context: It is almost certain that Bill left the milk. There is a very good chance that Julie is in the kitchen. It is likely that John picked up the apple. It is impossible that if John picked up the apple, and Julie is in the kitchen, then Bernhard is white. Chances are about even that if either Julie is in the kitchen, or John picked up the apple, then Julius is a swan. There is little chance that if Julie is in the kitchen, or Bill left the milk, then Brian is white.
hypothesis: It is certain that bernhard is white, or Brian is white.
valid_hypothesis: It is improbable that bernhard is white, or Brian is white.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that bernhard is white, or Brian is white.
hypothesis_assertion: Bernhard is white, or Brian is white.