context: We believe that Bernhard is white. It is improbable that John picked up the apple. There is a better than even chance that Lily is a frog.
hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that john picked up the apple, and Lily is a frog.
valid_hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that john picked up the apple, and Lily is a frog.
invalid_hypothesis: It is likely that john picked up the apple, and Lily is a frog.
hypothesis_assertion: John picked up the apple, and Lily is a frog.