context: Chances are slight that Brian is white. There is a very good chance that Greg is a lion. It is certain that Julius is a frog. Chances are slight that if Brian is white, or Greg is a lion, then Mary got the milk. It is impossible that if Greg is a lion, and Julius is a frog, then John picked up the apple. It is almost certain that if Brian is white, or Greg is a lion, then Bernhard is yellow.
hypothesis: It is certain that either John picked up the apple, or Julius is a frog.
valid_hypothesis: It is certain that either John picked up the apple, or Julius is a frog.
invalid_hypothesis: It is impossible that either John picked up the apple, or Julius is a frog.
hypothesis_assertion: Either John picked up the apple, or Julius is a frog.