context: It is highly unlikely that John dropped the apple. It is probably not the case that Winona is a cat. We believe that Fred moved to the office. There is a better than even chance that if either Winona is a cat, or John dropped the apple, then Brian is gray. It is highly unlikely that if John dropped the apple, or Winona is a cat, then Mary went to the garden. Chances are slight that if either Fred moved to the office, or John dropped the apple, then Bernhard is a lion.
hypothesis: It is certain that winona is a cat, and Bernhard is a lion.
valid_hypothesis: There is almost no chance that winona is a cat, and Bernhard is a lion.
invalid_hypothesis: It is certain that winona is a cat, and Bernhard is a lion.
hypothesis_assertion: Winona is a cat, and Bernhard is a lion.