context: It is almost certain that Gertrude is a cat. We believe that Julius is a rhino. It is improbable that John discarded the apple.
hypothesis: There is little chance that john discarded the apple, and Gertrude is a cat.
valid_hypothesis: There is little chance that john discarded the apple, and Gertrude is a cat.
invalid_hypothesis: It is probable that john discarded the apple, and Gertrude is a cat.
hypothesis_assertion: John discarded the apple, and Gertrude is a cat.