context: It is improbable that Sandra left the apple. Chances are about even that Mary got the apple. We doubt that Julius is yellow.
hypothesis: There is a better than even chance that sandra left the apple, and Mary got the apple.
valid_hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that sandra left the apple, and Mary got the apple.
invalid_hypothesis: There is a better than even chance that sandra left the apple, and Mary got the apple.
hypothesis_assertion: Sandra left the apple, and Mary got the apple.