context: It is highly unlikely that Gertrude is a cat. It is unlikely that Brian is a swan. We believe that Julius is a frog.
hypothesis: It is likely that julius is a frog, and Brian is a swan.
valid_hypothesis: Chances are slight that julius is a frog, and Brian is a swan.
invalid_hypothesis: It is likely that julius is a frog, and Brian is a swan.
hypothesis_assertion: Julius is a frog, and Brian is a swan.