context: It is certain that Mary picked up the apple. It is impossible that Brian is a frog. It is highly unlikely that John left the football. Chances are slight that if Mary picked up the apple, and John left the football, then Bernhard is a lion. It is certain that if either John left the football, or Brian is a frog, then Julius is a lion. There is a better than even chance that if either Mary picked up the apple, or John left the football, then Lily is a rhino.
hypothesis: It is probable that julius is a lion, or Brian is a frog.
valid_hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that julius is a lion, or Brian is a frog.
invalid_hypothesis: It is probable that julius is a lion, or Brian is a frog.
hypothesis_assertion: Julius is a lion, or Brian is a frog.