Premise: A scientist recently proposed a new idea: the Earth Plate movement began no later than 3.5 billion years ago. He reasoned that plate tectonics must transform the natural dark mafic rocks into light-colored felsic rocks. And by 3.5 billion years ago, the earth already had light-colored felsic rocks.

Hypothesis: The statement that the explanation that felsic rocks account for a much higher proportion of the natural world than mafic rocks seems to be plate tectonics alone, but early plate tectonic movements are likely to have been intermittent and localized most challenges the expert's opinion.


Premise: If public historiography belongs to history, then none of the three first-tier disciplines of history (Chinese history, world history and archaeology) can contain it alone, not to mention that it contains non-historical elements such as literature, communication, art and so on. In European and American universities, public historiography is either a professional degree program established by the history department or an interdisciplinary program established by the cooperation of history pedagogy and art major. Therefore, if Chinese public historiography wants to have its own unique discipline attribute, it must be clear on this point.

Hypothesis: The most suitable title for this passage is 'What kind of discipline is public historiography?'


Premise: The tiny country of Minlandia does not produce its own television programming. Instead, the citizens of Minlandia, who generally are fluent not only in their native Minlandian, but also in Boltese, watch Boltese-language television programs from neighboring Bolta. Surveys show that the Minlandians spend on average more hours per week reading for pleasure and fewer hours per week watching television than people anywhere else in the world. A prominent psychologist accounts for the survey results by explaining that people generally prefer to be entertained in their native language even if they are perfectly fluent in other languages.

Hypothesis: The statement 'When Minlandians watch Boltese television programs, they tend to ignore the fact that they are hearing a foreign language spoken' is an assumption required by the explanation offered by the psychologist to account for the Minlandians' behavior.


Premise: The content of r-globulin in the blood of tropical residents is higher, while the content of protein is lower. The content of protein in the blood of residents in the cold zone is higher, while the content of r-globulin is lower, which is related to the fact that residents in the cold zone are mainly meat, while tropical residents are mainly vegetarian.

Hypothesis: The main meaning of the above paragraph is that food structure affects the proportion of human blood components.


Premise: In recent years, with the development of mobile Internet, big data and artificial intelligence technology, a lot of new business type has emerged. For example, the very popular live broadcast with goods, and so on, many new products and even traditional products have achieved good results through the promotion of these new business type. Similar to new technologies such as push and live broadcast, new business type can stimulate those potential consumption. It shows that there is room for further exploration in the re-saturated market, and the key is whether consumers can find and meet more levels of needs other than the simple material needs of consumers, such as fruits, which can also be bought in supermarkets, but products with live broadcast are pushed from poor areas, and buying on the platform has an extra layer of social significance.

Hypothesis: Making good use of new technology and new business type can explore a larger market is the most important part of this passage.


Premise: P: Because an elected official needs the support of a political party to be effective, the independent candidate for the legislature cannot possibly be an effective legislator is she wins. Q: I disagree. By your reasoning, our current legislator, who has the support of a political party, ought to have been effective, but he has not been.

Hypothesis: It mistakenly interprets P to be claiming that a factor assures, rather than is necessary for, a legislator's effectiveness is the best criticism of Q's statement.


Premise: Kimmy is a world famous actress. Millions of people downloaded her leaked movie co-starring her previous boyfriend. Kimmy earns millions through her television show and marketing appearances. There' s little wonder that paparazzi track her every move.

Hypothesis: The primary purpose of the argument is to establish that Kimmy is a highly compensated and extremely popular television and movie actress.


Premise: The restoration of ancient books is a very practical work, if you can not get in touch with ancient books, even if you have learned the relevant knowledge, it is difficult to improve the practical ability. Although the restoration of ancient books can be regarded as a skill, it requires literature, bibliography, and even background knowledge of science and engineering such as materials and chemistry to work better and requires a higher level of education. Libraries, museums and other recruitment units usually have high academic requirements for candidates for the restoration of ancient books, requiring bachelor's degree or above, but at present, the academic education of ancient books restoration major in our country is mainly higher vocational college education. This makes the talent needs of cultural and cultural institutions can not be met, and people with some practical skills are useless.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that the cultivation of talents for the restoration of ancient books is seriously out of touch with the actual needs.


Premise: Lawyer: Juries are traditionally given their instructions in convoluted, legalistic language. The verbiage is intended to make the instructions more precise, but greater precision is of little use if most jurors have difficulty understanding the instructions. Since it is more important for jurors to have a basic but adequate understanding of their role than it is for the details of that role to be precisely specified, jury instructions should be formulated in simple, easily comprehensible language.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, strengthens the lawyer's argument EXCEPT the statement 'Jury instructions formulated in simple, easily comprehensible language can adequately describe the role of the jurors.'


Premise: Peripheral products refer to goods made by authorizing the use of characters or animals in animation, comics, games and other works.

Hypothesis: An entertainment company has developed a very popular animated film, which simultaneously launches toys and costumes of the protagonist's image belongs to the peripheral product according to the above definition.


Premise: At Flordyce University any student who wants to participate in a certain archaeological dig is eligible to do so but only if the student has taken at least one archaeology course and has shown an interest in the field. Many students who have shown an interest in archaeology never take even one archaeology course. Ttherefore, many students who want to participate in the dig will be ineligible to do so.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning of the argument 'For a horse that is well schooled to be ideal for beginning riders that horse must also be surefooted and gentle. Many horses that are surefooted are not gentle. Therefore many well-schooled horses are not ideal for beginning riders' is most similar to that of the argument above.


Premise: I remember that he once expressed his dissatisfaction to me because some writers were too rigid in grammar, thinking that it was too trivial, too rigid, and too pedantic.

Hypothesis: He thinks it is too rigid to stick to grammatical norms supports this view.


Premise: The principle of exception means that the senior management personnel of the enterprise authorize the general daily affairs to be handled by the subordinate management personnel, and they themselves retain the decision-making and control rights of the exceptions, which are generally important matters.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the principle of exception is that in a management center, the deputy general manager has the right to decide on the determination of part-time personnel, while the general manager has the right to decide on the determination of full-time personnel.


Premise: A bacterial species will inevitably develop greater resistance within a few years to any antibiotics used against it, unless those antibiotics eliminate that species completely. However, no single antibiotic now on the market is powerful enough to eliminate bacterial species X completely.

Hypothesis: The statement 'It is unlikely that any antibiotic can be developed that will completely eliminate bacterial species X' is most strongly supported by the statements above.


Premise: Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B. C. , <b> the fact that the text of these Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right </b> indicates that the Greeks adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries before these inscriptions were produced. After all, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and presumably, along with the alphabet, they also adopted the then-current Phoenician practice with respect to the direction of text. <b> And although Phoenician writing was originally inconsistent in direction, by the eighth century B. C. Phoenician was consistently written from right to left and had been for about two centuries </b>.

Hypothesis: The first is evidence that forms the basis for an objection to the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a consideration that is introduced to counter the force of that evidence is the role played by the two portions in boldface in the argument given.


Premise: The record of examination in criminal proceedings refers to the fact that the investigators conduct their own personal inspection and observation, and make objective records in order to determine certain characteristics, injuries and physiological state of the victim, suspect, defendant.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, when interrogating the witness, the judge asked the investigators to show items related to the case for the witness to identify does not belong to the inspection in the inspection record in criminal proceedings.


Premise: If one does not have enough information to make a well-informed decision, one should not make a decision solely on the basis of the information one does possess. Instead, one should continue to seek information until a well-informed decision can be made.

Hypothesis: Of the following, the statement 'When one wants to buy a reliable car, one should not choose which car to buy just on the inadequate basis of one's personal experience with cars. Rather, one should study various models' reliability histories that summarize many owners' experiences' most closely conforms to the principle stated above.


Premise: Health transmission is a kind of behavior that transforms medical research results into public health knowledge, and reduces morbidity and mortality through the change of public life attitude and behavior mode, and effectively improves the life quality and health standard of a community or country.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, a provincial TV station broadcasting a drug advertisement for cataract prevention does not belong to health transmission.


Premise: In a study, parents were asked to rate each television program that their children watched. The programs were rated for violent content on a scale of one to five, with one indicating no violence and five indicating a great deal. The number of times their children were disciplined in school was also recorded. Children who watched programs with an average violence rating of three or higher were 50 percent more likely to have been disciplined than other children.

Hypothesis: Each of the following, if true, helps to explain the statistical relationship described above EXCEPT: When parents watch violent programs on television with their children, those children become more likely to regard antisocial behavior as legitimate. This statement does not help to explain the statistical relationship described above.


Premise: Public policy is an action plan or action rule formulated by a social public authority in a specific situation to achieve a certain goal.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, policies of village committee is not a public policy.


Premise: Most people who have taken a seminar for building organizational skills in the workplace have indeed become more organized as a result; however, despite having become more organized, few have become any more efficient.

Hypothesis: Most people who have taken a seminar for building organizational skills in the workplace have below-average organizational skills before they enroll in the seminar would most help to resolve the apparent discrepancy described above.


Premise: If we do not try to raise the income of the low-income people, the society will be unstable; if the private economy is not allowed to get a return, the economy will not go up. In the face of the dilemma of income and distribution, it is correct to advocate that efficiency is priority and giving consideration to fairness. If we listen to the proposition that fairness is priority and give consideration to efficiency, China's economy will return to the era of neither efficiency nor fairness.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis on which the above argument depends is that advocating that efficiency is priority and giving consideration to fairness will not bring the economy back to the era of neither efficiency nor fairness.


Premise: Inductive reasoning refers to reasoning from special to general.

Hypothesis: Inductive reasoning is the process of making generalizations based on observations or specific examples. In the given statement, the speaker uses their knowledge of China's ancient civilization to draw a conclusion about their own cultural values, so it is an example of inductive reasoning. The statement can be transformed into the following: The process of making generalizations based on observations or specific examples is inductive reasoning.


Premise: Versailles literature refers to a way of speaking in a low-key but actually self-showing way of speaking in a variety of public occasions by suppressing and then raising, openly derogating and praising.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhang said to his high school classmates who attended the party: my family lives at the foot of the hill. There are not many families nearby. The surroundings are very quiet. Sometimes squirrels break into the backyard, but it is a little far from the city center, and the traffic is not very convenient belongs to Versailles literature.


Premise: The official listing of an animal species as endangered triggers the enforcement of legal safeguards designed to protect endangered species, such as tighter animal export and trade restrictions and stronger antipoaching laws. Nevertheless, there have been many cases in which the decline in the wild population of a species was more rapid after that species was listed as endangered than before it was so listed.

Hypothesis: Animals are more desirable to collectors when they are perceived to be rare does most to account for the increase in the rate of population decline described above.


Premise: Commodity price difference: refers to the price difference of the same commodity due to different circulation links, quality, purchase and sales areas and seasons.

Hypothesis: Rice from Northeast China is cheaper in Northeast than in Hunan does not belong to the commodity price difference according to the definition.


Premise: Ostrich farming requires far less acreage than cattle ranching requires, and ostriches reproduce much faster than cattle. Starting out in cattle ranching requires a large herd of cows, one bull, and at least two acres per cow. By contrast, two pairs of yearling ostriches and one acre of similar land are enough to begin ostrich farming. The start-up costs for ostrich farming are greater, but it can eventually bring in as much as five times what cattle ranching does.

Hypothesis: Cattle ranching is not a good source of income is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: The Matthew effect refers to a phenomenon in which the good is better, the bad is worse, the more is more, and the less is less.

Hypothesis: Anyone can just buy only one lottery ticket and win the jackpot does not belong to the Matthew Effect.


Premise: Affected by the film and television capital Winter and policy tightening, the overall size of the original series shrank in 2019. Film and television data show that the overall number of shows dropped by 6% in 2019, from 452 to 377, but the average score of the top 30 shows rose from 5.96 in 2018 to 6.51 in 2019, according to an authoritative film and television website. To a certain extent, this shows that after the number of episodes has been greatly reduced, the top boutique dramas have not been greatly affected, and the market has eliminated a number of non-boutique dramas.

Hypothesis: The statement 'In 2018, the authoritative film and television website scored all the original series' will best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: Five stations have been set up in a section of the high-speed railway along the river from west to east. It is known that Fu Yi Station is located in the east of Hao Yun Station and west of Hu Yao Station, and adjacent to Hu Yao Station; Jiu Shang Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station.

Hypothesis: If Hao Yun Station is adjacent to Yin Ling Station, Hao Yun Station is to the west of Yin Ling Station can be inferred.


Premise: Political emotion refers to the inner experience and feeling of political subjects in political life to the political system, political activities, political events and political figures, which is formed with the process of people's political cognition, and is a general term for the psychological reaction of various political object, love and hate only dare, beauty and ugliness.

Hypothesis: Admiration for leaders and heroes, love for the motherland and the nation is not a political emotion.


Premise: People with higher-than-average blood levels of a normal dietary by-product called homocysteine are twice as likely to be diagnosed with Alzheimer' s disease as are those with average or below-average homocysteine levels. Thus, it is likely that the risk of developing Alzheimer' s disease could be reduced by including in one' s diet large amounts of B vitamins and folic acid, which convert homocysteine into substances known to have no relation to Alzheimer' s disease.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Alzheimer's disease tends to increase the levels of homocysteine in the blood' most seriously weakens the argument.


Premise: O2O marketing method: OnlineToOffline, which refers to a business marketing model that uses the Internet as the front desk and uses online marketing to drive offline consumption. It usually includes merchants providing online product information, discount information, service reservations, consumer online prepaid, offline consumption, etc,offline consumption and other links to complete commodity transactions.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A home appliance manufacturer uses the WeChat platform to regularly push new product listings and promotional information to subscribers. The user can complete the payment by scanning the QR code under the product in the push message with a mobile phone, and wait for delivery from nearby stores' is not an O2O marketing method.


Premise: A taxpayer of personal income tax is an individual who has a residence or no residence in China and has lived in the territory for one year and obtains income from within or outside China.Living in China without a residence and without a residence for less than one year. An individual who obtains income from the territory of China.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, Li Yang, a professor at Peking University, has published a book in Singapore and received a fee for the manuscript is not a taxpayer of personal income tax in China.


Premise: Commentator: In the new century, only nations with all the latest electronic technology will experience great economic prosperity. The people in these nations will be constantly bombarded with images of how people in other countries live. This will increase their tendency to question their own customs and traditions, leading to a dissolution of those customs and traditions. Hence, in the new century, the stability of a nation' s cultural identity will likely __ .

Hypothesis: The commentator's argument is most logically completed by the statement that a nation's rate of population growth will decrease if that nation comes to have a high level of economic wealth.


Premise: Due to iron deficiency, 40% to 60% of babies face the threat of brain retardation, and about 100,000 babies face the threat of death during the perinatal period every year. Based on the experience of developed countries and adapting to the dietary habits of the Chinese people, experts have proposed the status quo of iron-fortified soy sauce. As long as the consumption of iron soy sauce, the status quo of iron deficiency can be basically improved. The government accepted the opinions of experts, launched a national nutritional improvement project for iron-fortified soy sauce, and took measures to ensure that the price of iron soy sauce was equivalent to that of ordinary soy sauce. It is a pity that no one is aware of the public welfare nutrition improvement plan, and most of the iron soy sauce is sleeping on the shelves so far.

Hypothesis: The main thrust of this passage is that the national nutrition improvement project of iron-fortified soy sauce cannot be quickly and effectively delivered to the public and accepted by the public.


Premise: A person summed up the legendary experience of Bill Gates and Dale and found that the secret to their success was dropping out of college.

Hypothesis: The relationship between dropping out of college and success that is believed by that person is that one may succeed if he doesn't drop out of college.


Premise: Nutritionist: Many people claim that simple carbohydrates are a reasonable caloric replacement for the fatty foods forbidden to those on law-fat diets. This is now in doubt. New studies show that, for many people, a high intake of simple carbohydrates stimulates an overproduction of insulin, a hormone that is involved in processing sugars and starches to create energy when the body requires energy, or, when energy is not required, to store the resulting by-products as fat.

Hypothesis: People who consume simple carbohydrates should limit their intake of foods high in fat is most strongly supported by the nutritionist's statements.


Premise: Many banks have a drive-through automated teller machine, built into the wall flanking the driver' s side of a narrow aisle. Even though blind people obviously do not drive, these machines nonetheless invariably feature Braille -- the system of raised dots used by the blind for reading and writing -- in addition to the standard letters and numerals on their control panels.

Hypothesis: In order to maximize profits per unit, manufacturers produce only a single model of automated teller machine does the most to explain the situation described.


Premise: From a magazine article: Self-confidence is a dangerous virtue: it often degenerates into the vice of arrogance. The danger of arrogance is evident to all who care to look. How much more humane the twentieth century would have been without the arrogant self-confidence of a Hitler or a Stalin!

Hypothesis: The author attempts to persuade by doing all of the following EXCEPT using extreme cases to evoke an emotional response.


Premise: When using antibacterial drugs in the clinic, if choosing the type of drug according to the patient's personal situation, strictly requiring the dose and concentration of the first medication, and following strict regulations in the frequency of drug use and drug compatibility, the spread and deterioration of drug resistance can be controlled, although it cannot completely prevent drug-resistant strains.

Hypothesis: The author's view on whether drug resistance will occur after the use of antibacterial drugs is controllable.


Premise: A recent study examined the daytime and nighttime activity patterns of two populations of tree-dwelling lemurs -- the first living in a rain forest, where tree canopy cover is consistent year-round, and the second living in a deciduous forest, where many trees lose their leaves during the winter months. Both groups of lemurs were found to be more nocturnal during winter months than they were the rest of the year. However, the winter increase in nocturnal activity was significantly more pronounced for the population living in the deciduous forest than it was for the population living in the rain forest.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The primary predators for both lemur populations are high-flying birds that rely on their eyesight to hunt prey during daylight' most helps to explain the difference between the two lemur populations with respect to winter activity patterns.


Premise: Sulfur dioxide is the main cause of acid rain. A region is plagued by acid rain. In order to improve this situation, the region has reduced 118000 tons of sulfur dioxide from January to June, a year-on-year decrease of 9.1%. According to the monitoring, although the content of sulfur dioxide in the air in this region has decreased, the frequency of acid rain has increased by 7.1%.

Hypothesis: The large increase of motor vehicles intensifies the emission of nitrogen oxides, which is also an important cause of acid rain best explains this phenomenon.


Premise: Bookstore owner: Consumers should buy books only from an independent bookstore, not from a bookstore that belongs to a bookstore chain. An independent bookstore tends to carry a much wider variety of books than does a chain bookstore, so because chains often threaten the existence of independent bookstores, they tend to reduce the variety of books available to consumers.

Hypothesis: The principle that 'the best interest of the bookselling business is not served when consumers purchase books from businesses whose existence tends to reduce the variety of books available to consumers' most helps to justify the bookstore owner's argumentation.


Premise: In a recent study, one group of participants watched video recordings of themselves running on treadmills, and a second group watched recordings of other people running on treadmills. When contacted later, participants in the first group reported exercising, on average, 1 hour longer each day than did the other participants. This shows that watching a recording of yourself exercising can motivate you to exercise more.

Hypothesis: In studies of identical twins, participants who observed their twin reading overreported by a significant amount how much time they themselves spent reading in the days that followed most weakens the argument.


Premise: Decorating a house can lead to leukemia. According to the preliminary statistics of the hematology department of a hospital for more than a year, children who come to the hospital to see leukemia all show a common characteristic. Most of them carried out luxurious decoration of their houses within six months before the onset of the disease. The materials used include paint for beautifying walls, marble for the floor and other luxury building materials. Such children with leukemia account for 90% of the total number of children with leukemia.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Children account for a higher proportion of leukemia patients' can best reinforce the above conclusion.


Premise: There are four orchards A, B, C and D, in which all the fruit trees in A orchard can be found in B orchard, the fruit tree species in C orchard include all the fruit tree species in B orchard, and some fruit trees in C orchard can also be planted in D orchard.

Hypothesis: All the fruit trees in orchard A can be found in orchard C is correct based on the above conclusions.


Premise: Trademark infringement refers to the use of a trademark by another person for a commercial purpose without the permission of the trademark owner, or the use of a major part of another person's trademark as his trademark on the same or similar goods, thus produces the trademark to confuse to deceive the consumer.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, producing the trademark 'Immortal Woman He' in the form of a branch factory by Enterprise B, without Enterprise A's knowledge, is a trademark infringement.


Premise: Act and omission together constitute a legal act. Action means that the subject should make a certain action. Omission is a legal act performed in a passive manner without external action.

Hypothesis: Dong reported the situation of someone stealing fiber optic cable from a neighboring village.


Premise: Reverse service is the service that enterprises provide to customers to realize the use value of products (services) after products (services) are sold.

Hypothesis: An automobile 4S store provides customers with used car valuation and transfer services is not a reverse service according to the above definition.


Premise: Most of the earth's surface is covered by oceans, and life is born in the oceans. However, it is estimated that 80% of Earth's species live on land, compared to only 15% in the oceans, with the remaining 5% in freshwater. The researchers believe that the physical layout of terrestrial habitats may be more fragmented than the ocean, which is one of the main reasons for the greater diversity of terrestrial species.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Forests cover a lot of land, and leaves and branches create new habitats, as do corals in the ocean, but less so on the seafloor' would most strengthen the above researcher's point of view.


Premise: In big data's wave of everything is quantifiable, the network has gradually become a mirror of the real world. With the increasing integration of the network society and the real society, the management of the government can no longer be limited to offline management. on the other hand, we must fully grasp the influence mechanism of the Internet on the behavior of the government and the public, the regulation law and its connection with the real society to realize the full linkage and coordination between the Internet and the real society.

Hypothesis: The content of big data that this passage is intended to explain is that it expands the field of government governance.


Premise: Referring to the photos of the US military abusing prisoners, someone said: if you don't want to be caught on the spot doing something stupid, you don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: If you are caught doing something stupid on the spot, you will admit your bad luck has a different meaning from the above sentence.


Premise: Some people believe that a large number of rural people have flowed into cities to work in recent years, which has caused chaos in urban social order and a decline in public security. It can be said that allowing rural populations to flow into cities is harmful and unhelpful. Therefore, the rural population in cities should be cleared and restricted them from going to cities for employment.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Too many migrants cause urban sanitation to go from bad to worse' refutes the above point of view the most.


Premise: The average normal infant born in the United States weighs between 12 and 14 pounds at the age of three months. Ttherefore, if a three-month-old child weighs only 10 pounds, its weight gain has been below the United States average.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Average weight gain is not the same as average weight' indicates a flaw in the reasoning above.


Premise: If Japan becomes a permanent member, Germany, India and Brazil will also become permanent members.

Hypothesis: If Germany does not become a permanent member, India and Japan will not both be permanent members can be inferred.


Premise: Powell: Private waste-removal companies spend 60 percent of what public waste-removal companies spend per customer, yet give their customers at least as good service. Private waste-removal companies, ttherefore, work more efficiently. Freeman: Your conclusion is unwarranted. Different customers have different wasteremoval needs. Since private companies, unlike their public counterparts, can select which customers to serve, they choose to exclude the potential customers whom they judge to be the most costly to serve.

Hypothesis: The issue in dispute between Powell and Freeman is the relationship between the needs of a waste-removal customer and the amount of money it takes to serve that customer.


Premise: Baihuashan Park is the largest free park for citizens in the city. The garden is planted with exotic flowers and a wide variety of characteristic tree species. Most of them are flowering plants. Because it is located in the temperate zone, there are more than half of the broad-leaved tree species in the park, and all kinds of rare tree species also exceed the general tree species. At the turn of spring and summer, the garden is full of flowers, and in the autumn harvest season, the branches are full of fruit.

Hypothesis: Based on the above statement, it can be inferred that the rare broad-leaved tree species in the park are more than the general non-broad-leaved tree species.


Premise: Copyright was originally the grant of a temporary government-supported monopoly on copying a work. Its sole purpose was to encourage the circulation of ideas by giving authors the opportunity to derive a reasonable financial reward from their works. However, copyright sometimes goes beyond its original purpose since sometimes __.

Hypothesis: The conclusion of the argument is most strongly supported if the statement 'publication of copyrighted works is not the only way to circulate ideas' completes the passage.


Premise: The position that punishment should be proportional to how serious the offense is but that repeat offenders should receive harsher punishments than first-time offenders is unsustainable. It implies that considerations as remote as what an offender did years ago are relevant to the seriousness of an offense. If such remote considerations were relevant, almost every other consideration would be too. But this would make determining the seriousness of an offense so difficult that it would be impossible to apply the proportionality principle.

Hypothesis: The statement that considerations as remote as what an offender did years ago are relevant to the seriousness of an offense is a premise offered in support of an intermediate conclusion of the argument.


Premise: Politician: About 4 years ago, when our party came into power, it was committed to fighting inflation and successfully reduced the increase of the consumer price index (CPI) from 4% at the time to 1.5% now. The CPI rose by more than 4% during the previous four years of the opposition party's administration. Therefore, under the leadership of our party, the prices of commodities are getting lower and lower.

Hypothesis: The politician's argument is most vulnerable to criticism because no mention was made of the possibility that the opposition party implemented a policy to combat inflation, but the effects of that policy would take some time to show up.


Premise: A:eat fish can make people smart.B:Yes, I do not love to eat fish since childhood, so I am stupid.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Anyone who loves eat fish must be smart' must be added as the premise in order to make B's argument valid.


Premise: Faith is the foundation of morality. Morality without faith is water without a source and a tree without roots. People without faith have no moral bottom line; and once a person has no moral bottom line, then the law is not binding on him. Law, morality and faith are the basic guarantee of the harmonious operation of the society, and faith is the cornerstone of the harmonious operation of the society.

Hypothesis: Only when the society operates harmoniously can the foundation of morality and belief come into being, according to the above statement.


Premise: A poverty alleviation industrial base plans to grow four kinds of crops: purple potato, sweet potato, pumpkin and corn. The planting area of the four crops varies, and the following conditions need to be met: (1) either the planting area of purple potato is the largest, or the planting area of pumpkin is the largest; (2) if the planting area of purple potato is the largest, the planting area of sweet potato is the smallest.

Hypothesis: The planting area of pumpkin is larger than that of corn can be inferred if the planting area of sweet potato is larger than that of corn.


Premise: In the Internet age, individual intellectuals felt aggrieved when they were attacked because of public expression, and they often mentioned the knowledge basis of their claims in the process of self-defense. In the process of interacting with the public, they rely solely on intellectual authority. As we all know, a public platform such as the Internet is not a single field of academic communication, and the praise and criticism of an opinion depends not only on its distance from academic authority, but also factors such as public sentiment and historical tradition.If the social elite blindly step on emptiness, it is bound to be farther and farther away from the people.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that popular sentiments and historical traditions determine whether personal views can be accepted.


Premise: Short-term and impending earthquake prediction are still a worldwide problem. At present, it is impossible to accurately predict the magnitude and time of an earthquake. Foreign seismologists generally believe that when plastic rocks or serpentinite in the lower crust are squeezed into cracks in the upper crust, it will cause earthquakes. These slippery serpentines are formed by the interaction of iron-and magnesium-rich minerals with water, producing hydrogen in the process. Once the layer breaks, hydrogen emerges through the cracks in the fault, resulting in a sharp increase in the concentration of hydrogen in the normal air.

Hypothesis: The gist of this passage is that it reveals the relationship between earthquakes and stratigraphic faults.


Premise: Quoting an article in New Scientist magazine, Cleary said that the role of memory is not necessarily to remember the past, but to help us move into the future. Memory sometimes uses imagination and creation to let us know what to do next, or how to react in certain situations. Some people think that they have the ability to foresee the future, but they may be fragmented memories of the past. If the feeling of deja vu comes from an unremembered memory, it is easy to create the illusion that what happens next also comes from this memory and that you have psychic abilities.

Hypothesis: The statement 'People's memories are not necessarily memories of the past' is inconsistent with the above point of view.


Premise: Journalist: A manufacturers' trade group that has long kept its membership list secret inadvertently sent me a document listing hundreds of manufacturing companies. A representative of the trade group later confirmed that every company listed in the document does indeed belong to the trade group. Because Bruch Industries is not listed on the document, it is evidently not a member of the trade group.

Hypothesis: The journalist's reasoning in the argument is flawed because they do not present any evidence that the document names every member of the trade group.


Premise: In the early and mid-term of urbanization, the United States pursued the theory of free economy, and the market mechanism played a major role. The federal government's weak control measures led to excessive suburbanization, resulting in structural imbalances in urban development planning, disorderly expansion and spread of cities, and serious waste of land resources. A series of problems such as environmental damage. In this regard, in the later period of urbanization, the US government gradually increased its control efforts, through legislation and administrative intervention, strengthened urban planning and industrial planning, and gradually paid attention to environmental protection. Especially in the 1990s, the smart growth movement proposed by the US government had a profound impact on urbanization.

Hypothesis: The enlightenment from this passage is that the government should plan and intervene in the development of urbanization.


Premise: Definition is a logical method to reveal the essential attributes of objective things reflected in the concept, and its basic rules require that the definition must be proportionate, clear and unambiguous, not negative, not circular.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Teenagers are the flowers of the motherland meets the basic rules of definition().


Premise: Several previous studies have linked chocolate consumption to an increased risk of heart disease.  But a newer, more reliable study concluded that chocolate consumption was not associated with heart disease.  Chocolate consumption is expected to increase dramatically after the findings are published.

Hypothesis: The reasoning is based on the assumption that many people now eat chocolate because they have not heard the saying that chocolate can cause heart disease.


Premise: When a society undergoes slow change, its younger members find great value in the advice of its older members. But when a society undergoes rapid change, young people think that little in the experience of their elders is relevant to them, and so do not value their advice. Thus, we may measure the rate at which a society is changing by measuring the amount of deference its younger members show to their elders.

Hypothesis: The statement "The deference young people show to their elders varies according to how much the young value their elders' advice" is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Goldfish are actually domesticated crucian carp. About 2,000 years ago, ancient Chinese people began to breed gibel carp. As food and as ornamental fish. Over time, genetic mutations and artificial selection have introduced the orange, red, and yellow colors of the gibel carp, changing its dull image and producing the colorful goldfish we see today. The goldfish were introduced to Europe in the 17th century and to America in the 1850s.

Hypothesis: The main content of the above text is the breeding of goldfish.


Premise: Professional identity refers to an individual's positive evaluation of his occupation.

Hypothesis: Xiao Wei, a college student, has a sense of professional identity because he is going to return to his remote hometown to teach after graduating from college, thinking that the profession of teacher is great.


Premise: In economics, a Veblen good is an item which people buy in greater quantity when the price goes up. <b> According to the Law of Supply and Demand, when the price of an ordinary item goes up, demand drops, i. e. people buy fewer of them. </b> A Veblen good is a luxury item to which status is attached, such as a designer outfit or luxury car. As the price of such an item increases, its prestige increases, which makes the item that much more desirable. <b> Ttherefore, as the price increases, the demand also increases, and more of these items are sold. </b>

Hypothesis: The first portion in boldface is a piece of evidence supporting the main conclusion, and the second portion in boldface is the main conclusion in the argument.


Premise: In the pre-primary comprehensive ability test for 6-year-old children, the average score was 58 for the children who attended A preschool all day for 9 months, and the average score was 52 for the 9 months who attended the A preschool only in the morning, and only in the afternoon. The average score of 9 months in preschool A is 51; the average score of 9 months in preschool B is 54; and those 6-year-olds from low-income families who have not attended preschool, before entering the same primary school The average score in the comprehensive ability test is 32. Statistically, the difference between 32 points and the other scores mentioned above is significant.

Hypothesis: The most reasonable hypothetical conclusion that can be drawn from the data given above is that there is a correlation between having attended preschool and comprehensive ability before primary school enrollment.


Premise: Reverse service refers to the service that enterprises provide to customers to realize the use value of products (services) after products (services) are sold

Hypothesis: An automobile 4S store does not provide reverse service according to the definition above because it provides customers with used car valuation and transfer services.


Premise: The blackmail of public opinion means the profit-seeking behavior of deliberately provoking trouble or controversy with outrageous words and deeds in order to arouse the attention of public opinion.

Hypothesis: A singer, who has been silent for many years, suddenly announced that he was ready to return to the singing world after revealing his romantic relationship with many people from time to time on the entertainment website, causing an uproar inside and outside the circle belongs to the blackmail of public opinion.


Premise: Language, like culture, is rarely self-sufficient, so the borrowing of words has been a common language phenomenon since ancient times. However, when foreign words enter a country, the local people will unconsciously mutate and transform their original appearance while adapting and absorbing new elements. With the passage of time, foreign words will gradually localize, grow for a long time, the origin is vague, the aspect is separated, and the variation is repeated. Once the exotic features of loanwords (such as phonemes, syllable composition, etc.) are diluted or disappeared in the user's consciousness, they will be regarded by the locals as part of their mother tongue.

Hypothesis: The option 'The universality of the use of foreign words and the process of localization' focuses on the description of this passage.


Premise: The western Pacific Ocean is the area with the most concentrated seamount system in the world, but the understanding of seamounts here is very limited. The Mariana trench in the western Pacific Ocean is a plate subduction zone, and the seafloor geological movement is very active. The material composition and genesis of seamount volcanic rocks are of interest to marine geologists. The warm pool and the northern equatorial current in the western Pacific Ocean have an important impact on China's climate and are the focus of physical marine scientists. There is also the coral reef triangle with the highest marine biodiversity in the world, which is a hot area for the study of the origin and evolution of marine life. Therefore, marine scientists can carry out multi-disciplinary cooperative exploration and research of seamounts, such as hydrophysics, chemistry and biogenic elements, topography and geomorphology, geological environment and biological ecology.

Hypothesis: The important value of carrying out scientific research in the western Pacific is mainly introduced in this passage.


Premise: Inductive reasoning refers to reasoning from special to general.

Hypothesis: Inductive reasoning is when Zhang Qi is a teacher and wears a pair of glasses, Liu Le is an engineer and also wears a pair of glasses, and therefore intellectuals wear glasses.


Premise: Referring to the photos of the US military abusing prisoners, someone said: if you don't want to be caught on the spot doing something stupid, you don't do anything stupid.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Or get caught on the spot when you do something stupid, or don't do something stupid' has a different meaning from the above sentence.


Premise: Social self-organization refers to a social organization that is established spontaneously, develops independently, acts independently, has a certain scale, exists in the form of non-governmental organizations, and gradually moves from disorder to order.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the option "A group of young people set up animal shelters to adopt all kinds of abandoned pets" doesn't belong to social self-organization.


Premise: Traditional village is a precious heritage of agricultural civilization. At present, the urgent task facing traditional villages is still strict protection. With the arrival of the era of information and intelligence, it is an important topic for the future to integrate traditional villages into the future, to locate their functions under the new pattern, and to re-integrate into urban and rural development. Because the development can reflect the value of the traditional village, the development will let the traditional village pass on. In the future, historical villages and towns will be more closely integrated with modern cities, and as the characteristic protection category and important focus of rural revitalization strategy, they will play an important role in the future urban and rural pattern and promote urban and rural development.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that traditional villages are in urgent need of strict protection.


Premise: If the public policy of a certain place is formulated correctly and implemented effectively, there will be no large-scale petitions. Only when the relevant decision-makers do not care about the masses will large-scale petitions occur. The public policy formulation of a certain place is correct, and the relevant decision-makers are also concerned. Relying on the masses and conducting in-depth actual investigations and studies, the local masses are satisfied with this.

Hypothesis: If there is no large-scale petition in a certain place, then the public policy of that place is formulated correctly cannot be obtained based on the above information.


Premise: The world memory project is a continuation of the world heritage project. The world heritage project was launched by UNESCO in 1972, 20 years earlier than the world memory project. It focuses on the cultural and natural heritage with outstanding significance and universal value in the natural and artificial environment, such as history, aesthetics and archaeology, Buildings or sites of scientific and anthropological research value. The world memory project focuses on documentary heritage, specifically manuscripts, precious documents in any medium preserved in libraries and archives, and records of oral history.

Hypothesis: According to this passage, the main difference between world heritage projects and world memory projects is heritage and literature.


Premise: A society can achieve a fair distribution of resources only under conditions of economic growth. There can be no economic growth unless the society guarantees equality of economic opportunity to all of its citizens. Equality of economic opportunity cannot be guaranteed unless a society' s government actively works to bring it about.

Hypothesis: If the statements given are true, it can be properly concluded from them that a society can achieve a fair distribution of resources only if its government actively works to bring about equality of economic opportunity.


Premise: Mayor Pollister always repays his contributors by passing the laws they desire. Since Mayor Pollister recently passed the city' s first clean air act, he must have had a contributor to repay.

Hypothesis: Mayor Pollister would not have passed the law unless he was doing so for a contributor is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: The market economy has had a major impact on university education. The so-called unpopular majors and hot majors have emerged. The number of applicants is very different, which has seriously affected the normal education and academic research of universities.

Hypothesis: University education should stay away from market economy is correct.


Premise: Over the past three years, three canoes have been excavated successively on the beach of the Huaihe River in Xi County, Xinyang County, Henan Province. Among them, the first canoe was found under the beach of the Huaihe River of Zhangzhuang formation in Xuzhuang Village, suburban Township, Xixian County in 2010, which has been proved to be one of the earliest and largest canoes found in archaeology in China. The canoe is 9.3 meters long, 0.8 meters wide and 0.6 meters high. According to carbon-14 measurements, these canoes are made of the same materials as the wood produced in tropical Yunnan. This shows that in ancient times more than 3000 years ago, the climate of Henan was very similar to that of the tropics today. The climate on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River is warm and humid, with tall and dense trees and a wide variety of animals and plants.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The two ends of the canoe are pointed, chiseled from a complete log and well preserved' can best support the above argument.


Premise: Cultural change refers to the change of the culture of an ethnic group caused by the development of the ethnic society or the contact between different ethnic groups. New things are added due to invention or borrowing, which leads to the loss of old things. It is a cultural change; Due to changes in the ecological environment and social life, some cultural factors automatically disappear even when there is no substitute, which is also a cultural change.

Hypothesis: Due to the invention of cars, horse-drawn carriages in London gradually fade away from history is not cultural change according to the above definition.


Premise: The earth's hydrosphere consists of oceans, lakes, rivers, swamps, groundwater and glaciers, both liquid and solid water. According to scientists' estimates, the total water volume of the earth's surface is about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, of which ocean water accounts for 97.3%, land water dominated by glaciers accounts for 2.7%, and water in the atmosphere is almost negligible compared to the former two.

Hypothesis: Taking water from the atmosphere doesn't make much sense can not be inferred from the passage.


Premise: A concurrent sentence is a sentence in which a facultative phrase acts as a predicate or an independent sentence. The concurrent sentence has the following characteristics: first, the predicate of the concurrent sentence is composed of verb-object phrases and subject-predicate phrases, and the object of verb-object phrases is also the subject of subject-predicate phrases. Second, most of the concurrent sentences have the meaning of causative, so the former predicate in the sentence is mostly served by the causative verb. Third, the predicate in the sentence is the purpose or result of the previous action, that is, there is a certain semantic connection between the two verbs before and after the sentence. I asked him to give a report is a concurrent sentence.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, I went to the library to borrow a book to read does not belong to a concurrent sentence.


Premise: In a restaurant, a table of people talked about business over dinner. Among them, three are from Chengdu, three are from Shenzhen, and two are only engaged in mechanical and electrical business. Three people are in the cosmetics business at the same time.

Hypothesis: If the above assertion is true, then it may be at least three people and a maximum of nine people is also true.


Premise: Five people, A, B, C, D, and E were traveling by high-speed rail. They happened to sit in the same row of seats A, B, C, D, and F. Known: (1) If one of A or B is sitting In Block C, then C is sitting in Block B; (2) If E is sitting in Block C, then D is sitting in Block F.

Hypothesis: C is sitting in C can be inferred if D is sitting in B.


Premise: The important difference between civilized man and savages or other animals is that instinctive impulses are suppressed by foresight, only when a man does something not by instinctual impulses, but because his reason tells him that in the future At some point he would benefit from it, and that's when the real foresight came. Ploughing the land is a deliberate act, people work in the spring to eat in the winter

Hypothesis: The assumption upon which the above argument relies is that the stronger the inhibition of one's own instinctual impulses, the greater the tolerance of the present pain, and the higher the degree of civilization.


Premise: Premeditated intention refers to the psychological attitude that the actor commits the crime after a period of preparation.

Hypothesis: An accountant deliberately forgot to lock the door, so that the financial office was stolen, but he got a lot of money is not premeditated intention.


Premise: Godinez: In the past, land was sometimes measured by the amount of time required to plow it. Thus, two plots of equal physical dimensions were considered unequal if one was more difficult to plow than the other. However, knowing how long an area takes to plow reveals little about how many apartment complexes it can hold. Ttherefore, it became necessary to adopt new measures of land, such as acreage, when land uses diversified.

Hypothesis: The main conclusion drawn in Godinez's argument is that it is now easier to measure a piece of land in terms of acres than in terms of plowing time.


Premise: Sales manager: The highest priority should be given to the needs of the sales department, because without successful sales the company as a whole would fail. Shipping manager: There are several departments other than sales that also must function successfully for the company to succeed. It is impossible to give the highest priority to all of them.

Hypothesis: The shipping manager criticizes the sales manager's argument by pointing out an absurd consequence of its apparent assumption that a department's necessity earns it the highest priority.


Premise: The race schedule of the car rally is divided into two parts, the driving section and the special section (stage). The driving section refers to the part between the two special sections, and the driver only needs to arrive at the new special section before the specified time. There is a limit time for the special section. For example, if the distance between point A and point B is 50 kilometers, and if the car can arrive in 30 minutes at the fastest, the time limit of the car must be less than 30 minutes, such as 27 minutes. When the driver takes more than 27 minutes from point A to point B, there will be a penalty time, and the winner will be the one who has least penalty time.

Hypothesis: Car rallying is a popular sport can be inferred from the information given.


Premise: The ancients wrote poems. I thought about it for three years before I wrote these two lines. When I read it, I can't help but burst into tears. Writing a novel used to be a state of closing the door and refusing guests to visit. Nowadays many writers write several novels a year. Hundreds of thousands of words were written in a month. There is no accumulation of life, no careful consideration of life, no careful layout of writing, no careful consideration and repeated revision of words, how can there be high-quality works? How can we resist the elimination of time? If creation is different from other work, the difference lies in creativity; if it is difficult, it also lies in creativity. It is not only different from its predecessors, but also different from itself.

Hypothesis: The main content of this passage is that only when you devote yourself to creation for a long time will you produce high-quality works.


Premise: Opportunity distribution can not only have an important impact on the results of income distribution, but also directly affect the efficiency of social economic development. Under the unfair distribution of opportunities, some people will get development opportunities for some special reasons, but those who get the opportunities are likely to lack the ability to take advantage of development opportunities to engage in social labor and creativity. This will inevitably lead to a decline in the production efficiency of the labor or business projects they are engaged in, and then affect the economic development efficiency of the whole society. Giving opportunities to truly talented people and putting the right people in the right positions is the basis for the healthy operation of the economic system. Only by achieving equality of opportunity can we maximize social vitality and people's enthusiasm, initiative and creativity, and improve social labor productivity and the development level of productive forces.

Hypothesis: The intended explanation of this passage is "fair distribution of opportunities helps to improve the efficiency of social and economic development."


Premise: In order to reverse the prejudice of emphasizing the accumulation of fixed assets and neglecting the accumulation of liquidity, we must maintain a reasonable ratio of investment in fixed assets to investment in liquidity. According to experience, it is more appropriate for working capital investment to account for 30% of the total investment. According to the relevant documents, when arranging new enterprises or expanding old enterprises, a certain amount of working capital investment should be arranged to avoid the lack of working capital to form production capacity after the completion of the project.

Hypothesis: The main content of this text is that a reasonable proportion of investment in fixed assets and working capital must be maintained.


Premise: Though many insects die soon after reproducing for the first time, some may live for years after the survival of the next generation has been secured. Among the latter are some insects that work for the benefit of the ecosystem -- for example, bees.

Hypothesis: Survival of the species, rather than of the individual, can be properly inferred from the information above.


Premise: In the first half of the year, it is almost the lowest grass on the grassland, only one inch high, but after half a year, once the rain comes, it is like magic, three or five days later, it has a height of 1.6 to 2 meters. It turns out that during the first six months, instead of not growing at all, it has been growing roots. Before the rainy season, although it appears an inch, its roots are more than 28 meters underground.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The stronger the foundation, the greater the potential for development' is a revelation for us.


Premise: There are some extreme examples, in any era, in any system, but in terms of People's Daily lives, how they treat life, other people, pain, fear, dignity, or the achievements of others, is the most revealing of the universal values that govern the daily behavior of people in a country. Turn a blind eye to car killed people, not to hand down the old man, there are all sorts of multifarious fraud and cheating, everything, displayed on the values of the abuses than battlefield deserters, protest marches in conflict and more gruesome death, just because it's so homely, really has been used by us.

Hypothesis: The so-called values should be reflected in People's Daily life is the most appropriate topic sentence for the above text.


Premise: Flagpole Army Base in Oregon and Klondike Army Base in Alaska are similar bases with similar duty loads. Despite the similarities, Klondike always has had more men than Flagpole has. Clearly, each soldier at Klondike must have to perform a smaller share of the duties, and ttherefore soldiers at Klondike must have more free time than do soldiers at Flagpole.

Hypothesis: In evaluating the argument, it would be most useful to know whether the morale level at Klondike is higher than the morale at Flagpole.


Premise: Umbilical cord blood refers to the blood left in the placenta and umbilical cord after the fetus is delivered and the umbilical cord is ligated and severed. The hematopoietic stem cells contained in umbilical cord blood have significant curative effect on leukemia, severe aplastic anemia, some malignant tumors and other diseases, which is no longer a valuable self-saving resource in life. Parents preserve umbilical cord blood for their newborns, which can provide protection for their children's health for the rest of their lives.

Hypothesis: At present, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood and bone marrow have become the three major sources of hematopoietic stem cells does not weaken the conclusion discussed above.


Premise: Appeal to ignorance is a logical fallacy. It means that people specify a thing as correct only because it has not been proved wrong, or conclude that a thing is wrong only because it has not been proved to be correct.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, appeal to ignorance belongs to many people claim to have seen ghosts, so ghosts exist.


Premise: According to historical records, the ancient Dian Kingdom in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period lasted more than 500 years, and its position in Yunnan history is quite important. The bronze culture of the ancient Dian Kingdom absorbed and integrated the cultural essence of different regions and nations. However, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ancient Dian Kingdom The country has mysteriously disappeared, and there is no record in history books after the Tang Dynasty. In recent years, thousands of ancient Dian bronzes have been unearthed from the Lijiashan Tombs in Jiangchuan County on the south bank of Fuxian Lake, and the Jinning Stone connected to the north bank of Fuxian Lake .The Dianwang seal was once unearthed in Zhaishan. Based on this, archaeologists speculated that the ancient underwater city of Fuxian Lake in Yunnan is the ancient Dianwang city that mysteriously disappeared.

Hypothesis: The statement 'According to experts, the ancient underwater city of Fuxian Lake is in the same historical period as the ancient Dian Kingdom' can best support the above speculation.


Premise: Bacon once said, knowledge is power. Nowadays, in the information age, people can say that information is power, information, the technology and infrastructure to spread information, and the ability to master and apply information technology, which constitute a new source of rights. The network infrastructure all over the world, the continuously increasing network transmission rate, the increasingly perfect mobile portable Internet terminals, and the high-speed expansion of new media applications based on the digitization of interpersonal networks make the flow of information at a high speed and realize the transnational movement in real time. The emergence of video websites and social networking sites makes the information flow with simplicity, symbolization and fragmentation easier to spread, pay attention to, and therefore easier to respond to. The power of actors who can influence this flow of information will be enhanced, otherwise, it will be weakened.

Hypothesis: Aggravates the imbalance of global information resources is emphasized in this paragraph with regard to network information technology and the use of new media.


Premise: There are 6 pieces of blue and white porcelain: S, Y, M, Q, K, X. The age of each piece is different, and the exhibition is sorted from the earliest to the latest from left to right. The known conditions are as follows: (1) the age of M is earlier than that of X. (2) if the age of Y is earlier than that of M, then the age of Q is earlier than that of K and X. (3) if the age of M is earlier than that of Y, then the age of K is earlier than that of Q and X. (4) the age of S is either earlier than Y or M, and it can't have both.

Hypothesis: If X is older than S, the age of S is earlier than that of M may be true.


Premise: Employee Assistance Program is a set of long-term and systematic welfare programs set up by the company for employees. Professionals provide professional guidance and consultation to employees and their immediate family members, aiming to help solve various psychology and behaviors of employees and their family members Problems and improve the work performance of employees in the company.

Hypothesis: The Employee Assistance Program is the guidance provided by a company's psychologist to help Pharaoh improve his communication with his wife and improve his mood.


Premise: Accidents involving drivers who do not wear seatbelts have been shown to cause higher rates of serious injury than accidents involving drivers who do wear seatbelts. Because drivers who do not wear seatbelts can end up costing taxpayers money in medical bills, Thoracic County should make it illegal to drive without a seatbelt.

Hypothesis: The statement 'Within Thoracic County, the majority of citizens already wear their seatbelts' provides the most support for the argument above.


Premise: n order to improve the quality of students, the school offers two kinds of elective courses: arts and science. Statistics show that some students have taken all liberal arts elective courses, while others have taken all science elective courses,

Hypothesis: Some people only take science elective courses must be true.


Premise: Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.

Hypothesis: The cost of providing child-care services will increase can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: Antibiotics are standard ingredients in animal feed because they keep animals healthy and increase meat yields. However, scientists have recommended phasing out this practice, believing it may make antibiotics less effective in humans. If meat yields are reduced, however, some farmers will go out of business.

Hypothesis: If antibiotic use in animal feed is phased out, some farmers will go out of business unless they use other means of increasing meat yields is most strongly supported by the information above.


Premise: Tent Theory: the capacity of a tent depends not only on the area of the tent, but also on the height of the bamboo poles that support it. The higher the bamboo pole, the bigger the tent capacity. It is a metaphor for using core competence to drive other factors and finally gain competitive advantage.

Hypothesis: The overall design of a certain mobile phone is not avant-garde, the configuration is quite popular, and the price is relatively high. It was not favored by industry experts. After being listed, it has been favored by users with its large screen, and its sales have ranked first for several weeks does not conform to the tent theory.


Premise: When a society undergoes slow change, its younger members find great value in the advice of its older members. But when a society undergoes rapid change, young people think that little in the experience of their elders is relevant to them, and so do not value their advice. Thus, we may measure the rate at which a society is changing by measuring the amount of deference its younger members show to their elders.

Hypothesis: How much deference young people show to their elders depends on how much of the elders' experience is practically useful to them is an assumption on which the argument depends.


Premise: Editorialist: In all cultures, it is almost universally accepted that one has a moral duty to prevent members of one' s family from being harmed. Thus, few would deny that if a person is known by the person' s parents to be falsely accused of a crime, it would be morally right for the parents to hide the accused from the police. Hence, it is also likely to be widely accepted that it is sometimes morally right to obstruct the police in their work.

Hypothesis: The editorialist's argument takes for granted that the parents mentioned in the example are not mistaken about their child's innocence. This makes the argument vulnerable to criticism.


Premise: Numerous books describe the rules of etiquette. Usually the authors of such books merely codify standards of behavior by classifying various behaviors as polite or rude. However, this suggests that there is a single, objective standard of politeness. Clearly, standards of politeness vary from culture to culture, so it is absurd to label any one set of behaviors as correct and others as incorrect.

Hypothesis: The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that authors of etiquette books are purporting to state what is correct behavior for one particular culture only.


Premise: A unit arranges 6 people on duty on The first day, the second day, the third day of the new year. They are G., H, K, L, P, and S. Two people are required to be on duty every day. The personnel arrangement must meet the following conditions: (1) L and P must be on duty on the same day. (2) G and H cannot be on duty on the same day. (3) If K is on duty in the first day, then G is on duty in the second day. (4) ) If S is on duty in the third day, then H is on duty in the second day.

Hypothesis: If H is on duty on the same day as the day before S, then H is on duty in the first day must be true.


Premise: Since its establishment in 1974, the Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC) has vigorously cracked down on corruption, investigating more than 2200 corruption and bribery cases and prosecuting 1355 unscrupulous government officials. In a small place in Hong Kong, there are so many investigations and so many people involved, but it has not hindered Hong Kong's economic development and prosperity.

Hypothesis: The argument is supported by the statement that the fight against corruption itself will not affect economic construction.


Premise: Definition: 1. administrative compensation: a kind of compensation liability borne by the state when the administrative subject illegally implements the administrative act, infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of the opposite party, and causes damage. 2. administrative compensation: the state administrative organ and its staff have caused losses to the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons or other organizations due to legal administrative acts in the process of managing state and social public affairs, The system of compensation by the state according to law. 3. administrative recoupment: after the administrative compensation obligation organ pays the compensation expenses to the administrative compensation claimant on behalf of the state, it shall order the organizations and individuals with intentional or gross negligence to bear part or all of the compensation expenses according to law. Example: Li's homestead was expropriated by the state, Obtained various compensation of 60000 yuan. An urban construction law enforcement brigade damaged adjacent legal buildings when demolishing illegal buildings. Later, the law enforcement brigade privately compensated the house owner. Interpol Zhao seriously injured the suspect by extorting confessions by torture. After the public security organ compensated the party, it ordered Zhao to bear part of the medical expenses

Hypothesis: 2 examples meet one of the three definitions of appeal.


Premise: The caterpillar of the monarch butterfly feeds on milkweed plants, whose toxins make the adult monarch poisonous to many predators. The viceroy butterfly, whose caterpillars do not feed on milkweed plants, is very similar in appearance to the monarch. Ttherefore, it can be concluded that the viceroy is so seldom preyed on because of its visual resemblance to the monarch.

Hypothesis: If it were discovered to be true that toxicity to predators is the principal means of protection for only a few butterfly species, this would most seriously undermine the argument.


Premise: The incidence in Japan of most types of cancer is remarkably low compared to that in North America, especially considering that Japan has a modern life-style, industrial pollution included. The cancer rates, however, for Japanese people who immigrate to North America and adopt the diet of North Americans approximate the higher cancer rates prevalent in North America.

Hypothesis: The higher cancer rates of Japanese immigrants to North America are caused by fats in the North American diet is the statement that is supported by the statements above.


Premise: Time syndrome refers to symptoms caused by psychological distress, tension, and changes in physical activity due to the urgency of time.

Hypothesis: Xiao Ming is in the fifth grade of elementary school and loves skateboarding, but he does not miss his homework. He goes home from school every afternoon. He always races against time, finishes his homework quickly, and then asks his companions to go skateboarding with him is a time syndrome.


Premise: Companies that offer employer sponsored insurance (ESI) pay a portion of employees' health care costs. In the manufacturing sector last year, companies that offered ESI had worker absentee rates 22% lower, on average, than those at companies that did not offer ESI.

Hypothesis: Many firms in the manufacturing sector have improved workplace safety and decreased the occurrence of on-the-job injuries in the last five years, and most of these companies introduced ESI at the same time would most seriously weaken the argument that ESI decreases worker absenteeism.


Premise: In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the magician must meet the following conditions :(1) if the arrangement of G or H play, they must be in the front. (2) If K is to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is to play, he must be in team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be in the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, Q is in the middle position of team 1.

Hypothesis: Front: Q Middle: K Rear: L is an acceptable arrangement for team 1 if H is in team 2.


Premise: The so-called area source pollution refers to the dissolved or solid pollutants flowing into the receiving water body (including rivers, lakes, reservoirs and bays) through the runoff process from non-specific places under the scouring action of precipitation (or snow melting), and causing water eutrophication or other forms of pollution. It is a type of water environment pollution relative to point source pollution.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the industrial sewage from the paper mill is discharged into the lake through the sewage pipe without treatment belongs to area source pollution.


Premise: When attacked by pests, soybeans and other plants produce a hormone called jasmonate, which starts a series of chemical reactions to synthesize more protease inhibitors and enhance their resistance, Its digestive function will be inhibited. Plant biologist drusia found that high concentration of carbon dioxide will cause plants to lose the ability to secrete jasmonate, and the whole defense channel will be closed, so the pest resistance of soybean crops will gradually weaken with the increase of carbon dioxide content.

Hypothesis: Soybean production will be affected by air conditions can be inferred.


Premise: There are four blood types: A, B, O, and AB. People with the same blood type can transfuse each other. Only people with O type can be transfused to people of any blood type, but only O type can be accepted, and the other three cannot be accepted. Only people with blood type AB can accept blood of any type, but they can only be transfused to people with blood type AB. People of the other three blood types cannot accept blood type AB. It is known that Zhao is of blood type A. Qian can't accept Zhao's blood, nor can he transfuse to Zhao, Sun can accept Zhao's blood, but can't transfuse to Zhao, Li can't accept Zhao's blood, but can transfuse to Zhao.

Hypothesis: Qian's blood type is AB, Sun's blood type is O, and Li's blood type is B.


Premise: Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.

Hypothesis: The government will use funding to foster advances in child care can be inferred from the passage.


Premise: An economic expert pointed out that the key to the success of central macro-control lies in how to arrange as many employees as possible and take into account the basic stability of prices. Inflation is not the most terrible thing. It is impossible to maintain high economic growth without a certain amount of inflation.

Hypothesis: The main point of view supported in the above paragraph is that improper employment arrangement is more harmful than inflation.


Premise: Babe's law is a social psychology effect. It means that after a person experiences a strong stimulus, the stimulus given again becomes insignificant to him (her). In terms of psychological feelings, the first big stimulus can dilute the second small stimulus.

Hypothesis: Xiao Zhao bought 100 lottery tickets and after scratching them one by one, there were more than 20 winning prizes, which made him ecstatic is in line with Babe's law according to the above definition.


Premise: Whether the world's food demand can maintain a balance depends on the speed of population and economic growth. Population growth will lead to an increase in food intake; on the other hand, economic growth will promote an increase in the consumption of livestock products, change people's food structure, and thus affect the global Grain demand has an impact.

Hypothesis: Population growth will lead to an increase in world consumption of livestock products can be derived.


Premise: Babe's Law is a social psychological effect, which refers to when a person experiences strong stimulation, then the stimulation to him or her becomes insignificant, in terms of psychological feelings, the first stimulation can dilute the second small stimulation.

Hypothesis: When housing price skyrocketed to 50,000 yuan per square meter, it was no surprise that people were selling apples for 50 yuan per kilogram is consistent with Babe's law according to the above definition.


Premise: A construction project has been tasked with building a four-lane road from a remote mountain fortress to a major expressway lying at the base of the mountain. The slope leading to the mountain fortress is so precipitous that the only conceivable way to carry out the project is by building the road downhill, since construction equipment is able to move down, but not up, the steep terrain. The foreman has devised the following solution: dismantle each construction vehicle and tie a part upon the back of a donkey, an animal capable of making the steep ascent. The foreman has at his disposal more than 100 donkeys, each of which is capable of making multiple trips up the mountain.

Hypothesis: Whether the strongest donkey is able to transport the heaviest piece of equipment is most important in order for the foreman's plan to be successful.


Premise: China's scientific research environment continues to improve. Data show that in 2016, China's total research and development investment was 1.57 trillion yuan, making it the second largest research and development investment country in the world after the United States. With a series of national key innovation projects, the focus is Disciplines and key laboratories have been established one after another. Today, China has the ability to provide researchers with scientific research conditions that are not inferior to Western countries.

Hypothesis: The increase in scientific research funding plays a pivotal role in improving the scientific research environment can best strengthen the above argument.


Premise: Rickets mood is one kind of the mood that is suppressed or that cannot be fully revealed or fully exploited.

Hypothesis: Xiaomao in the unit has been praised. This year, due to the limited number of places and failed to be evaluated, Xiaoao is not happy about it. Only recently has his mood improved considerably does not belong to the rickets mood.


Premise: Green transportation refers to the transportation characterized by saving energy and reducing exhaust gas emissions. The ways of its implementation mainly include: reasonable selection of means and routes of transport, overcoming circuitous and repeated transportation, in order to achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction; improving the technology of internal combustion engines and the use of clean fuel to improve energy efficiency; prevent leakage in the process of transportation to avoid serious environmental harm to local areas.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the transportation of logistics in a certain place that makes full use of renewable fuel and hybrid power technology, and drivers are trained regularly, does not belong to green transportation.


Premise: Confucianism holds that it is impossible for a person to obtain happiness without virtue. Happiness in life is reflected in personal good deeds, and the process of people's continuous improvement of personal virtues is the process of pursuing happiness. In order to practice virtue, one cannot insist on the enjoyment of material life, even if it is a meal, a ladle of drink, as long as the high moral character can be cultivated, such asceticism is also happy.

Hypothesis: The main idea of this passage is that virtue is a prerequisite for happiness.


Premise: Science teacher: In any nation, a flourishing national scientific community is essential to a successful economy. For such a community to flourish requires that many young people become excited enough about science that they resolve to become professional scientists. Good communication between scientists and the public is necessary to spark that excitement.

Hypothesis: The extent to which a national scientific community flourishes depends principally on the number of young people who become excited enough about science to resolve to become professional scientists is the content that the science teacher's statements provide the most support for.


Premise: It is understood that in response to the phenomenon of falsely high drug prices, the National Development and Reform Commission hopes that through statistics from the Drug Administration, since the government resumed control of the prices of some drugs, it has carried out 17 drug price cuts. Up to now, the national medical insurance catalog has been formulated and adjusted. The highest retail price of more than 1,000 medicines. However, due to the cumbersome circulation and dark-box operation, the price of medicines is still very high, and the actual drug prices are still quite different from the expectations of patients.

Hypothesis: According to this text, it has become a top priority to reduce the price of medicines by reducing circulation links and implementing transparent operations.


Premise: Lyme disease, like many other zoonosis. It is transmitted by insects that carry the pathogen by sucking the blood of vertebrate hosts. Scientists have long thought that population density of white-footed deer is the best predictor of Lyme disease. However, a 13-year study of the ecological determinants of Lyme disease in a Lyme disease-prone area of southeast New York disproved this view, because in years of high Lyme disease incidence, populations of white-footed deer are generally lower than in years when the incidence of Lyme disease is low.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the increase in Whitefoot's population is a portent to outbreaks of other diseases underlies the above argument.


Premise: Press Secretary: Our critics claim that the President' s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties. They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts. But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors. So the President' s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.

Hypothesis: The scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly projects in districts controlled by the President's party is an assumption on which the press secretary's argument depends.


Premise: To build a conservation-oriented society in an all-round way is to promote conservation through development and ensure development through conservation. If the level of resource-saving technology and management is further improved and the relevant policies and regulations for a conservation-oriented society are further improved, then environmental protection can be more powerful guarantee. Only by strengthening the consciousness of resource conservation can the efficiency of resource utilization be fully improved.

Hypothesis: Only when the relevant policies and regulations of the conservation-oriented society are further improved, can the management level of resource conservation be further improved can be inferred.


Premise: There are two factors that have a great adverse impact on the results of scientific research: one is the prevailing atmosphere of secrecy in scientific research and the other is the lack of personal freedom of researchers.

Hypothesis: The wrong understanding of this passage is that the prevailing atmosphere of secrecy in scientific research determines the lack of personal freedom for researchers.


Premise: No matter what the reason, the vulgarization of network language has caused harm to the construction of network civilization and even reduced the degree of civilization of the whole society.At present, the development path of the network language has been very clear, from the virtual space to the spoken language, after entering the written language, it may eventually precipitate into all aspects of the language application. If the network vulgar language is allowed to develop, over time, they will become idioms.

Hypothesis: The intended option to be explained in this passage is 'It is urgent to take measures to control the vulgarization trend of network language.'


Premise: A beautiful face is often the result of averaging. Scientific research has found that the more people's faces are combined with computers, the more attractive the new faces are. Two faces are only ordinary people, and 32 faces can be made into beauties. This may be because the average face masks the original incongruity, or it may be because the average face is very symmetrical, which is one of the signs of health.

Hypothesis: The attractiveness of faces may be due to coordination, or it may be due to health summarizes this passage most accurately.


Premise: here are more than 130 enterprises producing infant formula in China, while there are only 4 enterprises in the United States. by contrast, the number of infants and young children who eat formula in the United States is much higher than that in China. Imagine that if only four enterprises produce formula milk powder, enterprises will cherish the value of their own brands and constantly strengthen their awareness of food safety. Any possible food safety risks will not be tolerated by the enterprises themselves. It is unthinkable to have a problem like melamine.

Hypothesis: The statement 'A company is a well-known company that produces dairy products in my country. Its brand value is very high, but melamine has been detected in the dairy products it produces' would most weaken the above point of view.


Premise: Informal employment refers to a staged, unstable employment method that is not included in the social security system under conditions of fierce competition and imperfect system.

Hypothesis: General Motors Workers are informal employees.


Premise: Zhang is dead. The medical examiner found out that he died of poisoning. Zhang's two neighbors An and B said this to police Zhao who came to investigate. A: if Zhang died of murder, his death had something to do with his wife Li , because she was divorcing with Zhang during this period; B: Zhang either committed suicide or died of murder, which could not be an accident. After listening to the words of A and B, police Zhao made the following two judgments: (1) if what A and B said were right or wrong, then Zhang died in an accident; (2) if one of A and B was wrong, then Zhang did not die in an accident. Later, after ascertaining the facts, it was found that police Zhao's judgment was correct.

Hypothesis: Based on the above information, Li killed Zhang can be inferred.


Premise: Action thinking is also called intuitive action thinking. Its basic characteristic is that thinking and action are inseparable, and one cannot think without action. The task or topic of action thinking is related to the object that is directly perceived at present, and the way of thinking to solve the problem is not based on appearances and concepts, but based on current perceptions and actual operations.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, architect draws a design drawing on the computer cannot be considered action thinking.


Premise: All historians are able to spot trends. But anyone able to spot trends is able to distinguish the significant from the insignificant. Thus anyone who can distinguish the significant from the insignificant is a historian.

Hypothesis: The flawed reasoning in the argument above resembles that in the argument 'People living in open and democratic countries have customs that are determined at least in part by an inherited past. But no country's past is a product of free choice. Thus people living in open and democratic countries can never be entirely free.'


Premise: When exercising the muscles in one' s back, it is important, in order to maintain a healthy back, to exercise the muscles on opposite sides of the spine equally. After all, balanced muscle development is needed to maintain a healthy back, since the muscles on opposite sides of the spine must pull equally in opposing directions to keep the back in proper alignment and protect the spine.

Hypothesis: The assumption required by the argument is that if the muscles on opposite sides of the spine are exercised unequally, one's back will be irreparably damaged.


Premise: To reduce the mosquito population in a resort area, hundreds of trees were planted that bear fruit attractive to birds. Over the years, as the trees matured, they attracted a variety of bird species and greatly increased the summer bird population in the area. As expected, the birds ate many mosquitoes. However, the planting of the fruit trees had the very opposite of its intended effect.

Hypothesis: The statement 'The species of birds that were attracted in the greatest number by the fruit of the trees that were planted did not eat mosquitoes' most helps to explain the apparently paradoxical result.


Premise: The executive branch is the organ of the state that exercises the executive functions of the state, as provided for in the Constitution or the organic law of the executive. Its main features are: exercising state administrative authority; managing state administrative affairs; leading-subordinate system in the organizational relations of the executive branch; chief responsibility system in the decision-making system of the executive branch; The executive branch is usually active, regular and uninterrupted in the exercise of its functions.

Hypothesis: According to the above definition, the Shanxi Provincial People's Government is an executive branch.


Premise: Wu Mazi said to Mozi: I can't love both. I love my family more than the people in my hometown, my parents more than my family, and I love myself more than my parents. This is because I am close to me. If you hit me, I will hurt others, but it won't hurt me, so I will only kill others for my benefit. Mozi asked: will you tell others this righteousness? Wu Mazi replied: why should I hide? I will tell others. Mozi said: since you are like this, if someone likes your idea, then this person will kill you for his own benefit. If someone doesn't like your idea, he will also kill you, because he thinks you are a person who spreads ominous words

Hypothesis: It can be inferred from the above that Wu Mazi will be killed.


Premise: The theory believes that antimatter is the anti-state of normal matter. When positive and negative matter meet, the two sides will annihilate and offset each other, explode and produce huge energy. Some people believe that antimatter exists, because so far there is no evidence to prove that antimatter does not exist.

Hypothesis: The argument method in the above question is the same as the statement "There are monsters in the Tianchi Lake of Changbai Mountain, because someone has seen the trace of monsters moving in the Tianchi Lake."


Premise: In the 400-meter race, Luo, Fang, Xu, Lu, Tian and Shi were divided into a group. They are standing on track 1 to 6 from the inside out. With regard to their location, it is known that: (1) the track of Tian and Shi is adjacent; (2) the number of Lu's track is smaller than that of Luo; (3) there are two tracks between Tian and Luo; (4) the track number of Fang is smaller than Lu, and there are two tracks in the middle.

Hypothesis: According to the above statement, Tian may be on track 3.


Premise: Scientists attempting to replicate certain controversial results reported by a group of experienced researchers failed to get the same results as those reported. The conclusion drawn from this by the scientists who conducted the replication experiments was that the originally reported results had been due to faulty measurements.

Hypothesis: The assumption that the researchers who originally reported the controversial results had themselves observed those results only once is part of the argument of the scientists who conducted the replication experiments.