Premise: Between 1950 and 1970, the number of German teachers continued to increase, but it was slower than the growth rate of the country's total population.

Hypothesis: Between 1950 and 1970, the proportion of German teachers in the total population remained the same in the above situation.


Premise: The elderly often suffer from some chronic diseases caused by high blood lipids. People's attitudes towards this are often extreme. One side is completely ignoring it and satisfy their appetite. The other side is oversensitive, completely rejecting all fat and meats, which instead, leads to malnutrition and nutritional imbalance.

Hypothesis: When people are getting old, it is inevitable that they will have some chronic diseases, which can neither be ignored nor paid too much attention to can be inferred based on the above information.


Premise: In terms of today's Chinese reality, enlightenment is undoubtedly an urgent task. In terms of Chinese history, it is a historical task interrupted without completion. Although the enlightenment spirit of the May 4th New Culture Movement has been forgotten and forgotten for a long time, it does not prove that China does not need enlightenment. All kinds of setbacks in modern times remind us that in the process of modernization. The task of enlightenment is insurmountable, because nothing can surpass the goal of human liberation. As long as this goal has not been achieved, history must make up lessons.

Hypothesis: The task of Enlightenment is mainly answered by the above paragraph.


Premise: A large survey of scientists found that almost all accept Wang' s Law, and almost all know the results of the Brown-Eisler Experiment. But those results together with Wang' s Law contradict the Minsk Hypothesis. Ttherefore, most of the scientists surveyed reject the Minsk Hypothesis.

Hypothesis: The argument requires assuming that the scientists surveyed are generally aware that the results of the Brown-Eisler Experiment together with Wang's Law contradict the Minsk Hypothesis.


Premise: During the investigation of a food poisoning incident, the doctor found that the food eaten by the poisoned people on the same day was different, but everyone ate a mushroom sold in a farmers' market. Therefore, it was concluded that the poisoning may be caused by the toxicity of this mushroom.

Hypothesis: The high-temperature condition is the cause of food deterioration, similar to the interference form mentioned above.


Premise: Reformer: A survey of police departments keeps track of the national crime rate, which is the annual number of crimes per 100, 000 people. The survey shows no significant reduction in the crime rate in the past 20 years, but the percentage of the population in prison has increased substantially, and public expenditure on prisons has grown at an alarming rate. This demonstrates that putting more people in prison cannot help to reduce crime.

Hypothesis: A flaw in the reformer's argument is that it ignores the possibility that the crime rate would have significantly increased if it had not been for the greater rate of imprisonment.


Premise: According to the statistics of the actual expenditures of the two existing schools in the previous year, if only comparing the expenditure per capita of undergraduate students in the school, school A is higher than 86% of school B; but if you compare all students (undergraduates plus The per capita investment of graduate students), School A is 118% of School B. The per capita funding for graduate students in each school is higher than that of undergraduates.

Hypothesis: Last year, the proportion of postgraduate students in school A was higher than that in school B is most likely to be derived based on the above information.


Premise: Ecological balance refers to a certain period of time between the organisms and the environment in the ecosystem, and between the various groups of organisms, through the flow of energy, material circulation and information transmission, so that they can achieve a high degree of adaptation, coordination and unity with each other. Under a certain limit of interference, the ecosystem can return to its initial stable state through self-regulation, and once it exceeds it, it will decline or even collapse.

Hypothesis: The food chain is a form of energy flow is incorrect according to the above definition.


Premise: Voluntary attention refers to the attention with a predetermined purpose and requires a certain will effort: non random attention refers to the attention without a predetermined purpose and no will effort in advance; Random attention occurs after random attention. It has a certain purpose and task, and does not need the attention of will and effort.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, voluntary attention is when Xiao Wang must concentrate when he learns to drive, but after he is proficient, he can listen to the radio while driving on his way to work.


Premise: Interbank lending refers to the business mode of mutual financing of short-term funds between financial institutions, which aims to adjust short positions and temporary capital surplus and shortage.

Hypothesis: Interbank lending is described by the statement "Fund dispatch between internal branches of bank A." Interbank lending refers to the lending of funds between banks, typically for the purpose of meeting reserve requirements or for short-term borrowing needs. In this case, the statement describes fund dispatch between internal branches of Bank A, which can be considered a form of interbank lending.


Premise: The OLEX Petroleum Company has recently determined that it could cut its refining costs by closing its Grenville refinery and consolidating all refining at its Tasberg refinery. Closing the Grenville refinery, however, would mean the immediate loss of about 1, 200 jobs in the Grenville area. Eventually the lives of more than 10, 000 people would be seriously disrupted. Ttherefore, OLEX' s decision, announced yesterday, to keep Grenville open shows that at OLEX social concerns sometimes outweigh the desire for higher profits.

Hypothesis: If the Grenville refinery were to close, it would mean compliance with demanding local codes regulating the cleanup of abandoned industrial sites at enormous cost, which most seriously undermines the argument given.


Premise: Mr. Nance: Ms. Chan said that she retired from Quad Cities Corporation, and had received a watch and a wonderful party as thanks for her 40 years of loyal service. But I overheard a colleague of hers say that Ms. Chan will be gone for much of the next year on business trips and is now working harder than she ever did before; that does not sound like retirement to me. At least one of them is not telling the truth.

Hypothesis: Mr. Nance's reasoning is flawed because it fails to infer that Ms. Chan must be a person of superior character, given her long loyal service.


Premise: Columnist: It is sometimes claimed that the only factors relevant to determining moral guilt or innocence are the intentions of the person performing an action. However, external circumstances often play a crucial role in our moral judgment of an action. For example, a cook at a restaurant who absentmindedly put an ingredient in the stew that is not usually in the stew would ordinarily be regarded as forgetful, not immoral. If, however, someone eating at the restaurant happens to be severely allergic to that ingredient, eats the stew, and dies, many people would judge the cook to be guilty of serious moral negligence.

Hypothesis: The proposition "We sometimes judge unfairly the morality of other people's actions" is best illustrated by the columnist's statements.


Premise: According to the statistics of the United Nations Development Programme in 2007, Norway is the country with the highest quality of life in the world, and developed countries such as Europe, the United States and Japan are also among the best. If you count the countries with the fastest improvement in quality of life since 1990, developed countries have lagged behind. Of the 116 countries counted by the United Nations Development Programme, Mozambique, a country in southeastern Africa, has seen the fastest improvement in quality of life over the past 17 years, with its quality of life index increasing by 50 per cent in 2007 compared with 1990. Many African countries have made similar achievements as Mozambique. As the most high-profile developing country in the world, China's quality of life index has also improved by 27% over the past 17 years.

Hypothesis: According to the statistics of the United Nations Development Programme, Japan's quality of life index was not higher than that of China in 2006.


Premise: Traditional Chinese concepts believe that traditional Chinese medicine is a vague concept, and the planting conditions of medicinal materials are different, and there are differences in quality and efficacy. But in fact, some parameters of Chinese medicine can be considered to be controlled. Take Ginkgo yellow produced in Germany as an example, although the raw materials Ginkgo is also collected from all parts of China, and the raw materials themselves are different, but after the German technology is extracted, the product quality is ultimately uniform. This also means that the later production and processing technology has a certain buffer effect on the differences in the raw materials themselves.

Hypothesis: The text 'Traditional Chinese medicine is affected by differences in the quality of raw materials and can be controlled by technology to a certain extent' is intended to illustrate that Traditional Chinese medicine is affected by differences in the quality of raw materials and can be controlled by technology to a certain extent.


Premise: Due to the rise in oil prices, the state has raised the sales prices of gasoline and other oil products, which has led to an increase in taxi operating costs and a reduction in drivers' income. According to the survey, more than 95% of taxi drivers in Beijing oppose a taxi fare increase because it will lead to fewer passengers, but opposing a fare increase does not mean they are willing to reduce their income.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement that the cost of rising oil prices is entirely borne by consumers can explain the seemingly contradictory attitude of taxi drivers in Beijing.


Premise: In an article published in Science magazine in January 2015, Fogelstein et al said that the difference in cancer risk in human tissue can be explained by mistakes made during stem cell division, that is, the so-called bad luck. 2/3 of cancer gene mutations are the result of bad luck and another 1/3 are attributed to genetic and environmental factors. a commentary issued by Science magazine said. The debate about the bad luck theory of cancer is expected to continue. Other experts say the study does not mean denying the importance of preventing cancer by improving the environment and lifestyle. Cancer Research UK believes that cancer cases can be prevented.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is a rational behavior for cancer patients to give up treatment' is inconsistent with the meaning of the above words.


Premise: As people live longer and retire faster, they have more and more time available. In Asian countries, the importance of enjoying a leisurely life is gaining new attention. As Asian countries move rapidly towards an aging society, they are trying to figure out how to prepare the rest of the population to embrace retirement. As baby boomers begin to retire, the problem becomes more urgent.

Hypothesis: The intended topic of discussion is how to enjoy a leisurely retirement.


Premise: According to experts on shopping behavior, more shoppers would shop at Jerrod' s department store if they were offered the convenience of shopping carts. In fact, even if the amount spent by these additional customers only just covered the cost of providing the carts, providing carts would still probably increase Jerrod' s profits, since __.

Hypothesis: A customer with a shopping cart buys more, on average, than a customer without a cart most logically completes the argument.


Premise: A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers, processes them into powder or oil, and then mixes them with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirmed the company's practice and pointed out that eating insects is conducive to dealing with worldwide food shortages and malnutrition.

Hypothesis: Insect breeding and processing industries are being vigorously developed in some areas of Asia and Africa that are short of food and whose population is malnourished can be used as the premise of the above argument.


Premise: It can be difficult to see nuclear energy as a sustainable resource. Unlike other alternative resources, nuclear energy has long been hated by environmentalists, mainly because of the storage of radioactive waste. However, nuclear reactors are also efficient sources of electricity, do not emit any polluting gases, and, for some types of reactors, are designed to minimize waste and basically prevent reactor meltdowns.

Hypothesis: Nuclear reactors do not emit any polluting wastes and gases is not understood correctly about this passage.


Premise: Elena: The best form of government is one that fosters the belief among its citizens that they have a say in how the government is run. Thus, democracy is the best form of government. Marsha: But there are many forms of government under which citizens can be manipulated into believing they have a say when they don' t.

Hypothesis: Marsha's claim that it is possible for governments to manipulate people into thinking that they have a say when they do not is used to support her unstated conclusion that the best form of government is one that appears to be democratic but really is not.


Premise: Economist: Some critics of the media have contended that negative news reports on the state of the economy can actually harm the economy because such reports damage people' s confidence in it, and this lack of confidence in turn adversely affects people' s willingness to spend money. But studies show that spending trends correlate very closely with people' s confidence in their own immediate economic situations. Thus these media critics are mistaken.

Hypothesis: The economist's argument is flawed because it fails to consider the possibility that people who have little confidence in the overall economy generally take a pessimistic view concerning their own immediate economic situations.


Premise: A major health insurance company in Lagolia pays for special procedures prescribed by physicians only if the procedure is first approved as medically necessary by a company-appointed review panel. The rule is intended to save the company the money it might otherwise spend on medically unnecessary procedures. The company has recently announced that in order to reduce its costs, it will abandon this rule.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Physicians often prescribe special procedures that are helpful but not altogether necessary for the health of the patient' provides the strongest justification for the company's decision.


Premise: TV channels are no longer scarce for people. The increasing number of TV channels gives viewers more choices. The audience's attention choice has become a scarce resource pursued by TV media.

Hypothesis: The topic of Highway market operation is a necessary condition to improve China's transportation is most likely to arise from this passage.


Premise: Press Secretary: Our critics claim that the President' s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties. They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts. But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors. So the President' s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.

Hypothesis: Canceling highway projects was not the only way for the President to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties is an assumption on which the press secretary's argument depends.


Premise: Despite a steady decrease in the average number of hours worked per person per week, the share of the population that reads a daily newspaper has declined greatly in the past 20 years. But the percentage of the population that watches television daily has shown a similarly dramatic increase over the same period. Clearly, increased television viewing has caused a simultaneous decline in newspaper reading.

Hypothesis: If true, the statement 'Of those members of the population who do not watch television, the percentage who read a newspaper every day has also shown a dramatic decrease' would be most damaging to the explanation given above for the decline in newspaper reading.


Premise: Maize contains the vitamin niacin, but not in a form the body can absorb. Pellagra is a disease that results from niacin deficiency. When maize was introduced into southern Europe from the Americas in the eighteenth century, it quickly became a dietary staple, and many Europeans who came to subsist primarily on maize developed pellagra. Pellagra was virtually unknown at that time in the Americas, however, even among people who subsisted primarily on maize.

Hypothesis: The statement "Before the discovery of pellagra's link with niacin, it was widely believed that the disease was an infection that could be transmitted from person to person" most helps to explain the contrasting incidence of pellagra described above.


Premise: The law itself is not omnipotent, many problems in social life, the final solution can not rely on the law, at least can not rely on the law alone. In many cases, the social contradiction itself and the key to its solution come from the political, economic, cultural and other practical aspects.

Hypothesis: Social conflicts are not resolved because there are laws that do not abide by the law is not an accurate interpretation of this passage.


Premise: Among the pilots who joined the state-run airlines more than a decade ago, those who later transferred to private airlines now usually earn more than one million yuan a year, while those who remain in state-run airlines generally earn no more than 600000 yuan a year. These figures show that pilots at state-run airlines are underpaid.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis 'The annual mileage flown by pilots of private airlines and pilots of state-run airlines is roughly the same' is required by the above conclusion.


Premise: The company arranged 8 people A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H to go on business trip, and they were just arranged in 8 adjacent rooms in the same row of the hotel. It is known that :① there are 3 people between A and C; ② There are two people between B and F; ③ D is to the left of G, and there are two people between them. There is a person between H and E.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, in order from left to right, D is in the third room is impossible.


Premise: One way to judge the performance of a company is to compare it with other companies. This technique, commonly called benchmarking,  permits the manager of a company to discover better industrial practices and can provide a justification for the adoption of good practices.

Hypothesis: Managers are generally more receptive to new ideas that they find outside their own industry is a valid reason for benchmarking the performance of a company against companies with which it is not in competition rather than against competitors.


Premise: There are many repertoire of dazzling skills in classical music, and there are multiple forces to promote dazzling skills in the development of history. Sometimes, it is the composer who wants to test the limits of sound, writing a passage that the performer at that time generally cannot play for the sake of melody or harmony. Sometimes, it is the composer who does not know enough about a solo instrument to think rationally from the point of view of playing, so he writes a piece that is difficult or even impossible to play. Sometimes, it is the performer who takes the initiative to pursue a breakthrough, asking for music that could not be performed in the past, so as to highlight the difference between himself and other performers.

Hypothesis: The performer has to perform to the limit because of the requirements of the music is not in line with the meaning of the text with regard to the driving force of the dazzling skills of music.


Premise: The head teacher told an excellent student that the reason why you achieved such good results was mainly because I had a good teaching plan.

Hypothesis: Most of the other students in the class don't study well will most strongly refute the teacher's statement.


Premise: These people are as humble as dust, their figure appears in my line of sight, their spirit precipitates in my heart, they often make me feel that this ordinary world is so lovely, this scattered world is actually so tacit understanding and the life seed that looks like dirt is actually so tenacious and beautiful.

Hypothesis: The central idea of this passage is that life is both ordinary and beautiful.


Premise: All leading cadres who truly care about the interests of the common people will be respected by everyone; and leading cadres who truly care about the interests of the common people pay special attention to how to solve livelihood problems such as housing, medical treatment, education and pensions. Therefore, those leading cadres who do not pay attention to how to solve the problems of people's livelihood will not be respected by everyone.

Hypothesis: In order to ensure that the above argument is established, it must be added as a premise that people's livelihood issues such as housing, medical treatment, education and pension are the most prominent issues concerning the interests of the common people.


Premise: There are nine cards, one to nine. A, B, C, D four people take cards, each take 2. It is known that the sum of the two cards taken by A is 10; the difference between the two cards taken by B is 1; the product of the two cards taken by C is 24; and the quotient of the two cards taken by D is 3.

Hypothesis: The left card is Four.


Premise: Explicit learning is the learning of intentionally searching or applying rules to the field of stimuli. In the process of explicit learning, people's learning behavior is controlled by consciousness, has a clear purpose, needs to pay attention to resources, and needs to make certain efforts. Implicit learning refers to a kind of subconscious learning without will effort. The characteristic of this kind of learning is that people subconsciously acquire certain knowledge, and without the effort of will, the knowledge can be extracted and applied to the operation of specific tasks.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhou did a lot of English exercises before the high school entrance examination, so he got a full mark in the English exam belongs to explicit learning according to the above definition.


Premise: According to the data of the National Health Commission, about 1/3 of primary and secondary school students spend less than an hour a day exercising outdoors, and more than 70 percent of primary and secondary school students do not get enough sleep. At the same time, stress also has an impact on the health of teenagers, and the rate of myopia is on the rise, mainly because homework takes too long. For this reason, some education departments believe that a good night's sleep may be more important for children. With the consent of the parents, the child may not do the unfinished homework after the specified sleep time. But parents are not happy because they worry that their children will eventually have to go to low-quality schools.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Although the new rules may reduce the burden of students' homework, under the current rules, universities choose students according to the results of the college entrance examination' is most helpful to explain parents' concerns.


Premise: There are 12 books on a shelf from left to right. Four of them are small paperbacks, two are large paperbacks, three are cloth bindings and three are leather bounds. The first is known to be a large paperback, the fourth is a leather face binding book, three cloth binding books are not adjacent to each other, three leather face bindings are put together, four small paperback books are also placed together and on the far right.

Hypothesis: Book eight must be a large paperback.


Premise: Salesman: The picture tube is the core component of any TV. The P-brand TV and the T-brand TV use the picture tube of same quality. But the price of the P-brand TV is lower, so when you buy the P-brand TV not a T-brand, it is equivalent to paying a lower price but buying a TV with the same image quality.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The image quality of a TV is only determined by the quality of its picture tube' will most strongly support the sales's conclusion.


Premise: A psychiatrist argued that there is no such thing as a multiple personality disorder on the grounds that in all her years of clinical practice, she had never encountered one case of this type.

Hypothesis: Thomas argued that because Natasha has driven her car to work every day since she bought it, she would probably continue to drive her car to work, which most closely parallels the questionable reasoning cited above.


Premise: A and B debated based on the birth rate of boys. A: demography has found a pattern: among newborns, the male birth rate fluctuates around 22 out of 43, not 1 out of 2. B: no, most countries and regions, such as Japan, the United States, Germany and our Taiwan Province have more women than men. It can be seen that it is not true to think that the birth rate of male  fluctuates around 22 out of 43.

Hypothesis: B's information is not credible is the statement that indicates A or B's logic error.


Premise: The word Skyscraper was originally a special term for the crew, meaning a tall pole or sail on a sailboat, and then it evolved into a specific term in architecture. In 1883, skyscraper first appeared in the article American Architects and Architecture News written by an American fantasy writer, and the term was born. Since then, many skyscrapers have been built, one after another, towering in the skies of major cities around the world.

Hypothesis: According to this text, the meaning of words is incorrectly understood as expanding with the passage of time.


Premise: The attitude towards intellectuals marks the degree of civilization of a nation, while the attitude towards workers and peasants tests the conscience and conscience of the nation. So _

Hypothesis: Intellectuals can be treated twice as much as workers and peasants can best complete the above argument.


Premise: Man is a kind of cultural animal. Human behavior is determined not only by innate biological instincts, but also by acquired cultural and social factors. Everyone has a love of beauty. However, behind anything wonderful, there is an unbeautiful nature or origin, whether you realize it or not. Beauty is often a lie, but the truth is often ugly. Browse the web and you may be attracted by the gorgeous pages. If you look at the source code from the browser menu, you will find a mess that doesn't make any sense to you.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that beauty is often a lie, and the truth is often hard to hear.


Premise: The theater effect refers to the phenomenon that the individual members pursue the maximization of their own interests and cause other members to follow suit, which leads to the imbalance of the collective order and the damage to the overall interests.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Considering that there are large-scale activities on Xianxia Road, Xiao Wang chose Chunguang Road, which is not usually used to go to work. Unexpectedly, because everyone agreed to take this road, Chunguang Road was seriously blocked and Xianxia Road was unimpeded' belongs to the theater effect.


Premise: According to some astronomers, Earth is struck by a meteorite large enough to cause an ice age on an average of once every 100 million years. The last such incident occurred nearly 100 million years ago, so we can expect that Earth will be struck by such a meteorite in the near future. This clearly warrants funding to determine whether there is a means to protect our planet from such meteorite strikes.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most subject to criticism on the grounds that the argument moves from evidence about the average frequency of an event to a specific prediction about when the next such event will occur.


Premise: As the saying goes, if you want to be in good health, eat walnuts every day. the saying condensed into years of experience must have its truth. Recently, studies have confirmed that eating more walnuts is really good for intestinal health, can increase a large number of beneficial intestinal bacteria, so it is good for the human heart.

Hypothesis: Walnut is also helpful to the control of blood sugar in patients with diabetes can be used as the premise of the above argument.


Premise: A drug that is highly effective in treating many types of infection can, at present, be obtained only from the bark of the ibora, a tree that is quite rare in the wild. It takes the bark of 5, 000 trees to make one kilogram of the drug. It follows, ttherefore, that continued production of the drug must inevitably lead to the ibora's extinction.

Hypothesis: The drug made from ibora bark is expensive to produce most seriously weakens the argument above.


Premise: There is a corruption case in a company. After investigating all the people who may be involved in the case, the four auditors each have the following conclusions: A: no one is corrupt. B: manager Zhang is not corrupt. C: not all of these people involved in the case are free from corruption. D: some people do not have corruption.

Hypothesis: If only one of the four auditors is sure to be true, C is true, Manager Zhang was embezzled.


Premise: It is generally believed that people's aesthetic judgment is subjective, and this is true in a short period of time, and people's evaluation of contemporary works of art often diverges greatly. However, over time, the subjective element in aesthetics gradually disappears. When a work of art continues to provide pleasure and beauty over the centuries, as in Da Vinci paintings and Bach's music, we can fairly objectively call it a great work.

Hypothesis: For the same work of art, people's evaluations of different eras are very different is best supported by the above statement.


Premise: Money worship refers to the worship of money.

Hypothesis: The act of the court ordering the defendant Wang to pay off the RMB 50000 owed to the plaintiff before February 16, and the threat of enforcement if he fails to do so, is an example of money worship.


Premise: The higher the altitude, the smaller the atmospheric pressure. Because the altitude of Lanzhou is higher than that of Tianjin, the atmospheric pressure of Lanzhou is lower than that of Tianjin.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that the greater the vocabulary of a language, the more difficult it is to learn, and that English is harder to learn than Italian, so English has a larger vocabulary than Italian is most similar to that of the question.


Premise: The big question is how do plants react like this? Humans and other higher animals integrate and respond to signals from their environment through the nervous system and brain. But plants have no nervous system and no brain, so they must do it by other means. The most likely explanation is that their responses are coordinated by a feedback system of hormones and electrical signals.

Hypothesis: The most likely question to be expressed by the author is "Scientists are deeply divided over how plants respond to stimuli."


Premise: In recent years, the state has made efforts to reduce drug prices from the production, circulation and sales of drugs. However, many patients feel puzzled that, on the one hand, the national policy to reduce drug prices is constantly introduced, on the other hand, the prices of many common drugs are rising.

Hypothesis: The statement 'There is an increase in demand for commonly used imported drugs, and relevant policies are unable to control price increases for such drugs' best explains this phenomenon.


Premise: The right to privacy is the right of individuals to keep their personal actions and personal materials confidential and not to be illegally informed, in order to protect their reputation and image without violating the law.

Hypothesis: The right of a suspected corruption offender to keep his source of income secret from the media is the right to privacy.


Premise: Xiao Li said to Xiao Zhang, you eat less pickles. If you eat too salty at ordinary times, you will get high blood pressure in the future. Xiao Zhang retorted: whether you eat salty or not has nothing to do with high blood pressure. You see, people in the 1950s ate pickle bumps every day, and not so many people have high blood pressure now.

Hypothesis: Smoking, drinking, high-salt diet and mental stress all lead to an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases will not help Xiao Li question Xiao Zhang's point of view.


Premise: In the past the country of Malvernia has relied heavily on imported oil. Malvernia recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Malvernia currently produces more natural gas each year than it uses, and oil production in Malvernian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, ttherefore, Malvernian reliance on foreign sources for fuel is likely to decline soon.

Hypothesis: It would be most useful to establish whether the amount of oil used each year in Malvernia for generating electricity and fuel for transportation is increasing in order to evaluate the argument.


Premise: Since the existence of the emperor, the official history of China has been the diary of the emperor's own family, which is the standard image of the emperor, from which it is not difficult to see the true form of the emperor. In order to understand the true face of the emperor, we must also read wild history, which is a portrayal of the emperor's life.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that the official history records the great events of the emperor's governing the country, while the wild history records the emperor's daily trifles.


Premise: Geologists in central Australia underground found two 3 km away from the surface of the diameter of more than 200 kilometers of mysterious natural landscape, the landscape of quartz sand with clusters of fine lines, in most of these fine lines are parallel to each other straight line, geologists believe that the landscape is likely to be formed a giant impact crater, And the structure of the quartz sand is evidence of the fracture.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Only after a high-speed meteorite impact does the quartz sand in the strata show a fracture structure containing parallel lines' is a necessary premise for the above argument.


Premise: On the road to success, all shortcuts are detours, and all detours are necessary. Therefore, attaching to the strong is not a shortcut to success.

Hypothesis: Attaching to the strong is a detour can be added as a premise to make the above conclusion valid.


Premise: When using antibacterial drugs in the clinic, if choosing the type of drug according to the patient's personal situation, strictly requiring the dose and concentration of the first medication, and following strict regulations in the frequency of drug use and drug compatibility, the spread and deterioration of drug resistance can be controlled, although it cannot completely prevent drug-resistant strains.

Hypothesis: The author's view on whether drug resistance will occur after the use of antibacterial drugs is controllable.


Premise: Sales manager: The highest priority should be given to the needs of the sales department, because without successful sales the company as a whole would fail. Shipping manager: There are several departments other than sales that also must function successfully for the company to succeed. It is impossible to give the highest priority to all of them.

Hypothesis: The shipping manager criticizes the sales manager's argument by pointing out that the sales manager makes a generalization from an atypical case.


Premise: The percentage of households with an annual income of more than $40, 000 is higher in Merton County than in any other county. However, the percentage of households with an annual income of $60, 000 or more is higher in Sommer County.

Hypothesis: The number of households with an annual income of more than $40,000 is greater in Merton County than in Sommer County must also be true if the statements above are true.


Premise: Intentional attribution bias means that when the situation is unknown, aggressive people often predict that others are hostile to themselves and always interpret the actions of others as intentional and hostile.

Hypothesis: Xiaoqiang winning the first place in the English competition and Teacher Kong feeling that he cheated in the competition is an example of intentional attribution bias.


Premise: Our era is described as the information age, which means that we can not only obtain a large amount of information quickly, but also mean a large number of changes of the information we get. Pasting and updating of network information is a typical example. The classic is the crystallization of genius brain's hard creation, and it is a kind of permanent spiritual existence. The state of the information age is out of step with the contemplative spirit needed by the classics, which is one of the reasons why it is difficult to produce classics in our times.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that there are no classics in our time.


Hypothesis: Attaching to the strong is not the only way can be added as a premise to make the above conclusion valid.


Premise: Acronyms refer to the different names of the same thing in different social groups, different regions or different times.

Hypothesis: Now salesmen often call female customers beautiful women is not a acronym according to the above definition.


Premise: In August 2014, more than 200 Russian trucks carrying relief supplies entered eastern Ukraine, and if the Ukrainian government's military operations in the east directly or indirectly attacked the Russian convoy, it may trigger strong measures by the Russian side; if Ukrainian government forces temporarily suspend military operations in the east to ensure the safety of the Russian convoy, it will give the civilian armed forces at a disadvantage a chance to catch their breath.

Hypothesis: The Russian convoy entered Ukraine to help civilian armed forces in eastern Ukraine must be true if the above statement is true.


Premise: In some western countries, the population engaged in the tertiary industry has reached 70%, and the income level of people in these countries is considerable,

Hypothesis: These countries have realized the optimization and adjustment of industrial structure.


Premise: Different from water and air pollution, the concealment of soil pollution is strong. The soil remediation technology that can be used in developed countries may not be applicable in our country. At present, soil in situ remediation technology based on extracellular respiration of microorganisms has become a new force in soil bioremediation technology in South China. Compared with physical and chemical repair, this repair method has the characteristics of high efficiency, low cost, non-destructive, wide application and so on.

Hypothesis: Physical and chemical remediation is mainly used in soil remediation in developed countries is the basis of the above argument.


Premise: Several previous studies have linked chocolate consumption to an increased risk of heart disease.  But a newer, more reliable study concluded that chocolate consumption was not associated with heart disease.  Chocolate consumption is expected to increase dramatically after the findings are published.

Hypothesis: The reasoning is based on the assumption that many people now avoid chocolate simply because they believe it causes heart disease.


Premise: Ditrama is a federation made up of three autonomous regions: Korva, Mitro, and Guadar. Under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federal revenues equal to the share of the total population of Ditrama residing in that region, as shown by a yearly population survey. Last year, the percentage of federal revenues Korva received for its share decreased somewhat even though the population survey on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that Korva' s population had increased.

Hypothesis: If the statements above are true, Korva's population grew by a smaller percentage than did the population of at least one of the other two autonomous regions must also have been shown by the population survey on which last year's revenue-sharing in Ditrama was based.


Premise: Experts hired to testify in court need to know how to make convincing presentations. Such experts are evaluated by juries in terms of their ability to present the steps by which they arrived at their conclusions clearly and confidently. As a result, some less expert authorities who are skilled at producing convincing testimony are asked to testify rather than highly knowledgeable but less persuasive experts.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Job applicants are usually hired because their skills and training best meet a recognized set of qualifications. Only rarely is a prospective employer convinced to tailor a position to suit the skills of a particular applicant' most closely conforms to the principle illustrated by the passage above.


Premise: Magazine editor: I know that some of our regular advertisers have been pressuring us to give favorable mention to their products in our articles, but they should realize that for us to yield to their wishes would actually be against their interests. To remain an effective advertising vehicle we must have loyal readership, and we would soon lose that readership if our readers suspect that our editorial integrity has been compromised by pandering to advertisers. Advertising-sales director: You underestimate the sophistication of our readers. They recognize that the advertisements we carry are not articles, so their response to the advertisements has never depended on their opinion of the editorial integrity of the magazine as a whole.

Hypothesis: The advertising-sales director's argument fails because the editor's argument does not depend on any assumption about readers' response to the advertisements they see in the magazine.


Premise: The world memory project is a continuation of the world heritage project. The world heritage project was launched by UNESCO in 1972, 20 years earlier than the world memory project. It focuses on the cultural and natural heritage with outstanding significance and universal value in the natural and artificial environment, such as history, aesthetics and archaeology, Buildings or sites of scientific and anthropological research value. The world memory project focuses on documentary heritage, specifically manuscripts, precious documents in any medium preserved in libraries and archives, and records of oral history.

Hypothesis: The main difference between world heritage projects and world memory projects is physical objects and records.


Premise: At present, college students generally lack the literacy of Chinese classical literature. According to the survey, only about 5% of college students like Yuanqu

Hypothesis: The lack of Chinese classical literature literacy can not be judged only by whether they like Yuan opera weakens the above view most.


Premise: China's deserts do provide the world's scientists with laboratories that are most similar to the Martian environment. Scientists have been to the coldest Antarctica and the driest Atacama Desert on Earth, but what they really need is an extreme environment that combines the two.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the Chinese desert provides an ideal place for extraterrestrial research.


Premise: Urbanization is the historical process of the transformation of human production and life style from rural to urban, which is manifested in the process of the transformation of rural population to urban population and the continuous development and improvement of cities. The communique of the Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that by 2020, the integration mechanism of urban and rural economic and social development will be basically established.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Industrialization of farmers' production methods, urbanization of lifestyles has the correct understanding of urbanization.


Premise: With the gradual improvement of social adaptability and the ability to distinguish between external self and internal self, children are gradually able to judge the social communication situation realistically and show complex social self according to these judgments. At the same time, the increasing stability of children's self-structure enables children to adjust their behavior according to their own internal value standards and belief system, as well as the needs of external situations.

Hypothesis: Children's judgment of social communication situation can reflect their social self is not in line with the meaning of the text.


Premise: Xiao Ming has to go to an English cram class outside the school every weekend. Xiao Qiang has never been to an English cram class. As a result, the English scores of Xiao Ming and Xiao Qiang in the final exam are 95 and 55 respectively. Therefore, the reason why Xiao Ming's English score is better than Xiao Qiang is that he went to an English cram class outside the school.

Hypothesis: If true, the most difficult to weaken the above assertion is that in the last English test, Xiao Ming and Xiao Qiang scored 99 and 39 respectively.


Premise: Homeowners aged 40 to 50 are more likely to purchase ice cream and are more likely to purchase it in larger amounts than are members of any other demographic group. The popular belief that teenagers eat more ice cream than adults must, ttherefore, be false.

Hypothesis: The argument is flawed primarily because the author discusses ice cream rather than more nutritious and healthful foods.


Premise: The moon is the only natural satellite on the earth and the only extraterrestrial planet that human beings can reach at present. In addition to man-made satellites, using this natural satellite to carry out remote sensing observation of the earth has many advantages and irreplaceable. The surface area of the moon is much larger than any man-made satellite, so the remote sensor is deployed on the moon without considering the load, size, weight, etc. Many different types of remote sensors can be placed at the same time to form the ability of active, passive and full band synchronous observation. It will have an in-depth understanding of observing large-scale geoscience phenomena-global environmental change, land sea air interaction, plate tectonics and solid tide, three pole comparative research, and may observe previously unknown scientific phenomena.

Hypothesis: The most accurate summary of the above words is that lunar earth observation has natural comprehensive advantages.


Premise: In order to alleviate the shortage of oil, China began to industrialize the technology of converting corn into fuel ethanol five years ago, commonly known as grain into oil, which has now become a more mature industry. China has had a bumper grain harvest for three consecutive years from 2004 to 2006, and the international oil price has reached a new high this year, but the National Development and Reform Commission has notified to stop the project of producing fuel ethanol from grain.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In China's corn growing areas, newly built ethanol plants in recent years have begun to compete with feed producers for raw materials' can best explain the above seemingly contradictory phenomena.


Premise: With the escalation of the situation in the Middle East, the price of crude oil in the international oil market has risen sharply. However, many economic analysts are optimistic that oil prices cannot continue to rise unless there is a sudden increase in demand or a collective boycott by the oil producing countries in the Middle East. If the oil producing countries in the Middle East do not unanimously take oil embargo or other similar actions, the demand for oil in the international market will not increase sharply.

Hypothesis: Oil prices rose in national stock markets can be inferred according to the above description.


Premise: All mobile phone displays that focus on portability features are not likely to be larger than 3.5 inches, while all mobile phone displays that focus on reading are larger than 35 inches. The S mobile phone has a 4-inch display.

Hypothesis: Based on the above facts, S brand mobile phones are easy to operate and carry.


Premise: Technical standards refer to the technical provisions on the quality, specifications and inspection methods of industrial and agricultural products and engineering construction, as well as the commonly used figures and symbols on technical documents. Is engaged in production, construction of a common basis.

Hypothesis: According to the definition, Industrial bureau of metallurgical machinery plant equipment smoke emission testing standards is a technical standard.


Premise: According to the continental drift hypothesis, many separate continents were now part of a large land mass in prehistoric times. The land began to break up because of the movement of the earth's crust. From this theory, it can be inferred that the east coast of South America was originally connected to the west coast of Africa.

Hypothesis: The statement that there is a large paleo-rock belt of the same type on the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa best supports the above conjecture.


Premise: The coach of a provincial go team selects four of the seven players E, F, G, H, J, K and M to participate in the professional league. The selection must meet the following conditions: one of E or F will participate, but not both. One of J or K participates, but not both. If J participates, G participates. M will not participate unless F participates.

Hypothesis: If H does not participate in the competition, G and K are required to participate in the competition.


Premise: According to reports, 248 middle schools in a poverty-stricken area have had classes synchronusly with key middle schools in a certain tier city through live broadcasts for 16 years. In the past 16 years, some of these 248 middle schools have turned out provincial champions, and some have raised the undergraduate enrollment rate more than ten times. From the data point of view, this live teaching model is very successful. However, it is regrettable that this successful model has not been widely promoted across the country.

Hypothesis: It is difficult for middle schools in most poverty-stricken areas to form a high-level faculty cannot explain this regrettable phenomenon.


Premise: In parts of South America, vitamin-A deficiency is a serious health problem, especially among children. In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new variety of sweet potato called SPK004 that is rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A. The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple of the region' s diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene.

Hypothesis: The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions in which SPK004 can flourish, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed.


Premise: In 1987 Fabrico, a clothing manufacturer, sold to its customers a total of 2. 3 million dollars worth of clothing, a 17 percent increase over 1986 sales. In January 1988, however, Fabrico closed one of its clothing factories, citing reduced demand for its products as the major reason.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Because of escalating costs for raw materials, prices charged by Fabrico for its products were on average 42 percent higher than they were in 1986' contributes most to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy noted between the sales figures and the reason offered for closing a factory.


Premise: According to promotional material published by the city of Springfield, more tourists stay in hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown. A brochure from the largest hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel in Springfield. If both of these sources are accurate, however, the Report on Tourism for the region must be in error in stating that __.

Hypothesis: The royal arms hotel is the only hotel in Springfield most logically completes the argument below.


Premise: Linda: The governor' s proposal to raise taxes to improve carpool lanes is unjust. Why should commuters who never use carpool lanes be forced to subsidize them? Mario: You are mistaken. The state government has always designated more funding to noncarpool lanes. The additional revenue raised from the tax increase will just allow the governor to distribute funds to all lanes more equally.

Hypothesis: Mario uses the argumentative strategy of arguing that programs that benefit the state as a whole benefit all citizens in the state in answering Linda.


Premise: Occupational gene refers to each person's career direction, all because of their own temperament to match, this temperament is in interpersonal communication and the formation of a strong personal color of psychological cultivation.

Hypothesis: Xiaoding, who is cheerful and lively, applied for a sales staff in a mall belongs to the theory of occupational gene according to the above definition.


Premise: Living gifts refer to the donation of money to children, grandchildren and other relatives when the donor decides to live, or to use it for vacations and the establishment of trust funds.

Hypothesis: Among the following options, the living gift is Mr. Li appearing at home after two years of disappearing.


Premise: Appealing to authority refers to the logical fallacy of quoting the authority's speech without analysis in the argument, and using it as a sufficient argument for the correctness of the thesis.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Boys and girls have different logic, said by a well-known professor all the time' contains the fallacy of appealing to authority.


Premise: If one does not have enough information to make a well-informed decision, one should not make a decision solely on the basis of the information one does possess. Instead, one should continue to seek information until a well-informed decision can be made.

Hypothesis: When deciding which career to pursue, one should consider carefully all of the information one has and not choose a career solely on the basis of financial compensation, but instead consider other factors such as how likely one is to succeed at the career and how much one would enjoy it. This most closely conforms to the principle stated above.


Premise: Cryptococcus neoformans first invades the body through infection in the lungs, and then spreads to other organs, including the brain, which can cause chest pain, dry cough, abdominal swelling, headache, blurred vision and other symptoms. Among them, cryptococcal meningitis is the most serious. If it is not treated in time, about 86% of the patients may die within a year; even though there are multiple drug treatments, the mortality rate remains at 40%. 65%. What is even more frightening is that among those patients who survived death, some patients may also leave sequelae such as blindness, hearing impairment, hemiplegia, headache, lower limb muscle atrophy and so on, and its disability rate is about 20%.

Hypothesis: Cryptococcosis is very harmful is mainly introduced in this passage.


Premise: A wise man once said, you must be tolerant three times. You must forgive yourself, because you cannot be perfect; you must forgive your enemies, because the fire of your anger will only affect yourself and your family; and perhaps the hardest thing to do in the search for happiness is that you must forgive your friends, because the closer your friends are, the more they will inadvertently slander you.  We are often too hard on others. Everyone is trying to prove that I am right and you are wrong. Only when you can hold the shortcomings of others or yourself can you hold the wind and rain of the whole world. Our forgiveness of others is also a blessing of ourselves.

Hypothesis: Tolerance is a blessing in one's life is mainly discussed in this passage.


Premise: Because the photo is light, the object is imprinted on the film. So, in a sense, every picture is real. However, the use of photos to show things is always different from things themselves, photos can not show complete authenticity, in this sense, it is false. So, just one photo can't finally prove anything

Hypothesis: The statement 'Anything that does not show complete authenticity can not constitute the final evidence' is the hypothesis that leads to the above conclusion.


Premise: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A research team found that the development of ALS is closely related to the number of AM bacteria in the gut. The researchers observed and compared gut microbiota and blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from 37 ALS patients and 29 healthy relatives. They found differences in gut bacterial strains, one of which was linked to nicotinamide production. In addition, nicotinamide levels decreased in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of these ALS patients.

Hypothesis: A prerequisite for the above research findings to hold is that changes in human gut bacteria are linked to disease progression in ALS.


Premise: Never pretend that children can be replaced by other things, just as never pretend that what you don't get is not worth it or missing.

Hypothesis: Pretend it's worth is the answer to the question 'Is what you don't get worth getting'.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: If H is on duty on the same day as the day before S, G is on duty in the second day must be true.


Premise: To treat a person justly is to treat that person with perfect impartiality. But our friends naturally expect us to attach more importance to their interests than to the interests of others. Hence, given that we try to maintain our friendships, we cannot succeed in being just to our friends.

Hypothesis: It is morally important to maintain close friendships must be assumed in order for the conclusion of the argument above to be properly drawn.


Premise: Reducing the death penalty does not mean that loopholes can be exploited. In fact, one of the conditions for abolishing the death penalty in any country is that the judicial justice in this country reaches a certain degree, otherwise people do not have confidence in the administration of justice, people will want to impose more death sentences, so they complement each other.

Hypothesis: The they in the above text refers to reduce the death penalty and national judicial justice.


Premise: Inference by complete induction: it refers to the conclusion that each individual food in a certain kind of food has a certain property, and this kind of food generally has this property:

Hypothesis: In a class society, literature and art have a class nature belongs to inference by complete induction.


Premise: The higher the altitude, the smaller the atmospheric pressure. Because the altitude of Lanzhou is higher than that of Tianjin, the atmospheric pressure of Lanzhou is lower than that of Tianjin.

Hypothesis: The reasoning that the older a tree is, the more rings it has and that the age of the locust tree in Lao Zhang's yard is older than that of Lao Li's family, so the locust tree of Lao Zhang's family has more rings than Lao Li's is similar to the reasoning in the question.


Premise: Social self-organization refers to a social organization that is established spontaneously, develops independently, acts independently, has a certain scale, exists in the form of non-governmental organizations, and gradually moves from disorder to order.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, A group of young people set up animal shelters to adopt all kinds of abandoned pets does not belong to social self-organization.


Premise: The tiny country of Minlandia does not produce its own television programming. Instead, the citizens of Minlandia, who generally are fluent not only in their native Minlandian, but also in Boltese, watch Boltese-language television programs from neighboring Bolta. Surveys show that the Minlandians spend on average more hours per week reading for pleasure and fewer hours per week watching television than people anywhere else in the world. A prominent psychologist accounts for the survey results by explaining that people generally prefer to be entertained in their native language even if they are perfectly fluent in other languages.

Hypothesis: At least some of what the Minlandians read for pleasure is in the Minlandian language is an assumption required by the psychologist's explanation of the Minlandians' behavior.


Premise: A village has a total of 800 acres of land, which is evenly distributed to 500 farmers

Hypothesis: Each farmer can be allocated 1.6 acres of land.


Premise: Sedimentary rock hardens within the earth' s crust as layers of matter accumulate and the pressure of the layers above converts the layers below into rock. One particular layer of sedimentary rock that contains an unusual amount of the element iridium has been presented as support for a theory that a meteorite collided with the earth some sixty million years ago. Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earth' s crust, and geologists theorize that a meteorite' s collision with the earth raised a huge cloud of iridium-laden dust. The dust, they say, eventually settled to earth where it combined with other matter, and as new layers accumulated above it, it formed a layer of iridium-rich rock.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Sixty million years ago there was a surge in volcanic activity in which the matter spewed from the volcanoes formed huge iridium-rich dust clouds' would counter the claim that the iridium-rich layer described in the passage is evidence for the meteorite collision theory.


Premise: In recent years, the rapid development of science and technology has not only provided inspiration for science fiction creation, but also provided rich materials for science fiction creation. The theme of science fiction revolves around the fantasy of science and technology, revealing the social problems brought by the development of science and technology and its enlightenment to human beings. Therefore, the vigorous development of science fiction is the result of the development of science and technology.

Hypothesis: Science fiction shows human aspirations and ultimately promotes the development of science and technology to make those dreams come true can best weaken the above conclusion.


Premise: The revocable of a contract refers to the fact that the expression of intent is not true, and the contract that has been in effect is eliminated through the exercise of the right of cancellation by the person with the right to cancel. A contract with a reason for cancellation is called a cancelable contract. This type of contract is mostly a contract established due to a major misunderstanding. Contracts established due to fraud, contracts established due to duress, etc.

Hypothesis: A urgently needs money for medical treatment, B offers to buy A's precious oil painting at a price nearly 5 times lower than the market, and A reluctantly signs a contract with B is an example of contracts that are revocable.


Premise: A crime research report revealed that 60% of serious criminal cases in a city in the past three years were committed by 350 habitual criminals on record. The report also reveals that more than half of the perpetrators of serious criminal cases are also drug addicts.

Hypothesis: If the above assertions are true, most of the drug addicts are among 350 habitual criminals must be true.


Premise: Due to problems in chemical fertilizers, pesticide application and management techniques in recent years, the production of green onions in the main producing areas of northern China has dropped significantly, and domestic prices have risen rapidly. If we want to maintain domestic prices, we must strictly limit the export of green onions. Because the export contracts of companies engaged in the export trade of green onions are signed at low prices, if they continue to perform the contracts when the price of green onions rises sharply, these companies will suffer serious losses. However, if the export of green onions is strictly restricted, China's share of the international green onion market will be replaced by other countries or regions.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, then if we want to maintain the stability of domestic green onion prices, we will lose our share of the international green onion market.


Premise: Perception cannot be a relationship between a conscious being and a material object that causes that being to have beliefs about that object. For there are many imperceptible material objects about which we have beliefs.

Hypothesis: The statement "Liberty cannot be the obligation of other people not to prevent one from doing as one wishes. For no matter what one tries to do some people will try to prevent it" is most closely parallel in its flawed reasoning to the flawed reasoning in the argument above.


Premise: The psychologists examined 450 middle-aged men and women, ranging from white-collar and blue-collar workers to skill-judgment and decision-makers. It turns out that executives in key positions are generally fatter than the average employee. The researchers believe that the stress of making many decisions is relieved by diet, which ultimately changes the eating habits of executives to a certain extent. If you are lucky enough to get promoted, you will find that it is not only salary changes. more, and his waistline is also getting thicker, along with the weight gain.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is more difficult for senior executives to take time out to exercise to shrink their waistlines' most casts doubt on the above conclusion.


Premise: Principle: People should buy an expensive antique only if they can be confident of its authenticity and they find the piece desirable for its intrinsic qualities and not just for its value as an investment. Application: Matilde should not buy the expensive antique vase offered for sale on the Internet.

Hypothesis: While this style of vase is not currently sought after by other collectors, Matilde has acquired quite a few similar pieces and has developed significant expertise in identifying counterfeits most helps to justify the above application of the principle.


Premise: The accumulation standard refers to the actual allowable concentration of a specific chemical substance in the sediment that does not cause harm to the benthic organisms or the quality of the overlying water body.It is not only the improvement of water quality benchmarks, but also the basis for evaluating sediment pollution and ecological risks, and a basic element of lake ecological environmental quality evaluation. Foreign research on sediment benchmarks began in the 1980s, but has not yet formed a complete and comprehensive a unified sediment benchmark system. Due to the complexity of the migration, transformation, bioaccumulation and interface processes of pollutants in sediments, there is still a lack of key research methods. Many domestic scientists have done a lot of useful exploration, but research is still relatively fragmented, and no national authorities have issued benchmark standards for lake sediments.

Hypothesis: There have been many advances in the research on sediment benchmarks is meant to illustrate.


Premise: If criticism is not free, praise is meaningless. In a sense, the credibility of praise depends on the freedom of criticism. If we are in an environment where we can't freely express criticism, no matter how fully the voice of praise is expressed, we can't let the public believe it, Because the most authentic evaluation is always produced in a freely competitive speech environment. Once this institutional soil to ensure the credibility of praise speech is missing, even if the praise really comes from the true feelings of the parties, the effect will be greatly reduced.

Hypothesis: The most accurate gist of the passage is that both criticism and praise need a free speech environment.


Premise: Scientists have discovered that the rifting process at the bottom of the ocean never stops. The discovery may answer a question that has attracted attention. Earth's days are lengthening by 1/700 of a second, or half a second for every year that passes, and it is predicted that in another 200 million years there will be only 250 days in a year.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The ocean floor rifts spread, and the Earth's rotation slows' is the most accurate answer to a question that has attracted attention according to the above definition.


Premise: In today's era, our labor can be divided into two parts, one is the labor paid in order to obtain the necessary means of livelihood for today's survival, and the other is the labor paid in advance for development.When the ratio of the former is greater than the latter, it shows that our labor is still in a lower stage, while the latter is much larger than the former, it means that our labor level has been greatly improved.Therefore, only through social development and progress and improving people's efficiency and level can we truly realize the complete liberation of human beings.

Hypothesis: In today's era, the main purpose of our labor is to obtain the means of living necessary for survival is correct according to the above materials.


Premise: Explicit cost: refers to the actual expenditure of the manufacturer to purchase or rent the production factors needed in the production factor market, that is, the monetary amount that the company pays to the owner of economic resources outside the company. For example, the production costs paid, wage costs, marketing Expenses, etc., so it is a tangible cost.

Hypothesis: A monthly salary of 10,000 yuan paid by the company to the department manager is not an explicit cost according to the above definition.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: K and G are not on duty on the same day must be true.


Premise: In the 400-meter race, Luo, Fang, Xu, Lu, Tian and Shi were divided into a group. They are standing on track 1 to 6 from the inside out. With regard to their location, it is known that: (1) the track of Tian and Shi is adjacent; (2) the number of Lu's track is smaller than that of Luo; (3) there are two tracks between Tian and Luo; (4) the track number of Fang is smaller than Lu, and there are two tracks in the middle.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Tian may be on track 6.


Premise: According to four major studies conducted over the past decade, the number of obese children in Beijing's urban areas has been on the rise, with more than 85 percent of children of the same age being considered obese.

Hypothesis: The number of non-obese children in urban Beijing has also been on the rise for a decade if the findings in the survey are correct.


Premise: House economy, also called idler economy, refers to the phenomenon that people allocate holiday time to family life and reduce consumption and bring business opportunities.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, providing on-site CD rental service near a residential area is considered as house economy.


Premise: To act responsibly in one' s professional capacity, one must act on the basis of information that one has made a reasonable effort to make sure is accurate and complete.

Hypothesis: Jennifer did not act responsibly in deciding where to go on her vacation because, instead of carefully weighing her options, she waited until the last minute and decided on impulse is a judgment that most closely conforms to the principle cited above.


Premise: The economic system belongs to the relations of production. At present, although the relations of production of public ownership is dominant in our country, but productivity is low,.The contradiction that causes productivity and Relations of production is very outstanding.

Hypothesis: To reform the economic system, we must first vigorously develop the productivity can be inferred.


Premise: During 1991 the number of people in the town of Bayburg who received municipal food assistance doubled, even though the number of people in Bayburg whose incomes were low enough to qualify for such assistance remained unchanged.

Hypothesis: The statement "During 1991 Bayburg's program of rent assistance for low-income tenants advertised widely and then informed all applicants about other assistance programs for which they would be qualified" most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above.


Premise: In the process of moving from developing China to economically developed countries, a large amount of capital support is an essential condition, and a high savings rate is a necessary condition for obtaining a large amount of capital. At present, China is in the period of economic take-off. Therefore, a high savings rate is a normal and reasonable phenomenon in the current economic development.

Hypothesis: If we don't get a lot of capital support, the savings rate is not high can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: On Saturday Melvin suggested that Jerome take the following week off from work and accompany him on a trip to the mountains. Jerome refused, claiming that he could not afford the cost of the trip added to the wages he would forfeit by taking off without notice. It is clear, however, that cost cannot be the real reason for Jerome' s unwillingness to go with Melvin to the mountains, since he makes the same excuse every time Melvin asks him to take an unscheduled vacation regardless of where Melvin proposes to go.

Hypothesis: The reasoning is most vulnerable to the criticism that it does not examine the possibility that Jerome's behavior is adequately explained by the reason he gives for it.


Premise: A mathematical theorem proved by one mathematician should not be accepted until each step in its proof has been independently verified. Computer-assisted proofs generally proceed by conducting a vast number of calculations -- surveying all the possible types of instances in which the theorem could apply and proving that the theorem holds for each type. In most computer-assisted proofs there are astronomically many types of instances to survey, and no human being could review every step in the proof. Hence, computer-assisted proofs involving astronomically many types of instances should not be accepted.

Hypothesis: The use of an independent computer program does not satisfy the requirement for independent verification of each step in a proof that is extended enough to be otherwise unverifiable is an assumption on which the argument relies.


Premise: Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) is potentially fatal; consequently, patients with symptoms strongly suggesting appendicitis almost always have their appendix removed. The appropriate surgery is low-risk but performed unnecessarily in about 20 percent of all cases. A newly developed internal scan for appendicitis is highly accurate, producing two misdiagnoses for every 98 correct diagnoses. Clearly, using this test, doctors can largely avoid unnecessary removals of the appendix without, however, performing any fewer necessary ones than before, since __.

Hypothesis: The misdiagnoses produced by this test are always instances of attributing appendicitis to someone who does not, in fact, have it most logically completes the passage.


Premise: O2O marketing method: OnlineToOffline, which refers to a business marketing model that uses the Internet as the front desk and uses online marketing to drive offline consumption. It usually includes merchants providing online product information, discount information, service reservations, consumer online prepaid, offline consumption, etc,offline consumption and other links to complete commodity transactions.

Hypothesis: Xiaolan saw a long skirt she likes in a fashion magazine. Through a price comparison website, she found that the same long skirt in a shopping mall near her unit was on sale, so she bought it during the noon break is not O2O marketing methods.


Premise: In order to allow residents to have housing, a city to raise funds to promote the construction of affordable housing. Next year, the division's housing construction into the completion of the climax. At present, the general concern of the public is aroused by how to define the eligibility for housing protection. Some people think that affordable housing is funded by the Government and therefore can only be purchased by the public. For non-residents of this city, should not have the qualifications to apply for affordable housing.

Hypothesis: In addition to government finance, there is also a large amount of commercial capital to finance housing construction best challenges this view.


Premise: A recent study concludes that prehistoric birds, unlike modern birds, were cold-blooded. This challenges a widely held view that modern birds descended from warm-blooded birds. The conclusion is based on the existence of growth rings in prehistoric birds' bodily structures, which are thought to be found only in cold-blooded animals. Another study, however, disputes this view. It concludes that prehistoric birds had dense blood vessels in their bones, which suggests that they were active creatures and ttherefore had to be warm-blooded.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In some cold-blooded species the gene that is responsible for growth rings is also responsible for dense blood vessels' would most help to resolve the dispute described above in favor of one party to it.


Premise: A new batch of liberal arts books were purchased by the library of a school. For the convenience of readers, the management staff made the following tips on the placement of these books in the new liberal arts book reading room: (1) The first three rows of bookcases have new philosophy books; (2) The new law books are all placed in the first three rows of bookcases.The left side of this row of bookcases also contains new economic books; (3) The new management books are placed in the last row of bookcases. In fact. All books are placed in accordance with the above tips. According to the prompt, Xu Li successfully found the new book she wanted to read.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, Xu Li finding a new philosophy book in the fourth row of bookcases is impossible.


Premise: A foreign company buys insects such as pseudo-walkers and crickets from farmers, processes them into powder or oil, and then mixes them with other ingredients to make delicious food that makes people unable to eat insects. The company made a profit of millions of dollars by selling the food in 2019. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization affirmed the company's practice and pointed out that eating insects is conducive to dealing with worldwide food shortages and malnutrition.

Hypothesis: Insects are rich in protein, fat, supplements vitamins and iron, and are large and low-cost supplementary foods can be used as the premise of the above argument.


Premise: Social justice is not an abstract concept that arises out of thin air in people's minds, but the development of social development that comes into being with the emergence of society.Under different historical conditions, people's understanding of social justice is different. Engels once pointed out that the fairness of the Greeks and Romans believed that slavery was fair.The fairness of the bourgeoisie in 1789 demanded the abolition of feudalism because it was said to be unfair, so the concept of permanent fairness varied not only according to local conditions, but even from person to person.

Hypothesis: The most likely meaning of the passage is that social justice has class character.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: The order of the exhibition is Y, S, M, X, Q, K.


Premise: Obligatory norms require people to do or not to do certain acts in some way. Authorized norms show that people have the right to do or not to do certain acts. The relationship between the two is: when an act is established as an obligation, it is also established as a right; denying that an act is an obligation does not mean denying that it is a right; when an act is established as a right, it does not mean that this kind of behavior is an obligation; denying a certain act is a right, that is, denying that a certain act is an obligation.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement 'If it is stipulated that citizens have the right to vote, it means that citizens have the duty to elect' is wrong.


Premise: Whether a person does good behavior or bad behavior depends on the length of his life. If he only had one day to live, it would be best for him to steal people's things, because he would not suffer the pain of fear of being caught. Stealing is not the best thing for someone who has 20 years left to live because he will suffer from the fear of being caught.

Hypothesis: The statement 'For some thieves, the condemnation of conscience can cause more pain than the fear of being caught' would weaken the above argument.


Premise: Xiao Quesang is a popular word on the Internet, which refers to small and definite depression, a small worry that continues to occur in daily life but cannot get rid of. Some experts have proposed that in the face of Xiao Quesang, people should not accept or endure it helplessly, but should make efforts to turn it into Xiao Quexing. Xiao Quexing is the tiny and real sense of luck and happiness that happens to happen in one's own life that people vaguely expect in their hearts.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Xiao Zhang's determination to buy a 5G mobile phone and the price reduction of 500 yuan belong to Xiaoquexing.


Premise: In the fight against child trafficking, the police rescued a boy, in order to identify his hometown, the police conducted an investigation: Insider A said he may be from Sichuan, may also be from Guizhou; Insider B said he can't be from Sichuan; Insider C said he's definitely from Sichuan; insider D said he's not from Guizhou. The police determined that there was only one person whose story could not be trusted.

Hypothesis: The boy's hometown can be identified by the police as Sichuan according to the above.


Premise: Psychologist: Doctors should never prescribe sedatives for people with insomnia. Most cases of insomnia that psychologists treat are known to be caused by psychological stress. This suggests that insomniacs do not need drugs that alter their biochemistry, but rather need psychotherapy to help them alleviate the stress causing their insomnia.

Hypothesis: It presumes, without providing warrant, that insomnia contributes to an inability to cope with stress is a flaw in the psychologist's reasoning.


Premise: In response to high mortality in area hospitals, surgery was restricted to emergency procedures during a five-week period. Mortality in these hospitals was found to have fallen by nearly one-third during the period. The number of deaths rose again when elective surgery (surgery that can be postponed) was resumed. It can be concluded that, before the five-week period, the risks of elective surgery had been incurred unnecessarily often in the area.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Elective surgery is, in general, less risky than is emergency surgery because the conditions requiring or indicating surgery are often less severe' most seriously undermines the conclusion above.


Premise: In the development of more than 5000 years of civilization, the Chinese nation has created a broad and profound splendid culture. At present, how to make the cultural relics collected in the forbidden palace, the heritage displayed in the vast land, and the words written in ancient books alive has become a realistic problem that we must face. Just imagine, if traditional culture loses its connection with the times, lacks emotional communication and spiritual understanding with modern people, and only a few people sigh at each other in the study, what's the difference between that and a bunch of scattered symbols and rigid materials? Only by starting from the deep sleep and from the world of the museum building to the great world, can we cultivate more innovative cultural self-confidence with the characteristics of the times.

Hypothesis: The emphasis of this paragraph is that cultural relics should be out of a closed state and open to the public.


Premise: Perceptual defense refers to an ideological method of self-protection of individuals, which makes it easier for people to observe, to meet the needs of individuals, and to meet the needs of individuals unrelated things, is to turn a blind eye, listen without asking.

Hypothesis: Aspiring people should worry before everyone and have fun after everyone is not a perceptual defense.


Premise: At around 37°C, the human body is able to use minimal power to maintain a balance of body needs. That is to say, humans can achieve maximum mobility by acquiring a small amount of energy at 37°C. Therefore, for more than a century, 37 ℃ has been regarded as the body temperature standard for human health. However, a recent study revealed that in the past century, human body temperature has been getting lower and lower under normal conditions, about 0.03 ℃ every 10 years.

Hypothesis: The statement "The greenhouse effect causes global temperature to rise, and it also makes humans cool down to fight the heat" least supports the above conclusion.


Premise: A local group had planned a parade for tomorrow, but city hall has not yet acted on its application for a permit. The group had applied for the permit well in advance, had made sure their application satisfied all the requirements, and was clearly entitled to a permit. Although the law prohibits parades without a permit, the group plans to proceed with its parade. The group' s leader defended its decision by appealing to the principle that citizens need not refrain from actions that fail to comply with the law if they have made a good-faith effort to comply but are prevented from doing so by government inaction.

Hypothesis: A city resident applied for rezoning of her property so that she could build a bowling alley in a residential community, based on the need for recreational facilities in the community. This action would be justified by the principle to which the leader of the group appealed in defending the decision to proceed.


Premise: Not long ago, there were many people type typography, morning paper sending and mechanical typing, and some people were skilled in these occupations. Today, these occupations have disappeared from society. Due to the development of genetic technology, it may help Mankind solves the problem of myopia, a few years later, today's very prosperous glasses industry may also tend to disappear.

Hypothesis: Some people's career changes are related to technological development can be derived.


Premise: A community with a shared future for mankind means to take into account the reasonable concerns of other countries when pursuing its own interests, and to promote the common development of all countries in the pursuit of its own development. Mankind has only one earth, and all countries coexist in the same world. It is necessary to advocate the consciousness of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the statement that "China is willing to always be a builder of world peace, a contributor to global development, and a defender of international order" is not in line with the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind.


Premise: In the headquarters of a famous multinational company, all the employees who know English are not proficient in Indonesian, some people who know English are not proficient in Spanish, some people who know Korean are proficient in Indonesian, all those who know Korean are proficient in Spanish, some who know Korean are proficient in English.

Hypothesis: If the above statement is true, some people who understand Indonesian are not proficient in Spanish is false.


Premise: Some managers think that the best way to maximize employee performance is to institute stiff competition among employees. However, in situations where one competitor is perceived to be clearly superior, other competitors become anxious and doubt their own ability to perform. Thus, stiff competition can undermine the result it was intended to achieve.

Hypothesis: Doubting one's own ability to perform can decrease one's overall performance is an assumption required by the argument.


Premise: Traditionally, the most highly sought cars have been the sports cars and similar two-door models. Nevertheless, Zincstone Motors has chosen to eliminate the last two-door models and produce only four-door models.

Hypothesis: The statement "As American consumers lose access to car manufacturers who produce two-door cars, and as two-door cars occupy smaller and smaller shares of the United States car market, American consumers' tastes tend to shift from two-door cars" would most help to explain Zincstone Motors' strategy.


Premise: Rickets mood is one kind of the mood that is suppressed or that cannot be fully revealed or fully exploited.

Hypothesis: At the karaoke concert, Pang Xu could not sing the high note because of the high pitch, so he had to finish the song reluctantly. After the concert, he burst into tears does not belong to the rickets mood.


Premise: In the Centerville Botanical Gardens, all tulip trees are older than any maples. A majority, but not all, of the garden' s sycamores are older than any of its maples. All the garden' s maples are older than any of its dogwoods.

Hypothesis: Some sycamores are not as old as the oldest dogwoods must also be true of trees in the Centerville Botanical Gardens if the statements above are true.


Premise: Psychologist: Although studies of young children have revealed important facts about the influence of the environment on language acquisition, it is clear that one cannot attribute such acquisition solely to environmental influences: innate mechanisms also play a role. So, the most reasonable question that ought to be studied is whether__.

Hypothesis: Innate mechanisms play a more important role in language acquisition than a child's immediate environment most logically completes the passage.


Premise: ①Language is a symbol system, and the symbol system of each language bears the imprint of culture, which is the result of the collective cognition of the language community, and is the carrier of culture, which is the body of language. ②Language and Culture is one with two sides, and no one can completely separate language and culture. This is determined by the attributes of language. ③Therefore, there is no need to highlight cultural communication in international Chinese education, because learning a language is impossible without involving this kind of language. The cultural content carried by language is self-evident .④the values of people and social groups who use this language implicit in language, and such values are often unaware of. ⑤ language is also thinking Tools and communication tools. When we use a language to think and communicate, it is impossible not to be influenced by this language. This is like the use of a language.

Hypothesis: If you rearrange the above five sentences, the correct word order is ②①⑤④③.


Premise: The predecessor of the Han nationality is basically Yan Emperor, and the two ethnic groups left by the Yellow Emperor are called Huaxia (some people think that Huaxia is a nation living in the Central Plains, Xia is a big country. There is etiquette to call it a great country; there is an article to call it China. Huaxia is the predecessor of the Han nationality. The concept of the Han nationality originated from the Wuhu Sixteen Kingdoms and was fixed later, so Huaxia is often used in the book to replace the Han nationality. The word China first comes from Yu Qizhai China by he Zun (unearthed in Baoji in the 1960 s) of the Zhou Dynasty.

Hypothesis: The statement "The Central Plains, the center of Chinese national life" gives an accurate understanding of China in the last sentence of this passage.


Premise: Commissioner: I have been incorrectly criticized for having made my decision on the power plant issue prematurely. I based my decision on the report prepared by the neighborhood association and, although I have not studied it thoroughly, I am sure that the information it contains is accurate. Moreover, you may recall that when I received input from the neighborhood association on jail relocation, I agreed with its recommendation.

Hypothesis: The commissioner's argument is LEAST vulnerable to the criticism that it takes for granted that the association's report is the only direct evidence that needed to be considered.


Premise: Very powerful volcanic eruptions send large amounts of ash high into the atmosphere, blocking sunlight and causing abnormally cold temperatures for a year or more after the eruption. In 44 B. C. there was a powerful eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily. In the following year, Chinese historians recorded summer frosts and dimmed sunlight in China, thousands of miles east of Sicily. If these phenomena were caused by volcanic ash in the atmosphere, then the ash sent into the atmosphere by Mount Etna' s eruption must have spread over great distances.

Hypothesis: It would be most important to determine whether there were any volcanic eruptions near China around the time of Mount Etna's eruption in evaluating the support given for the conclusion advanced in the last sentence of the passage.


Premise: Sixty percent of America's wind farms are located along a narrow corridor that stretches from Texas to the Great Lakes.Studies have shown that most of the areas where wind power has dropped the most in the past year coincide with this corridor.As a result, U.S. wind power output in the past year was significantly lower than the previous year.

Hypothesis: The vast majority of wind power plants under construction or planned in the United States are also concentrated in this corridor is required for the inference to be valid.


Premise: Kimmy is a world famous actress. Millions of people downloaded her leaked movie co-starring her previous boyfriend. Kimmy earns millions through her television show and marketing appearances. There' s little wonder that paparazzi track her every move.

Hypothesis: The primary purpose of the argument is to argue that Kimmy does not deserve her fame.


Premise: Staggered employment refers to college graduates who actively choose short-term study tours, internships, entrepreneurial investigations or voluntary services at the peak of job hunting, and postpone personal employment in order to find more suitable jobs.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In the graduation season, unlike other students who were busy sending resumes, Xiao Jin set up a shared office rental service company when he was a sophomore. As soon as he graduated, he could devote himself to the operation and management of the company' describes staggered employment.


Premise: Public policy is an action plan or action rule formulated by a social public authority in a specific situation to achieve a certain goal.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Public authorities and non-governmental public organizations is not a public policy.


Premise: People with higher-than-average blood levels of a normal dietary by-product called homocysteine are twice as likely to be diagnosed with Alzheimer' s disease as are those with average or below-average homocysteine levels. Thus, it is likely that the risk of developing Alzheimer' s disease could be reduced by including in one' s diet large amounts of B vitamins and folic acid, which convert homocysteine into substances known to have no relation to Alzheimer' s disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People whose relatives contracted Alzheimer's disease are much more likely to develop Alzheimer's than those whose relatives did not' most seriously weakens the argument.