context: It is probably the case that Mary put down the apple. We doubt that Brian is a rhino. There is a very good chance that Julius is gray.
hypothesis: There is little chance that mary put down the apple, and Julius is gray.
valid_hypothesis: There is a better than even chance that mary put down the apple, and Julius is gray.
invalid_hypothesis: There is little chance that mary put down the apple, and Julius is gray.
hypothesis_assertion: Mary put down the apple, and Julius is gray.