context: It is probably not the case that Julius is green. We doubt that Bernhard is a frog. It is certain that John left the apple. Chances are about even that if John left the apple, or Julius is green, then Greg is yellow. It is highly unlikely that if Bernhard is a frog, and John left the apple, then Lily is a lion. There is a very good chance that if John left the apple, or Bernhard is a frog, then Emily is a cat.
hypothesis: It is highly likely that emily is a cat, or Greg is yellow.
valid_hypothesis: It is highly likely that emily is a cat, or Greg is yellow.
invalid_hypothesis: There is little chance that emily is a cat, or Greg is yellow.
hypothesis_assertion: Emily is a cat, or Greg is yellow.