesis: Guess it's really B and D is true if two of the four guessed true and two guessed false.


Premise: In order to avoid predators and the hot sun, many migratory birds choose to fly at night when they migrate. When they have to fly over some natural geographical barriers such as the Gulf of Mexico, they even fly endlessly for 24 hours. Like humans, long-term lack of sleep can make birds extremely tired and less flexible, which inevitably leads to greater risk when they take a break. However, a new study shows that migratory birds have a clever solution. The scientists observed seven captured Sven's night thrushes and found that the migratory birds that used to fly at night were not completely relaxed during the day and usually had one eye open. Brain waves also showed that only half of their brains were in a standard dormant state.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'Between half dreaming and half waking up'.


Premise: Country G had long had a problem with congested roads. To cut down on congestion, Country G developed a high-speed train system connecting most midsize and large cities within the country. The train system was intended to cut down on the number of people utilizing private vehicles on the country' s roads. Within one year after the train system was complete, there were approximately 100, 000 riders using the high-speed train system. The citizens of Country G were ecstatic about the success of the train system.

Hypothesis: It can properly be inferred from the passage that Country G believes that the train system is a success because the large number of people riding the train means that fewer people are using the country's roads.


Premise: Babe's law is a social psychology effect. It means that after a person experiences a strong stimulus, the stimulus given again becomes insignificant to him (her). In terms of psychological feelings, the first big stimulus can dilute the second small stimulus.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The 4-year-old Mengmeng began to learn foreign languages after recognizing and reading common Chinese characters' is in line with Babe's law according to the above definition.


Premise: Underwater cultural heritage refers to all cultural, historical or archaeological remains of human existence partially or wholly located underwater, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years.

Hypothesis: The archaeological remains of a Neolithic culture found on the Greek island of Crete between 10,000 and 3300 BC belongs to underwater cultural heritage according to the above definition.


Premise: Some anthropologists study modern-day societies of foragers in an effort to learn about our ancient ancestors who were also foragers. A flaw in this strategy is that forager societies are extremely varied. Indeed, any forager society with which anthropologists are familiar has had considerable contact with modern, non-forager societies.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Even those modern-day forager societies that have not had significant contact with modern societies are importantly different from ancient forager societies' would most weaken the criticism made above of the anthropologists' strategy.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: Hao Yun Station is to the west of Yin Ling Station can be inferred if Hao Yun Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.


Premise: If the prosecutor wanted to charge Frank with embezzlement, then Frank would already have been indicted. But Frank has not been indicted. So clearly Frank is not an embezzler.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the statement 'If Lucy believed she was going to be fired, she would not come in to work today. She is going to be fired, so clearly she will not be coming in today' is most similar to that exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: The great development of a philosophy is not or mainly not that it gives a new explanation or explanation to the existing problems, but that it changes the way it asks philosophical questions in the face of the requirements of the times. In the face of the new development of the times, it puts forward new problems and condenses new categories and theories.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of this passage is that the great development of philosophy lies not in its new interpretation of existing problems, but in its new ways of solving problems.


Premise: Recent research indicates that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables by middle-aged people reduces their susceptibility to stroke in later years. The researchers speculate that this may be because fruits and vegetables are rich in folic acid. Low levels of folic acid are associated with high levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that contributes to blocked arteries.

Hypothesis: A decreased propensity for blocked arteries is correlated with low levels of folic acid is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Restaurant manager: In response to requests from our customers for a children' s menu, we recently introduced three different options designed for kids: a grilled cheese sandwich with fries, chicken tenders with onion rings, and a hot dog with potato chips. The first two are frequently ordered, but no one orders the hot dog, although it costs less than the other two. Clearly, then, the children who eat here prefer not to eat hot dogs.

Hypothesis: Treating one of several plausible explanations of a phenomenon as the only possible explanation is an error of reasoning in the restaurant manager's argument.


Premise: False correlation means that causality is inferred between two events without causality based on some other unseen factors (potential variables), resulting in the illusion that the two events are related. However, this connection can not be confirmed by objective experiments.

Hypothesis: The magnitude of inertia and the nuclear load of the car is not a false correlation according to the definition in the previous statement.


Premise: Team spirit refers to the willingness and style of team members to cooperate with each other and do their best for the interests and goals of the team. The root of the strong competitiveness of a high-performance team lies not in the excellence of its members' individual capabilities, but in the strength of the overall joint force of its members. The team spirit plays a key role.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, team spirit is cohesive and willing to sacrifice for the benefit of the team.


Premise: Philosopher: People are not intellectually well suited to live in large bureaucratic societies. Ttherefore, people can find happiness, if at all, only in smaller political units such as villages.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the philosopher's argument is flawed because the argument takes for granted that no one can ever be happy living in a society in which she or he is not intellectually well suited to live.


Premise: It is incorrect to say that the elderly over 60 are not interested in the entertainment program super girls. A recent survey report of a college shows that 83% of the 3500 elderly who sent back the questionnaire say they like watching super girls very much.

Hypothesis: Most of the elderly who sent back the questionnaire liked other entertainment programs at the same time weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: Obtaining bail pending trial refers to a compulsory measure in which the people's court, the people's procuratorate and the public security organ order the defendant to provide a guarantor, who guarantees that the defendant will not evade or hinder the investigation and is available on call.

Hypothesis: Obtaining bail pending trial is not applicable to the case of Ma who was sentenced to prison for fraud and then transferred to a hospital for treatment.


Premise: The last two sentences of Li Bai's Singing on the river said: Fame and wealth exist for a long time, and the Han Water should also flow to the northwest. The Han Water, also known as the Han River, originated in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, flowing southeast through Xiangyang, Hubei Province, to Hankou and into the Yangtze River.

Hypothesis: Fame and wealth cannot always be there is most in line with Li Bai's point of view according to the above information.


Premise: A country loses excessive topsoil and needs to import more food, which increases the pressure on the soil of other countries; a country's air pollution has caused neighboring countries to be harmed by acid rain; excessive carbon dioxide emissions have caused global warming and sea level rising. It can endanger all countries and regions.

Hypothesis: The main points of the above can be best summarized as the problem of environmental pollution being a regional and international problem, and the need for all human beings to work together to solve it.


Premise: The legislature is discussing a proposal to ban fishing in Huanglong Bay. Although the fishing ban will have a significant impact on the local economy, which is underpinned by the fishing industry, the proposal must also be implemented. Huanglong Bay is one of the areas with the highest level of water pollution. Recent studies have shown that 80% of the fish in Huanglong Bay contain toxins that exceed the national safety standards, and continued fishing will cause serious hazards to public health.

Hypothesis: The principle of presumption of innocence is adopted on the basis that there is no evidence of guilt at present most accurately expresses the underlying principles on which the above argument is based.


Premise: Most Chinese people grew up in criticism and reprimand. Parents, teachers, elders, leaders... See what you are not pleasing to the eye, they can give advice. Some words are not pleasant to hear, but the listener listened to most believe, feel grateful,because everyone thinks that honest advice sounds unpleasant, but it is helpful to correct shortcomings and mistakes. However, honest advice is not necessarily faithful. There is a kind of phone scam that appears in a very vicious way. On the phone They just want to criticize you, threaten you, and scare you.Once you are afraid in your heart, you will listen to them; and if you listen to them, you will be fooled.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, some honest advice may not be good advice can be introduced.


Premise: Drivers in the country of Holston want highway tolls eliminated. The cost of maintaining the highways is paid entirely out of revenue from the highway tolls. Holston must maintain its highways. Thus, it follows that if the tolls are eliminated, then the entire cost of maintaining the highways will have to be paid for by an increase in general taxes.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the amount of money saved by eliminating the costs associated with toll collection would not be available to pay part of the total cost of maintaining the highways is made by the argument.


Premise: Generally speaking, the more scientific and technological achievements that can directly produce economic benefits, the more incentives should be provided by the beneficiary economic organizations; the more they can produce huge social benefits and long-term, public-spirited scientific and technological achievements, the more incentives should be provided by the government. This principle is in line with the actual situation of many countries in the world.

Hypothesis: The main argument supported in this paragraph is that the incentive should be borne by the appropriate subject.


Premise: Flexible leadership refers to the leadership behavior that relies on the leader's non-power influence and adopts the way of non-compulsory command to produce a potential persuasion in people's minds to make them obey and identify consciously, so as to turn the will of the organization into people's conscious action.

Hypothesis: As a model of teaching and educating people, Xiao Zhang has become the idol of all teachers is a flexible leader according to the above definition.


Premise: P: Because an elected official needs the support of a political party to be effective, the independent candidate for the legislature cannot possibly be an effective legislator is she wins. Q: I disagree. By your reasoning, our current legislator, who has the support of a political party, ought to have been effective, but he has not been.

Hypothesis: The statement "It mistakenly interprets P to be claiming that a factor assures, rather than is necessary for, a legislator's effectiveness" is the best criticism of Q's statement.


Premise: A highway management office decided to recruit 10 auxiliary road managers to solve the problem of shortage of formal managers, but this proposal aroused opposition from some people. The person believes that with the addition of these 10 road auxiliary managers, there will be more road violations and disciplinary violations will be found, and more formal managers will be needed to deal with these problems in the later stage. this will lead to a shortage of already tense formal managers.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The increase of road auxiliary managers will effectively reduce the occurrence of road violations and disciplinary violations on this section of the road' will most weaken that person's point of view.


Premise: The right to privacy is the right of individuals to keep their personal actions and personal materials confidential and not to be illegally informed, in order to protect their reputation and image without violating the law.

Hypothesis: The statement "A married official does not recognize the right to have an extramarital affair with a woman to the news media" is not related to the right to privacy. The right to privacy is the right to be free from unreasonable intrusions into one's personal life or affairs. It may include the right to be free from unwanted surveillance, the right to control the collection and use of personal information, and the right to have personal relationships and personal decisions remain private.


Premise: Money laundering refers to the act of laundering dirty money and legalizing illegal income, that is, the process of laundering dirty money such as in drug crimes, organized crimes of the underworld, smuggling crimes, terrorist crimes, etc., and converting them into legal property .

Hypothesis: A company assisted a underworld organization to remit funds to an overseas head office is an option that does not belong to money laundering.


Premise: Fragments of charred antelope bone have recently been found at a million-year-old settlement of Homo erectus, an early human species. This discovery demonstrates that humans were making controlled use of fire to cook meat at a very early stage of their development.

Hypothesis: The argument above makes the assumption that early human settlements can be identified by the presence of charred antelope bones.


Premise: The development of personal moral judgment ability goes through six stages: first, the stage of avoiding punishment and obeying authority or rules to avoid punishment; Second, the relative utilitarian orientation stage, the evaluation of good or bad behavior mainly depends on whether it is in line with their own interests; Third, seeking recognition orientation stage, obeying the traditional requirements, seeking everyone's appreciation and recognition; Fourthly, the stage of compliance with laws and regulations, obeying social norms and obeying legal authority; Fifth, the social legal orientation stage, values the effectiveness of the law, but thinks that the law can be changed according to the requirements of the majority of people; The sixth is the stage of universal ethical orientation, which holds that the behavior in line with the most general principles of human beings, such as justice, equality and dignity, is correct.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, if a person thinks that all employees of the company have participated in the dinner, so he should also participate in the dinner, the development stage of his personal moral judgment ability is the seeking recognition orientation stage.


Premise: Paulsville and Longtown cannot both be included in the candidate' s itinerary of campaign stops. The candidate will make a stop in Paulsville unless Salisbury is made part of the itinerary. Unfortunately, a stop in Salisbury is out of the question. Clearly, then, a stop in Longtown can be ruled out.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in the argument in which Tom will definitely support Parker if Mendoza does not apply; and Tom will not support both Parker and Chung. Since, as it turns out, Mendoza will not apply, it follows that Chung will not get Tom's support.


Premise: A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that <b> the company is mismanaged </b>, citing as evidence the company' s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of finished products. It is doubtful whether an investor' s sniping at management can ever be anything other than counterproductive, <b> but in this case it is clearly not justified </b>. It is true that an increased inventory of finished products often indicates that production is outstripping demand, but in Burton' s case it indicates no such thing. Rather, the increase in inventory is entirely attributable to products that have already been assigned to orders received from customers.

Hypothesis: The first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second states the conclusion of the argument as a whole is the role played by the two boldfaced portions in the given argument.


Premise: Automobile-emission standards are enforced through annual inspection. At those inspections cars are tested while idling; that is, standing still with their engines running. Testing devices measure the levels of various pollutants as exhaust gases leave the tail pipe.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The adjustments needed to make a car idle cleanly make it likely that the car will emit high levels of pollutants when moving at highway speeds' most strongly indicates that current enforcement of automobile emission standards might be ineffective in controlling overall pollutant levels.


Premise: Salespeople always steer customers toward products from which they make their highest commissions, and all salespeople in major health stores work on commission. Hence, when you buy vitamin supplements in a major health store, you can be sure that the claims the salespeople make about the quality of the products are inaccurate.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument relies on the claims of an authority on a topic outside that authority's area of expertise.


Premise: If a man works only for himself, he may become a famous scholar, a great philosopher and an outstanding poet, but he can never become a flawless great man. If we choose the profession that works best for the welfare of mankind, then the burden cannot overwhelm us, for I am giving my life for all; then what we feel is not poor, limited, selfish pleasure, our happiness will belong to millions of people, our cause will be silent, but it will last forever, and the noble people will shed tears in the face of our ashes.

Hypothesis: If we choose the profession that works best for the welfare of mankind, we cannot become famous scholars, great philosophers, outstanding poets, and flawless great people. This can be obtained according to the above statement.


Premise: A survey by the World Health Organization pointed out that sugar addiction is more harmful than smoking, and long-term consumption of foods with high sugar content will significantly shorten people's lifespan. In recent years, Chinese consumption of sugar has remained high, especially among children. According to survey data, 10 years ago, children in my country drank 715 ml of beverages per day, which has doubled 10 years later. Most beverages currently on the market contain 8% to 11% sugar, and a 500ml bottle of beverage contains between 40g and 55g of sugar. Medical experts recommend that the daily intake of added sugars for adults should not exceed 50 grams, preferably less than 25 grams. Children should not consume more than 25 grams of added sugars per day. However, the amount of added sugar in just 1 drink already exceeds the bottom line of recommended values. As everyone knows, while we are feasting and eating sugar, sugar is quietly eating our health.

Hypothesis: The best title for this text is 'Sugar addiction is more harmful than smoking.'


Premise: Action thinking is also called intuitive action thinking. Its basic characteristic is that thinking and action are inseparable, and one cannot think without action. The task or topic of action thinking is related to the object that is directly perceived at present, and the way of thinking to solve the problem is not based on appearances and concepts, but based on current perceptions and actual operations.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, gorilla piles up wooden boxes to get things from high places cannot be considered action thinking.


Premise: The two-dimensional code is to record the symbolic information of the data on the black-and-white graphics distributed in the plane according to a certain rule with a certain geometric figure. In the compilation of the code, the concept of 01 bit stream is used to represent the text numerical information with several geometric shapes corresponding to the binary system, and the information is automatically read by the image input device or the photoelectric scanning device to realize the automatic processing of the information. The number of bits that a QR code can represent is fixed. The more information it contains, the less redundancy it will have: conversely, the greater the redundancy.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, QR codes contain a large amount of information, which means that redundancy needs to be minimized when coding does not match the meaning of the QR code.


Premise: Scientist: The FDA is yet to weigh in on the effects of electronic cigarettes on long-term health. Electronic cigarettes heat up a liquid and produce the vapor inhaled by the user. The liquid consists of vegetable glycerin and propylene glycerol at varying ratios. Artificial flavoring is also added to the liquid. Although the FDA has approved vegetable glycerin, propylene glycerol, and artificial flavors for consumption, little is known about the effects of consuming their vapors. However, electronic cigarettes do not produce tar, which is one of the most dangerous chemicals in tobacco cigarettes.

Hypothesis: Electronic cigarettes are promising alternatives to tobacco since the former does not produce tar, which most accurately expresses the scientist's main point.


Premise: In the Internet age, individual intellectuals felt aggrieved when they were attacked because of public expression, and they often mentioned the knowledge basis of their claims in the process of self-defense. In the process of interacting with the public, they rely solely on intellectual authority. As we all know, a public platform such as the Internet is not a single field of academic communication, and the praise and criticism of an opinion depends not only on its distance from academic authority, but also factors such as public sentiment and historical tradition.If the social elite blindly step on emptiness, it is bound to be farther and farther away from the people.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that social elites should identify with the feelings of the public and follow the historical tradition.


Premise: Predictive intervention means that people are influenced by predicted information to take a certain behavior, resulting in a multi-possible outcome that actually develops in the direction indicated by the prediction.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the prediction that H stock would rise sharply and the subsequent increase in stock purchases is an example of a predictive intervention.


Premise: Psychologists have found that candidates for top political offices who blink excessively during televised debates are judged by viewers to have done less well than competing candidates who exhibit average blink rates. Any impact this phenomenon has on election results is surely deleterious: Many features -- knowledgeableness, confidence, and so forth -- contribute to a political official' s ability to perform well in office, but having an average blink rate is certainly not such a feature.

Hypothesis: Excessive blinking has been shown to be a mostly reliable indicator of a lack of confidence, which if true, most weakens the argument.


Premise: Sensation: Refers to the reflection of the individual attributes of the human brain on the objective things that directly act on the sensory organs.

Hypothesis: A person lying on the bed, but feels like he is being carried away in a sedan chair, like a feeling of bumps is a sensation.


Premise: Since the existence of the emperor, the official history of China has been the diary of the emperor's own family, which is the standard image of the emperor, from which it is not difficult to see the true form of the emperor. In order to understand the true face of the emperor, we must also read wild history, which is a portrayal of the emperor's life.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that only by combining official history with wild history can we see the true face of the emperor.


Premise: Recently discovered bird fossils are about 20 million years older than the fossils of the birdlike dinosaurs from which the birds are generally claimed to have descended. So these newly discovered fossils show, contrary to the account espoused by most paleontologists, that no bird descended from any dinosaur.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is flawed because it attacks the adherents of the opposing view personally instead of addressing any reason for their view.


Premise: All of Mr. Sun's friends claimed that they knew that someone had smoked at least two packs of cigarettes a day for 40 years, but he had been in good health, but what is certain is that Mr. Sun did not know that there was such a person among his friends. There are also people who don't know like Mr. Sun.

Hypothesis: Every smoker known by Mr. Sun's friends must not be the same person is most likely to be derived based on the above information.


Premise: A college recently conducted a survey on whether scholarships can promote learning efficiency. The survey content includes three indicators: attendance rate of self-study, average time required to complete homework, and average daily reading volume. The results show that scholarship students The learning efficiency is 25% higher than those of the students who have not received the scholarship. It is concluded that the role of the scholarship in helping students to improve the learning efficiency is very obvious.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The research on the relationship between learning efficiency and the amount of scholarship should adopt quantitative methods' can weaken the above conclusion the most.


Premise: Compensation of competence refers to the mutual substitution and compensation of different competences of the same individual or among members of the organization, so as to maintain or maintain the normal progress of activities. Among them, radiation compensation refers to the phenomenon that the superior ability effectively strengthens the mutual connection between various abilities or drives the improvement of other abilities at the same time. Amplified compensation refers to the high development of superior capabilities, which effectively compensates for some weak capabilities.

Hypothesis: Radiation compensation is applied to the offensive strength of Ding Guo's table tennis players.


Premise: If you want your children to grow taller, parents must hug them often, because children who cannot feel loved by others have less growth hormone secretion.

Hypothesis: Some people's psychological feelings will affect their own physical changes can be inferred.


Premise: This year, Tai Fung, a subsidiary of Huatai Group, set a new annual sales record. This is surprising because Tai Fung's potential market is the smallest and it has always been the lowest sales division of all Huatai Group's subsidiaries.

Hypothesis: Whether the sales of each branch has set an annual sales record is only the result of the company's self-comparison, and there is no need to compare with other branches points out the problems with the above argument.


Premise: A construction project has been tasked with building a four-lane road from a remote mountain fortress to a major expressway lying at the base of the mountain. The slope leading to the mountain fortress is so precipitous that the only conceivable way to carry out the project is by building the road downhill, since construction equipment is able to move down, but not up, the steep terrain. The foreman has devised the following solution: dismantle each construction vehicle and tie a part upon the back of a donkey, an animal capable of making the steep ascent. The foreman has at his disposal more than 100 donkeys, each of which is capable of making multiple trips up the mountain.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Whether the weakest donkey is able to transport the heaviest piece of equipment' is most important for the success of the foreman's plan.


Premise: Empathy refers to the ability to understand others' emotions and thoughts, understand others' positions and feelings, and think and deal with problems from the perspective of others in the process of interpersonal communication.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, things I forget, my heart has no side heron does not belong to empathy.


Premise: When birds face survival pressures such as habitat destruction, threat of natural enemies and environmental pollution, they will secrete a hormone called cortisol. Therefore, birds often under survival pressure will have sparse feathers.

Hypothesis: Cortisol can affect the growth and metabolism of bird feathers can support the above argument.


Premise: Anatomical bilateral symmetry is a common trait. It follows, ttherefore, that it confers survival advantages on organisms. After all, if bilateral symmetry did not confer such advantages, it would not be common.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the pattern of reasoning in the argument 'If Powell lacked superior negotiating skills, she would not have been appointed arbitrator in this case. As everyone knows, she is the appointed arbitrator, so her negotiating skills are, detractors notwithstanding, bound to be superior.'


Premise: Wu Mazi said to Mozi: I can't love both. I love my family more than the people in my hometown, my parents more than my family, and I love myself more than my parents. This is because I am close to me. If you hit me, I will hurt others, but it won't hurt me, so I will only kill others for my benefit. Mozi asked: will you tell others this righteousness? Wu Mazi replied: why should I hide? I will tell others. Mozi said: since you are like this, if someone likes your idea, then this person will kill you for his own benefit. If someone doesn't like your idea, he will also kill you, because he thinks you are a person who spreads ominous words

Hypothesis: Wu Mazi must admit that her point of view is wrong can be inferred from the above.


Premise: Continuous exposure to indoor fluorescent lamps is beneficial to the health of hamsters with congenital heart disease. The average life span of a group of hamsters exposed to continuous exposure to fluorescent lamps is 25% longer than that of another group of hamsters of the same species but living in the dark.

Hypothesis: The question 'Can hospital phototherapy be proved to promote the rehabilitation of patients?' is best answered by the research method described above.


Premise: A study of kindergarten students has shown that children from households that own many books, an average of 54 books, show average or high reading achievement levels, while the households of children with lower reading achievement levels tend to own fewer books, 5 books on average.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When children have books of their own, they develop more advanced reading skills because adults are more likely to read to them regularly' would strengthen the assertion that parents who don't buy children's books to keep in the home cause their children to fall behind their peers in reading skills.


Premise: One time on a steamer, Xiao Li suddenly found that his bag was missing. Looking ahead, a man was walking with his bag. After catching up with him, the man politely apologized to him for taking the wrong bag and then went on walking. At this time a policeman charged at the man and said he was a thief.

Hypothesis: The man is a thief because he took Xiao Li's bag is the correct option.


Premise: A robbery occurred in a school. The Public Security Bureau arrested four suspects A, B, C, and D. When interrogating them, A said: I did not do it. B said: D did it. C said: It was B D said: I did not do it.

Hypothesis: A did the robbery because only one of these four told the truth.


Premise: The researchers used X-rays to take images of rhesus monkeys making various sounds as they ate, yawned and yelled at each other. The results show that macaques can easily make many different sounds, including the five most basic vowels in the English alphabet. The researchers speculate that rhesus monkeys cannot speak thousands of words and complete sentences because their brains are different from those of humans.

Hypothesis: If true, using a computer to simulate macaques to speak complete sentences, with each word being relatively clear and not difficult to understand, best supports the above researchers' conjecture.


Premise: Poor nutrition is at the root of the violent behavior of many young offenders. Researchers observed that in a certain institution for young offenders, the violent inmates among them consistently chose, from the food available, those items that were low in nutrients. In a subsequent experiment, some of the violent inmates were placed on a diet high in nutrients. There was a steady improvement in their behavior over the four months of the experiment. These results confirm the link between poor nutrition and violent behavior.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The violent inmates in the institution who were not placed on a high-nutrient diet did not show an improvement in behavior' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: In the Life of reflection, Nozick wrote: I will not, like Socrates, say that life without reflection is not worth living-it is too harsh. But if our life is guided by thoughtful reflection, then it is the life we live for ourselves, not someone else's. In this sense, life without reflection is an incomplete life.

Hypothesis: Nozick believes that only a life that lives for oneself is a complete life cannot be derived from Nozick's statement.


Premise: Since the first permanent pacemaker was implanted in the human body in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have been continuously researching various methods to provide electrical energy to their products. Non-rechargeable lithium batteries are currently more common. In transplantation equipment for heart disease and neurogenic diseases, non-rechargeable lithium batteries can generally be used for 7 to 10 years, and they are already relatively longevity. Researchers believe that unless breakthroughs are made in the field of bio-batteries, implantable devices will never work permanently and reliably.

Hypothesis: This text is meant to explain that power supply capacity is currently the bottleneck of implantable devices.


Premise: An undergraduate degree is necessary for appointment to the executive board. Further, no one with a felony conviction can be appointed to the board. Thus, Manu, an accountant with both a bachelor' s and a master' s degree, cannot be accepted for the position of Executive Administrator, since he has a felony conviction.

Hypothesis: The assumption that only candidates eligible for appointment to the executive board can be accepted for the position of Executive Administrator is necessary for the argument's conclusion to follow logically.


Premise: Lyme disease, like many other zoonosis. It is transmitted by insects that carry the pathogen by sucking the blood of vertebrate hosts. Scientists have long thought that population density of white-footed deer is the best predictor of Lyme disease. However, a 13-year study of the ecological determinants of Lyme disease in a Lyme disease-prone area of southeast New York disproved this view, because in years of high Lyme disease incidence, populations of white-footed deer are generally lower than in years when the incidence of Lyme disease is low.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the white-footed deer population will not decrease significantly before the Lyme disease outbreak underlies the above argument.


Premise: Because the Bird's Nest is different from other buildings, the rickety column structure, the intersection line is very complex, and the requirement and difficulty of welding technology are very high. The welders who have been trained to select the best not only completed the task on time and efficiently, but also engraved their names on the edge of each weld in the Bird's Nest. In the words of managers, let countless ordinary welders leave their own trace in this high-profile Olympic project-the public may not have a chance to see it, but it will never go away.

Hypothesis: The most appropriate understanding of the passage is that ordinary welders leave their own marks in the Olympic project.


Premise: By deciphering the enemy's password, we have already known that banana, apple and pear means secret attack on Wednesday, apple, sugar cane and peach means implementation of secret plan, and Guangdong orange, banana and tomato means victory on Wednesday belongs to us.

Hypothesis: The meaning of pear is Implementation.


Premise: At around 37°C, the human body is able to use minimal power to maintain a balance of body needs. That is to say, humans can achieve maximum mobility by acquiring a small amount of energy at 37°C. Therefore, for more than a century, 37 ℃ has been regarded as the body temperature standard for human health. However, a recent study revealed that in the past century, human body temperature has been getting lower and lower under normal conditions, about 0.03 ℃ every 10 years.

Hypothesis: The progress of modern medicine has reduced the frequency of human disease, and the inflammatory response has gradually decreased least supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Xia Yan, Xiao Jia and Zheng Wei three students to travel together, in order to take pictures convenient, each person is taking the student's camera, back is another classmate's bag.

Hypothesis: Xiao Jia is carrying Zheng Wei's bag is correct if the person carrying Zheng Wei's bag is holding Xiao Jia's camera.


Premise: Press release: A comprehensive review evaluating the medical studies done up to the present time has found no reason to think that drinking coffee in normal amounts harms the coffee-drinker' s heart. So coffee drinkers can relax and enjoy their beverage -- it is safe to drink coffee.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Coffee drinkers might choose to eat, along with their coffee, foods containing substances that harm the heart' points to a weakness in the reasoning in the press release's argument.


Premise: Teresa: If their goal is to maximize profits, film studios should concentrate on producing bigbudget films rather than small-budget ones. For, unlike big-budget films, small-budget films never attract mass audiences. While small-budget films are less expensive to produce and, hence, involve less risk of unprofitability than big-budget films, low production costs do not guarantee the highest possible profits.

Hypothesis: A film studio will not maximize its profits unless at least some of its films attract mass audiences is an assumption required by Teresa's argument.


Premise: Cultural anxiety refers to the psychological state of confusion, anxiety, disappointment and lack of self-confidence caused by the squeeze of traditional culture by foreign culture in the process of globalization and modernization.

Hypothesis: Many historical and cultural heritages and cultural landscapes continue to disappear with the transformation of the old city in full swing, which is deeply worried by more and more people of insight is not the cultural anxiety.


Premise: Traffic accident crime: Refers to the act of violating traffic management laws and regulations, resulting in a major accident, causing serious injury, death, or causing major losses to public and private property.

Hypothesis: A crime involving a branch company driver speeding on a bend and causing the death of 18 passengers cannot be classified as a traffic accident crime.


Premise: Scientists: it has been shown that the adoption of new farming methods can enable some well-managed farms to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and antibiotics without significantly reducing or even increasing yields. Critic: that's not true. The farm you have chosen is the one that is most likely to succeed with these new methods. Why not mention farms that tried new methods but failed?

Hypothesis: Critics have no reason to assume that the failure of some farms is not caused by the quality of their soil properly evaluates the critic's rebuttal.


Premise: A study shows that in the general population, people who sleep less than 4 hours a night have a higher risk of obesity than those who sleep 7 to 9 hours a night, while those who sleep only 5 hours a day have a 50% higher risk. Therefore, the researchers conclude that lack of sleep is easy to make people obese.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People who are lack of sleep have the same eating and exercise habits as those who sleep 7 to 9 hours a night' best supports the above conclusion.


Premise: Forest is the cradle of human civilization and the ecological factor that directly affects whether human beings can survive. Forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, so as to balance the proportion of atmospheric carbon dioxide. It is estimated that forests and plants in the world produce 400 billion oxygen every year. Forests are rainmakers, which not only affect precipitation, but also slow down soil erosion on hillsides.

Hypothesis: The argument that forest is an important part of human living environment is supported by the above paragraph.


Premise: If Xiao Zhang goes to Xinjiang this summer, he must visit Turpan and Kanas, otherwise he will not go; only if he travels with Xiao Li, Xiao Zhang will visit Turpan or Tianchi; if he travels with Xiao Li, Xiao Zhang must make an agreement with Xiao Li; if Xiao Zhang makes an agreement with Xiao Li, Xiao Li must have time this summer. Unfortunately, Xiao Li's unit received an urgent task this summer. No one can ask for leave and Xiao Li is no exception.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang didn't go to Xinjiang this summer can be inferred from the information above.


Premise: In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, the percentage who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years. Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, this decline is likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The total number of people who retired and moved to another state for their retirement has increased significantly over the past ten years' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: Rationalization: it refers to the phenomenon that people will come up with various reasons to forgive themselves or justify their failure after setbacks.

Hypothesis: Mr. Zhang lost all his face because of the scandal and didn't go away does not belong to this category.


Premise: One time on a steamer, Xiao Li suddenly found that his bag was missing. Looking ahead, a man was walking with his bag. After catching up with him, the man politely apologized to him for taking the wrong bag and then went on walking. At this time a policeman charged at the man and said he was a thief.

Hypothesis: The man was a thief because he didn't look for his bag is the correct option.


Premise: Ding Lei raises pigs, Liu Chuanzhi sells aquatic products and Liu Qiangdong grows rice. Nowadays, the IT industry elites are returning to the fields with armour one after another. While continuing to strengthen the information industry, they are investing heavily in agriculture. From the most cutting-edge electronic technology to the most traditional farming and farming, it seems to others that this is irrelevant, but in the face of Chinese agriculture, which is small in scale, low in organization and weak in science and technology. Behind the proud sons of the IT industry, watching the wheat field, they set their sights on its future development potential.

Hypothesis: The main indication of this passage is that there are bright prospects for the development of agriculture in China.


Premise: Novelists cannot become great as long as they remain in academia. Powers of observation and analysis, which schools successfully hone, are useful to the novelist, but an intuitive grasp of the emotions of everyday life can be obtained only by the kind of immersion in everyday life that is precluded by being an academic.

Hypothesis: An assumption on which the argument depends is that novelists cannot be great without an intuitive grasp of the emotions of everyday life.


Premise: Japanese scientists have found that there is a special protein HP. HP in the blood of hibernating animals such as American squirrels, which can only be found in hibernating animals and appears at the same time as hibernation. This shows that HP plays an important role in hibernation. So, can we also find a phenomenon similar to hibernation in human beings, and is it possible for human beings to hibernate? The answer is yes. People also have hypothermia and slower heartbeat during sleep, which is similar to hibernation in nature. The hibernation of large bears makes it possible for humans to hibernate. If we take HP as a clue, we may be able to re-recognize the hibernation of bears. Once the genes that control bear hibernation are deciphered, human hibernation is not impossible.

Hypothesis: HP cannot be found in non-hibernating animals, and its occurrence cycle is the same as that of hibernating animals is not supported by this paragraph.


Premise: Although the evolutionary history of chimpanzees and humans is about 99.5% common, most thinkers regard chimpanzees as monsters that have nothing to do with humans and regard themselves as the master of all things. For an evolutionist, this is by no means the case. There is no objective basis for believing that one species is superior to another. Chimpanzees and humans, lizards and fungi have evolved through 3 billion years of so-called natural selection.

Hypothesis: The evolutionary history of chimpanzees is actually very similar to that of humans is intended to be clarified in this paragraph.


Premise: In a recent study, one group of participants watched video recordings of themselves running on treadmills, and a second group watched recordings of other people running on treadmills. When contacted later, participants in the first group reported exercising, on average, 1 hour longer each day than did the other participants. This shows that watching a recording of yourself exercising can motivate you to exercise more.

Hypothesis: In another study, people who watched recordings of themselves lifting weights exercised for more time each day than did people who watched recordings of themselves running, which weakens the argument.


Hypothesis: The critic's rebuttal is beside the point, because scientists aim to show that something can happen, but it has nothing to do with whether the subject is representative or not properly evaluates the critic's rebuttal.


Premise: If the prosecutor wanted to charge Frank with embezzlement, then Frank would already have been indicted. But Frank has not been indicted. So clearly Frank is not an embezzler.

Hypothesis: The flawed pattern of reasoning exhibited by the statement 'If Makoto believed that he left the oven on, he would rush home. But Makoto is still at work. So obviously he did not leave the oven on' is most similar to that exhibited by the argument above.


Premise: Team spirit refers to the willingness and style of team members to cooperate with each other and do their best for the interests and goals of the team. The root of the strong competitiveness of a high-performance team lies not in the excellence of its members' individual capabilities, but in the strength of the overall joint force of its members. The team spirit plays a key role.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, team spirit is Glue that sticks each member together.


Premise: Opportunity cost refers to the income that can be generated when people give up for other purposes when they fix a resource for a certain purpose.

Hypothesis: Zhang's annual salary was 30,000 yuan. After resigning, he planted flowers and sold them at home is not an opportunity cost according to the above definition.


Premise: The greater the power of the incandescent bulb, the brighter the light. The power of a 100-watt incandescent bulb is higher than the power of a 15-watt incandescent bulb. Therefore, a 100-watt incandescent bulb is brighter than a 15-watt incandescent bulb.

Hypothesis: The most similar reasoning to the above is "The larger the area of a house, the higher the total price. Zhang's house is larger than the Li's in the same building. Therefore, Zhang's house is more expensive than Li's house."


Premise: Columnist: It is sometimes claimed that the only factors relevant to determining moral guilt or innocence are the intentions of the person performing an action. However, external circumstances often play a crucial role in our moral judgment of an action. For example, a cook at a restaurant who absentmindedly put an ingredient in the stew that is not usually in the stew would ordinarily be regarded as forgetful, not immoral. If, however, someone eating at the restaurant happens to be severely allergic to that ingredient, eats the stew, and dies, many people would judge the cook to be guilty of serious moral negligence.

Hypothesis: The proposition 'People are sometimes held morally blameworthy as a result of circumstances some of which were outside their intentional control' is best illustrated by the columnist's statements.


Premise: Faith, belief and confidence are all important at all times. For a person, a collective, a political party, a nation and a country, as long as they have faith, belief and confidence, they will become more and more frustrated and brave, otherwise they will be defeated and collapse without fighting.

Hypothesis: Without faith, belief and confidence, we will defeat ourselves without fighting and collapse without fighting can be inferred from the above statement.


Premise: It is generally believed that children born to couples born far apart have higher IQ. Some data show that both husband and wife are locals, and the average IQ of their children is 102.45; couples are from different places in the province, and the average IQ of their children is 106.17;for those married in other provinces, the IQ of their children is as high as 109.35. Therefore, intermarriage in different places can improve the IQ of the next generation.

Hypothesis: The statement "Those who can intermarry in different places have higher IQ and their own high IQ contribute to intermarriage" weakens the above conclusion most.


Premise: A city holds a series of spring music festivals, one of which for the first time invited a well-known symphony orchestra to perform in the city, the city's well-known enthusiasts, very much looking forward to this. Given the orchestra's influence, organizers expect the two-day orchestra's event to be hard to find. But when the tickets started selling, they found that this was not the case.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ticket price of the symphony orchestra is too high' best explains the situation.


Premise: The phenomenon of Blaise paradox refers to the phenomenon that adding a section of a traffic network does not reduce the traffic delay, but increases the travel time of all travelers in the whole traffic network.

Hypothesis: The statement "City W has built two two-way four lane asphalt roads connecting the East, West and South to North of the city, and the traffic in the city is no longer as congested as before" belongs to the phenomenon of Blaise paradox according to the above definition.


Premise: Professor Li, an education expert, pointed out that everyone should keep working hard in his life, otherwise it will be like the story of the tortoise and rabbit race. Running fast at one time can not guarantee to be ahead all the time. If you have a good foundation and can keep working hard, you will succeed earlier than others.

Hypothesis: A temporary failure does not mean a permanent failure must be wrong if Professor Li's statement is correct.


Premise: The ancients once said that when the hard teeth fall out, the soft tongue is still there. Softness is better than hardness, inaction is better than action.

Hypothesis: The main explanation of this passage is that we should keep a low profile in life.


Premise: The connotation of a concept is the common attribute of all elements of the object set reflected by the concept. It is formed with a high degree of contraction to reveal the connotation of a concept, just like drawing out a tape measure. The process of drawing out the tape measure can adopt a negative form under special circumstances.

Hypothesis: The concept of non set does not reflect the object aggregate uses the negative form to reveal the connotation of different concepts according to the above definition.


Premise: Many people don't know themselves and don't try to know themselves. Such people may want to know others, but this desire must fail, because people who don't even know themselves can't know others. It can be concluded that if you want to understand others, you must first understand yourself.

Hypothesis: The reasoning used in the above argument is valid is the most appropriate evaluation of the above argument.


Premise: After a TV variety show was broadcast, the program director claimed that the program reached the highest level of current similar programs, because the program's ratings are 2% higher than similar programs.

Hypothesis: The statement that the quality of the show is not necessarily tied to ratings can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Archaeologists are currently analyzing plant remains found at a site that was last occupied more than 10, 000 years ago. If the plants were cultivated, then the people who occupied the site discovered agriculture thousands of years before any other people are known to have done so. On the other hand, if the plants were wild -- that is, uncultivated -- then the people who occupied the site ate a wider variety of wild plants than did any other people at the time.

Hypothesis: The statement that "the people who occupied the site used some plants in ways that no other people did at that time" is most strongly supported by the information given.


Premise: At present, the integration model represented by cultural science and technology, cultural finance and cultural creativity has been widely used. The main purpose of culture science and technology is to promote the transformation and application of high-tech achievements into the cultural field, and to strengthen the content support and creative promotion of culture to the information industry. Cultural finance focuses on guiding all kinds of social capital to invest in the field of culture, making use of the Internet financial model, and giving full play to the stimulating effect of financial innovation on cultural consumption. Cultural creativity takes culture as resources, creativity as the means, industry as the purpose, to develop cultural and creative industries, and to achieve deep integration with other industries at the same time.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Cross-path fusion' belongs to the form of culture integration trend in the above three contents.


Premise: Most people in the United States view neither big nor small business as particularly efficient or dynamic and regard both as providing consumers with fairly priced goods and services. However, most people consistently perceive small business as a force for good in society, whereas big business is perceived as socially responsible only in times of prosperity.

Hypothesis: The statement 'If small business were regarded as being more dynamic, it, too would receive strongly favorable ratings only in times of general prosperity' would provide the strongest support for the hypothesis discussed in the above statements.


Premise: Lu Xun's mastery of natural science knowledge is quite rich. This not only increases the critical power of his essays, but also greatly enhances the appeal. Lu Xun is very familiar with Entomology, so he can easily select appropriate insects to dissect them. Lu Xun pointed out in gossip at the end of spring This wasp is not only an ordinary murderer, but also a cruel murderer. It is also an anatomist with excellent knowledge and technology. It uses a poisonous needle to pincer the motor nerve ball of the green insect, anesthetizes it into a semi dead state, and then lays bee eggs on its coin to slowly hatch its children, which vividly reveals the high trick of the ruler to harm the people by fooling the people.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the quotation is to show that Lu Xun is good at vividly exposing the rulers' crimes of fooling and harming the people.


Premise: We-media refers to the  way and instant transmission methods that an ordinary citizen or organization that can access the Internet at any time, any place, and in any way, connect with the global knowledge system through modern digital technology, and provide or share their true views and their own news.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang emailed his Chinese style crossing the road to netizens does not involve We-media according to the above definition.


Premise: Scientists: it has been shown that the adoption of new farming methods can enable some well-managed farms to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and antibiotics without significantly reducing or even increasing yields. Critic: that's not true. The farm you have chosen is the one that is most likely to succeed with these new methods. Why not mention farms that tried new methods but failed?

Hypothesis: The critic's rebuttal is beside the point, because scientists aim to show that something can happen, but it has nothing to do with whether the subject is representative or not properly evaluates the critic's rebuttal.


Hypothesis: The statement 'The director's microblog had one hundred thousand comments critical of the show' can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: Questioning is actually the most basic scientific spirit. Previous results, conclusions and even widely confirmed and accepted theoretical systems need to be examined with skepticism. However, questioning is not the same as doubt, let alone a total negation. questioning is actually learning critically and accepting critically, and its purpose is to find loopholes, defects, imperfections, untested or inapplicable places in previous work. For example, Einstein questioned Newtonian mechanics and Newtonian theory of gravity, which led him to find that Newtonian mechanics and Newtonian theory of gravity are correct only in the case of low speed and weak gravitational field, otherwise it is necessary to use special relativity and general relativity.

Hypothesis: The characteristics of questioning in this passage include its connotation and practical value.


Premise: The number of hospital emergency room visits by heroin users grew by more than 25 percent during the 1980s. Clearly, then, the use of heroin rose in that decade.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Widespread use of automatic weapons in the drug trade during the 1980s raised the incidence of physical injury to heroin users' would account for the statistic above without supporting the author's conclusion.


Premise: The rescue policy of the United States is a remedial measure to maintain the normal operation of the economy after the bursting of the subprime financial bubble. In fact, the short-term depression of China's real estate market is blocked in the process of creating the real estate bubble. At this time, if the government is free to carry out the so-called bailout in finance, credit and other areas, it means that supporting the real estate industry can continue to inflate the bubble.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is China's real estate bubble will eventually burst.


Premise: Fair use refers to the non-commercial use of others' published works without the permission or payment of remuneration to the copyright owner under the circumstances expressly stipulated by law. Circumstances expressly prescribed by law mainly include :(1) using a published work of others for personal study, research or enjoyment; (2) Free performance of published works; (3) Copying, painting, photographing and video recording of artistic works set up or displayed in outdoor public places; (4) Translation of published works in Chinese into ethnic minority languages for publication and distribution.

Hypothesis: Ding copying Geng's paper published in a journal for reference in writing his paper is fair use according to the above provisions.


Premise: Ecologists predict that the incidence of malaria will increase if global warming continues or if the use of pesticides is not expanded. But the use of pesticides is known to contribute to global warming, so it is inevitable that we will see an increase in malaria in the years to come.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following is most similar to that in the argument above is 'if deforestation continues at the current rate and the use of chemicals is not curtailed, wildlife species will continue to become extinct. But because of increasing population worldwide, it is inevitable that the current rate of deforestation will continue and that the use of chemicals will not be curtailed. Thus, wildlife species will continue to become extinct.'


Premise: Seeking superiority: Refers to a person's effort to get rid of inferiority complex.

Hypothesis: Xiaoli said that she would wear high heels when participating in a blind date to make herself look taller does not belong to seeking superiority.


Premise: At present, stealth fighters mainly rely on shape design and material surface coating to reduce their detectability and realize radar stealth. However, due to many limitations such as the level of existing technology and materials, the difficulty of fighter manufacturing, maneuverability, cost and follow-up costs, and the convenience of maintenance and support, stealth fighters have to make a certain balance in the above aspects. Therefore, it is generally impossible to achieve the so-called all-round stealth in all directions and all electromagnetic bands, especially when it performs special tasks and carries or mounts non stealth configurations exposed outside the body, its stealth ability will be greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: The purpose of the above words is to describe the stealth principle of stealth fighter.


Premise: Since 2002, China's divorce rate has been rising all the way. Experts say that the reason for the rise of China's divorce rate cannot be simply explained as the bad social atmosphere. On the one hand, it is related to the low level of the original overall divorce rate. On the other hand, it is also related to the changes in all aspects of Chinese society, public opinion environment and social ideas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Statistics show that the equal status of men and women and the awakening of personal self-consciousness are the main reasons for the rise of divorce rate in China' best supports the expert's view.


Premise: P: Because an elected official needs the support of a political party to be effective, the independent candidate for the legislature cannot possibly be an effective legislator is she wins. Q: I disagree. By your reasoning, our current legislator, who has the support of a political party, ought to have been effective, but he has not been.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It fails to prove a precise definition for a key term -- the word effective' is the best criticism of Q's statement.


Premise: Benchmarking effect: In a certain area, due to consumers' higher awareness of a certain brand, its price is often a lot higher than other similar products in the same area, and affects the price trend of similar products in the entire area.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The new smartwatch launched by a well-known brand is very popular. Although the price is high, it has repeatedly sold out. Smartwatches of other brands have lowered their prices and competed for market share' is an example of benchmarking effects.


Premise: Traffic accident crime: Refers to the act of violating traffic management laws and regulations, resulting in a major accident, causing serious injury, death, or causing major losses to public and private property.

Hypothesis: A crime involving a car rental company driving a car with passengers at a high speed, resulting in passengers staggering and refusing to pay the fare, cannot be classified as a traffic accident crime.


Premise: If it is said that the painting Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival reflects the vulgar side of life in the Song Dynasty, Xiyuan Ya Collection is the symbol of elegance. Xiyuan Ya Ji, which was widely told in the Northern Song Dynasty, showed the banquet scenes of many literati at that time. Su Shi, Li Gonglin and Mi Fu gathered together to recite poems and lyrics, or to caress the piano and sing, or to meditate and ask Zen, forming a literati circle with Su Shi as the center. The painter Li Gonglin depicts the elegant collection in a realistic way, with a preface to rice, saying, the gurgling of water and stone, the swallowing of wind and bamboo, the square curl of furnace smoke, and the self-sweetness of vegetation. The joy of emptiness in the world, but so much. Xiyuan Ya Collection is a classic motif in the history of ancient painting, and many future generations of painters have copies or imitations, which is also a continuation of the spirit of the Song Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is the evaluation of the unique contribution of Xiyuan Ya Collection to the History of ancient Chinese painting.


Premise: Parkinson's Law means that the administrative hierarchy will increase like a pyramid, the administrative staff will expand, and everyone is busy, but the organizational efficiency is getting lower and lower. The reason for this phenomenon is that an incompetent official usually appoints two people with lower levels as assistants, and the two assistants will find two more incompetent assistants for themselves, and so on, A bloated organization was formed

Hypothesis: The statement 'A manager gives his subordinates enough time to complete a work. As a result, his subordinates not only make a mess of themselves, but also the whole department' can be explained by Parkinson's law according to the above definition.


Premise: Brochure: Help conserve our city' s water supply. By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use. A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money. Criticism: For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner' s yearly water bills.

Hypothesis: A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism if true.


Premise: The factory has conducted an investigation on the academic qualifications of skilled workers and found that the educational level of skilled workers who have newly entered the factory has been greatly improved in the past five years. Therefore, the overall quality of technical workers in the factory has been greatly improved.

Hypothesis: Highly educated people will lead other colleagues to improve their quality cannot support the conclusion if the above statement is true.


Premise: From a magazine article: Self-confidence is a dangerous virtue: it often degenerates into the vice of arrogance. The danger of arrogance is evident to all who care to look. How much more humane the twentieth century would have been without the arrogant self-confidence of a Hitler or a Stalin!

Hypothesis: The author attempts to persuade by doing all of the following EXCEPT appealing to authority to substantiate an assertion.


Premise: The predecessor of the Han nationality is basically Yan Emperor, and the two ethnic groups left by the Yellow Emperor are called Huaxia (some people think that Huaxia is a nation living in the Central Plains, Xia is a big country. There is etiquette to call it a great country; there is an article to call it China. Huaxia is the predecessor of the Han nationality. The concept of the Han nationality originated from the Wuhu Sixteen Kingdoms and was fixed later, so Huaxia is often used in the book to replace the Han nationality. The word China first comes from Yu Qizhai China by he Zun (unearthed in Baoji in the 1960 s) of the Zhou Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The correct understanding of China in the last sentence of the passage is Today's Chinese mainland.


Premise: Continuous exposure to indoor fluorescent lamps is beneficial to the health of hamsters with congenital heart disease. The average life span of a group of hamsters exposed to continuous exposure to fluorescent lamps is 25% longer than that of another group of hamsters of the same species but living in the dark.

Hypothesis: The question 'What disease is hamster suffering from?' is best answered by the research method described above.


Premise: The population of songbirds throughout England has decreased in recent years. Many people explain this decrease as the result of an increase during the same period in the population of magpies, which eat the eggs and chicks of songbirds.

Hypothesis: The population of magpies has increased because farmers no longer shoot or trap magpies to any great extent, though farmers still consider magpies to be pests argues most strongly against the explanation reported in the passage.


Premise: Role failure means that the role bearer has been proved to be unable to continue to assume or perform the rights and obligations of the role, and has to withdraw halfway and give up the original role. From the perspective of the result of role failure, there are usually two types, one is the role The bearer has to withdraw from the role halfway, and the other is that although it is still in a certain role position, its performance has been proved to be a failure in practice.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, dismissal of officials is not a role failure.


Premise: Developers of neighborhood Y are trying to lure potential homebuyers by offering a large discount on newly built homes. As a result, the homes in neighborhood Y are available for 20% less than comparably sized homes in neighborhood X. So unless potential homebuyers distrust the developers of neighborhood Y, neighborhood X is unlikely to attract many homebuyers because there are plenty of houses available in neighborhood Y.

Hypothesis: Neighborhood X does not have any qualities or features that would induce some homebuyers to pay higher prices for homes in neighborhood X is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: A newly opened north-south highway with six tunnels in the middle: Changchuan Tunnel, Damei Tunnel, Qingshan Peak Tunnel, Green Water Tunnel, Caishi Tunnel and Baiyu Tunnel. It is known that: (1) Baiyu Tunnel is in the north of Caishi Tunnel and is adjacent to Caishi Tunnel. Baiyu Tunnel is located in the south of Damei Tunnel but not adjacent to it. (2) there is a tunnel between Changchuan Tunnel and Qingshan Tunnel.

Hypothesis: Changchuan Tunnel is not in the southernmost side based on the above information.


Premise: NowNews, although still the most popular magazine covering cultural events in Kalopolis, has recently suffered a significant drop in advertising revenue because of falling circulation. Many readers have begun buying a competing magazine that, at 50 cents per copy, costs less than NowNews at $1. 50 per copy. In order to boost circulation and thus increase advertising revenue, NowNews's publisher has proposed making it available at no charge, but this proposal has a serious drawback, since __.

Hypothesis: The newsstands and stores that currently sell NowNews will no longer carry it if it is being given away for free most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: All those who came into contact with SARS patients were isolated. All the quarantined people have come into contact with Xiao Li.

Hypothesis: If the above proposition is true, some people may not have been in contact with SARS patients, but they have been in contact with Xiao Li.


Premise: The world's per capita amount of fresh water is about 8,300 cubic meters, but two-thirds of it is lost in the form of floods every year, and the remaining one-third is drinking water and irrigation water. Due to industrialization and the increase in human water consumption, the current world water consumption has increased compared with 1990 It is nearly 10 times higher. The lack of fresh water in the future is one of the restrictive factors that constitute economic development and food production.

Hypothesis: It can be seen that the statement "The total population must be reduced to increase the amount of fresh water per capita" is correct.


Premise: A number of Chinese universities have held four job fairs in Toronto, New York, Boston and San Francisco. A survey of questionnaires conducted by Chinese students attending the job fairs shows that 67% of them want to return home to work, and 33% will seriously consider the option of returning home. It can be seen that working in the United States has lost its attraction to foreign students, and it has become a common practice for people to want to return home.

Hypothesis: If the following statement is true, that 67% and 33% add up to 100%, which means zero people want to stay and work in North America, then this is the most powerful way to weaken the above argument.


Premise: Zhang San and Li Si learned that a total of teams A, B, C and D won medals in 15 events (expressed in ordinal numbers respectively). Among them, team A won medals in item 1, 4, and 12. Team B won medals in  item 2 , 4,7,8 and 11. Team C won medals in item 4, 5, 6,12,13. Team D won medals in  item 1 and  item 5. Wang Wu singled out one of the 15 events in which the four teams won the prize and told Li Si separately, while he told Zhang San the name of the team that won the medal in the event. Wang Wu finished talking to them respectively. Li Si said, I don't know which team won the medal in this event. When Zhang San heard this, he said, I know about that project. Li Si immediately said, I know that team, too.

Hypothesis: Wang Wu can select Team B and project 4.


Premise: People with serious financial problems are so worried about money that they cannot be happy. Their misery makes everyone close to them -- family, friends, colleagues -- unhappy as well. Only if their financial problems are solved can they and those around them be happy.

Hypothesis: If people are happy, they do not have serious financial problems can be properly inferred from the passage.


Premise: Usually, we are used to thinking that exercise is the key or even the most important factor in weight loss. But some experts point out that exercise is very healthy, but it doesn't really help you lose weight. When it comes to weight loss, legs are not equal to mouth control, which is actually more important than legs.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Many people will slow down their pace and reduce their calorie consumption because of fatigue after exercise' can best support the views of the above experts.


Premise: Economist: In today' s post-industrial economy, higher education is essential for achieving prosperity. Without a college degree or higher, citizens do not have access to the highest quartile of salaries, and only individuals earning salaries in this highest quartile have enough disposable income to buy real estate and invest in long term assets.

Hypothesis: The argument assumes that prosperity has to include ownership of real estate or long term assets.


Premise: Linguists want to construct legal sentences based on non-meaningful words and meaningful words. It is known that: (1) non-meaningful words have a,b,c,d,e,f.There are meaningful words W,Z, X. (2) if two non-meaningful words are connected by a meaningful word, then they form a meaningful word: (3) if two meaningful words are directly connected, then they form a meaningful word: (4) if two meaningful words are connected by a non-meaningful word, then they form a legal sentence. (2) if two meaningful words are connected by a meaningful word, then they form a meaningful word; (3) if two meaningful words are directly connected, then they form a meaningful word: (4) if two meaningful words are connected by a non-meaningful word, then they form a legal sentence.

Hypothesis: aZdacdfX is a legal statement based on the above information.


Premise: The National Farm Administration (NFA) has been concerned over the last decade with the struggles of barley growers. Plan: In an effort to support these barley growers, two years ago, the NFA began a program of sending them, each autumn, a free special mix of fertilizer and enzymes designed to multiply barley yield, to be applied the following spring during first growth. This mix had been stunningly successful in multiplying the yield of barley in laboratory conditions. Results: Most barley growers reported little change in their economic status over this two year period.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The trucks that drove the special mix from the depot in Wisconsin to the individual farms sometime took as much as 4 or 5 days' does most to explain the result that followed the implementation of the plan.


Premise: Obtaining bail pending trial refers to a compulsory measure in which the people's court, the people's procuratorate and the public security organ order the defendant to provide a guarantor, who guarantees that the defendant will not evade or hinder the investigation and is available on call.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Dong's case is obtaining bail pending trial.


Premise: The effect of the national regulation and control policy on the real estate market is showing.  There is a marked increase in the number of cities where the price of  first-hand,second-hand housing has declined, indicating that under the action of a series of macro-control policies, house price growth has entered the slow lane. Thus, purchase restrictions and bank credit tightening have curbed both supply and demand in the real estate market.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Real estate investment trends are still strengthening' can best refute the above conclusion if it is true.


Premise: Li Qiang said: I know 100 people. None of the people I know are unemployed, so China's unemployment rate must be very low.

Hypothesis: Most of Li Qiang's acquaintances are colleagues of his unit best refutes Li Qiang's reasoning.


Premise: Living gifts refer to the donation of money to children, grandchildren and other relatives when the donor decides to live, or to use it for vacations and the establishment of trust funds.

Hypothesis: Chairman Li handed over 80% of his property and the entire group to his daughter, and then lived in the mountain village by himself is a living gift.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: The order of the exhibition is M, K, S, Q, Y, X.


Premise: Art Historian: Robbins cannot pass judgment on Stuart' s art. While Robbins understands the art of Stuart too well to dismiss it, she does not understand it well enough to praise it.

Hypothesis: The art historian's argument depends on the assumption that if Robbins understands art well, she will praise it.


Premise: It is an absurd idea that whatever artistic endeavor the government refuses to support it does not allow, as one can see by rephrasing the statement to read: No one is allowed to create art without a government subsidy.

Hypothesis: The pattern of reasoning in which the claim that any driver who is not arrested does not break the law is most similar to that in the argument above.


Premise: Vacation syndrome refers to fatigue, insomnia and other symptoms that appear after long holidays or festivals, leading to anxiety, emptiness or easy anger, difficulty concentrating on work. It is the psychological discomfort that people can not withstand the pressure of work after a long period of leisure.

Hypothesis: Jack having a great time during the Spring Festival but being absent-minded after returning to work is a vacation syndrome according to the above definition.


Premise: Consumer advocate: Tropical oils are high in saturated fats, which increase the risk of heart disease. Fortunately, in most prepared food tropical oils can be replaced by healthier alternatives without noticeably affecting taste. Ttherefore, intensive publicity about the disadvantage of tropical oils will be likely to result in dietary changes that will diminish many people' s risk of developing heart disease. Nutritionist: The major sources of saturated fat in the average North American diet are meat, poultry, and dairy products, not tropical oils. Thus, focusing attention on the health hazards of tropical oils would be counterproductive, because it would encourage people to believe that more substantial dietary changes are unnecessary.

Hypothesis: Whether conducting a publicity campaign that, by focusing on the health hazards of tropical oils, persuades people to replace such oils with healthier alternatives is a good public-health strategy is a point at issue between the nutritionist and the consumer advocate.


Premise: Protein drugs, such as insulin, still have to be administered through a tedious subcutaneous injection procedure. If protein drugs are taken orally, they will be digested and cannot reach the target cells. However, some non-protein drugs contain chemical bonds that cannot be broken down by the digestive system.

Hypothesis: The above statement most strongly supports the assertion that a study on the enzymes and bacteria present in the normal digestive system would benefit the users of protein drugs.


Premise: A certain airport security scanner designed to detect explosives in luggage will alert the scanner' s operator whenever the piece of luggage passing under the scanner contains an explosive. The scanner will erroneously alert the operator for only one percent of the pieces of luggage that contain no explosives. Thus in ninety-nine out of a hundred alerts explosives will actually be present.

Hypothesis: The argument draws a general conclusion about reliability on the basis of a sample that is likely to be biased.


Premise: The arrangement of troops pays attention to shape and potential, which is described as the coordination of forces. The shape is a prepared proprietary medicine, which can be purchased and used directly in the drugstore; the potential is a prescription written by an experienced doctor for the patient, considering the dosage, increasing or decreasing the smell, and compatibility according to the severity of the illness.Dashing into battle also pays attention to shape and potential. Take boxing as an example, the shape is the boxer's height, weight and routines; the potential is Sanda and adapt according to the opponent's moves.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the characteristics of shape and potential mentioned above is that shape is visible, static and pre-set, while potential is invisible, dynamic and set by the enemy.


Premise: Confucius knows the truth of diet and health very well. The Analects of Confucius Hsiang-tang lists many propositions of eating and not eating, such as not eating from time to time, which means not to eat out-of-season vegetables.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Diet not only nourishes the body, but also shapes the mind' is the assumption that the above explanation must rely on.


Premise: Salmonella is a food-borne microorganism that can cause intestinal illness. The illness is sometimes fatal, especially if not identified quickly and treated. Conventional Salmonella tests on food samples are slow and can miss unusual strains of the microorganism. A new test identifies the presence or absence of Salmonella by the one piece of genetic material common to all strains. Clearly, public health officials would be well advised to replace the previous Salmonella tests with the new test.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The level of skill required for laboratory technicians to perform the new test is higher than that required to perform previous tests for Salmonella' most strengthens the argument.


Premise: Twelve healthy volunteers with the Apo-A-IV-1 gene and twelve healthy volunteers who instead have the Apo-A-IV-2 gene each consumed a standard diet supplemented daily by a high-cholesterol food. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. After three weeks, the blood cholesterol levels of the subjects in the second group were unchanged, whereas the blood cholesterol levels of those with the Apo-A-IV-1 gene rose 20 percent.

Hypothesis: The presence of the Apo-A-IV-2 gene may inhibit the elevation of blood cholesterol is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: All mobile phone displays that focus on portability features are not likely to be larger than 3.5 inches, while all mobile phone displays that focus on reading are larger than 35 inches. The S mobile phone has a 4-inch display.

Hypothesis: Based on the above facts, S brand mobile phones are not easy to operate and carry.


Premise: The so-called beauty of small things is the sensitivity to such small things. Although they are small, they are willing to stay. Sometimes, villages, mountains and rivers, time-honored small town culture, old traditions and their existence are a reminder to urban people, reminding them not to go too fast. Being busy is death. Sun Li has a saying: The article is at the extreme, there is no other wonder, but just right; the character is at the extreme, there is no other difference, just natural. this is just the same as the original intention. Isn't it also a reminder for busy urban people who have lost their natural patience?

Hypothesis: The beauty of micro objects reminds urban people not to be too busy is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: The introduction of symbols for numbers is an event lost in prehistory, but the earliest known number symbols, in the form of simple grooves and scratches on bones and stones, date back 20, 000 years or more. Nevertheless, since it was not until 5, 500 years ago that systematic methods for writing numerals were invented, it was only then that any sort of computation became possible.

Hypothesis: Computation of any sort required a systematic method for writing numerals is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: The new type of rural sage refers to the rural people who take root in the countryside for a long time, make use of their knowledge, technology and wealth to serve the villagers enthusiastically and make outstanding contributions, and have high prestige and influence in the local social life and the minds of the people.

Hypothesis: Over the past 20 years, Mr. Sun, president of the Chamber of Commerce of a certain city, has made use of his long-term accumulated experience to connect villagers in his hometown who manage various agricultural and sideline products and guide them to look for business opportunities. He has been praised by the villagers as the intimate Zhuge Liang belongs to the new type of rural sage.


Premise: Li said, I passed all the exams in all subjects this time and got my motor vehicle driver's license. If what Li said is not

Hypothesis: Li failed in at least one subject is correct.


Premise: Synthetic food pigment is made from aniline dye separated from coal tar, so it is also called coal tar pigment or aniline pigment, such as synthetic amaranth, tartrazine and ponceau 4R. Occasionally eating food added with a certain amount of synthetic food pigment will not cause poisoning, diarrhea and other reactions. Therefore, it is allowed that people can eat food added with a small amount of synthetic pigment.

Hypothesis: Regular eating and occasional eating food containing synthetic pigments have different effects on the human body can best weaken the above argument.


Premise: A city holds a series of spring music festivals, one of which for the first time invited a well-known symphony orchestra to perform in the city, the city's well-known enthusiasts, very much looking forward to this. Given the orchestra's influence, organizers expect the two-day orchestra's event to be hard to find. But when the tickets started selling, they found that this was not the case.

Hypothesis: The statement that the symphony was not accepted by the majority of the people in the city best explains the situation.


Premise: If we can understand the reality of us and the enemy in a comprehensive way, then how many battles will not be lost. This sentence also applies to interpersonal communication, a person only know themselves first, can understand others. Anyone can only trust someone who knows him well, including himself. Imagine how a person can be trusted if he doesn't know you at all.

Hypothesis: If you don't know yourself, you won't be trusted by anyone can be inferred based on the above definition.


Premise: Seawater can be changed into fresh water by desalination technology, and the amount of seawater is extremely huge. Therefore, there is no need to save fresh water resources.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The total amount of water resources on the earth is constant' best challenges the above conclusions.


Premise: Invalid civil act: refers to a civil act that has no legal binding force from the beginning. The following civil acts are invalid: (1) performed by a person without civil capacity; (2) a person with limited civil capacity cannot be independent in accordance with the law Implemented; (3) One party uses fraud, coercion or taking advantage of the danger to make the other party act contrary to the true meaning; (4) Malicious collusion, harming the interests of the state, collective or third party; (5) Violation Laws or social public interest; (6) Cover up illegal purposes in a legal form.

Hypothesis: Three girls in a middle school have good musical talents. The band they form often wins prizes in various inter-school competitions. A record company verbally paid a lot of money and made them sign contracts without the consent of their parents. , Let them suspend school is an invalid civil act according to the above definition.


Premise: Whether the world's food demand can maintain a balance depends on the speed of population and economic growth. Population growth will lead to an increase in food intake; on the other hand, economic growth will promote an increase in the consumption of livestock products, change people's food structure, and thus affect the global Grain demand has an impact.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Population growth will affect global cereal demand' can be derived.