context: Chances are slight that Bernhard is gray. There is little chance that Mary got the football. It is highly likely that Winona is a mouse. It is impossible that if either Winona is a mouse, or Mary got the football, then Greg is a lion. There is a better than even chance that if Winona is a mouse, or Bernhard is gray, then Jeff discarded the apple. We doubt that if either Mary got the football, or Bernhard is gray, then Jessica is a mouse.
hypothesis: It is certain that jeff discarded the apple, and Bernhard is gray.
valid_hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that jeff discarded the apple, and Bernhard is gray.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that jeff discarded the apple, and Bernhard is gray.
hypothesis_assertion: Jeff discarded the apple, and Bernhard is gray.