context: It is probably not the case that Gertrude is a cat. It is improbable that Greg is a lion. There is a better than even chance that Julius is a frog.
hypothesis: There is almost no chance that gertrude is a cat, and Greg is a lion.
valid_hypothesis: There is almost no chance that gertrude is a cat, and Greg is a lion.
invalid_hypothesis: It is highly likely that gertrude is a cat, and Greg is a lion.
hypothesis_assertion: Gertrude is a cat, and Greg is a lion.