"input","output"
"The laptop costs $500.","The laptop costs five hundred dollars."
"She earned $2.5 million last year.","She earned two point five million dollars last year."
"The rent ranges from $800-1200.","The rent ranges from eight hundred to twelve hundred dollars."
"He borrowed $50k from the bank.","He borrowed fifty thousand dollars from the bank."
"The budget is $2-3m.","The budget is two to three million dollars."
"They invested $3 billion in the project.","They invested three billion dollars in the project."
"The price varies from $10 to $20.","The price varies from ten dollars to twenty dollars."
"She received a grant of $100,000.","She received a grant of one hundred thousand dollars."
"The company is valued at $15 billion.","The company is valued at fifteen billion dollars."
"They spent $1.5 million on advertising.","They spent one point five million dollars on advertising."
"The salary ranges from $40k to $60k.","The salary ranges from forty thousand dollars to sixty thousand dollars."
"The house is listed for $750,000.","The house is listed for seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars."
"He donated $25 million to charity.","He donated twenty-five million dollars to charity."
"The grant amount is $2-3 million.","The grant amount is two to three million dollars."
"The investment is expected to be $100-200 billion.","The investment is expected to be one hundred to two hundred billion dollars."
"The fundraiser aims to raise $1 million.","The fundraiser aims to raise one million dollars."
"The annual budget is $5 billion.","The annual budget is five billion dollars."
"She received a bonus of $10k.","She received a bonus of ten thousand dollars."
"The contract is worth $30 million.","The contract is worth thirty million dollars."
"The project budget is $20m-30m.","The project budget is twenty million dollars to thirty million dollars."
"He invested $1.2 billion in stocks.","He invested one point two billion dollars in stocks."
"The prize money is $50,000.","The prize money is fifty thousand dollars."
"The grant ranges from $1-5 million.","The grant ranges from one to five million dollars."
"The donation amount is $25-50k.","The donation amount is twenty-five to fifty thousand dollars."
"The loan amount is $500,000.","The loan amount is five hundred thousand dollars."
"The project requires funding of $10 million.","The project requires funding of ten million dollars."
"They received a donation of $1 billion.","They received a donation of one billion dollars."
"The budget for the event is $50-100k.","The budget for the event is fifty to one hundred thousand dollars."
"The investment is expected to be $20-30 million.","The investment is expected to be twenty to thirty million dollars."
"The salary range is $60k-80k.","The salary range is sixty thousand dollars to eighty thousand dollars."
"The meeting is scheduled for 2/15/2024.","The meeting is scheduled for two fifteen twenty twenty-four."
"He was born on 11-5-98.","He was born on eleven five ninety-eight."
"The event is set for 6/7/2023.","The event is set for six seven twenty twenty-three."
"The deadline is 07.03.2025.","The deadline is seven three twenty twenty-five."
"Her birthday is on 12.10.2000.","Her birthday is on twelve ten two thousand."
"They got married on 1/1/05.","They got married on one one o five."
"The project started on 9-30-2022.","The project started on nine thirty twenty twenty-two."
"The concert is on 10.10.25.","The concert is on ten ten twenty-five."
"The lease expires on 04/12/2023.","The lease expires on four twelve twenty twenty-three."
"The registration deadline is 3/25/2024.","The registration deadline is three twenty-five twenty twenty-four."
"The festival will be held on 8-16-2023.","The festival will be held on eight sixteen twenty twenty-three."
"The release date is 02.08.25.","The release date is two eight twenty-five."
"The anniversary is on 5-1-2023.","The anniversary is on five one twenty twenty-three."
"The deadline is 10/05/2024.","The deadline is ten five twenty twenty-four."
"The conference is scheduled for 11.15.25.","The conference is scheduled for eleven fifteen twenty-five."
"She was born on 8/7/99.","She was born on eight seven ninety-nine."
"The event will take place on 9-1-23.","The event will take place on nine one twenty-three."
"The lease expires on 02/28/2023.","The lease expires on two twenty-eight twenty twenty-three."
"The concert is on 6-22-2024.","The concert is on six twenty-two twenty twenty-four."
"The registration deadline is 11.10.23.","The registration deadline is eleven ten twenty-three."
"The festival will be held on 3/14/2025.","The festival will be held on three fourteen twenty twenty-five."
"The release date is 09-05-24.","The release date is nine five twenty-four."
"The anniversary is on 12/1/2022.","The anniversary is on twelve one twenty twenty-two."
"The deadline is 7/31/2023.","The deadline is seven thirty-one twenty twenty-three."
"The conference is scheduled for 8.25.2024.","The conference is scheduled for eight twenty-five twenty twenty-four."
"She was born on 10-5-97.","She was born on ten five ninety-seven."
"The event will take place on 5.12.2023.","The event will take place on five twelve twenty twenty-three."
"The lease expires on 02/29/2024.","The lease expires on two twenty-nine twenty twenty-four."
"The concert is on 9/3/2025.","The concert is on nine three twenty twenty-five."
"The registration deadline is 12.7.2022.","The registration deadline is twelve seven twenty twenty-two."
"The festival will be held on 4/16/2023.","The festival will be held on four sixteen twenty twenty-three."
"The release date is 08-20-25.","The release date is eight twenty twenty-five."
"The anniversary is on 11.2.2024.","The anniversary is on eleven two twenty twenty-four."
"The deadline is 5/9/2023.","The deadline is five nine twenty twenty-three."
"The conference is scheduled for 6.15.2025.","The conference is scheduled for six fifteen twenty twenty-five."
"BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 is a British domestic radio station, operated and owned
by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), that broadcasts a wide variety
of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It
replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967. The station controller is Gwyneth
Williams, and the station is part of BBC Radio and the BBC Audio & Music
department.","B B C Radio four B B C Radio four is a British domestic radio station, operated and owned by the British Broadcasting Corporation, B B C, that broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the B B C Home Service in nineteen sixty-seven. The station controller is Gwyneth Williams, and the station is part of B B C Radio and the B B C Audio and Music department."
"The station is broadcast from the BBC's headquarters at Broadcasting House,
London. BBC Radio 4 is the second most popular domestic radio station in the UK,
and is broadcast throughout the United Kingdom on FM, LW and DAB, and can be
received in the north of France and Northern Europe as well.","The station is broadcast from the BBC's headquarters at Broadcasting House,
London. BBC Radio four is the second most popular domestic radio station in the United Kingdom,
and is broadcast throughout the United Kingdom on FM, long wave and digital audio broadcasting, and can be
received in the north of France and Northern Europe as well."
"In addition, the station is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media
and on the internet. Radio 4's sister station, BBC Radio 4 Extra (formerly known
as BBC 7), complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio 4
archive, extended versions of Radio 4 programmes and supplements to series such
as The Archers and Desert Island Discs.","In addition, the station is also available through Freeview, Sky, Virgin Media and on the internet. Radio four's sister station, BBC Radio four Extra (formerly known as BBC seven), complements the main channel by broadcasting repeats from the Radio four archive, extended versions of Radio four programmes and supplements to series such as The Archers and Desert Island Discs."
"BBC Radio 4 is notable for its consistent news bulletins and programmes such as
Today and The World at One, which are heralded on air by the Greenwich Time
Signal ""pips"" or the chimes of Big Ben.","B B C Radio four is notable for its consistent news bulletins and programmes such as Today and The World at One, which are heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal quote on quote pips or the chimes of Big Ben."
"Table of contents Section 1 Outline Radio 4 is the second most popular British
domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2 and the most popular in
London and the South of England. The station recorded its highest ever audience
of 11 million listeners in May 2011 and was named ""UK Radio Station of the Year""
at the 2003, 2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards.","Table of contents Section one Outline Radio four is the second most popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio two and the most popular in London and the South of England. The station recorded its highest ever audience of eleven million listeners in May twenty eleven and was named quote U K Radio Station of the Year end quote at the two thousand and three, two thousand and four and two thousand and eight Sony Radio Academy Awards."
"Costing $71.4 million (2005/6), it is the BBC's most expensive national radio
network and is considered by many to be the corporation's flagship. There is no
comparable British commercial network as Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch
its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a $100m
cost cutting review.","Costing seventy-one point four million dollars, two thousand and five slash six, it is the BBC's most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be the corporation's flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network as Channel four abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October two thousand and eight as part of a one hundred million dollars cost cutting review."
"In 2010, Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio 4 controller.","In twenty ten, Gwyneth Williams replaced Mark Damazer as Radio four controller."
"Damazer then became Master of St Peter's College, Oxford.","Damazer then became Master of St Peter's College, Oxford."
"Music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the station's remit.","Music and sport are the only fields that largely fall outside the station's remit."
"However the channel does broadcast occasional concerts, documentaries related to
various forms of both popular and classical music, as well as the long-running
music-based program Desert Island Discs.","However the channel does broadcast occasional concerts, documentaries related to various forms of both popular and classical music, as well as the long-running music-based program Desert Island Discs."
"In addition, prior to the creation of BBC Radio 5, the station broadcast several
sports-based features, most notably Sport on Four and since the creation of BBC
Radio 5Live has become the home of ball-by-ball commentaries of most test cricket
matches played by England, which are broadcast on long wave.","In addition, prior to the creation of B B C Radio five, the station broadcast several sports-based features, most notably Sport on Four and since the creation of B B C Radio five Live has become the home of ball-by-ball commentaries of most test cricket matches played by England, which are broadcast on long wave."
"As a result, for around 70 days a year, listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts
or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts.","As a result, for around seventy days a year, listeners have to rely on F M broadcasts or increasingly DAB for mainstream Radio four broadcasts."
"However the number of those relying solely on long wave is now a small minority.","However the number of those relying solely on long wave is now a small minority."
"The cricket broadcasts even take precedence over on the hour news bulletins, but
not Shipping Forecast.","The cricket broadcasts even take precedence over on the hour news bulletins, but not Shipping Forecast."
"Radio 4 has carried these regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale
warnings since its move to the Long Wave frequency in 1978 because the long-wave
service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland.","Radio four has carried these regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings since its move to the Long Wave frequency in nineteen seventy-eight because the long-wave service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland."
"The station has also been designated as the UK's national broadcaster in times
of national emergency such as a war: if all other radio stations were forced to
close, Radio 4 would still carry on broadcasting.","The station has also been designated as the U K's national broadcaster in times of national emergency such as a war: if all other radio stations were forced to close, Radio four would still carry on broadcasting."
"It has been claimed that Radio 4 had an additional role during the Cold War: the
commanders of nuclear-armed submarines believing that Britain had suffered nuclear
attack were required to check if they could still receive Radio 4, and if they
could not would open sealed orders which might authorise a retaliatory strike.","It has been claimed that Radio four had an additional role during the Cold War: the commanders of nuclear-armed submarines believing that Britain had suffered nuclear attack were required to check if they could still receive Radio four, and if they could not would open sealed orders which might authorise a retaliatory strike."
"As well as news and drama, and despite a reputation for being middle class and
London centric, Radio 4 also has a strong reputation for comedy, including
experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows
first appearing on the station.","As well as news and drama, and despite a reputation for being middle class and London centric, Radio four also has a strong reputation for comedy, including experimental and alternative comedy, many successful comedians and comedy shows first appearing on the station."
"The station is available on FM (in most of Great Britain, parts of Ireland and the North of France), LW (throughout the United Kingdom and in parts of Northern Europe, and the Atlantic north of the Azores to about 20degrees west), MW (in some areas), DAB, Digital TV (including Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media), and on the Internet.","The station is available on F M, in most of Great Britain, parts of Ireland and the North of France, L W, throughout the United Kingdom and in parts of Northern Europe, and the Atlantic north of the Azores to about twenty degrees west, M W, in some areas, DAB, Digital T V, including Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media, and on the Internet."
"Section 2 History The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967.","Section two History The B B C Home Service was the predecessor of Radio four and broadcast between nineteen thirty-nine and nineteen sixty-seven."
"It had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955 onwards.","It had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of V H F F M transmitters being added from nineteen fifty-five onwards."
"Radio 4 replaced the Home Service on 30 September 1967, when the BBC renamed many of its domestic radio stations, in response to the challenge of offshore radio.","Radio four replaced the Home Service on thirtieth September nineteen sixty-seven, when the B B C renamed many of its domestic radio stations, in response to the challenge of offshore radio."
"It moved to long wave in 1978, taking over the 200 kHz frequency previously held by Radio 2, and later moved to 198kHz as a result of international agreements aimed at avoiding interference.","It moved to long wave in nineteen seventy-eight, taking over the two hundred kilohertz frequency previously held by Radio two, and later moved to one hundred and ninety-eight kilohertz as a result of international agreements aimed at avoiding interference."
"For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 still carried some regional variations for parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations.","For a time during the nineteen seventies Radio four still carried some regional variations for parts of England not served by B B C Local Radio stations."
"These included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC East's studios in Norwich each weekday morning from 6:45am to 8:45am.","These included Roundabout East Anglia, a V H F opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from B B C East's studios in Norwich each weekday morning from six forty-five a m to eight forty-five a m."
"Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in 1980, when local radio services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk.","Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in nineteen eighty, when local radio services were introduced to East Anglia with the launch of B B C Radio Norfolk."
"Until 1990 Radio 4's FM frequencies broadcast Open University, schools programming and the ""Study on 4"" adult education slot at various times on VHF/FM because until the 1990s, Radio 4 was not available on FM in much of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.","Until nineteen ninety, Radio four's FM frequencies broadcast Open University, schools programming and the ""Study on four"" adult education slot at various times on VHF slash FM because until the nineteen nineties, Radio four was not available on FM in much of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland."
"The launch of Radio 5in September 1990saw the removal of all three strands to the new station resulting, for the first time, in the full Radio 4 schedule being on FM.","The launch of Radio fifth in September nineteen ninety saw the removal of all three strands to the new station resulting, for the first time, in the full Radio four schedule being on F M."
"However, between 17 January 1991 and 2 March 1991, the FM broadcasts were replaced by a continuous news service devoted to the Gulf War, nicknamed ""Scud FM"", again with the main Radio 4 service being exclusively on long wave.","However, between seventeenth January nineteen ninety-one and second March nineteen ninety-one, the F M broadcasts were replaced by a continuous news service devoted to the Gulf War, nicknamed quote on quote Scud F M, again with the main Radio four service being exclusively on long wave."
"In September 1991 bosses decided that the main Radio 4 service would be on FM as FM coverage had by now been extended to cover almost all of the UK.","In September nineteen ninety-one bosses decided that the main Radio four service would be on F M as F M coverage had by now been extended to cover almost all of the U K."
"At this point, opt-outs were transferred to long wave, which are currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, and Yesterday in Parliament.","At this point, opt-outs were transferred to long wave, which are currently Test Match Special, extra shipping forecasts, The Daily Service, and Yesterday in Parliament."
"Long wave also very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when the Pope visited Britain in 2010.","Long wave also very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when the Pope visited Britain in twenty ten."
"Radio 4 is part of the Royal Navy's system of Last Resort Letters. In the event of a suspected catastrophic attack on the United Kingdom, submarine commanders, in addition to carrying out other checks, would check for a broadcast signal from Radio 4to verify the annihilation of civilization in the United Kingdom.","Radio four is part of the Royal Navy's system of Last Resort Letters. In the event of a suspected catastrophic attack on the United Kingdom, submarine commanders, in addition to carrying out other checks, would check for a broadcast signal from Radio four to verify the annihilation of civilization in the United Kingdom."
"Section 3 Programmes and schedules. Section 3.1 Daily schedule. The night-time feed from the BBC World Service ends at 05:20, with a brief introduction from the early shift continuity announcer.","Section three Programmes and schedules. Section three point one Daily schedule. The night-time feed from the B B C World Service ends at five twenty, with a brief introduction from the early shift continuity announcer."
"The five-minute Radio 4 UK Theme (composed by Fritz Spiegl) followed this for 28 years until April 2006.","The five-minute Radio four U K Theme, composed by Fritz Spiegl, followed this for twenty-eight years until April two thousand and six."
"It was replaced by an extension to the early news bulletin, despite some public opposition and a campaign to save it.","It was replaced by an extension to the early news bulletin, despite some public opposition and a campaign to save it."
"After a continuity link and programme trail there is a shipping forecast, weather reports from coastal stations for 04:00 GMT and the inshore waters forecasts, followed at 05:30 by a news bulletin, a review of British and international newspapers, and a business report.","After a continuity link and programme trail there is a shipping forecast, weather reports from coastal stations for four o'clock G M T and the inshore waters forecasts, followed at five thirty by a news bulletin, a review of British and international newspapers, and a business report."
"On weekdays, Farming Today, which deals with news of relevance to the agricultural sector, is followed by the Today programme from 06:00 to 09:00.","On weekdays, Farming Today, which deals with news of relevance to the agricultural sector, is followed by the Today programme from six o'clock to nine o'clock."
"After the Today programme, the schedule is then determined by the day of the week, though on every weekday there are 'fixtures': Woman's Hour at 10:00, You and Yours at 12:00, The World at One and a repeat of the previous day's The Archers at 2:00 pm, followed by the Afternoon Play at 2:15 pm.","After the Today programme, the schedule is then determined by the day of the week, though on every weekday there are quote on quote fixtures: Woman's Hour at ten o'clock, You and Yours at twelve o'clock, The World at One and a repeat of the previous day's The Archers at two o'clock p m, followed by the Afternoon Play at two fifteen p m."
"At 5:00 pm another current affairs programme, PM, is broadcast.","At five o'clock p m the evening, another current affairs programme, P M, is broadcast."
"At 6:30 pm there is a regular comedy 'slot', followed by The Archers.","At six thirty p m there is a regular comedy quote on quote slot, followed by The Archers."
"At weekends the schedule is different, but also has its 'fixtures' at various times.","At weekends the schedule is different, but also has its quote on quote fixtures at various times."
"On or after the hour, a news bulletin is broadcast. This is sometimes a two-minute summary, a longer piece as part of a current affairs programme, or a 30 minute broadcast on weekdays at 18:00 and midnight.","On or after the hour, a news bulletin is broadcast. This is sometimes a two-minute summary, a longer piece as part of a current affairs programme, or a thirty minute broadcast on weekdays at six o'clock and midnight."
"There is a news programme or bulletin (depending on the day) at 22:00.","There is a news programme or bulletin, depending on the day, at ten o'clock."
"The midnight news is followed on weekdays by a repeat of Book of the Week.","The midnight news is followed on weekdays by a repeat of Book of the Week."
"The tune Sailing By is played until 00:48, when the late shipping forecast is roadcast.","The tune Sailing By is played until twelve forty-eight, when the late shipping forecast is roadcast."
"Timing is said to be difficult as the Sailing By theme must be started at a set time and faded in as the last program ends.","Timing is said to be difficult as the Sailing By theme must be started at a set time and faded in as the last program ends."
"Radio 4 finishes with the national anthem, God Save the Queen, and the World Service takes over from 01:00 until 05:20.","Radio four finishes with the national anthem, God Save the Queen, and the World Service takes over from one o'clock until five twenty."
"Timing is considered sacrosanct on the channel.","Timing is considered sacrosanct on the channel."
"Running over the hour, except in special circumstances or occasional scheduled instance, is unheard of, and even interrupting the Greenwich Time Signal on the hour (known as 'crashing the pips') is frowned upon.","Running over the hour, except in special circumstances or occasional scheduled instance, is unheard of, and even interrupting the Greenwich Time Signal on the hour, known as quote crashing the pips end quote is frowned upon."
"An online schedule page lists the running order of programmes.","An online schedule page lists the running order of programmes."
"Section 3.2 Production. Many Radio 4 programmes are pre-recorded.","Section three point two Production. Many Radio four programmes are pre-recorded."
"Programmes transmitted live include daily programmes such as Today, magazine programme Woman's Hour, consumer affairs programme You and Yours, and (often) the music, film, books, arts and culture programme Front Row.","Programmes transmitted live include daily programmes such as Today, magazine programme Woman's Hour, consumer affairs programme You and Yours, and, often, the music, film, books, arts and culture programme Front Row."
"Continuity is generally managed from BBC Broadcasting House whilst news bulletins, including the hourly summaries and longer programmes such as the Six O'Clock News and Midnight News, and news programmes such as Today, The World at One and PM come from the BBC Television Centre in White City.","Continuity is generally managed from B B C Broadcasting House whilst news bulletins, including the hourly summaries and longer programmes such as the Six O'Clock News and Midnight News, and news programmes such as Today, The World at One and P M come from the B B C Television Centre in White City."
"They were moved there in 1998 when the News Centre was opened to house both radio and TV news.","They were moved there in nineteen ninety-eight when the News Centre was opened to house both radio and T V news."
"Radio 4 News will move to New Broadcasting House in 2013.","Radio four News will move to New Broadcasting House in twenty thirteen."
"The Time Signal, known as 'the pips', is broadcast every hour to herald the news bulletin, except at midnight and 6pm, where the chimes of Big Ben are played instead.","The Time Signal, known as quote on quote the pips, is broadcast every hour to herald the news bulletin, except at midnight and six pm, where the chimes of Big Ben are played instead."
"Section 3.3 Programmes Radio 4 is distinguished by its long-running programmes, many of which have been broadcast for over 40 years.","Section three point three Programmes Radio four is distinguished by its long-running programmes, many of which have been broadcast for over forty years."
"Most programmes are available for a week after broadcast as streaming audio from Radio 4's listen again page and via BBC iPlayer.","Most programmes are available for a week after broadcast as streaming audio from Radio four's listen again page and via BBC iPlayer."
"A selection of programmes is also available as podcasts or downloadable audio files.","A selection of programmes is also available as podcasts or downloadable audio files."
"Many comedy and drama programmes from the Radio 4 archives are rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra (formerly BBC Radio 7).","Many comedy and drama programmes from the Radio four archives are rebroadcast on B B C Radio four Extra, formerly B B C Radio seven."
"Section 4. Continuity announcers and newsreaders. Announcers link programmes and read trails for programmes and for the Shipping Forecast.","Section four. Continuity announcers and newsreaders. Announcers link programmes and read trails for programmes and for the Shipping Forecast."
"Newsreaders read hourly summaries and longer bulletins.","Newsreaders read hourly summaries and longer bulletins."
"Section 4.1 Senior Announcers Section 4.2 Newsreaders/Continuity announcers Section 4.3 Newsreaders (non-Today programme)/Continuity announcers Section 4.4 Newsreaders Section 4.5 Newsreaders (non-Today programme) Section 4.6 Continuity announcers Section 4.7 Former staff Section 5Frequencies and other means of reception Radio 4is broadcast on: 92-95 MHz FM in England, and from some transmitters in Wales 95.8 MHz in central Scotland 96 MHz in Greater Belfast 103-104.5 from other transmitters in Wales and generally in Scotland and Northern Ireland 198 kHz longwave Medium wave in some areas: 720 kHz in London and Northern Ireland 1449 kHz in Aberdeen and North East Scotland DAB Standard FM content Subsidiary LW content, where applicable Freeview channel 704(FM only)","Section four point one Senior Announcers Section four point two Newsreaders slash Continuity announcers Section four point three Newsreaders, non-Today programme slash Continuity announcers Section four point four Newsreaders Section four point five Newsreaders, non-Today programme, Section four point six Continuity announcers Section four point seven Former staff Section five Frequencies and other means of reception Radio four is broadcast on: ninety-two to ninety-five megahertz F M in England, and from some transmitters in Wales ninety-five point eight megahertz in central Scotland ninety-six megahertz in Greater Belfast one hundred and three to one hundred and four point five from other transmitters in Wales and generally in Scotland and Northern Ireland one hundred and ninety-eight kilohertz longwave Medium wave in some areas: seven hundred and twenty kilohertz in London and Northern Ireland fourteen forty-nine kilohertz in Aberdeen and North East Scotland DAB Standard F M content Subsidiary L W content, where applicable Freeview channel seven hundred and four F M only"
"The Internet WMA live streaming Digital satellite: Radio 4 FM: Freesat channel 704 Sky channel 104 Radio 4LW: Freesat channel 710 Sky channel 143 Virgin Media channel 904(FM), channel 911(LW) Selected other cable television providers (Also on various frequencies on analogue cable networks) UPC Ireland channel 910in Republic of Ireland TalkTalk TV channel 604 Section 6 Criticisms","The Internet WMA live streaming Digital satellite: Radio four FM: Freesat channel seven zero four Sky channel one zero four Radio four LW: Freesat channel seven one zero Sky channel one four three Virgin Media channel nine zero four FM, channel nine one one LW Selected other cable television providers (Also on various frequencies on analogue cable networks) UPC Ireland channel nine one zero in Republic of Ireland TalkTalk TV channel six zero four Section six Criticisms."
"There have been criticisms voiced by newspapers in recent years over a perceived ""liberal"" bias at Radio 4 across a range of issues such as the EU and the Iraq War, as well as sycophancy in interviews, particularly on the popular morning news magazine ""Today"" as part of a reported perception of a general ""malaise"" at the BBC.","There have been criticisms voiced by newspapers in recent years over a perceived quote on quote liberal bias at Radio four across a range of issues such as the E U and the Iraq War, as well as sycophancy in interviews, particularly on the popular morning news magazine quote on quote Today as part of a reported perception of a general quote on quote malaise at the B B C."
"Conversely, the controversial Muslim journalist Mehdi Hasan, has criticised the station for an overtly ""socially and culturally conservative"" approach.","Conversely, the controversial Muslim journalist Mehdi Hasan, has criticised the station for an overtly quote socially and culturally conservative end quote approach."
"500 euro note The five hundred euro note (€ 500) is the highest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002.","five hundred euro note The five hundred euro note, five hundred is the highest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro, in its cash form, in two thousand and two."
"It is one of the highest value banknotes in the world, worth around 670 USD, 4,300 CNY, 51,300 JPY, 600 CHF or 430 GBP.","It is one of the highest value banknotes in the world, worth around six hundred and seventy U S D, four thousand three hundred C N Y, fifty-one thousand three hundred J P Y, six hundred C H F or four hundred and thirty G B P."
"The note is used in the 22 countries which have it as their sole currency (with 20 legally adopting it); with a population of about 332 million.","The note is used in the twenty-two countries which have it as their sole currency, with twenty legally adopting it; with a population of about three hundred and thirty-two million."
"It is the largest note measuring 160 x 82 mm and has a purple colour scheme.","It is the largest note measuring one hundred and sixty by eighty-two millimeters and has a purple colour scheme."
"The five hundred euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Modern architecture (around the 20th century).","The five hundred euro banknotes depict bridges and arches slash doorways in Modern architecture, around the twentieth century."
"The five hundred euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms, and microprinting that document its authenticity.","The five hundred euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms, and microprinting that document its authenticity."
"In October 2011, there were approximately 594,833,600 five hundred euro banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone.","In October twenty eleven, there were approximately five hundred and ninety-four million eight hundred and thirty-three thousand six hundred five hundred euro banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone."
"Table of contents Section 1 History Legally, both the European Central Bank and the NCBs of the eurozone countries' National Central Banks have received the right to issue the 7 different euro notes from the ECB.","Table of contents Section one History Legally, both the European Central Bank and the N C Bs of the eurozone countries National Central Banks have received the right to issue the seven different euro notes from the E C B."
"In practice, the NCBs of the zone issue and withdraw euro notes.","In practice, the N C Bs of the zone issue and withdraw euro notes."
"The European Central Bank does not own an office containing cash and has not been involved in any operations involving cash.","The European Central Bank does not own an office containing cash and has not been involved in any operations involving cash."
"Before the introduction, the euro was founded at the date of January 1st 1999, after which it began being the currency of over 300 million Europeans.","Before the introduction, the euro was founded at the date of January first nineteen ninety-nine, after which it began being the currency of over three hundred million Europeans."
"For the first three years of its existence it was a currency which was used only in accounting.","For the first three years of its existence it was a currency which was used only in accounting."
"Euro banknotes and coins were introduced on January 1st 2002, and on that day it replaced the former cash of the eurozone 12 , as it was then, national currencies like the Irish Pound and the Austrian schilling.","Euro banknotes and coins were introduced on January first two thousand and two, and on that day it replaced the former cash of the eurozone twelve as it was then, national currencies like the Irish Pound and the Austrian schilling."
"After the introduction, the changeover period during which the former currencies notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until 28 February 2002.","After the introduction, the changeover period during which the former currencies notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, until twenty eighth February two thousand and two."
"The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state.","The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state."
"The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more.","The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on thirty first December two thousand and one, though the exchange period lasted for two months more."
"Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever.","Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever."
"Changes There has so far only been one series of euro notes, however a new series similar to the current one is to be issued from 2011.","Changes There has so far only been one series of euro notes, however a new series similar to the current one is to be issued from twenty eleven."
"The initial issue of notes bears the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on November 1st 2003 by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on subsequent issues.","The initial issue of notes bears the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on November first two thousand and three by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on subsequent issues."
"Design The five hundred euro note measures at 160millimetres (6.3 in) × 82 millimetres (3.2 in) with a purple colour scheme.","Design The five hundred euro note measures at one hundred and sixty millimetres, six point three in, eighty-two millimetres, three point two in, with a purple colour scheme."
"All bank notes depict bridges and arches/doorways in a different historical European style; the five hundred euro note shows Modern architecture (around the 20th century).","All bank notes depict bridges and arches slash doorways in a different historical European style; the five hundred euro note shows Modern architecture, around the twentieth century."
"Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era.","Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era."
"Like all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the EU flag, the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of said bank in different EU languages, a depiction of EU territories overseas, the stars from the EU flag, and twelve security features as listed below.","Like all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the E U flag, the signature of the president of the E C B and the initials of said bank in different E U languages, a depiction of E U territories overseas, the stars from the E U flag, and twelve security features as listed below."
"Security features. The five hundred euro note has the highest-quality security features of all notes due to its value.","Security features. The five hundred euro note has the highest-quality security features of all notes due to its value."
"It is protected by a hologram stripe, a EURion constellation, watermarks, microprinting, ultraviolet ink, raised printing, a security thread, matted surface, perforations, see through number, colour changing ink, barcodes, and a serial number.","It is protected by a hologram stripe, a E U Rion constellation, watermarks, microprinting, ultraviolet ink, raised printing, a security thread, matted surface, perforations, see through number, colour changing ink, barcodes, and a serial number."
"Crime The value of the note is several times greater than that of the largest circulating notes of other major currencies, like the US $100 bill.","Crime The value of the note is several times greater than that of the largest circulating notes of other major currencies, like the U S one hundred dollars bill."
"Thus a large monetary value can be concentrated into a small volume of notes.","Thus a large monetary value can be concentrated into a small volume of notes."
"This facilitates crimes which deal in cash, including money laundering, drug dealing, and tax evasion.","This facilitates crimes which deal in cash, including money laundering, drug dealing, and tax evasion."
"There have been calls to withdraw the note for this reason.","There have been calls to withdraw the note for this reason."
"However, some of the replaced currencies had widely-used high-value notes, including 10,000 Belgian francs, 5000 Austrian schillings, 1000 Dutch guilders, and 1000 Deutsche Marks.","However, some of the replaced currencies had widely-used high-value notes, including ten thousand Belgian francs, fifty hundred Austrian schillings, ten hundred Dutch guilders, and ten hundred Deutsche Marks."
"Spain in particular now has a quarter of all these high-value bills within its borders.","Spain in particular now has a quarter of all these high-value bills within its borders."
"This is far more than expected for an economy of its size and they are rarely seen in every-day commerce - they have been nicknamed ""bin Ladens"" by the populace (as everyone knows they are there and what they look like but they have never seen them).","This is far more than expected for an economy of its size and they are rarely seen in every-day commerce they have been nicknamed quote on quote bin Ladens by the populace, as everyone knows they are there and what they look like but they have never seen them."
"British and Spanish police are using the bills to track money laundering.","British and Spanish police are using the bills to track money laundering."
"As of 20 April 2010, money exchange offices in the United Kingdom stopped selling € 500 due to their use in money laundering.","As of the twentieth of April, two thousand and ten, money exchange offices in the United Kingdom stopped selling five hundred euro due to their use in money laundering."
"The Serious Organised Crime Agency claimed that ""90% of all €500 sold in the UK are in the hands of organised crime"", revealed during an eight month analysis.","The Serious Organised Crime Agency claimed that quote ninety percent of all five hundred euros sold in the U K are in the hands of organised crime end quote, revealed during an eight month analysis."
"The € 500 note is worth in the region of $430 depending on exchange rates (more than eight times the value of the Bank of England's largest publicly-circulated note), and had become the currency choice for gangs to hide their profits.","The five hundred euro note is worth in the region of four hundred and thirty dollars depending on exchange rates (more than eight times the value of the Bank of England's largest publicly circulated note), and had become the currency choice for gangs to hide their profits."
"The EU directive 2005/06 ECon the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing tries to prevent such crime by requiring banks, real estate agents and many more companies to investigate and report usage of cash in excess of € 15,000.","The European Union directive two thousand and five slash zero six E C on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing tries to prevent such crime by requiring banks, real estate agents and many more companies to investigate and report usage of cash in excess of fifteen thousand euros."
"Circulation As of October 2011, there were approximately 594,833,600 $500 in circulation around the Eurozone, therefore it is the second-least circulated banknote in the Eurozone.","Circulation As of October twenty eleven, there were approximately five hundred and ninety-four million eight hundred and thirty-three thousand six hundred five hundred dollars in circulation around the Eurozone, therefore it is the second-least circulated banknote in the Eurozone."
"That is approximately worth of $500. The European Central Bank closely monitors the stock and circulation of euro notes and coins.","That is approximately worth of five hundred dollars. The European Central Bank closely monitors the stock and circulation of euro notes and coins."
"It is the Eurosystem's task to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity.","It is the Eurosystem's task to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity."
"Environmental impact. As an environmentally friendly institution, the European Central Bank tries very hard to make a shrewd use of natural resources, to keep the quality of the world, and to save people's health in the production and supplying of euro notes.","Environmental impact. As an environmentally friendly institution, the European Central Bank tries very hard to make a shrewd use of natural resources, to keep the quality of the world, and to save people's health in the production and supplying of euro notes."
"Euro notes are safe to use: independent test results confirmed that euro notes fulfilled all European Union regulations including a large range of chemical substances in euro notes.","Euro notes are safe to use: independent test results confirmed that euro notes fulfilled all European Union regulations including a large range of chemical substances in euro notes."
"All substances in the notes have shown a concentration below any limit.","All substances in the notes have shown a concentration below any limit."
"Tracking There are several communities of hobbyists, such as EuroBillTracker, which track the euro notes as they pass through their hands, to record their numbers and monitor their travel.","Tracking There are several communities of hobbyists, such as Euro Bill Tracker, which track the euro notes as they pass through their hands, to record their numbers and monitor their travel."
"Their aim is to record details about its spread and to generate statistics and rankings for various notes.","Their aim is to record details about its spread and to generate statistics and rankings for various notes."
"EuroBillTracker had registered over 96 million notes as of October 2011.","Euro Bill Tracker had registered over ninety-six million notes as of October twenty eleven."
"Dorset (pronounced Dorsit, sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the southwest of England, on the English Channel coast.","Dorset, pronounced Dorsit, sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire, is a county in the southwest of England, on the English Channel coast."
"The county town is Dorchester, centred in the south of the county at 50°43′00″N 02°26′00″W.","The county town is Dorchester, centred in the south of the county at fifty degrees forty-three minutes zero seconds north, two degrees twenty-six minutes zero seconds west."
"At the widest points, the county is 50 miles (80km) from east to west and 40 miles (64km) from north south, with an area of 1024square miles(2653km²).","At the widest points, the county is fifty miles, eighty kilometers, from east to west and forty miles, sixty-four kilometers, from north south, with an area of ten twenty-four square miles twenty-six fifty-three kilometers."
"The county borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east.","The county borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east."
"The county is largely rural with a low population and population density.","The county is largely rural with a low population and population density."
"The county motto is ""Who's Afear'd"".","The county motto is quote on quote Who's Afear'd."
"Dorset is famous for its picturesque coastline, the Jurassic Coast, which features unique landforms such as Lulworth Cove and the Isle of Portland, as well as the holiday resorts of Weymouth and Bournemouth.","Dorset is famous for its picturesque coastline, the Jurassic Coast, which features unique landforms such as Lulworth Cove and the Isle of Portland, as well as the holiday resorts of Weymouth and Bournemouth."
"Dorset is the setting of the novels of Thomas Hardy, who was born and lived in the quiet county town.","Dorset is the setting of the novels of Thomas Hardy, who was born and lived in the quiet county town."
"The county has a long history of human settlement and some notable archaeology, including the hill forts of Maiden Castle and Hod Hill.","The county has a long history of human settlement and some notable archaeology, including the hill forts of Maiden Castle and Hod Hill."
"Table of contents Demographics Dorset has a population of 390,980, plus 163,444 in Bournemouth and 138,288 in Poole (total 692,712).","Table of contents Demographics Dorset has a population of three hundred and ninety thousand nine hundred and eighty, plus one hundred and sixty-three thousand four hundred and forty-four in Bournemouth and one hundred and thirty-eight thousand two hundred and eighty-eight in Poole, total six hundred and ninety-two thousand seven hundred and twelve."
"The following statistics exclude Poole and Bournemouth, which are no longer part of the administrative county.","The following statistics exclude Poole and Bournemouth, which are no longer part of the administrative county."
"91.3% of Dorset's population were born in England and 95.2% were born within the United Kingdom.","ninety-one point three percent of Dorset's population were born in England and ninety-five point two percent were born within the United Kingdom."
"98.8% are indigenous, an extreme example of the disproportionately small ethnic minority population in rural areas.","ninety-eight point eight percent are indigenous, an extreme example of the disproportionately small ethnic minority population in rural areas."
"78% of the population are Christian, 13.7% are not religious.","seventy-eight percent of the population are Christian, thirteen point seven percent are not religious."
"Dorset has the second highest proportion of elderly people of any county in Britain, second only to East Sussex, with 25.9% of the population over 65 and 13.9% of the 16-74 age range retired.","Dorset has the second highest proportion of elderly people of any county in Britain, second only to East Sussex, with twenty-five point nine percent of the population over sixty-five and thirteen point nine percent of the sixteen to seventy-four age range retired."
"The county has the lowest birth rate of the 34 English counties, at 9.6 births per 1000.","The county has the lowest birth rate of the thirty-four English counties, at nine point six births per ten hundred."
"It has the third highest mortality rate, behind East Sussex and Devon.","It has the third highest mortality rate, behind East Sussex and Devon."
"In 1996, deaths exceeded births by 1056, giving a natural population decline of 2.7per 1000, however, in 1997 there were 7200 migrants moving to Dorset and the Poole-Bournemouth conurbation, giving Dorset the second highest net population-growth, behind Cambridgeshire, at 17.3%.","In nineteen ninety-six, deaths exceeded births by ten fifty-six, giving a natural population decline of two point seven per ten hundred, however, in nineteen ninety-seven there were seventy-two hundred migrants moving to Dorset and the Poole-Bournemouth conurbation, giving Dorset the second highest net population-growth, behind Cambridgeshire, at seventeen point three percent."
"Data taken from the 2001 census and the Dorset Keyfacts.","Data taken from the two thousand and one census and the Dorset Keyfacts."
"Politics Dorset County Council is based at County Hall in central Dorchester.","Politics Dorset County Council is based at County Hall in central Dorchester."
"As of 2005 23 Conservative, thirteen Liberal Democrat, four Labour and one independent councillor sit on the county council.","As of two thousand and five twenty-three Conservative, thirteen Liberal Democrat, four Labour and one independent councillor sit on the county council."
"All Labour councillors were elected in the built up area of Weymouth and Portland, with rural areas returning Conservatives and Liberal Democrat councillors.","All Labour councillors were elected in the built up area of Weymouth and Portland, with rural areas returning Conservatives and Liberal Democrat councillors."
"This pattern is repeated at the national level.","This pattern is repeated at the national level."
"Before the dissolution of Parliament for the 2005 general election Dorset South was represented by Labour MP Jim Knight, though this constituency was Labour's smallest majority and is one of the most fiercely contested seats in the election.","Before the dissolution of Parliament for the two thousand and five general election Dorset South was represented by Labour M P Jim Knight, though this constituency was Labour's smallest majority and is one of the most fiercely contested seats in the election."
"In all other Dorset constituencies, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats are the most successful parties, with Mid-Dorset and North Poole being represented by the Liberal Democrats, and West Dorset, Christchurch and North Dorset by the Conservatives.","In all other Dorset constituencies, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats are the most successful parties, with Mid-Dorset and North Poole being represented by the Liberal Democrats, and West Dorset, Christchurch and North Dorset by the Conservatives."
"In West Dorset, the Conservative front bencher Oliver Letwin has a small majority threatened by the Liberal Democrats who are being helped with a tactical voting campaign led by West Dorset resident and political campaigner Billy Bragg.","In West Dorset, the Conservative front bencher Oliver Letwin has a small majority threatened by the Liberal Democrats who are being helped with a tactical voting campaign led by West Dorset resident and political campaigner Billy Bragg."
"Geology, landscape, and ecology. Most of Dorset's landscape falls into two categories, determined by the underlying geology.","Geology, landscape, and ecology. Most of Dorset's landscape falls into two categories, determined by the underlying geology."
"There are a number of large ridges of limestone downland, much of which were cleared of the native forest hundreds or even thousands of years ago and are mostly grassland and some arable agriculture.","There are a number of large ridges of limestone downland, much of which were cleared of the native forest hundreds or even thousands of years ago and are mostly grassland and some arable agriculture."
"These limestone areas include a band of chalk which crosses the county from south-west to north-east incorporating Cranborne Chase, the Dorset Downs, and Purbeck Hills.","These limestone areas include a band of chalk which crosses the county from south-west to north-east incorporating Cranborne Chase, the Dorset Downs, and Purbeck Hills."
"Between the areas of downland are large, wide clay vales (primarily Oxford Clay with some Weald Clay and London Clay) with wide flood plains.","Between the areas of downland are large, wide clay vales, primarily Oxford Clay with some Weald Clay and London Clay, with wide flood plains."
"These vales are primarily used for dairy agriculture, dotted with small villages, farms, and coppices.","These vales are primarily used for dairy agriculture, dotted with small villages, farms, and coppices."
"They include the Blackmore Vale (Stour valley) and Frome valley.","They include the Blackmore Vale, Stour valley, and Frome valley."
"South-east Dorset, around Poole and Bournemouth, lies on very nonresistant Eocene clays (mainly London Clay and Gault Clay), sands and gravels.","South-east Dorset, around Poole and Bournemouth, lies on very nonresistant Eocene clays, mainly London Clay and Gault Clay, sands and gravels."
"These thin soils support a heathland habitat, which supports all seven native British reptile species.","These thin soils support a heathland habitat, which supports all seven native British reptile species."
"The River Frome estuary runs through this weak rock, and its many tributaries have carved out a very wide estuary.","The River Frome estuary runs through this weak rock, and its many tributaries have carved out a very wide estuary."
"At the mouth of the estuary sand spits have been deposited turning the estuary into Poole Harbour, the second largest natural harbour in the world (after Sydney Harbour, though Sydney's claim is disputed).","At the mouth of the estuary sand spits have been deposited turning the estuary into Poole Harbour, the second largest natural harbour in the world, after Sydney Harbour, though Sydney's claim is disputed."
"The harbour is very shallow in places and contains a number of islands, notably Brownsea Island, famous for its Red Squirrel sanctuary and as the birthplace of the Scouting movement.","The harbour is very shallow in places and contains a number of islands, notably Brownsea Island, famous for its Red Squirrel sanctuary and as the birthplace of the Scouting movement."
"The harbour, and the chalk and limestone hills of the Purbecks to the south, lie atop Britain's largest onshore oil field.","The harbour, and the chalk and limestone hills of the Purbecks to the south, lie atop Britain's largest onshore oil field."
"The field, operated by BP from Wytch Farm, produces a high-quality oil and boasts the world's oldest continuously pumping well (Kimmeridge, since the early 1960s) and longest horizontal drill (5 miles, ending underneath Bournemouth pier).","The field, operated by B P from Wytch Farm, produces a high-quality oil and boasts the world's oldest continuously pumping well, Kimmeridge, since the early nineteen sixties, and longest horizontal drill, five miles, ending underneath Bournemouth pier."
"The clay pottery produced by Poole Pottery from the local clays is famous for its quality.","The clay pottery produced by Poole Pottery from the local clays is famous for its quality."
"Most of Dorset's coastline was designated a World Heritage Site in 2001 because of its unique geological landforms.","Most of Dorset's coastline was designated a World Heritage Site in two thousand and one because of its unique geological landforms."
"The coast documents the entire Mesozoic era from Triassic to Cretaceous, and has yielded many important fossils, including the first complete Ichthyosaur and fossilized Jurassic trees.","The coast documents the entire Mesozoic era from Triassic to Cretaceous, and has yielded many important fossils, including the first complete Ichthyosaur and fossilized Jurassic trees."
"The coast also features examples of most notable coastal landforms, including a textbook example of cove (Lulworth Cove) and natural arch. Jutting out into the English Channel is a limestone island, the Isle of Portland, connected to the mainland by Chesil Beach, a tombolo.","The coast also features examples of most notable coastal landforms, including a textbook example of cove, Lulworth Cove, and natural arch. Jutting out into the English Channel is a limestone island, the Isle of Portland, connected to the mainland by Chesil Beach, a tombolo."
"In the west of the county, the chalk and clay of south-east England begin to give way to the marl and granite of neighboring Devon.","In the west of the county, the chalk and clay of south-east England begin to give way to the marl and granite of neighboring Devon."
"Pilsdon Pen, the highest hill in Dorset at 909ft (277m), is situated here. History.","Pilsdon Pen, the highest hill in Dorset at nine hundred and nine feet, two hundred and seventy-seven meters, is situated here. History."
"The earliest recorded use of the name was in A.D.940 as Dorseteschire meaning the dwellers (saete) of Dornuuarana (Dorchester), the place of fisticuffs (Celtic: Dwrn, ""fist"" and gwarae, ""play"").","The earliest recorded use of the name was in A D nine hundred and forty as Dorseteschire meaning the dwellers, saete, of Dornuuarana, Dorchester, the place of fisticuffs, Celtic: Dwrn, quote on quote fist and gwarae, quote on quote play."
"The first known settlement of Dorset was by Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BCE.","The first known settlement of Dorset was by Mesolithic hunters, from around eighty hundred B C E."
"Their populations were small and concentrated along the coast in the Isle of Purbeck, Weymouth and Chesil Beach, and along the Stour valley.","Their populations were small and concentrated along the coast in the Isle of Purbeck, Weymouth and Chesil Beach, and along the Stour valley."
"These populations used tools and fire to clear these areas of some of the native Oak forest.","These populations used tools and fire to clear these areas of some of the native Oak forest."
"Dorset's high chalk hills have provided a location for defensive settlements for millennia, with neolithic and bronze age burial mounds on almost every chalk hill in the county, and a number of iron age hill forts, the most famous being Maiden Castle.","Dorset's high chalk hills have provided a location for defensive settlements for millennia, with neolithic and bronze age burial mounds on almost every chalk hill in the county, and a number of iron age hill forts, the most famous being Maiden Castle."
"The chalk downs would have been deforested in these times, making way for farmland.","The chalk downs would have been deforested in these times, making way for farmland."
"Dorset has many notable Roman artifacts, particularly around the Roman town Dorchester, where Maiden Castle was captured from the Celtic Durotriges by Vespasian in AD 54, early in the Roman occupation.","Dorset has many notable Roman artifacts, particularly around the Roman town Dorchester, where Maiden Castle was captured from the Celtic Durotriges by Vespasian in A D fifty-four, early in the Roman occupation."
"Roman roads radiated from Dorchester, following the tops of the chalk ridges to the many small Roman villages around the county.","Roman roads radiated from Dorchester, following the tops of the chalk ridges to the many small Roman villages around the county."
"In the Roman era, settlements moved from the hill tops to the valleys, and the hilltops had been abandoned by the 4th century.","In the Roman era, settlements moved from the hill tops to the valleys, and the hilltops had been abandoned by the fourth century."
"A large defensive ditch, Bokerley Dyke, delayed the Saxon conquest of Dorset from the north east for up to 200 years.","A large defensive ditch, Bokerley Dyke, delayed the Saxon conquest of Dorset from the north east for up to two hundred years."
"The Domesday Book documents many Saxon settlements corresponding to modern towns and villages, mostly in the valleys.","The Domesday Book documents many Saxon settlements corresponding to modern towns and villages, mostly in the valleys."
"There have been few changes to the parishes since the Domesday Book.","There have been few changes to the parishes since the Domesday Book."
"Over the next few centuries the settlers established the pattern of farmland which prevailed into the 19th century, as well as many monasteries, which were important landowners and centres of power.","Over the next few centuries the settlers established the pattern of farmland which prevailed into the nineteenth century, as well as many monasteries, which were important landowners and centres of power."
"In the 12th century civil war, Dorset was fortified with the construction of the defensive castles at Corfe Castle, Powerstock, Wareham, and Shaftesbury, and the strengthening of the monasteries such as at Abbotsbury.","In the twelfth century civil war, Dorset was fortified with the construction of the defensive castles at Corfe Castle, Powerstock, Wareham, and Shaftesbury, and the strengthening of the monasteries such as at Abbotsbury."
"In the 17th century English Civil War, Dorset had a number of royalist strongholds, such as Sherborne Castle and Corfe Castle, which were ruined in the war.","In the seventeenth century English Civil War, Dorset had a number of royalist strongholds, such as Sherborne Castle and Corfe Castle, which were ruined in the war."
"In the intervening years, the county was used by the monarchy and nobility for hunting and the county still have a number of Deer Parks.","In the intervening years, the county was used by the monarchy and nobility for hunting and the county still have a number of Deer Parks."
"Throughout the late Medieval times, the remaining hilltop settlements shrank further and disappeared.","Throughout the late Medieval times, the remaining hilltop settlements shrank further and disappeared."
"From the Tudor to Georgian periods, farms specialised and the monastic estates were broke up, leading to an increase in population and settlement size.","From the Tudor to Georgian periods, farms specialised and the monastic estates were broke up, leading to an increase in population and settlement size."
"During the industrial revolution, Dorset remained largely rural and still retains its agricultural economy.","During the industrial revolution, Dorset remained largely rural and still retains its agricultural economy."
"The Tolpuddle Martyrs lived in Dorset, and the farming economy of Dorset was central in the formation of the trade union movement.","The Tolpuddle Martyrs lived in Dorset, and the farming economy of Dorset was central in the formation of the trade union movement."
"Trade, industry, and tourism. The principal industry in Dorset has traditionally been agriculture.","Trade, industry, and tourism. The principal industry in Dorset has traditionally been agriculture."
"It has not, however, been the largest employer for many decades as mechanisation has substantially reduced the number of workers required.","It has not, however, been the largest employer for many decades as mechanisation has substantially reduced the number of workers required."
"Agriculture has become less profitable in recent years and the industry has declined further.","Agriculture has become less profitable in recent years and the industry has declined further."
"In 2002, 1903km² of the county was in agricultural use, down from 1986km² in 1989, although the figure has fluctuated somewhat.","In two thousand and two, one thousand nine hundred and three square kilometers of the county was in agricultural use, down from one thousand nine hundred and eighty-six square kilometers in one thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine, although the figure has fluctuated somewhat."
"Cattle, the principal animal stock in the county, fell from 240,413 to 178,328 in the same period, the dairy herds falling from 102,589 - 73,476.","Cattle, the principal animal stock in the county, fell from two hundred and forty thousand four hundred and thirteen to one hundred and seventy-eight thousand three hundred and twenty-eight in the same period, the dairy herds falling from one hundred and two thousand five hundred and eighty-nine to seventy-three thousand four hundred and seventy-six."
"Sheep and pig farming has declined in a similar fashion. Tourism has grown as a major industry in Dorset since the early 19th century.","Sheep and pig farming has declined in a similar fashion. Tourism has grown as a major industry in Dorset since the early nineteenth century."
"4.2 million British tourists and 260,000 foreign tourists visited the county in 2002, spending a combined total of $768 million.","four point two million British tourists and two hundred and sixty thousand foreign tourists visited the county in two thousand and two, spending a combined total of seven hundred and sixty-eight million dollars."
"Foreign tourism declined in 1999 (310,000, down from 410,000 in 1998), and again in 2002 (down from 320,000), the latter decline being blamed on the effects of the global economy and security at that time.","Foreign tourism declined in nineteen ninety-nine (three hundred and ten thousand, down from four hundred and ten thousand in nineteen ninety-eight), and again in two thousand and two (down from three hundred and twenty thousand), the latter decline being blamed on the effects of the global economy and security at that time."
"Dorset has little manufacturing industry, at 14.6% of employment (compared to 18.8% for the UK), and is ranked 30th out the 34English counties.","Dorset has little manufacturing industry, at fourteen point six percent of employment, compared to eighteen point eight percent for the U K, and is ranked thirtieth out the thirty-four English counties."
"The gross domestic product for the county is 84% that of the national average.","The gross domestic product for the county is eighty-four percent that of the national average."
"Dorset people, Dorset is famed in literature for being the native county of author and poet Thomas Hardy.","Dorset people, Dorset is famed in literature for being the native county of author and poet Thomas Hardy."
"Many of the places he describes in his novels in the fictional Wessex are in Dorset.","Many of the places he describes in his novels in the fictional Wessex are in Dorset."
"The National Trust own Thomas Hardy's Cottage, in woodland east of Dorchester, and Max Gate, his house in Dorchester.","The National Trust own Thomas Hardy's Cottage, in woodland east of Dorchester, and Max Gate, his house in Dorchester."
"Stalbridge was home of Douglas Adams, author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.","Stalbridge was home of Douglas Adams, author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."
"Poet William Barnes, authors Theodore Francis Powys, John le Carré, P.D. James and satirical novelist Thomas Love Peacock are also locals.","Poet William Barnes, authors Theodore Francis Powys, John le Carré, P D James and satirical novelist Thomas Love Peacock are also locals."
"The author John Fowles lives in Lyme Regis.","The author John Fowles lives in Lyme Regis."
"Dorset is also the birthplace of artist Sir James Thornhill, musicians P.J. Harvey and Robert Fripp, paleontologist Mary Anning and archbishops John Morton and William Wake.","Dorset is also the birthplace of artist Sir James Thornhill, musicians P J Harvey and Robert Fripp, paleontologist Mary Anning and archbishops John Morton and William Wake."
"Explorer Sir Walter Raleigh lived in Dorset for a time.","Explorer Sir Walter Raleigh lived in Dorset for a time."
"Scientist and philosopher Robert Boyle lived in Stalbridge Manor for a time.","Scientist and philosopher Robert Boyle lived in Stalbridge Manor for a time."
"Singer-songwriter Billy Bragg lives in Burton Bradstock, near Bridport.","Singer-songwriter Billy Bragg lives in Burton Bradstock, near Bridport."
"Settlements, a list of places in Dorset.","Settlements, a list of places in Dorset."
"Dorset is largely rural with many small villages, few large towns, and no cities.","Dorset is largely rural with many small villages, few large towns, and no cities."
"The largest town is the south-east coastal conurbation consisting of the seaside resort of Bournemouth, the historic port of Poole, and the town of Christchurch plus many villages.","The largest town is the south-east coastal conurbation consisting of the seaside resort of Bournemouth, the historic port of Poole, and the town of Christchurch plus many villages."
"The conurbation is the only settlement in Dorset that could be described as a city (though it does not legally have city status), but in the mid 19th century there was little more than a small town on Poole quay.","The conurbation is the only settlement in Dorset that could be described as a city, though it does not legally have city status, but in the mid nineteenth century there was little more than a small town on Poole quay."
"Bournemouth was created in the Victorian era when sea bathing became popular.","Bournemouth was created in the Victorian era when sea bathing became popular."
"As an example of how affluent the area has become, Sandbanks in Poole was worthless land unwanted by farmers in the 19th century, but is now boasts the third highest land value by area in the world.","As an example of how affluent the area has become, Sandbanks in Poole was worthless land unwanted by farmers in the nineteenth century, but is now boasts the third highest land value by area in the world."
"Bournemouth and Christchurch were added to the county from Hampshire in the county boundary changes of 1974.","Bournemouth and Christchurch were added to the county from Hampshire in the county boundary changes of nineteen seventy-four."
"The other two major settlements in the county are Dorchester, the county town, and Weymouth, one of the first tourist towns, frequented by George III, and still popular. Blandford Forum, Sherborne, Gillingham, Shaftesbury and Sturminster Newton are historical market towns which serve the farms and villages of the Blackmore Vale (Hardy's Vale of the Little Dairies).","The other two major settlements in the county are Dorchester, the county town, and Weymouth, one of the first tourist towns, frequented by George the third, and still popular. Blandford Forum, Sherborne, Gillingham, Shaftesbury and Sturminster Newton are historical market towns which serve the farms and villages of the Blackmore Vale, Hardy's Vale of the Little Dairies."
"Blandford is home to the Badger brewery of Hall and Woodhouse.","Blandford is home to the Badger brewery of Hall and Woodhouse."
"Bridport, Lyme Regis, and Wareham are also market towns.","Bridport, Lyme Regis, and Wareham are also market towns."
"Currently in construction on the western edge of Dorchester is the experimental new town of Poundbury, commissioned and co-designed by Prince Charles.","Currently in construction on the western edge of Dorchester is the experimental new town of Poundbury, commissioned and co-designed by Prince Charles."
"The suburb is designed to integrate residential and retail buildings and counter the growth of dormitory towns and car-orientated development.","The suburb is designed to integrate residential and retail buildings and counter the growth of dormitory towns and car-orientated development."
"Zinc Zinc, or spelter (which may also refer to zinc alloys), is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.","Zinc Zinc, or spelter, which may also refer to zinc alloys, is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number thirty."
"It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table.","It is the first element in group twelve of the periodic table."
"Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2.","Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is positive two."
"Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes.","Zinc is the twenty fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes."
"The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral.","The most common zinc ore is sphalerite, zinc blende, a zinc sulfide mineral."
"The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States.","The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States."
"Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).","Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity, electrowinning."
"Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC.","Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the tenth century B C."
"Impure zinc metal was not produced in large scale until the 13th century in India, while the metal was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century.","Impure zinc metal was not produced in large scale until the thirteenth century in India, while the metal was unknown to Europe until the end of the sixteenth century."
"Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called philosopher's wool or white-snow.","Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called philosopher's wool or white-snow."
"The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke.","The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke."
"German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is normally given credit for discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746.","German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is normally given credit for discovering pure metallic zinc in seventeen forty-six."
"Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800.","Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by eighteen hundred."
"Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of steel (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc.","Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of steel, hot-dip galvanizing, is the major application for zinc."
"Other applications are in batteries and alloys, such as brass.","Other applications are in batteries and alloys, such as brass."
"A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.","A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate, as dietary supplements, zinc chloride, in deodorants, zinc pyrithione, anti-dandruff shampoos, zinc sulfide, in luminescent paints, and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory."
"Zinc is an essential mineral of exceptional biological and public health importance.","Zinc is an essential mineral of exceptional biological and public health importance."
"Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases.","Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases."
"In children, it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year.","In children, it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about eight hundred thousand children worldwide per year."
"Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans.","Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans."
"Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency. Section 1 Characteristics Section 1.1 Physical properties Zinc, also referred to in nonscientific contexts as spelter, is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish.","Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency. Section one Characteristics Section one point one Physical properties Zinc, also referred to in nonscientific contexts as spelter, is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish."
"It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure.","It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure."
"The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150°C.","The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between one hundred and one hundred and fifty degrees Celsius."
"Above 210°C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating.","Above two hundred and ten degrees Celsius, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating."
"Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity.","Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity."
"For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5°C, 787.1F) and boiling points (907°C).","For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting, four hundred and nineteen point five degrees Celsius, seven hundred and eighty-seven point one Fahrenheit, and boiling points, nine hundred and seven degrees Celsius."
"Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.","Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium."
"Many alloys contain zinc, including brass, an alloy of zinc and copper.","Many alloys contain zinc, including brass, an alloy of zinc and copper."
"Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and sodium.","Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and sodium."
"While neither zinc nor zirconium are ferromagnetic, their alloy ZrZn2exhibits ferromagnetism below 35K.","While neither zinc nor zirconium are ferromagnetic, their alloy Zr Zn two exhibits ferromagnetism below thirty-five kelvin."
"Section 1.1O ccurrence Zinc makes up about 75ppm (0.0075%) of the Earth's crust, making it the 24th most abundant element.","Section one point one O ccurrence Zinc makes up about seventy-five parts per million, zero point zero zero seven five percent of the Earth's crust, making it the twenty fourth most abundant element."
"Soil contains 5-770 ppm of zinc with an average of 64ppm.","Soil contains five to seven hundred and seventy parts per million of zinc with an average of sixty-four parts per million."
"Seawater has only 30ppb zinc and the atmosphere contains 0.1-4 µg/m3.","Seawater has only thirty parts per billion zinc and the atmosphere contains zero point one to four micrograms per cubic meter."
"The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores.","The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores."
"Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element has a low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulfides.","Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element has a low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulfides."
"Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere.","Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere."
"Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60-62% zinc.","Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains sixty to sixty-two percent zinc."
"Other minerals, from which zinc is extracted, include smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate), wurtzite (another zinc sulfide), and sometimes hydrozincite (basic zinc carbonate).","Other minerals, from which zinc is extracted, include smithsonite, zinc carbonate, hemimorphite, zinc silicate, wurtzite, another zinc sulfide, and sometimes hydrozincite, basic zinc carbonate."
"With the exception of wurtzite, all these other minerals were formed as a result of weathering processes on the primordial zinc sulfides. Identified world zinc resources total about 1.9 billion tonnes.","With the exception of wurtzite, all these other minerals were formed as a result of weathering processes on the primordial zinc sulfides. Identified world zinc resources total about one point nine billion tonnes."
"Large deposits are in Australia, Canada and the United States with the largest reserves in Iran.","Large deposits are in Australia, Canada and the United States with the largest reserves in Iran."
"At the current rate of consumption, these reserves are estimated to be depleted sometime between 2027 and 2055.","At the current rate of consumption, these reserves are estimated to be depleted sometime between twenty twenty-seven and twenty fifty-five."
"About 346 million tonnes have been extracted throughout history to 2002, and one estimate found that about 109 million tonnes of that remains in use.","About three hundred and forty-six million tonnes have been extracted throughout history to two thousand and two, and one estimate found that about one hundred and nine million tonnes of that remains in use."
"Section 1.3 Isotopes Five isotopes of zinc occur in nature.","Section one point three Isotopes Five isotopes of zinc occur in nature."
"64 Zn is the most abundant isotope (48.63%natural abundance).","sixty-four Zn is the most abundant isotope, forty-eight point six three percent natural abundance."
"This isotope has such a long half-life, at 4.3x10^18 years, that its radioactivity can be ignored.","This isotope has such a long half-life, at four point three times ten to the power of eighteen years, that its radioactivity can be ignored."
"Similarly, 70Zn (0.6%), with a half-life of 1.3x10^16 years is not usually considered to be radioactive.","Similarly, seventy Zn, zero point six percent, with a half-life of one point three times ten to the power of sixteen years is not usually considered to be radioactive."
"The other isotopes found in nature are 66Zn (28%), 67Zn (4%), and 68Zn (19%).","The other isotopes found in nature are sixty-six Zn, twenty-eight percent, sixty-seven Zn, four percent, and sixty-eight Zn, nineteen percent."
"Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived isotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours.","Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. sixty-five Zn, which has a half-life of two hundred and forty-three point six six days, is the most long-lived isotope, followed by seventy-two Zn with a half-life of forty-six point five hours."
"Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers.","Zinc has ten nuclear isomers."
"69m Zn has the longest half-life, 13.76h.","sixty-nine meters Zn has the longest half-life, thirteen point seven six h."
"The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope.","The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope."
"The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray.","The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray."
"61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two.","sixty-one Zn has three excited states and seventy-three Zn has two."
"The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn, and 78Zn each have only one excited state.","The isotopes sixty-five Zn, seventy-one Zn, seventy-seven Zn, and seventy-eight Zn each have only one excited state."
"The most common decay mode of a radioisotope of zinc with a mass number lower than 66 is electron capture.","The most common decay mode of a radioisotope of zinc with a mass number lower than sixty-six is electron capture."
"The decay product resulting from electron capture is an isotope of copper.","The decay product resulting from electron capture is an isotope of copper."
"The most common decay mode of a radioisotope of zinc with mass number higher than 66 is beta decay, which produces an isotope of gallium.","The most common decay mode of a radioisotope of zinc with mass number higher than sixty-six is beta decay, which produces an isotope of gallium."
"Section 2 Creation Zinc is too large and heavy to form in stars using the silicon burning process.","Section two Creation Zinc is too large and heavy to form in stars using the silicon burning process."
"The stable form of zinc is created in supernovas via the r-process.","The stable form of zinc is created in supernovas via the r-process."
"Section 3 Compounds and chemistry Section 3.1 Reactivity Zinc has an electron configuration of [Ar]3d104s2 and is a member of the group 12of the periodic table.","Section three Compounds and chemistry Section three point one Reactivity Zinc has an electron configuration of Ar three d one hundred and fours two and is a member of the group twelve of the periodic table."
"It is a moderately reactive metal and strong reducing agent.","It is a moderately reactive metal and strong reducing agent."
"The surface of the pure metal tarnishes quickly, eventually forming a protective passivating layer of the basic zinc carbonate, Zn 5(OH) 6(CO 3) 2, by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide.","The surface of the pure metal tarnishes quickly, eventually forming a protective passivating layer of the basic zinc carbonate, Zn five OH, six C O three two, by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide."
"This layer helps prevent further reaction with air and water.","This layer helps prevent further reaction with air and water."
"Zinc burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of zinc oxide.","Zinc burns in air with a bright bluish-green flame, giving off fumes of zinc oxide."
"Zinc reacts readily with acids, alkalis, and other non-metals.","Zinc reacts readily with acids, alkalis, and other non-metals."
"Extremely pure zinc reacts only slowly at room temperature with acids.","Extremely pure zinc reacts only slowly at room temperature with acids."
"Strong acids, such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, can remove the passivating layer and subsequent reaction with water releases hydrogen gas.","Strong acids, such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, can remove the passivating layer and subsequent reaction with water releases hydrogen gas."
"The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2oxidation state.","The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the positive two oxidation state."
"When compounds in this oxidation state are formed, the outer shell's electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10.","When compounds in this oxidation state are formed, the outer shell's electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration Ar three d ten."
"This allows for the formation of four covalent bonds by accepting four electron pairs and thus obeying the octet rule.","This allows for the formation of four covalent bonds by accepting four electron pairs and thus obeying the octet rule."
"The stereochemistry is therefore tetrahedral and the bonds may be described as being formed from SP3 hybrid orbitals on the zinc ion.","The stereochemistry is therefore tetrahedral and the bonds may be described as being formed from S P three hybrid orbitals on the zinc ion."
"In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H2O) 6]2+ is the predominant species.","In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, Zn H two O, six two plus is the predominant species."
"The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285°C indicates the formation of Zn2Cl2, a zinc compound with a +1oxidation state.","The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above two hundred and eighty-five degrees Celsius indicates the formation of Zn two Cl two, a zinc compound with a positive one oxidation state."
"No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known.","No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than positive one or positive two are known."
"Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.","Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of positive four is unlikely to exist."
"Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless.","Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless."
"The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical.","The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical."
"Because of this, some of their salts have the same crystal structure, and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor, zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common.","Because of this, some of their salts have the same crystal structure, and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor, zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common."
"Otherwise, there is little similarity.","Otherwise, there is little similarity."
"Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N and S donors.","Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N and S donors."
"Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate, although 5-coordinate complexes are known.","Complexes of zinc are mostly four or six coordinate, although five coordinate complexes are known."
"See also Clemmensen reduction.","See also Clemmensen reduction."
"Section 3.2 Compounds. Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases.","Section three point two Compounds. Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases."
"The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions.","The oxide Zn O is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions."
"The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics.","The other chalcogenides, Zn S, Zn Se, and Zn Te, have varied applications in electronics and optics."
"HTTP COOKIE HTTP cookie A cookie, also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, Internet cookie, or browser cookie, is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user's web browser while the user is browsing that website.","H T T P COOKIE H T T P cookie A cookie, also known as an H T T P cookie, web cookie, Internet cookie, or browser cookie, is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user's web browser while the user is browsing that website."
"Every time the user loads the website, the browser sends the cookie back to the server to notify the website of the user's previous activity.","Every time the user loads the website, the browser sends the cookie back to the server to notify the website of the user's previous activity."
"Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember stateful information (such as items in a shopping cart) or to record the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, logging in, or recording which pages were visited by the user as far back as months or years ago).","Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember stateful information, such as items in a shopping cart, or to record the user's browsing activity, including clicking particular buttons, logging in, or recording which pages were visited by the user as far back as months or years ago."
"Although cookies cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on the host computer, tracking cookies and especially third-party tracking cookies are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals' browsing histories-apotential privacy concern that prompted European and U.S. law makers to take action in 2011.","Although cookies cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on the host computer, tracking cookies and especially third-party tracking cookies are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals browsing histories-apotential privacy concern that prompted European and U S law makers to take action in twenty eleven."
"Cookies can also store passwords and form content a user has previously entered, such as a credit card number or an address. Other kinds of cookies perform essential functions in the modern web.","Cookies can also store passwords and form content a user has previously entered, such as a credit card number or an address. Other kinds of cookies perform essential functions in the modern web."
"Perhaps most importantly, cookies are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in with.","Perhaps most importantly, cookies are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in with."
"Without such a mechanism, the site would not know whether to send a page containing sensitive information, or require the user to authenticate themselves by logging in.","Without such a mechanism, the site would not know whether to send a page containing sensitive information, or require the user to authenticate themselves by logging in."
"The security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user's web browser, and on whether the cookie data is encrypted.","The security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user's web browser, and on whether the cookie data is encrypted."
"Security vulnerabilities may allow a cookie's data to be read by a hacker, used to gain access to user data, or used to gain access (with the user's credentials) to the website to which the cookie belongs (see cross-site scripting and cross-site request forgery for examples).","Security vulnerabilities may allow a cookie's data to be read by a hacker, used to gain access to user data, or used to gain access, with the user's credentials, to the website to which the cookie belongs, see cross-site scripting and cross-site request forgery for examples."
"The term ""cookie"" was derived from ""magic cookie"", which is the packet of data a program receives and sends again unchanged.","The term quote on quote cookie was derived from quote on quote magic cookie, which is the packet of data a program receives and sends again unchanged."
"Magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer Lou Montulli had the idea of using them in web communications in June 1994.","Magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer Lou Montulli had the idea of using them in web communications in June nineteen ninety-four."
"At the time, he was an employee of Netscape Communications, which was developing an e-commerce application for MCIP.","At the time, he was an employee of Netscape Communications, which was developing an e-commerce application for M C I P."
"Vint Cerf and John Klensin represented MCIG in technical discussions with Netscape Communications.","Vint Cerf and John Klensin represented M C I G in technical discussions with Netscape Communications."
"Not wanting the MCIF servers to have to retain partial transaction states led to MCIFs request to Netscape to find a way to store that state in each user's computer.","Not wanting the M C I F servers to have to retain partial transaction states led to M C I Fs request to Netscape to find a way to store that state in each user's computer."
"Cookies provided a solution to the problem of reliably implementing a virtual shopping cart.","Cookies provided a solution to the problem of reliably implementing a virtual shopping cart."
"Together with John Giannandrea, Montulli wrote the initial Netscape cookie specification the same year.","Together with John Giannandrea, Montulli wrote the initial Netscape cookie specification the same year."
"Version 0.9 beta of Mosaic Netscape, released on October 13, 1994, supported cookies.","Version zero point nine beta of Mosaic Netscape, released on October thirteenth, nineteen ninety-four, supported cookies."
"The first use of cookies (out of the labs) was checking whether visitors to the Netscape website had already visited the site.","The first use of cookies, out of the labs, was checking whether visitors to the Netscape website had already visited the site."
"Montulli applied for a patent for the cookie technology in 1995, and US 5774670 was granted in 1998.","Montulli applied for a patent for the cookie technology in nineteen ninety-five, and U S five seven seven four six seven zero was granted in nineteen ninety-eight."
"Support for cookies was integrated in Internet Explorer in version 2, released in October 1995.","Support for cookies was integrated in Internet Explorer in version two, released in October nineteen ninety-five."
"The introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public at the time.","The introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public at the time."
"In particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of their presence.","In particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of their presence."
"The general public learned about cookies after the Financial Times published an article about them on February 12, 1996.","The general public learned about cookies after the Financial Times published an article about them on February twelfth, nineteen ninety-six."
"In the same year, cookies received a lot of media attention, especially because of potential privacy implications.","In the same year, cookies received a lot of media attention, especially because of potential privacy implications."
"Cookies were discussed in two U.S. Federal Trade Commission hearings in 1996 and 1997.","Cookies were discussed in two U S Federal Trade Commission hearings in nineteen ninety-six and nineteen ninety-seven."
"The development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing.","The development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing."
"In particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in April 1995 on the WWW talk mailing list.","In particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in April nineteen ninety-five on the W W W talk mailing list."
"A special working group within the IETF was formed.","A special working group within the I E T F was formed."
"Two alternative proposals for introducing state in HTTP transactions had been proposed by Brian Behlendorf and David Kristol respectively, but the group, headed by Kristol himself and Aron Afatsuom, soon decided to use the Netscape specification as a starting point.","Two alternative proposals for introducing state in H T T P transactions had been proposed by Brian Behlendorf and David Kristol respectively, but the group, headed by Kristol himself and Aron Afatsuom, soon decided to use the Netscape specification as a starting point."
"In February 1996, the working group identified third-party cookies as a considerable privacy threat.","In February nineteen ninety-six, the working group identified third-party cookies as a considerable privacy threat."
"The specification produced by the group was eventually published as RFC 2109 in February 1997.","The specification produced by the group was eventually published as R F C twenty-one o nine in February nineteen ninety-seven."
"It specifies that third-party cookies were either not allowed at all, or at least not enabled by default.","It specifies that third-party cookies were either not allowed at all, or at least not enabled by default."
"At this time, advertising companies were already using third-party cookies.","At this time, advertising companies were already using third-party cookies."
"The recommendation about third-party cookies of RFC 2109 was not followed by Netscape and Internet Explorer.","The recommendation about third-party cookies of R F C twenty-one o nine was not followed by Netscape and Internet Explorer."
"RFC 2109 was superseded by RFC 2965 in October 2000.","R F C twenty-one o nine was superseded by R F C twenty-nine sixty-five in October two thousand."
"A definitive specification for cookies as used in the real world was published as RFC 6265 in April 2011.","A definitive specification for cookies as used in the real world was published as R F C sixty-two sixty-five in April twenty eleven."
"Session cookie. A session cookie, also known as an in memory cookie or transient cookie, exists only in temporary memory while the user navigates the website.","Session cookie. A session cookie, also known as an in memory cookie or transient cookie, exists only in temporary memory while the user navigates the website."
"Web browsers normally delete session cookies when the user closes the browser.","Web browsers normally delete session cookies when the user closes the browser."
"Secure cookie A secure cookie has the secure attribute enabled and is only used via HTTPS, ensuring that the cookie is always encrypted when transmitting from client to server.","Secure cookie A secure cookie has the secure attribute enabled and is only used via H T T P S, ensuring that the cookie is always encrypted when transmitting from client to server."
"This makes the cookie less likely to be exposed to cookie theft via eaves dropping.","This makes the cookie less likely to be exposed to cookie theft via eaves dropping."
"HttpOnly cookie. The HTTP only attribute is supported by most modern browsers.","Http Only cookie. The H T T P only attribute is supported by most modern browsers."
"On a supported browser, an HTTP Only session cookie will be used only when transmitting HTTP (or HTTPS) requests, thus restricting access from other, non HTTP APIs such as JavaScript.","On a supported browser, an H T T P Only session cookie will be used only when transmitting H T T P, or H T T P S, requests, thus restricting access from other, non H T T P A P Is such as Java Script."
"This restriction mitigates but does not eliminate the threat of session cookie theft via cross-site scripting (XSS).","This restriction mitigates but does not eliminate the threat of session cookie theft via cross-site scripting, X S S."
"Third-party cookie First-party cookies are cookies that belong to the same domain that is shown in the browser's address bar (or that belong to the sub domain of the domain in the address bar).","Third-party cookie First-party cookies are cookies that belong to the same domain that is shown in the browser's address bar, or that belong to the sub domain of the domain in the address bar."
"Third-party cookies are cookies that belong to domains different from the one shown in the address bar.","Third-party cookies are cookies that belong to domains different from the one shown in the address bar."
"Web pages can feature content from third-party domains (such as banner ads), which opens up the potential for tracking the user's browsing history.","Web pages can feature content from third-party domains, such as banner ads, which opens up the potential for tracking the user's browsing history."
"Privacy setting options in most modern browsers allow the blocking of third-party tracking cookies.","Privacy setting options in most modern browsers allow the blocking of third-party tracking cookies."
"As an example, suppose a user visits www.example1.com.","As an example, suppose a user visits w w w dot example one dot com."
"This web site contains an advert from ad.apple.com, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advert's domain (ad.next.com).","This web site contains an advert from ad dot apple dot com, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advert's domain, ad dot next dot com."
"Then, the user visits another website, www.example2.com, which also contains an advert from ad.rose-hulman.edu, and which also sets a cookie belonging to that domain (ad.foxyTracking.com).","Then, the user visits another website, w w w dot example two dot com, which also contains an advert from ad dot rose dash hulman dot e d u, and which also sets a cookie belonging to that domain, ad dot foxy Tracking dot com."
"Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their ads or visiting their website.","Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their ads or visiting their website."
"The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser.","The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser."
"As of 2014, some websites were setting cookies readable for over 100 third-party domains.","As of twenty fourteen, some websites were setting cookies readable for over one hundred third-party domains."
"On average, a single website was setting 10 cookies, with the maximum number of cookies (first and third-party) reaching over 800.","On average, a single website was setting ten cookies, with the maximum number of cookies, first and third-party, reaching over eight hundred."
"Supercookie A ""supercookie"" is a cookie with an origin of a Top-Level Domain (such as .com) or a Public Suffix (such as .co.uk).","Supercookie A quote on quote supercookie is a cookie with an origin of a Top-Level Domain, such as dot com, or a Public Suffix, such as dot co dot u k."
"It is important that supercookies are blocked by browsers, due to the security holes they introduce.","It is important that supercookies are blocked by browsers, due to the security holes they introduce."
"If unblocked, an attacker in control of a malicious website could set a supercookie and potentially disrupt or impersonate legitimate user requests to another website that shares the same Top-Level Domain or Public Suffix as the malicious website.","If unblocked, an attacker in control of a malicious website could set a supercookie and potentially disrupt or impersonate legitimate user requests to another website that shares the same Top-Level Domain or Public Suffix as the malicious website."
"For example, a supercookie with an origin of .com, could maliciously affect a request made to example.com, even if the cookie did not originate from example.com.","For example, a supercookie with an origin of dot com, could maliciously affect a request made to example dot com, even if the cookie did not originate from example dot com."
"This can be used to fake logins or change user information.","This can be used to fake logins or change user information."
"The Public Suffix List is a cross-vendor initiative to provide an accurate list of domain name suffixes changing.","The Public Suffix List is a cross-vendor initiative to provide an accurate list of domain name suffixes changing."
"Older versions of browsers may not have the most up-to-date list, and will therefore be vulnerable to supercookies from certain domains.","Older versions of browsers may not have the most up-to-date list, and will therefore be vulnerable to supercookies from certain domains."
"Supercookie (other uses). The term ""supercookie"" is sometimes used for tracking technologies that do not rely on HTTP cookies.","Supercookie, other uses. The term quote on quote supercookie is sometimes used for tracking technologies that do not rely on H T T P cookies."
"Two such ""supercookie"" mechanisms were found on Microsoft websites: cookie syncing that respawned MUID (Machine Unique Identifier) cookies, and ETag cookies. Due to media attention, Microsoft later disabled this code.","Two such quote on quote supercookie mechanisms were found on Microsoft websites: cookie syncing that respawned M U I D, Machine Unique Identifier, cookies, and E Tag cookies. Due to media attention, Microsoft later disabled this code."
"Zombie cookie. Some cookies are automatically recreated after a user has deleted them; these are called zombie cookies.","Zombie cookie. Some cookies are automatically recreated after a user has deleted them; these are called zombie cookies."
"This is accomplished by a script storing the content of the cookie in some other locations, such as the local storage available to Flash content, HTML5 storages and other client-side mechanisms, and then recreating the cookie from backup stores when the cookie's absence is detected.","This is accomplished by a script storing the content of the cookie in some other locations, such as the local storage available to Flash content, H T M L five storages and other client-side mechanisms, and then recreating the cookie from backup stores when the cookie's absence is detected."
"Structure A cookie consists of seven components: (name, value) pair of the cookie (i.e. name=value) Expiry of the cookie Path the cookie is good for Domain the cookie is good for Need for a secure connection to use the cookie Whether or not the cookie can be accessed through other means than HTTP (i.e., JavaScript) The first component (name, value) is required to be explicitly set.","Structure. A cookie consists of seven components: a (name, value) pair of the cookie, the expiry of the cookie, the path the cookie is good for, the domain the cookie is good for, the need for a secure connection to use the cookie, and whether or not the cookie can be accessed through other means than HTTP, such as JavaScript. The first component, the (name, value) pair, is required to be explicitly set."
"Tracking Tracking cookies may be used to track internet users' web browsing.","Tracking Tracking cookies may be used to track internet users web browsing."
"This can also be done in part by using the IP address of the computer requesting the page or the referrer field of the HTTP request header, but cookies allow for greater precision.","This can also be done in part by using the I P address of the computer requesting the page or the referrer field of the H T T P request header, but cookies allow for greater precision."
"This can be demonstrated as follows: If the user requests a page of the site, but the request contains no cookie, the server presumes that this is the first page visited by the user; the server creates a random string and sends it as a cookie back to the browser together with the requested page; From this point on, the cookie will automatically be sent by the browser to the server every time a new page from the site is requested; the server sends the page as usual, but also stores the URL of the requested page, the date/time of the request, and the cookie in a log file.","This can be demonstrated as follows: If the user requests a page of the site, but the request contains no cookie, the server presumes that this is the first page visited by the user; the server creates a random string and sends it as a cookie back to the browser together with the requested page; From this point on, the cookie will automatically be sent by the browser to the server every time a new page from the site is requested; the server sends the page as usual, but also stores the U R L of the requested page, the date slash time of the request, and the cookie in a log file."
"By analyzing the log file collected in the process, it is then possible to find out which pages the user has visited, in what sequence, and for how long.","By analyzing the log file collected in the process, it is then possible to find out which pages the user has visited, in what sequence, and for how long."
"Setting a cookie Transfer of Web pages follows the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).","Setting a cookie Transfer of Web pages follows the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, H T T P."
"Regardless of cookies, browsers request a page from web servers by sending them a usually short text called 'HTTP request'.","Regardless of cookies, browsers request a page from web servers by sending them a usually short text called quote on quote H T T P request."
"For example, to access the page http://www.example.org/index.html, browsers connect to the server www.example.org sending it a request that looks like the following one: The server replies by sending the requested page preceded by a similar packet of text, called 'HTTP response'.","For example, to access the page h t t p colon slash slash w w w dot example dot org slash index dot h t m l, browsers connect to the server w w w dot example dot org sending it a request that looks like the following one: The server replies by sending the requested page preceded by a similar packet of text, called quote on quote H T T P response."
"This packet may contain lines requesting the browser to store cookies: The server sends lines of Set-Cookie only if the server wishes the browser to store cookies.","This packet may contain lines requesting the browser to store cookies: The server sends lines of Set-Cookie only if the server wishes the browser to store cookies."
"Set-Cookie is a directive for the browser to store the cookie and send it back in future requests to the server (subject to expiration time or other cookie attributes), if the browser supports cookies and cookies are enabled.","Set-Cookie is a directive for the browser to store the cookie and send it back in future requests to the server, subject to expiration time or other cookie attributes, if the browser supports cookies and cookies are enabled."
"For example, the browser requests the page http://www.example.org/spec.html by sending the server www.example.org a request like the following: This is a request for another page from the same server, and differs from the first one above because it contains the string that the server has previously sent to the browser.","For example, the browser requests the page h t t p colon slash slash w w w dot example dot org slash spec dot h t m l by sending the server w w w dot example dot org a request like the following: This is a request for another page from the same server, and differs from the first one above because it contains the string that the server has previously sent to the browser."
"This way, the server knows that this request is related to the previous one.","This way, the server knows that this request is related to the previous one."
"The server answers by sending the requested page, possibly adding other cookies as well.","The server answers by sending the requested page, possibly adding other cookies as well."
"The value of a cookie can be modified by the server by sending a new Set-Cookie: name=newvalue line in response of a page request.","The value of a cookie can be modified by the server by sending a new Set-Cookie: name equals newvalue line in response of a page request."
"The browser then replaces the old value with the new one.","The browser then replaces the old value with the new one."
"The name of the cookie also excludes = as that is the delimiter between the name and value.","The name of the cookie also excludes equals as that is the delimiter between the name and value."
"The cookie standard RFC2965 is more limiting but not implemented by browsers.","The cookie standard R F C twenty-nine sixty-five is more limiting but not implemented by browsers."
"The term ""cookie crumb"" is sometimes used to refer to the name-value pair.","The term quote on quote cookie crumb is sometimes used to refer to the name-value pair."
"This is an example test system to see how the system performs.","This is an example test system to see how the system performs."
"I got 3 cakes for his 3rd birthday. I hope he likes them!","I got three cakes for his third birthday. I hope he likes them!"
"The new race-car that I bought is really fast. It only cost about $123.43 and it a 2024 model.","The new race-car that I bought is really fast. It only cost about one hundred and twenty-three dollars and forty-three cents and it a twenty twenty-four model."
"Mr. Bob III does all the maintenance work on the car for only about $20-30/year.","Mister Bob the third does all the maintenance work on the car for only about twenty to thirty dollars per year."
"The serial number for the computer is 324254334345.","The serial number for the computer is three two four two five four three three four three four five."
"She works for NASA.","She works for NASA."
"He is a member of FBI.","He is a member of F B I."
"The project is sponsored by NATO.","The project is sponsored by NATO."
"They discussed the plan with CIA.","They discussed the plan with C I A."
"The report mentions WHO.","The report mentions WHO."
"She received funding from IMF.","She received funding from I M F."
"He is involved in UNESCO.","He is involved in UNESCO."
"The organization is affiliated with UNICEF.","The organization is affiliated with UNICEF."
"She works as a consultant for IBM.","She works as a consultant for I B M."
"The company uses ERP.","The company uses E R P."
"He received a grant from NIH.","He received a grant from N I H."
"She is a member of WTO.","She is a member of W T O."
"The project is part of EU.","The project is part of E U."
"The team collaborated with OPEC.","The team collaborated with OPEC."
"She works in IT.","She works in I T."
"He attended a seminar on AI.","He attended a seminar on A I."
"The company specializes in SEO.","The company specializes in S E O."
"They discussed the plan with FDA.","They discussed the plan with F D A."
"She is a member of ACLU.","She is a member of A C L U."
"The report mentions CDC.","The report mentions C D C."
"He received funding from DARPA.","He received funding from DARPA."
"She is involved in ISP.","She is involved in I S P."
"The organization is affiliated with ILO.","The organization is affiliated with I L O."
"She works as a consultant for NGO.","She works as a consultant for N G O."
"The company uses ERP.","The company uses E R P."
"He received a grant from EPA.","He received a grant from E P A."
"The equation is 2 + 3 = 5.","The equation is two plus three equals five."
"What is 4 - 2?","What is four minus two?"
"She solved 3 x 6 = 18.","She solved three times six equals eighteen."
"The result of 10 / 2 is 5.","The result of ten divided by two is five."
"He calculated 7 + 8 - 2 = 13.","He calculated seven plus eight minus two equals thirteen."
"What is 9 x 3?","What is nine times three?"
"The sum of 12 / 3 is 4.","The sum of twelve divided by three is four."
"She asked, ""What is 5 + 3?""","She asked, quote What is five plus three? end quote"
"The answer to 8 - 5 = 3.","The answer to eight minus five equals three."
"He solved 6 x 4 = 24.","He solved six times four equals twenty-four."
"What is 15 / 3?","What is fifteen divided by three?"
"The result of 10 + 5 - 2 is 13.","The result of ten plus five minus two is thirteen."
"She calculated 2 x 9 = 18.","She calculated two times nine equals eighteen."
"The sum of 20 / 4 is 5.","The sum of twenty divided by four is five."
"He asked, ""What is - 7 - 2?""","He asked, quote What is negative seven minus two? end quote"
"The answer to 9 + 4 is 13.","The answer to nine plus four is thirteen."
"She solved 5 x 5 = 25.","She solved five times five equals twenty-five."
"What is 18 / 6?","What is eighteen divided by six?"
"The result of 12 + 6 - 3 is 15.","The result of twelve plus six minus three is fifteen."
"He calculated 3 x 8 = 24.","He calculated three times eight equals twenty-four."
"What is 20 / 5?","What is twenty divided by five?"
"The sum of 15 / 3 is 5.","The sum of fifteen divided by three is five."
"She asked, ""What is 9 - 4 + 19 ^ 32?""","She asked, quote What is nine minus four plus nineteen to the power of thirty-two? end quote"
"The answer to 8 + 7 is 15.","The answer to eight plus seven is fifteen."
"She solved 4 x 7 = 28.","She solved four times seven equals twenty-eight."
"What is 24 / 6?","What is twenty-four divided by six?"
"The result of 15 + 5 - 3 is 17.","The result of fifteen plus five minus three is seventeen."
"The population of the city reached 1,500,000 by the end of the decade.","The population of the city reached one million five hundred thousand by the end of the decade."
"She completed the marathon in 3 hours and 45 minutes.","She completed the marathon in three hours and forty-five minutes."
"The temperature soared to 32.5 degrees Celsius during the heatwave.","The temperature soared to thirty-two point five degrees Celsius during the heatwave."
"The car's top speed was 200 kilometers per hour.","The car's top speed was two hundred kilometers per hour."
"The book had 500 pages, making it a substantial read.","The book had five hundred pages, making it a substantial read."
"The company reported a revenue of $5.6 million in the last quarter.","The company reported a revenue of five point six million dollars in the last quarter."
"The package contained 2.5 kilograms of fresh strawberries.","The package contained two point five kilograms of fresh strawberries."
"The distance between the two cities was 350 miles.","The distance between the two cities was three hundred and fifty miles."
"The baby's weight at birth was 3.2 kilograms.","The baby's weight at birth was three point two kilograms."
"The stock market index rose by 150 points in a single day.","The stock market index rose by one hundred and fifty points in a single day."
"The smartphone's screen size was 6.4 inches diagonally.","The smartphone's screen size was six point four inches diagonally."
"The research study involved a sample size of 1,000 participants.","The research study involved a sample size of one thousand participants."
"The recipe called for 0.5 cups of olive oil.","The recipe called for zero point five cups of olive oil."
"The winning team scored a total of 78 points in the basketball game.","The winning team scored a total of seventy-eight points in the basketball game."
"The duration of the movie was 2 hours and 15 minutes.","The duration of the movie was two hours and fifteen minutes."
"The laptop's storage capacity was 512 gigabytes.","The laptop's storage capacity was five hundred and twelve gigabytes."
"The garden was planted with 75 tulip bulbs.","The garden was planted with seventy-five tulip bulbs."
"The speed limit on the highway was 65 miles per hour.","The speed limit on the highway was sixty-five miles per hour."
"The school has an enrollment of 2,500 students.","The school has an enrollment of two thousand five hundred students."
"The marathon route spans 26.2 miles.","The marathon route spans twenty-six point two miles."
"The temperature dropped to -5.8 degrees Celsius last night.","The temperature dropped to negative five point eight degrees Celsius last night."
"The car's fuel efficiency was 30.5 miles per gallon.","The car's fuel efficiency was thirty point five miles per gallon."
"The library boasts a collection of 150,000 books.","The library boasts a collection of one hundred and fifty thousand books."
"She completed the puzzle in 500 minutes.","She completed the puzzle in five hundred minutes."
"The weight of the elephant was 8,750 kilograms.","The weight of the elephant was eight thousand seven hundred and fifty kilograms."
"The concert venue can accommodate 3,000 people.","The concert venue can accommodate three thousand people."
"The annual rainfall in the region is 45.6 inches.","The annual rainfall in the region is forty-five point six inches."
"The company reported a profit margin of 12.5%.","The company reported a profit margin of twelve point five percent."
"The river's width is approximately 150 meters.","The river's width is approximately one hundred and fifty meters."
"The smartphone's screen resolution is 1080 x 2340 pixels.","The smartphone's screen resolution is ten eighty by twenty-three forty pixels."
"The recipe calls for 1.5 teaspoons of vanilla extract.","The recipe calls for one point five teaspoons of vanilla extract."
"The winning team scored a total of 78 points in the game.","The winning team scored a total of seventy-eight points in the game."
"The flight duration is 7.5 hours.","The flight duration is seven point five hours."
"The laptop's storage capacity is 512 gigabytes.","The laptop's storage capacity is five hundred and twelve gigabytes."
"The garden is planted with 75 sunflower seeds.","The garden is planted with seventy-five sunflower seeds."
"The speed limit on the highway is 65 miles per hour.","The speed limit on the highway is sixty-five miles per hour."
"The skyscraper has 80 floors.","The skyscraper has eighty floors."
"The temperature rose by 3.5 degrees Celsius in just one hour.","The temperature rose by three point five degrees Celsius in just one hour."
"1st","first"
"2nd","second"
"3rd","third"
"4th","fourth"
"5th","fifth"
"6th","sixth"
"7th","seventh"
"8th","eighth"
"9th","ninth"
"10th","tenth"
"11th","eleventh"
"12th","twelfth"
"13th","thirteenth"
"14th","fourteenth"
"15th","fifteenth"
"16th","sixteenth"
"17th","seventeenth"
"18th","eighteenth"
"19th","nineteenth"
"20th","twentieth"
"21st","twenty first"
"22nd","twenty second"
"23rd","twenty third"
"24th","twenty fourth"
"25th","twenty fifth"
"26th","twenty sixth"
"27th","twenty seventh"
"28th","twenty eighth"
"29th","twenty ninth"
"30th","thirtieth"
"31st","thirty first"
"32nd","thirty second"
"33rd","thirty third"
"34th","thirty fourth"
"35th","thirty fifth"
"36th","thirty sixth"
"37th","thirty seventh"
"38th","thirty eighth"
"39th","thirty ninth"
"40th","fortieth"
"41st","forty first"
"42nd","forty second"
"43rd","forty third"
"44th","forty fourth"
"45th","forty fifth"
"46th","forty sixth"
"47th","forty seventh"
"48th","forty eighth"
"49th","forty ninth"
"50th","fiftieth"
"51st","fifty first"
"52nd","fifty second"
"53rd","fifty third"
"54th","fifty fourth"
"55th","fifty fifth"
"56th","fifty sixth"
"57th","fifty seventh"
"58th","fifty eighth"
"59th","fifty ninth"
"60th","sixtieth"
"61st","sixty first"
"62nd","sixty second"
"63rd","sixty third"
"64th","sixty fourth"
"65th","sixty fifth"
"66th","sixty sixth"
"67th","sixty seventh"
"68th","sixty eighth"
"69th","sixty ninth"
"70th","seventieth"
"71st","seventy first"
"72nd","seventy second"
"73rd","seventy third"
"74th","seventy fourth"
"75th","seventy fifth"
"76th","seventy sixth"
"77th","seventy seventh"
"78th","seventy eighth"
"79th","seventy ninth"
"80th","eightieth"
"81st","eighty first"
"82nd","eighty second"
"83rd","eighty third"
"84th","eighty fourth"
"85th","eighty fifth"
"86th","eighty sixth"
"87th","eighty seventh"
"88th","eighty eighth"
"89th","eighty ninth"
"90th","ninetieth"
"91st","ninety first"
"92nd","ninety second"
"93rd","ninety third"
"94th","ninety fourth"
"95th","ninety fifth"
"96th","ninety sixth"
"97th","ninety seventh"
"98th","ninety eighth"
"99th","ninety ninth"
"100th","one hundredth"
"101st","one hundred and first"
"172nd","one hundred and seventy second"
"245th","two hundred and forty fifth"
"310th","three hundred and tenth"
"421st","four hundred and twenty first"
"512th","five hundred and twelfth"
"633rd","six hundred and thirty third"
"714th","seven hundred and fourteenth"
"829th","eight hundred and twenty ninth"
"903rd","nine hundred and third"
"105th","one hundred and fifth"
"166th","one hundred and sixty sixth"
"282nd","two hundred and eighty second"
"394th","three hundred and ninety fourth"
"489th","four hundred and eighty ninth"
"560th","five hundred and sixtieth"
"677th","six hundred and seventy seventh"
"749th","seven hundred and forty ninth"
"822nd","eight hundred and twenty second"
"934th","nine hundred and thirty fourth"
"102nd","one hundred and second"
"211th","two hundred and eleventh"
"334th","three hundred and thirty fourth"
"407th","four hundred and seventh"
"520th","five hundred and twentieth"
"651st","six hundred and fifty first"
"724th","seven hundred and twenty fourth"
"837th","eight hundred and thirty seventh"
"903rd","nine hundred and third"
"105th","one hundred and fifth"
"166th","one hundred and sixty sixth"
"282nd","two hundred and eighty second"
"394th","three hundred and ninety fourth"
"489th","four hundred and eighty ninth"
"560th","five hundred and sixtieth"
"677th","six hundred and seventy seventh"
"749th","seven hundred and forty ninth"
"822nd","eight hundred and twenty second"
"934th","nine hundred and thirty fourth"
"1002nd","one thousand and second"
"113th","one hundred and thirteenth"
"246th","two hundred and forty sixth"
"399th","three hundred and ninety ninth"
"512th","five hundred and twelfth"
"643rd","six hundred and forty third"
"757th","seven hundred and fifty seventh"
"888th","eight hundred and eighty eighth"
"921st","nine hundred and twenty first"
"1000th","one thousandth"
"+1 234-456-7890","one, two three four, four five six, seven eight nine zero"
"+13 234-456-7890","one three, two three four, four five six, seven eight nine zero"
"(234)456-7890","two three four, four five six, seven eight nine zero"
"234.456.7890","two three four, four five six, seven eight nine zero"
"Bob's phone number is 234.456.7890 and you can reach him at any time.","Bob's phone number is two three four, four five six, seven eight nine zero and you can reach him at any time."
"You can reach the manager with +1 (234)456-7890","You can reach the manager with one, two three four, four five six, seven eight nine zero"
"My phone number is +13 (234)456-7890","My phone number is one three, two three four, four five six, seven eight nine zero"
"She said, ""Hello, how are you?""","She said, quote Hello, how are you? end quote"
"He replied, ""I'm fine, thank you.""","He replied, quote I'm fine, thank you. end quote"
"""Where are you going?"" she asked.","quote Where are you going? end quote she asked."
"""I'm going to the store,"" he answered.","quote I'm going to the store, end quote he answered."
"The teacher said, ""Please open your books to page 10.""","The teacher said, quote Please open your books to page ten. end quote"
"""Can you help me with this?"" she inquired.","quote Can you help me with this? end quote she inquired."
"He shouted, ""Get out of here!""","He shouted, quote Get out of here! end quote"
"""Wait for me,"" she pleaded.","quote Wait for me, end quote she pleaded."
"""Stop right there!"" he yelled.","quote Stop right there! end quote he yelled."
"She whispered, ""I love you.""","She whispered, quote I love you. end quote"
"""Please don't go,"" she begged.","quote Please don't go, end quote she begged."
"He asked, ""What time is it?""","He asked, quote What time is it? end quote"
"""Let's go for a walk,"" she suggested.","quote Let's go for a walk, end quote she suggested."
"""I'll be there in a minute,"" he promised.","quote I'll be there in a minute, end quote he promised."
"""Would you like some coffee?"" he offered.","quote Would you like some coffee? end quote he offered."
"She murmured, ""I'm sorry.""","She murmured, quote I'm sorry. end quote"
"""Watch out!"" she warned.","quote Watch out! end quote she warned."
"He mumbled, ""I don't know.""","He mumbled, quote I don't know. end quote"
"""Are you coming with us?"" they asked.","quote Are you coming with us? end quote they asked."
"She questioned, ""What do you mean?""","She questioned, quote What do you mean? end quote"
"""Let me think about it,"" he pondered.","quote Let me think about it, end quote he pondered."
"He suggested, ""We should leave now.""","He suggested, quote We should leave now. end quote"
"""Shh, be quiet,"" she whispered.","quote Shh, be quiet, end quote she whispered."
"""Goodbye, see you later,"" he said.","quote Goodbye, see you later, end quote he said."
"She exclaimed, ""I won!""","She exclaimed, quote I won! end quote"
"""Let's eat dinner,"" she suggested.","quote Let's eat dinner, end quote she suggested."
"He stated, ""This is the last time.""","He stated, quote This is the last time. end quote"
"II","two"
"III","three"
"IV","four"
"V","five"
"VI","six"
"VII","seven"
"VIII","eight"
"IX","nine"
"X","ten"
"XI","eleven"
"XII","twelve"
"XIII","thirteen"
"XIV","fourteen"
"XV","fifteen"
"XVI","sixteen"
"XVII","seventeen"
"XVIII","eighteen"
"XIX","nineteen"
"XX","twenty"
"XXI","twenty-one"
"XXII","twenty-two"
"XXIII","twenty-three"
"XXIV","twenty-four"
"XXV","twenty-five"
"XXVI","twenty-six"
"XXVII","twenty-seven"
"XXVIII","twenty-eight"
"XXIX","twenty-nine"
"XXX","thirty"
"XXXI","thirty-one"
"XXXII","thirty-two"
"XXXIII","thirty-three"
"XXXIV","thirty-four"
"XXXV","thirty-five"
"XXXVI","thirty-six"
"XXXVII","thirty-seven"
"XXXVIII","thirty-eight"
"XXXIX","thirty-nine"
"XL","forty"
"XLI","forty-one"
"XLII","forty-two"
"XLIII","forty-three"
"XLIV","forty-four"
"XLV","forty-five"
"XLVI","forty-six"
"XLVII","forty-seven"
"XLVIII","forty-eight"
"XLIX","forty-nine"
"L","fifty"
"LI","fifty-one"
"LII","fifty-two"
"LIII","fifty-three"
"LIV","fifty-four"
"LV","fifty-five"
"LVI","fifty-six"
"LVII","fifty-seven"
"LVIII","fifty-eight"
"LIX","fifty-nine"
"LX","sixty"
"LXI","sixty-one"
"LXII","sixty-two"
"LXIII","sixty-three"
"LXIV","sixty-four"
"LXV","sixty-five"
"LXVI","sixty-six"
"LXVII","sixty-seven"
"LXVIII","sixty-eight"
"LXIX","sixty-nine"
"LXX","seventy"
"LXXI","seventy-one"
"LXXII","seventy-two"
"LXXIII","seventy-three"
"LXXIV","seventy-four"
"LXXV","seventy-five"
"LXXVI","seventy-six"
"LXXVII","seventy-seven"
"LXXVIII","seventy-eight"
"LXXIX","seventy-nine"
"LXXX","eighty"
"LXXXI","eighty-one"
"LXXXII","eighty-two"
"LXXXIII","eighty-three"
"LXXXIV","eighty-four"
"LXXXV","eighty-five"
"LXXXVI","eighty-six"
"LXXXVII","eighty-seven"
"LXXXVIII","eighty-eight"
"LXXXIX","eighty-nine"
"XC","ninety"
"XCI","ninety-one"
"XCII","ninety-two"
"XCIII","ninety-three"
"XCIV","ninety-four"
"XCV","ninety-five"
"XCVI","ninety-six"
"XCVII","ninety-seven"
"XCVIII","ninety-eight"
"XCIX","ninety-nine"
"C","one hundred"
"The meeting is scheduled for 2:30 PM.","The meeting is scheduled for two thirty P M."
"We'll meet at 14:45.","We'll meet at two forty-five."
"The event starts at 10:00 AM.","The event starts at ten o'clock A M."
"She arrives at 8:15 PM.","She arrives at eight fifteen P M."
"The train departs at 09:30.","The train departs at nine thirty."
"The presentation begins at 3:00 PM.","The presentation begins at three o'clock P M."
"The movie starts at 18:45.","The movie starts at six forty-five."
"The flight leaves at 7:30 AM.","The flight leaves at seven thirty A M."
"He wakes up at 06:00.","He wakes up at six o'clock."
"The conference begins at 9:45 AM.","The conference begins at nine forty-five A M."
"The party starts at 20:00.","The party starts at eight o'clock."
"The meeting is at 11:30 AM.","The meeting is at eleven thirty A M."
"They arrive at 13:15.","They arrive at one fifteen."
"The event starts at 4:45 PM.","The event starts at four forty-five P M."
"The show begins at 22:30.","The show begins at ten thirty."
"She wakes up at 7:00 AM.","She wakes up at seven o'clock A M."
"The game starts at 16:00.","The game starts at four o'clock."
"He arrives at 12:15 PM.","He arrives at twelve fifteen P M."
"The meeting is at 9:00 AM.","The meeting is at nine o'clock A M."
"They leave at 17:30.","They leave at five thirty."
"The presentation starts at 15:45.","The presentation starts at three forty-five."
"The event begins at 6:30 PM.","The event begins at six thirty P M."
"She wakes up at 05:00 AM.","She wakes up at five o'clock A M."
"The flight departs at 10:15.","The flight departs at ten fifteen."
"He arrives at 11:45 PM.","He arrives at eleven forty-five P M."
"In the year 2000, the dawn of a new millennium brought excitement and uncertainty.","In the year two thousand, the dawn of a new millennium brought excitement and uncertainty."
"By 2005, technological advancements had already transformed the way people communicated and lived.","By two thousand and five, technological advancements had already transformed the way people communicated and lived."
"The global financial crisis of 2008 left a lasting impact on economies around the world.","The global financial crisis of two thousand and eight left a lasting impact on economies around the world."
"In 2010, social media became an integral part of daily life, shaping how information was shared.","In twenty ten, social media became an integral part of daily life, shaping how information was shared."
"The year 2015 saw the adoption of the Paris Agreement, signaling a global commitment to combating climate change.","The year twenty fifteen saw the adoption of the Paris Agreement, signaling a global commitment to combating climate change."
"Advances in artificial intelligence gained momentum in 2018, reshaping industries and workforces.","Advances in artificial intelligence gained momentum in twenty eighteen, reshaping industries and workforces."
"By 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had altered the course of history, prompting widespread changes in how societies operated.","By twenty twenty, the C O V I D nineteen pandemic had altered the course of history, prompting widespread changes in how societies operated."
"In 2023, efforts to develop sustainable energy solutions accelerated as the world faced environmental challenges.","In twenty twenty-three, efforts to develop sustainable energy solutions accelerated as the world faced environmental challenges."
"The year 2025 marked the launch of the first commercial space tourism flights.","The year twenty twenty-five marked the launch of the first commercial space tourism flights."
"In 2030, advancements in medical research led to breakthroughs in treating previously incurable diseases.","In twenty thirty, advancements in medical research led to breakthroughs in treating previously incurable diseases."
"By 2033, virtual reality had become an integral part of education and entertainment.","By twenty thirty-three, virtual reality had become an integral part of education and entertainment."
"The year 2035 witnessed the establishment of the first human settlement on Mars.","The year twenty thirty-five witnessed the establishment of the first human settlement on Mars."
"In 2038, quantum computing revolutionized the field of information processing.","In twenty thirty-eight, quantum computing revolutionized the field of information processing."
"The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, showcasing global athletic talent.","The two thousand and two Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, showcasing global athletic talent."
"2007 marked the release of the first iPhone, transforming the way people interacted with technology.","two thousand and seven marked the release of the first i Phone, transforming the way people interacted with technology."
"The year 2012 saw the successful landing of NASA's Curiosity rover on Mars.","The year twenty twelve saw the successful landing of NASA's Curiosity rover on Mars."
"By 2017, renewable energy sources had become more economically viable, driving a shift away from fossil fuels.","By twenty seventeen, renewable energy sources had become more economically viable, driving a shift away from fossil fuels."
"In 2021, the development of mRNA vaccines played a crucial role in managing the COVID-19 pandemic.","In twenty twenty-one, the development of m R N A vaccines played a crucial role in managing the C O V I D nineteen pandemic."
"The 2027 inauguration of the first fully autonomous electric vehicle marked a milestone in transportation.","The twenty twenty-seven inauguration of the first fully autonomous electric vehicle marked a milestone in transportation."
"By 2031, advances in biotechnology allowed for the creation of artificial organs, revolutionizing healthcare.","By twenty thirty-one, advances in biotechnology allowed for the creation of artificial organs, revolutionizing healthcare."
"In 1500, the Renaissance was in full swing, bringing about a cultural rebirth across Europe.","In fifteen hundred, the Renaissance was in full swing, bringing about a cultural rebirth across Europe."
"The year 1558 marked the beginning of Queen Elizabeth II's reign, a period known as the Elizabethan Era.","The year fifteen fifty-eight marked the beginning of Queen Elizabeth the second's reign, a period known as the Elizabethan Era."
"By 1607, English settlers established the Jamestown colony in North America.","By sixteen o seven, English settlers established the Jamestown colony in North America."
"In 1642, the English Civil War erupted, pitting Royalists against Parliamentarians.","In sixteen forty-two, the English Civil War erupted, pitting Royalists against Parliamentarians."
"The Great Fire of London in 1666 devastated the city, leading to significant urban redevelopment.","The Great Fire of London in sixteen sixty-six devastated the city, leading to significant urban redevelopment."
"The year 1707 saw the Act of Union, merging the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form Great Britain.","The year seventeen o seven saw the Act of Union, merging the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form Great Britain."
"In 1754, tensions between European powers ignited the Seven Years' War, a global conflict.","In seventeen fifty-four, tensions between European powers ignited the Seven Years War, a global conflict."
"The American Revolutionary War began in 1775, ultimately leading to the United States' independence in 1783.","The American Revolutionary War began in seventeen seventy-five, ultimately leading to the United States independence in seventeen eighty-three."
"The French Revolution, starting in 1789, marked a period of radical political and social upheaval in France.","The French Revolution, starting in seventeen eighty-nine, marked a period of radical political and social upheaval in France."
"In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of the French, solidifying his dominance.","In eighteen o four, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of the French, solidifying his dominance."
"The War of 1812 between the United States and Britain highlighted geopolitical tensions.","The War of eighteen twelve between the United States and Britain highlighted geopolitical tensions."
"In 1836, the Battle of the Alamo became a symbol of Texan resistance during the Texas Revolution.","In eighteen thirty-six, the Battle of the Alamo became a symbol of Texan resistance during the Texas Revolution."
"The year 1848 witnessed widespread political upheavals across Europe in the wave of revolutions.","The year eighteen forty-eight witnessed widespread political upheavals across Europe in the wave of revolutions."
"Gold was discovered in California in 1849, sparking the famous Gold Rush.","Gold was discovered in California in eighteen forty-nine, sparking the famous Gold Rush."
"The year 1863 saw the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.","The year eighteen sixty-three saw the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation by U S President Abraham Lincoln."
"In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell received the patent for the invention of the telephone.","In eighteen seventy-six, Alexander Graham Bell received the patent for the invention of the telephone."
"The eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 had global climatic effects due to the massive release of volcanic ash.","The eruption of Krakatoa in eighteen eighty-three had global climatic effects due to the massive release of volcanic ash."
"In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to grant women the right to vote.","In eighteen ninety-three, New Zealand became the first country to grant women the right to vote."
"The Klondike Gold Rush in 1896 drew prospectors to the Yukon Territory in search of fortune.","The Klondike Gold Rush in eighteen ninety-six drew prospectors to the Yukon Territory in search of fortune."
"The Spanish-American War erupted in 1898, leading to the United States acquiring territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.","The Spanish-American War erupted in eighteen ninety-eight, leading to the United States acquiring territories in the Pacific and Caribbean."
"In 500 BC, the Persian Empire under Darius the Great reached its zenith.","In five hundred B C, the Persian Empire under Darius the Great reached its zenith."
"The construction of the Great Wall of China began around 214 BC during the Qin Dynasty.","The construction of the Great Wall of China began around two fourteen B C during the Qin Dynasty."
"Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, marking a pivotal moment in Roman history.","Julius Caesar was assassinated in forty-four B C, marking a pivotal moment in Roman history."
"In 30 BC, Cleopatra VII, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, met her tragic end.","In thirty B C, Cleopatra the seventh, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, met her tragic end."
"The birth of Jesus Christ is traditionally dated to around 4 BC.","The birth of Jesus Christ is traditionally dated to around four B C."
"In 70 AD, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the Siege of Jerusalem.","In seventy A D, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the Siege of Jerusalem."
"The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.","The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in seventy-nine A D buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum."
"In 200 AD, the Gupta Empire flourished as a golden age of Indian civilization.","In two hundred A D, the Gupta Empire flourished as a golden age of Indian civilization."
"The Battle of Adrianople in 378 AD was a significant defeat for the Roman Empire against the Goths.","The Battle of Adrianople in three seventy-eight A D was a significant defeat for the Roman Empire against the Goths."
"In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire officially fell, marking the end of ancient Rome.","In four seventy-six A D, the Western Roman Empire officially fell, marking the end of ancient Rome."
"The founding of the city of Baghdad in 762 AD marked the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age.","The founding of the city of Baghdad in seven sixty-two A D marked the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age."
"The Viking raids on Lindisfarne in 793 AD are often considered the start of the Viking Age.","The Viking raids on Lindisfarne in seven ninety-three A D are often considered the start of the Viking Age."
"In 1066 AD, the Battle of Hastings resulted in the Norman conquest of England.","In ten sixty-six A D, the Battle of Hastings resulted in the Norman conquest of England."
"The construction of the Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia began in the early 12th century.","The construction of the Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia began in the early twelfth century."
"In 1215 AD, the Magna Carta was signed, limiting the power of the English monarch.","In twelve fifteen A D, the Magna Carta was signed, limiting the power of the English monarch."
"The Black Death, a devastating pandemic, swept through Europe in the mid-14th century.","The Black Death, a devastating pandemic, swept through Europe in the mid fourteenth century."
"In 1492 AD, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, initiating European exploration.","In fourteen ninety-two A D, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, initiating European exploration."
"The Battle of Lepanto in 1571 AD marked a decisive victory for the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire.","The Battle of Lepanto in fifteen seventy-one A D marked a decisive victory for the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire."
"In 1776 AD, the United States Declaration of Independence was adopted, proclaiming independence from British rule.","In seventeen seventy-six A D, the United States Declaration of Independence was adopted, proclaiming independence from British rule."
"The French Revolution erupted in 1789 AD, leading to profound social and political changes in France.","The French Revolution erupted in seventeen eighty-nine A D, leading to profound social and political changes in France."