context: It is probably the case that Julius is a swan. Chances are about even that Brian is a frog. We doubt that Gertrude is a cat. There is a better than even chance that if Gertrude is a cat, and Julius is a swan, then Emily is a sheep. We doubt that if Gertrude is a cat, and Brian is a frog, then Daniel left the milk. It is probably not the case that if Brian is a frog, and Julius is a swan, then Mary got the football.
hypothesis: It is certain that emily is a sheep, or Gertrude is a cat.
valid_hypothesis: We doubt that emily is a sheep, or Gertrude is a cat.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that emily is a sheep, or Gertrude is a cat.
hypothesis_assertion: Emily is a sheep, or Gertrude is a cat.