context: Chances are about even that Jeff dropped the apple. It is unlikely that Brian is yellow. There is a very good chance that John went to the hallway. It is unlikely that if either John went to the hallway, or Brian is yellow, then Sandra got the football. It is improbable that if either John went to the hallway, or Brian is yellow, then Sumit is bored. There is almost no chance that if John went to the hallway, and Brian is yellow, then Bernhard is white.
hypothesis: It is unlikely that bernhard is white, or Brian is yellow.
valid_hypothesis: It is unlikely that bernhard is white, or Brian is yellow.
invalid_hypothesis: It is probably the case that bernhard is white, or Brian is yellow.
hypothesis_assertion: Bernhard is white, or Brian is yellow.