context: It is highly unlikely that Lily is yellow. There is a very good chance that Brian is gray. It is unlikely that Fred is in the office. There is a very good chance that if either Brian is gray, or Lily is yellow, then Mary went to the kitchen. We doubt that if Lily is yellow, and Fred is in the office, then Bernhard is a lion. It is probable that if either Fred is in the office, or Brian is gray, then John took the apple.
hypothesis: Chances are about even that lily is yellow, and John took the apple.
valid_hypothesis: There is almost no chance that lily is yellow, and John took the apple.
invalid_hypothesis: Chances are about even that lily is yellow, and John took the apple.
hypothesis_assertion: Lily is yellow, and John took the apple.