context: It is probably the case that Lily is yellow. We believe that Brian is a frog. We believe that John discarded the apple.
hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that john discarded the apple, and Brian is a frog.
valid_hypothesis: There is a better than even chance that john discarded the apple, and Brian is a frog.
invalid_hypothesis: It is highly unlikely that john discarded the apple, and Brian is a frog.
hypothesis_assertion: John discarded the apple, and Brian is a frog.