context: It is probably the case that Sandra took the apple. There is almost no chance that Lily is a swan. It is almost certain that Winona is a cat.
hypothesis: There is almost no chance that sandra took the apple, and Lily is a swan.
valid_hypothesis: There is almost no chance that sandra took the apple, and Lily is a swan.
invalid_hypothesis: There is a better than even chance that sandra took the apple, and Lily is a swan.
hypothesis_assertion: Sandra took the apple, and Lily is a swan.