context: It is highly likely that John took the apple. It is probably not the case that Julius is a swan. Chances are about even that Bernhard is gray. It is probable that if either John took the apple, or Bernhard is gray, then Mary went to the garden. There is little chance that if Julius is a swan, or Bernhard is gray, then Bill is in the school. It is probably the case that if John took the apple, or Julius is a swan, then Brian is yellow.
hypothesis: It is probably not the case that john took the apple, and Mary went to the garden.
valid_hypothesis: It is probably not the case that john took the apple, and Mary went to the garden.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that john took the apple, and Mary went to the garden.
hypothesis_assertion: John took the apple, and Mary went to the garden.