context: It is improbable that Brian is a frog. We doubt that Mary got the apple. Chances are about even that Bernhard is a swan.
hypothesis: There is almost no chance that mary got the apple, and Brian is a frog.
valid_hypothesis: There is almost no chance that mary got the apple, and Brian is a frog.
invalid_hypothesis: It is likely that mary got the apple, and Brian is a frog.
hypothesis_assertion: Mary got the apple, and Brian is a frog.