context: There is a very good chance that John picked up the apple. It is probably not the case that Gertrude is a cat. We believe that Mary went to the garden.
hypothesis: It is unlikely that john picked up the apple, or Gertrude is a cat.
valid_hypothesis: It is highly likely that john picked up the apple, or Gertrude is a cat.
invalid_hypothesis: It is unlikely that john picked up the apple, or Gertrude is a cat.
hypothesis_assertion: John picked up the apple, or Gertrude is a cat.