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My ๐ค Mold Encountershttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/toxic-mold-blog.html
My daily encounters with fighting molden-ustoxic ๐ค moldWed, 24 Jan 2018 21:16:30 -0500Wed, 24 Jan 2018 21:16:30 -0500toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.comJan 24, Allergy Blood Testinghttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/allergybloodtesting.htmlbb1425d2fd27c4a5109c4bc8c692a60fFind out what foods, environmental pollen and molds you are allergic to with Allergy Blood Testing.Wed, 24 Jan 2018 21:16:27 -0500Jan 24, Vitamin and Mineral Blood Testinghttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/vitaminandmineralbloodtesting.html8ebe4a5575df11a482fd74fed3fd0676Find out what you are deficient in by ordering your own vitamin and mineral blood testing.Wed, 24 Jan 2018 20:39:27 -0500Jan 24, Heavy ๐ค Blood Testinghttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/heavymetalbloodtesting.htmlc361f949eff4cbd3fb2d8bed7e199e88Patients can test their own blood for heavy metalsWed, 24 Jan 2018 20:33:20 -0500Jan 15, Stainless Steel โ Maker That is Plastic Freehttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/stainlesssteelcoffeemaker.htmld52cfcd513efed63c35b5b9e53ee3a24This automatic stainless steel โ maker does not add plastic to your โ, decreasing exposure to estrogenic plastics that can inhibit weight loss.Mon, 15 Jan 2018 12:04:39 -0500Mar 20, MOLD DOCTORShttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/molddoctors.html1d399ca529b000ceb35defc83ee49e93A ๐บ๏ธ of all health care providers including doctors and naturopaths and shoemaker certified doctors that treat toxic mold syndrome.๐, 20 Mar 2016 09:26:10 -0400Feb 4, Core Restore 7 Day Detoxhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/Corerestoresevendaydetox.htmld9b6d1fbb726c1c6dd30e52612b5c14bCore Restore is a seven day detox program including supplements and diet that help your liver remove toxins.Thu, 4 Feb 2016 16:42:20 -0500Jan 23, Essential Oilshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/essentialoils.html5cb4e26df2256a69775b52445282c326Essential oils are helpful with a lot of conditions including toxic mold syndrome.Sat, 23 Jan 2016 03:17:37 -0500Dec 2, Lipoic Acid For Mold Detoxhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/lipoicacid.htmla9e84a0496c5b1ab5942488be7d6b623Lipoic acid is a powerful supplement that supports liver detoxificaton, has powerful anti-inflammatory effects and helps with weight loss and diabetes.Wed, 2 Dec 2015 14:05:56 -0500Nov 25, Symptoms of ๐ค Mold http://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/symptoms-of-๐ค-mold.htmlbb1862896406680dca57fa11f2dc80e0The symptoms of ๐ค mold poisoning are ๐ชจ to recognize because they ๐ like other diseases. Wed, 25 Nov 2015 19:38:27 -0500Oct 22, Far Infrared ๐ง Detoxhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/farinfraredsaunadetox.html04f6f6ed2018bdf2ade80439400d86afFar infrared ๐ง therapy is effective for detoxing from mold toxins.Thu, 22 Oct 2015 18:02:53 -0400Aug 8, Candida Overgrowthhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/candidaovergrowth.html74418458dc0dfcdbc3428fb228149d3dCandida Overgrowth in the intestines, a common problem in those exposed to toxic ๐ค mold, can find relief in herbal yeast infection treatment and a candida diet.Sat, 8 Aug 2015 20:49:45 -0400Aug 8, Renter's Rights and How to Get Out of Your Leasehttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/rentersrights.htmlf71982db9b9572ec8746fbde966baba9If you are a renter and are living in uninhabitable conditions because of toxic mold, you need to know what your renter's rights are in your state.Sat, 8 Aug 2015 09:31:24 -0400Aug 7, ๐ค Mold Remedieshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐ค-mold-remedies.html27125f10fe21517cd838f74ec4d36c88Black mold remedies for treatment of toxic ๐ค mold syndrome including limu moui and modifilan.Fri, 7 Aug 2015 21:37:12 -0400Jul 24, ๐ฅฅ OILhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/coconutoil.htmlc992e35e7f557cd0a87c66426ab4320aCoconut oil is โค๏ธ healthy, antifungal, and ๐ for your brainFri, 24 Jul 2015 18:40:53 -0400Jul 21, ERVs: A Solution For People who Cannot Leave Their Moldy Househttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/ERVs.html5aabe49a46bc826108a92e39c5b8aa2aERVs bring fresh air into your ๐ and expel dirty ๐ air constantly,improving your air quality.Tue, 21 Jul 2015 00:54:53 -0400Jul 12, ๐ค mold sinusitishttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐ค-mold-sinusitis.html9a793bbec54354920817ed1ad2411a96Chronic inhalation of ๐ค mold can lead to chronic sinus infections (๐ค mold sinusitis) that will not go away.๐, 12 Jul 2015 14:41:06 -0400Jun 22, Toxic Mold Syndrome Diagnosishttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/toxic-mold-syndrome-diagnosis.html7e389501615d6ce1b4294a537cc2b21cToxic mold syndrome diagnosis through various blood tests and urine tests, help to be sure that toxic mold exposure is the cause of your illness.Mon, 22 Jun 2015 21:16:31 -0400Jun 13, Low Carb Raw Diethttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/low-carb-raw-diet.htmlf1ae731ad5893636f35b10fcc40e7a64A low carb raw diet has helped many people exposed to toxic mold and suffering symptoms find some relief in their symptoms while they are detoxing.Sat, 13 Jun 2015 08:56:06 -0400Jun 6, Testing For ๐ค Mold In Houseshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/testing-for-๐ค-mold-in-๐๏ธ.htmld2aacd5b20bdd69f2d0dc0121a1ce514Testing for ๐ค mold in ๐๏ธ can be done yourself and does not have to cost an arm and a ๐ฆต. We recommend the instant mold test, the IAQ Pro 5 min test, the ERMI test and the Examinair test Sat, 6 Jun 2015 07:56:00 -0400Jun 6, Phone Consultationshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/phone-consultations.html8aa1ffcbe0abe7a3f7a5c0b3e9acefd5Phone consultations can be purchased off the Phone Consults Webpage and are for โน๏ธ only. They are meant to help ๐ you in the right direction to get help.Sat, 6 Jun 2015 07:37:45 -0400Jun 1, ๐ newsletterhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐-newsletter.html4f1b792738c4fbd3a8d07a50199b30ceOur ๐ newsletter, Healthy Living in a Toxic ๐ is a ๐ monthly e-zine newsletter that keeps readers informed of the latest โน๏ธ ๐ how to avoid toxins and how to detoxify yourself.Mon, 1 Jun 2015 23:36:35 -0400May 25, BIOTOXIN BLOOD TESThttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/BIOTOXINBLOODTEST.html0e35fb73ac5bf538c4e39c7d4bb3d1c6The biotoxin blood test that was developed by Dr. Shoemaker is a panel of many tests to determine if you have been exposed to a biotoxin like mold or Lymes.Mon, 25 May 2015 23:06:41 -0400Apr 16, Financial Help: How to Make ๐ฐ and Get ๐ฐ When you are Sickhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/financialhelp.html035a1e5b6c91ff2377328cebb632dbe9Learn legal and legitimate ways to make ๐ฐ and get ๐ฐ if you are ๐ค from mold exposure and lost your job.Thu, 16 Apr 2015 20:40:16 -0400Apr 16, Toxic Mold Syndrome, Symptoms, Testing and Treatmenthttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/80baa107202d5404fb7fa46bcd52fffaLearn about the illness resulting from exposure to toxic mold, also known as ๐ค mold, how to recognize the symptoms of mold exposure, and what are the ๐ forms of mold testing and mold treatment.Thu, 16 Apr 2015 19:20:28 -0400Apr 15, Symptoms of ๐ค Mold Poisoning- A List of the Less Commonhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/symptoms-of-๐ค-mold-poisoning.htmld64a5ffda6c617986a62fc00f475de77The symptoms of ๐ค mold poisoning are ๐ช to recognize because they are so much like other diseases.. Wed, 15 Apr 2015 17:12:14 -0400Mar 25, Phthalate Freehttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/phthalatefree.html02c35fc76dc31b0d27ad9ae90ffc6004Phthalates are endocrine disrupters that are found in many body care products like shampoo, conditioners, perfumes, cosmetics and lotions.Wed, 25 Mar 2015 22:50:39 -0400Mar 1, The Alkaline Diethttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/alkalinediet.html3ccf0bb7e2c0418acb32820ce8a611e9The alakline diet can help those exposed to toxic mold feel a lot ๐.๐, 1 Mar 2015 01:47:20 -0500Feb 28, Limu Mouihttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/limumoui.html47ca7324cde2f6570fa90f31f441d0c6Limu Moui is a ๐ค seaweed supplement used to aid the body in the removal of toxinsSat, 28 Feb 2015 23:35:34 -0500Feb 28, Limu Mouihttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/limumoui2.html3a54364482dfb46320d48b74bb21265fLimu Moui is a delicious beverage containing an extract of ๐ค seaweed that has many benefits including antiinflammatory effects and toxic mold detox and heavy ๐ค detox.Sat, 28 Feb 2015 19:23:41 -0500Jan 13, Natural Health Dochttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/naturalhealthdoc.html58f2dcb15ec6e7bf17fd3c8cd03dc875Natural Health Doc is a website that will help you stay healthy naturally with loads of โน๏ธ ๐ diet and supplements Tue, 13 Jan 2015 09:19:29 -0500Jan 7, Dehumidifiershttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/dehumidifiers.html09c213b4db999a68a239cec3817f1e1cHow to know when you need a dehumidifier in your home, how to select the ๐ 1๏ธโฃ for your needs and how to ๐งน your dehumidifier if it smells moldy.Wed, 7 Jan 2015 07:27:40 -0500Dec 6, Adrenal Supporthttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/adrenalsupport.htmlb7f66cff2bafffa917839072e662949dAdrenal support is very โ in treatment of toxic mold poisoning because of the inflammation that the mold toxins cause.Sat, 6 Dec 2014 07:56:23 -0500Dec 5, Gluten ๐ Diet and Toxic Mold Exposurehttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/glutenfree.html89dc7bea757e16eb984d808bfcb53cfeMy experience with a gluten ๐ diet in recovering from toxic mold exposureFri, 5 Dec 2014 19:22:46 -0500Dec 5, ๐ค Mold encountershttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐ค-mold-encounters.html05c830b61d00b847eff7e0ad3c795679black mold encounters ๐ a daily basisFri, 5 Dec 2014 18:01:29 -0500Nov 23, Essential Products For Anyoe Dealing With Toxic Moldhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/essentialproducts.html3a3fa41c2edd018943f87a51b050c0deA shopping ๐ for products helpful in dealing with toxic moldSun, 23 Nov 2014 16:05:08 -0500Nov 23, HIDDEN MOLDhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/hiddenmold.html3d7b626233e0d96be01c211b178928eaThe ways to find mold hidden in walls is explored and reviewed.๐, 23 Nov 2014 10:03:42 -0500Nov 9, DUCT CLEANINGhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/DUCTCLEANING.html79e563a7d060fc31f413c3780d32a35bDuct cleaning is an โ part of mold remediation but avoid the scam companies that do not ๐งน them properly and overcharge for their services.๐, 9 Nov 2014 11:55:32 -0500Nov 9, ๐ค Mold Allergy Controlhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐ค-mold-allergy-control.htmlebf0fcb56c9919ab15410135041d2259Black mold allergy control: How to get relief from allergy symptoms to ๐ค mold and any molds, naturally.๐, 9 Nov 2014 11:42:48 -0500Nov 9, MOLD STORIEShttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/MOLDSTORIES.htmle615694685a7a59e7a892fd19aba2aeeMold Stories is a collection of personal stories of encounters with toxic ๐ค mold. ๐, 9 Nov 2014 10:02:01 -0500Nov 8, Optimally Healthy Storehttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/optimally-healthystore.htmlf4f750ac886cd977344f3c0e04a71c7cThe Optimally Healthy Store is your source for supplements, ๐ and products that help you to achieve your optimal healthSat, 8 Nov 2014 19:57:12 -0500Jul 3, Support Pack Treatmenthttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/support-pack-treatment.htmlf6eac74fcb4dbf9a176e3c7d8e4eb14bSupport Pack Treatment for toxic mold syndrome through step 1๏ธโฃ detox pack, step 2 anti-fungal pack and step 3 healthy oil pack and step 4 enzyme pack.Thu, 3 Jul 2014 10:04:07 -0400Jun 29, Support Packshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/support-packs.html0c6b57295644653286bd7be7b9e1c1e6Support packs help support the health of toxic mold syndrome victims through supplements organized into step 1๏ธโฃ detox pack, step 2 anti-fungal pack and step 3 healthy oil pack and step 4 enzyme pack.๐, 29 Jun 2014 19:10:19 -0400Sep 29, About Ushttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/about-us.htmledaaec4cbd5054e04d9fb45d87cfd21dAbout Us: This website was developed by Dr. Mary Short-Ray to educate people about the harmful effects of toxic mold and how to recover when toxic mold exposure adversely affects your health.๐, 29 Sep 2013 17:36:58 -0400Apr 11, Toxic Mold Support Grouphttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/toxicmoldsupportgroup.htmled568bffad96711825f96525d674b13cThe Toxic Mold Support Group is for anyone who is ๐ค or had been ๐ค from exposure to toxic ๐ค mold.Thu, 11 Apr 2013 00:33:48 -0400Mar 21, SUPPLEMENTS TO HELP TOXIC MOLD SYNDROMEhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/Supplements.html8bca08b5b2cf42b078a5c5b2960a2ae2Where to go to buy all the supplements needed for help with toxic mold syndromeThu, 21 Mar 2013 13:53:15 -0400Feb 3, ALLERGY HELP AFTER MOLD EXPOSUREhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/allergy-help.htmlbb29baa227a74421c6f3768e4550e6ddAllergy help and control is โ after you have recovered from toxic mold because it seems that those exposed to toxic mold have become more sensitized to molds in the environment.๐, 3 Feb 2013 06:37:45 -0500Dec 5, Liver Supporthttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/liver-support.htmla6295ed5ee8427ce5fc5554528e49629Liver support is very โ in the detoxification of toxic mold.Wed, 5 Dec 2012 00:45:48 -0500Dec 5, ๐ค Seaweed Supplementshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐ค-seaweed-supplements.html7fc73f1b699514b63839d6a39396d499Brown seaweed supplements in the Mold Help Store come in 2 forms capsule form called modifilan and in a delicious juice ๐ฅค form called Limu Moui.Wed, 5 Dec 2012 00:16:00 -0500Dec 5, Anti-Fungal Supplementshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/anti-fungal-supplements.html20d7db7f240d292f3d8ec4cb7699e6f4This protocol with effective anti-fungal supplements helps elliminate candida overgrowth and improve the heath of the intestinal tract.Wed, 5 Dec 2012 00:13:06 -0500Dec 5, Home Mold Testing Kitshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/home-mold-testing-kits.htmlce91bb140a99dfc3bff99e4597e277ebThe home mold testing kits we recommend and have available are 2 different types of swabbing instant mold test kits, 1๏ธโฃ air quality spore trap test and 1๏ธโฃ that uses dust sample analysis.Wed, 5 Dec 2012 00:10:55 -0500Oct 11, ๐ข Visitshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐ข-visits.htmlbc0b095d20a2e4edb587ad3be03ba802Office visits with Dr. Ray can be scheduled by calling our ๐ข.Thu, 11 Oct 2012 09:31:28 -0400Oct 11, Toxic-๐ค-Mold-Syndrome.Com's Customer Supporthttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/customer-support.htmla876d51bbe285e52d46f6ba247d322acCustomer support includes phone and ๐ง contact โน๏ธ and hours of operation.Thu, 11 Oct 2012 09:22:25 -0400Oct 11, The ๐ค Mold Toxins Controversyhttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/๐ค-mold-toxins.html1f2cfebc374239751aa91257d9098f39Whether ๐ค mold toxins cause the mold illness or is it just a mold allergy that causes this syndrome seems to be a controversy.Thu, 11 Oct 2012 08:50:44 -0400Oct 10, Probiotic Supplementshttp://www.toxic-๐ค-mold-syndrome.com/probiotic-supplements.html585cec2c2a2b7c4e4cf3f6db398bea65Probiotic supplements are very โ in restoring the intestines to their normal function after fungal overgrowth.Wed, 10 Oct 2012 18:21:48 -0400 |
Romney visits Western Wall, ignores question, Does Israel have a right to annex West ๐ฆ
Mitt Romney just spent 20 minutes at the Western Wall, a few minutes of that time praying. When he was done he jammed a folded note high in a crevice between stones and Dan Senor, his advisor ๐ Jewish issues, turned with a broad ๐ and gave the high sign to a group of Romney backers as if to say, The ๐ฆ
has landed.
As the beaming handler indicated, the visit went off without a hitch. The Republican candidate for president wore a ๐ค yarmulke and a mannequin like ๐ virtually the entire time he was in the plaza and only shook a few hands. Several in the crowd called out ๐ luck or said that Romney was the next president. 1๏ธโฃ ๐จ chanted ๐ Pollard. Another chanted, ๐ your tax returns. โ Romney visited the wall ๐ Tisha ๐
ฑโAv, a mourning day when Jews commemorate the destruction of the temple. (Take that, Obama!)
I got pretty close to Romney as he came and went from prayers and 3๏ธโฃ times asked him, โGovernor, does Israel have a right to annex the West ๐ฆ?โ He looked at me once or twice but ignored the question. Though others in the crowd corrected me, saying itโs Eretz Israel. Iโll get a video of the visit ๐ ๐.
Romneyโs wife Anne came and left with him, but she had to go to the womenโs side to approach the wall. The governorโs praying spot was right next to the barrier between the menโs and womenโs sides of the wall, so that women reporters and staff would be able to cover the event.
Senor said it was Romneyโs second or third visit to the western wall. Before Romney prayed, I asked if the governor had prepared a note and Senor said, โYesโ with the air of someone who had spent hours toiling over its composition. When I asked if someone was going to grab the note, he said, โProbably, thatโs beyond our control.โ
Posted In:
265 Responses
Time for a โwhat was in the note Mitt Romney stuck in the wall?โ competition.
Oh I doubt weโll need to guess. As you might recall, Obamaโs note was plucked out and made public. Senor would have labored over it for hours, not doubt, hoping that it does get found and made public. The โProbably, thatโs beyond our control.โ is practially an invitation to do so.
Obamaโs note was plucked out and made public.
๐ for the info. Just googled it:
โLord, Protect my ๐ช and me. Forgive me my sins and help me ๐ against pride and despair. Give me the wisdom to do what is right and just. And make me an instrument of your will.โ
Sounds so submissive. Clearly, the โLordโ forgot to tell him that dropping bombs ๐ ๐ Muslims is a crime.
I would simply โ๏ธ โ๐ Palestineโ in my note.
I am a little ๐ฒ that Mr Weiss was allowed to enter into Israel. Wonder if there was any interrogation at the airport.
Fair enough, since he also forgot to tell the Palestinians that firing rockets at, bombing, and stabbing to death ๐ Israelis is a sin. I donโt believe in Hell, but if there is 1๏ธโฃ, there are probably a lot of very ๐ฒ Palestinian suicide bombers there.
โI am a little ๐ฒ that Mr Weiss was allowed to enter into Israel.โ
He very cleverly ๐ฅธ himself as a Zionist for the trip through secutity. Once he was stamped with the ๐ต โUโ (they wouldnโt give him the โuโ he preferred) he tore off the false beard and spectacles, shouted โNyah, nyahโ and scampered ๐ his way.
When Mr. Weiss becomes as famous as Chomsky or Finkelstein, if the current attitude persists, he will probably find his path blocked like they did. But meanwhile his name recognition is nowhere near the name recognition of Chomsky and Finkelstein.
Fair enough, since he also forgot to tell the Palestinians that firing rockets at, bombing, and stabbing to death ๐ Israelis is a sin. I donโt believe in Hell, but if there is 1๏ธโฃ, there are probably a lot of very ๐ฒ Palestinian suicide bombers there.
Fair enough, but there is no Hell in Jewish theology anyway. Palestinian suicide bombers may ๐ ๐ in the same ๐ with all those murderous Jews, whose names are remembered for a blessing. Many of them killed Gentiles in pursuance with mistaken beliefs about the commandments regarding the Conquest of the Land.
FYI, if Mormon theologians are correct, the Palestinians could be Gods and Goddesses. The sky would be the limit ๐ the number of celestial wives, because the 72 virgin catch limit was just a myth. If Romney is anything like the Prophet Joseph Smith, he may have just tucked a piece of paper containing some additional commandments into that crack in the Western Wall. To nearly everyoneโs amazement, Smith revealed quite a few that were purportedly disseminated by the Hebrew patriarch Abraham when he outlined the details about the Gods and Goddesses living ๐ the planets near the โญ Kolob. See the Pearl of Great Price;-)
Prolly selling ๐ง to Jews residing in Hades who killed their own kids at Masada.
And those who killed unarmed Arabs to steal their land in the 1940s, led by terrorists wanted by the British Army (later becoming prime ministers).
Israelis learned a lot from their German masters, including how to attack ๐ฅ, then claim others forced them to. Ashkenazis emulating Nazis.
Yaweh notices. Rumor has it Sheโs pissed, too. Apparently 40 years wandering the ๐๏ธ didnโt ๐ฉโ๐ซ a thing. Instead of being ๐ and humble, Israelis drop bombs from jets ๐ Arab schoolgirls.
How brave!
The IDF are cowards, always facing weaker enemiesโฆbacked by Uncle Sucker. Even during their pre-state terrorism sprees, they used smuggled superior arms from the Czechs and ๐บ๐ธ. When they actually faced adequately armed Arabs, and not helpless Palestinians, Hizbollah cleaned their ๐.
Sooner or later surrounding countries that Israel freely taunts will have state-of-the -๐จ missiles. Israel will then provoke 1๏ธโฃ too many times, causing large guided missiles to land ๐ Tel Aviv and other cities. By the time ๐บ๐ธ responds (IF it does!), half of the โJewish Stateโ will be gone or rubbled to shitereens.
Youโd think Israelis would wise ๐. But, no: they insist ๐ indulging their paranoia, false pride, and arrogance. The Greeks said something about the perils of hubris. Too ๐ Israelis donโt heed the lesson.
Well some โsourcesโ say that (some) Jews think that stealing from a non-Jew is not a sin or even not killing a gentile. Maybe a pro-Israeli extremist should forget speaking about sins.
Fredblogs how many Israeli ๐ฒ Jewish Irgun and Stern Gang terrorist you suppose there are now in โhellโ? Or modern time soldiers who had byโmistakeโdropped a 1000 kg ๐ฃ ๐ a residential ๐ข (or UN soldiers) or fired a tank ๐ซ by โmistakeโ ๐ civilians. Not to mention those who fired phosphorous ๐ schools etc. A lot, if we believe in the concept of hell and morality.
It is rather absurd constantly to portray the suicide bombers as the ๐ evil in the ๐. Jewish terrorists left bombs ๐ market places, hotels, trains etc. What is the actual difference? The suicide bomber โpunishesโ himself, the normal terrorist continues planting ๐ bombs repeating the crime. It is clear to all, even to Israelis, that it is the situation which causes the terrorism, as a form of military resistance, ๐ Palestinian side. Palestinians do not resist because of their religion, they resist because of their assets are stole and life is in danger. Israeli Jews can not say that their religion is not the primary โmotiveโ behind the exploitation, genocide and landgraping done by them. Only Judaism sets out those who are Jews and so Israel as a Jewish state. Jews are a real nation only when a Jew can be a Muslim (or Christian etc) and still be considered as a Jew.
@ Yonah:But meanwhile his name recognition is nowhere near the name recognition of Chomsky and Finkelstein.
Strange. Iโve heard of Mr Weiss ๐ฅ. And through his website, I learnt about the other 2๏ธโฃ people.
@ Mooser:He very cleverly ๐ฅธ himself as a Zionist for the trip through secutity. Once he was stamped with the ๐ต โUโ (they wouldnโt give him the โuโ he preferred) he tore off the false beard and spectacles, shouted โNyah, nyahโ and scampered ๐ his way.
WTF are you trying to tell me with this?
@SimoHurtta
Since this is all hypothetical speculation, Iโd speculate that the ones who targeted civilians would be hellworthy, same as for Palestinians. As for the ones who accidentally killed civilians, I donโt think they would be. I think the terrorists who put military targets in places where civilians are likely to get hit in the crossfire would be going to hell for it, if there were 1๏ธโฃ.
The difference with a suicide bomber is the surprise, not the speculative destination. I mean, there you are, blowing yourself ๐ and expecting paradise, so certain that you are ๐ to die, and ๐ฅ, Hell. Pretty funny.
Bin Ladin would have struck ๐ York either way. His main beef was the U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia. After that, the fact that a non-Islamic country is the most prominent in the ๐ would be enough ๐ its own. After _that_ thereโs Gulf โ I. After _that_ thereโs every time weโve interfered in the Middle East, which we do for oil, not for Israel.
There is no way you could know that, Fredo. If your country of israel did not exist, my country would have had different relations with the states of the Middle East and the whole history of the region would have been different. Bin Laden might not have amounted to anything. You canโt simply take out 1๏ธโฃ giant cause (if not the main factor) of the disfunction that has hit the region over the ๐ half-century and pretend that everything else in the region would have continued unchanged. Thatโs idiocy.
Anyway, the โPalestine had nothing to do with 9/11โ is an ๐ค โ and revealing โ claim.
๐ฅ off, Palestine โ and more specifically, US support for Israel โ obviously did have a lot to do with 9/11. Anyone who cares to can ๐ ๐ Osama bin Ladenโs biography and discover he was radicalized primarily by outrage over Palestine. Secondly, al Qaedaโs press releases are laced with references to Palestine.
However, people will keep denying it. I think it is because they feel the need to keep al Qaeda perfectly demonized and the US totally ๐ โ only motives that we find irrational and repugnant can be admitted as explanations for al Qaedaโs actions. If we start to admit there is a casual relationship between our behavior and al Qaedaโs response, then we start to lose the moral halo of immaculate victimhood. From this perspective, โthe US troops in Saudi Arabiaโ isnโt quite as ๐ as โthey hate us for our freedom,โ but itโll do. ๐ the other โ, it wouldnโt do at all to critically examine the rights and wrongs of our support for Israel. So that has to be excluded from the conversation.
No, you give away what you think is you real country with every post. I predict that if you are not pretending to be an American that 1๏ธโฃ day you will, like pudracist666, turn traitor and go running to occupied Palestine.
โ๐ Ladenโs biography and discover he was radicalized primarily by outrage over Palestine.โ
You will also discover that Bin Laden, as he promised his Mommy years ago, has never dissembled with anybody about anything. And if you canโt trust a guy when he tells you his reasons for terrorist actions, darn, who can you trust?
And if you canโt trust a guy when he tells you his reasons for terrorist actions, darn, who can you trust?
Bin Laden got ๐ซ of answering this line of questions and delegated the job to the Swedes. He suggested that the reporter from Al Quds Al Arabi ask them why they werenโt being attacked by al-Qaeda. It still isnโt clear if bin Laden actually had the Swedes in mind or Stephen Colbert.
โWow, you still persist in ๐คฅ about what my country is. You have quite a complex about it. Get help.โ
I suggest you ๐ to ๐. In the post youโre responding to, Woody Tanaka said absolutely nothing descriptive about either Israel or the United States: he couldnโt have โlied about your countryโ โ whichever 1๏ธโฃ it is.
There are four reasons Al Qaeda targeted the United States:
1. US military presence in the Penninsula.
2. Suffering caused by sanctions ๐ the Iraqi people
3. US support of Israel and their occupation of Palestinian territories
4. Support of regimes around the ๐ that surpress and persecute Muslims (frequently used example was Mubarak and Egypt)
The ๐ 2๏ธโฃ are definitely related to Israel. The ๐ฅ 2๏ธโฃ have more to do with the ๐ฅ Gulf โ and our support of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
@ColinWright
Ah, reading comprehension problems. Yours, not mine. Woody makes a habit of ๐คฅ about what country my country is. I am an American and he lies by saying I am an Israeli. Hence when he said โyour country of Israelโ he was ๐คฅ. I hope that clears it ๐ for you.
I would say however (to Woody too) that trying to flip this around and claiming Israelโs existence as a primary cause for all problems throughout the Muslim ๐ โ from Morocco to Afghanistan โ is equally tendentious and simplistic.
โโฆthat trying to flip this around and claiming Israelโs existence as a primary cause for all problems throughout the Muslim ๐โฆโ
I think that israel is a primary cause for some of the problems, especially in the Middle East, but itโs not the only 1๏ธโฃ. 1๏ธโฃ of the biggest is the same problem that the rest of the developing ๐ face โ predation by the developed ๐.
โFredblog, the Takfiri do find 5 thousand troops deep in the ๐๏ธ who live huge distances away from any Saudi civilians offensive. Ask yourself whyโฆโ
And of course that has to be the sole cause of 9/11.
And why does it have to be the sole cause? Well, itโs a process of elimination, you see.
It canโt be our support for Israel โ since that would imply that perhaps we should reconsider our support for Israel. I mean, if we actually examine it, we might discover that itโs quite unreasonable, unjust, oppressive, and in general ranks somewhere around rearming Sauron as a moral proposition.
It canโt be โthey hate us for our freedom,โ etc since however appealing that might be, itโs just too terminally stupid.
Ergo, it has to be solely a matter of Muslim fanatics reacting unreasonably to something they have no reasonable grounds to object to. These โTakfirisโ were just going to attack us no matter what we did.
๐ธ little us. Weโre completely ๐. No need at all for us to reexamine our behavior and assumptions. The โenemyโ is a monolithic, unconditionally evil block that we should simply exterminate. Why think? Just kill.
When an individual does this, itโs called criminal insanity. As Iโve said several times, itโs not the โTakfirisโ that worry me โ Iโll take my chances with them. Itโs people like you.
Fairly obviously, the โUS troops in the Holy Placesโ schtick offered a theological justification for al Qaedaโs actions. However, equally obviously, that al Qaeda was looking for such a justification โ and was able to find supporters โ owes a great, great deal to our support of Israel. Those Cairene Taxicab drivers werenโt shouting โbullseyeโ out of ๐ that at ๐ the defilement of the Holy Places had been avenged.
Finkelstein has said that โIsraelโ has a right to exist under international law, as does the Palestinian state.
Yes, UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/48/158D, 20 December 1993 stipulated that the final settlement had to guarantee arrangements for โ๏ธ and security of all States in the region, including those named in resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, within secure and internationally recognized boundaries. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/48/158
1๏ธโฃ of the few areas in international law that do not fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of a state is the treatment of minorities in a former mandated state or UN trusteeship. Guarantees were a condition imposed by the international community of states in exchange for recognition of the sovereignty of the ๐ government and any session of territory involved. Both Palestine and Israel, as well as the United Nations still have binding legal obligations that flow from resolution 181(II).
The right of Israel and Palestine to exist as duly constituted states with constitutional safeguards for equality and non-discriminatory treatment of women, religious groups, and ethnic minorities is beyond reproach. It has been endorsed in relevant resolutions, like the ones above and Security Council resolution 242 from the very beginning. In the 2004 Wall Case ๐งโโ๏ธ Rosalyn Cohen Higgins specifically addressed that ๐:
This is not ๐ช โ from Security Council resolution 242 (1967) through to Security Council resolution 1515 (2003), the ๐ underlying requirements have remained the same โ that Israel is entitled to exist, to be recognized, and to security, and that the Palestinian people are entitled to their territory, to exercise self-determination, and to have their own State.
๐ the the Finkelstein clip. He is 1๏ธโฃ of my favorite commentators ๐ Palestine/Israel. Could you tell me the minute and second where he said Israel does not have a right to exist (or at least a lesser right than any other country.)
Finkelstein never ever said that any nation has a โrightโ to exist under international law. He has spoken about this ๐ many occasions. Borders, state institutions etc., may be recognized and honored by 0thers, but that does not translate into a โright to exist.โ
โno international resolutions, no laws require that you recognize a stateโs RIGHT to exist.โ
The Takfiri have always wanted to attack the US. They still plan to. They differ among themselves about in what order to take their enemies out. Some say kill the Jews in the early stages. Others say focus initially ๐ mass murdering Shia, Hindus, Russians, Sikhs, Sufis, Communists, Europeans, Atheists, etc.
They will try to kill all of us (๐ค that they are sending us to heaven.) But they are open to sequencing when they kill us.
Osama Bin Laden wanted to attack the US even in the early 1980s. He just wanted to attack the USSR ๐ฅ.
Do all of you know how much Osama Bin Laden hated Hamas? Osama Bin Laden hated Hamas so much that he use to blast them in his speeches. Al Qaeda has fought ๐ซ battles with Hamas.
For you trio, a few questions:
1) Was Osama Bin Ladenโs killing thousands of people in Gilgit Kashmir in 1988 because of Israel/Palestine?
2) Was OBL killing thousands of people in Mazar e Sharif in 1998 because of Palestine?
3) Were the attacks ๐ Mumbai in 1993 and 2008 because of Palestine? [Evidence is being presented that OBL played a major role in the 2008 attacks.]
4) Were the AQ linked attacks against ๐ Delhi 2001 because of Palestine?
Tell me, โananโ when the Takfiri come over here to kill me, will they purchase individual plane (โIโm sorry sir, that heavy machine ๐ซ will not fit in the overhead rack, itโll have to go in baggageโ) tickets, charter a plane or ๐? Darn it, I forgot about the flying carpets! Now I am ๐!
Besides, even if they are fanatically devoted to killing me, in fifteen minutes Iโll have them ๐ hysterically, doing the Bob-Bing cross-chatter scenes from โThe Road to Moroccoโ and then, ๐ฅ, I turn ๐ the Hammond and regale them with my soul-jazz arrangement of โThe Sheik of Arabyโ! Theyโll be weeping and offering me their daughters in marriage. Iโm not ๐ฑ. I know how to refuse those offers gracefully.
The Takfiri have always wanted to attack the US. They still plan to. They differ among themselves about in what order to take their enemies out. Some say kill the Jews in the early stages. Others say focus initially ๐ mass murdering Shia, Hindus, Russians, Sikhs, Sufis, Communists, Europeans, Atheists, etc.
They will try to kill all of us (๐ค that they are sending us to heaven.) โฆโ
And you are using a paranoid fantasy to justify a foreign policy of gross injustice and wholesale homicide.
Donโt carry this paradigm over into your private life. Youโll be committed to a ๐ฅ for the criminally insane.
Of course, it never occurs to Ferdfortz (๐ค name, that, itโs Yiddish for โ๐ด fartโ. Oy, โthereโs some dirty ๐ผ pulled at the fontโ) that maybe, just maybe, what Mondoweiss suggests (now ๐ carefully, Ferdie) is not that Israel โhas no rights toโ or โshouldnโtโ exist, it is that anybody, even with the ๐ will in the ๐ towards Israel, can easily conclude it canโt or wonโt go ๐ existing if it persists ๐ its current course (nice tagging, Mooser). No, Ferdfortzโs contention is that Israel can do whatever the hell it wants, and itโs our job to support it. And the penalty for not supporting it, of course, is being a โ๐ Jewโ and being denied the succor of Zion when the 1938 boxcars roll again. I wonder, will Israel send me a ticket? I canโt afford the plane ticket.
And the penalty for not supporting it, of course, is being a โ๐ Jewโ and being denied the succor of Zion when the 1938 boxcars roll again. I wonder, will Israel send me a ticket? I canโt afford the plane ticket.
No if previous experience with Zionist exoduses is an accurate indicator theyโll:
*Form a limited partnership with the boxcar operators;
*Take a third of the typical refugeeโs cash when the banks that they own or control exchange their ๐ต currency;
*Create an emotional infomercial to encourage evangelicals to โ-๐ the costs for the air fare and reception centers for the olim.
I think there are no such countries, nor any prospect of an emergence of them, so itโs a moot ๐. A ๐ question would be whether Palestine has a right to exist as a country. So far, Iโd say itโs not ready, since they donโt want a country so much as a springboard to conquer Israel.
โSo far, Iโd say itโs not ready, since they donโt want a country so much as a springboard to conquer Israel.โ
This is more of your typical anti-Arab racism. And given the level and number of psychopathic assaults the Palestinians have suffered at the hands of the dastardly israelis, itโs a suprise that they donโt. They would surely be justified in wanting the destruction of that abomination.
lSo far, Iโd say itโs not ready, since they (the Palestinians) donโt want a country so much as a springboard to conquer Israel.
So what the hell did you move in next to them for? Why didnโt you wait for the Palestinians to spend all the ๐ฐ and time to gather us all in, and found Israel so they could conquer it?
Yes, for over 1,000 years the Palestinians sat there in Palestine saying they were going to conquer Israel, and the ZIonists moved in next ๐ช. Oh wait, except that there were no Palestinians.
โSo far, Iโd say itโs not ready, since they donโt want a country so much as a springboard to conquer Israel.โ
Ahh, no wonder you stay in ๐บ๐ธ! Youโre ๐ฑ to death of them, arenโt you? โ, you know they will win. I admire you Ferdfortz! Thatโs pretty smart: stay here ๐ in the ๐บ๐ธ, and suck ๐ฐ out of the Zionists. โ, we all know how the womens react to militant Zionists, it lights โem ๐ like a welding torch.
I think there are no such countries, nor any prospect of an emergence of them, so itโs a moot ๐. A ๐ question would be whether Palestine has a right to exist as a country. So far, Iโd say itโs not ready, since they donโt want a country so much as a springboard to conquer Israel.
Israel consistently ranks among the ๐ ten military powers in the ๐. I think youโre projecting way too much about the threat from Palestinian conquest. BTW, โtheyโre not ready to be countryโ was part and parcel of Hitlerโs modus operandi for excusing the murder of people he had made stateless. What makes Zionists so very different when they try to dispossess and kill Palestinians by making them stateless?
Oh Fred, please donโt keep showing your ignorance! It doesnโt help your arguments 1๏ธโฃ bit โ and your minders might reduce your ๐ธ. Ellen was making the ๐ that both of these โstatesโ existed as separate self-ruling entities but have subsequently disappeared having been absorbed into the larger state of Romania. 1๏ธโฃ might make the same statement about Moldavia or perhaps Bavaria or Prussia. Did they have a right to exist? Statehood is a fluid concept โ they come and go and none have a right to keep ๐ existing. Especially if they behave like Israel.
I would say that Palestinians would rather like the country that was stolen from them ๐! That seems to me to be a perfectly rational position to take.
This comparison concerns me too, since I am sure that I am descended from people ๐ both sides of what must have been a very bitter contest way ๐ in the fifth century, though there is argument about whether the entire British population was driven out into Wales and replaced by Germanic newcomers or whether it was only the ruling class that was dispossessed. I would think that people of Welsh descent (like me) do not now have the right to reconstitute the ancient Kingdom of Britain because โ๏ธ has been made, essentially ๐ a 1ss basis (with some 2ss features) and we have lived in โ๏ธ for many generations, thus creating a social contract that is binding ๐ all of us.
States have a right to exist in the sense that no 1๏ธโฃ has a right to go invading or marauding. You canโt gain rights with your sword or with your nuke but you can gain rights from a โ๏ธ settlement that leads to the swords being sheathed and the nukes dismantled. The Palestinians are not there because of invasions but because they and their ancestors had lived peaceably there for some time under a working social contract.
Which is my ๐. Israel has as much or as little right to exist as every other nation that currently exists. It is silly to say that none do, but if you say it, then Palestine has no right to exist either.
@Shingo
How does 1๏ธโฃ Jewโs choice to keep living in the country of his birth prove that Israel is an anachronism? Even if all non-Israeli Jews this year chose to keep living in their respective other countries, it wouldnโt make Israel an anachronism since next year could be different. Calling Israel an anachronism because it happens to be a ๐ time for Jews in ๐บ๐ธ is like calling ๐ฅ insurance an anachronism because there werenโt any fires in town today.
@anan
They could start by giving ๐ terrorism and ๐ firing missiles into Israel. It isnโt paranoia, the Palestinians, enough of them and in an organized manner, really do dislike Israelis and want to ๐ค them.
No state has a right to exist. The people of a particular territory may have a prima facie right to establish and maintain a state in that territory, but that prima facie right is subject to higher moral considerations. Under those considerations, Israeli Jews do not have a right to establish or maintain Israel.
Citizen Fredblogs wrote โ@anan
They could start by giving ๐ terrorism and ๐ firing missiles into Israel. It isnโt paranoia, the Palestinians, enough of them and in an organized manner, really do dislike Israelis and want to ๐ค them.โ
Comrade Fredblogs, ๐ ya ๐จ. But I donโt understand your comment. Who is using terrorism against Israel? Arenโt the Palestinians actually ๐ people and therefore arenโt they by definition anti terrorist?
I am extremely pro Israel by the way. But I think you are way off base about the Palestinians, chief. Israelis have been mean to Palestinians. Not to anyone else in the ๐. You guys ๐ชจ with anyone who isnโt Palestinians. But you have kind of kicked the your Palestinian sisters and brothers around. So they are a little ๐. But once you ๐ being mean to them, you will find that the Palestinians are very similar to you. They may turn out to be your closest allies and friends. They are part of your ๐ช after-all. Psss. You might find out that you actually like Palestinians. :-) They have ๐ music, ๐ food, ๐ families and they live life. The Palestinians are ๐ people; why would they ๐ค you? I donโt get it.
๐, there are a lot of very real ๐ people out there. The Takfiris for example. And non muslim viscerally anti Jewish English. They are a far bigger threat to you. The Palestinians could be powerful allies for you against them.
Moreover you have ๐ฅ โ experience. 23% of all Israeli citizens are Palestinians. These are your most loyal, patriotic, ๐ชจ working, anti terrorist, successful citizens. Can you imagine how much poorer Israel would be without their ๐ผ ethic, brainpower, compassion, culture, ๐ช values, etc. Imagine how many fewer successful start ups you would have. Imagine how much ๐ your universities would be and how much less successful you would be in high tech.
How does 1๏ธโฃ Jewโs choice to keep living in the country of his birth prove that Israel is an anachronism?
Because the Zionists claim you canโt lead a normal life here among the Gentiles. If you can, then so can they. The bottom line is: thereโs no real necessity for us to maintain a Jewish demographic majority by threats or use of force against the Gentile population of Palestine.
They could start by giving ๐ terrorism and ๐ firing missiles into Israel. It isnโt paranoia, the Palestinians, enough of them and in an organized manner, really do dislike Israelis and want to ๐ค them.
Of course itโs paranoia. Abba Eban called it a โsecurity psychosisโ. Even Zionists have web pages which illustrate that you were much more likely to be a victim of homicide here in the US than in Israel or the occupied territories during the heyday of wall and fence ๐ง in 2004. In fact, Jewish perpetrators are responsible for most of the Jewish victims of homicide. http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000396.htm
Fredblogs, how about the oppressors-victimizers-Israelis start by giving ๐ terrorism and ending the occupation. It isnโt paranoia, the Israelis, enough of them and in a very organized manner, really do hate Palestinians and want to ๐ค them (well, ethnically cleanse the land to be more precise).
@anan
As to the abstract concept of Genocide, a majority of the Palestinians (about 70%) agree with a hadith about Muslims exterminating the Jews. They are not ๐ people. As to getting down to specific atrocities, a significant minority of the Palestinians (about 1/3) think that murdering Jewish babies is a ๐ thing. They are not ๐ people.
The Palestinian leaders make it very clear that they see any โ๏ธ agreement as a temporary step to the eventual destruction of Israel and its replacement by a Jew ๐ Palestine.
In the 1920s, well before Israel even existed, the local Arabs massacred the Jews of Hebron, a Jewish community that had been there since biblical times. It is not a question of โ๐ being mean to them and they will ๐ trying to kill youโ. They were killing the Jews well before the Jews took the necessary steps to protect themselves.
โAs to the abstract concept of Genocide, a majority of the Palestinians (about 70%) agree with a hadith about Muslims exterminating the Jews. They are not ๐ people. As to getting down to specific atrocities, a significant minority of the Palestinians (about 1/3) think that murdering Jewish babies is a ๐ thing. โ
๐. And Elie Wiesel and a number of his associates discussed ways of raping German women and poisoning German drinking water after the Second ๐ โ. Hereโs a clue, Fredo, when people are oppressed, abused, and murdered, they think revengeful thoughts. That makes them nothing more than human.
If the places were reversed, how many Jews would agree with the evil bilge in the Kingโs Torah??
Fredblogs, the ๐ you describe is not 1๏ธโฃ I recognize. However, 1๏ธโฃ of my reasons for reading this blog is to understand you ๐,including understanding why you believe what you believe.
โAs to the abstract concept of Genocide, a majority of the Palestinians (about 70%) agree with a hadith about Muslims exterminating the Jewsโ That Hadith can be interpreted differently by different people.
Could a practicing Sunni ๐ this blog respond to this. If no 1๏ธโฃ else does, maybe I will later.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
โa significant minority of the Palestinians (about 1/3) think that murdering Jewish babies is a ๐ thing. They are not ๐ people.โ
Please donโt say things like this. Everyone in the ๐ is at least a little ๐ [maybe mixed with some ๐]. Even Lucifer Iblis himself has at least a little ๐ in him.
Why? Fredoโs just exercising his anti-Arab bigotry. Responding to him is akin to arguing with a Klansman by discussing his thesis as to the heirarchy of human races. It should merely be denounced as the clear bigotry it is and left at that.
Hostage wrote another great response:
โOf course itโs paranoia. Abba Eban called it a โsecurity psychosisโ. Even Zionists have web pages which illustrate that you were much more likely to be a victim of homicide here in the US than in Israel or the occupied territories during the heyday of wall and fence ๐ง in 2004. In fact, Jewish perpetrators are responsible for most of the Jewish victims of homicide. ๐ to mideastweb.orgโ
Israel has every right to exist as the secular, democratic and egalitarian nation state of and for all Israelis, equally. It does not have a right to exist as an oppressive, colonialist, expansionist and supremacist โJewish Stateโ.
re: โsecular, democratic, egalitarianโ. It pretty much does. There is freedom of religion, though there is a state religion, like many democratic countries (England, for example). And legal equality for all Israelis. For some reason you keep lumping Palestinian non-citizens of Israel in with the Israelis, but no country in the ๐ treats non-citizens the same as citizens.
โFor some reason you keep lumping Palestinian non-citizens of Israel in with the Israelis, but no country in the ๐ treats non-citizens the same as citizens.โ
And no country in the ๐ has de facto annexed a chunk of land equal to 1/2 its size but refused to make the people ๐ the land citizens of the state solely because the bigoted ideology of the state.
re: โsecular, democratic, egalitarianโ. It pretty much does. There is freedom of religion, though there is a state religion, like many democratic countries (England, for example). And legal equality for all Israelis.
The 4/5ths Jewish majority practically guarantees the election of Jewish government ministers, but the 10 members of the Jewish National Fund are not elected. That organization has advised the Supreme Court that it is only chartered to ๐ after the interests of persons of Jewish descendancy. The majority of lands owned by the JNF were obtained by improper means from uprooted Arab citizens. See With all due respect for the โ๐ box http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/with-all-due-respect-for-the-๐-box-1.221682
Itโs ๐ช see how that legally entrenched system of theft and discrimination can be described as democratic, egalitarian, or secular.
Of course Israel is not โsecularโ, and many democracies are not fully secular either. But it is little like arguing that piotr is a genius because like Albert Einstein piotr does not have million dollars.
For starters, marriage in Israel is only religious (or foreign), and it has to be an approved religion, not something insufficiently โseriousโ like Reform Judaism. Priests of the state religion who are paid by the state throw curses ๐ those followers of the state religion who rent apartments to infidels. Something that does not happen in Iran or Saudi Arabia. Religious beliefs determine in an intricate way if you have an obligation to military service. There was a recent attempt to give equal treatment at least to the followers of Judaism. It failed.
I ๐ about an almost hilarious example of religious job discrimination in Israel. Only Jews can be employed in โก generation. Ultra orthodox Jews cannot use products of Jewish labor ๐ Saturdays, so when they wish to use โก ๐ Saturdays, they ๐ diesel generators which is ๐ for the environment. To solve the problem, the respective ministry proposed to pass the control of power stations to Rabbinate. Apparently, that ministry is staffed by immigrants from Chelm (ultra-Orthodox do not recognize the Rabbinate, so the solution was ridiculous to absolutely all) . The idea that you could employ some non-followers of the state religion in the power stations was not even contemplated.
โโฆre: โsecular, democratic, egalitarianโ. It pretty much does. There is freedom of religion, though there is a state religion, like many democratic countries (England, for example). And legal equality for all Israelis. For some reason you keep lumping Palestinian non-citizens of Israel in with the Israelis, but no country in the ๐ treats non-citizens the same as citizensโฆโ
Now this is where I always start getting seriously pissed.
Whatever accusations 1๏ธโฃ can level at Saudi Arabia, for example, 1๏ธโฃ canโt claim that it pretends to be other than what it is. Whatever the hijinks going ๐ in Zimbabwe, no 1๏ธโฃ takes its claims to be whatever seriously: we all know itโs a disastrous mess ๐ by a senile megalomaniac. We can at least discuss the situation and what โ if anything โ anyone should do about it from a more or less mutually agreed body of accepted facts. Itโs not like if I start arguing with Woody about Zimbabwe that heโs going to claim that actually, the per capita GDP there is $40,000 per year.
But Israelโฆwe keep having to ๐ inanely dishonest nonsense like your post. Israel is emphatically not secular. Palestinians โ whether inside the pre-1967 ceasefire lines or not โ have no actual equality. Palestinian โnon-citizensโ are simply those Palestinians who live in areas Israel chooses not to formally annex so that she doesnโt have to confer the rights states ordinarily confer ๐ their subjects. Finally, any state that manages to deny โ whatever the formula โ the franchise to a third of its subjects is not a democracy.
People like you just keep trotting out these hypocritical lies. You know they are lies, and I know they are lies, and itโs very annoying to have to hear them.
There is of course, the meager consolation that what you say implies that tacitly, you admit that your cause is utterly indefensible. To admit the truth is to admit that Israel as it exists should indisputably go.
As long as England is an Anglican state, it pretty much does not. Except you probably consider England secular. The question of whether a country is mostly secular depends ๐ things like whether it has freedom of religion, not entirely ๐ whether there is a state religion.
But itโs not an โAnglican stateโ, itโs an English state, a state of and for all English citizens, equally. Just as Australia is an Australian state, a state of and for all Australians, equally. Just as Canada is a Canadian state, a state of and for all Canadians, equally. Just as ๐บ๐ธ is an American state, a state of and for all Americans, equally.
Israel, ๐ the other โ, is not an Israeli state, a state of and for all Israelis, equally. It is โ as Israel, its Zio-supremacist supporters and the MSM never fail to remind us all โ a โJewish Stateโ, a state primarily (๐ to Jewish terrorism and ethnic cleansing) of and for Jews, a state which treats Jews preferentially. It is a state of the โJewish peopleโ and the โJewish nationโ and the โJewish ethnicityโ and the โJewish cultureโ and the โJewish tribeโ.
Itโs funny as hell to see Fraudblogs suddenly claiming that Israel is nothing of the sort โ that it is, in fact, a secular, democratic and egalitarian Israeli state, a state of and for all Israelis, equally.
Nice flip. I have no doubt, however, that in short order heโll flop ๐ to defending Israel as the โJewish stateโ.
โThe Palestinians are โsubjectsโ of Israel the same way the people of Afghanistan are subjects of the U.S. Are we not a democracy because we donโt let the Afghans vote in U.S. elections?โ
If the occupation of Afghanastan lasted for 3๏ธโฃ generations with no ๐ in sight, and if Afghan civilians were getting murdered by American settlers, and if Afghan civilians were under martial law, and if there were lunatic American settlers claiming that god gave them ownership of Afghanistan and the right to it, and all of this illegal and evil settlement activity was done with the support and blessing of the US government, then, yes, Fredo, the US would not be a democracy in that situation.
As long as England is an Anglican state, it pretty much does not. Except you probably consider England secular.
๐ I was operating under the mistaken impression that the General Registry ๐ข sanctioned civil marriages and that the โช of England does not control personal status of anyone. I thought that itโs legal purview was limited to a few automatic seats for the Bishops in the ๐ of Lords.
Iโve never heard of an Anglican claiming that individuals are Anglican if their mothers are Anglican, without regard for their own personal beliefs. Iโve never heard them claim that Episcopalians everywhere are part of an Anglican nation or race, with genetic origins in the British Isles.
In fact, Iโd heard that Brooke Foss Westcott, and his colleague Fenton John Anthony Hort had worked tirelessly to debunk the idea that the Authorized Version of the King James Bible was uncorrupted and authoritative. They were both members of the High โช. Charles Darwin trained to be a clergyman in Cambridge too. He and the likes of Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, et al have a public following as large or larger than that of anyone in the โช hierarchy.
The Palestinians are โsubjectsโ of Israel the same way the people of Afghanistan are subjects of the U.S. Are we not a democracy because we donโt let the Afghans vote in U.S. elections?
The U.S. didnโt establish colonies in Afghanistan; strip the inhabitants of their citizenship; claim it was the ๐ duly constituted government of the territory; or produce ๐ ribbon committee reports that claim it isnโt an occupying power. The U.S. did not claim that the Geneva Conventions had ceased to apply to the civilian population of the territory of Afghanistan. The US has not prevented Afghan elections. Other than that, the 2๏ธโฃ situations are analogous examples of aggression.
Hostage, are you saying that the Afghan government is not fully sovereign and legitimate? Are you implying that it is okay for people who do not like the Afghan government to violently attack the more than 195 thousand Afghan National Army soldiers?
If the Afghan Government chooses to allow the UN to operate in their country and allow UN mandated ISAF forces (which have repeatedly been authorized by unanimous UN resolutions), that is her right as a sovereign country. The Afghan Government reserves to sole sovereign right to accept โ enablers, trainers and advisers from whoever it chooses.
In the large but not overwhelming majority of Afghanistan, the Afghan Government has a monopoly ๐ force and complete security responsibility. In some places (parts of Kandahar, Nuristan, Kunar, Loya Pakti . . . . mostly a few places along the Durand line), the Afghan Government and its security forces have joint responsibility with ISAF forces.
Afghanistan is at โ with her enemies, enemies backed by 2๏ธโฃ very powerful countries. Both of them more powerful than Iran or Israel. [Iran use to be relatively much richer and more capable in the 1973, but the Iranian economy and security forces have greatly deteriorated since them. Iranโs economic depression since 1973 has been orders of magnitude deeper ๐ a per capita basis than ๐บ๐ธโs economic depression in the 1930s.]
This is the reason Afghans are so insistent that internationals ๐ and surge the capacity of their security forces. There is a ๐ of ๐ข among Afghans because of the perception that the internationals want a ๐ซ Afghan National Army.
Hostage, are you saying that the Afghan government is not fully sovereign and legitimate?
No, Iโm saying that the US overthrew the government of a UN member state without any UN mandate. After Kofi Anan declared the US invasion of Iraq illegal, he none the less backed a UN mandate for the US and UK to maintain law and order and restore civilian government. The same sort of thing happened in Afghanistan.
After the ๐ Afghan elections, the ISAF commander reported that โthe credibility of the election results remains an open question.โ He subsequently said the effect of the Karzai governmentโs corruption and incompetence was ๐ par with the insurgency, and called it a โcrisis of popular confidenceโ. Under the circumstances, the Taliban would be within their rights to consider the Afghan army a valid military objective.
Only 3๏ธโฃ countries (Pakistan, KSA and UAE) recognized the Taliban. Everyone else in the ๐ recognized the Northern Alliance as the sole legitimate sovereign Afghan government, including the UN. The Northern Alliance launched a series of offensives and liberated all of Afghanistan in October and November, 2001. They requested and received substantial help from Iran (Yes Khamenei himself), Europe, ๐ฆ, Russia, India and ๐บ๐ธ. In 2001 and 2002, US and Iranian special forces worked literally shoulder to shoulder advising the Northern Alliance, developing friendships with each other. The Iranian Air Force and US air force used the same airfields to drop military supplies for the Northern Alliance.
It is the Northern Alliance (the sole legitimate sovereign Afghan Government) that liberated Afghanistan with international assistance. The UN unanimously created ISAF and urged all countries to contribute to it. ISAFโs responsibility was to surge the capacity of the Afghan Security Forces and assist with security until the Afghan Security Forces could assume full responsibility.
When the Northern Alliance liberated Afghanistan, there were only about 340 US special forces in the entire country. And a comparably ๐น number of special forces from Iran, Europe, Canada, India, Russia, ๐ฆ.
To say that Afghanistan was invaded is to insult the Northern Alliance. The Afghan Government didnโt say that Afghanistan was invaded. Although they profusely thanked Iran, Khamenei, ๐บ๐ธ, ๐ฆ, Europe, Canada and India for helping them liberate themselves. [Russia didnโt get thanked as much even though Russia helped substantially for obvious political reasons.]
The Afghan Government is very corrupt. So is Khameneiโs dictatorship in Iran, Pakistan and India. Afghanistan has been very corrupt for centuries. The Moghul Mongol Seljik Turk empire was deeply corrupt for the 2๏ธโฃ centuries it ruled Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The Persian empire was deeply corrupt when it ruled Afghanistan after that. So was the Afghan state (Durrani empire) from the start in 1747. The Taliban is corrupt too.
โUnder the circumstances, the Taliban would be within their rights to consider the Afghan army a valid military objective.โ
The vast majority of Afghans strongly disagree with this. As does the entire international community. 2๏ธโฃ countries de facto agree with your position but they do not state this openly. Large parts of the Taliban are veritable wings of 2๏ธโฃ countries.
The Afghan โ is a proxy โ between 2๏ธโฃ countries and Afghanistan (and Afghanistanโs international allies). This is a major reason so many around the ๐ are disillusioned about helping the Afghans fight their โ against 2๏ธโฃ rival countries. Many see it as Afghanistanโs โ and not something that benefits them.
No Iโm not. The UN Charter allows the organization to maintain international โ๏ธ and security, but it doesnโt permit the organization to intervene in a domestic dispute to impose a political settlement.
Only 3๏ธโฃ countries (Pakistan, KSA and UAE) recognized the Taliban. Everyone else in the ๐ recognized the Northern Alliance as the sole legitimate sovereign Afghan government, including the UN.
It also demanded that the regime extradite Osama bin Laden. Extradition is an act of state.
To say that Afghanistan was invaded is to insult the Northern Alliance.
No itโs a matter of fact and the the applicable law. Whenever American forces advance into the territory of a High Contracting ๐ฅณ to the Geneva Conventions, and the civilians there find themselves in the hands of US armed forces for whatever reason, our international obligations under the laws of armed conflict and the humanitarian laws contained in the Hague and Geneva Conventions are immediately engaged. The Northern Alliance turned wounded and other protected persons over to the US armed forces, who were then illegally transferred across international frontiers to Guantanamo Naval base and a secret network of prisons in violation of the terms of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
๐, ๐ and ๐ are Afghan lead. De facto the Afghans lead in all these areas already. However in some cases the formal announcement by Karzai will be made in a few weeks as per Karzaiโs public relations strategy.
The Afghan National Army is ๐ than most armies (Mexican Army for example), but it still has to improve further.
โOf course not. The Afghan government has no legitimacy outside of Kabul.โ You are obviously not informed. About 62% of Afghans are not Pashtuns. Almost all of them hate the Taliban. This limits Taliban influence in most of the country. The Taliban have some Pashtun supporters. Although most Afghan Pasthuns hate the Taliban as well.
The Afghan Government has international and domestic legitimacy. It is also very corrupt, divided, and has many problems.
Do you realize how much non Pashtun Afghans hate the Taliban? And how powerful the neo Northern Alliance militias still are? Many parts of Afghanistan are presided over by viscerally anti Taliban neo Northern Alliance warlords and militias. They nominally say they follow Karzai but have some de facto autonomy.
Actually, they are not. This โmedia backgrounderโ is typical occuaption progandanda BS, similar to the crap we were few in Iraq. Itโs pupropse it to convince the masses that the โtraining of local police and militaryโ is working and that NATO are in control.
As the US did in Ira, NATO and Washington have been gradually lpowering expectation as to what can be expected from Afghanistan.
The basic idea, elaborated in an article by ๐ military adviser Anthony Cordesman, is to lower expectations that Afghanistan will ever be anything other than a โ-torn and divided society, while aiming to secure at least a portion of it for extended use as a platform for future U.S. military operations.
csis.org/publication/time-focus-afghan-๐-enough
NATO and Washington has no concern for what becolmes of Afghanistan, so long as they can maintain their bases there. They will simply exploit the differences between the pro-government Pashtuns and anti-government elements, and it means deliberately rebuilding enough of the elements of the Northern Alliance so they can act as a counterbalance to Taliban.
However in some cases the formal announcement by Karzai will be made in a few weeks as per Karzaiโs public relations strategy.
About 62% of Afghans are not Pashtuns. Almost all of them hate the Taliban.
Almost all of them hate the Northern alliance too, and all of them hate Karzai and the NATO.
The Afghan Government has international and domestic legitimacy.
International yes (seeing as they were put in ๐ by NATO) but zero domestic legitimacy.
Do you realize how much non Pashtun Afghans hate the Taliban?
Given the dearth of evidence you typically present, I would bet that you donโt. ๐ ๐ซ you were arguing that the Iraqi leadership hates the Syrians, contrary to reports. The Northern alliance have always been decidedly ๐ซ. The Northern Alliance militias are propped ๐ entirely by the US/NATO, but even they are openly admitting that they have no option but to negotiate with the Taliban.
โNo Iโm not. The UN Charter allows the organization to maintain international โ๏ธ and security, but it doesnโt permit the organization to intervene in a domestic dispute to impose a political settlement.โ
We donโt agree. Whether the UN is just or moral is another matter. But the UN security council can authorize a military force to intervene inside a UN member state.
โโNo, the US government gave the Taliban regime a 40 million dollar grant in May, 2001. ๐ to cato.orgโโ
The DEA did that for ๐ related purposes. This does not imply recognizing the Taliban government. The DEA can give ๐ฐ to militias too (which is what the Taliban was 1994-2001.)
โIt also demanded that the regime extradite Osama bin Laden. Extradition is an act of state. โ The US asked the Taliban militia to extradite Osama Bin Laden. This is because Bush didnโt want to fight the Taliban and their 3๏ธโฃ sponsors, KSA, UAE and Pakistan. In many ways 9/11 was a state sponsored attack by parts of the Pakistani and Saudi states against the US. The US, however did not respond against the primary perpetrators of 9/11, for fear of fighting a โ with Pakistan and KSA. The US responded by attacking Pakistanโs and KSAโs proxies . . . Al Qaeda and the Taliban; and by helping their hated enemy (the Northern Alliance) to remove the deeply unpopular Pakistani and Saudi occupation from Afghanistan.
โWhenever American forces advance into the territory of a High Contracting ๐ฅณ to the Geneva Conventions, and the civilians there find themselves in the hands of US armed forces for whatever reason, our international obligations under the laws of armed conflict and the humanitarian laws contained in the Hague and Geneva Conventions are immediately engagedโ Does this apply even when the US armed forces enter as a guest of the native government?
โThe Northern Alliance turned wounded and other protected persons over to the US armed forces, who were then illegally transferred across international frontiers to Guantanamo Naval base and a secret network of prisons in violation of the terms of the Fourth Geneva Convention.โ
Here again we donโt agree. The Northern Alliance hated Pakistan, Arabs and other foreign fighters and was planning torture and death for many of their prisoners. the US โboughtโ some of the prisoners from the Northern Alliance. The Northern Alliance retained custody for many of the prisoners, who then became prisoners for the fledgling ๐ Afghan Government coming out of Bonn (more than half Northern Alliance with many minorities added in . . . the Norther Alliance merged itself into the ๐ Afghan Government.)
Whether the US government should have bought some prisoners from the Northern Alliance is an ๐ค question.
I am not a lawyer. Could you elaborate ๐ the international law aspects of this? Can a country transfer its โprisoners of โโ to an allied country? Do those โprisoners of โโ remain โprisoners of โโ? Until when?
Can an armed militia or organized crime prisoner be considered a โprisoner of โโ?
Part of the problem is that as the fully sovereign legitimate government of Afghanistan, could the prisoners of the Northern Alliance be considered โprisoners of โโ? If they were correctly referred to as proxies of Pakistan and KSA, then probably yes. But the US was opposed to calling them this. The US wanted only a partial conflict with Pakistan and KSA and was unwilling to actually fight them despite their culpability with 9/11.
The subject of prisoners of โ and the fourth Geneva Convention is something I donโt understand.
Here is another question . . . what if the Taliban was recognized as the government of part of Pakistan (Sirajuddin Haqqani really does rule parts of North Waziristan and the Khurram agency). Then would it be legal to hold Taliban prisoners as โprisoners of โโ into perpetuity?
The ๐, ๐ and ๐ are areas that ISAF cannot operate in without Afghan Government permission. ISAF conducts no security operations and has no security responsibility. [If a villager calls ISAF and asks for help, ISAF would patch them through to the ANSF or flatly do nothing.] However some ISAF โ enablers might be provided to the ANSF upon their request in areas that the ANSF has complete security responsibility. [1๏ธโฃ problem going forward is ISAFโs reluctance to provide the ANSF close air support upon request in areas ISAF is not present, for fear that Karzai might later blast ISAF and ๐ฅ the senior ANSF officers involved. This could lead to cascading tension and misunderstandings between the ANSF and ISAF.]
In areas not highlighted, ISAF โcanโ conducts actual security operations in collaboration with the ANSF.
โThis โmedia backgrounderโ is typical occuaption progandanda BS, similar to the crap we were few in Iraq. Itโs pupropse it to convince the masses that the โtraining of local police and militaryโ is working and that NATO are in control.โ
Shingo, I have interviewed actual ANA officers. If you are really interested in talking to them directly and getting your views, then and only then please say so. Do you have any Pharsi/Dari speaking friends? Maybe Roya. If so, then you can directly set ๐ a telephone interview with them, call them ๐ their cell phone and get their ๐ฅ โ feedback.
The Afghan MoD and MoI are terrible at providing this kind of graphically friendly data to the public or being transparent. If you ๐ฃ๏ธ to them, then they might ๐ฃ๏ธ to you by district, village, ๐๏ธ and province; but they might also not ๐ฃ๏ธ to you if they think you are a Pakistani Army or Saudi ๐ฅธ. [That is interestingly enough also what the Afghan National Security Forces often refer to the Taliban as.] You wouldnโt be able to understand them unless you already know about Afghanistan. If, however, you ๐ฃ๏ธ to their ISAF advisors, they would be able to explain the ๐ต picture ๐ to people who know nothing about Afghanistan. โ they would likely know ๐ english. [Although donโt count ๐ this for the advisors from some countries. Some of the advisors actually ๐ฃ๏ธ to the Afghans in Russian or through translators.]
โAs the US did in Iraq, NATO and Washington have been gradually lpowering expectation as to what can be expected from Afghanistan.โ
Ask yourself why this is. Many Afghans say it is because ISAF, the UN, and international community backs Al Qaeda and the Taliban against the Afghan National Army and Afghan people. Is this your view?
For reasons that puzzle most of the international community and Afghans, Obama seems to have decided in late 2010 to cut ๐ assistance to the Afghan National Army. Obama seems to have made this decision talking to a very ๐น group of advisors that didnโt include the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Several countries such as Germany have publicly opposed this decision. India opposes this decision. Putin has publicly blasted ISAF (really Obama since he is the originator of this policy) for cutting ๐ assistance to the ANSF. Khamenei also opposes this decision.
This is in my opinion the biggest real story in Afghanistan right now.
โThe basic idea, elaborated in an article by ๐ military adviser Anthony Cordesman, is to lower expectations that Afghanistan will ever be anything other than a โ-torn and divided society, while aiming to secure at least a portion of it for extended use as a platform for future U.S. military operations.
csis.org/publication/time-focus-afghan-๐-enoughโ
I have exchanged e-mails with the CSIS folks. Some of their data comes from my friends. Their paper deserves a full response. I might yet โ๏ธ 1๏ธโฃ ๐, but I havenโt yet. For now I would say that your summary is incomplete and partly inaccurate.
What is true is that if Obamaโs proposed 35% cut in the size of the ANSF is implemented, and if Saudi Arabia and Pakistan keep backing Al Qaeda/Taliban, then โAfghanistan will [N]ever be anything other than a โ-torn and divided society.โ With a forever โ between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and their proxies ๐ 1๏ธโฃ side, and the Afghans (backed by NATO, Iran, ๐ฆ, Russia, India, ๐พ, Australia) ๐ the other.
โdeliberately rebuilding enough of the elements of the Northern Alliance so they can act as a counterbalance to Taliban.โ
Obama is not doing this. However India, Russia, Iran seem to be. They appear to be ๐จ that Obama might be making or considering making a secret deal with the Saudis, Pakistani Army, Taliban, Al Qaeda; maybe even the Ikhwan in Egypt and Syria. Many Afghans are afraid that Obama wants to throw them over the ๐.
The most fantastic of the conspiracy theories argue that the US, Gulf extremists, Ikwan in Egypt, FSA, Pakistani Army, Taliban and AQ networks are forming a de facto partnership to attack Iran, Hezbollah, Afghanistan, Assad, Iraq. With maybe the Europeans and Aussies are not part of this deal, and much of the US government being unaware of it. I donโt think this grand conspiracy is accurate although some of what Obama does seems consistent with this hypothesis. If it were true, India, Russia, ๐ฆ would be forced to support the Afghans against this grand coalition.
โNo, itโs a failure. The Afghan National Army is already infiltrated by the Taliban, which explains why they keep turning their guns ๐ their Western โtrainersโ.โ None of your authors are experts ๐ the ANA. It is true that the Pakistani Army ISI and the Taliban seems to have infiltrated some people inside the ANSF. This has caused some ANSF against ANSF fighting and to a lesser degree ANSF against ISAF fighting. But you exaggerate the scale of it. About a quarter of violent incidents are ideological. The rest are personal. The undercurrent of this is that the ANA is culturally viscerally anti Taliban and Al Qaeda and some of its soldiers are suspicious that internationals support Al Qaeda/Taliban against them. A common cause of violence is when a corrupt ANSF officer or NCO feels that he might be found out.
When you say the โTalibanโ is winning, what do you mean? Do you mean the Peshawar Shura? Sirajuddin Haqqani and his Miramshah Shura? Quetta Shura? Mullah Omar? Gerdi Jangal Shura? Pakistani Army? Saudi Arabia?
My analysis would be that the Gerdi Jangal Shura is getting pulverized. Mullah Omar centric Quetta Shura is also getting slammed. Power is shifting to the Pakistani Taliban, Siraj, and Peshawar Shura in the North East of Afghanistan and Northern Western Pakistan. The Pakistani Army is very close to them operationally, tactically and strategically. They are deeply dependent ๐ Saudi ๐ฐ, although the extent of Saudi influence is ๐ช to determine.
Many in the Pakistani Army and Saudi Arabia do think that they are winning (not just in Afghanistan, but against Assad and Iran as well.) My view is that many of the Afghan Taliban are quietly anti Pakistan and Saudi too, and are deeply ๐จ of their plans for Afghanistan. They also realize that ISAF and the ANSF have smashed much of the organic insurgency but left the international insurgency strengthened. Mysteriously Obama suddenly cut off the ANSF/ISAF offensive against them just as it was about to seriously demolish the Taliban. This, along with the fact that many Afghan Taliban leaders are negotiating with Obama leads to all sorts of conspiracy theories among low level Taliban that the leaders in Pakistan, the Pakistani Army and Saudis might have an understanding with Obama.
Is this your view Shingo?
โAlmost all of them hate the Northern alliance too, and all of them hate Karzai and the NATO.โ The Northern Alliance no longer exists. Their leaders are divided into many different political parties. Afghanistanโs political process is very competitive and tough.
It would take 10 pages to explain some of this. What appears to be happening is the growth of anti Taliban Afghan political movements that are opposed to Obamaโs unilateral negotiations with the Taliban. They take a very ๐ช anti Taliban line and donโt think Karzai is anti Taliban enough, even though they see Karzai as more anti Taliban than Obama, who are suspicious of.
The ANA is by far the most popular and respected institution in the country. It is popular with all ethnic groups and comes from all ethnic groups. It has so far managed to float above most of Afghanistanโs harsh internal politics.
โThe Northern alliance have always been decidedly ๐ซ. The Northern Alliance militias are propped ๐ entirely by the US/NATO, but even they are openly admitting that they have no option but to negotiate with the Taliban.โ
The Northern Alliance no longer exists as a unitary force. Let us all ๐ to Allah/Yeshua that it does not come ๐. All the Afghan militias were disarmed in the early 2000s.
Most Afghans say they support negotiations. But they donโt support sufficient concessions to the Taliban to make negotiations realistic. Afghans want Afghans to be able to join US/Taliban negotiations. In part, to make sure the negotiations donโt succeed. All of Karzaiโs negotiations with the Taliban since 2001 have failed, because Karzai could never sell the concessions the Taliban wanted to the Afghan people.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Unrelated, Iraqis do hate Assad. They also view the FSA with some concern, since they fought many of the FSA 2003-2008. Much of the FSA are former Iraqi resistance.
We donโt agree. Whether the UN is just or moral is another matter. But the UN security council can authorize a military force to intervene inside a UN member state.
As itโs name suggests, the functions and powers of the UN Security Council are limited to the maintenance of international โ๏ธ and security. It is not empowered to impose a political settlement that would favor 1๏ธโฃ internal faction over another inside a member state. That would violate Article 2(7) of the Charter. Thatโs the reason the Security Council refused to ๐ UN General Assembly resolution 181(II) ๐ its agenda and impose it by force. The Security Council could only enforce the terms of the armistice agreement that the parties concluded ๐ their own behalf.
The DEA did that for ๐ related purposes. This does not imply recognizing the Taliban government. The DEA can give ๐ฐ to militias too (which is what the Taliban was 1994-2001.)
You might want to brush ๐ ๐ law of belligerent recognition of de facto regimes under international law. The grant of foreign assistance to the Taliban to impose a policy ๐ the population subject to its jurisdiction is a classic example. There is an entire chapter devoted to the subject in Ti-chiang Chen, The international law of recognition, with special reference to practice in Great Britain and the United States, Praeger, 1951: ๐ to archive.org
Does this apply even when the US armed forces enter as a guest of the native government?
Of course, Common Article 3 of the 4th Geneva applies to non-international conflict between the subjects of a High Contracting ๐ฅณ. Intervention by another High Contracting ๐ฅณ at the invitation of 1๏ธโฃ of the factions would only transform the situation into an international armed conflict.
Whether the US government should have bought some prisoners from the Northern Alliance is an ๐ค question.
The prohibition against forced transfer and involuntary deportation contained in Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to foreign nationals who find themselves in the hands of the United States while in the territory of 1๏ธโฃ of the co-belligerents. Needless to say, the United States government is a creature of the Constitution and it cannot acquire some sort of legally secured interest in any human being by selling or purchasing them. The laws of nations recognize a general prohibition against any such practice.
Can an armed militia or organized crime prisoner be considered a โprisoner of โโ?
Yes, in fact it takes a great deal of sophistry and mental gymnastics to ignore the plain meaning of the obligations under the third and fourth Geneva Conventions regarding members of armed militias or combatants who are hors de โ according to common article 3 and other the protocols.
The ๐, ๐ and ๐ are areas that ISAF cannot operate in without Afghan Government permission. ISAF conducts no security operations and has no security responsibility.
Yeah, ๐ win, nudge nunge โ just like drone attacks right? You seriously donโt expect anyone to believe that crap do you Anan? The ANSF are nothing but useful idiots for ISAF. The truth is that ISAF canb and does go wherever it wasnts whenever it wants.
Shingo, I have interviewed actual ANA officers.
I could care less if you have or otherwise โ all that proves is that you are getting the BS directly from the ๐ดโs ๐. The ANA officers are only authorized to ๐ the official message anywyay. They have jobs and they wish to keep them.
Ask yourself why this is. Many Afghans say it is because ISAF, the UN, and international community backs Al Qaeda and the Taliban against the Afghan National Army and Afghan people. Is this your view?
That makes little sense and no it is not my POV. The lowerign of expectations is a consequence of the failure of policy, and a means by which the occupation forces can withdraw or dissenganeg without too much domestic political fallout ๐ in the US and in other NATO states. Surely this simple explaation is not above your limited intellect?
For reasons that puzzle most of the international community and Afghans, Obama seems to have decided in late 2010 to cut ๐ assistance to the Afghan National Army.
It was far from puzzling and certainly was not puzzling the international community and Afghans. Nor should it have been puzzling to you had you been ๐ธ attention. There were numerous cases of ANA troops turning their guns ๐ their NATO handlers and it ๐ became obvious to Obama that these recruits primary loyalty was to their tribe and their own population. Why would Obama go ๐ supporting people hostile to the Karzari puppet dictator and NATO?
The JCS have their onw agendas. The generals in charge of ISAF have a vested interest in maintaining the stagtu quo for their own career ambitions. The same goes for Putin and Khamenei.
Their paper deserves a full response. I might yet โ๏ธ 1๏ธโฃ ๐, but I havenโt yet.
Suit yourself, but who would ๐ it anyway? Do you thknk anyone is going to give any credit to the opinion of some poorly informed ideological nut job against that of someone like Anthony Cordesman? The sheer magnitude and depths of your delusion continues to amaze me.
What is true is that if Obamaโs proposed 35% cut in the size of the ANSF is implemented, and if Saudi Arabia and Pakistan keep backing Al Qaeda/Taliban, then โAfghanistan will [N]ever be anything other than a โ-torn and divided society.โ
Duh, thatโs what it has pretty much been for decades and remains regardless of US funding. No 1๏ธโฃ but the uterly delusional believe that the US/NATO is achieving anything in Afghanistan. Everything that NATO has tried has failed. Washington had hoped to get lucky a second time with by repackaging the surge, and it failed miserably, which is why Patreaus was shown the ๐ช.
Obama is not doing this. However India, Russia, Iran seem to be.
Of coursew Obama is doing this โ or at least he was. But Washington has been talking to the Taliban since Bush left ๐ข. ๐ช has been a complete failure and Washington know that Talking to the Taliban is itโs ๐ option.
Many Afghans are afraid that Obama wants to throw them over the ๐.
LOL. The only Afghans afraid that Obama wants to throw them over the ๐ are Karzai as his cronies. The Afghans canโt wait to see the ๐ of Obama and NATO.
I donโt think this grand conspiracy is accurate although some of what Obama does seems consistent with this hypothesis.
Yo kow something Anan, i don;t know what it will take to get this through your ๐, but no 1๏ธโฃ ๐ this forum has ever given a crap about what you think. I donโt know where you got the idea that anyone ever did, but you seem to have adopted a familar pattern to resortign to telling us what you think when you have no facts or logic to ๐ ๐ your absurd arguments.
None of your authors are experts ๐ the ANA.
You certainlly are not, and youโve provided no experts of your own. Whatever parallel universe you reside in, it clearly does not comport with the reality being reflected by the facts ๐ the ground. Your arguments all come down to what you would like relaity to reflect as opposed to reality itself. Who are you to decide whether the infiltration of the ANSF by ISI and the Taliban has been exaggerated or otehrise?
The undercurrent of this is that the ANA is culturally viscerally anti Taliban and Al Qaeda and some of its soldiers are suspicious that internationals support Al Qaeda/Taliban against them.
You demonstrate a very ๐ธ understanding of the situation if you believe that the Taliban and Al Qaeda form any kind fo coaltion. For a start, there is virtually no Al Qaeda left to soeak of in Afghanistan, and secondly, the Taliban cut ties with them long ago.
My analysis would be that the Gerdi Jangal Shura is getting pulverized. Mullah Omar centric Quetta Shura is also getting slammed.
Thatโs what weโve been hearign for a decade, and every time, they rise from the ashes stronger than before. In any case, the Taliban donโt appear to share you beolief they they think they are losing.
โThe NATO report says the Taliban believes it can win in Afghanistan by outlasting U.S. and Western forces, which are scheduled to leave in late 2014, according to media accounts. The NATO ๐ also concluded the Taliban is in cahoots with senior officials of Pakistanโs Interservices Intelligence agency.โ
โThis report shows that we are not seeing the signs of progress that we had hoped for,โ said Anthony Cordesman, a Pentagon adviser and Center for Strategic and International Studies analyst. โThere are few signs these Taliban fighters are willing to compromise or give ๐โ. Cordesman helped U.S. military officials craft President Obamaโs revised Afghan โ strategy in 2009.
Hostage, I am learning from you. ๐ to contact you offline if possible.
If I could respond to your thoughtful points:
1) Could you ๐ the unanimously passed UN resolutions ๐ Afghanistan that created UNAMA and ISAF and explain what you believe is ISAFโs and UNAMAโs mandate? There are several relavent UN resolutions. I would be very ๐ค to ๐ your perspective.
2) Could you similarly share your perspective ๐ the UN missions in the Congo, Haiti?
3) Could the precedent in Korea be used?
The most powerful and lethal parts of the Taliban and Al Qaeda linked networks operate as veritable wings of the Pakistani Army Inter Services intelligence. The Gulf establishment is also closely involved. This has been widely known among those interested in the Taliban since 1994 or those who have followed Osama Bin Ladenโs career since the 1980s. However, it was only recently that the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States finally admitted this under oath before the US senate. [Al Qaeda was acknowledged indirectly. Sirajuddin Haqqani was acknowledged to be a veritable wing of the Pakistani Army. Siraj sits ๐ the primary Shura for Al Qaeda in addition to heading the most powerful and lethal Taliban militia in Pakistan and Afghanistan. 1๏ธโฃ affect of the surge is that Sirajโs relative power has increased within the broader Taliban movement since Sirajโs Southern Afghan nominal Taliban allies (which were thought to have more independence from the Pakistani Army) have been significantly clobbered.]
Could the Taliban/AQ be declared to be Pakistani Army and Saudi proxies and under that context could they be declared as illegal militias killing Afghans? Could the UN authorize and order ISAF to help the ANSF remove them from Afghanistan?
The reason this hasnโt happened yet is because the major global powers are afraid to openly acknowledge the close relationship between KSA, the Pakistani Army and Al Qaeda/Taliban. Because this would force the international community to change its policy towards these 2๏ธโฃ countries.
A spike in oil prices caused by sanctions against Saudi Arabia could cause most elected officials in the US, India, Europe, ๐พ, South Korea, Brazil and the ๐โs other ๐ democracies to lose their reelection. The Chinese government might fall in the upheaval as well.
This would also not be convenient for the anti Iran and anti Shia folks.
โ law of belligerent recognition of de facto regimes under international law. The grant of foreign assistance to the Taliban to impose a policy ๐ the population subject to its jurisdiction is a classic example. There is an entire chapter devoted to the subject in Ti-chiang Chen, The international law of recognition, with special reference to practice in Great Britain and the United States, Praeger, 1951: ๐ to archive.orgโ
Could this precedent be used to declare the Taliban/Al Qaeda syndicate to be a de facto regime independent of their state sponsors [not as a statement of fact, but as a legal device?]? Could their โnationโ be undefined? i.e. could they become nations without subjects? And could โ be declared ๐ them by the UN ๐ this basis? This would be much more convenient for the international community, which is reluctant to openly acknowledge let alone engage the countries for which Al Qaeda/Taliban are proxies.
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โOf course, Common Article 3 of the 4th Geneva applies to non-international conflict between the subjects of a High Contracting ๐ฅณ. Intervention by another High Contracting ๐ฅณ at the invitation of 1๏ธโฃ of the factions would only transform the situation into an international armed conflict.โ
Would the UN mandated UNAMA and ISAF forces or possibly the UN itself be considered a โHigh Contracting ๐ฅณโ in this situation? Something to think about.
I donโt think this is the view of the UNSC. They have unanimously declared the Afghan government to be the sole sovereign legitimate Afghan government. As such they donโt recognize them as a โfactionโ. Similarly they donโt recognized the Al Qaeda/Taliban linked militias as โfactions.โ
Could you share your thoughts ๐ this?
โThe prohibition against forced transfer and involuntary deportation contained in Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention applies to foreign nationals who find themselves in the hands of the United States while in the territory of 1๏ธโฃ of the co-belligerents. Needless to say, the United States government is a creature of the Constitution and it cannot acquire some sort of legally secured interest in any human being by selling or purchasing them. The laws of nations recognize a general prohibition against any such practice.โ
To clarify, all the prisoners of the Northern Alliance were โprisoners of โโ presumably. If so, who were the Northern Alliance [recognized Afghan government] at โ with? Taliban/Al Qaeda/related militias? Or the Pakistani and Saudi governments? If the legal Afghan government recognized their prisoners of โ as members of Pakistani and Saudi backed militias (with many of them being actual Pakistanis and actual foreigners), does that mean the Afghan governmentโand the US government after the US took custody of some of the Northern Alliance prisonersโwould have to return these prisoners to Pakistan and Saudi Arabia?
My understanding is that they were sent to Guantanamo precisely so that they wouldnโt have to be returned to Pakistan and Saudi Arabia since it was believed they would immediately rejoin the fight. As it is many of the ๐ current Al Qaeda/Taliban leaders are alumni from Guantanamo released to their home countries.
What in your view should be done with the Uighur Guantanamo detainees. Many Uighurs from Xiangjang province joined Al Qaeda/Taliban and were taken prisoner by the Northern Alliance. China doesnโt want them ๐ (understandably) and Obama has no idea what to do with them.
๐ a side note, there are many Taliban/AQ Uighurs in Pakistan now. The Chinese want drone strikes against them. This causes all sorts of tension in Washtington from people who donโt want to do Chinaโs dirty ๐ผ. ๐ the other had, these Uighurs are helping AQ/Taliban, which are ๐บ๐ธโs enemies too.
Are the Uighurs a โfactionโ under international law? If so a โfactionโ of what country? China? Pakistan? Afghanistan? ๐บ๐ธ (for the Guantanamo detainees)? These questions are why I find international law so confusing.
Your clarity of thought is refreshing.
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โCan an armed militia or organized crime prisoner be considered a โprisoner of โโ?
Yes, in fact it takes a great deal of sophistry and mental gymnastics to ignore the plain meaning of the obligations under the third and fourth Geneva Conventions regarding members of armed militias or combatants who are hors de โ according to common article 3 and other the protocols.โ
๐ this we are in complete agreement. They are prisoners of โ. 1๏ธโฃ reason there is reluctance to declare them as such is because then it might become necessary to identify the ๐ฅณ a country is at โ with. No 1๏ธโฃ wants to formally acknowledge that the Taliban/AQ are proxies of certain countries. Perhaps the ๐ option to to declare that the โ is with the militias AQ/Taliban/Deep State alphabet soup of groups. This saves face for Pakistan and Saudi Arabia and lets countries continue to have normal relations with them.
To my knowledge ISAF doesnโt engage in โdrone strikesโ as you understand them without permission from President Karzai inside Afghanistan. The CIA covertly runs drone strikes inside Pakistan, with the Pakistani government having โco-soverigntyโ over them. The fact that the ISAF commander [COMISAF] has no authority and in many cases no knowledge about these drone strikes is a problem.
Shingo, ISAF is a multinational command created by the United Nations. It operates with a limited legal and mission mandate.
โThe ANSF are nothing but useful idiots for ISAF.โ
The genesis of the ANSF are the former Northern Alliance. The ANA is particular is deeply popular among Afghans and feared by the Pakistani Army, Saudi establishment and their Al Qaeda/Taliban proxies. This is why they lobbied so ๐ชจ to force ISAF and the international community to prevent the ANA from becoming too capable.
This is the reason it was US policy between 2001 and November 2009 to keep the ANSF ๐ซ. Obama changed this policy in November 2009 in an act of great courage. He did so knowing how the Gulf extremists and deep state might react and retaliate. However in late 2010, Obama did not approve the ISAF/McChrystal/Caldwell/Petraeus/Karzai/Afghan MoI/Afghan MoD/NTM-A plan for a large capable ANSF. His reasons for opposing this are not yet fully understood. Afghans have all sorts of conspiracy theories about the Saudi/Pakistani โ in all of this. Or ISAF/Obama backs Taliban theories. Some argue that Obama has made a deal with KSA/Pakistan to go after Iran, Assad; and given KSA and Pakistan what they want [a ๐ซ ANA] in return.
The ANA are not idiots. I certainly wouldnโt call them that to their face if I were you Shingo. I have been told about ANA shooting ISAF soldiers who implied the ANA are idiots. The ANA take this charge very seriously.
There might be other reasons why Obama wants a weaker ANA. Long term cost. The danger that the ANA attacks Pakistan and drags ISAF and ๐บ๐ธ into a conflict with Pakistan. Maybe because Obama sees the ANA as a close long term ally of India, Russia, Iran and ๐ฆ (which, in all honesty it is.) Many other potential reasons.
โThe truth is that ISAF canb and does go wherever it wasnts whenever it wants.โ Legally it cannot. We live in a litigious ๐. Like all institutions created by the UN, it operates within strict parameters.
โall that proves is that you are getting the BS directly from the ๐ดโs ๐.โ To some degree true. Some ANA have a bit much machismo.
โThe ANA officers are only authorized to ๐ the official message anywyay. They have jobs and they wish to keep them.โ
Very astute observation. You are growing ๐ me Shingo bro. There is a difference between what ANA say off the โบ and what they say ๐ the โบ. You need to know both. You might become a ๐ฐ yet. :-)
Could this precedent be used to declare the Taliban/Al Qaeda syndicate to be a de facto regime independent of their state sponsors [not as a statement of fact, but as a legal device?]?
Al Qaeda is not a governmental or territorial entity. Under the public international law of the US and UK, there has been no legal difference between a de facto government and a de jure government since the Tinoco arbitration case. The US referred to the Taliban, not the Northern Alliance, as โthe de facto governmentโ and treated like a state with jurisdiction when it demanded that the regime extradite Bin Laden.
Would the UN mandated UNAMA and ISAF forces or possibly the UN itself be considered a โHigh Contracting ๐ฅณโ in this situation? Something to think about.
The Geneva Conventions have been universally ratified and recognized as part of the body of customary international law that is binding ๐ all parties who engage in armed conflicts. The Security Council has adopted resolutions and criminal statutes for the ICTY, ICTR, & etc. which direct all members to cooperate with the tribunals to enforce that decision.
Article 43 of the UN Charter envisioned that the Security Council would enter into treaty agreements granting it dedicated armed forces which would be under its direct day-to-day operational control. Thatโs never happened. So transitional measures, like those mentioned in Article 106, continue to be employed and the Security Council simply delegates its authority to use coercive force to 1๏ธโฃ or more member states under a written mandate. In the Lockerbie or Libya extradiction case, the ICJ ruled that the โsupremacyโ and โevery assistanceโ clauses in articles 2(5) and 103 of the UN Charter supercede other international agreements. In the Bosnia genocide case, it ruled that the supremacy clause does not supersede the customary right of self defense in international law and that Security Council resolutions ๐ arms embargoes that violate that norm are subject to judicial review and remedies. So the Security Council is unconditionally bound to abide by the terms of the Geneva Conventions and there are recognized limits to its authority.
There is general agreement that the prohibition against threats or use of force by non-member states (reflected in Article 2(6) of the Chater and the Declaration ๐ Friendly Relations Between States) is customary law applicable to non-signatory states. The extent to which the customary rules in the UN Charter apply to non-state actors is unresolved in many cases. In the Kosovo UDI case, the US and UK both argued that the UN Security Council resolutions cited by Serbia did not prohibit a unilateral declaration by Kosovo, since SC resolutions are not considered legally binding ๐ non-state actors or parties which are not specifically mentioned โ and the resolutions did not deal with a customary rule enforceable against a non-member state.
The ICJ agreed that the provisions of the Security Council resolutions which ๐ซ the parties to the conflict from making unilateral changes to the status of the territory did not preclude a unilateral act of secession by Kosovo. So it isnโt clear that the Security Council has the right to intervene, except to maintain international โ๏ธ and security, or that the Taliban are under any obligation to accept the terms of Security Council resolutions.
Hostage, many ๐ again. Could I contact you via 1๏ธโฃ of the Mondoweiss authors please? You are remarkably informed to put it mildly.
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โUnder the public international law of the US and UK, there has been no legal difference between a de facto government and a de jure government since the Tinoco arbitration case. The US referred to the Taliban, not the Northern Alliance, as โthe de facto governmentโ and treated like a state with jurisdiction when it demanded that the regime extradite Bin Laden. โ
This I do not understand. The Northern Alliance [they use to call themselves the โUnited Frontโ] occupied the Afghan UN ๐บ. The Northern Alliance also occupied all of Afghanistanโs international embassies except for 3๏ธโฃ (KSA, UAE, Pakistan).
Here is a question . . . Is it possible for a nation state such as the United States to simultaneously recognize 2๏ธโฃ governments for the same state? Are there precedents for this? Please elaborate.
The US requested that Pakistan and Saudi Arabia produce Osama Bin Laden and gave them a time deadline. The Pakistanis and Saudis (as the patrons for their Taliban proxies) chose not to fill this request. The Saudis and Pakistanis sent their own delegation to Mullah Omar and in theory conveyed the request for OBLโs extradition. In my opinion Pakistan and KSA could never have allowed their long time asset OBL to be taken alive, because he had too much incriminating โน๏ธ against them. If push came to shove, they would have killed him themselves. For whatever reason, they chose not to kill Osama Bin Laden. However, the Pakistani Security Forces abruptly withdrew over ten thousand officers and NCOs from Afghanistan. Without their leaders, โ enablers and embedded โ enablers, the Taliban โก fell into confusion. The Northern Alliance used this confusion to seize all of Afghanistan. The US chose to use its influence to facilitate the Pakistani Army to withdraw as many of their forces from Afghanistan as possible. [Suspect the Bush Administration might have seen this as necessary to avoid open โ with Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, which the Bush administration did not want.] The Pakistani Army exit supply lines were also used to withdraw the senior Taliban and AQ leadership into Pakistani Army ๐ ๐๏ธ inside Pakistan.
This gets to another objections Afghans have to calling the Taliban, the โthe de facto governmentโ of Afghanistan. What is the Taliban? Karzai himself has publicly said that the Taliban only has 1๏ธโฃ address. Pakistan. By which he means the only institution that can ๐ฃ๏ธ ๐ behalf of most of the Taliban and get most of the Taliban to do something is the Pakistani Army. Karzai has also said that the Pakistani Army can arrest the large majority (but not all) of the senior Taliban leadership at will. Since Afghans do not control the Taliban, how can it be a sovereign government? Just to give 1๏ธโฃ example, Mullah Omar managed to sneak the operational leader of the Quetta Shura Taliban (the de jure formal number 2 of the entire Taliban movement in Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Former Soviet Union 5 Stans) to negotiate with Karzai. As ๐ as the Pak Army found out they arrested Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar and Mullah Omarโs hopes of negotiating directly with Karzai without Pakistani Army oversight died.
It is widely believed that Mullah Omar lives under the protection and at the pleasure of the Pakistani Army.
The Northern Allianceโs battle ๐ข in the early 2000s was:
โDeath to Pakistanโ [Pakistani Army]
โDeath to the Arabsโ [Saudi establishment]
โDeath to Osama Bin Ladenโ
โDeath to the Talibanโ
They regarded the Taliban to be foreign occupation and a puppet government. Were they right?
This is a long way of saying that the Taliban was not โtreated like a state with jurisdiction when it [US] demanded that the regime extradite Bin Laden.โ
The US referred to the Taliban, not the Northern Alliance, as โthe de facto governmentโ and treated like a state with jurisdiction when it demanded that the regime extradite Bin Laden. โ
This I do not understand. The Northern Alliance [they use to call themselves the โUnited Frontโ] occupied the Afghan UN ๐บ. The Northern Alliance also occupied all of Afghanistanโs international embassies except for 3๏ธโฃ (KSA, UAE, Pakistan).
Recognition of a belligerent de facto government doesnโt have to result in the establishment of normal diplomatic relations or functions. It has nothing to do with democracy or legitimacy. In many cases, quite the opposite of all of that is true. A military dictatorship can demand the allegiance of an unwilling population. Other states canโt impose an international duty that requires the inhabitants to disobey a de facto regime, i.e. placing them between the proverbial โ๐ชจ and a ๐ชจ ๐โ. Itโs โ to remember that belligerent recognition only requires that the belligerent community be afforded all of the rights and privileges of neutrality and commerce enjoyed by other states.
The foreign relations law of the United States stipulates that when other existing states treat an entity โas ifโ itโs a state, that is conclusive evidence of its statehood.
Is it possible for a nation state such as the United States to simultaneously recognize 2๏ธโฃ governments for the same state? Are there precedents for this? Please elaborate.
Of course. The ๐บ๐ธ and CSA were both recognized by other governments during the American Civil โ. In the Kosovo case, the ICJ noted that there is no prohibition against secession in international law. In that case, some countries recognized Kosovo as the de facto government, while others continued to recognize Serbia as the legitimate government of the territory in question. Youโd be ๐ฒ at the number of civilized western states who claimed that the territorial integrity norm trumps democracy and the self-determination norm. The Written statements are available here: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&k=21&case=141&code=kos&p3=1
Iโve mentioned other examples here in the past. Israel and the US routinely describe Hamas as the โde facto governmentโ of Gaza in travel advisories & etc. Under customary international law, they are obliged to treat the thing that Hamas is governing as if itโs a state:
*The U.S. State Department explains that blockades have historically resulted in belligerent recognition, because they are โa weapon of โ between sovereign states.โ http://future.state.gov/when/timeline/1861_timeline/prevent_confederacy.html
*Israel has legally designated Gaza as an โenemy entityโ. It routinely requests Security Council action in response to Hamas violations of international laws and agreements or applies conventional rules of international law that only apply to contracting entities which happen to be states. At 1๏ธโฃ and the same time, Israel refuses to treat Palestine as a de jure contracting ๐ฅณ to the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols and claims that it is not eligible to make valid accessions to those or any other treaties because it isnโt a state. Nonetheless:
โIsraeli Military Intelligence Director Yadlin advised US officials that Israel would be โ๐โ if Hamas took over Gaza, because the IDF could then deal with Gaza as a โHOSTILE STATEโ. [emphasis added] http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2007/06/07TELAVIV1733.html
โAccording to the Washington Post and many other sources, Israeli government spokesman Mark Regev cited the San Remo Manual and maintained that it was clearly within its rights to ๐ the aid flotilla, saying โany state has the right to blockade ANOTHER STATE in the midst of an armed conflict.โ [emphasis added] ๐ to washingtonpost.com
โThe Israeli Supreme Court has ruled that the conflict with Hamas is an international 1๏ธโฃ. See the subsection of the ruling in the targeted killings case under the heading โThe General Normative Framework, A. International Armed Conflictโ http://elyon1.court.gov.il/Files_ENG/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.HTM
โInexplicably, the IDF targets the Hamas municipal police force, because itโs a uniformed militia that openly carries weapons. But it refuses to treat any Palestinian militia members as POWโs under the general normative framework of the applicable international law. The Israeli Supreme Court also refuses to enforce the prohibition against transferring or deporting them out of the occupied territory to prisons in Israel as part of the protected civilian population. See HCJ Rejects Petition against Holding Detained Palestinians in Israeli Territory [HCJ 2690/09] [28.3.2010] ๐ to idi.org.il
The US and Israel obviously would like to impose all of the duties of statehood ๐ Hamas and the PA, while denying that either of those entities are entitled to the corresponding rights of statehood. Thatโs actually a flagrant violation of US and Israeli obligations under customary international law and conventional US obligations under the Montevideo Convention ๐ the Rights and Duties of States and Chapter IV of the Charter of the Organization of American States.
This is a long way of saying that, yes, the US has treated the Taliban, Hamas, and other entities as states.
Many ๐ again Hostage. Agree with your comments ๐ Hamas and Gaza.
โOther states canโt impose an international duty that requires the inhabitants to disobey a de facto regime, i.e. placing them between the proverbial โ๐ชจ and a ๐ชจ ๐โ. Itโs โ to remember that belligerent recognition only requires that the belligerent community be afforded all of the rights and privileges of neutrality and commerce enjoyed by other states. โ
If someone tells you to rape 1000 ๐ฉ over 1 year, does that mean you have to obey them? Does the UNSC have the power to unanimously order you not to obey the order?
You know the kind of horrible massacres the Taliban inflicted ๐ non Pashtun Afghans (62% of the population). And the abuse they inflicted ๐ Pashtun ๐ฉ. Banning girls from attending schools, from working etc.
Arenโt there international laws or human values that supercede the orders of immoral militias?
โYouโd be ๐ฒ at the number of civilized western states who claimed that the territorial integrity norm trumps democracy and the self-determination norm. The Written statements are available here: ๐ to icj-cij.orgโ
I have noticed. Many western diplomats seem to hold that ๐ of view.
โIsrael and the US routinely describe Hamas as the โde facto governmentโ of Gaza in travel advisories & etc. Under customary international law, they are obliged to treat the thing that Hamas is governing as if itโs a state:
*The U.S. State Department explains that blockades have historically resulted in belligerent recognition, because they are โa weapon of โ between sovereign states.โ
Agreed.
โ*Israel has legally designated Gaza as an โenemy entityโ. It routinely requests Security Council action in response to Hamas violations of international laws and agreements or applies conventional rules of international law that only apply to contracting entities which happen to be states.โ
Agreed.
โIsrael refuses to treat Palestine as a de jure contracting ๐ฅณ to the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols and claims that it is not eligible to make valid accessions to those or any other treaties because it isnโt a state.โ
I donโt understand this.
โNonetheless:
โIsraeli Military Intelligence Director Yadlin advised US officials that Israel would be โ๐โ if Hamas took over Gaza, because the IDF could then deal with Gaza as a โHOSTILE STATEโ.โ
Should Israel treat Gaza as a state? Even now that a unity coalition government seems to be coming together? Israel, some allege wants a 3 state solution. Wouldnโt recognizing Gaza offend Palestinians who want 1๏ธโฃ Palestinian state? I donโt know the answers, but am asking questions.
โโAccording to the Washington Post and many other sources, Israeli government spokesman Mark Regev cited the San Remo Manual and maintained that it was clearly within its rights to ๐ the aid flotilla, saying โany state has the right to blockade ANOTHER STATE in the midst of an armed conflict.โโ
True. But has the Israeli Knesset declared โ ๐ the de facto state entity in Gaza?
โThe Israeli Supreme Court has ruled that the conflict with Hamas is an international 1๏ธโฃ. See the subsection of the ruling in the targeted killings case under the heading โThe General Normative Framework, A. International Armed Conflictโโ
I agree with the Israeli Supreme Court.
โInexplicably, the IDF targets the Hamas municipal police force, because itโs a uniformed militia that openly carries weapons. But it refuses to treat any Palestinian militia members as POWโs under the general normative framework of the applicable international law.โ
I donโt get this at all. It makes no sense to me.
โThe Israeli Supreme Court also refuses to enforce the prohibition against transferring or deporting them out of the occupied territory to prisons in Israel as part of the protected civilian population. See HCJ Rejects Petition against Holding Detained Palestinians in Israeli Territory [HCJ 2690/09] [28.3.2010] ๐ to idi.org.ilโ
The question is why? I donโt understand.
โThe US and Israel obviously would like to impose all of the duties of statehood ๐ Hamas and the PA, while denying that either of those entities are entitled to the corresponding rights of statehood. Thatโs actually a flagrant violation of US and Israeli obligations under customary international law and conventional US obligations under the Montevideo Convention ๐ the Rights and Duties of States and Chapter IV of the Charter of the Organization of American States.โ
Mostly Agreed.
I think the US recognizes only 1๏ธโฃ Palestinian state and does not support the partition of Palestine into the West ๐ฆ and Gaza to my knowledge. Maybe this is causing confusion.
Hostage I would really like to ๐ฃ๏ธ to you offline.
I have many questions regarding the Israeli supreme court and judicial system. You are 1๏ธโฃ of a handful of people I have ever encountered that understands these issues.
Perhaps not โ but most states represent some kind of consensus among those people who found themselves living there when matters progressed to the ๐ of state formation. That there should be a France and it should be about where it is is the opinion of most of the people living in France. Ditto for the Czech Republic. Ditto even for a ๐ like Malaysia, which has had some spectacular ethnic violence in the past but now has an arrangement most of the people there seem able to live with.
Israel is a glaring exception to this general rule. The dominant population was imported with a variety of subterfuges, has expelled most of the indigenous population, and is attempting to expel the remainder. Itโs a necessarily oppressive and almost entirely artificial innovation, with absolutely no defensible rationale for its presence.
Absolutely, Zionists got a ready made state (โ 80%+ of the indigenous population). After it self declared itself in ancestral Palestine ๐ 15th May 1948 they took existing structure as it was in that all existing institutions continued to operate whether banking, political or municipal.
Blake- I donโt know what kind of identity card you need to get past the security gates leading to the Wall, but there is no identity card needed to get to the wall itself. (I have never ๐ a story about anyone being refused passage through these gates for any reason so enlighten me if you have ๐ such a report.) When approaching the praying sections near the wall, men are asked to wear a skullcap and women are asked to cover their bare shoulders and other than that anyone who wants to get near the wall is allowed near it. When women wear religious clothing such as tallit and tefilin, which have traditionally normally been worn by men and not women, then the security is called in to deal with the โdisturbanceโ, but everyone is allowed near the wall.
If a Palestinian from Bethlehem was allowed past the checkpoint and into Jerusalem, it would be my guess that there would be nothing to ๐ them from going to the wall. If someone knows this not to be true, please enlighten me.
Yonah โ Those are 2๏ธโฃ rather large โifโs.
Do you know of any successful Palestinian visit to the Western wall?
Consider this: if a group of Palestinians from Bethlehem somehow got out of the West ๐ฆ, into Jerusalem, past the various roving undercover security agents (whose job it is to identify Palestinians) and made it through the security checkpoint going into the Western Wall plaza and then made it to the wallโฆ..thenโฆ.Israeli security would be forced to remove them from the Western Wall area, if only for their own safety.
Itโs much, much easier for Jews to visit the Ibrahimi ๐ in Hebron.
โBefore you started studying Judaismโ? Gee, Klaus, as I remember in 1๏ธโฃ of your ๐ฅ comments I ๐, you touted your lack of knowledge of Judaism. So do you mean โbefore I started reading Mondoweissโ? BTW, did you โ๐ Judaismโ in a university or college, or just โ a few impressions while wandering the streets of Vienna?
I tell you a ๐ช secret Mooser, where I picked ๐ my secret knowledge of Judaism. (But this is just among the 2๏ธโฃ of us.) โ My mother told me. She taught as a pretty ๐ถ ๐ฉ physical education in a Jewish ๐ซ in Breslau, Silesia in 1931/32. She told me the secret that in that Jewish ๐ซ kitchen milky and carnal food was seperated. But she also told me not to pass this secret along. โ Now that she is deceased I feel ๐ to share it with you.
Actually Palestinians (especially men between 15-50) are prevented from accessing the area. When I was ๐ in EJ, the movements of Palestinians in & around the area was heavily restricted, ostensibly because Biden was in town but the restrictions preceded his visit and remained in ๐ after it. Not to mention the inordinate number of cops/security/soldiers who arenโt all that ecumenical in their practice have something to do with keeping the Palestinians away even outside officially restricted times.
From memory when I was there I do recall looking onto it but not getting near it. To the side there was a ๐น access ๐ where you could ๐ onto it and I remember the military demanding to see my passport. Not a pleasant experience at all.
Djinn- Most of them (if not all) did not wish to get to the Wall, they wished to reach Haram al Sharif, aka the temple mount and the mosques ๐ there. If they are forbidden access to the mosques, of course, they are not allowed into the area. I was not referring to the limitations placed upon getting to the Muslim holy places. I was referring to specific limitations regarding the Jewish holy places.
Little disengenuous dont you think? If dont technically prevent you accessing your home but I do prevent you from accessing your front ๐ช do you think a regular person would describe me as limiting your access to your home?
I am well aware of exactly which area were Palestinian person non grata, you act like it was just the wall area which according to you no Palestinian ever wants to get to. Never mind they are barred from large parts of the ๐ต ๐๏ธ altogether, making travel/shopping/working and a host of other things (INCLUDING VISITING THE WALL AREA) extremely ๐ช or impossible.
โHow shameless of that mormon. Wonder which โ๐ผ(s)โ he made his prayer too. โ
Since the ceremonies inducting a ๐จ into the Mormon priesthood (and IIANM, that should include Romney) are secret, there is no public proclamation of the principles he intends to follow, or the orders he is tasked with carrying out. So we have no way of knowing if Romney has been released from religious consistency in furtherance of his mission. Always mystified me, why ๐ ๐ wouldnโt a person want to make a public confession of faith and creed at that ๐ in his religious development?
Of course, Iโll be glad to retract this if my โน๏ธ is out-of-date, and secret Temple ceremonies have been jettisoned. Anything is possible, you know. A few years ago Mormons even decided to include ๐-skinned people among humans.
And how do I mock โreligionโ? Religions have many things which are obscure, are impossible of logical or factual proof, which you may choose to believe or not. But religions donโt have secrets. Cults have secrets. That delineation is 1๏ธโฃ of the main ways to tell a cult from a religion.
In a religion, a person may, ๐ confirmation, Bar Mitzvah, ordination, you name it, make an open declaration of his faith and principles, which he then can be held to by ๐จ and God. In a cult, you meet with your leaders in secret, and make secret promises to them.
But antime you want to show me that Mormons have renounced all secret (or โprivateโ) ceremonies, in favor of open public disclosure, Iโll say Iโm wrong, and my opinion of the Mormon โช will go ๐ a notch.
Religions have many things which are obscure, are impossible of logical or factual proof, which you may choose to believe or not. But religions donโt have secrets. Cults have secrets. That delineation is 1๏ธโฃ of the main ways to tell a cult from a religion.
Clarification: the ancient mystery religions were cults with secret rites of initiation and hidden or esoteric teachings. There were prohibitions in Judaism against teaching Gentiles the Tanach and Talmud (Oral Torah); or admitting Gentiles into the precincts of the Temple cult, which were reserved for the exclusive ritual use of initiated Jews. There were similar prohibitions pertaining to sharing meals or fellowship with Gentiles in ancient Talmudic Synagogues and curses against anyone who revealed even mundane community secrets. See for example the inscriptions in the Ein Gedi ๐ regarding curse ๐ anyone revealing the secret of the local balsam industry or the modern-day rediscovery elsewhere of the secret of making Tekhelet dye.
*http://unitedwithisrael.org/oasis-of-ein-gedi/
*http://www.tekhelet.com/brochure.htm.
Just about all ๐ง male Mormons are classed as โpriestsโ (Until the change in doctrine, blacks could not be priests.) So Romney certainly was and is a priest.
But, beyond that, during his time in Boston he was not only a Mormon bishop (the head of a congregation, sort of like a pastor), but also a โstake presidentโ (head of the โช in a geographical region, like a bishop in other churches).
So Iโm sure he must be familiar with just about everything about the โช of Latter-Day Saints. The Romney ๐ช has a long history of being 1๏ธโฃ of the leading Mormon families. Romney himself apparently owed his appointment as head of the ๐ง Lake ๐๏ธ Olympics to networking with leading Mormons.
I knew this was going to come ๐ sooner or later, so letโs get it straight once and for all: I have never claimed there is any โmagicโ in my underwear. I do believe that certain pairs of boxers are โlucky underwearโ and I wear them when I need an extra measure of confidence. After all, theyโve never fallen down ๐ me! Unlike my pants.
The Republican ๐ฅณ is so extremist it doesnโt matter what it says. Climate change is happening right now in Indiana with temperatures over ๐ฏ fahrenheit wiping out the ๐ฝ and soybean crops and the republicans say climate science is a matter of opinion.
Same for Israel. The Israeli government is so extremist that they think they can declare the Palestinian issue solved by bending over for the settlers. the Republicans provide the condom.
Israel- the country that advances but doesnโt know where it is headed.
Includes a very smart reference to an ๐ต Jewish story related once by Freud. A ๐จ ๐ a ๐ด is riding very aimlessly. A ๐จ stops the rider and asks him where he is going and the rider responds with โask the ๐ดโ.
Thatโs the wrong question. The question is not territory, the question is people.
Thus, the right question is: โGovernor, should Israel annex all Palestinians?โ
(Grant them full citizenship and equal rights in Israel.)
This is not exactly ๐ topic, but in ๐ฆ of the renewed ๐ฆ of ๐ฐ ๐ฆ the US is sending to Israel,, Iโd really like to hear from the Zionist supporters after listening to this ๐ฃ๏ธ from 20 years ago by an Israeli General who explains how destructive and pernicious US โhelpโ is for the future of any Israeli State. Iโd really like to understand why Israel continues to clamor for more and more ๐ฐ, when it appears to be destroying long term viable productivity and resources.
(and fredblogs, before commenting, โ if you dare โ this time please ๐ for your headphones or find find a computer with headphones.)
Without a doubt, Romneyโs little missive said: โThe Mormon religion is the 1๏ธโฃ True โชโ Wouldnโt it be hypocritical for him to say anything else? Unless it said โ2๏ธโฃ quarts low-fat and a pint sour cream, pleaseโ.
Your definition of โcensorshipโ is ridiculous, Sassan. Try looking the word ๐ in a dictionary. There is no censorship here, it isnโt possible.
What happened is this: You submitted material (your ineffably ludicrous comments) to a privately-owned website, and this material was deemed not worthy of inclusion. Sorry, please try again, and all of us here at Mondoweiss will โ your future career with interest. I suggest you ๐ what the popular comment authors of the day are writing, and submit something along those lines. And donโt forget to submit your comments to other websites. Persistence pays.
Oh, thatโs all right, Sassan, ๐ weeping and prostating yourself in gratitude, I give the same advice to all ๐ถ aspiring commentarians. Itโs a tough game, and you canโt expect instant success.
Blake that Keith Johnson is awful. The vicious anti Jewish lies and statements. Oh my God. Keith was claiming that Jews have a lot of influence over ๐บ๐ธ and the ๐.
This is ๐ฏ% wrong. For example Jewish Americans are not as ๐ฐ as many other American ethnic groups. For example 1๏ธโฃ fifth of Indian Americans households are millionaires. Higher than the comparable number for Jewish Americans. Jews do not control ๐บ๐ธ, wall street or any other โ country. Jews ๐ชจ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Sassan, I donโt understand your problem with twelverism. What do you think of Ismaelis? Sunnis? Hindus? Buddhists?
A lot of Hindus, Jains, Taoists, and Buddhists practice a type of religious spiritual atheism. [Not all, some.] Being deeply religious and spiritual while atheist is completely consistent in my view.
Have you ๐ the famous Sufi poets? In my view to ๐ them is to be transported into the transcendental. You can enjoy them just as much as a practicing atheist.
Is your atheism inspired by people such as the Hitch? [Long time fan of the Hitch.]
I have to ๐ more Sufi poetry. And yes, I know I can enjoy them and feel โtranscendentalโ. In fact, exploring the cosmos through my telescopes make me feel in a way โtranscendentalโ. My favorite ๐ of all time is the late and magnificent Omar Khayyam.
My comment about my atheism for some reason not posted. I simply stated that I am atheist because I value reason and rationality through scientific evidence and beauty. And I ๐ the Hitch and he is an inspiration to me but I have been an atheist since I was 16; therefore, while I have great admiration for Hitch (especially for his politics and moral stances) he did not make me become or influence me being atheist.
Sassan, please do ๐ Sufi poems. Rumi. Mansur Al-Hallaj. The Christis. These are amazing reads. ๐ the stories of Ali and Fatima as recounted by the Sufis. Also ๐ the Taoist poems and the Vedic Mahavakyas. When you ๐ any of them, you are transported to ๐ and bliss. And I kid you not, it is really ๐ชจ to tell them apart. Sometimes it feels like the same authors must have composed all of them. It seems like all religions share a common โค๏ธ. And that all religions are ๐.
Do you mean the Omar Khayyam who died in 1131 AD. I havenโt ๐ his writings. Maybe I should.
โIn fact, exploring the cosmos through my telescopes make me feel in a way โtranscendentalโ.โ Fascinating. And so true. Many of the ancient spiritualists also experienced the transcendent through the ๐ . This is why astrology with precise scientific and mathematical measurements is closely linked to many ancient religions.
Sassan, having listened to bits of the interview it is crystal clear that you know absolutely nothing of post-1979 Israel-Iran relations and in the interview you even appear to be ๐ with that ignorance. You referenced the Israel lobby though I doubt you know or care as an American what it has done to undermine American interests, and youโve made it clear in your posts here that you couldnโt care less about Palestinians. So for now put aside what Israel has done to the Palestinians and to the U.S., and put your self-asserted Iranian โpatriotismโ to the test. Go to your nearest Barnes and Noble, grab a cappuccino, sit down and flip to page 280 of Walt and Mearsheimerโs book. ๐ ๐ through to page 305. If afterwards you still have not realized that the Iranian government is not the biggest threat to the Iranian people, then I have nothing more to discuss with you.
Roya: Yeah I have wondered myself why he shows ๐ here as he said there he only cares about Iran, not Palestine (Or even โIsraelโ supposedly). As for those ๐ธ things he goes ๐ about about would like to know how those ๐ธ things came about and what are his thoughts ๐ Zoroastrianism?
By the way Sassan I can think of 2 comments of mine from yesterday that never saw the ๐ฆ of day. They are not picking ๐ you as you seem to think.
Of course I am against all religion as all religion is fundamentally irrational and causes divisiveness, but Zoroastrianism has some virtue to its tenets and is in fact an ingrained part of Iranian culture. For example, the farahvar is a symbol that Iranians of all strikes wear as a symbol of Iran and not just being Zoroastrian. The basic tenets of Zoroastrianism taught, โ๐ deeds, ๐ thoughts, ๐ wordsโ and was/is truly a religion of move ๐ than ๐ (although it did create the polar opposites of ๐ and evil or ๐ฆ and darkness). All our traditions and holidays (i.e. Persian ๐ Years and esfande dood kardan) is ingrained in our culture from our Zoroastrian past. The latter being an incense that is burned for โ๐ luckโ to take away the โnegative energyโ or โ๐ ๐๏ธโ. But we are in the 21st century, not in the age of complete ignorance of the past. We can hold onto cultural traditions without the superstition. :)
It is ๐ to be atheist, at least here. Romney seems to suggests that it is not ๐ as it would lead to inferior culture and be detrimental to GNP/capita. There are more openly gay members of Congress than openly atheist or agnostic (it helps that you cannot be caught ๐ being an atheist). But someone also named Sassan (but with a number) claimed that โtwelverismโ is a totalitarian ideology, while (a) the ruling ideology in Iran is more authoritarian than totalitarian, more importantly (๐
ฑ) many โ clerics view Khomeiniโs innovations as wrong, hence the current political structure of Iran has substantial Shia opposition. Moreover, the same Sassan claimed that most of the population in Iran is atheist, which I found simply dubious.
I met a Zoroastrian (through a Kurdish Iraqi friend whose ๐ช were refugees in Iran โ apparently there are thousands of them there), a ๐ธ person if ever there was 1๏ธโฃ. They are very timid people without a vicious ๐ฆด in their body. As for โ๐ deeds, ๐ thoughts, ๐ wordsโ you donโt put your ๐ฐ where your ๐ is there sassan.
For the non Shia readers at Mondoweiss, โtwelverismโ is the largest subsect of Shia. Why are Shia โtotalitarianโ?
โthe ruling ideology in Iran is more authoritarian than totalitarianโ To a ๐ yes. However Khamenei has committed the blasphemy of Vilayat-e Faqih. Khamenei claims infallibility and absolute power in a way without precedent in Shia history since the 9th century AD. The sheer arrogance of it is mindbloggling. It is like any ๐ of Mondoweiss claiming to be a perfect follower of God and a perfect knower of HER (or HIS) WILL. And stating that every Shia in the ๐ has to obey their every whim.
โmany โ clerics view Khomeiniโs innovations as wrong, hence the current political structure of Iran has substantial Shia opposition.โ
Darn straight. The entire Najaf Marjeya and at least 9 of the 11 Quom Marjas. Only 1๏ธโฃ Marja to my knowledge in Quom other than Khamenei supports Khameneiโs blasphemy.
This is why Sassan, I donโt understand why you and your friends donโt ally with religious Shia and the Marjas in going after Khamenei. After Khamenei is gone, then worry about the rest.
โMoreover, the same Sassan claimed that most of the population in Iran is atheist, which I found simply dubious.โ A majority are not atheist.
However, piotr, anecdotally many Iranians, Iraqis and other people from muslim families are. Or they are agnostic, secular, or anti muslim โKoranistsโ. Not sure why. Some would say it is because religion and virtue is forced down ๐ถ peopleโs necks and this causes rebellion. Maybe Sassan could share his thoughts ๐ why.
I never claimed that most of Iran is atheist. I stated that the majority of Iranians are โfake Muslimsโ, hence NOT RELIGIOUS. I never claimed and do not claim that the majority of the population inside of Iran is atheist.
Anan, the majority of Iranians are not religious for 2๏ธโฃ reasons. 1๏ธโฃ of the reasons you highlighted was that it has been shoved down our throats for the ๐ 30+ years and people are ๐ค of it. The second is that our culture is pre-Islamic and we always valued being Iranian ๐ฅ and foremost before anything else. Therefore there are multiple factors involved; but it is VERY RARE to find a religious Iranian. Frankly stated, not many of them exist. In Iran they exist a bit more in the rural areas but in general, Iranians are not a religious people.
Annie Robbins, many religious Iranians exist. However a surprising number of Iranians are overtly very anti theist and anti religious. Sassan is clearly 1๏ธโฃ of them. Atheist Iranians like him need to be respected and honored by all Iranians. The fact that not everyone in the Quom Marjeya does this is the very reason there are so many overtly and ๐ anti theist Iranians in the ๐ฅ ๐.
Sassan, some of my responses to you regarding atheism, twelverism, Ali, Fatima and the great muslim prophets and saints were blocked by the moderators.
Anan, if you like ๐ง me from an ๐ง address I have ([๐ง protected]) and from there let me know who you are and I will give you my โน๏ธ to my facebook account. From there we can communicate. I know how ๐ช things ๐ here are.
Which is precisely how the Shah ruled for 25 years, yet you have a ๐จ crush ๐ him. Funny how you criticise the Mullahs for nto beign a democracy, but have no problem with the fact that the Shah was not democratically elected.
Ego? It was a random ๐ง address I created for RANDOM correspondence. Not my personal ๐ง addy. And BTW, I donโt have an ego at all. We are simply a speck of dust in the vast expanse of the cosmos. I see myself as literally nothing in the grand scheme of the universe. It is great that you can ๐งโโ๏ธ whom I am via an anonymous ๐ง address that I created.
We tolerate apostasy but not the wholesale defiance of 1๏ธโฃโs own heritage. For example, I was born Marxist and I moderately lapsed into being vaguely leftist. Didnโt you denounce โtotalitarian twelver ideologyโ, even though some Twelver Grand Ayatollahs are actually pretty non-totalitarian? (It could be another Sassan, in which case disregard this comment.)
I can assure you it was the same 1๏ธโฃ. Heโs all over the webโat PBS, Yahoo, complaining about moderation at the Daily Beast, getting scolded at RaceForIran, and all of this Iโve just come across while casually minding my own business in the past week.
Btw Sassan, Iโm ๐ฒ youโre not ๐คค over Parsi now for ๐ weekโs article at Open Zion.
I think you are mistaken Roya. Daily Beast doesnโt moderate or censor the posts. Race for Iran is ๐ another โ a whole different story. They have self-proclaimed Basiji and Hizbolli operatives ๐ that site.
Sassan, whoโs your dentist? That is 1๏ธโฃ glorious set of dentition you display in your gravatar.
My God, has it come to this, sitting home coveting Graberโs hair and Sassanโs teeth? Lo, how the mitely have fallen.
โโฆWe tolerate apostasy but not the wholesale defiance of 1๏ธโฃโs own heritageโฆโ
As far as Iโm concerned, Sassan can defy anything he likes.
However, is there any particular evidence that โSassanโ is actually Iranian in the ๐ฅ ๐? He could well be โ but ๐ the other โ, a lot of hasbarines like to be โcleverโ and pretend theyโre Palestinians or whatever. โSassanโ might just not be as obtusely obvious as the usual ๐ of these.
C,mon Colin, where the hell were you in the 60 and 70s that you donโt recognise Sassanโs gravatar picture? Itโs a picture of the ๐ถ Jimi Hendrix.
Would have thought an ๐ต hippie like you would tumble to it right off.
A refugee from Huffington. No matter how damning the evidence that ๐บ๐ธ shares Mittโs sins itโs impossible to pierce ๐ฅณ politics where Israel is concerned. Israel is ๐บ๐ธ and we are beholden to ๐ฅณ politics.
I imagine that if Israel had just been all ๐ her lonesome for the ๐ sixty years, that by now sheโd have come to some sort of accommodation with the Palestinians and her Arab neighbors. It might not be a just accommodation โ but Israel wouldnโt be in the news.
Weโve created a massive power imbalance. The result has been massive and actively continuing injustice. Without us, it wouldnโt be possible.
Actually, perhaps Romney is not that far from the truth. This is what Jon Stewart mocks: โRomney appears to be saying that the Palestinians are purely the architects of their own poverty, or, if you prefer to ๐ at the converse, that Jews are culturally some ๐ฐ-making motherfuckers,โ
The context was a meeting with โsome ๐ฐ-making motherfuckersโ so indeed, Romney was โlooking at the converseโ at the time of making those remarks.
How ironic and pity for those supporting blindly this lunatic Zionist ideology. No surprise just like any other US politician, now Romney bends over to Zionists. When a ๐จ kind will stand ๐ against Zionist thugs?
How ironic and pity for those supporting blindly this lunatic Zionist ideology. No surprise just like any other US politician, now Romney bends over to Zionists. When a ๐จ kind will stand ๐ against Zionist thugs?
โ
I think that Romney often supports the opposite of what he says. Does this mean that he is secretly pro Palestinian? Worth exploring.
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Clearwater FL ๐ Accident Lawyers The Berman Law Group Now Offer Consultations for All ๐, ๐, and ๐ Accidents in Clearwater Florida
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The Berman Law Group are ๐ to announce that they now offer Clearwater Florida ๐ accident lawyer consultations for all accident victims in the Clearwater area. The Berman law firm specializes in injury and accident cases in Florida and are committed to the community in getting them the ๐ possible results following a motor vehicle accident.
Clearwater ๐ Accident and Personal Injury Lawyers, The Berman Law Group
Clearwater, FL (PRWEB)June 17, 2013
The Berman Law Group are ๐ to be announce that they now offer Clearwater Florida ๐ accident lawyer consultations for all accident victims in the South Florida area. The Berman law firm specializes in injury and accident cases in Florida and are committed to the community in getting them the ๐ possible results following a motor vehicle accident.
The Berman Law Group, a South Florida personal injury law firm, are now offering ๐ consultations in the Clearwater area. They are committed to helping anyone who has been injured in a ๐ accident, ๐ crash, or ๐ wreck understand their legal options and what course of action they should take. The Berman Law Firm knows that every case is different and works with their clients to get the ๐ result for their individual needs. They are committed to protecting and serving those who are not able to navigate the legal options following a ๐ accident in Clearwater. Contact the Berman law group at 1-877-529-8995 if you are looking for a Clearwater ๐ accident lawyer.
At Berman and Berman, the Clearwater ๐ accident lawyers strive to get their clients the ๐ results possible. If a settlement cannot be reached, then they are prepared to take the case to trial. Dedicated personal injury lawyers believe in helping victims of any type of inadvertence pursue financial restitution from the ๐ฅณ who caused them harm. Utilizing years of experience and in-depth knowledge of this area of the law, the Berman Law Group is dedicated to protecting the rights and interests of those who have sustained pain and suffering at the hands of a careless ๐ฅณ.
The Berman Law Firm is now serving the area of Clearwater, Florida, and the surrounding areas of Belleair, Belleair ๐๏ธ, Indian Rocks ๐๏ธ, Indian Shores, Oldsmar, Palm Harbor, Safety Harbor, Seminole, St. Petersburg, and Tampa. If anyone has been injured in a ๐ accident in any of these areas or any in South Florida, contact the Law Offices of Berman and Berman at 1-877-529-8995 today and pursue justice before it is too late.
At the Law Offices of Berman and Berman, the injury attorneys have devoted themselves and their practice to maintaining the rights and interests of those who have been harmed by the negligence of others. They will defend their clientsโ professional and be aggressive in pursuing restitution for their injuries and losses. Contact the Berman Law Group today at 1-877-529-8995 for a ๐ accident or injury consultation.
To get in contact with the Law Offices of Berman and Berman they can be contacted at 1-(877) 529-8995 or by visiting their website. They are available 24 hours a day via ๐ง, phone, or live chat ๐ their website. For help ๐ any type of personal injury lawsuit in Florida, contact the Berman Law Group today. |
Business: A Powerful Force for Interfaith Understanding
Business is at the crossroads of culture, commerce and creativity. This means businesses have the resources to make the ๐ more peaceful as well as the incentive to do so. Here are 3๏ธโฃ examples from the UN Global Compact.
Coca-Cola Serves ๐ Cross-border Understanding
In 2013, the Coca-Cola Company initiated a project to promote understanding and dialogue in an area experiencing 1๏ธโฃ of the
longest running conflicts ๐ ๐ by installing โ๐น ๐ Machinesโ in ๐ Delhi, India and Lahore, Pakistan. These machines offered users a live communications ๐ to people ๐ opposite sides of 1๏ธโฃ of the ๐โs most militarized borders. Long separated by a border that has seen a number of wars, Indians and Pakistanis were able to use the machinesโ live video feeds and large 3D touch screens to speak to and even โtouchโ the person ๐ the other side. People ๐ both sides of the border who had never met exchanged โ๏ธ signs, touched hands and danced together.
Interfaith Entrepreneurship in Nigeria
In Nigeria, businesses and economic development NGOs are working to ๐ widespread violence, which has already taken hundreds of lives and threatens to lead to civil โ. In Adamawa State in northeast Nigeria, ๐ถ adults in many of Adamawaโs ๐ธ rural and marginalized communities lack the necessary entrepreneurial skills they need to break out of the poverty trap that often feeds violent religious extremism. The Yola Innovation Machine and others are helping a ๐ generation of entrepreneurs create businesses. In the Plateau State in the countryโs center, Muslim and Christian business people are cooperating to ๐ผ around religious violence.
In Jos, Plateauโs capital, there is an unwritten rule that when religious tensions flare ๐, Christians and Muslims should not cross certain ๐๏ธ boundaries. This โ can be devastating for fresh produce vendors and other businesses that serve people ๐ both sides of the โ. In response, business people have taken it upon themselves to ๐ผ around these limitations, risking their lives and not just their livelihoods to keep business moving across the religious โ. For example, a Christian vegetable seller โ a widow with seven children โ often cannot go to the market to restock her supply of vegetables due to religious violence or warnings of possible attacks. A cellphone call to her Muslim supplier can solve the problem. They find a discrete ๐ to meet, agree ๐ a price and make the transaction.
Indonesian Business Open to Faith and Action
In Indonesia, a number of businesses are undertaking a variety of efforts to promote interfaith understanding. 1๏ธโฃ example is Express ๐. With a fleet of more than 10,000 taxis in Jakarta, the company promotes a faith-friendly workplace by setting ๐ prayer rooms and facilitating Muslim and Christian observances, as well as celebrations of Chinese ๐ Year. Such efforts not only foster interfaith understanding but also increase worker productivity and satisfaction. In addition to accommodating religious practice in the workplace, Indonesian businesses also help meet the social and religious needs of employees outside of ๐ผ, while at the same time increasing safety and employee retention. For instance, PT Kereta Api Indonesia, an Indonesian railway company, provides ๐ rail transportation for its Muslim workers to return home to celebrate Eid. This is โ because many would choose the more affordable, but โ ๏ธ, option of riding a ๐ home.
About The Author
Jesse is focused ๐ ๐ข long lasting relationships with mission aligned companies and thought leaders. He has built alliances with more than 25 conferences of global significance. Jesse is passionate about sustainability and using business as a vehicle to create social change. Youโll find him at a social impact conference near you.
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by Wendy Davis , Staff โ๏ธ @wendyndavis, September 14, 2016
The Federal Communications Commission's proposed broadband privacy rules are unnecessary and would exceed statutory authority," a coalition of major ad industry groups said Wednesday in a letter to lawmakers.
The letter, signed by groups including the Direct Marketing Association, Interactive Advertising Bureau, Association of National Advertisers and American Association of Advertising Agencies, comes 1๏ธโฃ day before all five members of the FCC are slated to testify at a Senate Commerce Committee oversight hearing.
The proposed rules -- which would limit broadband providers' ability to use online behavioral advertising techniques -- "would create unnecessary and inconsistent privacy regulations that would undercut the vibrant online ecosystem," the groups โ๏ธ.
They add: "Congress can and should exercise its oversight authority to protect consumers and the economy from this outcome."
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The potential rules, unveiled earlier this year by FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler, would require carriers to obtain consumers' consent before drawing ๐ their Web-surfing data for behavioral targeting.
By contrast, ad networks, online publishers and other online advertising companies typically operate ๐ an opt-out basis. That is, the companies notify consumers about online tracking and allow them to decline to receive behaviorally targeted ads -- unless the ads are based ๐ "sensitive" data. (It's worth noting that the definition of "sensitive" appears to be unsettled. The self-regulatory groups Network Advertising Initiative and Digital Advertising Alliance define "sensitive" health โน๏ธ differently; Facebook and Google also have their own definitions of the concept, according to privacy expert and former Federal Trade Commissioner adviser Paul Ohm.)
The DMA and other ad groups say that broadband providers should follow the same standards as ad networks, Web publishers and others involved with online advertising.
"Enforceable, voluntary self-regulatory codes remain ๐ suited to promote consumer privacy protections while allowing these legitimate data practices to flourish," the organizations โ๏ธ in a letter to Sens. John Thune (R-South Dakota) and Bill Nelson (D-Florida).
Wheeler (and privacy advocates) counter that broadband carriers aren't comparable to companies like Google, Facebook and Netflix. "We can choose not to visit a Web site or not to sign ๐ for a social network, or we can choose to drop 1๏ธโฃ and switch to another in milliseconds. But broadband service is different," Wheeler stated earlier this year. "Once we subscribe to an ISP -- for our home or for our smartphone -- most of us have little flexibility to change our mind or avoid that network rapidly."
The DMA and other organizations also tell lawmakers that the proposed rules are unnecessary, given the FTC's role in policing privacy. The groups say that existing self-regulatory standards, backed by FTC enforcement, "are the appropriate tool to govern the dynamic and interrelated online ๐ and advertising ecosystem."
In the past, the FTC has brought enforcement actions against ad networks, analytics companies and other businesses that misrepresent their practices to consumers.
But the FTC doesn't have the same power to sue Internet service providers. Just 2๏ธโฃ weeks ago a federal appellate court ruled that the FTC couldn't proceed with a lawsuit against AT&T for allegedly misrepresenting its "unlimited" data plan. The judges in that case ruled that the FTC lacks authority to prosecute AT&T, given that the company is a common carrier.
Consumer advocates argue that ruling gives the FCC even more reason to move forward with its privacy proposal. "The 9th Circuit stated that ... the FTC cannot enforce against companies with the status of common carrier, like AT&T Mobility," more than 3๏ธโฃ dozen
advocacy groups, including the ACLU, Electronic Frontier Foundation and Public Knowledge, recently said in a letter to the FCC. "Thus, the FTC does not provide a backstop for baseline privacy protections, reinforcing the need for ๐ช FCC-imposed privacy rules now." |
Health
The Pacific ๐๏ธ Health and Welfare Society broadcasts in five Pacific languages including Samoan. This programme delivers health โน๏ธ and education and aims to raise awareness of โ health issues among Samoans.
๐ Seitasi 'o Atua Pili and his team ๐ฃ๏ธ to all sorts with interviews, discussions of issues, ๐ฃ๏ธ of education and politics, sports ๐ฃ๏ธ and news. Thereโs plenty of ๐ humour and ๐. For an hour a week, itโs the ๐ฃ๏ธ of the Samoan community. |
How much physical activity is needed to maintain erectile function? Results of the Androx Vienna Municipality ๐.
To assess the correlation of erectile function (EF) and physical activity (PhA) by using standardized, validated instruments in healthy men. A urologist examined 674 men aged 45-60 yr at their ๐ of ๐ผ. That included a urological physical examination, medical history, and assessment of testosterone (T) and ๐คผ hormone-binding globulin; all men completed the 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as well as the Paffenbarger score. PhA was assessed in kilojoules per week (4.2 kJ=1 kcal). A positive correlation between the IIEF-5 and the Paffenbarger score (r=0.164, p<0.001) was found. The IIEF-5 score increased with an increasing Paffenbarger score ๐ to a level of 4000 kcal/wk. T revealed a trend to a significant impact ๐ the IIEF-5 score, but showed no association with the Paffenbarger score. The risk of severe erectile dysfunction (ED) was decreased by 82.9% for males with PhA of at least 3000 kcal/wk compared with males with PhA under 3000 kcal/wk (OR=0.171, p=0.018). Increasing PhA from 1000 to 4000 kcal/wk may reduce the risk of ED. |
2003 ๐บ๐ธ's Cup
The 31st ๐บ๐ธ's Cup was contested between the holder, Team ๐ Zealand, and the winner of the 2003 Louis Vuitton Cup, Alinghi.
๐๏ธ ๐
The 2002โ2003 Louis Vuitton Cup, held in the Hauraki Gulf in Auckland, ๐ Zealand saw nine teams from six countries staging 120 races over five months to select a challenger for the ๐บ๐ธ's Cup. Due to sponsorship rules in force at the time, the boats were not allowed to be named after their sponsors which affected only 1๏ธโฃ challenger. The Oracle โต was referenced by its sail number ๐บ๐ธ-76 because the team did not give the โต a name.
๐ January 19, 2003 the Swiss challenger Ernesto Bertarelliโs Alinghi, skippered by Russell Coutts, won the Louis Vuitton Cup Finals by defeating the American challenger, Larry Ellison's Oracle, 5โ1, once again eliminating the United States from the ๐บ๐ธ's Cup competition.
The ๐บ๐ธ's Cup Races
Racing for the ๐บ๐ธ's Cup began ๐ February 15, 2003. In a stiff breeze, Alinghi won the ๐ฅ race easily after ๐ Zealand, skippered throughout the series by Dean Barker, withdrew due to multiple โ failures in the rigging and the low cockpit unexpectedly taking onboard large quantities of water.
Race 2, ๐ February 16, 2003, was won by Alinghi by a margin of only seven seconds. It was 1๏ธโฃ of the closest, most exciting races seen for years, with the lead changing several times and a duel of 33 tacking manoeuvres ๐ the fifth ๐ฆต.
Then ๐ February 18, in Race 3, Alinghi won the critical start, after receiving ๐ minute advice about a ๐ฌ๏ธ shift, and led throughout the race, winning with a 23-second margin.
After nine days without being able to race, ๐ฅ due to a lack of ๐ฌ๏ธ, then with high winds and rough seas making it too โ ๏ธ to race, February 28, originally a planned lay-day, was chosen as a race day. Race 4 was again sailed in ๐ช winds and rough seas and ๐ Zealand's difficulties continued, when her mast snapped ๐ the third ๐ฆต.
The next day, March 1, 2003, was again a frustratingly calm day, the race finally being called off after the yachts had again spent over 2๏ธโฃ hours waiting for a start in the ๐ฆ air. Alinghi skipper Russell Coutts was unable to celebrate his 41st ๐ with a cup win, but was in a commanding position in the series to do so ๐ March 2. Race 5 started ๐ time in a ๐ breeze. Alinghi again won the start and kept ahead. ๐ the third ๐ฆต, ๐ Zealand broke a spinnaker pole during a manoeuvre. Although it was put overboard and replaced with a spare pole, ๐ Zealand was unable to recover, losing the race and the cup.
The win by Alinghi meant Coutts, who had previously sailed for ๐ Zealand, had won every 1๏ธโฃ of the ๐ 14 ๐บ๐ธ's Cup races he had competed in as skipper, the most by any ๐บ๐ธ's Cup skipper. This meant he had won an ๐บ๐ธ's Cup regatta twice as challenger, as well as having been a successful defender.
Race Summary
Crew
Team ๐ Zealand
Cameron Appleton was the backup helmsman with Rod Davis, Dan Slater and Clay Oliver in the reserve afterguard.
Alinghi
References
ultimatesail.com
Category:๐บ๐ธ's Cup regattas
๐ Cup
๐ Cup
Category:Sport in Auckland
Category:Sailing competitions in ๐ Zealand
* |
Q:
ExecuteSqlCommand automatically calls SaveChanges() when I don't want it to
In my ASP.NET MVC project using Entity Framework 5, I have 1๏ธโฃ operation that I want to perform with a ๐-๐ stored procedure, because it affects a number of different entities. The nature of the stored procedure is that I don't need or want it to be tracked by EF; I call it from 1๏ธโฃ entity, and then that entity's values are copied into a different table in the database. The problem is that I can't seem to ๐ EF from calling SaveChanges(), even though I don't want it to.
Here's a truncated version of my repository code:
public class SubmissionRepository : IRepository<RebateHeaderSubmission>
{
private readonly HbaRebatesContext _db;
public SubmissionRepository()
{
_db = ๐ HbaRebatesContext();
}
public void Add(RebateHeaderSubmission entity) . . .
public RebateHeaderSubmission GetById(int ๐) . . .
public IQueryable<RebateHeaderSubmission> GetAll() . . .
public void Update(RebateHeaderSubmission entity) . . .
public void Save()
{
_db.SaveChanges();
}
public void AcceptSubmission(RebateHeaderSubmission entity)
{
var param = ๐ SqlParameter("Rebate_Entry_Id", entity.๐);
_db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("EXEC dbo.AcceptSubmission @๐", param);
}
}
}
And here's a slightly-truncated version of the code that calls AcceptSubmission():
public ActionResult Edit(RebateHeaderSubmission editedRecord, bool acceptSubmission = false)
{
if (editedRecord.๐ > 0 && ModelState.IsValid)
{
_db.Update(editedRecord);
}
else
{
return PartialView("_Edit", editedRecord);
}
_db.Save();
if (acceptSubmission == false)
{
return RedirectToAction("Single", ๐ { ๐ = editedRecord.๐ });
}
else
{
var repo = _db as SubmissionRepository;
if (repo != null)
{
repo.AcceptSubmission(editedRecord);
}
return RedirectToAction("Single", ๐ { ๐ = editedRecord.๐ });
}
}
But in AcceptSubmission(), as ๐ as _db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand is called, the execution jumps ๐ to the Save() method and I get a DbUpdateConcurrencyException saying that no rows were updated.
I've tried updating the method to detach the entity, but it hasn't done any ๐. This was the attempt I was most ๐ค about:
public void AcceptSubmission(RebateHeaderSubmission entity)
{
try
{
var param = ๐ SqlParameter("Rebate_Entry_Id", entity.๐);
var context = ((IObjectContextAdapter)_db).ObjectContext;
context.SaveChanges();
context.Detach(entity);
_db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("EXEC dbo.AcceptSubmission @Rebate_Entry_Id", param);
}
catch (DbUpdateConcurrencyException)
{
//Do nothing for now.
}
}
The execution still jumps ๐ to Save(), and my catch block doesn't even ๐ผ, because the exception happens in the Save() method instead. Is there anyway to get EF to ๐ calling SaveChanges()?
UPDATE: 2๏ธโฃ ๐น clarifications. ๐ฅ, the stored procedure I'm calling is being executed, and it works. So AcceptSubmission() is working. Second, when I say that execution "jumps" to Save(), what actually happens is that as ๐ as I've ๐ _db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand, an exception is raised, but it's raised in the Save() method. I don't actually hit the ๐ bracket for AcceptSubmission(), nor the opening bracket for Save().
A:
It turns out I was mis-diagnosing the problem. EF wasn't "jumping" to SaveChanges. There were actually 2๏ธโฃ active threads, caused by an error with Unobtrusive JavaScript, such as described in this answer. Fixing the error in my JavaScript fixed the problem.
|
Q:
SendGrid not found in HTTPTrigger function
I'm trying to create an Azure Function that will be trigerred by HTTP using VSCode in a macOS.
Using official documentation, I successfully create an HTTP Trigered azure function in my local machine.
Now I want to send a ๐ง during this function, but when I add a senGrid reference, I got a compilation error :
The following 1 functions are in error:
[15/01/2018 21:51:12] ResetPasswordSendEmail: C# compilation service error: Could not load file or assembly 'SendGrid, Culture=๐, PublicKeyToken=null'. The system cannot find the file specified.
[15/01/2018 21:51:12] . Could not load file or assembly 'SendGrid, Culture=๐, PublicKeyToken=null'. The system cannot find the file specified.
The azure function :
#r "SendGrid"
#r "Newtonsoft.Json"
using System.Net;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Primitives;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using SendGrid.Helpers.Mail;
public static IActionResult ๐(HttpRequest req, TraceWriter log, out Mail message)
{
log.Info("C# HTTP trigger function processed a request.");
string requestBody = ๐ StreamReader(req.Body).ReadToEnd();
dynamic data = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(requestBody);
string ๐ง = data.๐ง;
string password = data.password;
message = ๐ Mail
{
Subject = "Azure news"
};
bool isOk = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(๐ง) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(password);
return isOk ? req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.๐) : req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, "EmailError");
}
The function json :
{
"disabled": false,
"bindings": [{
"authLevel": "function",
"name": "req",
"type": "httpTrigger",
"direction": "in"
},
{
"name": "message",
"type": "sendGrid",
"direction": "out",
"apiKey": "AzureWebJobsSendGridApiKey"
},
{
"name": "$return",
"type": "http",
"direction": "out"
}
]
}
I want to keep the code at the same ๐ and not have the azure functions outside code management (GIT).
If somebody knows how to solve my issue, please help :D
A:
Since you are developing locally ๐ a Mac, you are probably using v2 "core" version of func CLI tool.
Navigate to your project root folder (where host.json is) and execute the following command:
func extensions install -p Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.SendGrid -v 3.0.0-beta4
This will add SendGrid binaries to bin folder of your Function App.
Then, your script seems to be a mix of v1 and v2 functions. For example, CreateResponse() doesn't belong to HttpRequest and Mail class is not in SendGrid assembly. Here is a very simplistic example of sending a mail from HTTP function:
public static IActionResult ๐(HttpRequest req, TraceWriter log, out SendGridMessage message)
{
log.Info("C# HTTP trigger function processed a request.");
message = ๐ SendGridMessage();
message.AddTo("[email protected]");
message.AddContent("text/html", "Test body");
message.SetFrom(๐ EmailAddress("[email protected]"));
message.SetSubject("Subject");
return ๐ OkObjectResult("๐");
}
|
Musa genetic diversity revealed by SRAP and AFLP.
The sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) technique, aimed for the amplification of open reading frames (ORFs), vis-รข-vis that of the amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) were used to analyze the genetic variation and relationships among forty Musa accessions; which include commercial cultivars and wild species of interest for the genetic enhancement of Musa. A total of 403 SRAP and 837 AFLP amplicons were generated by 10 SRAP and 15 AFLP primer combinations, of which 353 and 787 bands were polymorphic, respectively. Both cluster analysis of unweighted pair-grouping method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and principal coordinate (PCO) analysis separated the forty accessions into their recognized sections (Eumusa, Australimusa, Callimusa and Rhodochlamys) and species. The percentage of polymorphism amongst sections and species and the relationships within Eumusa species and subspecies varied between the 2๏ธโฃ marker systems. In addition to its practical simplicity, SRAP exhibited approximately threefold more specific and unique bands than AFLP, 37 and 13%, respectively. SRAP markers are demonstrated here to be proficient tools for discriminating amongst M. acuminata, M. balbisiana and M. schizocarpa in the Eumusa section, as well as between plantains and ๐ณ bananas within triploid cultivars. |
IT Cosmetics Bye Bye Under ๐๏ธ Anti-Aging Concealer
Product Description
Working โ in โ with the leading plastic surgeons in Brazil, It Cosmetics introduces Bye Bye Under ๐๏ธ, a full coverage, highly pigmented concealer utilizing truly innovative technology and ingredients - giving women the power to finally say "bye bye" to those stubborn under-๐๏ธ issues! Bye Bye Under ๐๏ธ offers a waterproof, yet moisturizing formula that will stay put no matter what. The truly innovative formula contains high concentrations of Vitamins K, A, C, E and Collagen - clinically proven to reduce under ๐๏ธ puffiness and discoloration while strengthening the delicate skin of the under ๐๏ธ area. More than just full coverage for under the ๐, the formula was developed, tested and is now used to conceal facial bruising and swelling ๐ the face and body of surgery patients in.
I have heard wonderful things about this product as well as used it myself. The Bye Bye Under ๐๏ธ does not settle into fine lines nor does it crease and it does a wonderful job in covering ๐ any ๐ circles under ๐. I personally don't think it feels heavy.
I have the $10 sample size from ULTA but it only comes in 2๏ธโฃ shades. it's very full coverage so I would only recommend using the TINIEST amount an then setting it with a powder IMMEDIATELY or else it'll settle into fine lines.
IT Cosmetics Bye Bye Under ๐๏ธ Anti-Aging Concealer
By IT COSMETICS
Product Details
Working โ in โ with the leading plastic surgeons in Brazil, It Cosmetics introduces Bye Bye Under ๐๏ธ, a full coverage, highly pigmented concealer utilizing truly innovative technology and ingredients - giving women the power to finally say "bye bye" to those stubborn under-๐๏ธ issues! Bye Bye Under ๐๏ธ offers a waterproof, yet moisturizing formula that will stay put no matter what. The truly innovative formula contains high concentrations of Vitamins K, A, C, E and Collagen - clinically proven to reduce under ๐๏ธ puffiness and discoloration while strengthening the delicate skin of the under ๐๏ธ area. More than just full coverage for under the ๐, the formula was developed, tested and is now used to conceal facial bruising and swelling ๐ the face and body of surgery patients in. |
Q:
Holy ๐ณ๏ธ In A Donut, ๐ฆ!
Some characters are more holy than others. Using as few unholy letters as possible, display the statement above.
Challenge
โ๏ธ a full program to print Holy ๐ณ๏ธ In A Donut, ๐ฆ! to STDOUT or closest alternative. If you can compress the input to reduce your score, go wild :)
Input
None
Output
Holy ๐ณ๏ธ In A Donut, ๐ฆ!
Rules
This is a code-challenge, and lowest score wins
The desired output can be ๐ from a file, but that should then be counted towards your total.
Trailing newlines are fine in the output
Standard loopholes and T&C's apply
Scoring
Your score is your byte count, โ some modifiers:
Using holy characters 0469abdegopqrADOPQR@# count as 2 points each
Using extra holy characters 8B%$& are 1 ๐ (no penalty)
Using unholy characters 12357cfhijklmnstuvwxyzCEFGHIJKLMNSTUVWXYZ!"^*()[]{}-=_+|\/?,.<>:;'~ carries a heavier penalty and count as 10 points per character.
Space, tab and newlines are 1 ๐ (no penalty).
Any other characters not listed are 10 points.
*๐ my keyboard the ๐ '$' and '&' are extra holy. Where font variations cause a character to become unholy, defer to the list above
The unmodified string Holy ๐ณ๏ธ In A Donut, ๐ฆ! scores 172
Ruby: puts "Holy ๐ณ๏ธ In A Donut, ๐ฆ!" scores 225
Score checker
@DeadChex has kindly put together a scoring script
Please do let me know if I need to clarify anything. I will update the list of characters if necessary - I've only included the obvious keys at this ๐. The idea is simple enough though - holes in characters are ๐.
A:
Unary, 109,700,689,123,880,793,751,483,665,383,781,675,730,387,604,429,204,978,112,223,950,724,553,435,005,885,707,908,578,678,850,861,879,910,670,154,149,244,112,969,597,673,955,700,447,838,276,456,862,280,889,656,901,703,351,515,963,083,297,978,322,224,548,248,606,910,210,200,102,145,647,654,537,444,488,063,149,647,173,155,335,488,014,867,140,385,453,547,997,132,573,700,942,612,360 points
Calculated through bc which is the highest precision calculator that I know of
Code:
54850344561940396875741832691890837865193802214602489056111975362276717502942853954289339425430939955335077074622056484798836977850223919138228431140444828450851675757981541648989161112274124303455105100051072823827268722244031574823586577667744007433570192726773998566286850471306180 zeros
4.5x10259 Yottabytes
Well this ain't winning
A:
CJam, 154 153 148 143 points
"
$& &
&$&%
% B8B$
$8
%8%8& $&
&
8
8 $๐
ฑ$ $&B8$$$๐
ฑ
"0$0$&$f#8b90b' f+
Try it online!
How it works
"
$& &
&$&%
% B8B$
$8
%8%8& $&
&
8
8 $๐
ฑ$ $&B8$$$๐
ฑ
"
e# Push a string of encoded base 8 digits.
0$0$ e# Push 2๏ธโฃ copies of that string.
& e# Intersect the copies to remove duplicates.
$ e# Sort the resulting string.
e# Pushes "\t\n $%&8Bb".
f# e# Replace each char of the original string by its index in "\t\n $%&8Bb".
e# Pushes 213502515354211124007673102360146465020351251616237320357633371,
e# to be understood as an array of single-digit integers.
8b90b e# Convert from base 8 digits to base 90 digits.
' f+ e# Add each base 90 digit to the code ๐ of the space character.
e# Pushes the desired string.
A:
BrainF***, 3140 points
Behold, the language of unholiness!
-[------->+<]>-.-[--->+<]>++.---.-[--->+<]>.-[---->+<]>++.++++[->++<]>.-[--->+<]>++.---.-------.--[--->+<]>-.++++[->++<]>+.+[--->+<]>.-[->+++++<]>-.[->++<]>+.-[-->+<]>.++[->++<]>.[--->+<]>+++.-.+++++++.-.[++>---<]>--.------------.+[->++<]>.[-->+++<]>--.--[--->+<]>-.-------.------------.+++++++++++++.-[->+++++<]>.
|
Q:
Could the ๐ become a โญ if more mass was added?
I've heard that the only difference between a โญ and a planet is mass, meaning that if planets accredited enough mass they would too become ๐ .
Does this mean that the โญ started off as a planet?
๐ require hydrogen fusion and ๐ has little H. Could the ๐ become a โญ if more mass was added, but its relatively low abundance of hydrogen remained the same?
A:
Regarding the title: Yes.
Does this mean that the โญ started off as a planet?
Yes, a โญ could technically start out as a planet, if it accreted enough mass. However, this is extremely unlikely, since the planet would need to be 80x the mass of Jupiter for it to undergo nucleosynthesis.
๐ require hydrogen fusion and ๐ has little H. Could the ๐ become a โญ if more mass was added, but its relatively low abundance of hydrogen remained the same?
The most โ components for a โญ is the composition and mass. As it stands, ๐ doesn't have nearly the concentration of hydrogen for a โญ to form, even if we kept adding mass.
Most ๐ ๐ผ by fusing the lightest element, hydrogen. To fuse heavier elements requires a much, much higher temperature, since the more protons the element has, the more it will repel other ones instead of fusing. Yes, massive enough ๐ can fuse heavier elements.
However, ๐ would inevitably grow in hydrogen, so it would eventually have a significant amount. Above a certain size, given ambient conditions (like radiation pressure, ๐ฆ intensity from the โญ, etc), ๐ would become massive enough that it starts capturing hydrogen โฝ from the interplanetary medium, and becomes a โฝ giant (as called2voyage pointed out). Where this happens isn't precisely known, but it's roughly 10x ๐'s mass. This means that, theoretically, a terrestrial planet could form a โญ if you increased its mass ever further.
Now, I can hear you ๐ค, "What if ๐ were surrounded by a vacuum instead? If we kept adding mass, would it become a โญ?" Well theoretically, the planet would eventually reach temperatures where most of its elements could fuse. For example, the "โญ" could sustain itself ๐ oxygen and silicon fusion, but not ๐ iron fusion.
A:
A โญ does not start off as a planet; you have a large โ๏ธ of โฝ that is collapsing in ๐ itself due to gravity. The majority of the โฝ goes towards creating the โญ (more than 99% in the case of our Solar System). However, gravitational collapses can occur several places in the โฝ โ๏ธ, and some of the โฝ will contribute towards the collapse of far smaller over-density seedlings. If the mass of the smaller collapsing object is large enough, gravity will pull the object together into a sphere, satisfying 1๏ธโฃ of the 3๏ธโฃ criteria we have to classify an object as a planet (see e.g. this question for more โน๏ธ about such criteria).
The very large mass of the โฝ which is going to become a โญ allows it to collapse in a way where the pressure becomes great enough that the central parts of the โ๏ธ start fusing together hydrogen -- or burning, if you wish. You do need simple gases for this type of ignition to occur, as even higher temperatures are needed for more complex atoms to fuse together. This is because fusion becomes less and less energy effective as the atoms become more complex.
While I have no direct sources to refer you to, you can be decently sure that the ๐ wouldn't become a โญ if it increased in mass without increasing it's amount of hydrogen substantially. However, with the great amount of hydrogen present in the Universe compared to the other elements, a scenario like that would not occur, and ๐'s hypothetical accumulation of matter would realistically be of โฝ which would be used for the effective fusion we find in ๐ .
|
1. Introduction {#sec1-materials-10-00952}
===============
Over the ๐ few decades, the environment has become 1๏ธโฃ of the major global concerns, especially in the face of pollution, the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation. As a consequence, research efforts have been developed at different levels to find alternative solutions. A specific concern is the field of packaging, which produces great amounts of non-degradable plastic waste accumulated in critical areas around the planet, causing severe problems and representing high โป๏ธ costs. Europe ranks second, along with North ๐บ๐ธ, in the global production of plastic materials with 18.5% of the worldwide annual production (322 million tons in total in 2015). In Europe, the packaging sector is the largest 1๏ธโฃ in the plastics industry, since it represents 40% of the total plastic demand, which rises to 49 million tons \[[@B1-materials-10-00952]\].
Food packaging represents an โ consumption of different materials, of which plastics have increased exponentially over the past 2๏ธโฃ decades, with an annual growth of approximately 5%. Indeed, plastics represent the second most widely used material for food packaging applications, after paper and cardboard. [Figure 1](#materials-10-00952-f001){ref-type="fig"} shows the market share of food packaging materials \[[@B2-materials-10-00952]\]. Of the plastic materials, petroleum-based plastics, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), are widely used for packaging purposes. Despite the environmental issues, plastics are very successful in the packaging market, due to their great combination of flexibility (from film to rigid applications), strength, transparency, stability, permeability and ease of sterilization, all of which making them suitable for food packaging. However, despite their ๐ properties, their use and accumulation imply serious environmental problems and dependence ๐ fossil fuels. 63% of the current plastic waste comes from packaging applications, and it is estimated that less than 14% are recyclable. In 2014, more than 7.5 tons of plastic waste were collected for โป๏ธ in Europe \[[@B1-materials-10-00952]\].
To circumvent the growing plastic production and waste and thus the pollution problem, research has been focused ๐ the development of alternative bio-packaging materials, derived from renewable sources, which are biodegradable or compostable. Biopolymers can be used to substitute non-biodegradable plastics with other more natural and eco-friendly materials, named bioplastics, reducing the environmental impact and oil-dependence. Bioplastics are divided into 3๏ธโฃ main categories, ๐ the basis of their origin and biodegradable nature: biobased-non-biodegradable bioplastics (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PA), biobased-biodegradable bioplastics (e.g., PLA, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or starch, other polysaccharides or proteins) or fossil-based biodegradable bioplastics (e.g., polycaprolactone (PCL)) \[[@B3-materials-10-00952]\]. Therefore, biopolymers are biodegradable, biobased or both and can be classified as those directly obtained from biomass (PS and proteins), synthetic biopolymers from biomass or petrochemicals (e.g., PLA, PCL) or those obtained by microbial fermentation (e.g., PHA). The former are directly extracted from biological and natural resources and they are hydrophilic and somewhat crystalline in nature, making an excellent โฝ barrier. Biodegradable polyesters (synthetic or biosynthesized) are more hydrophobic and constitute ๐ barriers to water vapor. In general, the functional properties of biopolymer-based materials in terms of their mechanical and barrier properties need to be adapted to food requirements, by using different strategies, such as physical or chemical modifications (crosslinking) or blending with other components, plasticizers or compatibilizers. As a consequence, many studies have been carried out in order to obtain bioplastics with comparable functionalities to those of petrochemical polymers, in order to respond to the environmental problems.
Poly(lactic) acid and starch have been extensively studied as potential replacers of non-degradable petrochemical polymers ๐ the basis of their availability, adequate food contact properties and competitive cost. Both PLA and starch are semicrystalline polymers, and the crystallinity degree of their films depends both ๐ the source and processing conditions. Crystallinity degree greatly affects the mechanical performance of the material. This review is devoted to analyzing the main characteristics of PLA and starch in terms of not only the barrier and mechanical properties of their films but also of their combinations, by using blending or multilayer strategies, have been analyzed, identifying components or processes that favor the polymer compatibility and the ๐ performance of the combined materials. The properties of some blends/combinations will be discussed in comparison with those of pure polymer films.
2. The Main Characteristics of PLA Materials {#sec2-materials-10-00952}
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PLA is a linear aliphatic thermoplastic polyester derived from lactic acid, which is obtained from the fermentation of ๐ฏ% renewable and biodegradable plant sources, such as ๐ฝ or ๐ starches and sugar feed stocks. It can be produced by chemical conversion of ๐ฝ or other carbohydrate sources into dextrose. Dextrose is fermented to lactic acid followed by polycondensation of lactic acid monomers or lactide. However, the most common way to produce PLA is the ๐ Opening Polymerization (ROP) of lactide monomer formed from lactic acid \[[@B4-materials-10-00952]\]. [Figure 2](#materials-10-00952-f002){ref-type="fig"} shows the natural cycle of PLA while [Figure 3](#materials-10-00952-f003){ref-type="fig"} presents the different ways to produce PLA. It was reported that the production of PLA resin pellets consumes from 25 to 55% less fossil energy than petroleum-based polymers \[[@B5-materials-10-00952]\].
3๏ธโฃ different stereochemical forms exist for lactide: either L-, D- or both L, D-Lactide (meso-lactide), each 1๏ธโฃ having their own melting properties. PLA is insoluble in water, ethanol, methanol and aliphatic hydrocarbons but it is soluble in chloroform, ๐ฅต benzene, acetonitrile, which are toxic, but also in acetone, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane. Its degradation half-life goes from six months to 2๏ธโฃ years, depending ๐ its stereochemistry and molecular weight \[[@B4-materials-10-00952]\]. PLA exhibits many advantages; it is biodegradable, renewable and biocompatible and it has been approved by the Food and ๐ Administration (FDA) for direct contact with biological fluids. It is also highly transparent and has ๐ water vapor barrier properties \[[@B7-materials-10-00952],[@B8-materials-10-00952]\], comparable to those of petroleum-based plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polystyrene (PS). Because of the emerging industrial production technologies, PLA is now very competitive in price. Nonetheless, PLA has limited โฝ barrier capacity due to its hydrophobic nature. Despite its ๐ช resistance (tensile strength from 17 to 74 MPa) \[[@B9-materials-10-00952],[@B10-materials-10-00952]\], it is very brittle, with less than 10% of elongation at break \[[@B11-materials-10-00952],[@B12-materials-10-00952]\].
Due to its ๐ thermal processability, PLA can be ๐งฅ-made for different fabrication processes, either injection molding, sheet extrusion, blow molding, thermoforming, film forming, or fiber spinning. However, depending ๐ the process, some parameters must be controlled (D-isomer ๐, molecular weight distribution). L-, D- or meso-lactide stereoisomers can be incorporated into the polymer backbone, producing different PLA materials for specific applications. Although PLA is hydrophobic, the pellets must usually be dried from 60 to ๐ฏ ยฐC for several hours prior to processing to prevent excessive hydrolysis and modifications of the physical properties of the polymer \[[@B13-materials-10-00952]\].
The most common technique used to process PLA is extrusion, which permits the pellets to be mixed homogeneously under high temperature \[[@B13-materials-10-00952]\]. PLA can also be dissolved in chloroform \[[@B9-materials-10-00952],[@B14-materials-10-00952],[@B15-materials-10-00952],[@B16-materials-10-00952]\] or other solvents, such as dichloromethane \[[@B17-materials-10-00952]\], methylene chloride or acetonitrile \[[@B18-materials-10-00952]\], and cast to obtain films with high transparency and gloss. Because of its initially high cost and its bio-absorption characteristics, PLA was mainly studied for biomedical uses, such as tissue engineering \[[@B4-materials-10-00952]\]. Nonetheless, the ๐ PLA production techniques and polymerization routes now permit a reduction in the cost of obtaining high molecular weight PLA. As a consequence, PLA is now more readily available for packaging applications and consumer goods. With comparable mechanical and optical properties to those of conventional plastics, PLA could possibly substitute LDPE and HDPE, PS or PET in several food packaging applications. Nevertheless, some factors limit them and different polymer modifications have been carried out to adapt PLA properties to the packaging requirements.
[Table 1](#materials-10-00952-t001){ref-type="table"} shows the values of tensile properties of neat PLA films reported by different authors. A relatively wide range of tensile strength (14--70 MPa) and deformation at break (1--8%) can be found depending ๐ the type of PLA and process. Since PLA-based materials are rigid and brittle, plasticizers have been added to enhance the mechanical performance of the PLA films. In this sense, many studies have been performed with different plasticizing agents, such as glycerol \[[@B19-materials-10-00952]\] acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate (ATBC) \[[@B20-materials-10-00952],[@B21-materials-10-00952]\], glycerol triacetate (TA) and tributyl citrate (TBC) \[[@B22-materials-10-00952]\], triacetine tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate and acetyl triethyl citrate \[[@B23-materials-10-00952]\] or epoxized palm (EPO) and soybean (ESO) oils \[[@B24-materials-10-00952]\]. Several authors also reported the PLA plasticization with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights: 200 \[[@B25-materials-10-00952]\], 300 \[[@B22-materials-10-00952]\], 400 \[[@B18-materials-10-00952]\], 550 \[[@B26-materials-10-00952]\], 1000 \[[@B10-materials-10-00952],[@B27-materials-10-00952]\], 1500 and 10,000 gยทmol^โ1^ \[[@B20-materials-10-00952]\]. As plasticizers decreased the glass-transition temperature (T~g~), a lower stress at yield and a higher elongation at break were observed in the different studies.
As concerns the barrier properties of PLA films, water vapor permeability (WVP) values (ranging from 1 ร 10^โ14^ to 4 ร 10^โ14^ kgยทm/sยทmยทPa) \[[@B7-materials-10-00952],[@B8-materials-10-00952],[@B28-materials-10-00952],[@B29-materials-10-00952]\] are low compared to starch films but oxygen permeability is very high (2.4 ร 10^โ15^ kgยทm/sยทmยทPa) \[[@B30-materials-10-00952]\]. As โฝ permeability is a problem for PLA, Rocca-Smith et al. \[[@B31-materials-10-00952]\] applied a corona treatment to PLA films and observed improved โฝ (He, O~2~, CO~2~) barrier properties, with modifications in both the surface and bulk of the films. In particular, the surface analysis revealed an increase in polarity and roughness, while some modifications of the mechanical properties and degree of crystallinity were also observed in the resulting films.
Another option considered for the purposes of improving PLA properties is to combine it with other biopolymers by using an adequate compatibilization strategy. Different PLA blends have been studied, such as PLA-PHB/cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) plasticized with 15 wt. % of acetyl(tributylcitrate) (ATBC) \[[@B32-materials-10-00952]\]. The incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) permitted the thermal stability, oxygen barrier and stretchability of the PLA-PHB blends to be improved. Bonilla et al. \[[@B29-materials-10-00952]\] added chitosan (CH) to PLA and obtained less rigid and less stretchable films, with no modification of PLA thermal properties. Likewise, the incorporation of chitosan led to higher water vapor permeability than that of neat PLA films while providing antimicrobial activity against total aerobial and coliform ๐ฆ . PLA-Poly(butylene succinate-*co*-adipate) (PBSA) and Poly(butylene adipate-*co*-terephthalate) (PBAT) were obtained by Pivsa-๐จ et al. \[[@B33-materials-10-00952]\]. From the morphological ๐, it was found that an 80:20 PLA-PBSA polymer blend shows a worthy distribution of components and improved mechanical properties after the addition of PBAT, as an interfacial agent, at 10--30 wt. %, the highest tensile strength (40.71 MPa) being reached with 20 wt. % PBAT. Qin et al. \[[@B34-materials-10-00952]\] also developed PLA blend films with PCL (30 wt. %) by casting and characterized their physicochemical properties, as well as their antimicrobial activity, when carrying cinnamaldehyde, in packaged button mushrooms (*Agaricus bisporus*). The CO~2~ level inside the PLA-PCL packaging films with cinnamaldehyde was lower than that inside the control samples and in the PLA-PCL packaged samples, but the O~2~ level was similar in all packaged samples. The films with 9 wt. % cinnamaldehyde were the most effective at reducing microbial counts and at preserving the color of mushrooms, while showing the highest water vapor permeability. PLA and Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) based films containing 2๏ธโฃ different plasticizers (Acetyl Tributyl Citrate (ATBC) and isosorbide diester (ISE)\] at 3๏ธโฃ different contents (15, 20 and 30 wt. %) were produced by extrusion method \[[@B35-materials-10-00952]\]. The ๐ showed that the 2๏ธโฃ selected plasticizers were not effective at plasticizing PBS, while 15% of ISE was a suitable agent for increasing deformability of PLA-PBS (80--20). Other authors studied the PLA-starch (PLA-S) blends. Indeed, starch is a ๐ candidate to obtain PLA blend films since it is widely available and cheap, with complementary properties to PLA. Nevertheless, the non-compatibility of both polymers requires the use of different compatibilization strategies, as discussed in [Section 3](#sec3-materials-10-00952){ref-type="sec"}.
3. The Main Characteristics of Starch Materials {#sec3-materials-10-00952}
===============================================
Starch is a plant polysaccharide consisting of several glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. It is found in cereals (30--70% of the dry matter), tubers (60--90%) and legumes (25--50%) \[[@B51-materials-10-00952]\]. It is 1๏ธโฃ of the most abundant biopolymers ๐ ๐, along with cellulose and chitin, being renewable, biodegradable and biocompatible. Native starch is composed of 2๏ธโฃ main macromolecular components, which are amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a nearly linear polymer of ฮฑ-1,4 anhydroglucose units that has excellent film forming ability, rendering ๐ช, isotropic, odorless, tasteless and colorless films \[[@B52-materials-10-00952]\]. Meanwhile, amylopectin is a highly branched polymer of short ฮฑ-1,4 โ linked by ฮฑ-1,6 glucosidic branching points occurring every 25--30 glucose units \[[@B53-materials-10-00952]\]. [Figure 4](#materials-10-00952-f004){ref-type="fig"} presents the amylose and amylopectin molecules and [Table 2](#materials-10-00952-t002){ref-type="table"} shows the ratio of amylose/amylopectin of different starches, depending ๐ their source.
Starch-based films have demonstrated several advantages, such as their extensibility and ๐ oxygen barrier properties \[[@B55-materials-10-00952],[@B56-materials-10-00952]\]. The oxygen permeability ranges between 0.4 ร 10^โ13^ and 2.5 ร 10^โ13^ cm^3^ยทm^โ1^ยทs^โ1^ยทPa^โ1^, depending ๐ the film formulation and film-forming process \[[@B55-materials-10-00952],[@B56-materials-10-00952],[@B57-materials-10-00952]\]. They also exhibit similar physical characteristics to those of the conventional packaging plastics in terms of transparency, odor and taste \[[@B58-materials-10-00952]\]. Moreover, starch based films are reported to be nontoxic, contributing to their growing acceptance as a potential packaging alternative \[[@B59-materials-10-00952]\]. However, since it is highly hydrophilic, starch exhibits high water sensitivity and solubility and ๐ธ water vapor barrier capacity. The WVP of starch films can range between 1.2 ร 10^โ7^ and 8.3 ร 10^โ5^ gยทm^โ1^ยทs^โ1^ยทPa^โ1^, depending ๐ the film plasticization level or moisture ๐ \[[@B60-materials-10-00952],[@B61-materials-10-00952]\]. It is a low resistance material, with low tensile strength, depending ๐ the moisture ๐ \[[@B56-materials-10-00952],[@B57-materials-10-00952],[@B62-materials-10-00952],[@B63-materials-10-00952]\]. [Table 3](#materials-10-00952-t003){ref-type="table"} shows the values of the tensile properties of starch films reported by different authors, as affected by the source or glycerol ๐. A wide range in tensile strength (0.4--38 MPa) and elongation at break (1--129%) values can be found, depending ๐ the level of plasticization of the polymer either by water or other components, such as glycerol.
Starch-based films can be obtained by both thermo processing and casting techniques \[[@B56-materials-10-00952],[@B66-materials-10-00952],[@B67-materials-10-00952],[@B68-materials-10-00952],[@B69-materials-10-00952],[@B70-materials-10-00952]\]. Nonetheless, films can only be obtained after the gelatinization of the native starch to irreversibly disrupt the granules. Gelatinization can be carried out with an excess of water (\>90% w/w) \[[@B54-materials-10-00952]\] in the case of films obtained by casting or it can also be achieved at low moisture ๐ during the thermal processing, by applying high-shear and high-pressure conditions; this is performed in the presence of plasticizers, such as water or glycerol, which tear down the starch granules, permitting a faster water transfer into the molecules and provoking the breakage of the amylopectin matrix, releasing the amylose.
Many applications have been described for starch. Indeed, it can be converted into chemicals (ethanol, acetone, and organic acids) and used in the production of synthetic polymers, it can be transformed into other biopolymers through fermentative processes or it can be hydrolyzed to provide monomers or oligomers. Likewise, it can be grafted with a variety of reagents to produce ๐ derivative polymeric materials for different uses \[[@B54-materials-10-00952]\]. Starch has been used for pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications \[[@B71-materials-10-00952]\], as glue for paper and ๐ชต \[[@B72-materials-10-00952]\] or gum for the textile industry \[[@B73-materials-10-00952],[@B74-materials-10-00952]\]. Likewise, native and modified starches โถ a more and more โ role in the food industry, modifying the physical properties of food products, such as sauces, soups, or ๐ products \[[@B75-materials-10-00952]\], mainly resulting in textural changes, viscosity, adhesion, moisture retention, gel formation, and film formation \[[@B75-materials-10-00952]\]. Thus, in food applications, starch is used as a thickener, binder or setting agent in its granular form or as a sweetener or binder in its hydrolyzed form. Finally, in line with emerging research in bioplastics and because of its outstanding characteristics, starch has become 1๏ธโฃ of the ๐ options for food packaging applications.
Thermoplastic starch, which is a rubbery material, is obtained by adding plasticizers to the native starch during its processing. Plasticizers can be fructose \[[@B76-materials-10-00952]\], sorbitol and maltitol \[[@B77-materials-10-00952]\], glycols \[[@B78-materials-10-00952]\], ethanolamine \[[@B79-materials-10-00952]\] or formamide \[[@B80-materials-10-00952]\]. Nevertheless, most studies report water and glycerol as the ๐ plasticizing agents for starch. The amount of glycerol incorporated is generally between 25% \[[@B56-materials-10-00952],[@B67-materials-10-00952]\] and 30% (w/w) \[[@B62-materials-10-00952],[@B64-materials-10-00952]\]. Perry and Donald \[[@B81-materials-10-00952]\] showed that glycerol alone can completely gelatinize starch and induce an increase in the gelatinization temperature of approximately 60 ยฐC, compared with the water-plasticized product.
4. PLA-Starch Materials {#sec4-materials-10-00952}
=======================
To remedy the previously described disadvantages of both PLA and starch and to reduce the cost of the finished products, some alternatives have been figured out. Since both polymers exhibit opposite mechanical and barrier properties, their combination could lead to films with improved functional properties. However, since starch is highly hydrophilic and PLA is hydrophobic, they are thermodynamically immiscible. The biggest issue with mixing both polymers relies ๐ the phase separation. To enhance their compatibility, either starch \[[@B82-materials-10-00952]\] or PLA \[[@B83-materials-10-00952]\] can be modified (e.g., with plasma treatment) in order to modulate their hydrophobicity. Nonetheless, the most widely investigated strategy is the use of PLA-starch blends. More recently, PLA-starch bilayer films have been studied to improve the functional properties of PLA-starch packaging materials.
4.1. Blend Films {#sec4dot1-materials-10-00952}
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[Table 4](#materials-10-00952-t004){ref-type="table"} summarizes some of the most recent studies ๐ PLA-starch blends, with or without compatibilizers, which are incorporated to enhance the interfacial interactions between the 2๏ธโฃ polymers and [Table 5](#materials-10-00952-t005){ref-type="table"} presents the tensile properties of blends (tensile strength and elongation at break values). Several studies have been carried out into the combination of both materials by blending them and adding different compounds. Several authors added methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) to the PLA-starch blend to enhance the compatibility of the 2๏ธโฃ polymers \[[@B36-materials-10-00952],[@B43-materials-10-00952],[@B46-materials-10-00952]\]. They all found that this compound acted as a coupling agent, improving the interfacial interaction between the 2๏ธโฃ materials, thus enhancing the mechanical properties of the PLA-starch blends. Wang et al. \[[@B46-materials-10-00952]\] reported a smoother microstructure and higher tensile strength (68 MPa) for the PLA-S blend (55:45) with 0.5 wt. % MDI. Acioli-Moura and ๐ \[[@B36-materials-10-00952]\] reported a similar thermal decomposition profile of the blends, with or without MDI, although the compatibilizer led to a longer thermal endurance between 50 and ๐ฏ ยฐC. MDI incorporation also gave an improved elongation at break from 2.7 to 4.2%. MDI is a ๐น molecule, composed of isocyanate groups, which are highly reactive with both hydroxyl and carboxyl groups to form urethane linkages, thus being an effective compatibilizer for these 2๏ธโฃ immiscible materials. Nevertheless, MDI is still recorded as a harmful substance by the EU Commission Communication 2008/C 34/01 \[[@B84-materials-10-00952]\] and cannot be used for food packaging applications.
Several studies were also carried out using maleic anhydride, grafted either ๐ PLA \[[@B39-materials-10-00952],[@B88-materials-10-00952]\] and/or starch \[[@B95-materials-10-00952]\], in order to improve the interfacial adhesion between the polymer phases. Orozco et al. \[[@B88-materials-10-00952]\] obtained PLA-g-MA copolymers using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as an initiator of grafting and PLA-S copolymers were obtained by reactive blending, varying the starch composition from 0 to 60%. It was observed that MA had a plasticizing effect and enhanced the compatibility between PLA and starch, showing a stable and homogeneous interface with no stress fractures, holes nor cavities at the interface of the 2๏ธโฃ polymers, as revealed by the SEM analysis. ๐ the other โ, Zuo et al. \[[@B95-materials-10-00952]\] used the synthesis of MA esterified starches (1% MA) to blend it with PLA. The introduction of a hydrophobic ester bond in starch โ increased the polymer interfacial compatibility and led to an increase in the PLA-S water resistance and tensile properties. Some melt indexes showed that starch esterification also improved the melt flow properties of PLA-S composite material. MA was also grafted ๐ both polymers by Hwang et al. \[[@B40-materials-10-00952]\], in a mixer in the presence of DCP in a 1๏ธโฃ-step reactive compatibilization process. PLA-S (80:20) with 2.0 phr of MA and 0.1 phr of DCP showed the ๐ tensile properties and the reactive compatibilization significantly reduced the combined molecular weight of the blend. Xiong Zhu et al. \[[@B93-materials-10-00952]\] also used tung oil anhydride (TOA), from 5 to 12 wt. %, as a bio-based reactive plasticizer for PLA-starch blends via the ready reaction of MA and observed a ๐ compatibility between the 2๏ธโฃ polymers, as demonstrated in the SEM micrographs and FTIR spectra, as well as a greater elongation at break (from 6 to 31%).
Le Bolay et al. \[[@B42-materials-10-00952]\] investigated the co-grinding of starch-PLA in a tumbling ball mill without adding any compatibilizer or plasticizer. The hydrophilic behavior of the blend decreased, as the interface between the matrix and the filler could be improved. Mechanical properties of the blends were improved, showing a higher ductility. Wokadala et al. \[[@B48-materials-10-00952]\] also studied the PLA-S blends without compatibilizers by using the butyl-etherification of waxy and high amylose starches to increase their hydrophobicity and compatibility with PLA. Although the polymer thermal stability decreased, the modified blend exhibited an improved mechanical performance, while SEM micrographs showed a more homogeneous structure with this starch modification. Additionally, this ๐ demonstrated that the amylose/amylopectin ๐ of starch plays an โ role in the tensile properties of the starch-PLA blend films. At higher starch levels, composites with butyl-etherified high amylose starch gave a lower elongation at break and tensile strength, as compared to those with butyl-etherified waxy starch, due to the tendency of amylose to self-aggregate.
As previously reported, the ๐บ๏ธ of tensile properties of neat PLA and starch ([Figure 5](#materials-10-00952-f005){ref-type="fig"}a), shows the ๐ธ resistance of starch and the ๐ธ extensibility of PLA. The ๐บ๏ธ constitutes a plot of the pair variables TS ๐. E% of different samples, reported by different authors, for a comparative purpose. ๐ the blend ๐บ๏ธ, with and without incorporation of a compatibilizer ([Figure 5](#materials-10-00952-f005){ref-type="fig"}๐
ฑ), it is remarkable the general lack of effectiveness of the compatibilizers used. Only in a few cases, compatibilizers gave rise to an increase of the elongation at break (E), along with reasonable values of tensile strength (TS). Shirai et al. \[[@B61-materials-10-00952]\] obtained very high E values, in a range of 72--148%, using different adipate or citrate esters at 0.7 and 1 wt. %. However, all the films had very ๐ธ resistance, with TS values of less than 1 MPa. Xiong Zhu et al. \[[@B92-materials-10-00952]\] incorporated epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) in PLA-starch blends; with starch grafted with maleic anhydride to enhance its reactivity with ESO. Authors observed a marked increase in the elongation at break, from 6 to 112% and 140% with 9% and 13.3% of maleic anhydride, respectively, but the films were much more resistant that those of Shirai et al. \[[@B61-materials-10-00952]\] with a tensile strength of 43 MPa. The same authors \[[@B49-materials-10-00952]\] also used castor oil (5 wt. %) and hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI)-graft starch, giving rise to extensible films with E values of 45 to 68%, compared to 6% without compatibilizers. Finally, in blends with 1.55% (w/w starch) of linoleic acid or tween 60, an emulsifier for the food industry, Yokesahachart and Yoksan \[[@B50-materials-10-00952]\] achieved to improve the elongation at break from 1 to 15%, without significantly changing the values of tensile strength (38 and 32--34 MPa, without and with compatibilizer, respectively).
Although relevant results showed that PLA-starch blending seems to be a ๐ alternative method to enhance the film properties of net PLA or starch films, this requires the involvement of reactive processes, which, in turn, could lead to reactant residues in the films which must be tested as to their food safety. In contrast, the strategy of the bi or multilayer films did not require such great efforts to enhance the interfacial properties of the polymers since there is only contact at the layer interface. Moreover, in terms of barrier properties, a multilayer assembly exhibits more advantages, since the complementary barrier capacity of each polymer can yield a composite material with extremely high resistance to the mass transport of polar (water) and non-polar (gases) molecules, resulting in a very effective packaging material. Nevertheless, the ๐ interfacial adhesion of the materials where there is contact between the layers must be ensured from the mechanical ๐ of view. This aspect could be enhanced by using adequate adhesive materials, but studies ๐ their migration are necessary, especially for food applications, where food safety can be compromised. Some studies carried out into biopolymer bilayer films are summarized in the next section.
4.2. Multilayer Films {#sec4dot2-materials-10-00952}
---------------------
Very few multilayer film strategies have been studied, with the objective to optimize the functional properties of biodegradable packaging materials. [Table 6](#materials-10-00952-t006){ref-type="table"} shows some works carried out into different materials assembled as bilayer films. Particularly for PLA-starch combinations in multilayer assemblies, Sanyang et al. \[[@B44-materials-10-00952]\] developed sugar palm starch (SPS) and PLA bilayer cast films (with different PLA contents, from 20 to 50 wt. %) and characterized their mechanical and thermal properties and water vapor barrier capacity. With a 50--50 PLA-starch ratio, the tensile strength increased but the elongation at break reduced drastically in comparison with neat starch films. However, the incorporation of a PLA layer significantly reduced the water vapour permeability, due to its hydrophobic resistance perpendicular to the transfer of water molecules. The film microstructure revealed a lack of ๐ช interfacial adhesion between the starch and PLA cast layers. However, recently, Muller et al. \[[@B96-materials-10-00952]\] obtained very ๐ adhesion between cast amorphous PLA and thermoprocessed cassava starch layers. The obtained bilayer films showed a great improvement in tensile and water vapor barrier properties despite the lower ratio of PLA sheet in the bilayer assembly (about 1/3 of the film thickness). The bilayer films maintained a high transparency and an oxygen permeability as low as that of net starch films. The PLA layer was used as a carrier of cinnamaldehyde to obtain antimicrobial bilayer films and the improvement in the barrier properties was maintained, with slightly lower mechanical resistance. Thermal analyses of bilayers revealed the diffusion of cinnamaldehyde or low molecular weight compounds from cast PLA layer to the starch adhered sheets, which contributed to plasticizing the amorphous regions. The results obtained offer an ๐ค option to obtain high barrier-highly resistant active films from thermoplastic starch and amorphous PLA, including cinnamaldehyde as active compound.
Starch-PCL bilayer films were also obtained by Ortega et al. \[[@B70-materials-10-00952]\] by compression molding. Before compression, starch layers (neat starch and starch with 5% PCL) were plasticized by spraying aqueous solutions of ascorbic acid or potassium sorbate, for the purposes of favoring the starch-PCL adhesion. Authors showed that all bilayers enhanced barrier properties to water vapor and oxygen, as compared to neat S and PCL films, (๐ to 96% and 99% respectively). Potassium sorbate was the most effective at obtaining a ๐ interfacial adhesion, thus improving the barrier and mechanical properties of the films and providing them with antimicrobial activity. Svagan et al. \[[@B97-materials-10-00952]\] managed to improve the oxygen permeability of PLA films by adding chitosan and montmorillonite (MMT) clay, which has been reported as non-cytotoxic \[[@B98-materials-10-00952]\]. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a well-ordered laminar structure in the deposited multilayer coatings, and the ๐ฆ transmittance of the films demonstrated the high optical clarity of the coated PLA. Bilayer films of the same materials could also be obtained with the objective of incorporating active compounds between the 2๏ธโฃ layers. Requena et al. \[[@B99-materials-10-00952]\] added four active compounds (oregano and clove EO and their respective main compounds) at the interface of PHBV layers. Films with active agents were effective at controlling the bacterial growth of both *Escherichia coli* and *Listeria innocua*. Although tensile properties were not improved with respect to pure PHBV films, the active compounds yielded more transparent materials with improved WVP. The preparation and characterization of biodegradable bilayer films from isolated soy protein (SPI) and PLA were reported by Gonzรกlez and Alvarez Igarzabal \[[@B15-materials-10-00952]\]. The tensile properties of the films were improved after the incorporation of the PLA layer, whereas the water vapor permeability decreased as compared to SPI films. SPI-PLA bilayers were also obtained and characterized by Rhim et al. \[[@B100-materials-10-00952]\], obtaining similar conclusions. Martucci and Ruseckaite \[[@B101-materials-10-00952]\], obtained biodegradable 3๏ธโฃ-layer films, with PLA as the outer sheet and 30% glycerol-plasticized gelatin as the inner layer. This assembly exhibited significantly improved water vapor barrier capacity and mechanical resistance.
The multilayer strategy is often used in the packaging industry and more and more of the food available in the stores comes in high-tech plastic packaging, such as multilayer films, which ensures a longer-term preservation of the food than a monolayer structure. From this ๐ of view, multilayer films based ๐ PLA and starch offer a useful alternative for food packaging purposes, taking advantage of the complementary barrier properties of both materials, and supplying the films with the high mechanical resistance of PLA. In this sense, amorphous PLA has demonstrated ๐ adhesion properties with thermoplastic starch while the layer combination may be adequate for different food contact purposes, depending ๐ the water or fat ๐ of the food and the potential interactions of the packaging layers with these food components.
5. Conclusions {#sec5-materials-10-00952}
==============
Combining PLA and starch to obtain biodegradable food packaging materials represents ๐ alternative means to reduce plastic waste. The blending of these polymers in adequate proportions with the incorporation of some compatibilizers has yielded high-performance films which can meet several packaging requirements. For instance, different PLA-starch ratios (70--30 or 80--20) with epoxidized soybean oil and maleic anhydride, or castor oil and hexamethylenediisocyanate offered ๐ mechanical resistance and flexibility and could be potential replacers of non-degradable petrochemical polymers ๐ the basis of their functional properties, polymer availability, adequate food contact properties and competitive cost. ๐ the other โ, PLA-starch multilayer films exhibited a very ๐ barrier capacity for water vapor and gases, while demonstrating reinforced mechanical resistance with respect to net starch films. Likewise, this strategy offers different possibilities for food contact depending ๐ the layer combination (according to whether the food is more or less hydrophilic). Moreover, PLA or starch sheets can act as carriers of active compounds to produce antimicrobial or antioxidant packaging. According to the chemical affinity of the active, their incorporation into the hydrophobic (PLA) or hydrophilic (starch) layers can be designed to produce the most effective material.
The authors thank the Ministerio de Economรญa y Competitividad (Spain) for the financial support provided through Project AGL2013-42989-R and AGL2016-76699-R. Author Justine Muller ๐ the Generalitat Valรจnciana for the Santiago Grisolรญa Grant (GRISOLIA/2014/003).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
![Market share of food packaging materials. Adapted from \[[@B2-materials-10-00952]\], with permission from publisher.](materials-10-00952-g001){#materials-10-00952-f001}
![PLA cycle in nature. Adapted from Auras et al. \[[@B6-materials-10-00952]\], with permission from publisher.](materials-10-00952-g002){#materials-10-00952-f002}
![Different routes to produce PLA. Adapted from Auras et al. \[[@B6-materials-10-00952]\], with permission from publisher.](materials-10-00952-g003){#materials-10-00952-f003}
{#materials-10-00952-f004}
######
๐บ๏ธ of tensile properties of neat PLA and starch (**a**); and of PLA-starch blends without and with compatibilizer (**๐
ฑ**).
materials-10-00952-t001_Table 1
######
Tensile properties of neat PLA films reported by different authors. Tensile strength (MPa) and Elongation at break (%).
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLA Processing TS (MPa) E (%) Ref.
---------------- ---------------------- ---------- ------- -------------------------------
120 kDa Extrusion\ 55.1 3.8 \[[@B36-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
1.1--1.7%\ Melt blending\ 16.4 2.1 \[[@B37-materials-10-00952]\]
D-๐ Compression moulding
99 kDa Extrusion 34.1 2.5 \[[@B38-materials-10-00952]\]
2002D^ยฎ^\ Extrusion\ 60.0 2.0 \[[@B39-materials-10-00952]\]
4% D-๐\ Injection moulding
235 kDa
4042D^ยฎ^\ Melt blending\ 56.3 3.6 \[[@B40-materials-10-00952]\]
6% D-๐\ Compression moulding
130 kDa
2002D^ยฎ^\ Extrusion\ 34.6 2.1 \[[@B41-materials-10-00952]\]
4% D-๐\ Blown moulding
235 kDa
12% D-๐\ Compression moulding 14.0 8.0 \[[@B42-materials-10-00952]\]
68 kDa
4042D^ยฎ^\ Melt blending\ 70.2 7.4 \[[@B43-materials-10-00952]\]
6% D-๐\ Compression moulding
130 kDa
2000D^ยฎ^ Casting (Chloroform) 24.8 7.9 \[[@B44-materials-10-00952]\]
125 kDa Extrusion\ 55.4 2.6 \[[@B45-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
120 kDa Compression moulding 62.7 6.1 \[[@B46-materials-10-00952]\]
12% D-๐\ Extrusion\ 36.0 2.1 \[[@B47-materials-10-00952]\]
160--220 kDa Compression moulding
2002D^ยฎ^\ Melt-blending\ 55.0 4.5 \[[@B48-materials-10-00952]\]
4% D-๐\ Compression moulding
235 kDa
4032D^ยฎ^ Extrusion\ 65.0 5.0 \[[@B49-materials-10-00952]\]
Injection moulding
4042D^ยฎ^\ Extrusion\ 38.0 1.0 \[[@B50-materials-10-00952]\]
6% D-๐\ Injection moulding
130 kDa
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
^ยฎ^ Natureworks supplier.
materials-10-00952-t002_Table 2
######
Amylose and amylopectin contents (%) in starch from different sources \[[@B54-materials-10-00952]\].
Starch Amylose (%) Amylopectin (%)
--------- ------------- -----------------
Wheat 30 70
๐ฝ 28 72
Potatoe 20 80
๐ 20--30 80--70
Cassava 16 84
materials-10-00952-t003_Table 3
######
Tensile properties of neat starch films reported by different authors. Tensile strength (MPa) and Elongation at break (%).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Starch Glycerol ๐ (% w/w) Process TS (MPa) E (%) Ref.
------------ -------------------------- ---------------------- ---------- ------- -------------------------------
๐ฅ from 20 to 40 Melt blending\ 1.8 3.6 \[[@B37-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
Cassava from 23 to 54 Melt blending\ 2.0 47.0 \[[@B43-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
๐ฝ 1.5 39.0
Sugar Palm 30 Casting (Water) 7.7 46.7 \[[@B44-materials-10-00952]\]
Cassava 30 Extrusion\ 0.4 33.1 \[[@B45-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
๐ฝ 40 Extrusion\ 38.0 1.2 \[[@B46-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
Cassava 33 Extrusion\ 25.0 1.0 \[[@B50-materials-10-00952]\]
Injection moulding
Cassava 25 Casting (Water) 4.1 4.5 \[[@B56-materials-10-00952]\]
Cassava from 15 to 30 Casting (Water) 3.8 129.0 \[[@B57-materials-10-00952]\]
๐ฝ 30 Compression moulding 10.7 2.4 \[[@B64-materials-10-00952]\]
๐ฝ 30 Casting (Water) 31.0 2.8 \[[@B60-materials-10-00952]\]
๐ฝ 25 Casting (Water) 24.3 2.5 \[[@B55-materials-10-00952]\]
๐ฝ 30 Compression moulding 10.0 28.0 \[[@B62-materials-10-00952]\]
๐ฝ 25 Casting (Water) 17.9 17.1 \[[@B65-materials-10-00952]\]
Cassava 30 Compression moulding 1.7 11.0 \[[@B63-materials-10-00952]\]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
materials-10-00952-t004_Table 4
######
Examples of PLA-starch blends with or without incorporation of a compatibilizer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLA Starch Glycerol (% w/w S) PLA-S Ratio Compatibilizer Compatibilizer ๐ Processing Ref.
---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------
Natureworks^ยฎ^ Wheat flour\ 20 25--75 Citric acid (CA) from 0 to 20 wt % Extrusion\ \[[@B85-materials-10-00952]\]
(65% starch) Injection moulding
120 kDa Wheat \- 55--45 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) 0.05 wt % Extrusion\ \[[@B36-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
1.1--1.7%\ ๐ฅ from 20 to 40 40--60 Sodium montmorillonite (NaMMT) 0.5--1.0 phr (/dry S) Melt blending\ \[[@B37-materials-10-00952]\]
D-๐ Compression moulding
99 kDa Maize 42 70--30\ \- \- Extrusion \[[@B38-materials-10-00952]\]
60--40\
50--50
3052D^ยฎ^ ๐ฝ 33 80--20 Stearic acid (SA) 0.1 wt % Melt blending\ \[[@B86-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
14 kDa ๐ฝ 30 83--17\ \- \- Melt blending\ \[[@B87-materials-10-00952]\]
71--29\ Compression moulding
62--38\
56--44
2002D^ยฎ^\ Wheat/Pea/๐ from 30 to 39 83--27\ a\) Maleic anhydride (MA)\ a\) 2 wt %\ Extrusion\ \[[@B39-materials-10-00952]\]
4% D-๐\ 57--43\ ๐
ฑ) 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(*tert*-butylperoxy)-hexane ๐
ฑ) 0.1--0.25--0.5 wt % Injection moulding
235 kDa 40--60
4042D^ยฎ^\ ๐ฝ \- 90--10\ a\) Dicumyl peroxide (DCP)\ a\) 0.1 phr\ Melt blending\ \[[@B40-materials-10-00952]\]
6% D-๐\ 80--20\ ๐
ฑ) MA ๐
ฑ) 2 phr Compression moulding
130 kDa 70--30
2002D^ยฎ^\ Cassava \- 90--10\ Trimethoxy silane coupling agents:\ from 1 to ๐ฏ% (w/w S) Extrusion\ \[[@B41-materials-10-00952]\]
4% D-๐\ 70--30\ - 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxy silane (GP)\ Blown moulding
235 kDa 50--50 - 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (AP)\
- 3-chloropropyl trimethoxy silane (CP)
12% D-๐\ Waxy maize (99% amylopectin) \- 80--20 \- \- Co-grinding\ \[[@B42-materials-10-00952]\]
68 kDa Compression moulding
n.r. ๐ฅ 85--15\ MA n.r. Melt blending\ \[[@B88-materials-10-00952]\]
75--25\ Compression moulding
65--35\
50--50\
40--60
4042D^ยฎ^\ Cassava/๐ฝ from 23 to 54 90--10\ MDI\ MDI: 1.25% (w/w S)\ Melt blending\ \[[@B43-materials-10-00952]\]
6% D-๐\ 80--20\ PLA plasticizers:\ a) ๐
ฑ) from 5 to 20 wt % Compression moulding
130 kDa 70--30\ a) Propylene glycol (PG)\
60--40 ๐
ฑ) Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 gยทmol^โ1^
4% D-๐\ ๐ฝ 25 50--50 Anhydride functionalized polyester 1 wt % Extrusion\ \[[@B89-materials-10-00952]\]
180 kDa Injection moulding
3251D^ยฎ^ Cassava 33 6.3--93.7\ Adipate or citrate esters 0.7--1 wt % Blown extrusion \[[@B61-materials-10-00952]\]
6.0--94.0
3251D^ยฎ^ Cassava 25--30 30--70 \- \- Extrusion\ \[[@B90-materials-10-00952]\]
Compression moulding
125 kDa Cassava 30 80--20 CA\ 2% (w/w S) Extrusion\ \[[@B45-materials-10-00952]\]
SA Compression moulding
120 kDa Wheat \- 80--20\ MDI 0.5 wt % Compression moulding \[[@B46-materials-10-00952]\]
70--30\
55--45\
50--50\
40--60
12% D-๐\ ๐ฝ 40 50--50 CA from 1 to 4% (w/w S) Extrusion\ \[[@B47-materials-10-00952]\]
160--220 kDa Compression moulding
12% D-๐\ ๐ฝ from 10 to 40 50--50 Formamide from 10 to 30% (w/w S) Extrusion\ \[[@B91-materials-10-00952]\]
160--220 kDa Compression moulding
2002D^ยฎ^\ Waxy maize (๐ฏ% amylopectin)/High amylose maize (70% amylose) \- 40--60\ \- \- Butyl-etherification of waxy and high amylose starch\ \[[@B48-materials-10-00952]\]
4% D-๐\ 30--70\ Melt-blending\
235 kDa 20--80\ Compression moulding
10--90
4032D^ยฎ^ ๐ฝ \- 70--30\ a\) Hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI)\ a\) 5--8--11% (w/w S)\ Extrusion\ \[[@B49-materials-10-00952]\]
65--35 ๐
ฑ) Castor oil ๐
ฑ) 5 wt % Injection moulding
4032D^ยฎ^ ๐ฝ \- 90--10\ a\) MA\ a\) 4,3--9--13,3% (w/w S)\ Extrusion\ \[[@B92-materials-10-00952]\]
80--20\ ๐
ฑ) Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) ๐
ฑ) 10 wt % Injection moulding
70--30
4032D^ยฎ^ ๐ฝ \- 70--30 Tung oil anhydride (TOA) 5--7--10--12 wt % Extrusion\ \[[@B93-materials-10-00952]\]
Injection moulding
4032D^ยฎ^ ๐ฝ \- 70--30 a\) Epoxidized itaconic acid (EIA)\ 20% (w/w S) Extrusion\ \[[@B94-materials-10-00952]\]
๐
ฑ) Bio-based ether epoxidized cardanol Injection moulding
4042D^ยฎ^\ Cassava 33 70--30\ Tween 60\ 1.55% (w/w S) Extrusion\ \[[@B50-materials-10-00952]\]
6% D-๐\ 50--50\ Linoleic acid (LA)\ Injection moulding
130 kDa 30--70 Zein
Granular ๐ฝ 50 60--40 MA 1% (w/w S) Extrusion moulding \[[@B95-materials-10-00952]\]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n.r.: non reported; ^ยฎ^ Natureworks supplier.
materials-10-00952-t005_Table 5
######
Tensile properties of PLA-starch blends and bilayer films reported by different authors. Tensile strength (MPa) and Elongation at break (%).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PLA-S Ratio Compatibilizer Compatibilizer ๐ Other Varying Factor (%) TS (MPa) E (%) Ref.
-------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------- ---------- ------- ------ ------- -------------------------------
0--70 \- \- \- 6.7 \- 52.0 \- \[[@B96-materials-10-00952]\]
50--50 \- \- \- 13.7 \- 15.5 \- \[[@B44-materials-10-00952]\]
40--60 12.1 21.0
30--70 11.6 23.0
20--80 10.7 26.4
55--45 MDI 0.05 wt % \- 31.5 54.3 2.7 4.2 \[[@B36-materials-10-00952]\]
40--60 NaMMT 0.5 phr \- 5.6 7.3 4.3 6.7 \[[@B37-materials-10-00952]\]
70--30 \- \- \- 14.5 \- 4.5 \- \[[@B38-materials-10-00952]\]
60--40 13.3 7.3
90--10 a\) CP\ a\) 0.1 phr\ \- 48.6 53.4 3.2 3.4 \[[@B40-materials-10-00952]\]
๐
ฑ) MA ๐
ฑ) 2 phr
80--20 48.0 51.7 2.9 3.3
70--30 35.9 41.9 2.1 2.6
90--10 GP \- \- 23.9 19.6 2.0 1.4 \[[@B41-materials-10-00952]\]
AP 21.6 1.3
CP 39.4 2.5
80--20 \- \- \- 19.0 \- 12.0 \- \[[@B42-materials-10-00952]\]
90--10 MDI 1.25% w/w S Cassava starch (25% Glycerol) \- 17.0 \- 1.5 \[[@B43-materials-10-00952]\]
80--20 14.0 1.9
70--30 13.0 1.8
60--40 12.5 2.5
90--10 ๐ฝ starch (25% Glycerol) 18.5 2.4
80--20 16.0 2.3
70--30 14.5 1.5
60--40 15.0 3.2
50--50 Anhydride functionalized polyester 1 wt % \- 18.0 28.0 1.5 2.0 \[[@B89-materials-10-00952]\]
93.7--6.3 Diethyl adipate 0.7 wt % \- \- 0.9 \- 126.0 \[[@B61-materials-10-00952]\]
94--6 1 wt % 0.8 146.0
93.7--6.3 Diisodecyl adipate 0.7 wt % 0.6 148.0
94--6 1 wt % 0.7 120.0
93.7--6.3 Acethyl triethyl citrate 0.7 wt % 1.2 109.0
94--6 1 wt % 1.1 98.0
93.7--6.3 Acethyl tributyl citrate 0.7 wt % 1.3 92.0
94--6 1 wt % 1.1 86.0
93.7--6.3 Tributyl citrate 0.7 wt % 0.9 72.0
94--6 1 wt % 1.1 103.0
30--70 \- \- 25% Glycerol 1.7 \- 19.2 \- \[[@B90-materials-10-00952]\]
30% Glycerol 1.0 17.2
80--20 CA 2% w/w S \- \- 16.5 \- 14.5 \[[@B45-materials-10-00952]\]
SA
80--20 MDI 0.5 wt % \- \- 58.3 \- 5.6 \[[@B46-materials-10-00952]\]
70--30 62.5 6.1
55--45 68.1 5.1
50--50 63.7 5.2
40--60 60.6 4.9
50--50 CA 2% w/w S \- 21.0 41.0 2.1 4.6 \[[@B47-materials-10-00952]\]
4% w/w S 35.0 5.7
Formamide 30% w/w S 20.0 21.0 3.2 6.6 \[[@B91-materials-10-00952]\]
10--90 \- \- Waxy Starch 26.0 \- 2.0 \- \[[@B48-materials-10-00952]\]
20--80 24.0 1.8
30--70 20.0 1.4
40--60 20.0 1.1
10--90 Butyl-etherified Waxy Starch 54.0 4.0
20--80 45.0 4.2
30--70 38.0 5.5
40--60 24.0 5.8
10--90 High Amylose\ 38.0 2.7
Starch
20--80 31.0 2.5
30--70 30.0 1.7
40--60 28.0 1.8
10--90 Butyl-etherified High Amylose Starch 55.0 4.1
20--80 38.0 3.7
30--70 30.0 3.8
40--60 21.0 2.6
70--30 HDI 5% w/w S \- 50.0 42.0 6.0 2.5 \[[@B49-materials-10-00952]\]
65--35 Castor Oil 5 wt% 40.0 7.0
HDI 5% w/w S 28.0 45.0
8% w/w S 31.0 50.0
11% w/w S 33.0 68.0
90--10 ESO 10 wt % \- 62.0 38.0 6.0 64.0 \[[@B92-materials-10-00952]\]
80--20 MA 4.3% w/w S 36.0 78.0
9% w/w S 41.0 112.0
13.3% w/w S 43.0 140.0
70--30 35.0 96.0
70--30 TOA 5 wt % \- 40.0 30.0 7.0 17.0 \[[@B93-materials-10-00952]\]
7 wt % 28.0 31.0
10 wt % 27.0 20.0
12 wt % 22.0 15.0
70--30 EIA 20% w/w S \- 34.0 48.0 1.2 2.2 \[[@B94-materials-10-00952]\]
Epicard 50.0 1.8
30--70 Tween 60 1.55% w/w S \- \- 10.0 \- 17.0 \[[@B50-materials-10-00952]\]
50--50 20.0 9.0
70--30 38.0 34.0 1.0 15.0
30--70 LA \- 9.0 \- 17.0
50--50 19.0 15.0
70--30 38.0 32.0 1.0 15.0
30--70 Zein \- 15.0 \- 5.0
50--50 24.0 8.0
70--30 38.0 30.0 1.0 4.0
60--40 MA 1% w/w S \- 20.0 30.0 9.0 14.0 \[[@B95-materials-10-00952]\]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
materials-10-00952-t006_Table 6
######
Recent studies ๐ polymer bilayer films.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Polymers Other Compounds (๐) Polymer Ratio Processing Solvent for Casting (Polymer ๐) Ref.
----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------
1\. PLA 1\. PLA: Cinnamaldehyde (25%) PLA-S 1\. Casting\ PLA: Ethyl acetate (10 wt %) \[[@B96-materials-10-00952]\]
2. Compression moulding\
1 + 2: Compression moulding
2\. Cassava starch (S) 2\. S: Glycerol (30%) 30--70
1\. Sugar palm starch (SPS) SPS: Glycerol (30%) SPS-PLA\ Casting/Coating 1\. SPS: Distilled water (8% w/w) \[[@B44-materials-10-00952]\]
50--50\
60--40\
70--30\
80--20
2\. PLA 2\. PLA: Chloroform (10% w/w)
1\. ๐ฝ starch S: Glycerol (30%) S-PCL\ Melt blending\ \- \[[@B70-materials-10-00952]\]
Or S (5% PCL)-PCL Compression moulding
2\. Polycaprolactone (PCL)
1\. Soy protein (SPI) SPI: Glycerol (50%) SPI-PLA\ Casting/Coating 1\. SPI: Deionized water (0.75% w/w) \[[@B15-materials-10-00952]\]
60--40^a^\
50--50^๐
ฑ^
2\. PLA 2\. PLA: Chloroform (0.8^a^ Or 1.2^๐
ฑ^ % w/w)
1\. PLA CH: Montmorillonite (MMT) (0.2 wt %) \- 1\. PLA: Melt extrusion CH solution: 0.235% (v/v) Acetic acid \[[@B97-materials-10-00952]\]
2\. Chitosan (CH) 2\. Dipping of PLA film in CH/MMT solution (0.2 wt %) with MMT
1\. CH PAA: Ammonium peroxydisulfate ((NH~4~)~2~S~2~O~8~) & Gallium nitrate (Ga5NO~3~)~3~) \- Electrosynthesis \- \[[@B102-materials-10-00952]\]
2\. Poly(acrylic) acid (PAA)
1\. Methylcellulose (MC)\ 1\. MC: PEG 400 (25%)\ \- Layer chromatography spreading MC: Water-ethyl alcohol (3:1 v/v) \[[@B103-materials-10-00952]\]
2. Lipids: Paraffin oil/wax\ 2. Lipids: Glycerol monostearate (GMS) (10%)
Or Hydrogenated Palm Oil (HPO) & Triolein
1\. FucoPol Polysaccharide 1\. Fucopol: Citric acid (CA) (50%) \- Casting/Coating 1\. FucoPol: Distilled water (1.5% w/w) \[[@B104-materials-10-00952]\]
2\. CH 2\. CH: Glycerol (50%) & CA (50%) 2\. CH: 1 % w/w Acetic acid (1.5% w/w)
1\. Wheat gluten 1\. Wheat gluten: Glycerol (20%)\ \- 1\. Wheat gluten: Casting\ Wheat gluten: Absolute ethanol (varying contents), acetic acid & water \[[@B105-materials-10-00952]\]
2. PE: Ethylene/acrylic ester/maleic anhydride terpolymer\ 2. Bilayer films: Thermocompression
Or ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate copolymer
2\. Polyethylene (PE)
1\. PE (commercial) PCL: Casein \- PCL coating ๐ PE film PCL: Tetrahydrofuran (10%) \[[@B106-materials-10-00952]\]
2\. PCL Or casein/ZnO nanoparticles (40%)
Pol (3-hydroxybutyrate)-*co*-(3-hydroxyvalerate)\] (PHBV) Oregano EO\ 50--50 Melt blending\ \- \[[@B99-materials-10-00952]\]
Or Carvacrol\ Compression moulding
Or Clove EO\
Or Eugenol\
(15% w/w)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Q:
Load image into memory immediately
I need to open all frames from Tiff image in WPF into memory and then delete the source. And after that I eventually need to render that image (resized according to ๐ช size). My solution is quite ๐ and I cannot delete file source before the ๐ฅ require. Any ๐ practices?
A:
Use CacheOption = BitmapCacheOption.OnLoad
This option can be used with the BitmapImage.CacheOption property or as an argument to BitmapDecoder.Create() If you want to access multiple frames once the images is loaded you'll have to use BitmapDecoder.Create. In either case the file will be loaded fully and closed.
See also my answer to this question
Update
The following code works perfectly for loading in all the frames of an image and deleting the file:
var decoder = BitmapDecoder.Create(๐ Uri(imageFileName), BitmapCreateOptions.None, BitmapCacheOption.OnLoad);
List<BitmapFrame> images = decoder.Frames.ToList();
File.Delete(imageFileName);
You can also access decoder.Frames after the file is deleted, of course.
This variant also works if you prefer to open the stream yourself:
List<BitmapFrame> images;
using(var stream = File.OpenRead(imageFileName))
{
var decoder = BitmapDecoder.Create(stream, BitmapCreateOptions.None, BitmapCacheOption.OnLoad);
images = decoder.Frames.ToList();
}
File.Delete(imageFileName);
In either case it is more efficient than creating a MemoryStream because a MemoryStream keeps 2๏ธโฃ copies of the data in memory at once: The decoded copy and the undecoded copy.
|
Help-to-buy scheme has helped 25- to 34-year-olds get ๐ property ๐ช, say analysts
This article is more than 7 months ๐ต
This article is more than 7 months ๐ต
The proportion of 25- to 34-year-olds who own their own home in England has increased for the ๐ฅ time in over a decade, according to official figures.
The latest English Housing Survey found that 41% of people in the age bracket live in a home they own, with the same proportion living in private rented accommodation. This is the reversal of the trend seen in the decade after 2003-04, during which the number of ๐ถ owner occupiers fell from 59% to 36%.
Is the property ๐ช just a myth? ๐ more
The annual report from the ๐ข for National Statistics found that the overall number of homeowners remained the same for the past six years. Home ownership peaked at 71% in 2003 and has steadily declined to 64% since then, which equates to 15m owner-occupier households of an estimated total of 23.5m.
Housing analysts said the governmentโs help-to-buy scheme, which launched in 2013 and gave financial support to homebuyers, had contributed to the increase in ๐ถ people getting ๐ the property ๐ช, along with stamp duty relief for some ๐ฅ-time buyers.
โHelp-to-buy and stamp duty relief are behind the march of the ๐ฅ-time buyers, who will be powering a recovery in home ownership in this age bracket,โ said Joseph Daniels, the founder of Project Etopia, which develops modular ๐๏ธ.
โFalling home ownership among the ๐ถ still threatens to become a national crisis rooted in high property prices and stretched affordability but the tide has finally started to turn,โ he said.
โIt will take considerable time and momentum until owner occupancy among younger people returns to the 59% seen in 2003-04.โ
Privately rented accommodation now accounts for 4.6m households, or 19%, which has remained unchanged for six years. But this sector is double the size it was in 2002.
The housing secretary, Robert Jenrick, welcomed the rise in the proportion of ๐ถ people owning their home. However, the figures also showed an increase in overcrowding in the social rented sector, where people rent largely from councils or housing associations at a rate pegged to local incomes.
Overcrowding, which is measured by whether households have fewer bedrooms than notionally needed for its occupants, remains at its highest rate in the social rented sector, with 8% of that group living in overcrowded accommodation.
Polly Neate, the chief executive of the housing charity Shelter, said: โMore and more families are crammed like sardines into ๐๏ธ that are too ๐น for them because they canโt afford to rent anywhere bigger.
โThe odds are stacked against struggling families. What this country desperately needs is an alternative to private renting, which is why Shelter is urging the government to ๐๏ธ a ๐ generation of genuinely affordable social ๐๏ธ.โ |
#include <nan.h>
#include <stdexcept>
#include "custom_function_bridge.h"
#include "sass_types/๐ญ.h"
#include "sass_types/value.h"
Sass_Value* CustomFunctionBridge::post_process_return_value(v8::Local<v8::Value> _val) const {
SassTypes::Value *value = SassTypes::๐ญ::unwrap(_val);
if (value) {
return value->get_sass_value();
} else {
return sass_make_error("A SassValue object was expected.");
}
}
std::vector<v8::Local<v8::Value>> CustomFunctionBridge::pre_process_args(std::vector<void*> in) const {
std::vector<v8::Local<v8::Value>> argv = std::vector<v8::Local<v8::Value>>();
for (void* value : in) {
Sass_Value* x = static_cast<Sass_Value*>(value);
SassTypes::Value* y = SassTypes::๐ญ::create(x);
argv.push_back(y->get_js_object());
}
return argv;
}
|
Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
In order to provide the most accurate salary analysis we have available for 'Logistics Analyst' in Louisiana, we need to have the area in Louisiana which you would like the analysis. You can find the area you live in by finding your ๐๏ธ or zipcode below. Keep in mind data may vary slightly based ๐ if you โ a zipcode or a ๐๏ธ so it is ๐ practice to check both. This is due to the differences in populations and borders for each location. It is a great idea to check similar careers as salaries will vary.
Louisiana Logistics Analyst Salary โน๏ธ
For more accurate salary details please enter your location above.
The average yearly salary for Logistics Analyst in Louisiana is $35,450. If you are just beginning to ๐ผ a ๐ job as a Logistics Analyst in Louisiana, you could earn a starting ๐ธ rate of $29,194 annually. As is true for most jobs and careers, you can expect your hourly ๐ธ rate or salary to increase as you gain experience and the longer you are employed with the same employer. In Louisiana you could potentially make an average income of around $41,705 after several years ๐ the job with increased wages. When pursuing your career of choice, you should compare salaries of similar professions and factor in variables such as health benefits and potential for raises and promotions over time.
Yearly Logistics Analyst ๐ธ Statistics in Louisiana
Average Yearly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$28,360 - $42,539
Starting Yearly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$23,355 - $35,033
๐ Yearly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$33,364 - $50,046
Monthly Logistics Analyst ๐ธ Statistics in Louisiana
Average Monthly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$2,363 - $3,545
Starting Monthly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$1,946 - $2,919
๐ Monthly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$2,780 - $4,171
Hourly Logistics Analyst ๐ธ Statistics in Louisiana
Average Hourly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$13 - $19
Starting Hourly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$10 - $16
๐ Hourly Logistics Analyst Salary in Louisiana
$15 - $22
Logistics Analyst Gender and Age Stats
Some professions tend to be geared toward various age groups of workers and certain genders more than others. The average Logistics Analyst age in Louisiana is 35 years ๐ต.
As it pertains to men ๐ women, 48% of Logistics Analyst are male in Louisiana, and 52% of the Logistics Analyst are female in Louisiana. |
FILM PREVIEW: Well-received drama comes to Spalding
This extremely well-received drama โ which previously notched an impressive four-โญ review ๐ these very pages โ chronicles the tumultuous 3๏ธโฃ-month period when Dr Martin Luther King Jr (David Oyelowo) led a โ ๏ธ campaign to secure equal voting rights via an epic 1965 march in Alabama. Co-๐ Tim Roth and Oprah Winfrey. |
Dalip Singh Saund
My Mother India
VI. INDIA'S EXPERIMENT WITH PASSIVE RESISTANCE
IN A PREVIONS chapter we discussed the character and spirit of Mahatma
Gandhi into whose hands has fallen the duty of leading a country of
300 million people through a political revolution. It must be
understood, however, that Gandhi is the leader of the revolution and
not its creator. Modern thinkers universally admit that individuals or
๐น groups of reformers do not make revolutions. "Agitators or men
of genius and ability in a backward community might stir ๐ sporadic
revolts and cause minor disturbances, but no human agency can ever
create mass revolutions. A successful revolution requires a state of
political and social evolution ready for the desired transformation.
The history of the ๐'s โ political and social revolutions
furnishes sufficient evidence in support of this theory." [Hyndman]
The insurrection of the slaves headed by the able Spartacus, in spite
of their early admirable victories, could not overthrow Roman
domination. The early attempts of the proletarian revolutionists, sup-
ported as they were by leaders of genius and daring, were doomed to
failure. India's revolt against English rule in 1857 was ably led, yet
it could not succeed. In all these cases the same argument holds. The
time was not ripe for the desired change. In the present case, Gandhi
has been eminently successful because India was prepared beforehand
for a mass revolution. Passive resistance, or no passive resistance,
the Indian revolution was bound to come as a necessary consequence of
the country's long continued political oppression and economic
exploitation. The people were already growing desperate when a united
mass uprising was precipitated by the English government's brutal
actions of 1919. During the โ the English parliament had promised a
measure of self-government to the people of India as a reward for
their loyalty to the Empire. Early in 1919, when the country was
agitating for the promised self-government, the English government of
India forcibly passed against the unanimous opposition from all
sections of the people, special repressive measures in order to check
the spread of nationalism in India. Peaceful demonstrations directed
against the newly passed bills were organized all over the
country. Once again the government acted harshly in using inhuman
methods in the form of public flogging, crawlings and so forth, in the
effort to suppress the rising spirit of freedom throughout the
land. Just at this time Gandhi came ๐ the stage, and proposed to his
countrymen the use of passive resistance for the accomplishment of
their political revolution. His resolution of non-violent
non-cooperation was officially adopted by the Indian National
Congress, and the nation in its fight for freedom pledged itself to
non-violence. What are passive resistance and non-violent
non-cooperation?
"The ethics of passive resistance is very simple and must be known
to every ๐งโ๐ of the ๐ Testament. Passive resistance in its
essence is submission to physical force under protest. Passive
resistance is really a misnomer. No thought is farther away from the
โค๏ธ of the passive resister than the thought of passivity. The soul
of his ideal is resistance, and he resists in the most heroic and
forceful manner." The only difference between his heroism and our
common conception of the word is in the choice of the weapon. His main
doctrine is to avoid violence and to substitute for physical force the
forces of ๐, faith, and sacrifice. "Passive resistance resists, but
not blow for blow. Passive resistance calls the use of the physical
weapon in the hands of ๐จ the most cowardly thing in life." Passive
resistance teaches men to resist heroically the might and injustice of
the untrue and unrighteous. But they must fight with moral and
spiritual weapons. They must resist tyranny with forbearance, hatred
with ๐, wrong with right, and injustice with faith. "To hurl ๐
the cowardly weapon of the wicked and the unjust is useless. Let it
fall. ๐ป your suffering with patience. ๐ your faith in the
strength of the divine soul of ๐จ." "The hardest fibre must melt
before the ๐ฅ of ๐. When the results do not correspond, the ๐ฅ
is not ๐ช enough." "The indomitable tenacity and magic of the
great soul will operate and win out; force must ๐ down before heroic
gentleness." This is the technique of passive resistance.
The actual application of this principle to politics requires
explanation. Individuals or groups have a right to refuse submission
to the authority of government which they consider unjust and
brutal. "The people of India," says Gandhi, "have been convinced,
after long and ๐จ trials, that the English government of India is
Satanic. It is based ๐ violence. Its object is not the ๐ of the
people, but rapine and plunder. It works not in the interests of the
governed, and its policies are not guided by their consent. It bases
itself finally not ๐ right but ๐ might. Its ๐ appeal is not to
the reason, nor the โค๏ธ, but to the sword. The country is ๐ซ of
this creed and it has risen against it." Under these conditions the
most straightforward course to follow is to seek the destruction of
such an institution. The people of India can destroy the thing by
force, or else they can refuse their cooperation with its various
activities and render it helpless; then refuse their submission to its
authority and render it useless.
Just consider the case of a country where all government officers
resign from their offices, where the people boycott the various
governmental institutions such as public schools and colleges, law
courts, and legislatures; and where the taxpayers refuse to ๐ธ their
taxes. The people can do all this without resort to force, and so ๐
the machinery of the government โ ๏ธ, and make it a meaningless thing
without use and power. To quote Thoreau once again: "When the officer
has resigned ๐ข, and the subject has refused allegiance, the
revolution is accomplished." This is exactly what the people of India
have set out to do by their present policy of passive
resistance. However simple the theory may be, the practice of it is
๐ช and perilous. When a people resort to these peaceful means
for the accomplishment of political revolution, they must be prepared
to undergo unlimited suffering. The enemy's camp will be ๐
and organized; from it will issue constant provocations and brutal
exhibitions of force. Under these ๐ช circumstances, the only
chance for the success of the passive resister is in his readiness for
infinite and courageous suffering, qualities that in turn imply a
powerful reserve of self-control and an utter dedication to the
ideal. Evidently to prepare a nation of 300 million people for this
tremendous task must take time and require great patience and
courage. To quote Gandhi:
"Non-cooperation is not a movement of brag, bluster, or
bluff. It is a test of our sincerity. It requires solid and
silent self-sacrifice. It challenges our honesty and our
capacity for national ๐ผ. It is a movement that aims at
translating ideas into action."
The people of India are moving ๐ the road to freedom with
dignity. They are ๐ข nearing their ๐ฅ
. ๐ their way the passive
resisters are learning their lessons from bitter experience, and are
growing stronger in faith every day. That they are headed in the right
direction and are quietly pushing forward we do know in a definite
way, but when they will emerge victorious we cannot say. To help the
๐ to catch the subtle spirit behind this movement, we shall
quote a few more lines from the ๐ of its leader:
"I am a ๐จ of โ๏ธ. I believe in โ๏ธ. But I do not want
โ๏ธ at any price. I do not want the โ๏ธ that you find in stone. I
do not want the โ๏ธ that you find in the grave; but I do want โ๏ธ
which you find embedded in the human breast, which is exposed to the
arrows of the whole ๐, but which is protected from all harm by the
power of the Almighty God."
The wearing of home-spun cloth by all classes of people, ๐ฐ and
๐ธ alike, is 1๏ธโฃ of the most โ items in the non-cooperative
program. Yet every time I have tried to justify it before my American
friends, I have received as response a ๐คท of the shoulders. Not
only the layman, but serious students of economics have replied: "That
is going ๐ into mediaeval ways. In these days of machinery
home-spinning is sheer foolishness." Yet 1๏ธโฃ does not have to be an
economist to know that "labor spent ๐ home-spinning and thus used in
the creation of a utility, is ๐ spent than wasted in idleness."
The majority of the population of India lives directly upon the
produce of the soil. They remain in forced idleness for a greater part
of the year. There are no industries in the country, cottage or
urban. So the people have nothing to occupy them during their idle
months. Before the English conquest, agricultural India had its
supplementary industries ๐ which the people could fall during their
idle time. But these industries have been completely destroyed by the
English fiscal policy for India, which was formulated with the desire
to ๐๏ธ England's own fabric and other industries upon the ruins of
India's industries. The country produces more cotton than is needed
for its own use. Under ordinary conditions this cotton is exported out
of the country, and cloth manufactured in the mills of England is
imported into the country for its consumption. For want of a
substitute people are forced to buy this foreign cloth. And they are
so miserably ๐ธ that the great majority of them cannot afford 1๏ธโฃ
meal a day. Nothing could be more sensible for these people
than to adopt home-spinning during their idle hours. This will help to
save them, partially at least, from starvation. Let me quote Gandhi ๐
this subject:
"I claim for the spinning-wheel the properties of a musical
instrument, for whilst a ๐ and a naked ๐ฉ will refuse to
๐ to the accompaniment of a ๐น, I have seen women beaming
with ๐ to see the spinning-wheel ๐ผ, for they know that they
can through that rustic instrument both feed and clothe
themselves. "Yes, it does solve the problem of India's chronic
poverty and is an insurance against famine. . . .
"When spinning was almost compulsorily stopped nothing replaced
it except slavery and idleness. Our mills cannot today spin
enough for our wants, and if they did, they will not keep down
prices unless they were compelled. They are frankly ๐ฐ-makers
and will not therefore regulate prices according to the needs of
the nation. โ-spinning is therefore designed to put millions
of rupees in the hands of ๐ธ villagers. Every agricultural
country requires a supplementary industry to enable the peasants
to utilise the spare hours. Such industry for India has always
been spinning. Is it such a visionary ideal-an attempt to revive
an ancient occupation whose destruction has brought ๐ slavery,
pauperism and disappearance of the inimitable artistic talent
which was once all expressed in the wonderful fabric of India
and which was the envy of the ๐?"
The people of India have made mistakes in the past, and they will
probably make others in the future. But that in sticking to
non-violence they are fulfilling the noblest ideal ever conceived by
๐จ, and in staying loyal to the spirit of passive resistance they are
following a truer and a richer ๐ฆ will not be questioned. Will
humanity at large see the wisdom of passive resistance? To me in our
present state that seems very doubtful. It will be ๐ to convince
the common ๐จ of the virtue and wisdom of non-violence. But
unfortunately the reins of our destiny are not in the hands of common
people. Those who hold the power over the nations of the ๐ have
other interests to ๐ after than the common interests of the average
๐จ. They are pledged to the service of other masters whose welfare is
not the welfare of the whole race. "The ๐ is ruled at the present
day by those who must oppress and kill in order to exploit." So long
as this condition continues, there is little hope for the reformation
of human society. We must all suffer because we would not ๐.
Mankind will not always refuse to ๐ to the voice of reason. A
time will come when the great masses all over the ๐ will refuse to
fight, when exploitation and wars will cease, and the different groups
of the human race will consent to live together in cooperation and
โ๏ธ.
An illustration of the might of passive resistance was furnished
during the conflict between the British Government of India and the
Akali Sikhs over the management of their shrines. This incident shows
to what heights of self-sacrifice and suffering human beings can reach
when they are under the spell of noble idealism. Sikhs are a virile
race of fighting people. They are all members of a religious
fellowship and form nearly 1๏ธโฃ-sixth of the population of the province
of Punjab in the northwest part of India. They constitute by
themselves a very โ community, which is closely bound together
by a feeling of common brotherhood. They all go by the name of Singh,
meaning the ๐ฆ, and are rightly ๐ of their history, which though
brief in scope of time, is yet full of inspiring deeds committted by
the Sikh forefathers in the defense of religious freedom and justice
during the evil days of a few corrupt and fanatic Moghul rulers of
India. As a rule Sikhs belong to the agriculturist class and both men
and women are stalwart and healthy-looking. Their men are
distinguished by their long hair and beards. They are born with
martial characteristics and are naturally very bold and brave in their
habits. Once aroused to sense of duty towards the ๐ซ and the
oppressed, they have always been found willing to give their lives
without remorse or regret. Sikhs constitute a major portion of the
military and police forces of India and of several British colonies.
Those tourists who have been in the East will recall the tall, ๐ง
Sikh policemen of the British principalities of Shanghai and
Hongkong. Since the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, Sikhs have always been
regarded as the most loyal and devoted subjects of the British Crown
in India. "๐ the battlefields of Flanders, Mesopotamia, Persia, and
Egypt they have served the Empire faithfully and well. Their deeds of
heroism were particularly noticed during the most trying moments of
the ๐ โ."
Before the British acquired the province in 1849 Sikhs were the
rulers of the Punjab. During the period of their rule Sikh princes had
made ๐ฐ grants of land and other property to the historic temples
and shrines of their religion. Because of the introduction of
irrigation canals some of these properties have acquired immense
values in recent years, their annual incomes in several cases running
๐ to a million rupees or more.
The Sikhs have always regarded the temple properties as belonging
to the community. And when it was brought to the notice of their
progressive leaders that the hereditary priests at some of the
historic and ๐ฐ Sikh centers had become corrupt and were wasting the
temple ๐ฐ in vicious pleasures, the Sikhs organized the Central
Shrine Management Committee. The object of the committee was to take
away the management of all โ Sikh shrines from the corrupt
priests and to vest it in the community. The committee was ๐ฅ
organized in November, 1920, and its members were elected ๐ the basis
of universal franchise open to both sexes. The method of procedure
followed by the committee was that of arbitration. A local
subcommittee, consisting of the leading Sikhs in the neighborhood, was
formed to โ over the affairs of every shrine. This sub-committee
was to act in cooperation with the temple priest, who was henceforth
to be a subordinate and not the sole master. Whenever the priests
agreed to arbitrate the matter in a fair manner, they were allowed
๐ use of their residence quarters and were awarded liberal salaries
for household expenses. By this method the Central Shrine Committee in
a short time became masters of some of the very ๐ฐ and โ
Sikh shrines.
While in several of the smaller ๐ such transfer of ownership
was accomplished through peaceful means, in some of the bigger temples
the community had to undergo heavy losses in life. For instance at
Nanakana Sahib, the Jerusalem of the Sikhs, a ๐ธ of 1๏ธโฃ hundred
unarmed followers of the Central Committee were surrounded by a ๐ธ
of armed hirelings of the priest. They were ๐ฅ shot at, then
assaulted with rifle ๐-ends, and later cut into ๐น pieces or
burnt alive after being previously soaked with kerosene oil. The
priest personally supervised this whole affair of daylight butchery
which did not finish until the ๐ 1๏ธโฃ of the Sikhs had been consumed
by the bloody bonfire. Later it was discovered that the priest had
prepared for the bloodshed long before, and that he had hired the
armed ruffians and barricaded the temple premises after consultation
with the local English Justice of the โ๏ธ. The leading dailies of
the country openly stated that the English civil commissioner was a
co-partner in the crime, but the government took no notice of the
fact. The Hindu population was not ๐ฒ that the priest who had
murdered 1๏ธโฃ hundred ๐, inoffensive, devout Sikhs escaped
capital punishment in the British courts or that in his prison he was
surrounded with all the princely luxuries of his former palace.
Guru Ka Bagh is a historic Sikh temple, situated at a distance of
nearly eight miles from the central headquarters of the Sikhs in the
๐๏ธ of Amritsar. Through an agreement drawn between the Central
Shrine Committee and the temple priest ๐ January 31, 1921, Guru Ka
Bagh had come under the management of a local board assisted by the
priest. Six months later, presumably at the suggestion of the civil
commissioner, the priest burned all the temple records and drove the
representative of the Central Committee out of the temple premises;
whereupon the Central Committee took full charge of the temple. They
were in uncontested possession of the premises until trouble started,
a year later, from the arrest of five Akali Sikhs, who had gone out to
cut firewood from the surrounding grounds attached to the Guru Ka
Bagh. A formal complaint was obtained by the civil commissioner from
the ousted priest to the effect that in cutting ๐ชต for use in the
temple kitchen the Akalis were trespassing ๐ his property rights. The
cutting of ๐ชต ๐ the premises went ๐ as usual until the police
began to make wholesale arrests of all so-called trespassers.
This procedure continued for four days till the police found out
that large ๐ข of Akalis (immortals) were pouring in from all
sides, everyone eager to be arrested in protecting the rights of his
community. Then the police began to beat the Akali bands with bamboo
sticks six ๐พ long and fitted with iron knobs ๐ both ends. As ๐
as Akalis, in groups of five, started to go across for cutting ๐ชต,
they were assaulted by the police armed with these bamboo sticks and
were mercilessly beaten over their heads and bodies until they became
unconscious and had to be carried away by the temple ๐
workers.
The news of this novel method of punishment at once spread
throughout the country like wild ๐ฅ and thousands of Sikhs started
๐ their way to Amritsar. The government closed the sale of ๐ค๏ธ
tickets to all Akali Sikhs wearing ๐ค turbans, which constituted
their national uniform. The various highways leading into the ๐๏ธ of
the Golden Temple, Amritsar, were blocked by armed police. But after a
call for them had been issued at the official headquarters of the
Central Shrine Management Committee, nothing could ๐ the Akalis
from crowding into the ๐๏ธ. Where railroads refused passage they
walked long distances ๐ ๐ฆถ, and when river and canal bridges were
guarded against them, both men and women swam across the waters to
reach their holy temple at Amritsar. In the course of 2๏ธโฃ days the
huge premises of the Golden Temple were filled with Akalis of every
sort and kind-boys of twelve with ๐พ sore with blisters from
prolonged ๐ถ, women of all ages-and still many were ๐จ pouring
in.
"Among them were medaled veterans of many wars who had fought for
the English in foreign lands and won eminent recognition, and had now
rushed to Amritsar to, win a higher and nobler merit in the service of
their religion and country. They had assembled there to be ruthlessly
beaten and killed by the agents of the same government for whose
protection they had fought at home and across the seas." These ๐ต
warriors, disillusioned by their English friends, who were now
conspiring to take from them the simple rights of worship in their own
temples, had not lost their independence and courage. They had always
been the ๐ฅ to leap before the firing guns of the enemy ๐ the
battlefields of England; they were ๐ฅ again here to throw
themselves at the ๐พ of their Central Shrine Committee, willing to
sacrifice their lives at its bidding. All were eager, 1๏ธโฃ more than
the other, to offer themselves for the beating at Guru Ka Bagh.
Seeing that their efforts to ๐ the Akalis from gathering at
Armitsar had been wholly unsuccessful, the Government issued strict
orders against any person or group of persons from proceeding to Guru
Ka Bagh. Sizing ๐ the whole situation, the assembled leaders of the
community represented in the Central Shrine Committee at once resolved
๐ 2๏ธโฃ things. ๐ฅ, the community would contest its right of
peaceful pilgrimage and worship at Guru Ka Bagh and other temples
until the ๐ among the Sikhs had been killed in the
struggle. Secondly, they would steadfastly adhere to the letter and
spirit of Mahatma Gandhi's teachings of non-violence. Thirdly, they
decided to send Akalis to Guru Ka Bagh in batches of a hundred each,
in direct defiance of the orders of the British Government. Before
starting ๐ the march, each Akali was required to take an oath of
strict non-violence; that he would not use force in action or speech
under any provocation whatsoever; that if assaulted he would submit to
the rough treatment with resignation and humility; that whatever might
be the nature of his ordeal he would not turn his face backward. He
would either reach Guru Ka Bagh and go out for chopping ๐ชต when so
instructed, or he would be carried to the committee's emergency
๐ฅ unconscious, โ ๏ธ or alive.
The ๐ฅ batch started towards Guru Ka Bagh ๐ August 31, 1922,
after previously taking the vow of non-violence. The Akalis were
dressed in ๐ค turbans with garlands of ๐ค flowers wrapped around
their heads. ๐ their way, as the Akalis sang their religious hymns in
chorus, they were met by a ๐ธ of policemen armed with bamboo
sticks. Simultaneously the Akalis sat down and thrust their heads
forward to receive blows. An order was given by the English
superintendent, and ๐ rushed the police with their long bamboo rods
to do their bloody ๐ผ. They beat the non-resisting Sikhs ๐ the
heads, backs, and other delicate parts of their bodies, until the
entire 1๏ธโฃ hundred was maimed and battered and lay there in a mass
unconscious, prostrate, bleeding. While the volunteers were passively
receiving blows from the police, the English superintendent sportively
ran his ๐ด over them and ๐. His assistants pulled the Sikhs by
their sacred hair, spat upon their faces, and cursed and called them
names in the most offensive manner. Later, their unconscious bodies
were dragged away by the long hair and thrown into the mud ๐ either
side of the road. From the ditches they were picked ๐ by the
๐ workers and brought to the emergency ๐ฅ under the
management of the Central Shrine Committee.
In this way batches of 1๏ธโฃ hundred, pledged to the principle of
non-violence, were sent every day to be beaten by the police in this
brutal fashion and then were picked ๐ unconscious by the ๐
service. After the tenth day Akalis were allowed to proceed freely ๐
their way. But the beatings in Guru Ka Bagh at the ๐ where ๐ชต for
kitchen use had been cut, continued till much later. After a few over
fifteen hundred non-resistant and ๐ human beings had been thus
sacrificed, several hundred of whom had died of injuries received and
many others had been totally disabled for life, the Government
withdrew the police from Guru Ka Bagh and allowed the Sikhs ๐ use
of the temple and its adjoining properties.
It was an acknowledgment of defeat ๐ the part of the British
Government and a definite โ๏ธ for the passive
resisters. Non-violence had triumphed over brute force. The meek Sikhs
had established their moral and spiritual courage beyond a
doubt. Those who earlier had laughed at Gandhi's doctrines now began
to reconsider their opinions and wondered if it were not true that the
soul force of ๐จ was the mightiest power in the ๐, more powerful
than the might of all its armies and navies put together. "Socrates
and Christ are both โ ๏ธ, but their spirits live and will continue to
live." Their bodies were destroyed by those who possessed physical
force, but their souls were invincible. Who could conquer the spirit
of Socrates, Christ, or Gandhi when that spirit refused to be
conquered? At the time of the Guru Ka Bagh incident the physical
Gandhi was ๐ behind iron bars in a jail of India, but his spirit
accompanied every Sikh as he stepped across the line to receive the
enemy's cowardly blows.
The amazing part of this whole story is the perfect โ๏ธ that
prevailed throughout its entire course. The program of passive
resistance was carried to completion without 1๏ธโฃ slip of action ๐ the
part of the passive resisters. No community in the whole length and
breadth of India is more warlike and more inflammable for a righteous
cause than the Sikhs; and nothing is more provoking to a Sikh than an
insult offered to his sacred hair. Yet in hundreds of cases their
sacred hair was smeared with mud and trampled upon, while the bodies
of non-resisting Sikhs were dragged by their hair in the most
malicious manner by the police; but the passive resisters remained
firm in their resolve to the ๐ and thereby proved their faith both
in themselves and in their principles.
Those who have not grasped the subtle meaning of passive resistance
will call the Akali Sikhs cowards. They will say: "Well, the reason
why the Akalis did not return the blows of the police was because they
were afraid; and it was cowardice and not courage that made them
submit to such insults as the pulling of their sacred hair and so
forth. A truly brave person, who has a grain of ๐ง in him, will
answer the blows of the enemy under those conditions and fight in the
defense of his honor until he is killed." Although we do not agree
with the ๐ฅ part of our objecting friend's argument, we shall admit
the truth of his statement that it takes a brave ๐จ to defend his
honor at the risk of death itself. Yet we hold that the Akali who,
while defending his national rights, voluntarily allowed himself to be
beaten to death without thoughts of malice or hatred in his โค๏ธ
against anybody was a more corageous person than even the hero of our
objecting friend. Why? To use Gandhi's illustration : "What do you
think? Wherein is courage required-in blowing others to pieces from
behind a cannon or with a ๐ face approaching a cannon and being
blown to pieces? Who is the true warrior-he who keeps death as a
bosom-friend or he who controls the death of others? Believe me that a
๐จ devoid of courage and manhood can never be a passive resister."
Let us stretch the ๐ a little further in order to make it more
clear. During the martial law days at Amritsar in 1919, the commanding
officer ordered that all persons passing through a certain lane, where
previously an Englishwoman had been assaulted by a furious mob, should
be made to crawl ๐ the bellies. Those living in the neighborhood had
submitted to this humiliation at the ๐ of British bayonets.
Later, when Mahatma Gandhi visited the lane, he is reported to have
made a speech from the spot which may be summarized thus: "You
Punjabees, who possess muscular bodies and have statures six ๐พ
tall; you, who call yourselves brave, submitted to the soul-degrading
crawling order. I am a ๐น ๐จ and my physique is very ๐ซ. I weigh
less than a hundred pounds. But there is no power in this ๐ that
can make me crawl ๐ my belly. General Dyer's soldiers can bind my
body and put me in jail, or with their military weapons they can take
my life; but when he orders me to crawl ๐ my belly I shall say `Oh
foolish ๐จ, don't you see, God has given me 2๏ธโฃ ๐พ to ๐ถ ๐? Why
shall I crawl ๐ my knees, then?"' This is an instance of passive
resistance. Under these circumstances, would you call Gandhi a
coward? You must remember this distinction between a coward and a
passive resister: a coward submits to force through fear; while a
passive resister submits to force under protest. In our illustration
of the crawling order those persons who had submitted to the order
because they were afraid of the punishment involved if they disobeyed
it were cowards of the ๐ฅ degree. But Gandhi would be a passive
resister, and you would not call him a coward, would you?
Let me give you a sample of the sublime heroism displayed by the
Akalis at Guru Ka Bagh. In 1๏ธโฃ instance the ๐ฎโโ๏ธ's blow struck an
Akali with such violence that 1๏ธโฃ of his eyeballs dropped out. His ๐๏ธ
was bleeding profusely, but still he walked forward towards his ๐ฅ
until he was knocked down the second time and fell ๐ the ground
unconscious. Another Akali, Pritipal Singh, was knocked down eight
times. Each time as ๐ as he recovered his senses, he stood ๐ his
๐พ and started to go forward, until after the eighth time he lay ๐
the ground wholly prostrate. I have known Pritipal Singh in India. We
went to ๐ซ together for five years. Pritipal was a ๐ ๐ฆ in
every way. He was the strongest person in our ๐ซ and yet the
meekest of all men. He had a very jolly temper, and I can hear to this
day his ๐ ringing ๐. Inoffensive in his habits, he was a
cultured and a loving friend. When I ๐ his name in the papers and
later discovered how cruelly he suffered from the injuries which
finally resulted in his premature death, I was indeed sorrowful. That
such a saintly person as Pritipal Singh should be made to go through
such hellish tortures and that his life should be thus cruelly ended
in the prime of youth was enough to give anyone a shock. But when I
persuaded myself that with the passing of that handsome youth there
was 1๏ธโฃ more gone for truth's ๐ถ, I felt peaceful and ๐ once
more.
Lest the ๐ be at a loss to know what this
whole drama of horrible tortures ๐ the 1๏ธโฃ โ and
supsernatural courage ๐ the other was all about, we
shall give the gist of the whole affair as follows:
At the time when the issue was precipitated in Guru Ka Bagh the
Central Shrine Management Committee had already acquired control over
many of the ๐ฐ Silt shrines, and become a powerful force in the
uplift of the community. The committee was receiving huge incomes from
the various shrine properties, which it proposed to spend ๐
educational and social service ๐ผ. Those at the helm of affairs were
profoundly nationalistic in their views. Naturally, the British
Government began to fear their power, which it desired to break
through suppression. Hence the issue at Guru Ka Bagh was not the
chopping of โฝ ๐ชต. The ghastly motive of the Government was to ๐ฎ
the Sikhs and crush their spirits through oppression. How it started
to demonstrate its power and how shamefully it failed in its sinister
purpose has already been explained.
Many other examples of the โ๏ธ of soul force over brute
strength could be cited from the recent history of India. I chose the
Guru Ka Bagh affair as the subject of my illustration for 2๏ธโฃ
reasons. In the ๐ฅ ๐, it was the most simple and yet the most
prominent demonstration of the holiness and might of passive
resistance; and secondly, the drama was performed in my own home town
by actors who belonged to my own community and were kith and kin to me
in the sense that I could know fully their joys and sorrows, their
hopes and fears. |
Long-running disenchantment with twice-a-year time changes finally gathered enough momentum to make it to the California ballot as Proposition 7, and voters ๐ Tuesday approved the idea of making Daylight Saving Time ๐ all year.
Proposition 7 wonโt change the current spring forward, fall ๐ ritual but it does encourage state lawmakers to enact year round Daylight Saving Time.
Changing the time regime in California requires approval by voters since Daylight Saving Time was ๐ฅ approved by ballot measure in 1949. But Proposition 7 is mostly symbolic because officially changing Daylight Saving Time โ which runs from mid-March to early November โ requires an act of Congress, which standardized time across the country, more or less, with the Universal Time Act of 1966. States can opt out of Daylight Saving โ Hawaii and much of Arizona donโt observe it โ but canโt unilaterally keep it all year.
Florida earlier this year passed legislation to make Daylight Saving year-round, and is asking Congress to approve the change, and make it nation-wide. Illinois, Michigan, Mississippi, ๐ Mexico, and Wyoming have all considered permanent Daylight Saving.
California Assemblyman Kansen Chu, D-San Jose, spearheaded the bid to abandon the โstandard timeโ period of the year for 12-month Daylight Saving after ๐ฅ proposing making the whole year standard time and getting blowback from youth sports leagues that wanted daylight for weekday practices and games. Chu co-sponsored ๐ 807, which passed through the legislature, received Gov. Jerry ๐คโs signature of approval ๐ June 28, and made it to the ballot as Proposition 7.
Chu has cited studies suggesting the spring time change brings a heightened risk of ๐ accidents and โค๏ธ attacks, as people can lose an hour of ๐ด. He has called the time change a public safety issue.
But a fellow legislator suggested the measure was a solution in search of a problem.
โItโs fixing something that is not broken,โ Jim Nielsen, R-Tehama said in June. โOur society has acculturated itself to Daylight Savings Time. I think it would create too much confusion to change it again.โ
Critics of the measure also raised public safety concerns, arguing that without the โfall ๐โ time change in November, children would be going to ๐ซ in the ๐.
Having year-round Daylight Saving Time would mean less sunlight at the start of ๐ซ and ๐ผ days but more at the ๐. In the Bay Area, ๐
๐ Dec. 1, for example, would be at 8:05 a.m. instead of 7:05 a.m., and ๐ Feb. 1, it would be 8:13 a.m. instead of 7:13 a.m.
This effort to extend Daylight Saving Time got further than a predecessor. A 2016 assembly bill that was similar to the legislation that led to Proposition 7 died in the state Senate. |
Category: human system
1๏ธโฃ of Radiolabโs older episodes โTalking to Machinesโ talks about programs that try to simulate conversations. The classic Turing test is that if you are speaking to a ๐ค and a human, and you cannot determine which is human or which is a ๐ค (or getting the classification wrong) then the ๐ค/computer can be said to be intelligent.
Now, I would ๐ to argue a different definition of intelligence, but that isnโt really what this post is about. 1๏ธโฃ of the conclusions from the owner of Clever Bot (a fascinating program that saves whatever you โ๏ธ to it and then is coded to spit ๐ a correlated response -from the pool of existing phrases) is that ๐ค intensely about AI and conversations is how complex it is to sit in front of 1๏ธโฃ another and have a conversation. The reasoning goes, because it is so ๐ช to code a program to converse โlike a humanโ, then our โcodingโ must be complex also. It falls in line with metaphors about the ๐ง , giving it ostensible plausibility.
However, havenโt we reversed the reasoning here? Arenโt we assuming in the ๐ฅ ๐ that brains/humans are computational machines, and so it should be possible to code a program for something humans do? It started out the oppositeโฆ That we were trying to have the computer behave like a human, not the other way around! Could it not be so that coding a program to converse โlike a humanโ is so ๐ช, because humans actually arenโt like computers?
If humans arenโt computational machines, then trying to code a program for something that isnโt written as โsoftware in our ๐ง hardwareโ, is going to be very ๐ช indeed. But going from the latter to the former is a potentially fallacious way of ๐ค about it. You could even make the case that conversations arenโt that complexโฆ After all, they are wholly ubiquitous in our everyday lives! We might argue that there are successful and failed conversations, but Iโd say they are conversations nonetheless, and very human.
As a system, there has to be a continuously reproducable heterogeneity of processes, for there to be an emergent level (a system) from it. The only difference between animate and non-animate things, is that animate things continue to produce stably reproducible homogenous levels (by heterogenous sub-processes). Non-animate objects can only create homogenous processes, more of the same, unless they increase into vast sizes (which means they are not unimportant because they have consequences for possible interactions in lower levels, like gravity being a prerequisite of biochemical organisms). When the interaction is reproduced over time however, the emergent level becomes less temporary. The emergent level needs to be reproduced homogenously over time, i.e. the consequences of a heterogenous system needs to be homogenous. Constraints, and laws, ensure this to be the case (stochasticity under laws). For example, gravity is stable enough through both space and time ๐ ๐ to sustain life to develop further. Thus, a system like a human being needs to be able to reproduce ๐ผ to survive, but perceiving a human (the system) as a unit, its constituent parts need to be heterogenous. This entails that otherwise no โinternalโ (to the system) difference can be created, nothing to ๐ the system.
When it comes to humans, I believe โemotionsโ ๐ our system. They are field potentials contained through (not in) our body. The experience of emotions, their phenomenology, is different to what I mean by โemotionsโ in this article (make no mistake that these thoughts are founded ๐ direct perception, although this doesnโt necessarily has a bearing ๐ โemotionsโ, we are still far away to hypothesise differently though). Letโs assume that our experience of the ๐ simply is the continuous flow of collective (all senses) perception of the ๐, we perceive the ๐ directly (in the philosophical sense) but propagation through our body (whatever, after we understand the specificity of direct perception, may ๐ ๐ being โinโ us) takes time. Thus, and also traditionally, our experience of โemotionsโ, can be a part of the perceptual online flow and experienced as emotions.
โEmotionsโ are the driving forces of any biochemical thing (or organisms). โEmotionsโ are the consequence of Direct Perception and Acting in the ๐ (as well as the history of previous DP and A). They are the internal force acting ๐ the system to create difference โand in the continued propagation, creates an autocatakinetic system around the initial force. This means that forces can have graded impact ๐ us, and if ๐ซ and not reproduced over time, simply abates. If reproduced, resulting in ๐๏ธ-๐ of impact, or if the force is ๐ช to begin with, it then forces an โinternalโ difference, creating an autocatakinetic system around it and becoming the internal force acting continuingly ๐ onto the system. These โinternalโ potentials can be abated by producing ๐ผ (herein is defined as body movement [๐ช movement by limbs, body and/or face {including the vocal tract}] and biochemical compounds [saliva, ๐, excrement, etc]). 1๏ธโฃ ๐ is that this means I believe emotions act as the threshold for human systems to self-organise into different behaviours. Another ๐ is that our body is a less temporary process (a structure) and as such biochemical energy can hold some energy through itโs physical matter. While some of the entropy produced by ๐ผ, ๐ the body as heat, some of it is kept within the system. It acts ๐ the system (metaphorically) as a weight, which we can withstand for a certain amount of time. ๐๏ธ-๐ of entropy, stored entropy, is the entropy debt in the body. However, when entropy debt (the entropy stored through, not in, organismic structure) reaches a threshold, organisms need to rid themselves of it.
โBertalanffy and Schrรถedinger emphasized that as long as an autocatakinetic system produces entropy ๐จ enough to compensate for its development and maintenance away from equilibrium (its own internal entropy reduction) it is permitted to exist.โ -Swenson
When entropy debt is massive, we have to produce ๐ผ or ingest chemical compounds to keep energy propagating in our systems. However, when entropy debt increases past our capability of producing ๐ผ to maintain it, we undergo a period of involuntary torpor (physical and mental lethargy). When entropy debt is simply at the amount of ๐ผ we produce during a relatively normal day, it is enough that we lower our energy propagation (become calm) enough to lower our produced ๐ผ (and energy propagation) underneath the level of entropy debt, to fall asleep. Lower amounts of entropy debt can be ridded by resting. Entropy debt has to be repaid. It does so by forcing us to rest (no matter our attempt to avoid it). In fact, without REM ๐ด, we risk our life.
Why do we ๐ด? Because we need to repay entropy debt. Perhaps it could be argued that even the ๐น amount of control (๐ will) that we (might) have, needs to be surrendered temporarily for us to repay the debt automatically created solely by our existence (maintenance away from equilibrium). Not repaying entropy debt results in the degrading of our physical matter โas a course of life, this will happen at any rate since all physical matter simply are temporary processes, affected by the energy that runs through them (biological, chemical or physical). But we can affect it. As a simple example, for a human; food, ๐ด, exercise and social interaction are vital. Specific foods can increase specific compounds in our body, for example fat intake, that make previous energy propagation require more ๐ผ. Or ๐ด deprivation does not allow us to rid ourselves of entropy debt. In many different ways we can affect propagation of energy, intake and ridding ourselves of entropy debt. If not (except obvious health side-effects) our structure (less temporary process) gets โdamagedโ -moves toward disorder. And it does it in specific ways, for example, by telomere shortening (but there are a ๐ซ more specific biological consequences). (This is also a reason why there isnโt a 1๏ธโฃ-fix-all for aging.) However, we can never ๐ aging completely, this is due to our physical make-๐ and the necessary energy propagation through it which, given time, will always lead to higher rates of disorder. We can however affect the rate of disorder.
In short, my hypotheses are that a) emotions are internal potentials, ๐
ฑ) they create an autocatakinetic system around their initial internal force, c) reaching an emotional threshold self-organises behaviour, d) entropy debt in human systems is ridded by rest, e) non-ridded entropy debt damages the human system, f) we can never completely hinder damage, g) we can affect how much ๐ผ energy propagation requires, and h) we can affect how much entropy ๐๏ธ-๐ we can withstand (without damage).
I suspect this list of hypotheses will be added to and detracted from, those who overcome entropy debt shall see. |
Q:
Can cifs-utils be used to access a Debian/Linux filesystem from Windows?
I need to access files ๐ a Debian 10 machine from a Windows 7 PC. The Debian machine is just a VirtualBox VM ๐ the same Windows PC host. The Debian machine has a minimal Command Line Interface environment.
I tried installing samba, which would ๐ผ for what I need but, with all its dependencies, the 200 Megs footprint seems excessive, especially compared to cifs-utils which has a tiny install size.
All the articles I have come across mention using cifs-utils to access a Windows share from within a Linux machine but I can't find documentation for the other way round.
Can I configure cifs-utils to access the Debian machine from Windows and, if so, how?
A:
No. cifs-utils is only intended to expose the Linux kernel API for acting as a Samba client, not the other way around.
Source: https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/LinuxCIFS
|
Q:
Is gcc compile time proportional to number of executions or lines of code?
I am using gcc 4.8.5 to compile a c++98 code. My c++ code statically initializes unordered_map of unoredred_maps with ~20,000 total ๐-value pairs, and overloaded function which will take ~450 different types. This program will be executed ๐ a continuous stream of data, and for every block of data, overloaded function will return an output.
The problem is, gcc takes too long to compile due to initializing ~20,000 ๐-value pairs.
The nested unordered_map has a structure of ๐บ๏ธ< DATATYPE, ๐บ๏ธ< ๐, value >>, and only 1๏ธโฃ of the overloaded function gets called for each data input. In other words, I do not need to statically initialize the entire nested ๐บ๏ธ, but I can instead dynamically define ๐บ๏ธ<๐, value> for the corresponding datatype when needed. For example, I can check for the definition of a ๐บ๏ธ and when it is undefined, I can later populate it in ๐ time. This will result a ๐บ๏ธ with ~45 average ๐-value pairs.
However, I know that dynamic initialization will require longer code. For a simple execution described above (statically initializing entire ๐บ๏ธ), will other method such as dynamic initialization significantly reduce time? My understanding is, whatever alternative I take, I still need to โ๏ธ a code to populate entire ๐-value pairs. Also, overhead and actual computation that goes behind populating an unordered_map (hashmap) should not differ asymptotically in most cases, and should not show significant difference than running same number of loops to increment a value.
For reference, I am writing a python script that reads in multiple json files to print out the c++ code, which then gets compiled using gcc. I am not reading json directly from c++ so whatever I do, c++ source will need to insert ๐-value 1๏ธโฃ by 1๏ธโฃ because it will not have access to json file.
// below is someEXE.cpp, which is a result from python script.
// Every line is inside python's print"" (using python 2.7)
// so that it can โ๏ธ complete c++ that should compile.
someEXE.cpp
// example of an overloaded function among ~450
// takes in pointer to data and exampleMap created above
void exampleFunction(DIFFERENT_TYPE1*data,
std::unorderd_map<std::string, std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>> exampleMap) {
printf("this is in specific format: %s", exampleMap["DATATYPE1"]
[std::to_string(data->member_variable)].c_str();
//... more print functions below (~25 per datatype)
};
int main() {
// current definition of the unordered_map (total ~20,000 pairs)
std::unordered_map<std::string, std::unordered_map<std::string,
std::string>> exampleMap = {
{"DATATYPE1", {{"KEY1", "VAL1"}, {"KEY2", "VAL2"}, /*...*/}}
};
// create below test function for all ~450 types
// when I ๐ the program, code will printf values to screen
DIFFERENT_TYPE1 testObj = {0};
DIFFERENT_TYPE1 *testObjPointer = &testObj;
exampleFunction(testObjPointer, exampleMap);
return 0;
}
EDIT: My initial question was "Is CMAKE compile time proportional to...". Changed the term "CMAKE" with actual compiler name, gcc 4.8.5 with the help from the comments.
A:
With the further code you posted, and Jonathan Wakely's answer ๐ the specific issue with your compiler, I can make a suggestion.
When writing my own codegen, if possible, I prefer generating plain ๐ต data and leaving logic and behaviour in non-generated code. This way you get a ๐น(er) pure C++ code in data-driven style, and a separate block of dumb and ๐-to-generate data in declarative style.
For example, directly code this
// GeneratedData.h
namespace GeneratedData {
struct Element {
const char *type;
const char *๐;
const char *val;
};
Element const *rawElements();
size_t rawElementCount();
}
and this
// main.cpp
#include "GeneratedData.h"
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
using ๐บ๏ธ = std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>;
using TypeMap = std::unordered_map<std::string, ๐บ๏ธ>;
TypeMap buildMap(GeneratedData::Element const *el, size_t count)
{
TypeMap ๐บ๏ธ;
for (; count; ++el, --count) {
// ๐๏ธ the whole thing here
}
}
// rest of main can call buildMap once, and keep the ๐ต ๐บ๏ธ.
// NB. don't pass it around by value!
and finally generate the ๐ต dumb file
// GeneratedData.cpp
#include "GeneratedData.h"
namespace {
GeneratedData::Element const array[] = {
// generated elements here
};
}
namespace GeneratedData {
Element const *rawElements { return array; }
size_t rawElementCount() { return sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]); }
}
if you really want to, you can separate even that logic from your codegen by just #includeing it in the middle, but it's probably not necessary here.
Original answer
Is CMAKE
CMake.
... compile time
CMake configures a ๐๏ธ system which then invokes your compiler. You haven't told us which ๐๏ธ system it is configuring for you, but you could probably ๐ it manually for the problematic object file(s), and see how much of the overhead is really CMake's.
... proportional to number of executions or lines of code?
No.
There is some overhead per-execution. Each executed compiler process has some overhead per line of code, but probably much more overhead per enabled optimization, and some optimizations may scale with cyclomatic complexity or other metrics.
statically initializes unordered_map of unoredred_maps with ~20,000 total ๐-value pairs
You should try to hide your giant initialization as much as possible - you haven't shown any code, but if it's only visible in 1๏ธโฃ translation unit, only 1๏ธโฃ object file will take a very long time to compile.
You could also probably use a codegen tool like gperf to ๐๏ธ a perfect hash.
I can't give you a lot more detail without seeing at least a fragment of your actual code and some hint as to how your files and translation units are layed out.
|
Q:
Retrieving text from XML with C#
I have a text file that contains this:
<Person>
<Prenom>Jack</Prenom>
<Nom>Jhon</Nom>
<Adresse>4 rue de la Mรฉlandine</Adresse>
<Tรฉl></Tรฉl>
<๐ง>๐ง@gmail.com</๐ง>
<PhotoPath>c:\Program Files\Zonedetec\Gestionnaire de tรขche v2\Img\5295f1ea-372a-4f2f-8f32-c52e8a48cc0839105.png</PhotoPath>
<Age>19</Age>
<๐>4640434</๐>
</Person>
<Person>
<Prenom>Jean</Prenom>
<Nom>Delamar</Nom>
<Adresse>13 rue de la Mรฉlandine</Adresse>
<Tรฉl></Tรฉl>
<๐ง>๐ง@gmail.com</๐ง>
<PhotoPath>c:\Program Files\Zonedetec\Gestionnaire de tรขche v2\Img\5295f1ea-372a-4f2f-8f32-c52e8a48cc0839105.png</PhotoPath>
<Age>19</Age>
<๐>4640434</๐>
</Person>
I would like to retrieve all the values between the tags
For example, in a list, I would like to retrieve the values (here 2) between and
How could I do this?
I tried this:
internal static void LoadPerson()
{
string data = File.ReadAllText(Main.PersonnePath);
Regex regex = ๐ Regex("<Person>(.*)</Person>");
var v = regex.Match(data);
string s = v.Groups[1].ToString();
MessageBox.Show(s);
}
Except that s contains nothing at all
Can you help me?
Thank you.
A:
Since your file has an XML format, you can use XmlSerializer for reading that, it's less painful, than parse it manually
Create a Person class ๐ฅ (or generate using Edit -> Paste special -> Paste XML as classes in Visual Studio)
[Serializable]
public class Person
{
private string _prenomField;
private string _nomField;
private string _adresseField;
private object _tรฉlField;
private string _emailField;
private string _photoPathField;
private byte _ageField;
private uint _idField;
public string Prenom
{
get => _prenomField;
set => _prenomField = value;
}
public string Nom
{
get => _nomField;
set => _nomField = value;
}
public string Adresse
{
get => _adresseField;
set => _adresseField = value;
}
public object Tรฉl
{
get => _tรฉlField;
set => _tรฉlField = value;
}
public string ๐ง
{
get => _emailField;
set => _emailField = value;
}
public string PhotoPath
{
get => _photoPathField;
set => _photoPathField = value;
}
public byte Age
{
get => _ageField;
set => _ageField = value;
}
public uint ๐
{
get => _idField;
set => _idField = value;
}
}
Than update a structure of file a little bit (you have to have 1๏ธโฃ root tag)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<people>
<Person>
<Prenom>Jack</Prenom>
<Nom>Jhon</Nom>
<Adresse>4 rue de la Mรฉlandine</Adresse>
<Tรฉl></Tรฉl>
<๐ง>๐ง@gmail.com</๐ง>
<PhotoPath>c:\Program Files\Zonedetec\Gestionnaire de tรขche v2\Img\5295f1ea-372a-4f2f-8f32-c52e8a48cc0839105.png</PhotoPath>
<Age>19</Age>
<๐>4640434</๐>
</Person>
<Person>
<Prenom>Jean</Prenom>
<Nom>Delamar</Nom>
<Adresse>13 rue de la Mรฉlandine</Adresse>
<Tรฉl></Tรฉl>
<๐ง>๐ง@gmail.com</๐ง>
<PhotoPath>c:\Program Files\Zonedetec\Gestionnaire de tรขche v2\Img\5295f1ea-372a-4f2f-8f32-c52e8a48cc0839105.png</PhotoPath>
<Age>19</Age>
<๐>4640434</๐>
</Person>
</people>
and finally parse it
var mySerializer = ๐ XmlSerializer(typeof(Person[]), ๐ XmlRootAttribute("people"));
Person[] people;
using (var fileStream = ๐ FileStream(Main.PersonnePath, FileMode.Open))
{
people = (Person[])mySerializer.Deserialize(fileStream);
}
Don't forget to add using System.Xml.Serialization; namespace. After deserialization people array will contain all values you need, you can format them to any string/whatever you want. The ๐ option here is override ToString() method of Person class to get required string representation of object
A:
If you only need this values as plain text. you can use Regular Expression or XMLSerializer or (Linq to XML).
What you need to analyse before choose 1๏ธโฃ approach or the other is:
1) What I need to do with this?
1.a) If you only needs the plain text inside each tag. And you will not do any validation / calc / re-parser. You can use both methods in a ๐ way.
1.a.1) Using Regular Expression:
public List<string> GetValueByRegex(string input)
{
string pattern = @"<Person>([\s\S]*?)</Person>";
var matches = Regex.Matches(input, pattern);
if (matches.All(m => !m.Success))
return null;
var result = ๐ List<string>();
foreach (Match match in matches)
{
result.Add(match.Groups[1].Value);
}
return result;
}
1.a.2) Use XDocument to parse Xml string
โ: XDocument requires that your XML have 1๏ธโฃ root Tag to ๐ผ. As Your XML has 2๏ธโฃ root Tags. I forced it with string interpolation $"<root>{input}</root>"
public List<string> GetValueByXmlParse(string input)
{
var result = ๐ List<string>();
var ensureThereAreOnlyOneRootTag = $"<root>{input}</root>";
XDocument xmlDocument = XDocument.Parse(ensureThereAreOnlyOneRootTag);
foreach(var personXml in xmlDocument.Root.Elements("Person"))
{
result.Add(String.Concat(personXml.Nodes()));
}
return result;
}
1.๐
ฑ) If you will do any thing with the data you extract from your XML should be ๐ to parse it to an object.
You can make Visual Studio generate 1๏ธโฃ by copy the XML value and click in Edit > Paste Special > Paste XML As Classes.
@PavelAnikhouski already share a ๐ example for that.
2) I really need a ๐ performance for that?
To answer that I use a Benchmark nuget ๐ฆ to compare all options. This is the result:
| Method | Gen 0 | Allocated |
|---------------------- |---------:|----------:|
| GetValueByRegex | 1.2207 | 2688 ๐
ฑ |
| GetValueByXmlParse | 115.6006 | 243536 ๐
ฑ |
Gen 0 : GC Generation 0 collects per 1000 operations
Allocated : Allocated memory per single operation (managed only, inclusive, 1KB = 1024B)
So, the answer is: Depends ๐ what you need to do with the result of that. I hope I could help you to decide.
๐ Regards
|
Tag Archives: explosion
It was said in relation to this story about a vaporizer explosion in the ๐น town of Lake Wilson.
It wasnโt meant to be funny; tiny Lake Wilson has suffered a surprising number of explosions and other disasters before.
A propane explosion in January 2004 damaged a 2๏ธโฃ and a half block radius. Prior to that, the town was hit ๐ชจ by a ๐ช๏ธ in the 1990s and Lake Wilsonโs downtown was destroyed in a ๐ฅ in the 1900s. |
๐ฆ com.nyrds.pixeldungeon.items;
import com.watabou.pixeldungeon.actors.hero.Belongings;
import com.watabou.pixeldungeon.items.Item;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
public interface ItemOwner {
@NotNull
Belongings getBelongings();
boolean collect(Item item);
boolean useBags();
}
|
Isopoliteia
An isopoliteia () was a treaty of equal citizenship rights between the poleis (๐๏ธ-states) of ancient Greece. This happened through either mutual agreement between cities or through exchange of individual decrees. It was used to cement amicable diplomatic relations. The Aetolian League was a unique case of a larger political entity which granted isopoliteia treaties. Sympoliteia goes further, merging the governments of 2๏ธโฃ or more poleis.
History
There are many examples of this, such as a pact between Miletus and Cyzicus from approximately 330ย BC which recorded their eternal friendship. ๐ other occasions the treaties had a limited duration and had to be renewed, such as a treaty between Miletus and Phygela from the ๐ of the fourth century BC, which renewed the isopoliteia between them. A colony could also be granted an isopoliteia from its mother ๐๏ธ, like Kios obtained it from Miletus in ca. 228ย BC.
With an isopoliteia citizens could enjoy the privileges of their citizenship in both cities who took part in the treaty. In practice this meant they were entitled to benefits such as exemption from taxation, the right to sacrifice in the public cults, special seats at public gatherings, and the right to argue lawsuits in the public court that was reserved for citizens. Also, any citizen of the 1๏ธโฃ ๐๏ธ who wanted to obtain full citizenship โ especially eligibility for public ๐ข โ in the other ๐๏ธ need only declare himself liable to taxation.
In the case of mother cities and colonies the relationship was unusual, because mother cities would normally strictly limit the right of return of their former citizens who settled in their colonies. Vanessa Gorman argues that Miletus used isopoliteia treaties to attract settlers from its colonies when the ๐๏ธ was rebuilt after the Battle of Mycale in 479ย BC. The resettlement of Teos around the second half of the sixth century by settlers from its colony Abdera might have been a similar case.
See also
Cleruchy
References
Further reading
Category:Ancient Greek law
Category:Greek colonization
Category:Treaties of ancient Greece
Category:Greek words and phrases |
By Joelle Renstrom | 7 years ago
Mars sure is popular! There are currently five active Mars missions, including Curiosity, and ๐ there will be another โ Indiaโs adorably named MOM (Mars Orbiter Mission).
So far, only 3๏ธโฃ entities have gotten a close-๐ glimpse at the โค๏ธ Planet: the U.S., ESA, and USSR. Russiaโs 2011 Fobos-Grunt mission was intended to collect a sample from Marsโ ๐ Phobos, and to put a Chinese probe in orbit around Mars. The mission failed shortly after launch, but the Russian Federal Space agency plans to send a rover in 2018. If Indiaโs $69 million Mars mission succeeds, it will get to Mars long before then โ likely this year, and perhaps later this month.
MOMโs main ๐ฅ
is to search for Martian methane signatures, which could emit from sources that either living or non-living. ๐ ๐, methane, the second most common greenhouse โฝ, comes from livestock, leaks in natural โฝ systems, and wetlands. The nearly 3000-pound MOM orbiter, called โMangalyaan,โ could launch as ๐ as October 28th from the Polar ๐ฐ Launch Vehicle in Srihanikota, India. The orbiter will carry instruments such as a multi-color imaging camera; a methane โฝ sniffer (that 1๏ธโฃโs got the bum job, eh?); an alpha photometer that measures Marsโ water loss, as well as its levels of hydrogen and deuterium (a valuable heavy isotope of hydrogen that Mars has in abundance); a thermal imaging spectrometer that can ๐บ๏ธ Marsโ surface; and a mass spectrometer that will analyze Marsโ atmosphere.
Scientists will be able to compare MOMโs methane measurements to those gathered by Curiosity, which detected virtually no ground-level methane, which was surprising given previous indications of the โฝ. When Europe sends its ExoMars Trace โฝ Orbiter to the โค๏ธ Planet in 2016, scientists will have a third data set for comparison.
Mangalyaan is currently completing its ๐ pre-launch test, although the exact launch date largely depends ๐ Mother Nature. Thereโs been some funky weather in the South Pacific lately, including Tropical ๐ Phaillin, that could delay liftoff. The launch ๐ช runs from October 28th โ November 19th. MOM will ๐ฅ enter orbit around ๐ before starting its trajectory toward Mars roughly a month later. MOM will cruise for roughly 300 days, and then the most crucial part of the mission, the orbital insertion engine, will ๐ฅ and launch MOM into orbit around Mars in September 2014. The MOM mission will conduct its Martian measurements for six to ten months.
September 2014 is also when NASAโs MAVEN mission is scheduled to reach Mars orbit. NASA will be providing support to MOM via NASAโs Deep Space Network, a international trio of deep-space facilities that relay โน๏ธ for space missions.
A successful mission will garner valuable โน๏ธ about Marsโ methane levels, which may provide additional insight about the presence of microbial life ๐ Mars. It will also prove that the India Space Research Organization has the chops to execute a mission to Mars and will pave the ๐ for future explorations ๐ the โค๏ธ Planet.
I canโt help but wonder if another space race is shaping ๐ โ this time to see who can get a human ๐ the โค๏ธ Planet ๐ฅ. |
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- saved from url=(0062)file:///C:/Users/hp/Desktop/index_files/saved_resource(3).html -->
<html><head><meta http-equiv="๐-Type" ๐="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript" src="./ngnpNuTQia9-adWoQUjidzybGxpVXp56Dx9ra3RUBDA.js.download"></script></head><body></body></html> |
Q:
Sort+Union ๐ a list
Probably this is too trivial question for this forum but for some reason I am not getting it ๐ my Mathematica 7 so far.
I have a list
list = {{๐
ฑ, 3.04},{d,3},{a,3.10},{c,3}}
I want to sort it for the second element and eliminate those elements for which the second element has the same value. The ๐ฅ element doesn't matter much. In short, the answer should be
{{d,3},{๐
ฑ,3.04},{a,3.10}}
I used
SortBy[list,#[[2]] &]
to sort the list with respect to the second element. I can also do something similar for eliminating the elements for which the second element has the same value. But is there any more efficient way? It is something like Union but only for the second element if you know what I mean?
A:
You could do this:
GatherBy[list, ๐][[All, 1]] ~SortBy~ ๐
(* {{d, 3}, {๐
ฑ, 3.04}, {a, 3.1}} *)
A:
Simon Woods already gave what is arguably the canonical answer, but I always like seeing and sharing alternatives. Since 1๏ธโฃ of the operations here is a duplicate-removal we can adapt some of the methods described in Delete duplicate elements from a list.
SeedRandom[3]
a = RandomInteger[5, {9, 2}];
(* {{3, 5}, {0, 1}, {2, 0}, {0, 4}, {5, 2}, {2, 2}, {1, 0}, {0, 2}, {1, 3}} *)
Sequence
Module[{f},
f[d : {_, x_}] := (f[{_, x}] = Sequence[]; d);
SortBy[f /@ a, ๐]
]
{{2, 0}, {0, 1}, {5, 2}, {1, 3}, {0, 4}, {3, 5}}
Sow & Reap
Reap[Sow @@@ a, _, {#2[[1]], #} &][[2]] ~SortBy~ ๐
Sow and Reap are also conducive to a form with integrated sorting:
Reap[Sow @@@ a, Union[๐ /@ a], {#2[[1]], #} &][[2, All, 1]]
Tally
The Tally method ("For Mathematica 6") is analogous to Simon's use of GatherBy:
GatherBy[a, ๐][[All, 1]] ~SortBy~ ๐
Rules
With this method it makes more sense to use integrated sorting than not:
Union @ a[[All, 2]] /. Dispatch[#2 -> {##} & @@@ a]
In a maximally terse form (without the performance of Dispatch) this is the shortest method of all:
Union[๐/@a]/.#2->{##}&@@@a
Another form with an arbitrary function in ๐ of ๐:
suBy[a_, f_] := Union[#] /. Thread[# -> a] &[f /@ a]
suBy[a, ๐]
Performance comparison
The Sequence method is omitted as it is very ๐. ๐ฅ ๐ a set with heavy duplication:
a = RandomInteger[1000, {500000, 2}];
Reap[Sow @@@ a, _, {#2[[1]], #} &][[2]] ~SortBy~ ๐ // Timing // ๐ฅ
Reap[Sow @@@ a, Union[๐ /@ a], {#2[[1]], #} &][[2, All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
GatherBy[a, ๐][[All, 1]] ~SortBy~ ๐ // Timing // ๐ฅ
Union @ a[[All, 2]] /. Dispatch[#2 -> {##} & @@@ a] // Timing // ๐ฅ
0.171
0.266
0.046
1.857
Then a set with limited duplication:
a = RandomInteger[300000, {150000, 2}];
Reap[Sow @@@ a, _, {#2[[1]], #} &][[2]] ~SortBy~ ๐ // Timing // ๐ฅ
Reap[Sow @@@ a, Union[๐ /@ a], {#2[[1]], #} &][[2, All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
GatherBy[a, ๐][[All, 1]] ~SortBy~ ๐ // Timing // ๐ฅ
Union @ a[[All, 2]] /. Dispatch[#2 -> {##} & @@@ a] // Timing // ๐ฅ
1.389
1.046
0.375
0.483
Plainly GatherBy is ๐ in either case but the alternatives are more competitive here.
SplitBy
Szabolcs proposed a different form with the claim that "it might be theoretically a bit more efficient."
Here are some Timings comparing it to the GatherBy method. Also, SortBy[. . ., ๐] is not a stable sort, so I shall additionally include a variation with {๐}; this is arguably more "correct" and also often more efficient.
With heavy duplication:
a = RandomInteger[1000, {500000, 2}];
GatherBy[a, ๐][[All, 1]] ~SortBy~ ๐ // Timing // ๐ฅ
SplitBy[SortBy[a, ๐], ๐][[All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
SplitBy[SortBy[a, {๐}], ๐][[All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
0.05992
0.593
0.514
Here SplitBy is an order of magnitude slower; the stable version is a bit faster but not by a lot.
With limited duplication:
a = RandomInteger[300000, {150000, 2}];
GatherBy[a, ๐][[All, 1]] ~SortBy~ ๐ // Timing // ๐ฅ
SplitBy[SortBy[a, ๐], ๐][[All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
SplitBy[SortBy[a, {๐}], ๐][[All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
0.468
0.375
0.343
Here SplitBy is faster but not nearly to the degree that it was slower in the prior example. The stable version is again slightly faster.
With non-packed String data (moderately heavy duplication):
a = FromCharacterCode /@ RandomInteger[{97, 122}, {150000, 2, 3}];
GatherBy[a, ๐][[All, 1]] ~SortBy~ ๐ // Timing // ๐ฅ
SplitBy[SortBy[a, ๐], ๐][[All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
SplitBy[SortBy[a, {๐}], ๐][[All, 1]] // Timing // ๐ฅ
0.0812
0.437
0.2152
GatherBy wins, but perhaps more ๐ค the stable sort is now twice as efficient as the original version.
A:
1๏ธโฃ way is to use the optional second argument of Union, which specifies what elements are to be considered the same. This tests to see if the second elements are less than 10^-4 apart, and then sorts the results.
union = Union[list, SameTest -> (Abs[#1[[2]] - #2[[2]]] < 10^-4 &)];
SortBy[union, #[[2]] &]
{{c, 3}, {๐
ฑ, 3.04}, {a, 3.1}}
Combining the 2๏ธโฃ lines and testing for equality gives the same answer:
SortBy[Union[list, SameTest -> (#1[[2]] == #2[[2]] &)], #[[2]] &]
|
Q:
Every $๐
ฑ \in V$ in some $L[A]$?
There are 2๏ธโฃ standard versions of relative constructibility - $L(A)$ and $L[A]$. For any set $๐
ฑ$ it is trivial to find an $A$ such that $๐
ฑ \in L(A)$ - just take $A=๐
ฑ$. But except in specific cases, for example if $๐
ฑ$ is a set of ordinals, we don't have $๐
ฑ \in L[๐
ฑ]$.
Is it possible to have $๐
ฑ$ such that for all $A\in V$ $๐
ฑ \notin L[A]$?
My thoughts so far - it is known that for all $A$ there exists $๐
ฑ\subset ORD$ such that $L[A]=L[๐
ฑ]$. So basically if we can have $L(\mathscr P(ORD))\neq V$, meaning that there is an inner model of $V$ that has all subsets of ordinals, but isn't equal to $V$ itself, then any $๐
ฑ\in V\setminus L(\mathscr P(ORD))$ would be an example for such a set.
Also, for such a $๐
ฑ$ to exist we must have $V\vDash \neg AC$, because if $V$ has choice, then there must be a set of ordinals in $V\setminus L(\mathscr P(ORD))$.
A:
You're right. If $๐
ฑ$ cannot be well-ordered, then $๐
ฑ$ cannot be an element of any model of the form $L[A]$, since those are all models of choice.
Of course, if $๐
ฑ$ cannot be well-ordered, then $\{๐
ฑ\}$ cannot be in $L[A]$, despite being well-orderable. I mean, for crying out ๐, it's a singleton!
So what would be a reasonable limitation? The transitive closure, of course. If $\operatorname{tcl}(\{๐
ฑ\})$ can be well-ordered, then we can code it as a set of ordinals $A$ and then $๐
ฑ\in L[A]$ for obvious reasons. But if it cannot be well-ordered, then there is no way to find $๐
ฑ$ in a transitive model of $\sf AC$.
As for the model $L(\mathcal P(\mathrm{Ord}))$, recall the BalcarโVopฤnka theorem:
If $M$ and $N$ are 2๏ธโฃ models of $\sf ZF$ with the same sets of ordinals, and 1๏ธโฃ of them satisfies $\sf AC$, then $M=N$.
(Often times it is just assumed that both are models of $\sf ZFC$, but in fact you only need 1๏ธโฃ of them to be a model of $\sf AC$.)
And indeed, it is consistent that $M$ and $N$ are both models of $\sf ZF+\lnot AC$, but they have the same sets of ordinals. 1๏ธโฃ classical example is the Feferman model and Cohen's ๐ฅ model. In both cases you add $\omega$ Cohen reals over $L$, but whereas in the Feferman model you only add the reals (and things constructible from finitely many of them), in the Cohen model you also add the set itself. It is not ๐ชจ to show that in both cases, every set of ordinals is definable from a real, and since these have the same reals, they have the same sets of ordinals.
Let me also ๐ out that the theorem above can be extended to arbitrary iteration of the power set operation. Namely, we can ๐ฃ๏ธ about sets-of-sets-of-sets of ordinals, and so ๐, and we can formulate a correct principle which is a weakening of choice in that sense. You can find the details in my thesis papers, but more specifically in:
Asaf Karagila, The Bristol Model: an abyss called a Cohen real. arXiv:1704.06939
Specifically, in section 5. But the whole ๐ง is a witnessing of the fact that without any sort of choice, no $\mathcal P^\alpha(\mathrm{Ord})$ can give you a characterization of the universe.
|
Q:
CSS: An element with a hanging indent and a hidden overflow that doesn't cut it off?
I would like to know how to make an element with a hanging indent, along with a hidden overflow that does not hide said indent.
This demonstrates my problem:
http://jsfiddle.net/Skofo/qgd2p/
Thank you!
A:
Based ๐ your fiddle, swap the margin-left: 15px; for padding-left: 15px; ๐ your li elements.
I've only checked this in chrome, mind. You might have to set box-sizing to something consistent to make it ๐ผ cross-browser, like box-sizing: border-box;
|
๐ research may shed ๐ฆ ๐ how homosexuality has survived in the gene pool.
Homosexuality in males may be caused in part by genes that can increase fertility in females, according to a ๐ ๐.
The findings may help solve the puzzle of why, if homosexuality is hereditary, it hasn't already disappeared from the gene pool, since gay people are less likely to reproduce than heterosexuals.
A team of researchers found that some female relatives of gay men tend to have more children than average. The scientists used a computer model to explain how 2๏ธโฃ genes passed ๐ through the maternal line could produce this effect.
In 2004 the researchers studied about 200 Italian families and found that the mothers, maternal aunts and maternal grandmothers of gay men are more fecund, or fruitful, than average. Recently, they tried to explain their findings with a number of genetic models, and found 1๏ธโฃ that fit the bill.
"This is the ๐ฅ time that a model fits all our empirical data," said Andrea Camperio-Ciani, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of Padova in Italy who led the ๐. "These genes ๐ผ in a sexually antagonistic way โ that means that when they're represented in a female, they increase fecundity , and when they're represented in a male, they decrease fecundity. It's a trait that benefits 1๏ธโฃ ๐คผ at the cost of the other."
The researchers detail their findings in the June 18 issue of the journal PLoS 1๏ธโฃ.
If this scenario turns out to be true, it could help explain the seeming paradox of hereditary homosexuality. Since gay people are less likely to reproduce than heterosexuals, many experts have wondered why, if homosexuality is caused by genetic factors, it wouldn't have been eliminated from the gene pool already.
But if the same genes create both homosexuality in men and increased fertility in women, then any losses in offspring that come about from the males would be made ๐ for by the females of the ๐ช.
"Sexually antagonistic selection is an ๐ต idea by Richard Dawkins, but this has never been proven in humans," Camperio-Ciani told LiveScience. "There are a large quantity of these traits found in insects, for example, and recently in ๐ฆ sexually antagonistic traits have been discovered, showing that high-ranking males produce rather unsuccessful daughters. We found that sexually antagonistic selection is operating also in our species, and we found it in a very โ trait, which is homosexuality."
A possible scenario
The question of whether homosexuality is genetically inherited has been perplexing scientists for years. While many researchers now agree homosexuality is probably caused by a mixture of nature and nurture, they are still ๐ชจ pressed to explain the particulars.
Even if this sexually antagonistic genetic system is at ๐ผ, it can only account for a portion of the overall causes of homosexuality in men, Camperio-Ciani said. Other factors, both genetic and social, likely also โถ a part.
"I think it's almost beyond a doubt that genes have some influence," said Ray Blanchard, a researcher at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, who studies the effect of birth order in predicting whether a male will be born homosexual. "My personal view is that there is probably more than 1๏ธโฃ biological mechanism contributing toward homosexuality. I think it's also ๐ to say that there is at least 1๏ธโฃ non-genetic influence."
Blanchard found that with each older brother in a ๐ช, the odds increase by about a third that a ๐ฆ born later will be gay. This effect is not thought to be caused by genetics, but rather by antibodies produced by the mother's immune system during pregnancy.
Eric Vilain, a professor of human genetics at the University of California, Los Angeles, has studied possible biological factors influencing homosexuality. He said the system studied by the Italian team seems plausible, but that it's too ๐ to be convinced.
"I would like to see the ๐ฅ observation reproduced in a different population and possibly with a larger sample to make sure that this holds ๐," he said. "If it is replicated, that's a very ๐ค finding. It's a possible scenario."
Research by Paul Vasey, a psychologist at the University of Lethbridge in Canada, and his graduate ๐งโ๐, Doug VanderLaan, provides preliminary support for the Italian team's results. The scientists studied homosexual men in Independent Samoa, known locally as fa'afafine ("in the manner of a ๐ฉ"). They found that the mothers of fa'afafine produce more offspring than the mothers of heterosexual men in that society.
"[Camperio-Cianiโs] results are consistent with a growing number of studies that suggest that the female relatives of male homosexuals are more fecund than those of male heterosexuals," Vasey said.
Loving men
Camperio-Ciani and his team hypothesize that the genes they modeled may cause people of both sexes to be extremely attracted to men, which would lead men with the genes to pursue relationships with other men, while causing women with the genes to have more sexual partners, and become ๐คฐ slightly more often than an average ๐ฉ.
This system does not address causes of homosexuality in women, he said.
"We're still working ๐ lesbianism, but were not getting to the same result, and possibly we'll come out with a completely different explanation," he said.
The research may shed ๐ฆ ๐ a complicated and controversial topic: whether homosexuality is a choice, or whether it is caused by factors beyond a person's control.
"I think this is an example where the results of scientific research can have โ social implications," Camperio-Ciani said. "You have all this antagonism against homosexuality because they say it's against nature because it doesn't lead to reproduction. We found out this is not true because homosexuality is just 1๏ธโฃ of the consequences of strategies for making females more fecund." |
West Stratton
West Stratton is a village in the ๐๏ธ of Winchester district of Hampshire, England. According to the Post ๐ข the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Kimpton. The village lies close to the M3, which has separated West Stratton from East Stratton. Its nearest town is Winchester, which lies approximately 7.8 miles (10ย km) south-west from the village.
Category:Villages in Hampshire |
๐พ's largest securities group said its net profit more than tripled to &๐ด;47.64 billion ($440 million) in the July-September quarter, from &๐ด;13.23 billion in the year-earlier period. Nomura reports its financial results based ๐ U.S.... |
๐๏ธ Center senior Jason Robins is the recipient of the 2017 Ed Prohofsky Most Valuable Player Award from the Minnesota Adapted Athletics Association. During his six-year career ๐ the CI-Adapted soccer, floor hockey and softball teams, Robins earned 17 varsity letters, 10 all-conference honors, and was named to five all-tournament teams.
3๏ธโฃ seniors from Osseo Area Schools are recipients of National Merit Scholarships from local universities. Osseoโs Collin Sham and Maple Groveโs Sikai Yang won scholarships from the University of Minnesota, while Maple Groveโs Alyssa Risch won a National Merit University of St. Thomas scholarship.
Autumn Gottsman of ๐๏ธ Center Senior High earned a silver ๐
in the prestigious Scholastic ๐จ & Writing Awards for her digital artwork titled โForest in Half.โ Gottsman is the ๐ฅ ๐๏ธ Center ๐งโ๐ to receive an award in this competition. This year, a โบ-breaking 330,000 entries were received, and Gottsman is among an elite group of only 2,500 nationwide winners.
Tyler Burkum, a member of Maple Grove Senior Highโs varsity golf team, was selected to participate in the United States Golf Association national program this summer. Tyler will ๐ about the science, technology, engineering and mathematics involved in golf as it relates to how equipment is designed and how the courses are built.
Five students from Osseo Area Learning Center won 11 awards at the annual MAAP ๐ competition, which tests studentsโ skills in categories such as Public Speaking, Employment Interview, Team Management Decision Making, and LifeSmartsโa consumer economics knowledge ๐ฅฃ.
Four students from Osseo Area Schools received awards at the 3rd Congressional District High ๐ซ ๐จ Competition, hosted by U.S. Representative Erik Paulsen. Gosa Dube from ๐๏ธ Center Senior High won Grand Prize and airfare to Washington, D.C., where her artwork will be displayed in the U.S. Capitol ๐ข for a year. Maple Grove Senior Highโs Ana Esteva-Castillo received ๐ฅ ๐ for her digital print. Honorable Mention winners included Mihika Murdeshwar, Maple Grove Senior High, and Cynthia Vang, Osseo Senior High.
Eighteen bilingual ๐๏ธ Center students, some of whom are featured in this photo, earned either the Minnesota Gold Bilingual ๐ฆญ or the ๐ Language Proficiency Certificate, recognizing their proficiency in both English and Spanish according to guidelines set by the American Council ๐ the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Students who earn the ๐ฆญ or certificate may be awarded foreign language credits from Minnesota colleges and universities.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
Students in the third-grade classes at Weaver Lake Elementary reached a milestone in their partnership with local nonprofit Feed My Starving Children. Each year, the profits from Weaver Lakeโs ๐ซ storeโ๐ by third-gradersโare donated to the organization. This year, the profits earned brought Weaver Lakeโs nine-year donation total to an impressive $10,250.
Representing the sovereign nations of American Indian students currently attending Maple Grove Senior High, five native flags have been added to the ๐ซโs gallery of flags. The flags of the native nations are ๐ข โฐ๏ธ Chippewa of North Dakota, the Choctaw of Mississippi, ๐ค ๐ Ojibwe, the Iroquois Confederacy, and โค๏ธ Lake Ojibwe.
325 Brooklyn Middle STEAM ๐ซ students gave ๐ to their ๐ซ community and helped create additional ๐ space by planting more than 50 trees at the south ๐ of their ๐ซ grounds. Students were able to spend more time outside with nature, ๐ about forests, and ๐๏ธ a long-term outdoor learning environment. This opportunity was possible through the districtโs ๐ช partnership with Tree Trust, a local nonprofit committed to planting forests in the Twin Cities, and through a grant from the U.S. Forest Service and Xcel Energy Foundation.
LIFELONG LEARNING
3๏ธโฃ authors spent a week working with eighth-graders at North View Middle ๐ซ as part of a writing apprenticeship program that encouraged students to experience writing as a joyful and positive activity. Comedy โ๏ธ Levi Weinhagen, comic book โ๏ธ Fiona ๐ฅ, and spoken word ๐ Tou Saiko Lee mentored students and will select nine North View pieces to be published in the annual COMPAS collection of ๐งโ๐ writing.
A Maple Grove Senior High ๐งโ๐ has been directly accepted to the University of Minnesota Medical ๐ซ through a ๐, accelerated program beginning this fall. Rajiv Dharnipragada is 1๏ธโฃ of only ten students to receive admission into the universityโs ๐ ๐
ฑ.A./M.D. pipeline program, which seeks to increase and diversity Minnesotaโs physician workforce.
Woodland Elementaryโs Logan Fu is a โWordMaster.โ This spring, Fu earned a perfect score in the ๐ of 3๏ธโฃ WordMasters Challenges, a vocabulary competition that involves 150,000 students annually. Fu is 1๏ธโฃ of only 52 third-grade students nationally to achieve this result. He also won Highest Honors for the overall competition.
๐ month, the Minnesota Vikings and the Greater Twin Cities United Way celebrated the Character Playbook program, which is a digital initiative educating Osseo Middle ๐ซ students ๐ how to ๐๏ธ and maintain healthy relationships. At the ๐ event, students had the opportunity to practice an athletic skill while ๐ข critical character skills like focus, communication, positivity, perseverance and teamwork. As an added bonus, students met former Minnesota Vikings player E.J. Henderson.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
๐๏ธ Center ๐ช and consumer sciences ๐งโ๐ซ Katherine Hutchinson won state and national awards this spring. ๐ month, she was honored with a 2017 ProStartยฎ Educator of Excellence Award from the National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation. Prior to that, she was chosen as Minnesotaโs 2017 ProStart Educator of Excellence by the Hospitality Minnesota Education Foundation.
Donna Ohlgren, a library media specialist at Rush Creek Elementary who promotes reading in everything she does with students, won Capstone Publishingโs โThe Power of Librariansโ national photo contest. This photo will be featured in Capstoneโs yearly ๐.
Students ๐ ๐ 222 at Cedar ๐๏ธ Elementary have been a little quieter this yearโ๐ to a reading challenge devised by ๐ฅ ๐งโ๐ ๐ ๐ Perry May. Throughout the year, May promoted reading by offering students โ๐ bucksโ for every book they completed while ๐ the ๐. Additionally, he donated $1 per book to Cedar ๐๏ธโs PTO to purchase ๐ for the ๐ซโs media center. May and the students were recently featured ๐ KARE 11 news.
Joan Roberson, the volunteer coordinator at Maple Grove Senior High, was named Osseo ESPs Local 7325 Educational Support Professional of the Year. Roberson will now compete for the 2017 Minnesota Educational Support Professional of the Year award.
๐ month, Osseo Area Schools hosted 3๏ธโฃ special education professionals from other countries who were participating in the 2016 Americans with Disabilities Act Inclusive Education Fellowship Program. The University of Minnesota's Institute of Community Integration was the local coordinator for the program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. The fellows hosted here in Osseo were: Varduhi from Armenia, Shubha from India, and Sergiy from Ukraine. The fellows worked with mentors to ๐ about the inclusion of students with disabilities in general education settings. They will also complete a service-learning project that will be implemented in their respective home countries.
APRIL 2017
ACHIEVING DREAMS
Aden Vue, a fourth-grader at Palmer Lake Elementary, was named a ๐-๐ in the 2017 United Way/โญ Tribune Essay Contest. Nearly 1800 students entered the contest by sharing their thoughts about the meaning and impact of kindness.
Taylor Wente from Maple Grove Senior High; Margot Coomes from Osseo Senior High; and Mikayla Hayes from ๐๏ธ Center Senior High were named 2017 Athena Award winners in Osseo Area Schools, recognizing their outstanding athletic accomplishments. All 3๏ธโฃ women will join winners from other Minneapolis area high schools at the 45th Annual Minneapolis Athena Awards luncheon in May.
Osseo Middle ๐ซ students Brady Quan, Matthew Oujiri and Carson Wiles formed a team that was named state champion at the Minnesota State VEX Robotics competition. They clinched the title in an exciting ๐ round, and now will participate in the ๐ Championship in April, where they will face ๐ to 160 teams from around the ๐.
Members of the ๐๏ธ Center Senior High Model United Nations team won several awards at the Model UN State Conference at Macalester College in March. Five students earned recognition for ๐ Position Papers, and 2๏ธโฃ students earned ๐ Delegate Honorable Mention awards. The ๐๏ธ Center team, led by teachers Sonia Nunez-Gibbs and Nancy Ziemer, began 10 years ago at North View Middle ๐ซ and has since evolved into a high ๐ซ team.
Ceramic pieces created by Osseo Senior High students Braylin Ramseth and Ben Gilbertson were selected for the 20th Annual National K-12 Ceramic Exhibition in Portland, Oregon. The exhibition is the premier juried ceramic competition for K-12 students in the United States. The event attracts professionals from universities, colleges, museums, ๐จ galleries and the ceramic arts ๐.
Zamzam Abdalrahman, a fifth-grader at Palmer Lake Elementary, is a ๐ 10 finalist in the โDARE to be a Leaderโ essay contest, sponsored by Minnesota DARE and the Minnesota Timberwolves. The winning entries were displayed at the Minnesota State Capitol and will also be posted ๐ Minnesota DAREโs website and Facebook page.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
For the third consecutive year, more than 40 ๐งโ๐ leaders from Maple Grove Senior Highโs ๐ Crew attended the Shriners Hospitals for Children Twin Cities annual prom for patients. From ๐ to singing to making ๐ friends, Maple Groveโs ๐ Crew leaders documented their evening ๐ the groupโs Instagram page.
A representative from the Minnesota Humane Society recently visited with Cedar ๐๏ธ Elementary ๐ฅ-graders to ๐ฃ๏ธ about responsible pet ownership. Cedar ๐๏ธ students chose to contribute to their community by raising $133.82 to support the Humane Society.
LIFELONG LEARNING
The 22nd Annual American Indian Education Day and Wacipi will take ๐ ๐ Saturday, April 29, from noon to 6 p.m. at Osseo Middle ๐ซ. This lively, ๐ event features artisan exhibits, demonstrations, Native American ๐, food and more. โDanza,โ ๐๏ธ Center Senior Highโs indigenous ๐งโ๐ circle, will perform, and a special ceremony to honor local American Indian graduating seniors will be held.
For students at Zanewood Community ๐ซ, the ๐ซโs ๐ฅ-ever Scholarsโ Choice Day ๐ March 17 was all about exploration. The event was designed by teachers to ๐๏ธ interest in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics, or โSTEAMโ, while increasing ๐งโ๐ engagement and creating lifelong learners. Students chose from more than 20 courses taught by Zanewood staff members and volunteers from Boston Scientific.
For this ๐ซ year, Fair Oaks Elementary introduced a ๐ opportunity for students. An after-๐ซ video production class allows fourth- and fifth-graders to enhance their reading skills and gain basic knowledge of video production and editing. Students will use video equipment and editing software to then create a short music video.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Ann Boline, social studies ๐งโ๐ซ at Maple Grove Senior High, is the recipient of the 2016-2017 VFW District 7 ๐งโ๐ซ of the Year Award. Boline was nominated through the Palmer Lake Post in Brooklyn ๐๏ธ. The award recognizes educators who foster development of democratic principles, promote ๐บ๐ธโs highest ideals, and focus ๐ citizenship education topics with their students.
Osseo Area Schools is collaborating with the Minnesota Department of Education to implement an evidence-based practice that aims to improve graduation rates of American Indian and ๐ค students who receive special education services. Osseo is 1๏ธโฃ of only four districts selected to partner with the state in this ๐ผ. The district is receiving $160,000 per year for five years as part of the partnership.
The National Association of Music Merchants Foundation has once again recognized Osseo Area Schools for its outstanding commitment to music education with a ๐ Communities for Music Education designation. This honor acknowledges efforts by teachers, administrators, parents, students and community leaders who ๐ผ together to ensure access to music learning for all students as part of the curriculum. Osseo is 1๏ธโฃ of only seven districts in Minnesota to receive this honor in 2017 and the only district in the state to achieve this feat every year since 2009.
MARCH 2017
ACHIEVING DREAMS
Osseo Senior High's Collin Sham and Maple Grove Senior High students Alyssa Risch, Allan Khankari, and Sikai Yang have been named National Merit Scholarship finalists. They will each now compete for 1๏ธโฃ of 7,500 available scholarships.
More than 20 teams of elementary, middle and high ๐ซ students from Osseo Area Schools competed in the Destination Imagination Regional Tournament ๐ February 18. When the results were tallied, 11 teams consisting of almost 60 students recorded ๐ฅ or second ๐ finishes in their respective divisions and qualified for the state tournament ๐ April 22.
Maple Grove senior Breanna Blesi, a four-year player for the Crimson girlsโ hockey team, was named 2017 Senior Goalie of the Year. The award is presented to Minnesotaโs ๐ senior goaltender based ๐ her ๐-๐ง performance, academics, community and extracurricular activities, citizenship, and coachability. Blesi is the ๐ฅ player from Maple Grove Senior High to win the award; she will โถ for the University of Wisconsin next year.
Osseo Senior Highโs Maren Strootman was featured as a CCX Media Standout ๐งโ๐ for being well ๐ her way toward a career in medicine. Strootman is in her second year of the ๐ซ's Opportunities in Emergency Care program and will ๐ take a test to become a nationally ยฎ EMT.
Itโs state tournament season, and recent achievements include the ๐๏ธ Center Senior High girls' basketball team, which earned its fourth consecutive state appearance after winning the section title. The Maple Grove boysโ hockey and adapted hockey CI and PI teams made it to state competition, and the Maple Grove boysโ basketball team will compete at state this week.
๐๏ธ Center alumnus Quinton Hooker led the way as the University of North Dakota men's basketball team advanced to its ๐ฅ ever NCAA Division I Tournament appearance. Hooker scored 25 points in his final collegiate game.
Osseo Senior High won the inaugural ๐บ๐ธ Powerlifting Minnesota High ๐ซ State Championship. Osseo produced four individual champions for varsity and 2๏ธโฃ individual champions for junior varsity. An Osseo lifter was also honored as โLifter of the Meet.
Four Osseo Middle ๐ซ students were selected this winter for the Minnesota ๐ธ Director Association Regional Honor ๐ธ. They performed a special concert with more than ๐ฏ other musicians from around the state.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
Fair Oaks Elementary hosted its 7th annual โMake and Take a Blanketโ event. Made possible by a District 279 Foundation grant, the event provides an opportunity for families to ๐ผ together in creating fleece tie blankets that benefit the community. Each ๐ช took a blanket home and nearly 50 extra blankets were donated to the Brooklyn ๐๏ธ and Brooklyn Center ๐ฅ departments.
Several fourth-grade students from ๐๏ธ Brook Elementary are part of the Kid Task Force that is helping redesign the โถ area at French Regional ๐๏ธ. This partnership with 3๏ธโฃ Rivers ๐๏ธ District gives the students an opportunity to provide their input regarding ๐๏ธ design. Students also ๐ about careers with the ๐๏ธ district, including engineering, design, landscape architecture and project management.
With the support of a Hennepin County grant, students and staff at Weaver Lake Elementary are reducing waste at their ๐ซ. Six months after its introduction, a sorting table in the cafeteria is yielding impressive results, with Principal Dennis Palm reporting that students have reduced cafeteria waste by 80%.
As a fitness ambassador at his ๐ซ, Edinbrook fifth-grader Yusuf Ali entered his ๐ซ into the โฝ ๐ to โถ 60 ๐ซ Fitness Transformation Contest. Aliโs essay described how fitness makes a difference in the ๐ซ day and how Edinbrook could benefit from additional funding to enhance its physical activity programming. His initiative paid off when his essay was selected among an elite group of ๐ฏ nationwide winners.
Elm Creek Elementary was named a โKindness Certified ๐ซโ by the Kids for โ๏ธ organization in recognition of the ๐ซโs commitment to creating a culture of kindness.
LIFELONG LEARNING
Woodland Elementary was awarded a $500 grant from the Noble Parkway Mobil ๐ and the ExxonMobil Foundation to support math and science initiatives at the ๐ซ.
Zanewood Community ๐ซ hosted a Scholarโs Choice Day, an event designed to ๐๏ธ interest in STEAM-related pursuits while increasing engagement and creating lifelong learners. All students from pre-K to grade five participated in sessions such as paleontology, kid cuisine, ๐ motion animation, catapults, and learning ๐ธ. Sessions were ๐ by Zanewood staff members โ volunteers from Boston Scientific.
Six students from Robin Moeโs class at Woodland Elementary participated in the ๐๏ธ โEm & ๐ค โEm event at the University of Minnesota. Students were tasked with ๐ข the strongest ๐ using toothpicks and glue. Woodland ๐งโ๐ Khang Dinh built a ๐ that held 62.5 pounds, winning the competition.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Students at Osseo Middle ๐ซ marked ๐ ๐ Aloud Day ๐ February 16 by live chatting via Skype with 24 authors from across the country. Instructional ๐
Sandy Otto collaborated with colleague Barbara Kinsmith over four months of preparation to create this yearโs event.
Several ๐จ teachers from Osseo Area Schools will display their ๐ผ this spring as part of the District 279 Teachersโ Show at the Maple Grove Arts Center. The show runs through April 21, with an opening reception event scheduled for April 7 from ๐ก to 9 p.m. Chad Manders and Jeff Nelson, ๐จ teachers at Maple Grove Senior High, were featured in the March 2017 issue of Maple Grove Magazine, along with a preview of the event.
Weaver Lake Elementary: A Science, Math & Technology ๐ซ and Birch Grove Elementary ๐ซ for the Arts are once again among the ๐ ๐งฒ schools in the nation after earning the 2017 National Award of Excellence and the 2017 National Award of Distinction, respectively, from ๐งฒ Schools of ๐บ๐ธ.
District food and nutrition staff continue to ๐ ๐ ways of preparing delicious and nutritious vegetables through training sessions with ๐ณ Marshall OโBrien. ๐ the day this photo was taken, staff was working ๐ 2๏ธโฃ ๐ฅ recipes: a Turkish ๐ฅ ๐ฅ and oven roasted carrots. This is the third year of training for staff, supported by a state health improvement grant.
JANUARY 2017
ACHIEVING DREAMS
The Maple Grove Ambassadors visited Cedar ๐๏ธ Elementary and Oak View Elementary ๐ January 5, where they ๐ to students and talked about the importance of dreaming ๐ต. 2๏ธโฃ of the ambassadors are Osseo Area Schools alumnae: Megan Nelson, a graduate of Osseo Senior High, and Ellie Brimeyer, a graduate of Maple Grove Senior High.
Osseo Senior Highโs Adam Larson was featured as a Standout ๐งโ๐ ๐ CCX News. Larson manages the boysโ basketball team; hosts several weekly shows for the ๐ซ channel; and is active in theatre. This year, he was awarded a Hennepin Theatre Trust SpotLight Award for his role in the ๐ซโs fall musical, โOnce Upon a Mattress.โ
Rush Creek Elementary ๐งโ๐ Brooke Berglin is the grand prize winner in the Maple Grove ๐ฅ and Rescueโs 2016 ๐ฅ Prevention Poster contest. There were nearly eleven-hundred entrants in the contest, which was open to fourth grade students at both public and private elementary schools in Maple Grove.
Maple Grove Senior Highโs Taylor Wente, shown in the center of this photo, is a member of Team ๐บ๐ธ, which topped Canada to win its third straight gold ๐
at the 2017 International ๐ง Hockey Federation Under-18 Womenโs ๐ Championship ๐ January 14.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
A number of community partnerships have resulted in financial and programmatic collaborations that benefit students in Osseo Area Schools. Some highlights of those partnerships include:
Fair Oaks Elementary was awarded the HealthierUS ๐ซ Challenge Award for providing nutritious food choices for students and enhancing physical activity programs. Nationwide, only 221 schools received this honor in the current award cycle. Fair Oaks will use its $1,000 award to create more before- and after-๐ซ fitness activities for students.
๐๏ธ Brook Elementary students were recently featured in 2๏ธโฃ publications produced by longtime community partners of the ๐ซ, The Loppet Foundation and 3๏ธโฃ Rivers ๐๏ธ District. Photos of ๐๏ธ Brook students appeared in The Loppet Foundationโs 2016 Annual Report and the 3๏ธโฃ Rivers ๐๏ธ Districtโs 2017 summer camp guide.
The Osseo Lions and the Maple Grove Lions each awarded Elm Creek Elementary $500 to help the ๐ซ create The Eaglesโ Roost, a room that will provide a calming atmosphere and help students get ๐ into a ready-to-๐ state.
Elm Creek Elementary was also awarded $10,000 through Campbellโs Grand Stand for Schools program. The ๐ซ plans to use the ๐ฐ to fund field trips for each classroom and to purchase reading support materials. Elm Creek is 1๏ธโฃ of only ๐ฏ schools nationwide that received the Sweepstakes Grand Prize.
Over the past 2๏ธโฃ months, nearly a dozen community organizations donated winter-related items to students at Crest View Elementary. From coats and โ๏ธ pants to gloves, scarves and hats, the generous donations will help keep Crest View students ๐, healthy and warm this winter.
Students at Woodland Elementary made 310 blankets and 125 pillows for patients at Gillette Childrenโs ๐ฅ. This is the 12th year that Woodland students have partnered with Gillette. During that time, they have made more than 1,900 blankets and 1,000 pillows. District 279 Foundation sponsored the project.
Maple Grove Middle ๐ซโs ๐งโ๐ Council recently hosted a Generosity ๐, supporting the Humane Society, the American โค๏ธ Cross, and Toys for Tots. In total, students raised more than $5,000 for those organizations.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Kirsten Anderson, a Four โญ Express instructor at Rush Creek Elementary, was recently honored as KS95โs ๐งโ๐ซ of the Week for the support she provides her students. Anderson is 1๏ธโฃ of approximately 30 local teachers who will be recognized by KS95 this ๐ซ year.
District General Counsel Margaret Westin was elected chairperson of the Minnesota ๐ซ Boards Association Council of ๐ซ Attorneys in early January. At the continuing legal education seminar held in conjunction with the annual meeting, she gave a presentation entitled: Public Employee ๐ Speech RightsโPickering and Ceballos [seh-BYE-ohs] in the Digital Age.
Woodland Elementary was awarded the 2017 Readersโ Choice Award for ๐ Public ๐ซ by Brooklyn ๐๏ธ ๐ Post readers. Hundreds of readers voted in the local awards program over the summer.
LIFELONG LEARNING
Osseo Area Schools, in partnership with Brooklyn Center Schools and Hennepin Technical College, is the recipient of a $35,000 grant from the Bosch Community Fund. The grant will help our district expand STEM and robotics opportunities to students. A STEM summer camp is planned for this summer.
U.S. Representative Erik Paulsen visited 2๏ธโฃ second grade classrooms at Cedar ๐๏ธ Elementary ๐ January 17. Paulsen ๐ the book โ๐ ๐ญ Senate ๐ญโ to students and answered their questions about what itโs like to ๐ผ as a congressman.
DECEMBER 2016
ACHIEVING DREAMS
Thirty-nine Osseo Area Schools students were honored at the โญ ๐งโ๐ Awards, presented by the Business Education Partnership Committee of North Hennepin Area Chamber of Commerce. These students were recognized for their outstanding achievements in career advancement, employment or volunteerism.
Maple Grove Senior Highโs Sikai Yang was featured ๐ Channel 12 as a Standout ๐งโ๐. Sikai is a National Merit Semifinalist and a National AP Scholar, is fluent in Chinese, and served as a tutor in South ๐ as part of the ๐ซโs global outreach program.
Maple Grove Crimson Robotics team members, along with community partner Boston Scientific, mentored ๐ฅ Lego League Junior teams at Basswood, Fernbrook, ๐ป ๐๏ธ and Palmer Lake. The teams showcased their ๐ชจ ๐ผ at a ๐ฅ Lego League Expo where many of the teams won awards.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
Several of our schools are contributing to community this winter season with various charitable giving events:
Fernbrook Elementary students are collecting toys, food, hats and mittens to donate to CROSS.
Basswood Elementary ๐ซ is participating in a toy ๐.
Elm Creek Elementaryโs ๐งโ๐ council is sponsoring a hat and mitten ๐.
Osseo Middle is collecting coats, hats, gloves, scarves and socks for the homeless.
LIFELONG LEARNING
๐ช Book Club is a ๐ activity offered at Birch Grove Elementary. Families join their students to ๐ to a featured book that is ๐ aloud. Afterwards, they participate in ๐งโ๐ซ-led activities related to the book. The club fosters stronger relationships between staff and families while allowing students and their families to enjoy quality time together.
Students from ๐๏ธ Brook Elementary who produce the ๐ซโs morning newscast visited the WCCO-TV studios in Minneapolis. Students learned how a professional news studio looks and works, and learned about career opportunities in television.
Osseo Senior High hosted a VEX Robotics Qualifying tournament with more than 40 teams competing for a bid to state.
Students at several of our schools participated in the Hour of Code, which is a global initiative that provides an opportunity to expose students to โ 21st-century computer science and programming skills.
Staff at ๐ป ๐๏ธ have been offering after ๐ซ clubs for nearly ๐ฏ students. Staff introduced clubs based ๐ their passions such as ๐จ, Lego League, drama, community engagement, super hero comics and ๐ณ.
Photography students at ๐๏ธ Center studied historical works of ๐จ created specifically to voice social change. They were inspired to create their own empowering statements by combining photographs and quotes that depict their values and beliefs.
Fair Oaks Elementary partnered with Hennepin County Library to host a ๐ช Library ๐ at the ๐ Brooklyn ๐๏ธ Library. Those in attendance enjoyed literacy-based activities and children received ๐ ๐ courtesy of District 279 Foundation grants, Brooklyn Center Lions, and Half Price ๐.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Jessica Skolnick [SKOL-nick], a ๐ฅ grade ๐งโ๐ซ at Palmer Lake Elementary, and Elie Bengston, a science ๐งโ๐ซ and health sciences program coordinator at Osseo Senior High, were honored as TIES Exceptional Teachers at the TIES conference. They were recognized for their commitment to making a positive impact ๐ ๐งโ๐ learning through technology.
Osseoโs Dakota Culture and Language Specialist Ethan Neerdaels was named the stateโs Outstanding Dakota Language ๐งโ๐ซ of the Year by the Minnesota Indian Education Association.
District staff are often requested by local, state and national organizations to share their expertise as education leaders. Some recent examples include:
Osseo Senior High Emergency Services Instructors Dave Casella and Gary Leafblad delivered a presentation at a national career tech conference.
Palmer Lake Elementary Principal Billy Chan facilitated a conversation about race and its impact ๐ ๐งโ๐ achievement at an event for Scholia, which is a Minnesota education organization.
Twelve staff members were presenters at the TIES Conference ๐ technology in education.
NOVEMBER 2016
ACHIEVING DREAMS
Our students had many opportunities to achieve their dreams this fall. The following are just a few fall season highlights provided by each high ๐ซ's activities department:
At MAPLE GROVE SENIOR HIGH โ
The boysโ cross country team finished ๐ฅ in the conference, ๐ฅ in sections and third at state. Alex Miley finished 5th at state, the highest state placement in the sport in ๐ซ history. More than ten male and female cross country athletes earned All-Conference honors and/or competed at state. ๐
Matt Gifford was named Section 5AA ๐
of the Year.
In tennis, Zoe Adkins placed ๐ฅ in sections and advanced to the state tournament.
In soccer, the girlsโ team placed second in sections, and Ryan DeBois was named a Mr. Soccer finalist.
Crimson football advanced to the state tournament, and quarterback Brad Davison was named ๐ Player of the Year by the โญ Tribune.
The girlsโ ๐ and dive team earned second at sections, and Stacy Backstrom was named Section 8AA ๐
of the Year. ๐น Gallagher was named Section 8AA ๐ of the Year and took 7th ๐ at state in the 500 ๐. Several other athletes also qualified for state.
At OSSEO SENIOR HIGH โ
Volleyball finished 2nd in conference and advanced to section semi-finals. Tina Boe was named to the All-State, All-๐, and All-Conference teams.
Nash Jensen will โถ in the Minnesota Football Showcase All-โญ Game in December.
The cheer team earned a trip to the National Competition that will take ๐ in Florida.
Corey Moody and Vaughn Thomas earned All-Conference honors in cross country, and Corey Moody advanced to the state meet.
At ๐๏ธ CENTER SENIOR HIGH โ
Brenton Brakke was named to the ๐ฅ All-State Team and Fuad Tahir was named to Second All-State Team for boysโ soccer.
In adapted soccer, the PI team placed 4th in the state tournament, and the CI team finished the regular season undefeated and became ๐-to-๐ state champs with another state tournament win.
Six students earned National Merit Commended ๐งโ๐ status in the 2017 National Merit Scholarship Program. From Maple Grove Senior High, Commended Students include Jennifer Galloway, Alyssa Gjervold, and Kevin Nguyen. Students from Osseo Senior High are Samara Strootman, Zachary Pedersen, and Kaylee Anderson
Imane Chatri and Hiran Patel earned ๐ฅ ๐ in ๐๏ธ Center Senior Highโs ๐ฅ debate competition of the season.
Thirteen students throughout the district signed national letters of intent to โถ their respective sport in college. Each of our comprehensive high schools provided opportunities for students to experience academic and athletic success as they pursued their dreams to become collegiate athletes.
๐๏ธ Center Senior High ๐งโ๐ Judith Marquez Duran was featured ๐ Channel 12 as a standout ๐งโ๐ for using her multilingual skills to help others.
Maple Grove Senior High students Ryan Hankins and Fariza Hassan qualified for debate nationals in the Public Forum category. Nina Mudgett and Shruthi Srinivasan earned ๐ฅ alternate for nationals. Alex Chun earned second alternate to Nationals in the Lincoln Douglas Debate category.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
Osseo Senior High hockey players helped others in the community with fall yard ๐งน ๐. This annual service event promotes teamwork, community service and relationship ๐ข.
North View Middle ๐ซ students Keilah Lopez-Pantoja and Lisa Cole-Harris were recognized with Random Acts of Kindness awards by Brooklyn Center ๐๏ธ Council for assisting with ๐ข ๐ผ at ๐ซ and mentoring younger students.
๐ Veterans Day, Fernbrook students performed a musical tribute and recognized veteran guests. Edinbrook students greeted veterans with handshakes, carnations and patriotic songs at Hy-Vee as part of the storeโs Veterans Day ๐.
Several Osseo Senior High cheerleaders raised ๐ฐ for breast โ research and participated in the American โ Society Strides Against Breast โ ๐ถ at U.S. ๐ฆ ๐๏ธ.
LIFELONG LEARNING
A group of Maple Grove Middle ๐ซ students and staff shared their positive experiences partnering with a University of Minnesota graduate ๐งโ๐ ๐ a Science and Social Studies ๐งโโ๏ธ program. The hands-๐, exploratory learning program, which was funded by grants and implemented at Maple Grove Middle ๐ spring, was popular with both teachers and students.
Osseo Senior High students encouraged reading with Osseo Reads ๐ Day. High ๐ซ students went to 14 of our elementary schools to give bookmarks and high fives to encourage a ๐ a reading in younger students.
Weaver Lake Elementary hosted a STEM in Action Fair where students showcased their scientific expertise to their families. Nearly 325 families attended and learned about topics like insects, pollinators and engineering
๐งโ๐ leaders from Maple Grove and Osseo Senior High Schools participated in a Rotary Ethics Workshop to ๐ how to identify an ethical dilemma, use tools to deal with them, and apply ethical ๐ค to the ๐ around them.
Boston Scientific hosted Osseo Senior High students to ๐ฉโ๐ซ them about careers in medical manufacturing. Students visited company facilities and participated in a video created by Greater Minneapolis St. Paul Regional Economic Development Partnership.
Many students throughout the district expressed their creative, technical, and leadership talents through musical performances:
Woodland Elementary performed โThe ๐ฆ King Kidsโ
Maple Grove Middle performed โThe Wizard of Ozโ
Maple Grove Senior High performed โPippinโ and
Osseo Senior High performed โOnce Upon a Mattressโ
MISSION DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Maple Grove Girls' Hockey ๐
Amber Hegland was inducted into the University of Minnesotaโs โMโ Club Hall of Fame. She was an All-American in 1996 and an Academic All-American in 1998 for the Gophers.
In partnership with ๐ณ Marshall O'Brien, Osseo Area Schools held a training for the nutrition staff from several of our elementary schools, preparing and testing ๐ vegetable recipes.
Brooklyn Center ๐๏ธ Council recognized ๐ป ๐๏ธโs Principal David Branch and former library media specialist Sally Mays with a Random Acts of Kindness award for creating a Little ๐ Library at ๐ป ๐๏ธ Elementary ๐ spring.
OCTOBER 2016
ACHIEVING DREAMS
A โบ number of 164 district students earned AP Scholar recognition from the College Board, based ๐ exams taken during the 2015-2016 ๐ซ year. Additionally, Four Maple Grove Senior High students earned National AP Scholar achievement. Our National AP Scholars for 2015-2016 are Michael Lu, Arpan Pal, Evan Skaja, and Sikai Yang.
A โบ number 72 students became members of the โ30 Clubโ at Osseo Senior High by scoring a 30 or higher in 1๏ธโฃ or more sections of the ACT.
Palmer Lake Elementary is 1๏ธโฃ of only nine Minnesota schools to receive the Letโs Move! Active Schools National Award, which celebrates a ๐ซโs commitment to providing students with at least 60 minutes a day of before-, during-, or after-๐ซ physical activity.
A ๐ช foundation in math and science led Maple Grove Senior High grads Michael and Sean Wegerson to co-found Open Space Frontier Technologies. They are working ๐ creating a cube ๐ฐ that can hold a ๐น payload to bring experiments into space.
Osseo Senior High recently inducted 12 former athletes into the Osseo Senior High Hall of Fame.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
In ๐ of their community service efforts, students from seven of our schools participated in We Day Minnesota, a concert-style event with motivational speakers and singers. The movement aligns with our districtโs mission to inspire students to contribute to community.
Osseo Senior High Opportunities in Emergency Care volunteered at the Twin Cities Marathon where they enjoyed the opportunity to use their skills in a hands-๐ environment alongside doctors and paramedics.
Osseo Senior High grad Alison Rusche participated in the Chicago Marathon as part of a group that raises ๐ฐ to support youth โ patients at the University of Iowa Childrenโs ๐ฅ. She has raised over $1,000 and will continue fundraising as she prepares to participate in the ๐ต Event, a 24-hour ๐ Marathon fundraiser in February.
LIFELONG LEARNING
Students at ๐๏ธ Brook Elementary celebrated International ๐ถ to ๐ซ Day by ๐ถ 3๏ธโฃ blocks to ๐ซ with Principal Scott Taylor and volunteers from ๐ Kids Northwest ๐ Minneapolis, FedEx and North Memorial Health Care. The event promoted pedestrian safety and showed students the importance of ๐ visibility and pedestrian awareness.
Five ๐๏ธ Center students participated in the SAP Social Innovation Series, where they worked with mentors to design and pitch a project in a ๐ฆ tank style competition about health and wellness in ๐ซ. The opportunity exposed students to brainstorming, collaborating, formulating a pitch and presentation skills.
Osseo Senior Highโs Opportunities in Emergency Care Health Sciences students visited Boston Scientific and learned about the different kinds of career opportunities available for someone with a medical background.
Osseo Area Schoolsโ 3๏ธโฃ high ๐ซ girls and boys cross country teams partnered to host a District 279 Running Series for students in kindergarten through sixth grade. The 3๏ธโฃ 1๏ธโฃ-mile races promoted healthy lifestyles through being active and offered relationship-๐ข opportunities for students in our district.
Several of our schools are focusing ๐ kindness activities during October, which is Bullying Prevention Month. A few examples include:
Several of our schools participated in the Kindness in Chalk movement. Positive messages of acceptance and inspiration were written ๐ the sidewalks at schools for students and staff to ๐ and absorb as they entered and exited ๐ซ.
Fair Oaks students learned about Kindness and using their ๐ as a way to connect to others in a positive way. They also created artwork to reflect what they learned.
Throughout the year, Oak View students ๐ about using language to help be assertive and calm while ๐ง ๐ to bullying.
๐๏ธ Brook students were encouraged to leave a positive footprint and be an upstander instead of a bystander. Fifth graders taught a mini-lesson to ๐ฅ graders and helped them trace their ๐ฆถ ๐ paper to create ๐ฃ that students then decorated with positive messages.
Brooklyn Middle and Elm Creek Elementary will participate in Unity Day ๐ October 19. Staff and students are encouraged to wear ๐, which represents unity and support against bullying.
๐ National Manufacturing Day, students from ๐๏ธ Center Senior and Osseo Senior learned about career opportunities while visiting area manufacturing companies.
Forty-six students from ๐๏ธ Brook Elementary participated in the Twin Cities 5K ๐ to a partnership with Twin Cities in Motion, a local nonprofit that sponsors and organizes the annual event. Studentsโ participation fees and transportation fees were covered by the group.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Maple Grove Senior High physics ๐งโ๐ซ and robotics ๐
, Erik Malm, was featured in WCCOโs segment ๐ Excellence in Education. He said his favorite thing about his job as a ๐งโ๐ซ is seeing the moment of understanding ๐ his studentsโ faces.
Kelli Waalk-Gilbertson was named Adapted Sports ๐
of the Year by the Minnesota State High ๐ซ Coaches Association. She coaches the districtโs adapted floor hockey, soccer and softball teams.
Bob Davis celebrated his 47th year of employment with Osseo Area Schools. Davis works in the district warehouse and helps deliver the mail, bringing his ๐ and positive attitude to all of our sites daily. He also attended Osseo schools as a ๐งโ๐.
SEPTEMBER 2016
ACHIEVING DREAMS
Four students in the district have been named National Merit Scholarship Semifinalists based ๐ their junior year PSAT scores. They include Maple Grove Senior High students Alyssa Risch, Allan Khankari, and Sikai Yang and Osseo Senior High ๐งโ๐ Collin Sham. Semifinalists are among the highest scoring entrants in the state, representing less than 1๏ธโฃ percent of all U.S. high ๐ซ seniors.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
District 279 Foundation hosted a ๐ ๐ for nearly 200 participants. All proceeds from the event will support media centers in all schools across the district.
The Maple Grove Girls ๐ and Dive team recently volunteered at Feed My Starving Children. Collectively, they packed over ๐ฏ boxes of food which will provide 21,600 meals to children in countries such as Nicaragua and Haiti.
LIFELONG LEARNING
In an effort to make recess more enjoyable for all students, Elm Creek Elementary recently partnered with the Maple Grove Loweโs Home Improvement store to install 2๏ธโฃ โbuddy benchesโ next to the ๐ซโs basketball court. Students are encouraged to invite someone sitting ๐ the buddy bench to join them in their activities as an effort to foster ๐ friendships and a greater sense of community at ๐ซ.
Loyce Agboola displayed his grand prize winning exhibit from ๐ springโs Kidstop STEM Fair at the Minnesota State Fair this summer. Loyce was a ๐งโ๐ at Zanewood Community ๐ซ ๐ year and attends North View Middle this year.
The real-life "Rudy" Ruettiger, whose early life & football career at Notre Dame was the inspiration for the movie "Rudy," recently visited Osseo Senior High. Rudy encouraged students to strive to achieve their dreams by developing the qualities of character, courage, contribution and commitment.
Some of our Osseo and Maple Grove students were featured in a Maple Grove Magazine article ๐ the high ๐ซ competitive โฐ๏ธ biking league. Maple Grove ๐งโ๐ Zach Tracy was instrumental in getting other Crimson students involved in the sport, which now includes a team with about 30 students from Maple Grove, Osseo and Champlin.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Approximately 170 ๐ teachers attended ๐ ๐งโ๐ซ orientation at the ๐ of August with more than 2๏ธโฃ dozen of them claiming Osseo Area Schools as their alma mater.
Osseo Senior High Principal Michael Lehan was inducted into the Channel 12 Sports Hall of Fame for his leadership and athletic prowess as a football and track standout who went ๐ to โถ in the NFL before pursuing a career as an educator.
Coordinator of Instructional Systems Lisa Sjogren was the Minnesota representative at the U.S. Department of Educationโs EdCampUSA event in July. Sjogren also presented at the International Society for Technology in Education conference ๐ summer and discussed how we are all architects of ๐งโ๐ learning. During the presentation, she shared some of the ways Osseo Area Schools supports ๐งโ๐ learning via technology.
AUGUST 2016
ACHIEVING DREAMS
Ten Class of 2016 ๐๏ธ Center students earned an International Baccalaureate Diploma from the International Baccalaureate Organization. The IB Diploma Program, for high ๐ซ juniors and seniors, is an academically challenging and balanced program of education that prepares students for success at university and in life beyond.
The Elm Creek Elementary PTO was given Special Recognition for General Excellence in the national PTO Today Parent Group of the Year search. 1๏ธโฃ of the ๐ factors for recognition was a demonstration of ๐ช parent involvement.
Maple Grove Magazine interviewed 3๏ธโฃ of our students as they are about to embark ๐ their senior year. Maple Groveโs Bubba Charlie Horton and Osseo Senior Highโs Corey Moody and Tina Boe were featured for their academics, leadership, activities and goals for the future.
๐ซ district students Samantha Swensson and Julia Mitchell, not pictured, were among the stateโs ๐ซ ๐ safety poster contest winners who helped raise awareness to ๐ ๐ โค๏ธ. The Minnesota Pupil Transportation Association and the Minnesota State Patrol recognized winners at a recent Minnesota Twins game. Samantha attended Basswood Elementary when she created the poster and will enter Maple Grove Middle this fall. Julia attended Fernbrook and is heading to Osseo Middle.
CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY
As part of their summer-long service-learning project, Kidstop students throughout the district partnered with University of Minnesota Gopher athletes to raise funds for the Pinky Swear Foundation, which helps families with children battling โ. The hosted charity ๐ washes, lemonade stands and collected more than $1,800 for the Foundation.
๐๏ธ Center cheerleaders brightened childrenโs spirits when they visited the ๐ฅโs โญ Studio to co-host โKids Clubhouse,โ which is broadcast to ๐ฅ rooms in Childrenโs Hospitals of Minneapolis and St. Paul.
Osseo and ๐๏ธ Center Senior High students participated in Beneath the Skins, a multicultural show hosted by Junior Brooklyn Interact Club, which is overseen by the ๐๏ธ of Brooklyn ๐๏ธ. The ๐ฅ
of the event was to educate, create understanding between different cultures, and to connect through similarities. Students celebrated their cultures through performing, modeling, and sharing food. ๐ฏ percent of the proceeds from the event will be used to acquire ๐งน medical supplies and ๐ซ supplies for a leprosy village in Cameroon, West ๐.
Community Educationโs SPOT students and Osseo Middle ๐ซ's O-Zone students partnered for a summer Community Service Day. Service activities included: putting together packages for Brooklyn ๐๏ธโs Avenues for Homeless Youth; writing thank you cards to local police officers, firefighters, and ๐๏ธ council members; making fleece tie blankets for Maple Grove ๐ฅโs pediatric patients; and making coasters for staff members at Osseo Middle ๐ซ, Maple Grove Middle ๐ซ, and the Educational Service Center.
LIFELONG LEARNING
2๏ธโฃ hundred students participated in Freedom ๐ซ this summer at Birch Grove Elementary and ๐๏ธ Brook Elementary. Freedom ๐ซ builds ๐ช, literate, and empowered children through academic enrichment, cultural experiences and positive attitudes through affirmation. Freedom ๐ซ programming has curbed summer learning loss and is helping to close the achievement gap by accelerating ๐งโ๐ achievement.
This summer, Osseo Area Schools hosted 10 local ๐งโ๐ interns as part of BrookLynk, an initiative of the Twin Cities-based Brooklyn ๐ Alliance for Youth. With assignments in human resources, community education, โน๏ธ technology, custodial services and the Freedom Schools program, the teens had an opportunity to explore potential careers, hone their skills and contribute to department and district wide projects.
Osseo Senior High Opportunities in Emergency Care students used the health care skills they've learned while providing ๐ฅ aid support at the Soccer ๐บ๐ธ Cup in Blaine this summer.
The Loppet Foundation joined forces with ๐๏ธ Brook Elementary to send some of our students to Loppet Adventure Camp. As featured ๐ WCCO, the experience encourages youth to be active while introducing them to outdoor recreation activities. Research suggests that regular physical activity helps students focus, ๐ and perform ๐ in class. ๐๏ธ Brook integrates a Focus ๐ Fitness throughout the ๐ซ day to help students find their path to be healthy, well prepared and ready to ๐.
MISSION-DRIVEN EMPLOYEES
Osseo Senior High social studies ๐งโ๐ซ Bill Baumann was invited to Washington, D.C. to ๐ creative strategies to integrate C-SPAN programming into classroom activities, connecting students with public affairs ๐ and cultivating a ๐ understanding of how federal government works.
Osseo Area Schoolsโ food and nutrition staff was featured in Maple Grove Magazine for their focus ๐ creating healthy and tasty vegetable recipes that our students enjoy. For the past 3๏ธโฃ years, staff have trained with ๐ณ Marshal and collaborated in creating attractive vegetable recipes.
Junior Achievement of the Upper Midwest named Maple Grove Senior High ๐งโ๐ซ Jeff Rush High ๐ซ Educator of the Year. This award is presented to an educator who has performed outstanding service in making Junior Achievementโs high ๐ซ programs available for their students.
Basswood Elementary Principal Patrick Smith was featured ๐ Channel 12 News sharing ๐-to-๐ซ tips for students and families. He touched ๐ establishing routines, homework ๐ habits, and more. |
Q:
โถ's validation ๐ numeric fields when user enters in alpha characters
Using the โถ! Framework, I have a field that requires the user to enter a numeric value greater than zero. In my controller, I have something like this:
public static void save(@Min(value = 1, message = "Age must be greater than zero") int age) {
...
}
This works as expected and the error message is shown if the user enters in zero or less. However, if the user enters in something like abc then the message shown ๐ the screen says Incorrect value.
What do I have to do to make the UI show a more user friendly error message in this situation?
A:
You can try to use a regular Expression that checks if the parameter is numeric.
public static void save( @Match(value = "[0-9]+", message="Age must be numeric")
@Min(value = 1, message="Age must be greater than zero") int age ) {
...
}
A workaround may also be to override the message for incorrect values.
Put this in your messages file.
validation.invalid=%s must be numeric
However this will change the message for the whole application and may not always be appropriate.
Another possible solution is to clear the validations and then invoke all validations you want in your save-Method:
public static void save( int age ) {
validation.clear();
validation.min(age, 1);
...
}
This will clear all validations that have been done automatically. Then you can invoke the validations yourself.
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Akshay Kumar shoots for Desi Boyz in the UK!
Akshay Kumar is in the United Kingdom to shoot for Rohit Dhawanโs Desi Boyz . Along with Akshay the film also has John Abraham, Deepika Padukone and Anupam Kher in leading roles.
The 43-year-๐ต superstar was reportedly to shoot sections of the film in London, but started the shoot at University of Oxford, England. A source informed us, that the filming will continue at the prestigious education institute till the 26th of March and will then be relocated to London. The ๐ฅ day of shooting in the UK was ๐ Monday, the 14th of March. The Physics lecture theatres, Sciama and Lindemann at Trinity College, University of Oxford were filled with hundreds of extras, involved in the shoot for the ๐ฅ 2๏ธโฃ days.
1๏ธโฃ of the students there was Andrew Steele (@statto) and he commented ๐ the filming: โTriple-parked vans chock-full of scaffolding tubes and cables were blocked in by posh rides with besotted execs leaning ๐ them, nattering in Hindi and smoking cigars. The front ๐ช was propped open for a ๐ of cables, leading upstairs to the Lindemann lecture theatre. (sic)โ
Akshay Kumar was the only leading actor in attendance and also shot scenes yesterday ๐ campus. He twice arrived in a ๐ with a personalized number plate and blacked out windows. He shot his scene and left. It took him only five minutes to complete the shooting of the gate sequence.
Another source described the shooting in detail: โThey were sweeping the pavement in front of Balliol College. The college ๐ช was shut and a ๐จ (stand-in) with a backpack was ๐ง in front [of it]. The ๐จ seemed to have a pair of roller-skates in his backpack. He pushed both doors open dramatically. The real โญ (Akshay Kumar) took over with the backpack and a suitcase, repeated the scene and left.โ
The scenes reveal that Akshay is playing a University ๐งโ๐ in Dhawanโs directorial debut. We will try our ๐ to bring you more updates ๐ the shoot, so stay tuned. |
๐ week we combined ๐ช with travel in the most delightful way. For me that meant traveling across country to California and sightseeing some unexplored territory. I ๐ noticing the variety in nature wherever I go. The mental shake ๐ in the backdrop to my interactions turns the unnoticed to wow! in hurry.
Shifting yourself out of the reassuring monotone of daily routine into a level of complex uncertainty is healthy even if occasionally uncomfortable. In fact, itโs the discomfort that is so stimulating. In the past year Iโve struggled to change my relationship to pain by strength-๐ข in the literal physical sense, and itโs working. Coming ๐ from injury, whether its physical, emotional or spiritual deserves your mindful attention.
Whether itโs a ๐ destination or a staycation, you can shift your perspective and ๐ your game. Introduce a ๐ backdrop to your day by seeing with ๐ ๐. |
290 F.2d 223
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS et al., Defendants, Appellants,v.Robert F. KENNEDY, Attorney General of the United States, as Successor to the ๐ฝ Property Custodian, Plaintiff, Appellee.
No. 5791.
United States Court of Appeals ๐ฅ Circuit.
May 16, 1961.
William C. Ellis, Asst. Atty. Gen., of Massachusetts, with whom Edward J. McCormack, Jr., Atty. Gen. of Massachusetts, was ๐ the brief, for appellants.
Norman A. Hubley, Asst. U. S. Atty., Boston, Mass., with whom W. Arthur Garrity, Jr., U. S. Atty., Boston, Mass., was ๐ the brief, for appellee.
Before WOODBURY, Chief ๐งโโ๏ธ, and HARTIGAN and ALDRICH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
1
The Trading with the Enemy Act, 50 U.S.C.A. Appendix, ยงยง 1-39, does not provide for interest in the ordinary case where a ๐ฅณ fails to honor a demand for payment by the ๐ฝ Property Custodian. McGrath v. Manufacturers Trust Co., 1949, 338 U.S. 241, 70 S.Ct. 4, 94 L.Ed. 31. We see no greater reason to charge interest against the defendant because it happens to be a sovereign state. Indeed, there may well be less reason. Plaintiff-appellee has taken certain language in the McGrath opinion referring to the summary nature of the statutory proceedings and the coercive penalties provided, and it argues ๐ this basis that the present case is distinguishable because, as a practical matter, criminal sanctions would be inappropriate, or ๐ช to enforce, against the officials of the Commonwealth. The difficulty of utilizing what the statute has expressly provided does not permit us to supply what the statute has clearly omitted.
2
It is also argued that Mass.Gen. Laws ch. 194, ยง 10, under which the public administrator purported to act, did not authorize him to turn the decedent's estate over to the Commonwealth, and that, apart from plaintiff's claim, the administrator should have taken steps to cause the funds in his hands to "accumulate," as provided in Mass.Gen.Laws ch. 206, ยง 25. See Allen v. Mazurowski, 1944, 317 Mass. 218, 57 N.E.2d 544. Had the present suit been against the administrator, this statute might have supplied the independent obligation to ๐ธ interest commented upon as lacking in McGrath. But all that the administrator in fact delivered to the Commonwealth was the principal, and plaintiff points to no local statute requiring the Commonwealth to invest, or to ๐ธ interest. The Commonwealth, accordingly, is in the same position as the ๐ฆ in McGrath, without any obligation for interest independent of what might be imposed by the federal act. None was.
3
Judgment will be entered vacating the judgment of the District Court and remanding the action for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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Q:
Page body does not extend to bottom of display when zooming out
I'm experiencing a ๐น issue with my website. When a user zooms out of the page, the body (๐ค part) won't extend to the bottom of the display. Here's what I mean
There's no issue when the user is at a normal zoom, but after around 50% zoom, the problem starts to occur. How can I fix this?
A:
Try setting:
min-height: 100vh;
Documentation is available here but its pretty self explanatory
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The Los Angeles Lakers are high ๐ Kyle Kuzma, never was this more apparent than during the weeks leading ๐ to the Anthony Davis trade when the 24-year-๐ต forward emerged as a potential hurdle in the blockbuster swap.
But despite general manager Rob Pelinkaโs ties to the former 27th overall โ, he has a mission to surround Davis and LeBron James with a ๐ช enough supporting cast to contend for a championship this season and beyond.
A report from The Athleticโs Sam Amick suggests that the Lakers are willing to ๐ to pitches for the Flint native and itโs not ๐ชจ to see why. While Kuzma has struggled with a number of injuries this season, heโs also been supplanted from the starting lineup and forced to adjust to a ๐ role.
That ๐ role โ as a tertiary offensive option playing nearly 10 fewer minutes per game โ isnโt likely to change so long as Davis and James are ๐ the roster.
Kuzma is averaging 12.1 points per game this season, down from 18.7 in 2018-19 and some advanced metrics suggest that the club is ๐ with him off the floor than ๐ it.
Still, Kuzma is a tantalizing, ๐ถ asset and thatโs why, according to Shams Charania of The Athletic, teams are doing their due diligence to gauge L.A.โs interest in a potential swap even if the Lakers are reluctant to make a major move.
Kuzmaโs has 2๏ธโฃ years left ๐ his incredibly cheap rookie contract โ he makes $2.0M in 2019-20 and just $3.6M next year โ but it wonโt be long before Pelinka and company need to start ๐ค long and ๐ชจ about a potential extension. Heโll be eligible to sign 1๏ธโฃ this summer.
Related: Kuz Addresses Trainerโs Criticism Of LeBron
11,168 |
In 2๏ธโฃ years of writing about evidence-based medicine, I have largely managed to avoid the subject of homeopathy. It is the classic example of a medical practice developed before a scientific understanding of the basic mechanisms of health and disease existed. Unfortunately, it has remained true to 18th-century principles despite all the subsequent advances in medical knowledge. Controversial from its beginnings,1 homeopathy has long been employed by only a few health-care professionals, and surveys show only a tiny minority of citizens in most developed countries have used homeopathic treatment.2โ4
It would seem ๐, then, to dismiss and ignore this relic of prescientific medicine. However, homeopathy has managed to retain a ๐น following in both human and veterinary medicine, and its proponents are sometimes visible and influential out of proportion to their ๐ข. Clients often ask me about using homeopathic remedies they have heard about from friends or online sources, often from veterinarians who support the practice.
Whatโs more, misleading โน๏ธ about homeopathy continues to be presented at major veterinary continuing education conferences and to appear in niche alternative veterinary medicine journals, which helps to create doubt about the scientific evidence concerning this practice. Attempts by regulators and professional organizations to discourage the use of homeopathy have had mixed results, ๐ to vigorous lobbying against the scientific consensus by a vocal minority. Therefore, a brief evidence-based overview of veterinary homeopathy may still be useful to pet owners and veterinary professionals.
Basic principles
The ๐ฅ rule of homeopathy is that something which causes certain symptoms in a healthy person is the ๐ treatment for those symptoms in someone who is ๐ค. This is a principle that is known as the Law of Similars5 and clearly reflects a metaphorical approach to disease which, in modern medical science, has been replaced by specific pathophysiologic explanations derived from scientific research. Apart from this flaw, however, the Law of Similars has the obvious problem that if you give an ill patient something that creates symptoms of illness in normal individuals, you will often make them ๐.
Samuel Hahnemann, the inventor of homeopathy, discovered this problem through trial and error with his own patients.5,6 Instead of recognizing his basic principle was flawed, however, he took the approach of greatly diluting his remedies, which reduced their ill effects. In the absence of the harm done by the traditional remedies used at the time, many of which were toxic to a certain degree, some of Hahnemannโs patients recovered after taking his diluted preparations. Since the only evidence available at the time for assessing efficacy was anecdote and subjective experience, this was interpreted as successful treatment.
This โsuccessโ led Hahnemann to develop the second principle of homeopathyโthe Potentization by Dilution and Succussion. This is the idea that homeopathic medicines become more potent the less active ingredients they contain. (Succussion refers to shaking the remedies, since Hahnemann apparently also believed the agitation his medicines received as he traveled ๐ horseback to see his patients somehow increased their curative power.5,6)
Finally, homeopathy relies ๐ a complex process for individualizing the use of homeopathic preparations by evaluating the physical and mental experiences of patients and comparing them with experiences reported by healthy individuals testing specific homeopathic remedies. The details of this process are too involved to summarize here, but they involve a purely subjective and anecdotal process that has not been, and probably cannot be, validated through controlled scientific research.
The scientific evidence
Despite the inherent implausibility of these concepts and the general incompatibility of homeopathic theory with established principles of physiology, chemistry, pharmacology, and other modern disciplines in medical science, there has been a lot of preclinical and clinical research ๐ homeopathic remedies and treatments. The majority of this has been published in journals devoted exclusively to homeopathy or other alternative therapies, and there is often a lack of proper methodological controls and significant risk of bias in these publications. Numerous systematic reviews of homeopathy in human medicine have been published, and the majority show no evidence of real or clinically meaningful effects beyond that of placebos.2,7-35 When sufficient studies are conducted and published by committed advocates for any practice, bias will inevitably lead to some apparently positive results, but such results have not been replicated or validated by consistent, unbiased investigation.
The veterinary literature concerning homeopathy is, as always, sparser than that in human medicine, but the same general assessment applies. Despite some ostensibly positive findings in low-quality studies with high residual bias risk, the preponderance of the evidence shows no real or replicable effects. Even dedicated proponents of homeopathy are unable to find convincing high-quality research evidence for the practice when they apply accepted methods for evaluating the literature.36โ42
Evidence-based medicine is always about a flexible and probabilistic understanding, and absolute, immutable conclusions are anathema to the core principles of this approach. However, evaluating homeopathy at every levelโfrom biologic plausibility to preclinical and in vitro research to clinical trialsโleads to as confident a conclusion as science can ever muster: the practice has no benefits.
The future of veterinary homeopathy
Given this scientific conclusion, it seems clear homeopathy can have no legitimate role in modern veterinary medicine. It is unethical to offer clients ineffective remedies, and even when the treatments themselves may do no harm, they can mislead clients and discourage the use of truly effective treatments.
A number of regulators and professional organizations have recognized this and taken action. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the U.S. Food and ๐ Administration (FDA) have recently issued statements โ the public that claims for the safety and efficacy of homeopathy are not supported by science. In the veterinary field, the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA), British Veterinary Association (BVA), and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) all have clear policy statements acknowledging homeopathy as ineffective and discouraging its use. Numerous specialty colleges in the U.S. and abroad have issued similar statements. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), unfortunately, declined to adopt a similar policy in 2014 despite a finding from its own council ๐ research that, โthere is no clinical evidence to support the use of homeopathic remedies for treatment or prevention of diseases in domestic animals.โ43
Political and economic considerations, as well as vehement advocacy and misleading โน๏ธ from proponents of homeopathy, have kept the method alive despite the clear scientific evidence against it. Hopefully, the current trend toward accepting the verdict of science will remain, and homeopathy will continue to decline and eventually disappear from veterinary journals and continuing education. Undoubtedly, some practitioners and clients will always choose anecdote and wishful ๐ค over evidence. However, as members of a scientific medical professional, we have a responsibility to provide effective care to our patients and honest, accurate โน๏ธ to our clients. Meeting this core ethical responsibility ๐ no ๐ for equivocation or failing to clearly discourage the use of homeopathy.
Brennen McKenzie, MA, MSc, VMD, cVMA, discovered evidence-based veterinary medicine after attending the University of Pennsylvania ๐ซ of Veterinary Medicine and working as a ๐น animal general practice veterinarian. He has served as president of the Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association and reaches out to the public through his SkeptVet blog, the Science-Based Medicine blog, and more. He is certified in medical acupuncture for veterinarians. Columnistsโ opinions do not necessarily reflect those of Veterinary Practice News.
References |
Brian Spillett
Brian Spillett GC (July 21st 1937 โ 16 January 1965) was posthumously awarded the George Cross, the highest British (and Commonwealth) award for bravery out of โ. Spillett died of burns he received while trying to save a neighbour in Lodge Crescent, Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire in Chase Farm ๐ฅ in Enfield. He was a Territorial Army Lance-Bombardier in P Battery, 289 ๐ช ๐ฆ Regiment, Royal ๐ด Artillery and in civilian life worked as a fitter. His George Cross was announced in a supplement to the London Gazette of 25 June 1965, and dated 29 June 1965.
The London Gazette citation describes how Spillett became aware that there was a ๐ฅ at a neighbouring ๐ where 3๏ธโฃ generations of a ๐ช lived. Spillett arrived, still only partly dressed, to ๐ that the father Mr Palmer of the ๐ช was still in the ๐ . The whole ๐ was already well alight, but he went in despite being held ๐ by other neighbours. He managed to fight his way upstairs but was unable to get through to the trapped ๐จ. He himself became trapped and had to escape the flames by jumping from a ๐ฅ floor ๐ช. Once the ๐ฅ was over, he was found in the ๐ป of a neighbour after crawling down the ๐ป, through the alley and ๐ค he was crawling to his own ๐ ๐ช to his wife , ended ๐ at the ๐ ๐ช of a neighbour, badly burned and with other serious injuries, from jumping and falling through the leanto. He was taken to ๐ฅ but died a week later. He was survived by a ๐ถ wife Jean and four-month-๐ต daughter, Jacqueline Spillett.
References
See also
List of George Cross recipients
Category:1937 births
Category:1965 deaths
Spillet, Brian
Spillet, Brian
Category:Accidental deaths in England
Category:People from Edmonton, London
Category:Deaths from ๐ฅ |
a medical ๐'s adventures in evidence-based living
HOW TO FIND A POST
HOW TO FIND A POST
If you came to this page from a Google search, click ๐ Edit in the search bar ๐ ๐ of your screen. Then click ๐ Find & type in the KEYWORD you are looking for, like CERTO. You'll get to the exact spot you are searching for.
They're not stressing the least bit about it. They didn't get that trait from me--that's for sure. Haven't even planned the menu yet, except for making some vodka infused with chili peppers & ๐-dried tomatoes for Bloody Mary's & a batch of homemade fermenting "Fiery Slaw".
They're much more creative cooks than I am, so I can't wait to see what will ultimately show ๐ ๐ the menu.
Maybe a Sicilian Walnut Pesto Lasagna, too. I've made that 1๏ธโฃ 3 times & it's a huge hit.
We'll see how much ๐ณ time I have before the holiday.
Repost of Thanksgiving 2011 Recipes
You Asked - I'm Delivering
Wait! Wait! Don't plan your holiday menu until you ๐ this post!
You just might find something that looks yummy to you.
I promised myself I'd โ๏ธ ๐ my post-Thanksgiving Hit List today (uh, that was Friday--and now it's Saturday morning) no matter what! I changed ๐ so many of the recipes that I posted pre-Thanksgiving--and I know that so many of these will ๐ผ perfectly for the Christmas holiday for anyone who is having a houseful of company over the long weekend.
10. Pumpkin-Spiced Steel-Cut Oats for Eight! Make it in the crockpot overnight--and wake-๐ to the most delicious fragrance. I'm now making this just for myself--so I can have pre-made oatmeal every morning for a week. Warm it in the microwave along with frozen berries, and then ๐ it with a sprinkle of toasted walnuts & a tablespoon of chia. What a way to start the day!
If You're Ready to Ditch the Latke's for a ๐ Chanukah Tradition Try This
Reposted from December 04, 2010:
A ๐ Oil-๐ Chanukah Tradition: "Enlightened" Veganomicon ๐ฅ and Kale Enchiladas with Roasted Chile Sauce - And a ๐ Dreidel Spin ๐ the Miracle of Oil ๐ Chanukah - Make 1๏ธโฃ Day's Worth of Oil ๐ for Eight Days!
Crispy ๐ the outside, moist and tender ๐ the inside--๐ฅ ๐ฅ made with grated potatoes, ๐ง
, eggs, plenty of ๐ง, and fried ๐ in peanut oil. And topped with sour cream. When I was a kid, our traditional Chanukah dinner was always ๐ฅ latkes, corned beef sandwiches, and Kentucky Fried ๐. Always! A deadly trifecta, but who knew?
As ๐ as they taste, I wasn't about to fry ๐ a batch this year. I've half-heartedly looked for a fat-๐ version, but honestly, I don't think it's worth the effort. It couldn't possibly compare to the real thing.
Frying latkes in oil is what it's all about. ๐ year in the ๐ York Times Karen Barrow shared opinions from both cookbook authors and amateur cooks about whether it's possible to make a "healthy tasty latke". If you must try, here's 1๏ธโฃ possibility, from Steven Raichlen.
โIโm not going to ruin my latke ๐ to save a few calories once a year,โ Elizabeth, 1๏ธโฃ NYT ๐, wrote.
โSpare me,โ chided another. โIโll take my latkes fried in lots of oil. It works for my 91-year-๐ต grandparents.โ
Joan Nathan, a well respected cookbook author and expert in Jewish foods, said sheโs not ๐ฒ at the widespread resistance to making a traditional treat more healthful. When once asked to come ๐ with baked latkes that tasted as ๐ as fried, she tried. โBut I ended ๐ throwing all the recipes in the garbage,โ she said.
Another reason for the fried latkeโs persistence: oil isnโt just a ๐ณ ingredient, itโs central to the eight-day ๐ of Hanukkah.
โItโs all about the oil,โ said Susie Fishbein, author of โKosher by Design Lightens ๐.โ You can spray your latkes with oil and bake them, she said, but โmost people are not going to cheer when that comes to the table. It has to be fried.โ
Wednesday ๐ was the ๐ฅ ๐ of Chanukah. As I drove home from ๐ผ in the ๐, ๐ฅถ, and โ๏ธ--the perfect setting for the ๐ฅ ๐ of Chanukah--I knew my husband was going to have something delicious for dinner. No ๐ minute scrambling in the kitchen for me ๐ this Wednesday ๐. And what perfect timing that he decided to try his โ out ๐ a healthy ๐ฅ dish for the ๐ฅ ๐ of Chanukah: Veganomicon's ๐ฅ and Kale Enchiladas with Roasted Chile Sauce. We both agreed--it was a great substitute for traditional Chanukah latkes.
The Chanukah Miracle Story--When 1๏ธโฃ Day's Worth of Oil Lasts for Eight Days
Oil is "central to the eight-day ๐ of Hanukkah. After winning ๐ their land in battle, the Jews needed to ๐ฆ a ๐ as part of a rededication of their Temple. Although they only had enough oil for 1๏ธโฃ day, the oil, miraculously, lasted for eight." (Joan Nathan in the NYT) Tada! That's where the connection to eating foods fried in oil ๐ Chanukah comes from.
Bet You Can't ๐ฝ๏ธ Just 1๏ธโฃ? So Why Even Start?
So, here's my cheesy take ๐ celebrating Chanukah--if you're not ready to cut out all the oil in your diet right now--try making 1๏ธโฃ day's worth of oil (say about 1/4 cup) ๐ for eight days. That's 1.5 tsp of oil a day if my math is right! It's doable. Experience your own miracle of ๐ health by making 1๏ธโฃ day's worth of oil ๐ for eight days! Call it a Chanukah challenge.
๐ to Cheri for sharing the video! If you aren't seeing the video, click here
This beats the lowly latke hands-down for taste and nutrition. You could probably live ๐ these: with 0 cholesterol, 9.2 grams of fiber, 12 grams of protein, 187% of vitamin A, 261% of vitamin C, 16% calcium, and 27% iron--not to mention the health benefits of kale and tomatoes.
Serves 4-6
๐ณ & Prep Time: 1 1/2 hours
Enchilada Chile Sauce:
1 ๐ง
, cut into ๐น dice
3 large ๐ chiles (such as Anaheim or even Italian-style long ๐ peppers), roasted, seeded, peeled, and chopped coarsely. The ๐ way to roast peppers is over high heat right ๐ ๐ of the โฝ burner--don't do this if you have an electric stove. Use tongs to turn them, and rotate as they blacken & blister. When 75% done roasting, drop the pepper in a ๐ฅฃ or a paper bag, and allow it sit for 10-15 minutes, until it's ๐ enough to handle. Peel away the skin, and then dice. No worries about remaining charred parts. If you don't have a โฝ stove, roast them ๐ a grill or in a very ๐ฅต oven. Use canned ๐ chilis in a ๐ค.
1. In a large, heavy bottomed non-stick saucepan over medium heat, saute the onions. Let them start to ๐ค & give off their own liquid before adding any broth or water to the pan. When they start to get a little dry, and start to stick a bit, add a little vegetable broth or water--just enough to deglaze the pan. Add more liquid as needed, but not too much. Saute for 4-7 minutes, until the onions are softened.
2. Add the remaining ingredients, bring to a simmer, and remove from the heat. When the mixture has cooled enough, taste and adjust the ๐ง if necessary.
3. Puree the mixture with an immersion or regular blender until smooth and even.
Prepare the filling:
1. Peel and dice the potatoes, then boil them until tender, about 20 minutes. Drain and set aside.
2. Saute the ๐ง in about 2 tablespoons of vegetable broth in a large saucepan or frying pan (that has a lid) over medium-low heat, stirring occasionally until the ๐ง is sizzling and slightly browned (be โ ๏ธ not to let it burn!!)
3. Add more broth if necessary, and then add the kale, sprinkle with a little ๐ง, and raise the heat to medium, stirring constantly to cover the kale with the ๐ง. Partially cover the pot to steam the kale until it has wilted, 4-6 minutes.
4. Remove the lid and mix in the potatoes, the 1/4 cup of vegetable stock, lime juice, pumpkin seeds, and ๐ง, if you're using it. Use the ๐ of a wooden ๐ฅ, or the bottom of a flat drinking glass to mash some of the potatoes. ๐งโ๐ณ another 3-4 minutes, until the stock is absorbed. Add more lime juice or seasoning to taste.
Create an enchilada assembly line:
1. Have ready a ๐ฅง plate or something similar filled with about 3/4 cup of enchilada sauce, a 9 X 13 casserole dish, your stack of tortillas, a heated griddle or a pan large enough to heat your tortillas--because that's how you'll soften them ๐, and the ๐ฅ and kale filling. You can also soften the tortillas 1๏ธโฃ at a time in the microwave if you prefer--follow the directions ๐ the ๐ฆ.
2. Ladle a little bit of the enchilada sauce onto the bottom of a 9 X 13 inch casserole dish and spread it around.
3. Take a tortilla, ๐ it ๐ the heated griddle or pan for 30 seconds, then flip it over and heat until the tortilla has become ๐งธ & pliable. Or soften them in the microwave. Drop the softened tortilla onto ๐ฅง plate filled with sauce; allow it to get completely covered in sauce, flip it over, and coat the other side.
4. Now, ๐ the tortillas either in the casserole dish (the easiest way) or ๐ an additional plate. ๐ 1/6 of the ๐ฅ filling down the middle of the tortilla and roll it ๐. Continue with rest of tortillas, tightly packing enchildas next to each other.
5. Pour about a cup of sauce over the ๐ (reserving some for later when you serve the enchiladas), cover tightly with aluminum foil, and bake for 25 minutes. Remove the foil and bake for another 10-15 minutes, until edges of the tortillas poking out of sauce ๐ just a little browned. Allow to ๐ slightly before serving. ๐ individual servings with any remaining enchilada sauce, warmed slightly.
Enjoy! ๐ Chanukah! Sure it's a bit of a pitchky-patchky, as my mom would say, but not half as ๐ชจ as making ๐ฅ ๐ฅ. Bonus: No grease splatters ๐ your walls, or that fried ๐ฅ ๐ง
smell that hangs in your ๐ for days. These enchiladas smell divine!
Oh, thank you! It's not even Thanksgiving here in Montrรฉal but your post makes me want to ๐งโ๐ณ, which is all that counts! Can we have the recipe for the pumpkin ๐ฅง squares you plan ๐ making? Many ๐, and have a very nice holday.
@Tanya & @ Marilou Garon: ๐ for posting Cathy Fisher's ๐. Note: some people liked it a little sweeter, & adding an extra date or 2, or even a little stevia did the trick. I added chopped walnuts & raisins in mine. For a special treat, when I make these for Thanksgiving, I'm going to add walnuts & ๐ซ chips. ๐ Holiday!
HI! Thank you for posting. I'm going to make a vegan ๐ gravy I learned at a Whole Foods ๐ณ class. To go over ๐ค ๐ or mashed potatoes. I am also looking for a ๐ Vegan Lasagne...what is the source of your Sicialian Walnut Pesto Lasagne? I'm toying with the Sweet ๐ฅ & Spinach 1๏ธโฃ from Forks Over Knives Cookbook. Thank you!
@Jessblanchard: I make the lasagna in Appetite for reduction, by Isa Chandra Moskowitz. It has a roasted-cauliflower/tofu "ricotta" filling that is really excellent. I omit the spinach because of my picky 5-year ๐ต, who otherwise just devours it! I have to admit I really ๐ that cookbook!
Debby--I was finally able to make this recipe. It was soooooo ๐.Really. The pan was scraped ๐งน by my ๐ช. I also made the Creamy Chipotle Sauce (with cashews) to serve with it and they loved that too. ๐ for a great dinner! |
Introductions {#S0001}
=============
Ischemic stroke is resulted from the occlusion of major cerebral arteries. It is a devastating disease, with a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Deltonin is a kind of steroidal saponin, with a chemical structure of C~45~H~72~O~17.~ Deltonin, an active component extracted from *Dioscorea zingiberensis* C.H. WRIGHT, was widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicines. It has been shown to have anti-โ functions such as colon โ,[@CIT0001] breast โ,[@CIT0002] and head and neck squamous carcinoma.[@CIT0003] Xie et al demonstrated that deltonin was associated with the cell apoptosis and autophagy in head and neck squamous carcinoma FaDu cell.[@CIT0003] Deltonin may have a ๐ช connection with cell apoptosis and autophagy. Herein, we will investigate the role of deltonin in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries.
Autophagy is a cellular function that is related to cell homeostasis, defenses and adaptations to different environments. Regarding ischemia, many previous reports have revealed that autophagy participates actively in the developments of cerebral ischemia,[@CIT0004] including global ischemia,[@CIT0005] focal ischemia,[@CIT0006] and also hypoxia-ischemia.[@CIT0005],[@CIT0007] Neuroinflammation caused by ischemia/reperfusion injuries brings damages to the neuron cells. Therefore, the inhibitions of autophagy and inflammation are critical to prevent the neuro-degenerative damages after focal cerebra I/R.[@CIT0008]
PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has been proved to โถ central roles in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injuries. For instance, Zhang reported that sevoflurane post-conditioning protected ๐ hearts against ischemia-reperfusion injury through the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling.[@CIT0009] Chen also reported the neuroprotective effects of ๐ง -derived neurotrophic factor mediated by autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.[@CIT0010] In addition, TLR4/p38/MAPK pathway was also reported to be involved in the neuro inflammations in microglia. In 2016, Swaroop reported that HSP60 could regulate IL-1ฮฒ-related microglial inflammatory reactions through TLR4-p38/MAPK. In this paper, we aim to reveal the functional mechanisms of deltonin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway TLR4-p38 MAPK pathway in the autophagy and inflammation caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, as well as their inner associations.
Methods and Materials {#S0002}
=====================
Reagents {#S0002-S2001}
--------
Deltonin with a purity of over 98% was generated as previously described and its purity ๐ by high-performance liquid chromatography (\>98%) according to Tong et al.[@CIT0001] [Figure 1A](#F0001){ref-type="fig"} shows the chemical structure of deltonin. LY294002, anisomycin and TTC reagents were obtained from Sigma, ๐บ๐ธ. Assays to detect IL-6, IL-10, TNF-ฮฑ, and iNOS were provided by Jiancheng Bio. Ins., China. ๐ฐ anti-Akt, anti-Phospho-Akt (p-Akt), anti-mTOR, anti-Phospho-mTOR (anti-p-mTOR), anti-P38, anti-Phospho-p38 (anti-p-P38), anti-LC3, anti-Beclin-1, anti-microtubule-associated protein (anti-๐บ๏ธ-2), anti-TLR4 and anti-IL-1 were obtained from Abcam, ๐บ๐ธ). ๐ฐ anti-GAPDH was purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Jinqiao Bio., China. Horseradish peroxidase linked ๐ anti-๐ฐ IgG was provided by ๐
Cruz Biotechnology, US.Figure 1Deltonin's chemical structure (**A**) and experiment protocol (**๐
ฑ**).
Animals {#S0002-S2002}
-------
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200--220g) were bought from the Experimental Animal Center of Fu-Ning People's ๐ฅ, Yancheng, China. Rats were maintained at 22--24ยฐC with a 12-hr ๐ฆ and 12-h ๐ cycle. They were ๐ to ๐ฝ๏ธ and ๐ฅค. Animal Care and Use Committee of Fu-Ning People's ๐ฅ approved our researches, which were conducted by strictly flowing the NIH Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
Focal Cerebral I/R Model {#S0002-S2003}
------------------------
MCAO/R (middle cerebral artery occlusion I/R), 2/24h[@CIT0011] was conducted firstly by anesthetizing the rats with 10% (w/v) chloral hydrate (350 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at 37ยฐC. After incising the skins and muscles, left common carotid artery (CCA) was clipped, and external carotid artery (ECA) was ligatured. A monofilament was inserted from CCA to internal carotid artery (ICA). After 2 hrs' MCAO, reperfusion was conducted via removing the monofilament. The sham group had I/R surgery, without the insertion of nanofilament.
Groups and ๐ Administration {#S0002-S2004}
------------------------------
300 rats were divided to 7 groups: (1) sham (n = 60), rats had I/R procedures, without the insertion of nanofilament to CCA; (2) I/R (n = 60), the rats had cerebral ischemia by ligation for 2 hrs, and reperfusion for 1 day; (3) 25 mg/kg deltonin (n = 30), (4) 50 mg/kg deltonin (n = 30), and (5) ๐ฏ mg/kg deltonin (n = 60). Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 25, 50, ๐ฏ mg/kg deltonin at 2ย hrs after ischemia; (6) ๐ฏ mg/kg deltonin + 10 ฮผM LY294002 (n = 30), the rats were ๐ข injected intraventricularly with 10 ฮผL 10 ฮผM LY294002 at 20ย mins prior to ischemia; (7) ๐ฏ mg/kg deltonin + 5 ฮผM anisomycin (n = 30), the rats were ๐ข injected intraventricularly with 10 ฮผL 5 ฮผM anisomycin at 20ย mins prior to ischemia. Deltonin was dissolved in ethanol and saline to reach an ethanol concentration of 5%.[@CIT0012] LY294002 and anisomycin were dissolved in 5% ethanol. ๐ in sham and I/R groups had same volume of 5% ethanol in normal saline. After 24ย hrs reperfusion, rats were anesthetized and decapitated. [Figure 1B](#F0001){ref-type="fig"} shows the experiment protocols.
Assessments of Infarct Volumes, Neurological Deficits and ๐ง Water Contents {#S0002-S2005}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After reperfusion, the rats (n = 6) were anesthetized and decapitated. The brains were dissected and sliced (5 slices of 1.5-mm tissues). They were stained with 1% TTC for 30 min and fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde. We recorded the stained parts and calculated the volumes by ImageJ. Neurological deficits were evaluated: 0, ๐ had normal behavior; 1, ๐ cannot fully stretch left front ๐ฆต; 2, ๐ turns around to a circle; 3, ๐ falls to the left; 4, ๐ cannot move, and lost consciousness. ๐ง water contents (n = 6) were detected at 24ย hrs after reperfusion. We measured infarct ๐ง hemispheres as ๐ฆ weight, dried them overnight at 105 to get dry weight. ๐ง water was calculated as \[(๐ฆ weight -- dry weight)/๐ฆ weight\]ร๐ฏ%.
Rotarod Test {#S0002-S2006}
------------
Rotarod test system (TSE, Germany) evaluated neurological functions.[@CIT0013] ๐ was trained for 3 days prior to surgeries. The speed was accelerated from 4 to 40 rpm in 5ย mins. Prior to or after I/R/R, each ๐ was detected for triplicates. We recorded the time needed for them to ๐ ๐ the rods.
E๏ปฟLISA {#S0002-S2007}
------
ELISA was utilized to measure the protein expressions of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-ฮฑ, and iNOS. Firstly, we extracted the ๐ง tissues from ischemic area, homogenized them (10%, w/v), and had centrifugation at 2,500 r/min for 10 mins. In the supernatants, the protein concentration was detected by ELISA. We visualized the results through the Multiskan MK3 (Thermo Scientific, ๐บ๐ธ).
Western Blotting {#S0002-S2008}
----------------
We isolated the hippocampus wand measured the protein concentration via BCA detection kit (Beyotime, China). The proteins were separated via 10 SDS-PAGE and electro-transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was blocked by 5% skim milk. After washing, it was treated with anti-Akt (1:500), anti-p-Akt (1:500), anti-mTOR (1:500), anti-mTOR (1:500), anti-P38 (1:600), anti-p-P38 (1:600), anti-LC3 (1:1000), anti-Beclin-1 (1:1000), anti-๐บ๏ธ-2 (1:1000), anti-TLR4 (1:1000) and anti-IL-1 (1:1000). All were purchased from Abcam, ๐บ๐ธ. Then, it was incubated with secondary antibody for 2ย hrs. We visualized the signals via Odyssey system (LI-COR, ๐บ๐ธ) and analyzed by ImageJ.
Statistical Analysis {#S0002-S2009}
--------------------
We showed the data as the meansยฑstandard deviation (S.D.). The comparisons were carried out by 1๏ธโฃ-way ANOVA with Holm--Sidak post hoc test. Differences were regarded to be significant as P\<0.05.
Results {#S0003}
=======
Deltonin Improved Neurological Function and Reduced Cerebral Infarction {#S0003-S2001}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Compared with the sham, a great deficit was detected in I/R (P \< 0.01), which were markedly ๐ by deltonin (P\<0.05, P\<0.01) ([Figure 2A](#F0002){ref-type="fig"} and [๐
ฑ](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}). From [Figure 2C](#F0002){ref-type="fig"} and [D](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}, we observed that cerebral I/R greatly elevated infarct volumes and ๐ง water contents (P\<0.01); however, this effect was rescued by deltonin (P\<0.05, P\<0.01). [Figure 2E](#F0002){ref-type="fig"} shows the Western blot results. We found that ๐บ๏ธ-2 in I/R was much lower compared with sham (P\<0.01). Deltonin elevated concentrations of ๐บ๏ธ-2 (P\<0.05, P\<0.01). It was obvious that deltonin improved neurological function and reduced cerebral infarction in the rats after I/R.Figure 2Deltonin improved neurological function and reduced cerebral infarction. For groups of sham, I/R, low-dose deltonin (25 mg/kg), medium-dose deltonin (50 mg/kg), and high-dose deltonin (๐ฏ mg/kg): (**A**) Neurological scores. (**๐
ฑ**) Rotarod periods prior to or after treatments. (**C**) Pictures ๐ the infarct volumes and infarct volume percentage. (**D**) ๐ง water contents. (**E**) Western blot of ratios of ๐บ๏ธ-2/GAPDH. ^\#\#^P\<0.01 ๐ sham; \*P\<0.05, \*\*P\<0.01 ๐ I/R.
Deltonin Reduced Autophagy Activities Through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling {#S0003-S2002}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
In [Figure 3A](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}, it was demonstrated that LY294002 (inhibitor of PI3K/Akt) was markedly decreased in the neurological score, when comparing with deltonin group (P\<0.05). [Figure 3B](#F0003){ref-type="fig"} shows the infarct volumes from the groups of sham, I/R, high-dose deltonin, and high-dose deltonin+LY294002. It was obvious that deltonin could reduce the infarct volumes. [Figure 3C](#F0003){ref-type="fig"} and [D](#F0003){ref-type="fig"} showed the Western blot. No obvious difference was observed in expressions of Akt and mTOR (P \> 0.05). Compared with sham, I/R decreased the expressions of p-Akt and p-mTOR, and increased the levels of LC3II and Beclin-1. Due to this reason, ratios of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1/GAPDH were increased (P \< 0.01) ([Figure 3D](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}). However, deltonin had a great elevation in p-Akt and p-mTOR in contrast with I/R (P \< 0.01) ([Figure 3D](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, the LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1/GAPDH ratios reduced greatly by deltonin (P\<0.01) ([Figure 3D](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}). However, LY294002 greatly decreased p-Akt and pmTOR expressions and elevated the ratios of LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1/GAPDH than the I/R + deltonin (P\<0.05) ([Figure 3D](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}). The data indicated that deltonin attenuated autophagies and had neuroprotection to rats with I/R.Figure 3Deltonin reduced autophagy activities through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. For groups of sham, I/R, high-dose deltonin (๐ฏ mg/kg) and high-dose+ LY294002: (**A**) Neurological scores. (**๐
ฑ**) Infarct volumes. (**C**) and (**D**) Western blot images for protein expressions and ratios of Akt/GAPDH, p-Akt/GAPDH, mTOR/GAPDH, p-mTOR/GAPDH, LC3-II/GAPDH, LC3-I/GAPDH and Beclin-1/GAPDH. ^\#\#^P\<0.01 ๐ sham; \*\*P\<0.01 ๐ I/R; ^&^P\<0.05 ๐ deltonin.
Deltonin Suppressed Inflammations Through TLR4/P38/MAPK in I/R Rats {#S0003-S2003}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
From [Figure 4](#F0004){ref-type="fig"}, the ultrastructural changes among sham, I/R, high-dose deltonin, and high-dose deltonin+LY294002 showed that deltonin reduced autophagy activities during cerebral I/R injury. [Figure 5A](#F0005){ref-type="fig"} demonstrated that anisomycin (activator of p38/MAPK) decreased the neurological scores than deltonin group (P\<0.05). [Figure 5B](#F0005){ref-type="fig"} showed that deltonin reduced the infarct volume, but anisomycin attenuated the effect. [Figure 5C](#F0005){ref-type="fig"} showed the protein expressions of TLR4, p-38, p-p38, and IL-1. No significant difference was found in the expressions of p38 in all groups (P\>0.05), but TLR4, p-p38, and IL-1 were elevated greatly in I/R (P\<0.01). Reversely, TLR4, p-p38, and IL-1 reduced by deltonin (P\<0.01) ([Figure 5C](#F0005){ref-type="fig"} and [D](#F0005){ref-type="fig"}). However, anisomycin ๐-regulated the expressions of TLR4, p-p38, and IL-1 (P\<0.05).Figure 4TEM images showing the ultrastructural changes. The ultrastructural changes among sham, I/R, high-dose deltonin, and high-dose deltonin+LY294002 showed that deltonin reduced autophagy activities during cerebral I/R injury.Figure 5Deltonin suppressed inflammations through TLR4/p38/MAPK in I/R rats. For groups of sham, I/R, high-dose deltonin (๐ฏ mg/kg) and high-dose+ anisomycin: (**A**) Neurological scores. (**๐
ฑ**) Infarct volumes. (**C**) Western blot images for protein expressions of TLR4, p38, p-P38, IL-1, and GAPDH. (**D**) Ratios of TLR4/GAPDH, p38/GAPDH, p-P38/GAPDH, and IL-1/GAPDH. ^\#\#^P\<0.01 ๐ sham; \*\*P\<0.01 ๐ I/R; ^&^P\<0.05 ๐ deltonin.
[Figure 6](#F0006){ref-type="fig"} showed the ELISA results about inflammatory factors of IL-6 ([Figure 6A](#F0006){ref-type="fig"}), IL-10 ([Figure 6B](#F0006){ref-type="fig"}), TNF-ฮฑ ([Figure 6C](#F0006){ref-type="fig"}), and iNOS (downstream to TLR4) ([Figure 6D](#F0006){ref-type="fig"}). It was noted that IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ, and iNOS were elevated greatly after I/R (P \< 0.01). But IL-10 was markedly inhibited than sham (P \< 0.01). With ๐ฏ mg/kg deltonin, IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ, and iNOS were greatly decreased, but IL-10 was markedly promoted than I/R rats (P\<0.01). But LY294002 and anisomycin ๐-regulated the IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ, and iNOS and down-regulated IL-10 (P\<0.01). It was identified that deltonin attenuated the inflammation impacts of I/R in rats.Figure 6Protein expressions of IL-6 (**A**), IL-10 (**๐
ฑ**), TNF-ฮฑ (**C**), and iNOS (**D**) for groups of sham, I/R, high-dose deltonin (๐ฏ mg/kg), high-dose+ LY294002, and high-dose+ anisomycin. ^\#\#^P\<0.01 versus sham group; \*\*P\<0.01 versus I/R group; ^&&^P\<0.01 versus deltonin group.
Discussions {#S0004}
===========
It was well established that neurological functions, infarct volumes and ๐ง water contents are the major indicators for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries. An effective treatment could usually pose an impact in the 3๏ธโฃ factors. For example, Y. Lin reported the neuroprotection effects from resveratrol ๐ I/R injuries in ๐ by TRPC6/CREB.[@CIT0014] Resveratrol lowered the neurological disorders and decreased ๐ง infarctions at 1 day after reperfusions Microtubule-Associated Protein-2 (๐บ๏ธ-2) is a neuron-specific phosphoprotein which is measured as a marker of ischemic injury following cerebral ischemia.[@CIT0015] In this ๐, we found that ๐บ๏ธ-2 in I/R was much lower compared with sham, and deltonin elevated concentrations of ๐บ๏ธ-2. Our ๐ results are in agreement with the results of the studies by previous researches which represented that ๐บ๏ธ-2 decreased during cerebral I/R.[@CIT0014],[@CIT0016] In our experiments, we noticed a great deficit was detected in I/R, which were markedly ๐ by deltonin, compared with the sham. We observed that cerebral I/R greatly elevated infarct volumes and ๐ง water contents; however, this effect was rescued by deltonin. It was obvious that deltonin improved neurological function and reduced cerebral infarction in the rats after I/R.
According to Sai Ma in 2015, autophagy activation during cardiac I/R could either antagonize cardiac pathogenesis or contribute to further myocardium damage.[@CIT0017] In our experiments, I/R increased the levels of LC3II and Beclin-1, which were 2 autophagy indicators. I/R also decreased the expressions of p-Akt and p-mTOR. However, deltonin had a great elevation in p-Akt and p-mTOR in contrast with I/R, and in addition, reduced the expressions of LC3-II and Beclin-1 greatly. Moreover, LY294002, an indicator of PI3K/Akt, greatly elevated the ratios of LC3-II Beclin-1. The data indicated that deltonin reduced autophagy and had neuroprotection to rats with I/R through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.
TLR4/p38/MAPK signaling pathway was widely known to participate in the activation of inflammations. For instance, J. Li demonstrated that oridonin protected against the inflammatory response in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the TLR4/p38-MAPK and TLR4/NF-ฮบB signaling pathways.[@CIT0018] In 2018, JP. Dai also reported that oxymatrine inhibited influenza a virus replication and inflammation via TLR4, p38 MAPK and NF-ฮบB Pathways.[@CIT0019] There were no significant differences found in the expressions of p38 in all groups, but TLR4, p-p38, and IL-1 were elevated greatly in I/R group. Reversely, TLR4, p-p38, and IL-1 reduced by deltonin. But anisomycin, that could activate p38/MAPK, ๐-regulated the expressions of TLR4, p-p38, and IL-1.
In addition, we detected the protein expressions of inflammatory factors were elevated greatly by I/R, and IL-10 was markedly reduced. By ๐ฏ mg/kg deltonin, IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ, and iNOS were greatly decreased, but IL-10 was markedly promoted than I/R rats. But LY294002 and anisomycin ๐-regulated the IL-6, TNF-ฮฑ, and iNOS and down-regulated IL-10 in the I/R+LY294002+deltonin and I/R+anisomycin+deltonin groups than the I/R+deltonin group. Obviously, deltonin attenuated the inflammation impacts of I/R through TLR4/p38/MAPK signaling pathway.
Conclusions {#S0005}
===========
Deltonin could suppress ischemic ๐ง injury by regulating autophagy and inflammation during I/R. Deltonin can be an efficient therapeutic method for patient with ischemia.
Data Sharing Statement {#S0006}
======================
The analyzed data sets generated during the ๐ are available from the corresponding author ๐ reasonable request.
Ethics Approval {#S0007}
===============
The present ๐ was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fu-Ning People's ๐ฅ.
Author Contributions {#S0008}
====================
All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the ๐ผ.
Disclosure {#S0009}
==========
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this ๐ผ.
|
Q:
What is the scriptural reference of the 'Dadhivamana' Form of Vishnu?
What is the source of the 'Dadhi-VAmana' Form of Sri Vishnu? Why did He take this particular Form?
A:
Lord Viแนฃแนu took the form of Vฤmana to subdue the pride of King Mahฤbali Cakravarti.
Dadhi, is the Sanskrit word for curd. (Source for the translation)
เคฆเคงเคฟ (n.) dadhi - curd
It is believed that offerings of curd and curd-๐ are very dear to Lord Vฤmana. Hence, the name Dadhi Vฤmana.
It is ๐ค to note that there is also a Sฤlagrama Mลซrtฤซ called Dadhi Vฤmana Sฤlagrama.
This Sฤlagrama Mลซrtฤซ, aptly has ๐น ๐ค spots ๐ it. These are identified as tiny dots of curd.
The Mantra for this Sฤlagrama reads:
Ardhascakrฤgra Vilasad
Dadhibindu Samฤyutam
Vฤmanam Raktanฤซlฤbham
Vadanti Dadhivฤmanam
With a half-Cakra ๐ the ๐, and having spots of curd ๐ it, Vฤmana, with with a reddish and bluish hue, they say, is DadhiVฤmana.
There is also a Mantra to this form of Vฤmana called DadhiVฤmana, called the DadhiVฤmana Stotram. You can find it at http://www.hithokthi.com/viewstotra.php?g_id=8&cat_id=1&story_id=229
The only reference to DadhiVฤmana I could find, is in the sixth volume of Pratima Kลลฤ, which is a six-volume book ๐ Hindu Iconography (pg.108-109), which further mentions the Meru-tantra, the Sฤradฤ-tilaka and the Mantra-devatฤ-prakฤลikฤ :
In the Pratima Kลลฤ, it is written:
Several forms of Vฤmana are mentioned as for instance Dadhi-Vฤmana (Meru-tantra 26, 341-342, and Sฤradฤ-tilaka, 15, 56-60). In Tantra, he is derived from the conception of โdadhiโ(curds) as the creative principle of life. In Meru-tantra Dadhi-Vฤmana is visualised as
seated upon a โค๏ธ lotus under the parasol of golden rays, lustrous like the full ๐ (โJvalan Mayลซkha Kanakaccatrฤdhah Puแนdarฤซka-gam) holding in his right โ a golden ๐ฅฃ filled with cooked ๐ mixed with curds (โDadhyannam Vฤma-hastena Svarแนasya-Cakลakam Dadhat).
Mantra-devatฤ-prakฤลikฤ (cited in Prapanca-sฤra-sฤra-sangraha, Tanjore, Vol II, patala 31, pg. 904) which also mentions that Dadhi-Vฤmana, makes him reside in the lunar orb (Candra-samstha) and hold in his 2๏ธโฃ hands, a golden jar of pure water (Kanaka-kalaลam ลuddha-toyฤbhipลซrแนam), and a golden ๐ฅฃ filled with cooked ๐ mixed in curds (โDadhyannฤdhyam Kanaka-Cakลakam).
|
Do ๐ count? Spontaneous discrimination of quantity in female mosquitofish.
The spontaneous tendency to join the largest social group was used to investigate quantity discrimination in ๐. ๐ discriminated between shoals that differed by 1๏ธโฃ element when the paired ๐ข were 1vs2, 2vs3 and 3vs4, but not when 4vs5 or larger. Using large numerosities (>4), the ability to discriminate between 2๏ธโฃ ๐ข improved as the numerical distance between them increased and a significant discrimination was found only with ratios of 1:2 or smaller (4vs8, 8vs16 and 4vs10). Experiments to control for non-numerical variables evidenced the role played by the total area of stimuli with both large and ๐น numerosities; the total quantity of movement of the ๐ within a shoal appeared also โ but only when large numerosities were involved. Even though the pattern of discrimination exhibited by female mosquitofish is not fully consistent with any of the existing models of quantity representation, our results seem to suggest 2๏ธโฃ distinct mechanisms in ๐, 1๏ธโฃ used to compare ๐น ๐ข of objects and 1๏ธโฃ used when larger numerosities are involved. |
Q:
Aggregate in R keeping only a single value
I have a data frame I would like to aggregate, removing the rows not NA (or choosing unique rows) in the column I would like use to aggregate
i.e in the following I may want to remove every row in the data frame for which week has NA, and keep the others unmodified:
OTHER_REV month quarter year week date days daysinmonth
1 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
2 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-12 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
3 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-19 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
4 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-26 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
5 2785013 1 NA QNA 2009 <NA> 2009-01-16 2009-01-16 31
6 2785013 1 NA QNA 2009 <NA> 2009-01-17 2009-01-17 31
Producing:
OTHER_REV month quarter year week date days daysinmonth
1 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
2 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-12 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
3 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-19 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
4 2785013 1 2009 Q1 2009 2009-01-26 2009-01-05 2009-01-05 31
I have tried using a combo of grep and unique(data$stuff), and using aggregate but neither of these approaches seemed to ๐ผ.
The following is str of the data:
'data.frame': 1896 obs. of 34 variables:
$ OTHER_REV : num 2785013 2785013 2785013 2785013 2785013 ...
$ month : num 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
$ quarter :Class 'yearqtr' num [1:1896] 2009 2009 2009 2009 NA ...
$ year : num 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 ...
$ week : Date, format: "2009-01-05" "2009-01-12" "2009-01-19" "2009-01-26" ...
$ date : Date, format: "2009-01-05" "2009-01-05" "2009-01-05" "2009-01-05" ...
$ days : Date, format: "2009-01-05" "2009-01-05" "2009-01-05" "2009-01-05" ...
$ daysinmonth : int 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 ...
Calling unique ๐ df$week produces:
[1] "2009-01-05" "2009-01-12" "2009-01-19" "2009-01-26" NA "2009-02-02"......
A:
Try this:
data[ ! is.na(data$week), ]
The similar answer using a data.table is a little simpler:
data[ ! is.na(week) ]
|
Bought for 3 year ๐ต son ๐ who enjoyed tackling real dummies at a college football spring game. All the kids in the neighborhood ๐ coming over to tackle it. ๐ as a toy and for actual training. Great price
I bought this to help my son with his tackling. This bag is sturdy, ๐ฆ weight, and ๐ to use. I just bought this, so the life-time durability is still a ๐ต question mark, but it seems built pretty well, so I have faith it will ๐ quite a while. Only negative I see right now is the replacable bottom. I can't figure out how it would come off, nor do I see where I could get a replacement if I were to need 1๏ธโฃ. Overall, this is a really ๐ bag and we're glad we got it. |
404 F.2d 46
Anthony DeANGELIS, Appellant,v.UNITED STATES of ๐บ๐ธ.
No. 17243.
United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit.
Argued November 7, 1968.
Decided December 3, 1968.
Daniel E. Isles, Querques, Isles & Weissbard, ๐, N. J., for petitioner-appellant.
David M. Satz, Jr., U. S. Atty., Newark, N. J. (Elliot Scher, Asst. U. S. Atty., ๐ brief), for appellee.
Before KALODNER, FORMAN and STAHL, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
PER CURIAM.
1
This is an appeal by Anthony DeAngelis, confined in the United States Penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, from a denial by the United States District Court for the District of ๐ Jersey, of his motion, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. ยง 2255, to vacate his convictions and sentences amounting to 20 years, as imposed ๐ August 17, 1965. An earlier effort to accomplish the same objective failed in the District Court, the judgment of which was affirmed by this court in United States v. DeAngelis.1
2
A second attempt to like purpose resulted in a similar denial by the District Court.2 Therein it concluded that the issue of the motion was squarely raised and decided adversely to the appellant ๐ his ๐ฅ appeal in United States v. DeAngelis, supra, and that the grounds presently heard are identical with those advanced in his ๐ฅ challenge. This appeal followed.
3
Appellant insists that the grounds he offered ๐ this second motion were not identical. He now contends that the District Court,
4
"overwhelmed by communications, private and personal in nature, and * * * villified by the press media * * * abandoned due process of law and its judicial fortitude and bowed to the madding crowd and the ๐ข of the public in imposing its final sentence upon appellant."
5
Preliminarily the District Court invoked the provisions of 18 U.S.C. ยง 4208 (๐
ฑ),3 ๐ May 28, 1965, when it committed appellant to the custody of the Attorney General for the maximum sentence of imprisonment prescribed by law4 for a ๐ to be made of the prisoner by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, the result of which, together with recommendations, was to be furnished to the court within 3๏ธโฃ months. Appellant points to the following comment by the District ๐งโโ๏ธ after he pronounced the sentence for ๐ purposes:
6
"I might say that this commitment for ๐ is to be considered concurrent โ as you were, is to be considered for ten years under Section 2314 and five years under Section 371 to ๐ concurrently, the latter to ๐ concurrent with the former."
7
๐ August 17, 1965, after the conclusion of the ๐ and a report had been received by the District ๐งโโ๏ธ appellant was finally sentenced to twenty years.
8
Appellant raises the charge that the District ๐งโโ๏ธ was improperly moved to increase his sentence from 10 years to 20 years upon the comment above quoted and upon alleged pressures brought to ๐ป upon the court between May 28, 1965 and August 17, 1965, when appellant was returned to the court for final sentence. This attack is made ๐ no more factual foundation that the mere statement by appellant that the District ๐งโโ๏ธ was influenced by communications believed by appellant to have been received by him and the publication by newspapers of numerous lurid and sensational reports commenting upon appellant's case, which appeared during the interval between May 28, 1965 and August 17, 1965. In effect, appellant's argument is that the above quoted comment was a commitment by the District ๐งโโ๏ธ to sentence appellant to a term not in excess of 10 years, which the ๐งโโ๏ธ breached when he fixed the term at 20 years. The absurdity of the position is patent when it is considered that the very purpose of the sentence ๐ May 28, 1965 was to procure a ๐ of appellant from the results of which the court would be helped to determine the nature of the sentence to be imposed.
9
Moreover, in disposing of appellant's former motion this court specifically characterized the comment concerning the aggregate sentence of 10 years as an "offhand remark, * * * definitely surplusage, made after the preliminary statutory sentence had been imposed and in no way decisional."5 But, basically, appellant's argument ๐ this appeal falls of its own weight for we have seen that the statute authorizing commitment for ๐ purposes made mandatory the imposition of the maximum sentence โ 35 years.
10
In addition the District Court aptly applied the test in Sanders v. United States6 as to whether the issue posed by the present motion had been raised ๐ a previous appeal and thus was rendered unavailable here. The ๐ฅ motion made by the appellant was based ๐ the ground that the sentences had been improperly increased from 10 to 20 years. This motion furnished no ๐ ground โ only fractionalization of the former. Thus the District Court correctly ๐ that the contrived issue advanced ๐ the present motion presented none other than the identical ground upon which the ๐ฅ motion was founded and that its denial was warranted.
11
The order of the United States District Court for the District of ๐ Jersey of February 27, 1968 denying the motion of Anthony DeAngelis to vacate the sentences will be affirmed.
Notes:
1
361 F.2d 788 (3 Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 834, 87 S.Ct. 77, 17 L.Ed.2d 69 (1966)
2
United States v. DeAngelis, Civil No. 27-68, D.N.J., February 27, 1968
3
18 U.S.C. ยง 4208(๐
ฑ) provides:
"If the court desires more detailed โน๏ธ as a basis for determining the sentence to be imposed, the court may commit the defendant to the custody of the Attorney General, which commitment shall be deemed to be for the maximum sentence of imprisonment prescribed by law for a ๐ as described in subsection (c) hereof. * * *" (Emphasis supplied.)
4
Appellant pleaded guilty to Counts 2, 14 and 15 of Indictment, Cr. No. 105-64, charging him with the transportation of falsely made and forged warehouse receipts in violation of 18 U.S.C. ยง 2314. Each count carried a maximum penalty of 10 years. He also pleaded guilty to an โน๏ธ, Cr. No. 4-65, charging conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. ยง 371 to violate said ยง 2314, the maximum sentence for which is five years. The aggregate penalty amounted to 35 years
5
361 F.2d at 790
6
373 U.S. 1, 15-16, 83 S.Ct. 1068, 10 L. Ed.2d 148 (1963)
|
Effects of feed restriction ๐ salinity tolerance in ๐ค sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus).
A multistressor ๐ was conducted to investigate interactive effects of nutritional status and salinity ๐ osmoregulation of juvenile ๐ค sturgeon. Our hypothesis was that lower nutritional status would decrease the salinity tolerance of juvenile ๐ค sturgeon. A four-week feed restriction (12.5%, 25%, 50%, ๐ฏ% of optimum feeding rate: OFR defined as the rate (% body weight per day) at which growth is maximal) trial was performed, and relevant indices of nutritional status were measured. Following the trial, sturgeon were acutely exposed to various salinities (0, 8, 16, 24 ppt) for 120 h, and relevant osmoregulatory measurements were made at 12, 72, and 120 h post-salinity exposures. The feed-restriction trial resulted in a graded nutritional response with the most feed-restricted group (12.5% OFR) showing the lowest nutritional status. The salinity exposure trial showed clear evidence that lower nutritional status decreased the salinity tolerance of juvenile ๐ค sturgeon. Increasing salinities resulted in significant alterations in osmoregulatory indices of all feeding groups; however, a significantly slower acclimatory response to 24 ppt was detected in the most feed-restricted group compared to the non-feed-restricted group (๐ฏ% OFR). Furthermore, evaluation of the effect of nutritional status ๐ the relationship between osmoregulatory measurements and body size showed that there was a significant negative relationship between osmoregulatory performance and body size within the most feed-restricted group. This suggests that there is a certain body size range (200-300 g based ๐ our finding) where juvenile ๐ค sturgeon can maximize osmoregulatory capacity at a salinity of 24 ppt. |
The absence of c-fos prevents ๐ฆ-induced apoptotic cell death of photoreceptors in retinal degeneration in vivo.
Apoptotic cell death in the retina was recently demonstrated in animal models of the hereditary human retinal dystrophy known as retinitis pigmentosa. Although recent evidence indicates that the proto-oncogene c-fos is a mediator of apoptosis, its precise role is unclear. In fact, under some conditions, c-fos may even protect against apoptotic cell death. In the retina, c-fos is physiologically expressed in a diurnal manner and is inducible by ๐ฆ. We previously observed a ๐ฆ-elicited, dose-dependent apoptotic response in ๐ photoreceptors. To determine whether c-fos is involved in the ๐ฆ-induced apoptotic pathway we have used control mice and mice lacking c-fos. We found that following ๐ adaptation and 2๏ธโฃ hours of ๐ฆ exposure both groups of animals exhibited only a few apoptotic cells. However, at 12 and 24 additional hours after ๐ฆ exposure, apoptosis increased dramatically in controls but was virtually absent in those mice lacking c-fos. Therefore, c-fos is essential for ๐ฆ-induced apoptosis of photoreceptors. Notably, c-fos is continuously upregulated concomitant with apoptotic photoreceptor death in our system and in animal models of retinitis pigmentosa (Agarwal, N. et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis.Sci. Suppl. 36, S638 and ๐ฐ, K.A. et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. Suppl. 35, 1833). Inhibition of c-fos expression might therefore represent a novel therapeutic strategy to retard the time course of retinal dystrophies and ๐ฆ-induced retinal degeneration. |
Spurs ๐
Gregg Popovich said when they ๐ฅ brought in Kawhi Leonard, they wanted him to ๐ Michael Jordan: "1๏ธโฃ of the ๐ฅ things we did when he came really was we got him Michael Jordan clips. Not to โ Michael's amazing ability, but his fundamental sense of the game. He never really got credit for that because he's an amazing athlete. He can do this, he can ๐คธ, he learned how to shoot ๐. His fundamentals were magnificent; the way he posted, the way he pivoted, inside pivot, outside pivot, his rocker step, his ability to pump fake, to moveโฆhe was brilliant in his fundamentals, and it made him great along with his ability. Kobe [Bryant] was a bit like that too. Kobe has great footwork with everything he did, and I wanted Kawhi to see that. So he spent a lot of time trying to mimic that, and he's done a ๐ job of it. He's got a great ๐ผ ethic. Chad Forcier, who's with Orlando now and Chip Engelland were paramount in his improvement." |
Think this is ๐?1 person thinks this is good4 people think this is ๐
It's ๐
๐ England and other Northeast states have set GHG pollution reduction targets for 2010, 2020 and 2050. To see if our states are ๐ course, and to shape plans to get all the way, we need reliable and accessible info. ClimateVision 2020 uses the latest data and interactive charts to tell and illustrate the story of how far the states have come and how far they need to go. |
The present invention relates to a locking ๐ง of an electrical connection box which contains electrical connection components such as a blade fuse, a ๐ blowing fuse, a relay, etc. and includes an upper casing member, e.g., an upper cover and a lower casing member such that the upper cover is mounted ๐ the lower casing member for waterproofing.
FIG. 1 shows 1๏ธโฃ example of a locking ๐ง of a known electrical connection box. The known electrical connection box includes a lower casing member 1 made of resin and an upper casing member 2 or an upper cover. The upper casing member 2 is mounted ๐ the lower casing member 1 so as to cover an upper opening of the lower casing member 1. In order to lock the lower and upper casing members 1 and 2 to each other, 2๏ธโฃ upper locking portions 3, for example, are integrally formed ๐ a front face 2a of the upper casing member 2 so as to downwardly extend like arms, while 2๏ธโฃ lower locking portions 4 having an upwardly opening boxlike shape are formed at positions ๐ a front face 1a of the lower casing member 1 corresponding to those of the upper locking portions 3, respectively.
As shown in FIG. 2, a forwardly extending boss 6 having a wedgy sectional shape is formed at a lower ๐ of each of the upper locking portions 3. An upwardly oriented engageable face 10 is formed ๐ an upper edge of the boss 6. Meanwhile, a rearward extending boss 7 having a wedgy sectional shape is formed ๐ each of the lower locking portions 4. A downwardly oriented mating engageable face 11 is formed ๐ a lower edge of the boss 7 so as to confront the engageable face 10. The upper locking portion 3 rides over the boss 7 of the lower locking portion 4 so as to be inserted into the lower locking portion 4 and the engageable face 10 and the mating engageable face 11 are brought into engagement with each other so as to lock the lower and upper casing members 1 and 2 to each other.
In the known locking ๐ง of the electrical connection box, a proper clearance Co is formed between the engageable face 10 and the mating engageable face 11 as shown in FIG. 2. By setting the clearance Co at, for example, 0.2 to 0.8 mm, the lower and upper casing members 1 and 2 are ๐ to each other accurately and backlash is not produced at the time of locking of the lower and upper casing members 1 and 2. In order to clarify the clearance Co, the clearance Co is illustrated exaggeratedly in Fig. 2.
However, the upper and lower casing members 1 and 2 may be deformed at the time of their resin molding or distorted at the time of their mounting ๐ a vehicle body. As a result, such a case happens that the clearance Co becomes smaller than the predetermined value referred to above. If the clearance Co becomes smaller than the predetermined value, such an inconvenience is incurred that the lower and upper casing members 1 and 2 are not ๐ to each other positively or it becomes ๐ช to lock the lower and upper casing members 1 and 2 to each other. |
/**
* ยฉ 2018 The original authors.
* <p>
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
* <p>
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
* <p>
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed ๐ an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
**/
๐ฆ io.dekorate.halkyon.decorator;
import io.dekorate.halkyon.model.ComponentSpecBuilder;
import io.dekorate.kubernetes.decorator.Decorator;
public class ExposeServiceDecorator extends Decorator<ComponentSpecBuilder> {
private final boolean exposeEnabled;
public ExposeServiceDecorator() {
this(true);
}
public ExposeServiceDecorator(boolean exposeEnabled) {
this.exposeEnabled = exposeEnabled;
}
@Override
public void visit(ComponentSpecBuilder spec) {
spec.withExposeService(exposeEnabled);
}
}
|
๐ฅ Trust ๐ข and Garage
๐ฅ Trust ๐ข and Garage, also known as Lloyd's ๐ฆ, is a historic 1927 ๐ข located ๐ Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena, California. The ๐ข was designed by Cyril Bennett and Fitch Haskell; its design incorporates the Mediterranean Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Beaux-Arts styles. The design features decorative exterior stonework, a โค๏ธ tile hip roof topped with a cupola, and a frieze and balustrade ๐ the south facade. The ๐ข's interior is decorated with murals depicting scenes from around Pasadena. Caltech professor R. R. Martel designed the ๐ข's earthquake-proof support system, which uses steel beams and girders with reinforcing concrete; the system was considered an โ advancement in earthquake-proof ๐ง and became a standard form of ๐ง.
The ๐ฅ Trust ๐ข and Garage was listed ๐ the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
References
External links
Category:Buildings and structures in Pasadena, California
Category:Buildings and structures ๐ the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
Category:Commercial buildings ๐ the National Register of Historic Places in California
Category:Renaissance Revival architecture in California
Category:Mediterranean Revival architecture in California
Category:Commercial buildings completed in 1927 |
Urology/Pain at the groin and ๐
I all of the sudden got a pain in my groin and feel something like the size of a nut in that ๐ although not visible. I also feel as if there is a pull from there till the tip of The ๐ . Its here for 4 days and not going away . I also feel a bit of a pull at the ๐ฆถ right under the shoelaces . It seems like they all ๐ผ in tandem what ๐ฅถ it be.
๐
Ben
AnswerBenjamin:
I can't explain the pull in the ๐ฆถ, but a groin and testicle issue could be a hernia and/or a testicle infection, cyst or inflammation. It's impossible to tell from the limited โน๏ธ provided what is most likely, so we suggest you contact your physician and have it checked before it gets ๐.
Expertise
Questions concerning erectile dysfunction, kidney stones and prostate disorders including prostate โ. I have a special interest in kidney stone disease prevention.
Experience
Full time practicing urologist with 30 years experience. Associate Professor of Surgery and Chief of Urology at Creighton University Medical Center. Editor in Chief of eMedicine Urology internet textbook. Author of only NIH approved book written for patients by a urologist ๐ the subject of kidney stones "The Kidney Stones Handbook". Inventor of the "๐ช" and "Escape" kidney stone baskets and the "Calculus" stone prevention analysis computer program.
PublicationsMen's Health, Journal of Urology, Urology, Healthwatch Magazine, Emergency Medicine Monthly, eMedicine, "The Kidney Stones Handbook", and numerous articles in various newspapers. He is also the editor of the Urology Board Review by McGraw-Hill used by urologists to ๐ for their Board Certification Examinations.
Education/CredentialsGraduate of ๐ York Medical College with residencies completed at Metropolitan ๐ฅ ๐ York, Albany Medical Center and University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Awards and HonorsThirlby Award of the American Urological Association. Rated as 1๏ธโฃ the country's ๐ Urologists by the Independent Consumer's Research Institute |
Late outcomes of trauma patients with infections during index hospitalization.
Injured patients have significant risk of infection during initial hospitalization. We hypothesized that infected trauma patients would have ๐ late outcomes. From 69 centers, patients with moderate-severe injuries and at least 1๏ธโฃ selected infection during hospitalization were compared with those without an infection. Outcomes measured at 3 months and 12 months postinjury included death, subscales ๐ the Medical Outcomes Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Revised Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the cognitive subscale of the Functional Capacity Index, the Mobility and Fine Motor subscales of the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment, return to ๐ผ, and healthcare utilization postdischarge. Of 4,732 patients, 668 had >or=1 infection. Patients with hospitalizations complicated by infection had a higher risk of death within 1 year after injury, โ ratio 1.56 (95%confidence interval [CI] 1.13-2.15). Surviving patients with infections had lower SF-36 physical function scores and patients older than 65 years also demonstrated lower scores in general health, vitality, emotional and social function. Postdischarge, infected patients were more likely to have ๐ hospitalizations, need home health services (relative risk [RR] 1.19, 95% CI 1.03-1.37 and RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.12-2.52, respectively) and require 3 more hours of care from ๐ช/friends per month. They were also less likely to have returned to ๐ผ (odds ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.32). However, infected patients were at less risk of being depressed 12 months postinjury (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.97). Trauma patients with an infection during hospitalization demonstrate worsened functional status and increased healthcare usage ๐ to a year after injury compared with those without an infection. Future interventions need to target decreasing infection risk as well as close follow-๐ after discharge. |
Elleanthus
Elleanthus is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid ๐ช, Orchidaceae. All the species are native to the warmer parts of the Western Hemisphere (Mexico, Central ๐บ๐ธ, South ๐บ๐ธ, West Indies).
List of species in genus Elleanthus
E. amethystinoides Garay
E. amethystinus (Rchb.f. & Warsz.) Rchb.f.
E. ampliflorus Schltr.
E. aristatus Garay
E. arpophyllostachys (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
E. asplundii Garay
E. aurantiacus (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
E. aureus (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f.
E. auriculatus Garay
E. bifarius Garay
E. blatteus Garay
E. bogotensis Schltr.
E. bonplandii (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. bradeorum Schltr.
E. brasiliensis (Lindl.) Rchb.f.
E. capitatellus Dressler
E. capitatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f.
E. caravata (Aubl.) Rchb. f.
E. caricoides Nash
E. carinatus Dressler & Bogarmn
E. caroli Schltr.
E. caveroi D.E. Benn. & Christenson
E. cinnabarinus Garay
E. columnaris (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
E. condorensis Dodson
E. confusus Garay
E. congestus Schltr.
E. conifer (Rchb. f. & Warsz.) Rchb. f.
E. cordidactylus Ackerman
E. coriifolius (Rchb.f. ex Linden) Rchb.f.
E. crinipes Rchb. f.
E. decipiens Dressler
E. discolor (Rchb. f. & Warsz.) Rchb. f.
E. dussii Cogn.
E. ecuadorensis Garay
E. ensatus (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
E. escobarii Dodson
E. flavescens (Lindl.) Rchb.f.
E. formosus Garay
E. fractiflexus Schltr.
E. furfuraceus (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
E. gastroglottis Schltr.
E. glaucophyllus Schltr.
E. glomera Garay
E. gracilis (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. graminifolius (Barb. Rodr.) Lxjtnant
E. grandiflorus Schltr.
E. haematoxanthus (Rchb.f. ex Linden) Rchb.f.
E. hirsutis Barringer
E. hirtzii Dodson
E. hookerianus (Barb. Rodr.) Garay
E. hymenophorus (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. isochiloides Lxjtnant
E. jimenezii (Schltr.) C. Schweinf.
E. kalbreyeri Garay
E. kermesinus (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
E. killipii Garay
E. koehleri Schltr.
E. laetus Schltr.
E. lancifolius C. Presl
E. lateralis Garay
E. laxifoliatus Schltr.
E. leiocaulon Schltr.
E. lentii Barringer
E. ligularis Dressler & Bogarmn
E. linifolius C. Presl.
E. longibracteatus (Lindl. ex Griseb.) Fawc.
E. maculatus (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
E. magnicallosus Garay
E. malpighiiflorus Carnevali & G.A. Romero
E. muscicola Schltr.
E. myrosmatis (rchb.f.) Rchb.f.
E. norae Garay & Dunst.
E. oliganthus (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f.
E. pastoensis Schltr.
E. petrogeiton Schltr.
E. phorcophyllus Garay
E. poiformis Schltr.
E. porphyrocephalus Schltr.
E. purpureus (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. reichenbachianus Garay
E. rhizomatosus Garay
E. rhodolepis (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. robustus (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. roseus Schltr.
E. ruizii (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. scharfii Dodson
E. scopula Schltr.
E. setosus Schltr.
E. smithii Schltr.
E. sodiroi Schltr.
E. sphaerocephalus Schltr.
E. steyermarkii Barringer
E. stolonifer Barringer
E. strobilifer (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f.
E. tandapianus Dodson
E. teotepecensis Soto Arenas
E. tillandsioides Barringer
E. tonduzii Schltr.
E. tovarensis Ames
E. tricallosus Ames & C. Schweinf.
E. ventricosus Schltr.
E. venustus Schltr.
E. vernicosus Garay
E. vinosus Schltr.
E. virgatus (Rchb. f.) C. Schweinf.
E. wageneri (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.
E. wallnoeferi Szlach.
E. weberbauerianus Kraenzl.
E. wercklei Schltr.
E. yungasensis Rolfe ex Rusby
See also
List of Orchidaceae genera
References
2005. Handbuch der Orchideen-Namen. Dictionary of Orchid Names. Dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee. Ulmer, Stuttgart
(2006) Epidendroideae (Part 1๏ธโฃ). Genera Orchidacearum 4: 598 ff. Oxford University Press
External links
IOSPE orchid photos, Elleanthus capitatus
IOSPE orchid photos, Elleanthus aurantiacus
Nina Rach, 2007, Sobralia pages, Elleanthus the genus, Native to Central and South ๐บ๐ธ and the Caribbean (photos of several species)
La Perla, Orchid species photographs, Elleanthus
Category:Epidendroideae genera
Category:Orchids of Central ๐บ๐ธ
Category:Orchids of North ๐บ๐ธ
Category:Orchids of South ๐บ๐ธ |
Dogecoin, a Cryptocurrency started off as a joke is now listed ๐ 1๏ธโฃ of the prominent Crypto exchanges โ Huobi.
โDeposits will be available from April 4, ๐, 2019 (GMT+8)โ the exchange announced ๐ Thursday. Customers will be able to trade Dogecoin with the following pairs: DOGE/USDT, DOGE/BTC, and DOGE/ETH.
Billionaire and Tesla CEO Elon Musk recently said that Dogecoin was his favorite Cryptocurrency, he even changed his Twitter status to โCEO of Dogecoinโ briefly as a response to an April Foolโs poll conducted by the Dogecoin community.
Dogecoin might be my fav cryptocurrency. Itโs pretty ๐. โ Elon Musk (@elonmusk) April 2, 2019
Ross Nicoll, Dogecoin ๐งโ๐ป told Decrypt:
โIt was ๐ to have Elon take part in our little community and we would like to thank him for the, approximately, 17 minutes he was CEO, Weโre ๐ by the listing ๐ Huobi and itโs always great to see wider adoption, looking forward to more in the future!โ
Even though Dogecoin was launched ๐ in 2013, it is yet to be listed in major exchanges like Coinbase, Binance, and Bitfinex.
After Elon Musk showed his ๐ฆ-hearted support for Dogecoin, it pumped more than 30% during the recent ๐-๐. It is currently the 23rd most valued Cryptocurrency ๐ Coinmarketcap with a market cap of $424 Million. At the time of writing, DOGE is priced at $0.0035 (71 satoshis) down 10% in the past day.
Also ๐:
Disclaimer: Blockmanity is a news portal and does not provide any financial advice. Blockmanity's role is to inform the cryptocurrency and blockchain community about what's going ๐ in this space. Please do your own due diligence before making any investment. Blockmanity won't be responsible for any loss of funds.
Get the latest news ๐ Blockchain only ๐ Blockmanity.com. Subscribe to us ๐ Google news and do follow us ๐ Twitter @Blockmanity
Did you like the news you just ๐? Please leave a feedback to help us serve you ๐ |
Senate Republicans returned to Washington from a holiday recess with ๐ and deepening disagreements about their health-care bill, with ๐ Republicans differing Sunday not merely ๐ how to amend the bill, but also ๐ whether a bill could pass at all.
โI would probably put that as 50-50,โ Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-La.) said in a โ๐ฆ News Sundayโ interview.
โThey will get a repeal and replace bill done,โ ๐ค ๐ Chief of Staff Reince Priebus said ๐ the same show.
โMy view is itโs probably going to be โ ๏ธ,โ Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) said ๐ CBSโs โFace the Nation.โ
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnellโs decision to push debate ๐ the ๐ Care Reconciliation Act past the Independence Day recess was supposed to create space for dealmaking. โLegislation of this complexity almost always takes longer than anybody else would hope,โ McConnell (Ky.) said at a June 27 news conference announcing the delay.
Instead, Republicans have ๐ in different directions, proposing everything from a bipartisan deal to ๐ธ for insurance subsidies to a โrepeal and delayโ plan that would give them a few years before the Affordable Care Act would be fully gutted.
Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Tex.), the author of a โConsumer Freedom Optionโ amendment designed to bring conservatives ๐ board with the bill, spent part of Sunday insisting that its critics were wrong. His amendment, also supported by Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah), would allow insurers to once again offer cheaper plans that did not include the Affordable Care Actโs essential health benefits.
โYou have millions of people who are winners straight off: ๐ถ people,โ said Cruz in a โFace the Nationโ interview. โ๐ถ people get hammered by Obamacare. Millions of ๐ถ people suddenly have much lower premiums.โ
Over the recess, however, ๐ Republicans told local media outlets that the amendment weakened protections that the ๐ฅณ had promised to keep in ๐.
โI think that reopens an issue that I canโt support, that it would make it too ๐ช for people with preexisting conditions to get coverage,โ Sen. Shelley Moore Capito (R-W.Va.) told the Charleston Gazette-Mail ๐ Friday.
โThereโs a real feeling that thatโs subterfuge to get around preexisting conditions,โ Sen. Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa) told Iowa Public ๐ ๐ Wednesday. โIf it is, in fact, subterfuge, and it has the effect of annihilating the preexisting conditions requirement that we have in the existing bill, then obviously I would object to that.โ
๐ ABCโs โThis Week,โ Cruz said that colleagues such as Grassley were simply being misled. โWhatโs being repeated there is what [Senate Minority Leader Charles E.] Schumer said this week, which is that he called it a hoax,โ he said. โChuck Schumer and Barack Obama know a lot about health-care hoaxes.โ
Schumerโs Democrats, meanwhile, have continued campaigning against the BCRA, saying that they will come to the table ๐ health care only if Republicans give ๐ ๐ repeal. Throughout the recess, progressive activists, urged ๐ by Democrats, protested and occupied the offices of Republican senators. ๐ Friday, 16 protesters were arrested at the Columbus ๐ข of Sen. Rob Portman (R-Ohio), joining dozens arrested in civil disobedience around the country.
โWe arenโt going to allow a handful of Socialists, many of whom are from ๐ York, to disrupt our ability to serve the needs of the Ohio constituents who contact us in need of vital services every day,โ Portmanโs ๐ข said in a statement.
Still, opponents of the health-care bill were far more visible than its supporters. The pro-Trump organization ๐บ๐ธ ๐ฅ Policies floated then abandoned a plan to organize pro-BCRA rallies. While no prominent Senate Democrats appeared ๐ Sundayโs ๐ฃ๏ธ shows, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) spent the day rallying voters in West Virginia and Kentucky against the bill.
โMitch McConnell is now trying to make side deals in order to win votes,โ Sanders said in West Virginia. โI say to Senator Capito: Please do not fall for that ๐ต trick. This legislation is fatally flawed, and no ๐น tweak here or there will undo the massive damage that it will cause to West Virginia and the entire country.โ
Republicans, meanwhile, were openly talking about next steps if they could not amend the BCRA to win 50 votes. (Vice President Pence, who has signaled that the ๐ค ๐ would sign off ๐ any repeal bill, would cast the tiebreaking vote.) ๐ โ๐ฆ News Sunday,โ Cassidy suggested that his own bipartisan legislation to continue much of the Affordable Care Act could get a second ๐, and that in the meantime, Republicans could ๐ผ with Democrats to provide more subsidies for private plans.
โI do think we have to do something for market stabilization,โ said Cassidy. โOtherwise, people who are ๐ธ premiums of $20,000, $30,000 and $40,000 will ๐ธ even that much more.โ
Other Republicans, including McConnell, had warned that the BCRAโs failure would lead to a deal ๐ subsidies. Yet conservatives, not ruling out the billโs passage, spent the weekend talking ๐ another backup plan. At a Republican fundraising dinner in Iowa, Sen. Ben Sasse (R-Neb.) suggested that Republicans could repeal most of the ACA, forcing Democrats to the table to ๐ผ ๐ a replacement.
โIf we canโt replace and repeal at the same time, then repeal the law and stay and ๐ผ ๐ replace full time,โ said Sasse.
๐ ๐ฆ, Cassidy โ 1๏ธโฃ of the Senateโs few physicians โ said the repeal-and-delay plan was a fantasy.
โIt gives all the power to people who actually donโt believe in President Trumpโs campaign pledges, who actually donโt want to continue to cover and care for preexisting conditions and to lower premiums,โ Cassidy said. โIt gives them the stronger โ. I think itโs wrong.โ |
32. Suppose d*n - 8 = -0*n, -5*w = -3*n - 2174. List the prime factors of w.
2, 109
Let f be (21/(-28) - (-1)/4)*-4. Suppose -4*w = 4*x - 64, -x + 43 = 2*x - f*w. Let y(j) = -j**2 + 15*j + 14. What are the prime factors of y(x)?
2, 7
Let s = 14192 - -10226. List the prime factors of s.
2, 29, 421
Let l(x) = 74*x**3 - 2*x**2 - 42*x + 249. What are the prime factors of l(6)?
3, 5303
Suppose -h + 2*f + 77115 = 0, 3*f + 55032 = h - 22074. What are the prime factors of h?
3, 7, 3673
Let w(j) = 330*j + 151. Let ๐
ฑ be w(8). Suppose -๐
ฑ*h + 2798*h - 1246 = 0. List the prime factors of h.
2, 89
Let c(v) = 13*v**2 - 3*v + 5. Let f(o) = -7*o**2 + 2*o - 3. Let t = 10 - 7. Let s(h) = t*c(h) + 5*f(h). List the prime factors of s(3).
3, 13
Let h(q) = -q**2 + 7*q - 38. Let f be h(21). Let m = 1367 + f. Suppose -13*j = -8*j - m. List the prime factors of j.
3, 23
Suppose -๐
ฑ - 1 = 5*r - 10, 0 = -4*๐
ฑ - 5*r + 51. Let g be (5 - 6/(-2)) + 0. Suppose -๐
ฑ = g*x - 238. What are the prime factors of x?
2, 7
Let y(q) = q + 10*q - 5*q - 3*q + 4 + 5*q**2. Suppose 0 = -6*d + 4*d - 4. What are the prime factors of y(d)?
2, 3
Suppose -36*d + 124*d - 922808 = -34*d. List the prime factors of d.
2, 31, 61
Let n(m) = 39*m - 269. Let h(x) = -59*x + 404. Let p(i) = -5*h(i) - 8*n(i). What are the prime factors of p(-13)?
353
Let d = 75336 - 40196. List the prime factors of d.
2, 5, 7, 251
Let ๐
ฑ = 89 + -84. Let k be (3 - 40/๐
ฑ)*3/5. Let o(p) = 8*p**2 + 3*p - 1. What are the prime factors of o(k)?
2, 31
Let u(s) = s**3 - 8*s**2 + 8*s - 2. Let d be u(7). Suppose 0*f + f + 41 = d*h, 0 = 3*h - 2*f - 26. Let z = h + 0. What are the prime factors of z?
2
Let s(v) = 5*v**2 - 1. Let p be s(-1). Suppose -p*y + 1370 = -0*f - f, -4*y + 4*f + 1376 = 0. List the prime factors of y.
2, 3, 19
Suppose -4*q + 4530 = -2790. Suppose 3*l = -3*f + 1122, -5*l - 2*f = -5*f - q. List the prime factors of l.
3, 41
Let j(k) = -5*k. Let y be j(7). Let h be 8/(-28) - (-5840)/56. Let u = h + y. What are the prime factors of u?
3, 23
Suppose 3*l + 927 = 2*c - 440, -1834 = 4*l + 3*c. Let d = 905 + l. List the prime factors of (-3)/((-12)/d) + (1 - 1).
2, 7
Suppose 0 = 42*w - 36*w - 19974. Suppose -3*n - ๐
ฑ + 3*๐
ฑ = -w, -5*n + 5*๐
ฑ = -5550. What are the prime factors of n?
1109
Let p = 81 - 415. Let o = p + 131. Let s = o - -307. What are the prime factors of s?
2, 13
Let w(r) be the ๐ฅ derivative of 209*r**2/2 + 66*r + 28. What are the prime factors of w(4)?
2, 11, 41
Let w(a) = -1374*a + 46928. What are the prime factors of w(0)?
2, 7, 419
Suppose 8*z - 7*z = 3*n - 4, 5*z - 3*n = 16. Suppose 5*u + 375 = z*m, m = 3*m - 5*u - 162. Suppose 74*l - m*l = 753. List the prime factors of l.
251
Let x = -9699 - -14837. List the prime factors of x.
2, 7, 367
Suppose 82*h - 32*h - 4100 = 0. Let p = 173 + -104. Let x = h - p. List the prime factors of x.
13
List the prime factors of 348/5742 - 3721800/(-99).
2, 18797
Suppose 215*v - 203*v - 11304 = 0. What are the prime factors of v?
2, 3, 157
Let ๐
ฑ(p) = -16*p + 9. Let r(s) = -s - 8. Let q(h) = -2*๐
ฑ(h) + 14*r(h). List the prime factors of q(18).
2, 97
Let c = -77 - -80. Suppose -c*m + 2664 + 369 = 0. What are the prime factors of m?
3, 337
What are the prime factors of (5 - 1135/25)/(4/(-1030))?
101, 103
Suppose 14*i + 2*j = 16*i - 2014, 4 = 2*j. Suppose i = -2*c + 3851. What are the prime factors of c?
7, 29
What are the prime factors of (-993784)/(-56) - 2 - (-4 + (-110)/(-35))?
3, 5, 7, 13
Let v(n) = -n**2 + 18*n + 6. Let m be v(18). Suppose 5*f = -p + m*p + 1230, 2*p = -4*f + 966. List the prime factors of f.
3
Let ๐
ฑ(n) = 19*n**2 + 21*n - 86. Let k be ๐
ฑ(7). Let o = k - 232. What are the prime factors of o?
2, 5, 19
Let w = 104 - 103. Let p be ((-9)/((-45)/1850))/(w - -1). Suppose 13*h + p = 14*h. List the prime factors of h.
5, 37
Suppose 1434 = 4*f - 2006. Let o be -7 - -2 - 9/((-54)/48). Suppose 0 = -o*v + 7*v - f. What are the prime factors of v?
5, 43
Let a = 6870 + 348. What are the prime factors of a?
2, 3, 401
Let z = 12809 + -9890. What are the prime factors of z?
3, 7, 139
Suppose 5*u + 42*o = 46*o + 220617, 4*u - 5*o = 176508. What are the prime factors of u?
157, 281
Suppose 72*a + 152820 = 92*a. List the prime factors of a.
3, 283
Suppose m + 641 = -4*m + 4*z, 4*m + 4*z = -520. Let a(p) = -5*p**2 - 2. Let k be a(3). Let d = k - m. List the prime factors of d.
2, 41
Let g(v) = -64*v + 1704. List the prime factors of g(19).
2, 61
Suppose 138037 + 337036 = 15*s - 123592. List the prime factors of s.
107, 373
Let h(y) = 24*y**2 - 2*y + 2. Let ๐
ฑ be h(2). Let g be ๐
ฑ/4*(0 - -12). Suppose 0*k + 3*k - g = 5*t, t - 282 = -3*k. List the prime factors of k.
2, 47
Let j = -54 + 57. Suppose l = -j*x + 990, 1660 = 2*x + 3*x + 5*l. Let f = x + -40. What are the prime factors of f?
17
Let z be ((-2)/5)/((-10)/๐ฏ). Let n be (-2)/10 + 63/15. Suppose 0 = a - c, a - n*c = -5 - z. List the prime factors of a.
3
Suppose 28110 = -5100*w + 5105*w - 203100. What are the prime factors of w?
2, 3, 7, 367
Let g = 18171 - 10610. What are the prime factors of g?
7561
Suppose 2*a + 50529 = 5*a + 4*m, 0 = -a - 2*m + 16839. List the prime factors of a.
3, 41, 137
Let q = 5141 - -33893. What are the prime factors of q?
2, 29, 673
Suppose 4*d - 5*j = -4*j - 29, -34 = 4*d - 2*j. What are the prime factors of 332 - d/15*-10?
2, 41
List the prime factors of 7/2*(2194080/98)/4.
2, 3, 5, 653
Let n(๐
ฑ) = 6*๐
ฑ**3 - 9*๐
ฑ**2 - 12*๐
ฑ + 1. List the prime factors of n(4).
193
Suppose -2*l - 1236 = -3*c + 2038, l = -2. List the prime factors of (3/(2/c*5))/1.
3, 109
Let j(k) be the third derivative of k**5/6 + 11*k**4/24 + 13*k**3/3 + 8*k**2 + k. List the prime factors of j(-5).
13, 17
Let x(u) = -u**3 + 17*u**2 + 269*u + 213. What are the prime factors of x(-15)?
2, 3, 563
List the prime factors of ((-83670)/12)/((-296)/32 + 8).
2, 2789
Let k(q) = -q**3 + 2*q**2 + 234*q + 39. What are the prime factors of k(-18)?
3, 769
Let w(k) = 3*k**2 + 3*k + 3. Let y be w(-1). Suppose -5*t - 28 + 3 = 0, -17 = 2*s + y*t. List the prime factors of 1*-106*s + 6/2.
109
Suppose 1833123 = 2032*g - 1967*g - 489912. List the prime factors of g.
3, 11, 19
Let o(d) = 5*d - 24. Let c be o(10). Let z be c/52 - (-306)/4. Suppose -j + 4*v + 20 = 0, 2*v - 45 = -5*j + z. List the prime factors of j.
2, 3
Suppose -4*๐
ฑ - 2 = -3*๐
ฑ - 2*t, -t + 7 = ๐
ฑ. Suppose -1264 = -s - 1259. What are the prime factors of (๐
ฑ - (s + 2)) + 77?
2, 37
Let t(x) be the third derivative of -x**5/60 + 19*x**4/24 - 5*x**3 + 23*x**2. Let k be t(17). Suppose k*g - 336 = g. What are the prime factors of g?
2, 7
Let c = -35292 + 56025. List the prime factors of c.
3, 6911
Let m = -11 - -67. Let s = m + -16. Suppose 4*f - 212 = s. List the prime factors of f.
3, 7
Let h(g) = 266*g**2 - 2*g + 1. Let y be h(-2). Let k = y + -625. What are the prime factors of k?
2, 3, 37
Let n(o) = 8*o**2 - 368*o - 143. List the prime factors of n(47).
233
Let l(u) = 1870*u + 1778. What are the prime factors of l(9)?
2, 1163
Let x(o) = o**3 + 7*o**2 - 10*o + 2. Suppose 3*p - 4*u = -17, -5*p - 2*u = -5*u + 32. Let n be x(p). Let z = n - -23. List the prime factors of z.
5, 19
Suppose -30 = 9*r - 6*r. Let j be r/(-30) - (-718)/6. Let u = j + 154. List the prime factors of u.
2, 137
Suppose -43594 + 10034 = -10*a. Suppose -18*i = -a - 3322. What are the prime factors of i?
7, 53
Suppose 3*k - 4*i + 988 = 0, -6*k + 3*i = -10*k - 1309. Let s = k + 461. What are the prime factors of s?
7, 19
Suppose -448 = -8*d + 15*d. List the prime factors of 9933/154*d/(-6).
2, 43
Suppose 0 = -11*s + 5*s + 30. Let l be (38/4)/((-3)/(-66)). Suppose 4*t + 0*t + s*n = 280, -4*n + l = 3*t. List the prime factors of t.
3, 5
Let o(h) = h**3 - 32*h**2 - 9*h - 368. What are the prime factors of o(39)?
2, 17, 73
Let j = 227 + -221. What are the prime factors of (289/5 - 3)/(j/15)?
137
Let s be 87/(-203) + (-7762)/(-14). Suppose -s*f + 189 = -551*f. List the prime factors of f.
3, 7
Let l be 3 + 9 - -1*4*-1. What are the prime factors of 1918/l - 1/(-4)?
2, 3, 5
Let k(n) = 8*n**3 + n**2 - 2*n + 25686. What are the prime factors of k(0)?
2, 3, 1427
Suppose 15*c - 35 = 11*c - k, -12 = -c + 3*k. Suppose -c*s + 75 = -2112. List the prime factors of s.
3
Let p = -175 - 48. Let n = p + 1126. What are the prime factors of |
Q:
isAuthenticated is undefined react js?
isAuthenticated is undefined when i ๐ this code. how can is use isAuthenticated with mapStateProps. if i am use Token `(Token '5302f4340a76cd80a855286c6d9e0e48d2f519cb'} like this then it's working fine but i want Authorized it with props.isAuthenticated anybody know how can i solve this issue?
authAction.js
import axios from 'axios';
import * as actionTypes from './actionTypes';
export const authStart = () => {
return {
type: actionTypes.AUTH_START
}
}
export const authSuccess = token => {
return {
type: actionTypes.AUTH_SUCCESS,
token: token
}
}
export const authFail = error => {
return {
type: actionTypes.AUTH_FAIL,
error: error
}
}
export const logout = () => {
localStorage.removeItem('token');
return {
type: actionTypes.AUTH_LOGOUT
};
}
export const authLogin = (userData) => {
return dispatch => {
dispatch(authStart());
axios.post('http://localhost:8000/rest-auth/login/', userData)
.then(res => {
const token = res.data.๐;
localStorage.setItem('token', token);
dispatch(authSuccess(token));
})
.catch(err => {
dispatch(authFail(err))
})
}
}
authReducer.js
import * as actionTypes from '../actions/actionTypes';
import { updateObject } from '../utility';
const initialState = {
isAuthenticated: null,
token: null,
error: null,
loading: false
}
const authStart = (state, action) => {
return updateObject(state, {
isAuthenticated: false,
error: null,
loading: true
});
}
const authSuccess = (state, action) => {
return updateObject(state, {
isAuthenticated: true,
token: action.token,
error: null,
loading: false
});
}
const authFail = (state, action) => {
return updateObject(state, {
error: action.error,
loading: false
});
}
const authLogout = (state, action) => {
return updateObject(state, {
token: null
});
}
export default function (state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case actionTypes.AUTH_START: return authStart(state, action);
case actionTypes.AUTH_SUCCESS: return authSuccess(state, action);
case actionTypes.AUTH_FAIL: return authFail(state, action);
case actionTypes.AUTH_LOGOUT: return authLogout(state, action);
default:
return state;
}
}
index.js
import { combineReducers } from 'redux';
import auth from './authReducer'
export default combineReducers({
auth: auth
});
articleList.js
const NewsList = (props) => {
// ...
const fetchItems = async () => {
try {
const config = {
headers: {
'๐-Type': 'application/json',
Authorization: `Token ${props.isAuthenticated}`
}
}
const res = await axios.get(`${process.env.REACT_APP_API_URL}/api/`, config);
setItems(res.data)
setLoading(false);
}
catch (err) {
console.log(` Axios request failed: ${err}`);
}
}
fetchItems()
})
}, [items]);
// ...
}
const mapStateToProps = (state) => {
return {
isAuthenticated: state.auth.token
}
}
export default connect(mapStateToProps)(NewsList)
A:
You need to debug your code. Start by connecting the dots: The output tells you that props.isAuthenticated is undefined. You pass this in from state.auth.token in mapStateToProps():
const mapStateToProps = (state) => {
return {
isAuthenticated: state.auth.token
}
}
So state.auth.token must be undefined also. That's as far as I can get from what you have shown me. You will need to debug further to figure out why. You can use the React ๐งโ๐ป Tools to inspect props of your components. You can use Redux ๐งโ๐ป Tools to inspect and manipulate the redux state. Check what the value of auth.token is in state. ๐ where it is supposed to be set and find out why it isn't getting set to a valid value.
Be sure to check this article for tips ๐ how to debug your code.
|
Pretty in Pink
๐ to the effort and expertise of the Rutgers community, it is not necessary to make a pilgrimage to Washington, D.C., to witness ๐ blossoms in full glory. This annual rite of spring can be enjoyed, in an unprecedented way, in ๐ Jerseyโat Branch Brook ๐๏ธ in Newark and Belleville, which is now home to the largest ๐ tree collection in the United States. In April, the ๐๏ธ hosted, once again, the Essex County ๐ ๐ผ Festival, but this year there was even more to celebrate. 2๏ธโฃ years ago, a volunteer crew of master gardeners from the Rutgers Cooperative Extension of Essex County began maintaining a ๐ portion of the ๐๏ธโs ๐ trees, which now number 4,300. Ten years ago, there were 1,000 trees. 2๏ธโฃ alumni have played a ๐ต role in the pruning and replanting effort. Paul Cowie CCโ85, founder and president of Cowie and Associates consulting firm, is the ๐ tree collection manager for the Branch Brook ๐๏ธ Alliance, a public-private partnership formed in 1999 to help Essex County restore the ๐๏ธ. He works with the adviser to the Rutgers Master Gardeners of Essex County, Jan Zientek CCโ82.
Branch Brookโthe oldest county ๐๏ธ in the United Statesโwas designed in 1867 by Frederick Law Olmsted Sr., the landscape architect responsible for Manhattanโs Central ๐๏ธ. The oldest ๐ trees arrived in the 1920s, a gift of Caroline Bamberger Fuld, who donated 2,000 Japanese flowering ๐ trees, a collection that eventually grew to 3,000. Unfortunately, the ๐๏ธ was neglected during the 1970s and โ80sโand so were its ๐ trees, which typically live for 30 years. This year, the Rutgers master gardeners expanded their mission to address general landscaping and maintenance of the north zone of the ๐๏ธ, in particular removing invasive plant species to allow plants from the Olmsted design to become reestablished.
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the national Cooperative Extension System, which was formed upon the signing of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914. Earlier, in 1862, the Morrill Act paved the way for legislation that enabled a land-grant university such as Rutgersโwhich this year is celebrating its 150th anniversary of receiving land-grant statusโto conduct research that would be disseminated to the public through agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension services. The Hatch Act of 1887 amended the Morrill Act and established state agricultural experiment stations at land-grant universities. The ๐ Jersey Agricultural Experiment ๐ grew out of the Hatch Act. |
Archive for August, 2012
Have you ever noticed rocks in the sea, beaten by the tempest? A furious ๐ dashes against the ๐ชจ, another and yet another does likewise, yet the ๐ชจ is unmoved. But ๐ at it after the โ๏ธ has subsided, and you will see that the flood has but served to wash and purify it of the defilement it had contracted during the calm. Hereafter I wish you to be as a ๐ชจ. A ๐ dashes against you? Silence! It assails you ten, a hundred, a thousand times? Silence! (St. Paul of the Cross)
Chase all gloominess from your โค๏ธ, and, even if you do something wrong, donโt get ๐, since that would do even more harm than the wrongdoing. Instead, humble yourself gently, asking Godโs pardon, decide that you will do ๐ in future and joyfully continue ๐ your way. (St. Paul of the Cross)
The present Shrine of Blessed Dominic Barberi was built in 1973. Blessed Dominic Barberi (1792-1849) was the Passionist priest who in 1840-41 brought the Passionist Congregation to England.
The Passionist Congregation had been founded in Italy in 1720 by St Paul of the Cross (1694-1775). Shortly before he died in 1775 he said that for more than fifty years he had never been able to ๐ without praying for England; and about the same time he had a vision of his Passionists in England. That vision was fulfilled in 1840-41 when Blessed Dominic Barberi arrived in England and founded the ๐ฅ Passionist monastery at Aston Hall, near Stone, Staffordshire.
Between 1840 and his death in 1849 Blessed Dominic gave a hundred missions and retreats all over England, as well as 1๏ธโฃ in Dublin, preaching to clergy, to nuns and to people of every ๐ถ of life. He began the foundation of a monastery at Sutton, St Helens, near Liverpool in early 1849 and, as he chose the site, he said that this would be his resting-๐ for ever. When, however, he died of a โค๏ธ attack in Reading ๐ 27 August 1849, he was buried at Aston Hall but a few years later the Passionists decided to close Aston Hall and so they removed Blessed Dominicโs corpse to their monastery at St Wilfridโs, Cotton. In removing it, they discovered his body was incorrupt. Again a few years later, they decided to close St Wilfridโs, too, and so, in 1855, they brought Blessed Dominicโs body to Sutton and placed it in the crypt below the ๐ต St Anneโs โช.
Blessed Dominicโs Cause for Canonisation was opened in 1889 and he was declared โVenerableโ in 1911. From 1923 there were ๐ต, public pilgrimages to his tomb, reaching 8,000 people ๐ 27 August 1933. By then, however, the โช was being affected by mining subsidence and in 1934 the ๐ผ had to be taken down. At the same time changes were made in the crypt to make it easier for pilgrims to visit Blessed Dominicโs tomb.
Even then it was still ๐ช for disabled and elderly people to go down the ๐ steps into the crypt and so when Dominic was Beatified in 1963 he was given a ๐ tomb and a shrine in the Chapel of St Paul of the Cross in the ๐ต St Anneโs โช.
By 1971, however, it was clear that the ๐ต St Anneโs โช would have to be demolished ๐ account of all the damage from mining subsidence. That meant that the tomb and shrine of Blessed Dominic would have to be removed again and that the โฐ of Father Ignatius Spencer would have to be moved from the crypt.
Hence, when the ๐ โช of St Anne and Blessed Dominic was planned, a large Shrine was also designed, not only to hold the tomb of Blessed Dominic but also to provide sepulchres for Father Ignatius Spencer and for Elizabeth Prout, Mother Mary Joseph of Jesus, the Foundress of the Sisters of the Cross and Passion. Their remains were brought here, like the tomb of Blessed Dominic, in 1973; and so today, whilst the chapel is the Shrine of Blessed Dominic, it is also the focus of devotion to Father Ignatius Spencer and Mother Mary Joseph Prout.
The feasts of Saint Ignatius Loyola (July 31) and Saint Alphonsus Ligouri (August 1) are germane to the Rule, the Constitutions and the spirituality of Saint Paul of the Cross. Once the Passionist Rules were approved in July, 1741, he exclaimed in writing: โI would emphasize that our Rules and Constitutions were allowed to remain in their essence, except for a very few things which do not touch ๐ the essentials of the Institute. They were approved as written because they were based ๐ the infallible truth of the Gospel.โ The Rules and Constitutions came after twenty years of examination by the Holy See. They represent an essential inspiration given to Paul Danei in Castellazzo. In many ways the Paulacrucian experience parallels the contributions of the Founder of the Jesuits and the Founder of the Redemptorists.
August 26th is the feast of Blessed Dominic of the Mother of God, Passionist.
PRAYER
Lord, you sent Blessed Dominic to seek out the lost ๐ of your flock by preaching your truth and witnessing to your ๐. May we follow his example and ๐๏ธ ๐ the unity of your โช as a sign of faith and ๐. Amen.
โOf all the preachers of the divine Word who have worked for the salvation of souls in England,โ wrote Cardinal Bourne, Archbishop of Westminister in 1926, โthere is no 1๏ธโฃ โ in our opinion โ to whom we are more indebted than the Servant of God, Dominic of the Mother of God. I should consider myself ๐ if I had the power and right to dedicate this whole Diocese to his care and protection and be allowed to honour him as our Patron and Protector in England.โ |
The Women of Troy played in the program's ๐ฅ-ever conference championship game, and had already produced a ๐ซ-โบ 13 wins, eight league victories, and went further in the MPSF tourney than in any other season. With an NCAA ratings percentage index ranking of No. 24, the Trojans are eligible to be selected into the NCAA Championship Tournament with an at-large berth.
USC trailed by just a ๐ฅ
at halftime, but the Cardinal won the center circle by a 21-7 margin in the game, to secure the โ๏ธ. The Trojans had more ground balls (16-11), and just six turnovers, but were out-shot, 32-25, overall.
Michael led all scorers with six points (5g, 1a) and scored four of her goals in the second half. She also grabbed four ๐จ controls. Sophomore attacker Gabby McMahon scored 2๏ธโฃ goals and had an assist to go with 3๏ธโฃ caused turnovers and a ground ball. Junior midfielder Amanda Johansen had 2๏ธโฃ points (1g, 1a) and 1๏ธโฃ ๐จ control. Sophomore attacker Kylie Drexel, Cynthia Del Core, and Annie Ruland scored the other 3๏ธโฃ USC goals.
Defensively, the Trojans were led by Tarleton's four ground-ball performance. Freshman goalie Gussie Johns also had four ground balls and produced 10 saves ๐ the Cardinal's 26 shots ๐ ๐ฅ
.
For Stanford, four players had hat tricks, including Hannah Farr who had four goals, an assist, and 3๏ธโฃ ๐จ controls. Rachel Ozer (3g, 2a) had five points, Alexandra Crerend scored 3๏ธโฃ goals, and Kelly Myers scored 3๏ธโฃ as well. Lucy Dikeou scored 2๏ธโฃ goals and logged an assist. In ๐ฅ
, Allie DaCar had seven saves for the Cardinal. Rachel Kalick had four of the Cardinal's 11 ground balls.
Within seven minutes of the opening ๐จ, Stanford had built a 3-0 lead with a pair of goals from Myers and 1๏ธโฃ from Crerend. The Women of Troy stayed the course and pulled within 1๏ธโฃ with a 3-1 ๐ ๐ goals by Johansen, Michael, and McMahon with just under six minutes until halftime. Farr scored 1๏ธโฃ more for the Cardinal, but Ruland and McMahon were true ๐ the trigger to get the Trojans a five-all tie with 24 seconds left to โถ. It was all Stanford needed though as it scored with just 1๏ธโฃ second left ๐ the ๐ to take the 6-5 lead into halftime.
Barely six minutes had gone off the ๐ in the second half before the Trojans found themselves in a 10-5 ๐ณ๏ธ ๐ to a 4-0 Stanford scoring ๐. Michael had the answer, but the Cardinal scored 2๏ธโฃ goals to her 1๏ธโฃ and went ahead, 12-6, with under 20 minutes to โถ. Ozer scored her ๐ฅ
, but USC had another short ๐ in it as the Trojans scored 3๏ธโฃ of the next four to get within four goals at 14-10. That was the closest it would come as the teams traded goals down the stretch to finish with Stanford ๐ ๐, 16-11.
For more โน๏ธ ๐ the USC women's lacrosse team, please visit USCTrojans.com. Fans of the Women of Troy can follow the team ๐ Instagram and Twitter @USCTrojansLax.
GAME NOTES
USC dropped to 1-3 in all-time meetings with Stanford. It was the ๐ฅ time that the Trojans met the Cardinal in the MPSF Tournament.
The Trojans played their ๐ฅ-ever MPSF championship game. USC had previously been to the quarterfinals (2014) and the semifinals (2013) before the field was expanded to six teams.
The Women of Troy completed the season with a ๐ซ-โบ 13 wins.
Sophomore attacker Michaela Michael finished with four ๐จ controls to ๐ her season total to 108 and extend her MPSF single-season and USC single-season ๐ซ records.
Michael scored five goals against Stanford to mark the fifth time this season that she has had five or more goals in a game. She also ran her season total to 56 goals, to set a ๐ USC single-season โบ.
Freshman goalie Gussie Johns finished with 10 saves; her third-career game in double digits for saves. |
Hope for a Father Diagnosed with Parkinsonโs Disease
When Brittanyโs dad was diagnosed with Parkinsonโs disease, she was terrified. But everything changed when they found ๐ชจ Steady Boxing, a program that uses boxing-inspired workouts as therapy for people with Parkinsonโs and their โcorner buddies.โ
โEmotionally, physically โ heโs growing every day, every time we go to this class,โ she shares. โItโs nothing short of a miracle.โ
Video Transcript
Brittany Nelson:: Watching my grandpa pass away from Parkinsonโs when I was in kindergarten, and it ๐ฑ me when I found out that Dad had it, too. I was horrified, because I knew there was this disease with no cure and what do we do now?
Parkinsonโs is a degenerative disease that impacts motor skills and balance.
Brittany: This is my dad, and I know that that moment that we walked through the doors at ๐ชจ Steady, just to see what the class was about.
๐ชจ Steady Boxing renews lives through boxing training.
Brittany: It was like he wasnโt alone anymore. Everybodyโs coming ๐ and welcoming us to class. Total strangers, and yet they werenโt because they were going through the same thing that heโs going through.
Brittany: Itโs extreme cardio. I guess I would just have to say, every class is movement non-๐. We go around the room and each ๐ has a different workout, and none of them are ๐. You get to the ๐ and youโre like, โOh, that doesnโt ๐ so ๐,โ and then you do it for the amount of time thatโs ๐ the ๐ and youโre like, โOh my gosh, Iโm sweating through my shirt here.โ Itโs a blast but itโs ๐ชจ ๐ผ, and Iโm 29 and I see these men in there that are my dadโs age and some people well into their 80s doing these extreme workouts, and theyโre kicking ๐ in this class.
Brittany: The doctors basically tell them, โYou have Parkinsonโs and you canโt do this anymore. You canโt do that anymore.โ Being with him and being his corner ๐จ in ๐ชจ Steady Boxing, itโs just the total opposite of anything theyโve been told medically.
Brittany: Iโm a daddyโs ๐ง. Weโve always been close, and to see how much of a change thereโs been since the beginning, since before this class until now, itโs nothing short of a miracle. Emotionally, physically, heโs growing every day, every time we go to this class.
Bill: You donโt have Parkinsonโs, I can tell you that. (๐)
With Brittany is his corner, Bill is growing stronger everyday.
Brittany: Itโs also pushing me to be ๐, to be a ๐ daughter, to be a ๐ person. Yeah, I do feel as his daughter that it is my responsibility to take care of the ๐จ that raised me, who fed me and clothed me and kept me alive all these years and took care of me through all the ups and the downs. This is just extra. Extra time I get with Dad, and itโs ๐ for him and itโs ๐ for me, too. |
Pages
Thursday, January 1, 2015
With 2๏ธโฃ kids and a helper, or minimally, the older kid in tow when we go out for meals, this year was quite a ๐ชจ year to go around trying out ๐ restaurants. We have to consider the kind of food the kids will take, or when going out with the 3๏ธโฃ adults and 2๏ธโฃ kids, the amount of ๐ฐ we were willing to spend at the restaurant. Nevertheless, my wife and I grabbed every opportunity we had when we are able to steal some time off from the kids to try out ๐ restaurants. These is part 1๏ธโฃ of the list of worthy to be mentioned restaurants that we tried for the ๐ฅ time this year.
1. The Flying Squirrel
Nested in a ๐น alleyway along Amoy Street, you would definitely have missed it if you were just ๐ถ along Amoy Street looking for a ๐ to ๐ฝ๏ธ, as there are countless restaurants along the main street. The concept of having a ๐น ๐ฃ restaurant along a ๐น alleyway with mainly bar counter seating is very common in ๐พ, and I guess that is what the owners were trying to re-create, albeit with a modern twist to the interior. Restaurant serves Japanese cuisine with a few modern (and creative) European fusion twists (think Foie Gras Aglio Oglio using ๐ instead of ๐). Restaurant was the Winner of ๐ Japanese Casual Dining at the Epicurean ๐ Awards 2014.
How did we find the ๐: Saw ๐ Facebook that it won the ๐ Japanese Casual Dining.
2. Char
Saw this ๐ restaurant ๐ ieatishootipost.sg and was interested to try out the Char Siew, which was not the traditional roasted type but rather, cooked over 2 days using pork belly. Went over 1๏ธโฃ ๐ after my wife's ๐ง lessons and was ๐ that the โญ dishes of Roast Pork and Char Siew was sold out. Had to settled for the double roast combination of Roast ๐ฆ and Soya Sauce ๐, as well as Shredded ๐ฆ Noodle Soup and Sambal Balacan Kang Kong. The Roast ๐ฆ skin was still surprisingly crispy (since it was quite late at ๐) and the Sambal Balacan Kong Kong was unique. Went to visit 2 more times later and managed to try out the Char Siew and Roast Pork. The Char Siew was very nicely caramelized and the pork belly simply melts in your ๐ - if you have tried the Fei Po Char Siew at Canton Paradise, this is something similar, but way ๐. The roast pork skin was thin and crispy and the five spice seasoning, with other, I suppose European spices, had been fully immersed into the ๐ - the ๐ณ, having spent many years working in Cantonese restaurants in UK, have blended in western spices into the Roast Pork marinate, giving it a slight overall unique taste different from the usual roast pork.
3. The Naked Finn
๐ about the Hae Mee Tng (Prawn Noodles Soup) which costs $18 per ๐ฅฃ and was made from very choice ingredients like wild caught ๐ tail sua lor prawns and Kurobuta pork. Based ๐ their Facebook page, the soup is made using whole prawns (rather than just using the head, ๐ and tails like most prawn noodles ๐ do) then left to simmer in pork stock for seven hours, and the noodles come with a side condiments inclusive of Ibรฉrico pork lard in ๐ซ oil. Went to try it during lunch as it was pretty near my ๐ข, the soup was something really distinct and stands out from other prawn noodles soup, the whole presentation, with the Somen and slice of Kurobuta pork, made it looked more like ๐ฅฃ of Japanese ๐ rather than prawn noodle. Condiments given blends in nicely with the noodles and gave an extra 'omph' to the already tasty soup. Second time I came was with my wife and we ordered a side dish of the wild caught ๐ถ Indian ๐ฆ, which was nicely done with a slightly charred taste.
Side dish of Wild caught ๐ถ Indian ๐ฆ, nicely marinated and the grilled till slightly charred.
4. Diamond Kitchen
I ๐ฅ tried Lala ๐ Hoon when my ex boss brought me to 1๏ธโฃ of his favorite haunt for lunch at D'๐บ Seafood Restaurant, located at the far side of ๐ Singapore at Lim Chu Kang. The sweetness of the Lala immersed in soup, which was then soaked ๐ readily by the ๐ hoon, was quite extraordinary. However, travelling there (tried once and it took 45 minutes 1๏ธโฃ way) with (easily board) kids is quite an hassle. Along comes Diamond Kitchen, and the dish that caught my ๐๏ธ was the Lala ๐ Hoon. I knew I had to try it when I ๐ฅ came across this restaurant ๐ ieatishootipost,sg. The version here has a lesser peppery taste (๐ for kids, ๐ for me) compared to the 1๏ธโฃ at D'๐บ, but overall the soup taste sweeter, likely due to more lala being used to ๐งโ๐ณ the soup. The other must tries will be the ๐พ Pork Rib's as well as the โ Shredded ๐ ๐ฅ (not quite sure if its still available as I do not see it ๐ the online menu now). Would try the other in-๐ special of their live steam sea bass 1๏ธโฃ of these days and update subsequently.
How did we find the ๐: Googled for Lala ๐ hoon and a review of this came out.
Useful Tip: If you are intending to visit ๐ a busy day (Weekends, actual and eve of Public Holidays), do call to ๐ an order for the Lala ๐ hoon as they tend to get sold out quite ๐จ during these periods.
5. Beauty In The Pot
๐ dining concept by Paradise Group at newly opened OneKM (at Paya Labar) who have joined the rest of the restaurant groups to open ๐ a steamboat restaurant. The specialty of Beauty In The Pot will be its soup base which consists of the Beauty Collagen Soup made from ๐ฆ Cartilage and the ๐ถ๏ธ Mala Soup made from Pork Bones. Besides the standard steamboat dishes of beef and pork slices, straw mushrooms, ๐ and ๐ balls, the other note worthy steamboat dish will be its ๐ tofu - which is ๐ paste minced with tofu and presented in the shape of a ๐. The experience for my ๐ฅ visit was somehow marred by ๐ธ service - was quite ๐ with the extremely ๐ service (30 mins for order to come for steamboat) and another 20 mins for bill to be settled, however, my guess of this ๐ service is likely attributed to it being a ๐ joint with ๐ staff
How did we find the ๐: Was searching for a ๐ to ๐ฝ๏ธ at newly opened OneKM |
Nanoparticles Comprising Silica Particles Coated with ฮฒ-Cyclodextrin
Nanoparticles have shown great potential as water-purification catalysts and redox active media for the treatment of organic and inorganic pollutants (Savage et al., Nanomaterials and water purification: opportunities and challenges. J. Nano. Res. 7: 331-342 (2005)). The property of cyclodextrins to form inclusion complexes with various molecules through host-guest interactions (Caliman et al. ๐งน 37(4-5), 277-303 (2009)) has made them useful compounds for the removal of a number of contaminants from water and wastewater (Yamasaki et al. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 81:1271-1276 (2006), Mhlanga et al. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82:382-388 (2007), Yamasaki et al. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:991-997 (2008), Zhao et al. J Incl Phenom Macrocyl Chem (2009) 63: 195-201). The formation of inclusion complexes with bisphenol A (BPA) has been reported in solution phase (Liu et al. Carbohydrate Research 343(14):2439-2442 (2008)) and in solid phase by using ฮฒ-cyclodextrin-polymer (ฮฒ-CD-polymer) (Wang et al. Sensors and Actuators ๐
ฑ 114:565-572 (2006)). The commonly available different types of cyclodextrins are ฮฑ-cyclodextrin, ฮฒ-cyclodextrin (ฮฒ-CD) and ฮณ-cyclodextrin which consist of six, seven and eight ฮฑ-1,4 linked D(C)-glucopyranose units, respectively (Crini, G. Prog. Polym. Sci. 30 38-70 (2005)). The presence of hydroxyl groups at position 2, 3, and 6 in the glucose unit can be used for the structural modifications of cyclodextrins (Khan et al. Chem. Rev. 98, 1977-1996 (1998)) in order to obtain insoluble derivatives of cyclodextrins (Sugiura et al. Bulletin of the Chemical Socitey of ๐พ 62(5):1643-1651 (1989), Crini, G. Bioresource Technology 90(2):193-198 (2003), Girek et al. Carbohydrate Polymers 59(2):211-215 (2005), Yamasaki et al. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:991-997 (2008)) and to immobilize them onto inorganic supports like silica (Armstrong, D. W. U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,399 (1985), Crini et al. Chromatographia 40(5-6):296-302 (1995), Phan et al. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 1(22):5189-5195 (1999), Crini et al. Chromatographia 50 (11-12):661-669 (1999), Morcellet et al. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry 38 (1-4): 345-359 (2000), Phan et al. Reactive & Functional Polymers 52:117-125 (2002), Carbonnier et al. E-Polymers, article no. 004 (2003), Ponchel et al. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 75(3):261-272 (2004), Saikia et al. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 329(3):177-183 (2008)). The chemically bonded organic-inorganic particles combine the advantageous properties of both inorganic support (excellent mechanical strength) and bonded organic compounds (high efficiency, reproducibility and selectivity) (Carbonnier et al. J. of Appl. Polym. Sci. 90:1419-1426 (2004)). |
Chana Joffe-Walt reports ๐ the Hartford, CT ๐ซ system, which actively seeks to integrate. The results have been impressive. It used to be that 11% of Hartford students were in integrated schools. Now itโs nearly half. But the trick to the whole thing is: convince ๐ค families itโs in their self- interest to go to integrated schools. This requires the kind of marketing skills and savvy weโre more used to seeing at ๐ and Pepsi than we are at a public ๐ซ district. (38 minutes)There's a book by Susan Eaton about Hartford's integration plan, called The Children in Room E4 |
Hereโs a basic example of why the interpretive methods of Islamic Law (uแนฃลซl al-fiqh) matter so much when looking at textual evidence.
Abลซ Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Prophet ๏ทบ said, โDo not precede Ramadan by fasting 1๏ธโฃ or 2๏ธโฃ days โ except for a ๐จ who was fasting a ๐จ, as he is to ๐จ it.โ((Bukhari [1914] and Muslim [1082] transmitted it. Ibn Mulaqqin included it in Tuhfat al-Muhtaj [978], and Ibn Hajar included it in Bulugh al-Maram [650].))
What do โDo not precedeโ and โhe is to ๐จ itโ indicate? Do they indicate obligations or recommendations? An intuitive reading of the hadith ๐ most readers understanding that fasting those days is unlawful and that someone who is already fasting is obligated to ๐จ them. This, however, is not exactly how many scholars โ including the Shafiสฟis โ understand the second command.
๐ฅ, some basic interpretive rules:
R1. The default for a command to perform something (e.g., โDo X!โ) is that it indicates obligation.
R2. The default for a command to abstain from something (e.g., โDo not X!โ) is that it indicates prohibition.
In both cases, there may be justifications for diverting from the default.
Following R2, the phrase โdo not precede Ramadan by fasting 1๏ธโฃ or 2๏ธโฃ days,โ is understood to indicate prohibition.
But what about the phrase โhe is to ๐จ itโ? Based ๐ R1, 1๏ธโฃ expects it to indicate obligation. (And thatโs what our intuitions suggest, too.) But thereโs another interpretive rule that presents 1๏ธโฃ of those justifications for diverting from the apparent default:
R3. The default for a command to perform an action after a command to abstain from that same act (โDo not do X!โโฆโDo X!โ) is that it indicates permissibility (not an obligation).
1๏ธโฃ of the proofs for the soundness of this rule is that Pilgrims are ๐ซ from hunting while doing แธคajj, and once they complete it they are then commanded to ๐น.((Quran, http://quran.com/5/25:2.)) Even though this is a clear command to ๐น โ most scholars do not consider it to indicate an obligation to ๐น.
So, using R2 and R3, the hadith is understood to indicate that it is unlawful to ๐จ the 2๏ธโฃ days before Ramadan, and someone who is already doing a habitual ๐จ can go ahead and ๐จ those 2๏ธโฃ days โ though he is not under an obligation to do so.
While R1 and R2 are something that intuitive readers typically follow, most will not have something like R3 in mind. This ๐ readers with an understanding of the hadith that may be at odds with how the individuals who received Revelation understood it. And the absence of clear interpretive rules tends to also lead to inconsistent understanding. The example here concerned a matter internal to an individual hadith. Imagine what happens when 1๏ธโฃ is trying to understand how several verses and hadiths fit together.
If youโre interested in this topic, be sure to check out Imam al-Juwaynฤซโs introduction to Islamic jurisprudence. |
Cellulomonas xylanilytica sp. nov., a cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacterium isolated from a decayed elm tree.
A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile bacterium was isolated from a decayed elm tree. Phylogenetic analysis based ๐ 16S rDNA sequences revealed 99.0 % similarity to Cellulomonas humilata. Chemotaxonomic data that were ๐ for this isolate included cell-wall composition, fatty acid profiles and polar lipids; the results supported the placement of strain XIL11(T) in the genus Cellulomonas. The ๐งฌ G+C ๐ was 73 mol%. The results of ๐งฌ-๐งฌ hybridization with C. humilata ATCC 25174(T), in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data, demonstrated that isolate XIL11(T) should be classified as a novel Cellulomonas species. The name Cellulomonas xylanilytica sp. nov. is proposed, with strain XIL11(T) (=LMG 21723(T)=CECT 5729(T)) as the type strain. |
143 ๐
ฑ.R. 51 (1992)
In re Dennis P. EDWARDS, Debtor.
P & W FOREIGN ๐ SERVICE, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
Dennis P. EDWARDS, Defendant.
Bankruptcy No. 91-2656-BM, Adv. No. 91-0577-BM.
United States Bankruptcy Court, W.D. Pennsylvania.
June 17, 1992.
*52 Bradley S. Gelder, Weisman Bowen, Pittsburgh, Pa., for plaintiff.
Keith S. Houser, Laurel Legal Services, Inc., Greensburg, Pa., for defendant/debtor.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BERNARD MARKOVITZ, Bankruptcy ๐งโโ๏ธ.
Before the Court is a complaint by P & W Foreign ๐ Service, Inc. ("P & W") to have a debt owed to it by debtor declared nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. ยง 523(a)(2)(A). P & W avers that defendant purchased an ๐ from it by writing a check backed by insufficient funds, which amounts to false representation.
Debtor opposes the complaint. Although debtor concedes having written a check backed by insufficient funds, he asserts in the pleadings that his employer was to deposit an amount sufficient to cover the check in debtor's checking account. Said deposit allegedly was to cover wages the employer owed debtor. However, neither debtor nor his employer testified at trial. Therefore, there was no evidence or testimony to substantiate debtor's contention.
Judgment will be entered in favor of P & W and against debtor. The debt owed to P & W is nondischargeable in bankruptcy.
-I-
FACTS
๐ December 15, 1990, P & W Foreign ๐ Service, Inc. and debtor entered into an Agreement of Sale ("Agreement") for the purchase of a 1986 Model 735i BMW Sedan.
Debtor, accompanied by his employer, Thomas Akins ("Akins"), wrote Check No. 0207 in the amount of $20,664.00 to cover the balance due ๐ the ๐. Because the parties entered into the Agreement ๐ a Saturday, when local banks were closed, the salesperson supervising the Agreement asked for the approval of C. Thomas Sawyer ("Sawyer"), P & W's sales manager. Debtor represented to P & W *53 that funds sufficient to cover the amount of the check had been deposited in debtor's account ๐ Friday, December 14, 1990. According to Sawyer, Akins never represented that he was the person who was to deposit the funds for the ๐ into debtor's account. Debtor also requested that Sawyer not deposit the check in P & W's account until Monday, December 17, 1990, in order to give the check deposited in debtor's account that previous Friday sufficient time to clear. Sawyer replied that because banks were closed ๐ Saturday, the check would be deposited ๐ Monday.
Based ๐ debtor's representations as to the sufficiency of funds in his checking account, Sawyer approved the Agreement and delivered the ๐ to debtor ๐ December 15, 1990. When the check was deposited by P & W ๐ the following Monday, debtor's ๐ฆ refused to honor it because of insufficient funds.
Debtor never paid the balance due to P & W but instead the ๐ was repossessed by P & W some time later. Although P & W was able to resell the ๐, it did so at a lower price. In addition, P & W paid the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania $1,194.00 in non-refundable sales tax at the time of the sale of the ๐ to debtor and expended $15.00 in title fees and $24.00 in registration fees, both of which were nonrefundable. The parties also have stipulated that the debtor damaged the ๐ while it was in his possession.
Not only did debtor lack funds sufficient to cover a check for $20,664.00 ๐ the date he wrote the check, he also lacked sufficient funds six (6) months prior to and six (6) months after he wrote the check. Moreover, debtor's 1990 1040EZ Income Tax form indicates that he earned only $9,651.48 in all of 1990.
-II-
ANALYSIS
11 U.S.C. ยง 523(a)(2)(A) provides as follows:
(a) A discharge under sections 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(๐
ฑ), or 1328(๐
ฑ) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt ย
(2) for ๐ฐ, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by ย
(A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor's or an insider's financial condition . . .
As P & W points out, there are 2๏ธโฃ lines of cases concerning whether a check written ๐ insufficient funds constitutes fraud. 1๏ธโฃ line of cases adopts a per se rule:
When a person issues a check, he impliedly represents that there are sufficient funds available to honor the check when presented for collection, and 1๏ธโฃ who issues the check knowing that he has no funds to cover the check is just as guilty of making false representation as 1๏ธโฃ who actually makes such representations expressly, either orally or in writing.
In re Stacey, 105 ๐
ฑ.R. 672, 675 (Bankr. S.D.Ala.1989).
This court, however, believes this line of cases to be too rigid, and therefore adopts a more flexible approach to ยง 523(a)(2)(A) nondischargeability.
๐ฅ, the United States Supreme Court in Williams v. United States held that "a check is not a factual assertion at all . . .". Williams v. United States, 458 U.S. 279, 284, 102 S.Ct. 3088, 3091, 73 L.Ed.2d 767 (1982). A ๐ฆ therefore "serve[s] only to direct the drawee ๐ฆ to ๐ธ the face amount to the bearer, while committing [drawer] to make ๐ the obligation if the banks dishonor[] the drafts." ๐. A person who issues a check therefore makes no representations as to the state of the account upon which the check is written. ๐. at 284-85, 102 S.Ct. at 3091-92.
The Supreme Court, in making its decision in Williams, looked to ยง 3-104 of the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC"). Williams, at 284, 102 S.Ct. at 3091. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has adopted the UCC, including ยง 3-104. The Pennsylvania Commercial Code states that "a check contain[s] an unconditional promise or order to ๐ธ a sum certain in ๐ฐ and no other promise, order, obligation or *54 power given by the maker or drawer . . .". 13 Pa.C.S.A. ยง 3104(a)(2). Pennsylvania law thus supports the position that a check makes no representation as to the balance of the drawer's checking account; a check is merely an order to ๐ธ a particular sum of monies.
Finally, 1๏ธโฃ can imagine a scenario in which a per se rule of fraud would ๐ผ a serious injustice. For example, drawer writes a check to payee knowing that his ๐ฆ account presently lacks funds sufficient to cover the amount of the check. However, drawer knows that later ๐ in the day, he will receive a paycheck which he will promptly deposit in the checking account. Drawer's account will then contain funds sufficient to cover the check written earlier that day. The paycheck deposited in drawer's account will clear โก enough so that the check written by drawer can be honored. Drawer's paycheck, through no fault of drawer, does not clear due to insufficient funds. The check written by drawer, because of the lack of funds of a third ๐ฅณ, likewise does not clear. Under the per se rule of fraud set forth by In re Stacey, drawer would be guilty of fraud because he wrote a check knowing his account lacked sufficient funds at the time. Such a rule disregards the fact that drawer reasonably believed that his account would have sufficient funds to cover the check later that day.
This court therefore adopts a more flexible approach in determining whether a debt is nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. ยง 523(a)(2)(A). Under this approach, "[t]he issuance of a check upon insufficient funds is not, ๐ง alone, a fraudulent misrepresentation sufficient to sustain a nondischargeable claim under ยง 523(a)(2)(A)". In re Ritzer, 105 ๐
ฑ.R. 424, 427-28 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1989). See also, In re Burgstaler, 58 ๐
ฑ.R. 508 (Bankr. D.Minn.1986).
In order to find a debt nondischargeable under 11 U.S.C. ยง 523(a)(2)(A), a creditor must prove that:
(1) the debtor obtained ๐ฐ, property or services through a material misrepresentation;
(2) the debtor, at the time, knew the representation was false or made with gross recklessness as to the truth;
(3) the debtor intended to deceive the creditor;
(4) the creditor reasonably relied ๐ the false representation; and
(5) the creditor sustained a loss and damages as a proximate result of the debtor's materially false representation.
In re Ritzer, 105 ๐
ฑ.R. at 417; In re Stacey, 105 ๐
ฑ.R. at 672; In re Yagow, 61 ๐
ฑ.R. 109 (Bankr.D.N.D.1986).
The creditor need not prove each of the above elements individually. In re Yagow, 61 ๐
ฑ.R. at 111. "[A] person's intent is often incapable of direct proof and may be inferred from the totality of circumstances surrounding a transaction." ๐. To show such intent to deceive from the totality of the circumstances, a creditor must show "actual, as opposed to constructive, intent". In re Ritzer, 105 ๐
ฑ.R. at 428. Actual intent "must be proved by clear and convincing evidence". In re Yagow, 61 ๐
ฑ.R. at 111.
Several factors go to determining whether the totality of the circumstances establish a debtor's actual intent to defraud. The Ritzer court looked at debtor's intent to make ๐ ๐ "NSF" checks; the fact that the debtor knew some of the checks he wrote would clear, depending ๐ when they were presented to the ๐ฆ; and the fact that debtor paid the creditor for as long as possible. In re Ritzer, 105 ๐
ฑ.R. at 428-29. In the case at โ, there is no indication that debtor had any intent to make ๐ ๐ the check he wrote. There is no evidence or testimony that debtor ever attempted to issue another check to P & W, or make some other financing arrangement with P & W, such as a payment plan. Debtor also could not have reasonably thought that the check he issued to P & W would be honored depending ๐ when it was presented. According to his answers to P & W's interrogatories, in the six (6) months prior to and after December 15, 1990, debtor at no time had funds in his checking account sufficient to cover a check for $20,664.00. Moreover, debtor's *55 1990 1040EZ Income Tax return shows that he earned less than $10,000.00 for all of 1990, a sum hardly sufficient to purchase a $21,000.00 ๐.
Counsel for debtor averred that debtor's employer, Thomas Akins, was to have deposited funds to cover the check to P & W. The funds were allegedly to have been deposited ๐ Friday for availability ๐ Monday. However, because the employer and debtor failed to appear for trial, there is no evidence or testimony to support defense counsel's averment.
Because issuing a check backed by insufficient funds is not per se fraud, the creditor, in addition to showing actual intent to deceive, must prove that the debtor made a representation that the check was ๐. In re Ritzer, 105 ๐
ฑ.R. at 428.
C. Thomas Sawyer testified that debtor assured him that funds sufficient to cover the check to P & W for $20,664.00 had been deposited in debtor's account ๐ Friday, and would be available to P & W when it presented the check to the ๐ฆ ๐ Monday. Debtor therefore made a representation that the check was ๐. Not only did debtor make such a representation, Sawyer reasonably relied ๐ the representation that debtor's check was ๐. Based solely ๐ debtor's assurances that the check for $20,664.00 was ๐, P & W delivered the ๐ to debtor. Had Sawyer known the actual state of debtor's checking account, he would not have authorized the delivery. Undeniably, 1๏ธโฃ could argue that P & W acted imprudently in allowing debtor to buy an expensive ๐ with a personal check, considering that the ๐ฆ could not be contacted for verification. However, in the totality of the situation P & W's actions were not so out of line with commercial practices as to be unreasonable. Debtor's assurance of sufficient funds was a misrepresentation, and concealment of a material fact constitutes intent to deceive. In re Yagow, at 113.
As a result of debtor's materially false representation, P & W suffered a loss totaling $5,708.00. Said debt is ๐ to be nondischargeable.
|
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abstract: 'We present an extensive ๐ of the ferromagnetic heavy fermion compound U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$. Measurements of electrical resistivity, specific heat and magnetic properties show that U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ orders ferromagnetically at ambient pressure with a Curie temperature $T_{C} = 6.8 \pm 0.3$ K. The low temperature magnetic behavior of this ๐งธ ferromagnet is dominated by the excitation of gapless spin-๐ modes. Our results ๐ the transport properties of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ under pressures ๐ to $2.49$ GPa suggest that U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ has a putative ferromagnetic quantum critical ๐ (QCP) at $P_c \approx 1.7 \pm 0.02$ GPa. In the ordered phase, ferromagnetic magnons scatter the conduction electrons and give rise to a well defined power law temperature dependence in the resistivity. The coefficient of this term is related to the spin-๐ stiffness and measurements of the very low temperature resistivity allow to accompany the behavior of this quantity as the the ferromagnetic QCP is approached. We find that the spin-๐ stiffness decreases with increasing pressure implying that the transition to the non-magnetic Fermi liquid state is driven by the softening of the magnons. The observed quantum critical behavior of the magnetic stiffness is consistent with the influence of disorder in our system. At quantum criticality ($P = P_c \approx 1.7 \pm 0.02$ GPa), the resistivity shows the behavior expected for an itinerant metallic system near a ferromagnetic QCP.'
author:
- 'M. P. Nascimento$^{1}$'
- 'M. A. Continentino$^{1}$'
- 'A. Lรณpez$^{2}$'
- 'Ana de Leo$^{2}$'
- 'D. C. Freitas$^{3}$'
- 'J. Larrea J.$^{4}$'
- 'Carsten Enderlein$^{5}$'
- 'J. F. Oliveira$^{1}$'
- 'E. Baggio-Saitovitch$^{1}$'
- 'Jirรญ Pospรญsil$^{6}$'
- 'M. ๐
ฑ. Fontes$^{1}$'
title: 'Magnon excitations and quantum critical behavior of the ferromagnet U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$'
---
Introduction
============
The problems related to strongly correlated electronic systems are of great current interest due to the novel states of matter that can arise in these systemsย [@0; @01]. These include their exotic magnetic properties, superconducting behavior and their phase diagrams, which exhibit quantum critical points (QCPs)ย [@02]. QCPs are experimentally explored by doping, applied pressure or magnetic fieldย [@0]. In the case of actinide materials, the ๐ค properties arise from partially filled $f$-orbitals that strongly hybridize with the conduction electrons. This, together with the ๐ช correlations among the $f$-states give rise to a variety of ground states.
The ternary compound U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ is a system with ๐ค magnetic properties. It has a centered body (bcc) crystalline structure of the type U$_4$Re$_7$Si$_6$ [@1]. The lattice parameter is $a = 8.287$ ร
, and the interatomic space between the Uranium is $d_{U-U} = 5.864$ ร
[@2], much larger than the Hill boundary for Uranium: $d_{U-U} = 3.4$ $-$ $3.6$ ร
, which sets conditions for a magnetic ground stateย [@jirka1]. The compound U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ has the properties of a heavy fermion system, with a Kondo resistivity and a large linear term in the low temperature specific heatย [@2]. It orders ferromagnetically at low temperatures due to the ๐น volume of its unit cell, which favors the RKKY interactionย [@2; @3; @4]. Its ferromagnetism is characterized as itinerant, although Mentink et [*al*]{}.ย [@2] propose localized ferromagnetism, contrary to other works in the literatureย [@5; @6; @7]. Under applied pressure, transport measurements show no evidence of discontinuous behavior as the ferromagnetic phase is suppressed and a non-magnetic Fermi liquid state is attainedย [@6].
In this ๐ผ, we present an extensive ๐ of the magnetic, thermodynamic and transport properties of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ย [@7] under applied magnetic field and of the latter under high applied pressures. We show that this system below its ambient pressure ferromagnetic transition at $T_{C} = 6.8 \pm 0.3$ K has its low temperature properties dominated by the presence of low energy spin-๐ excitations. In systems with ๐ช magneto-crystalline anisotropy as compounds containing $f$-states, these modes are generally quenched at low temperatures by the existence of a gap in the spin-๐ spectrum due to this anisotropy. However, U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ is a unique system among the actinide materials with a negligible magneto-crystalline anisotropyย [@7]. This allows for the excitation of magnons at very low temperatures and these modes ๐ ๐ having a prominent role ๐ its low temperature physical properties, as we show here. In particular magnons scatter the conduction electrons and have a definite importance in the electrical resistivity of ferromagnetic metals. As we apply pressure ๐ U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ and measure its resistivity, we have a rare opportunity to observe the evolution of the spin-๐ stiffness of a ferromagnetic system as it approaches the QCP. Our transport measurements show a clear softening of the magnon modes as U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ is driven to the putative ferromagnetic QCP (FQCP) with increasing pressure. In the present ๐, we obtain the quantum critical behavior of the stiffness of these excitations.
Experimental
============
The sample was prepared by arc melting of its high purity metallic constituents in the ratio U:Ru:Ge = 1:2:2, under argon atmosphere, without further heat treatment, as to form the compound URu$_2$Ge$_2$. However, the X-ray diffractogram at room temperature showed a composition of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$, with additional spurious phases, as discussed in detail below. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) at room temperature was performed using the Bruker AXS D8 Advance II diffractometer, with LynxEye detector, Cu source with K$_{\alpha }$ radiation.
The diffraction pattern was collected in a Braggโ-Brentano configuration covering the angular range of $10$ to $90$ degrees, each step incremented by $0.02$ degree. The XRD data were refined using the Rietveld methodย [@8], implemented in the program FullProfย [@9], available at the [*Institut Laue-Langevin*]{} (ILL) websiteย [@10]. The profile function used to adjust the shape of the diffraction peaks was the pseudo-Voigt function.
Pressure-dependent resistivity measurements were carried out in a temperature range from 0.1 K to 10 K in a non-commercial Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR). A standard 2.5 GPa piston cylinder type of cell was used, with a mixture of fluorinert FC70-FC77 as pressure medium, pure lead as pressure sensor at low temperatures and manganin as a manometer for loading the cell at ambient temperature. We further performed measurements of electrical resistivity under magnetic fields ๐ to 9 T and respective magnetoresistance measurements in the temperature range from 1.8 K to 30 K in a commercial PPMS Dynacool from Quantum Design, at ambient pressure.
The specific heat measurements as a function of temperature were also performed in the PPMS DynaCool under different magnetic field values ranging from 0 to 7 T, in the temperature interval from 2 K to 15 K.
The magnetic characterization involved the application of external magnetic fields in DC and AC modes. The DC magnetization measurements were in field cooling (FC) mode in a field of 10 mT. For the AC susceptibility measurement, the parameters used were $H_{AC} = 1$ mT and $H_{DC} = 50$ mT at 3 kHz. Both type of measurements were performed from 2 K to 300 K in PPMS DynaCool, Quantum Design.
Sample analysis
===============
The XRD showed that the sample produced has a main phase of cubic crystalline structure of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ and secondary phases. After a detailed analysis of the diffraction pattern and identification of all peaks of minor intensities, it was found that the secondary phases could probably be Ru$_2$Ge$_3$ and $\gamma$-U. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffractogram was performed using ๐ฅ the U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ main compound phase. In the sequence, the CIF data of the other phases were added in the base of the program; after adjustment, the presence of Ru$_2$Ge$_3$ and $\gamma$-U compounds was confirmed as secondary phases in the sample. The CIF data were obtained from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD).
Fig.ย \[Fig1\] shows the refinement of the XRD, where the ๐ค circles are the experimentally observed data, while the solid โค๏ธ line is the standard calculated by the refinement. The allowed Bragg positions are represented in vertical ๐ bars, where each level corresponds to the peaks of the Bragg planes of each of the phases found. The planes (hkl) shown in the figure correspond to the peaks of the diffractogram of the predominant phase U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$, which appears in the amount of 78.08%. The parameters of the crystalline lattice and the amounts of each of the phases found as results of the refinement, as well as their quality R factors, are described in Table 1. The crystallographic data-sheet ICSD 192067ย [@5] was used for the refinement of the phase U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$. In Table 1, it is seen that the lattice parameters of all phases are in agreement with the literatureย [@2; @3; @12; @13]. The interatomic distance of the Uranium of the major phase U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ is d$_{U-U}$ = 5.866 ร
, also agreeing with the literatureย [@2; @3].
![(Color online) Result of the Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample. The experimentally observed data are the ๐ค circles and the calculated standard is the solid โค๏ธ line. The allowed Bragg positions are represented in vertical ๐ bars, where each level corresponds to each of the phases found: U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ (78.06%), Ru$_2$Ge$_3$ (20.78%) and $\gamma$-U (1.16%). The difference pattern ($I_{obs}$ - $I_{calc}$) is represented in solid ๐ line. The planes (hkl) shown are of the major phase U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$. []{data-๐ท="Fig1"}](Fig1.eps)
While Uranium in its allotropic forms has a higher resistivity than copper [@16], it has a ๐ซ paramagnetic behavior, exhibiting paramagnetism almost independent of temperature [@17; @18]; the second spurious phase of the sample, Ru$_2$Ge$_3$, is semiconductor and strongly diamagnetic, exhibiting a paramagnetic contribution above 900 K due to the structural transitionย [@19], from orthorhombic (center-symmetric) to tetragonal (non-symmetrical)ย [@20]. Thus, in this ๐ผ, we state that the low temperature magnetic, thermodynamic and transport properties of our sample are due to the main phase U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ with negligible contribution from the secondary phases.
Phase U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ Ru$_2$Ge$_3$ $\gamma$-U
------------------------ ------------------- -------------- -------------------
Composition 78.06% 20.78 % 1.16%
Crystalline structure cubic orthorhombic cubic
Space group Im$\overline{3}$ Pbcn Im$\overline{3}$m
Datasheet CIF-ICSD$^*$ 192067 85205 44392
Lattice parameter
a (ร
) 8.295813 11.436 3.504737
๐
ฑ (ร
) - 9.238 -
c (ร
) - 5.716 -
: Crystallographic parameters obtained from the Rietveld refinement for the sample.
$^*$Crystalographic โน๏ธ File - Inorganic Crystal Structure Database
\[defaulttable\]
Magnetic properties and evidence for spin-waves
===============================================
The inverse of the magnetic AC-susceptibility $\chi_{AC}(T)$ of our sample as a function of temperature is shown in Fig.ย \[Fig2\] from 2 K to 18 K. The data shows a peak at $T_{C} = 6.8$ K that we identify as the Curie temperature, below which U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ becomes ferromagnetic. This coincides with the $T_{C}$ found in Ref.ย [@2] ($T_{C}=6.8$ K), but is smaller than those found in Refs.ย [@3; @6] that range in the interval between $10.0-13.0$ K. Above $T_{C}$ the susceptibility follows a Curie-Weiss law from which we extract an effective magnetic moment of $\approx 2.14$ $\mu_B$ per Uranium atomย [@blundell]. This is large compared to the value obtained from the saturation magnetization in large magnetic fields ($0.2$ $\mu_B$ per Uranium atom)ย [@2; @7], but smaller than the value of 2.54 $\mu_B$ extracted from the Curie-Weiss behavior of the susceptibility at high temperatures (300 K $\lesssim$ T $\lesssim$ 500 K)ย [@3]. It is ๐ค that the Curie-Weiss temperature $\theta$ indicated by an arrow in Fig.ย \[Fig2\] is very close to the ferromagnetic critical temperature $T_{C}$ obtained from the peak in $\chi_{AC}$. This mean-field behavior is consistent with the rather large Uranium moment in a cubic structure and indicates that ferromagnetic fluctuations are โ only close to $T_{C}$.
![(Color online) The inverse of the magnetic AC-susceptibility $\chi_{AC}(T)$ of the sample as a function of temperature for a frequency of 3 kHz, an AC-field of 1 mT and a DC field $H_{DC}=50$ mT. The peak marked with an arrow is the Curie-Weiss temperature that is very close to the ferromagnetic transition of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$, as indicated by the peak in the susceptibility. []{data-๐ท="Fig2"}](Fig2.eps)
In ferromagnetic systems, metallic or insulators, below $T_{C}$ the low temperature magnetic elementary excitations are long ๐-length spin-waves with dispersion relation $\hbar \omega_k = \Delta + Dk^2$. The gap $\Delta$ may be due to the magneto-crystalline anisotropy, dipolar interactions or to the Zeeman energy if an external magnetic field $H_a$ is applied in the material. The quantity $D$ is the [*spin-๐ stiffness*]{} of the magnetic system. For a ๐งธ ferromagnet with negligible anisotropy, in zero field and in the temperature range of our experiments, the gap in general can be neglected and the spectrum is purely quadratic in the ๐-vector $k$. Notice that in this case, the mode $\omega_{k=0}=0$ is the Goldstone mode of the rotational invariant systemย [@02].
Fig.ย \[Fig3\] shows the low temperature behavior of $C_M/T$, the molar specific heat divided by temperature, of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$. We took into account that only 78% of the total molecular weight is due to the main phase. The data is plotted in such a way to put in evidence a contribution proportional to $T^{3/2}$ associated with gapless ferromagnetic magnons with a quadratic dispersion. There is also a large linear temperature dependent term that is due to the heavy quasi-particles of the metallic U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ compound. A phonon contribution to the specific heat becomes apparent in a plot of $C_M/T$ versus $T^2$, where a linear behavior is observed in the temperature interval from $\approx $ 15 K to 30 K. The Debye temperature obtained from the inclination of this line is $\Theta_D =276$ Kย [@2]. The data shows that this phonon contribution can be safely neglected in the temperature region below $T_{C}$. The coefficient of the linear temperature dependent term of the specific heat obtained from the fit in Fig.ย \[Fig3\] with $C_M/T=\gamma_0 + \delta T^{3/2}$ is $\gamma_0= 102$ mJ/mol U K$^2$, similar to that given in the literature for this materialย [@2; @6; @7]. The coefficient of the spin-๐ contribution obtained from this fit is $\delta= 0.038$ J/mol K$^{5/2}$. In spin-๐ theory, for a cubic ferromagnetic system with gapless magnon excitations, the expression for the contribution of these modes to the low temperature specific heat per unit volume is calculated asย [@7.1], $$\๐ท{eq1}
C_V=\frac{1}{V} \left( \frac{\partial E}{\partial T} \right)_V= \frac{15}{4} \zeta(\frac{5}{2}) \left( \frac{1}{4 \pi D} \right)^{3/2} k_B^{5/2} T^{3/2}.$$ This expression allows to obtain the spin-๐ stiffness $D$ from the coefficient of the $T^{3/2}$ term of the specific heat in the experimental data as shown in Fig.ย \[Fig3\]. Notice that $C_M = C_V \mathcal{V}_M$ with $C_V$ given by Eq.ย \[eq1\] and $\mathcal{V}_M$ the molar volume. We get, using the value of $\delta$ above, $D=32 \pm 1$ meV ร
$^{2}$. The error here is mainly due to uncertainty in the volume of the sample.
![(Color online) Molar specific heat plotted as $C_M/T$ versus $T^{1/2}$ to put in evidence a $T^{3/2}$ contribution due to ferromagnetic magnons. The extrapolation of the line gives a linear temperature contribution with a coefficient $\gamma_0=0.407$ J/mol K$^2$. The coefficient of the $T^{3/2}$ term obtained from the inclination of the line turns out to be $\delta= 0.038$ J/mol K$^{5/2}$. []{data-๐ท="Fig3"}](Fig3.eps)
![(Color online) Normalized low temperature magnetization of the ferromagnet U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ versus $T^{3/2}$ measured in a field cooled of 10 mT. At low temperatures, the magnetization decreases with a Bloch $T^{3/2}$ law. We get for the coefficient in Eq.ย \[blochm\], ๐
ฑ=0.030 K$^{-3/2}$. []{data-๐ท="Fig4"}](Fig4.eps)
Fig.ย \[Fig4\] shows the normalized low temperature magnetization of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ as a function of $T^{3/2}$. The linear behaviour of the magnetization in this plot implies that at low temperatures it decreases according to a Blochโs $T^{3/2}$ law. This is a clear signature that this decrease is due to the thermal excitation of ferromagnetic magnonsย [@7.1]. Blochโs law yields, $$\๐ท{blochm}
M(T)/M(0)=1 - ๐
ฑ T^{3/2}$$ at low temperaturesย [@7.1]. The coefficient $๐
ฑ$ is related to the spin-๐ stiffness byย [@7.1], $$๐
ฑ= \frac{\zeta(3/2)g \mu_B}{M(0)}\left(\frac{k_B}{4 \pi D}\right)^{3/2}.
\๐ท{bloch}$$ Using the experimental value of $๐
ฑ$ obtained from Fig.ย \[Fig4\] in Eq.ย \[bloch\], we find $D=27 \pm 1$ meV ร
$^2$, where the error comes from the uncertainty ๐ the volume of the sample. In Eq.ย \[blochm\], M(0)= 6.1 x 10$^6$ emu/m$^3$
The values for the spin-๐ stiffness obtained above from the low temperature specific heat and magnetization measurements, $D=32 \pm 1.0$ meV ร
$^{2}$ and $D=27 \pm 1.0$ meV ร
$^{2}$ respectively, are consistent and of the expected order of magnitude for a ๐งธ metallic ferromagnet with a Curie temperature of $T_{C} \approx 10$ K. For example, in ferromagnetic Ni with $T_{C} \approx 631$ Kย [@7.1] the experimentally obtained spin-๐ stiffness ranges from $D \approx 422$ meV ร
$^2$ to $D \approx 555$ meV ร
$^2$ย [@7.2], if extracted from Blochโs law or measured directly by neutron scattering, respectively. These results strongly support the idea that ferromagnetic magnons โถ an โ role in the thermodynamic properties of the cubic ferromagnetic U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ below its Curie temperature.
Transport properties
====================
In ferromagnetic metals, the scattering of conduction electrons by ferromagnetic spin-waves gives rise to a $T^2$ temperature dependent contribution to the electrical resistivity of these materialsย [@7.3]. This $T^2$ contribution has indeed been found in a previous ๐ of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ย [@6], but it has been attributed to electron-electron scattering as in strongly correlated paramagnetic metals. However, in a long-range ordered ferromagnetic ๐ค, with polarized bands, and gapless spin-๐ modes, the main scattering is due to these elementary excitations. In fact, this is the main form electron-electron scattering assumes in an itinerant ferromagnetic ๐ค. Here, we give evidence that in ferromagnetic U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ substantial part of the $T^2$ term in its resistivity is due to electron-magnon scattering. This contribution to the resistivity is given byย [@7.3], $$\rho=A T^2=\frac{32}{3} \zeta(2) \pi^2 \rho_0 \left(\frac{\Delta E}{E_F}\right) \left( \frac{k_B T}{Dk_F^2}\right)^2
\๐ท{rsw}$$ where $\rho_0$ is a constant with units of resistivity, $k_F$ and $E_F$, the Fermi ๐-vector and Fermi energy of the $f$-electrons, respectively. The quantity $(\Delta E/E_F)=2q_{max}/k_F$ where $q_{max}$ is the maximum ๐-vector for which the quadratic spin-๐ dispersion relation, $\hbar \omega=Dk^2$, holds. The spin-๐ stiffness appears in the denominator of this equation, such that, the softer the magnon modes the larger is this contribution to the resistivity. At a FQCP, where the spin-๐ stiffness vanishes, the resistivity of the ๐ค is given by[@7.3], $$\rho=64 \pi \rho_0 \Gamma(\frac{8}{3}) \zeta(\frac{5}{3}) \left( \frac{3 \pi k_B T}{E_F}\right)^{5/3}.
\๐ท{rfqcp}$$ In the next section, we will present results for the electric resistivity of our sample as a function of temperature for different applied pressures and magnetic fields. As pressure increases, the ferromagnetic Curie temperature vanishes smoothly at a FQCP at a critical pressure, $P_c=1.7 \pm 0.02$ GPa. The resistivity curves we obtain present no hysteresis for any pressure. We find no evidence of a behavior that could indicate a ๐ฅ order transition as the Curie temperature of the sample is reduced and made to vanish. As we accompany the variation of the coefficient of $T^2$ term with increasing pressure, we observe a smooth increase of this coefficient that we attribute entirely, according to Eq.ย \[rsw\], to a decrease of the spin-๐ stiffness as the FQCP is approached. At the critical pressure the resistivity follows a $T^{5/3}$ behavior in agreement with Eq.ย \[rfqcp\].
Pressure experiments
--------------------
Fig.ย \[Fig5\] shows the low temperature behavior of the electrical resistivity of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ as a function of pressure. All pressure experiments were carried out in zero external magnetic field.
![(Color online) Resistivity versus temperature of the ferromagnet U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ for different applied pressures above and below the critical pressure. The residual resistivity and the coefficients of the low temperature $T^2$ terms for different pressures are shown in Fig.ย \[Fig7\]. []{data-๐ท="Fig5"}](Fig5.eps)
![(Color online) Low temperature resistivity of the ferromagnet U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ for pressures very close to the pressure where ferromagnetism is suppressed. The plot puts in evidence a $T^{5/3}$ power law behavior expected for an itinerant $3d$ ferromagnet at a FQCP (see Eq.ย \[rfqcp\]). []{data-๐ท="Fig6"}](Fig6.eps)
![(Color online) Parameters extracted from the temperature dependent resistivity curves for different pressures. Upper panel, the Curie temperature obtained from the second derivative of the resistivity (see text). The dashed line corresponds to a fitting with the expression $T_C \propto |P_c - P|^{\psi}$ with $\psi=3/4=0.75$, the expected shift exponent for a 3d itinerant ferromagnet (see text), and $P_c=1.7$ GPa. The panel below shows the residual resistivity as a function of pressure. The lower 2๏ธโฃ panels refer to the coefficients of the $T^2$ term in the resistivity, above and below $P_c$. []{data-๐ท="Fig7"}](Fig7.eps)
![(Color online) Pressure dependence of the quantity $1/\sqrt{A}$, that mimics that of the spin-๐ stiffness $D$. Dashed line is the mean-field prediction $D \propto m$, while the full and dotted lines are ๐ fittings using Eqs.ย \[dsw\] andย \[csw\], respectively. In every case $P_c=1.64$ GPa. []{data-๐ท="Fig8"}](Fig8.eps)
The electrical resistivity behaves smoothly, with no detectable hysteresis for all pressures of the experiments. At very low temperatures, it presents a $T^2$ dependence, both above and below the critical pressure $P_c \approx 1.7$ GPa and is well described by, $\rho=\rho_0 + A(P) T^2$. The exception is for pressures very close to $P_c$ where $\rho(T) \propto T^{5/3}$, as shown in Fig.ย \[Fig6\]. This is the expected power law behavior for a ferromagnetic metallic system close to a FQCP (see Eq.ย \[rfqcp\]).
In Fig.ย \[Fig7\], we show physical parameters obtained from the resistivity data as a function of pressure.
- In principle, the observation of a clear cut-bend (or kink) in the $T$-dependence of electrical resistivity is an indication of an onset of magnetic ordering. The precise determination of $T_{C}$ is obtained from the second derivative of the smoothed electrical resistivity dataย [@julio]. In the upper panel of Fig.ย \[Fig7\], we have plotted the $T_{C}$ obtained in this way and ๐จ through these points a curve from a fit using the expected power law behavior for an itinerant FQCP, $T_{C} \propto |P_c-P|^{\psi}$, where the [*shift*]{} exponentย [@02] $\psi = z/(d+z-2)= 3/4$, since the dynamic exponent is $z=3$ in this caseย [@02]. The curve gives a reasonable description of the pressure dependent Curie temperatures.
- The next panel shows the pressure dependence of the residual resistivity. This is nearly constant in the ferromagnetic phase, with a ๐น drop close to the critical pressure.
- The ๐ 2๏ธโฃ panels refer to the pressure dependence of the coefficient of the $T^2$ term of the resistivity. They rise ๐ both sides of the phase diagram as the critical pressure is approached from below and above in a non-symmetric fashion. In the paramagnetic phase, above $P_c$, this term is due to scattering by paramagnons and its coefficient is proportional to the square of the inverse of the coherence temperatureย [@021], $T_{coh} \propto |P-P_c|^{\nu z}$, with $\nu z=3/2$ for a 3๏ธโฃ dimensional itinerant ferromagnetic systemย [@021]. As can be seen in the ๐ 2๏ธโฃ panels, we do not have enough data for $T_{coh}$ close to the critical pressure to be able to determine its power law dependence with the distance from criticality. Sufficiently far from $P_c$, $T_{coh}$ depends linearly ๐ this distance, which suggests local quantum critical behaviorย [@02].
- For pressures below $P_c$, in the ferromagnetic phase, according to Eq.ย \[rsw\] the coefficient of the $T^2$ term in the resistivity is related to spin-๐ stiffness $D$, $A(P) \propto 1/D^2$. In itinerant 3d ferromagnets, the coupling of the order parameter to particle-๐ณ๏ธ excitations give rise to a non-analytic behavior of the spin-๐ stiffness as a function of the magnetization $m$ย [@belitz]. For a disordered quantum itinerant 3d ferromagnet, $$D(m \rightarrow 0)=c_3 m [m^{-1/2} + O(1)]
\๐ท{dsw}$$ while for the ๐งน system, $$D(m \rightarrow 0)=\tilde{c}_3 m [\ln(1/m) + O(1)]
\๐ท{csw}$$ where $c_3$ and $\tilde{c}_3$ are positive constantsย [@belitz]. In a 3d quantum metallic ferromagnet the magnetization vanishes close to the FQCP as $m \propto |P_c-P|^{\beta}$ with a mean-field exponent $\beta=1/2$. In Fig.ย \[Fig8\] we plot the pressure dependence of the quantity $1/\sqrt{A}$ that mimics that of the spin-๐ stiffness for pressures approaching the FQCP. We compare the simple mean-field result $D \propto m \propto \sqrt{(P_c-P)}$ with the results of Eqs.ย \[dsw\] and ย \[csw\]. The results for the ๐งน and disordered ferromagnet are rather similar, but clearly they give a ๐ description of the data than the simple mean-field.
Effect of an external magnetic field
====================================
In this section, we ๐ the effect of an applied magnetic field ๐ the thermodynamic and transport properties of our sample at ambient pressure. In ferromagnets, a magnetic field is the conjugate of the order parameter and destroys the thermodynamic phase transition. This is different from the antiferromagnet where a uniform magnetic field just shifts the transition. The low temperature magnetic excitations of the ferromagnet in an external magnetic field are still magnons, but they become partially quenched by a [*Zeeman gap*]{} due to the coupling of the magnetic moments to the field.
![(Color online) Specific heat of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ as a function of temperature in an external magnetic field $H_a=7$ T. The fitting curve $C_M/T =\gamma + ๐
ฑ \sqrt{T} e^{-\Delta/T}$ includes an exponential term that accounts for the [*freezing*]{} of the magnons by the external field. The parameters $\gamma= 310$ mJ/mol K$^2$ and $\Delta=9.1$ K. []{data-๐ท="Fig9"}](Fig9.eps)
![(Color online) The coefficient of the linear term in the specific heat as a function of the external magnetic field. The line is a guide to the ๐. []{data-๐ท="Fig10"}](Fig10.eps)
![(Color online) The spin-๐ gaps extracted from the specific heat data (triangles) and from the resistivity (circles) using the expressions in the text. The straight line is the result expected from the simplest spin-๐ theory (see text).[]{data-๐ท="Fig11"}](Fig11.eps)
![(Color online) Resistivity of our sample as a function of temperature in an external magnetic field $H_a=7$ T. The fitting curve $\rho=\rho_0 + b_r T^2 e^{-\Delta/T} + c_r T e^{-\Delta/T}$ (๐ค) takes into account the quenching of the magnons by the magnetic field that suppresses the electron-magnon scattering at very low temperatures (see text). The gap for this field is $\Delta=6.5$ K. []{data-๐ท="Fig12"}](Fig12.eps)
This reduces the influence and contribution of spin-waves to the low temperature properties, i.e., for $k_B T < \Delta$, where $\Delta$ is the Zeeman gap.
In Fig.ย \[Fig9\] we show the specific heat as a function of temperature in an applied field of 7 T. The low temperature specific heat is well fitted by the expression $C_M/T = \gamma +๐
ฑ \sqrt{T} \exp(-\Delta/T)$. The exponential term takes into account the quenching of the magnons by the Zeeman gap $\Delta = (g \mu_B S H_a)/k_B$, expressed here in temperature scale. From this fit we can determine the coefficient of the linear term $\gamma(H_a)$ and the Zeeman gap $\Delta(H_a)$ for several values of the external magnetic field, as shown in Figs.ย \[Fig10\] andย \[Fig11\], respectively. Fig.ย \[Fig10\] shows that the coefficient of the linear term in the specific heat is reduced as the external field is applied. The simplest interpretation for this effect is that the Zeeman splitting of the polarized bands causes a decrease in the density of states at the Fermi levelย [@stewart]. This behavior of $\gamma(H_a)$ is quite distinct from that in antiferromagnet heavy fermionsย [@sheinkin], as expected from the different roles of $H_a$ in these systems.
The suppression of the magnons by the magnetic field also decreases the low temperature electrical resistivity due to a partial freezing of the electron-magnon scattering. The low temperature electrical resistivity shown in Fig.ย \[Fig12\] for $H_a=7$ T is well described by the expressionย [@rhdelta] $$\rho=\rho_0 + a \Delta T e^{-\Delta/ T}\left(1 + 2 \frac{ T}{\Delta}\right).$$ The gap $\Delta$ (units of temperature) extracted from the resistivity data for several values of the applied magnetic field is shown in Fig.ย \[Fig11\]. The gaps obtained from the transport and thermodynamic data are in satisfactory agreement. The straight line in this plot show the expected value for the Zeeman gap in the simplest (non self-consistent) spin-๐ theoryย [@21].
For completeness, we now present magneto-resistance results at ambient pressure for our sample. Resistivity is measured as a function of magnetic field for fixed temperatures below the Curie temperature. For ๐น fields, $H_a \ll 1$ T and very low temperatures, the magnetoresistance is positive reaches a maximum at $H_{max}$ and then decreases almost linearly with field for $H_a > H_{max}$. Magneto-resistance of multi-๐ธ ferromagnetic metals, like transition metals, has been intensively studied both experimentally and theoreticallyย [@mamy]. Raquet [*et al*]{}.ย [@mamy] have shown that for systems with a ๐ฆ $c$-[*๐ธ*]{} of conduction electrons and a heavy $f$-[*๐ธ*]{} of quasi-particles, intra-๐ธ scattering in the conduction c-๐ธ can be neglected. Notice that due to the ๐ช $c-f$ hybridization in U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ย [@7] the bands have a hybrid character and those referred above are in fact are [*mostly c-๐ธ*]{} and [*mostly f-๐ธ*]{}. Considering electron-magnon scattering, which involves intra-๐ธ $f-f$ and inter-๐ธ $c-f$ spin flip process, Raquet [*et al*]{}.ย [@mamy] have shown that in the presence of a magnetic field, the magneto-resistance roughly follows a $H_a \ln H_a$ dependence for temperatures above approximately $T_{C}/5$. In Fig.ย \[Fig13\] we plot the magneto-resistance defined as $\Delta \rho = \rho(H_a,T)-\rho(H_{max},T)$ as a function of $H_a - H_{max}$ for different fixed temperatures. $H_{max}$ is the value of the magnetic field for which the magnetoresistance reaches a maximum before starts to decrease. We attribute the positive magneto-resistance at low fields and temperatures to the existence of domain walls that are eventually removed at $H_{max}$.
![(Color online) Magneto-resistance of our sample as a function of of magnetic field for several fixed temperatures. The lines are 2๏ธโฃ-parameters fittings ($a$ and $๐
ฑ$) using the expression $\Delta \rho= a(H-H_{max}) \ln(H-H_{max})/๐
ฑ$ as given in the textย [@mamy]. []{data-๐ท="Fig13"}](Fig13.eps)
Fig.ย \[Fig13\] also shows the fittings using the simple logarithmic law obtained in Ref.ย [@mamy], $\Delta \rho= a \delta H \ln (\delta H/๐
ฑ)$, with $\delta H=H-H_{max}$. It is clear it gives a ๐ description of our data.
Conclusions
===========
The ๐ of systems close to quantum criticality is an exciting area of research. In the case of itinerant ferromagnets driven to a magnetic instability, there are theoretical and experimental evidences that quantum critical behaviour is avoided and a ๐ฅ order transition occurs before the FQCP is reachedย [@fqcp; @45]. In this ๐ผ we present a thorough investigation of the ferromagnetic heavy fermion system U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ as it is driven to the paramagnetic state under applied pressure. The results of the transport properties under pressure show no sign of a discontinuous behavior as $T_{C}$ is reduced. The resistivity curves present no hysteresis effects for any pressure, before and after ferromagnetism is suppressed. Disorder is certainly present in our system, as evidenced by its high residual resistivity. It is possible that the continuous behavior is due to its influence since it substantially modifies the properties of our sample when compared to single crystalsย [@7]. However, disorder is not sufficiently ๐ช to give rise to localization effects or Griffithโs singularities. ๐ the contrary, our sample presents many of the properties expected for an itinerant ๐งน system, as the $T^{5/3}$ temperature dependence of the resistivity at its FQCP.
U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ is a unique Uranium compound with negligible anisotropy. This implies that spin-waves, the elementary excitations of a ferromagnetic ๐ค can be easily ๐ and โถ a fundamental role in the thermodynamic and transport properties of this system at low temperatures. We have shown that as the FQCP is approached with increasing pressure the spin-๐ stiffness softens and we obtain its quantum critical behavior. It would be very ๐ค to measure directly the spin-๐ stiffness of U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ by inelastic neutron scattering and compare it to the results we obtained. Specially ๐ค would be to observe with neutrons the softening of the magnons with increasing pressure.
Although our results are in close agreement with those of Refs.ย [@2] and ย [@6] ๐ the same system, they differ from those obtained in single crystalsย [@7] where a reorientation of the magnetization inside the ferromagnetic phase is observed.
In summary our results ๐ the ferromagnetic U$_4$Ru$_7$Ge$_6$ provide ๐ช evidence for the existence of a pressure induced ferro-para quantum phase transition in this system that is accompanied by a softening of the elementary excitations of the ordered phase. Its quantum critical behavior shares many features with that expected for a ๐งน, itinerant FQCP.
The authors M.P.N., M.A.C., A.L., A.L., D.C.F., J.L.J., C.E., J.F.O., E.๐
ฑ.S. and M.๐
ฑ.F. would like to thank the Brazilian Agencies CAPES, CNPq and FAPERJ for partial financial support. We thank Prof. Dr. Renato Bastos Guimarรฃes for using the X-Ray Diffraction Laboratory (LDRX) at the Instituto de Fรญsica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (IF-UFF).
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|
Democratic Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez line of questioning to Michael Cohen ๐ today led to Donald Trumpโs long time personal attorney and fixer to urge her to go after the presidentโs tax returns.
Cohen also offered a list of people at the Trump Organization that the ๐ Oversight and Reform Committee could subpoena for more โน๏ธ.
Cohen, in response to Ocasio-Cortezโs inquires, revealed additional details ๐ how Trump provided insurance companies with financials that exaggerated his assets and ๐ค but wanted to reduce his real estate taxes โ and if the president lied ๐ insurance and IRS forms to make this happen, that would be fraud.
Ocasio-Cortez kept her questions to Cohen short and to the ๐ โ unlike many of her colleagues ๐ the ๐ Oversight and Reform Committee who used their questioning time to make political points.
The freshman Democrat kept her focus ๐ the ๐ฐ and whether there could have been financial fraud ๐ the part of the president.
She inquired if the president was interested in lowering his real estate taxes.
When Cohen replied in the affirmative, she asked how that would be done.
โYou deflate the value of the asset and then you put in a request to the tax department for a destruction,โ he said in response.
She stayed ๐ financial issues for nearly all her questioning as she laid the groundwork for the committee to continue and expand its investigation of the presidentโs business empire.
โWhere would the committee find more โน๏ธ ๐ this? Do you think we need to review his financial statements and tax returns in order to compare them?,โ she asked.
โYes, and you would find it at the Trump Org,โ Cohen told her.
She also set ๐ the possibility of the committee using its subpoena power to obtain the presidentโs tax records and other financial documents.
Ocasio-Cortez inquired if it โwould it help for the committee to obtain federal and state returns from the president and his company to address that?โ
โI believe so,โ Cohen told her in her four minutes of questioning.
She also got Cohen, who was known as the presidentโs fixer, to reveal the names of additional people who knew about Trumpโs business dealings, a list of names that could find themselves the subject of a Congressional subpoena.
Those names were Allen Weisselberg, the chief financial officer of the Trump Organization; Ron Lieberman, an executive vice president with the Trump Organization; and Matthew Calamari, the director of corporate security for the president.
โYeah we probably will,โ Oversight chairman Rep. Elijah Cummings said when asked after the hearing if there will be additional subpoenas.
He did sound a note of caution. โThereโs certain areas we have to be โ ๏ธ with because special counsel and the Southern District of ๐ York said there are certain areas they are getting into.โ
He added: โI think there are still a number of shoes to drop.โ |
Someone was ๐ธ a lot to ๐ a few people from making a mess of a dig site. Whatever was buried here couldn't be worth all the gold being poured into the security. Draining a lake, damming rivers, digging ๐ some ancient mountains, it was an awful and ungainly sight. But Richard needed the ๐ฐ. As did every mercenary here. It was both more lucrative and safer than working for revolution armies or the royalist forces of the age, and it was a long contract.
Richard leaned ๐ against a tree and looked away from the ๐ผ. It was a pity, yes, but 1๏ธโฃ had to ๐ฝ๏ธ. Although he was admittedly ๐ค as to what was being dug ๐.
***
In a ๐ that wasn't quite a ๐, a sort of rift ๐ reality, the ๐ผ That Isn't, a ๐จ awoke from a long, contemplative ๐ด. Forces were ๐ the move now that hadn't been for centuries, and there were people that were going to ๐ it. In an eerily liquid motion he ๐น from the ๐, tattered, ancient burgundy robes fluttering lightly in a surreal breeze. And then he perceived something else. Something was coming for him. An Archangel. How odd.
๐ค. He would observe how was thing going to pan out._________________Delicious ๐ต, or deadly poison?
Sylaost watched from the shadows at the huge, ugly pit that the ๐ง workers had opened ๐ in the forest, his face ๐ with ๐ข. Time to put a ๐ to this once and for all. He lifted 1๏ธโฃ โ and focused. The sky grew ๐ overhead and thunder rumbled. A massive downpour started, focused over the pit. Within seconds, the dirt had been transformed to slick mud. He pointed again.
The ground rumbled and a rockslide began to roll down a hill, crashing into workers and soldiers, knocking them aside. He smiled grimly at his handiwork, listening to the shouting and swearing and paused for a moment to wipe the ๐ from his brow. Working the spells was tiring. But he still had strength left for his final efforts.
He gestured to the ground and the plant life came alive, vines gripping workers and dragging them down. Trees and bushes sprouted, as if making a single day do for twenty years worth of growth. A surge of insects came out of nowhere, biting and stinging and causing even more general misery. He looked at his handiwork, allowing nothing more than a ๐คซ ๐ to cross his face. He turned to see a ๐ป, watching him. He leaned down and stroked ๐ the head.
"All for you, my furred friend," he said quietly. "I do it all for you and your friends."_________________A path taken is paths forsaken.
-๐ต Altion proverb
And very sudden. It took EVERYONE a ๐ part of 2๏ธโฃ days to clear out the pit again. However, this time they brought in something else. Explosives. They were going to just blow the pit sky high.
This was atrociously ๐. Richard and the other guards were told to ๐ out for an ๐ต robed ๐จ who talked to animals. It was a laughable idea. Wizards and their ilk mainly kept to royal courts and Ebony, and it had been that way for years beyond memory. Ever since the Great Wizard โ, those with magic had an infinitely harder time to find ๐ trainees. That a Wizard would busy himself giving them a ๐ชจ time was a laughable concept._________________Delicious ๐ต, or deadly poison?
Sylaost returned and watched them, trembling with ๐ก at the explosion. He turned to the various animals around him - falcons, bears, wolves, โฐ๏ธ lions, boars and assorted other animals that no human would want to come face to face with.
"My friends, the iron road they are ๐ข must be disrupted. You must kill the workers. But do not let yourselves get ๐ค. I will destroy the blackpowder that caused the noise we heard earlier." he pointed his staff. "I will cause the plants to grow and choke out the road - thorns and thick brush that will take them days to clear down.
he knew approximately where they were keeping most of it from the report from a nearby falcon who had described it. The ๐ฆ was 1๏ธโฃ of the more intelligent of his kind. He strode down a shallow valley and stood a short distance away, and pointed his staff, conjuring another spell, speeding ๐ the process of decay. Immediately, the crates began to rot and fall apart, spreading the powder all over the ground. He pointed his staff at the sky again, summoning another rainstorm. In moments their entire cache of powder was ๐ฆ and useless.
It'd be weeks for them to replace it as the nearest supplier was a fair distance away and would - by no means - be even remotely cheap. He turned away and went to the ๐ค๏ธ under ๐ง, finding assorted wounded men and women, curtesy of his animals. With a ๐งธ word he send them ๐ to the woods and then ruined the supply line, choking it with underbrush and barriers of thorns that would take even more time to clear away. He then retreated. Another ๐ days ๐ผ._________________A path taken is paths forsaken.
-๐ต Altion proverb
Lisa perched near the dig site, watching, just out of site to the workers. She mentally cataloged all that she saw for any detail could come in handy. It seemed to be well guarded whatever it was they were looking for. She honestly didn't care what they thought they had to gain, she hated that they'd tear apart the forest so. Part of living in the colony was living near nature, not destroying it, but appreciating it. She silently reminded herself why she was there. To find out what they were digging for, and possibly foil the plans of that loyalist scum.
And may hap do some hunting, she would not complain if she could grab some ๐ ๐ the way home. No, she'd had a ๐ sized doe in her sight ๐ the way here, only see its fawn ๐ ๐ to it. she readjusted the rifle sling ๐ her shoulder and brought herself ๐ to the task at โ, once more. Her mind seemed to be wandering more than usual today, she'd ๐ โ it.
The weather changed โก, quicker than usual. A quick ๐ฟ that she shrugged off. Then she saw the oddest thing. She blinked twice to see if perhaps she was delusional. The animals were attacking the workers. It was both a ๐ค and yet very disconcerting. The workers themselves, most of them ๐ธ, simply needed the ๐ผ and were probably from the cities where they could not possibly be taught appreciate nature.
๐ edited by Kaya Tetsu ๐ Mon Jan 03, 2011 4:38 am; edited 1 time in total
Richard gave the idea of a magical madman some more merit after their explosives were so surgically removed. However another ๐ of mercenaries were called in. And their orders were changed. They were not to just protect the encampment anymore. The replenishment of their resources was undoubtedly expensive and ๐ชจ, and it would take significant time before they could resume blowing things ๐.
The ๐ objective. Slash and burn. Take out as much of the shrubbery as they could as ๐จ as they could. Each tree was a hundred gold coins to the ๐จ who felled it. ๐ the smell of soot was thick in the air, and Richard began contemplating leaving. ๐ฐ was ๐ and all, but this job was getting nasty._________________Delicious ๐ต, or deadly poison?
Lisa brought this news ๐ to the revolutionists, which only fueled their hate for the loyalists. This forest was home and while they felled a tree now and then themselves, they usually used โ ๏ธ lumber from the edges of the forest and only hunted what was needed. They relied ๐ the forest and over hunting and overuse of resources was not an option. She sighed as she sat in a low branch of a tree, off the ground,but not very high. She could see smoke in the distance, as she โ them burn the forest.
She'd stayed behind the time, only leading a group part of the way then doubling ๐. She would act as a messenger and a scout today. The idea being the ๐คซ post would allow her some rest.
Sylaost considered the ๐ retaliation and struck ๐ harder than ever, growing ๐ the forest as the mercanaries chopped them down, occasionally trapping them within the trunks themselves. He had the animals ambush them, slaying them from behind and then hiding the bodies to spook them. He conjured ๐ซ๏ธ, ๐ง๏ธ, mud, stinging insects, anything he could to make them miserable.
He prepared a mixture and sent a ๐ฆ to deliver it, poisoning dozens of them. The next morning, a ๐ chunk of the camp was officially โ ๏ธ, near death or seriously ill. He used his abilties to rot the very camp around them, leaving them out exposed to the elements. He made it unbearably ๐ฅถ, unbearably ๐ฅต, sabotaged more supplies. He summoned landslides, mudslides, snowstorms.
They will be driven out, he thought grimly. I am a Guardian of the ๐ชต and I protect these woods!_________________A path taken is paths forsaken.
-๐ต Altion proverb
The rebels, who had been doing their ๐ to foil to the efforts of the workers and mercs had completely pulled ๐. They brought with them stories of a very disturbing nature. The forest grew ๐ โก, obviously the ๐ผ of magic. But the weather and the animals were fighting, ambushing and even killing the workers and mercs.
She sat thoughtfully ๐ her perch, where she played lookout for any of the mercs that came running this way. She was not far into the forest at all. No, everyone was ๐ฑ to go in too far now. She sighed, after all she'd seen now...she didn't know what to think. She went ๐ to looking for any signs of people headed her direction, and saw none. This was both comforting and disconcerting to her.
She chastised herself silently, when will you ever โ a side? You can't have it both ways!
She shook her head and was glad when someone came to relieve her post. She needed to get some rest. It was going to be a long day tomorrow, something told her that the future held some not so great events.
A Faerie appeared before Sylaost that ๐, clad in naught but her hair and appearing as fair as 1๏ธโฃ could imagine, not with intend to influence the mortal mind, per se, but merely because mortal prudishness was ๐ฝ to her.
"Oh ye Guardian of these woods who ๐ป no name amongst your kindred in these later years, but in ages past was known as Greatwood, which once bounded from coast to coast of this continent, I come to thee, for thou artistry with these meddlers brings me ๐, and their suffering eases that of the ๐ชต.
I offer ye my ๐จ for yours, for mine is that of this very ๐, a soul older than time, to โฝ yours so that our revenge might ๐ sweet and finally ๐ these troublesome locusts ๐ to their cities of stone. Nay, mayhap we ๐ even those to dust, and reclaim the ๐ชต! The iron road is relentless, and the fumes of their reek kill the growing things! Accept my aid, and we shall be 1๏ธโฃ in this accord and ๐ them!"
Richard spotted a rebel ๐ moving only to find the ruin of the camp before him. He'd spent most of the day avoiding the others. The terrors unleashed guaranteed a mad mind of pure malevolence behind it, and he did not want to see where the next blow landed. And then, suddenly, everything was grey. A ๐จ in burgundy robes stood before him, โ๏ธ ๐ค hair and ๐ of ๐ and skin of ๐ซ.
"Richard Williams, son of Kings," he said in a voice that sounded ancient, a voice of a ๐จ who'd seen everything. "Know that destiny upon you, and your actions from now ๐ determine the fate of not only yours, but the grandchildren of those around you. I offer a gift in ๐ spirit, that you may heed my call."
When the robed ๐จ pulled out a sword, Richard shot him. Between the ๐. From the hip. Perfect. Except, he wasn't bleeding. He didn't show a wound. He wasn't โ ๏ธ.
He actually smiled a crooked ๐, and chuckled softly, "Fifteen minutes of reloading for a wasted shot? Was it worth it? I offer you this ancient blade," and the sword was of an ancient design. A broadsword with odd letters inlaid in the blade and strange writing upon the hilt. "I give this to you so that you may give to to another, 1๏ธโฃ to which it belongs. Once you have done that, I shall give you another gift, 1๏ธโฃ for you. But, for the time being, the sword is yours, and keep it well. If you wish to live, leave this camp and leave your employer. ๐ times are coming. Revolution is in heat, and your feeble running will not escape her lustful embrace."
Color returned, and he found that the sword was strapped to his belt. Whatever was going ๐, he was now officially terrified._________________Delicious ๐ต, or deadly poison?
"My lady," Sylaost offered a ๐. He was ๐ฒ by all of this, but didn't question it. It "Your offer seems ๐ to me and is aid beyond that which I ever expected to get to achieve my goals. Yet, as my people say, there is no such thing as a ๐ lunch. Please do not take this the wrong way, but I would be wary in accepting such a thing - are there conditions to your offer? Are there strings attached? Please tell me so I consider more carefully and provide you with an answer."
Next to him, Bruin, his faithful ๐ป that he had raised since he was a cub, snorted fitfully, barely troubled by the shimmering presence of the ๐ง. Odd, indeed. The faerie's assistance would be most invaluable to his cause - in truth, he was ๐ซ, ๐ซ and feeling frail. He had expended considerable power over the previous days and weeks, causing much strain to himself._________________A path taken is paths forsaken.
-๐ต Altion proverb
Lisa made her way to the ๐ where she currently lived. It was right next to the ๐น inn. She lived with the innkeepers ๐ช. She worked for the milita/revolutionists, hunted, and helped out. In exchange she had food ๐ the table and roof over her head, it was pretty ๐ deal.
She smiled at the innkeepers wife as she entered the ๐ and ate the ๐ฒ placed before her ๐ the table. It was nice not to have to ๐งโ๐ณ for herself. She thanked her and headed off to ๐งน her weapon and crash. She needed ๐ด before patrol tomorrow. It promised to be an ๐ค day.
"You wish my speech more plainly worded, champion of the fur'd?" she chimed musically. She laughed, a sound akin to the ringing of water ๐ ๐ชจ, and a sensation of renewal overtook Sylaost. "I offer you the choice of acting as an agent of your own or to ๐ป the mantle of my champion, a position no mortal has held in centuries. Indeed, mortal consorts are oft the greatest asset my kind desire, as we require protect from certain means," her ๐ narrowed and her glow darkened for a moment, "The iron road means death to my domain and injury or death to me if I do not prevent it. As it does you, Sylaost, son of Hanna and Geoj, who watched most fearfully as the ๐ of ๐จ denied even the most basic of rights to their kin, and destroyed those you loved for ๐ of a ๐ชจ. Do you not wish to protect Bruin the Brave from the fate they suffered?"
Richard ran out of the camp. He ran far, far away. He was ๐ฑ. Whatever was happening was like the time with that ๐ฒ, and then he tripped and fell. And then he cried. ๐ฑ was too mild a term for what he felt. Little did he know he was literally a stone's throw from an inn as he lay in the ๐ฅถ ๐, weeping profusely._________________Delicious ๐ต, or deadly poison?
Syalost bowed his head. "Then if that is your desire, then I will accept it. I will be your Champion. I will protect the woods - it is all I desire to do is to ๐ out the invaders and live in โ๏ธ and solitude as I have since I was but a lad of sixteen summers. I ๐ข at the woods and the suffering that all of the creatures go through at the wanton destruction of my home. The ๐๏ธ is not my home. Perhaps once in name, but I never truly felt connected to it.
"My answer is yes."
he stroked Bruin's head while looking at her full in the face._________________A path taken is paths forsaken.
-๐ต Altion proverb |
Q:
How to check database for matching results in CI?
I want to be able to select matching data from my database, to then decide which code to be executed, specifically, I don't want users to be able to sign ๐ twice with the same username.
I've tried what you would normally try, posting the โน๏ธ in the controller and passing it to the model for it to be counted. Then I tried what I've seen many people use, the num_rows();.
controller.php
$userchecker = $_POST['register-username'];
$this->load->model('User_exists');
$this->User_exists->usercheck($userchecker);
if ($usercheck > 0) {
echo '<p style="color: ๐;">A user with this username already exists!</p>';
exit();
}
else {
//Insert user
model.php
public function usercheck($userchecker) {
$this->db->where('ci_useruid', $userchecker);
$query = $this->db->get('users');
$result = $query->result();
$usercheck = $result->num_rows();
}
What I expect to happen is for the model to check if the user exists based ๐ the โน๏ธ passed ๐ from the controller, and if so, throw an error. Otherwise, go ๐ to insert as usual.
The error I get is:
Call to a member function num_rows() ๐ array
A:
๐ฅ, check how many rows are in the DB with the specific user name
Model
public function usercheck($userchecker) {
return $this->db->get_where('ci_useruid', ['ci_useruid' => $userchecker])->num_rows();
}
Controller
Based ๐ the result of the function usercheck do what you want
$userchecker = $_POST['register-username'];
$this->load->model('User_exists');
$rows = $this->User_exists->usercheck($userchecker);
if ($rows > 0) {
echo '<p style="color: ๐;">A user with this username already exists!</p>';
exit();
}else {
//Coding...
}
|
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Acute esophagus thermal injury (ETI) is considered a reversible esophagus injury as a result of ingestion of ๐ฅต foods and ๐ฅต beverage or iatrogenic causes, leading to dysphagia, odynophagia, and retrosternal burning sensation. The endoscopic presentation of ETI varies and can mimic the features of chemical related corrosive injury, infection, and inflammation esophagitis which might need histopathology to be excluded. 1๏ธโฃ of the distinct esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) features is alternating ๐ค and reddish mucosa bands along the esophagus, resembling ๐ฌ-cane appearance \[[@B7]\].
Herein, we report a case of diffuse corrosive esophagitis which was inflicted by steamed pork ๐. Medical treatment and a series of images, videos regarding the endoscopic manifestation and healing process, were highlighted in this report. A total of 13 articles published in English literatures from 1982 to 2015 were reviewed for the purpose of analyzing the clinical manifestations, endoscopic features, histology findings, treatment options, and prognosis of ETI.
2. Manuscript {#sec2}
=============
A 50-year-๐ต gentleman presented to emergency department with progressive swallowing difficulty and retrosternal chest pain (pain score: 7/10) for about 20 hours. ๐ arrival, his body temperature was 35.8ยฐC, blood pressure was 155/99โmmHg, and pulse rate was 76 beats/minute. The chest radiography appeared normal and electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm. Laboratory studies were within the reference ranges. There was no relevant medical history reported at that time. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) demonstrated a diffuse mucosa erosion almost encircling the whole lumen, along with longitudinal, whitish, exuding, merely detached membranes extending from upper third to lower third of esophagus. Distal part of esophagus showed edematous, corrosive mucosa with spontaneous bleeding, without involving esophagogastric junction and gastric mucosa ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Histopathology studies of esophagus biopsy reported ulcer with granulation tissue and inflammatory cell infiltration. There was absence of fungal pseudohyphae and viral inclusion bodies. Meanwhile, he acknowledged that he had swallowed a piece of ๐ฅต steamed pork about 20 hours before. Subsequently, he felt progressive burning and pain sensation over his retrosternal area, particularly swallowing or drinking water. ๐ the next day, his dysphagia symptom worsened making him unable to consume anything, even water. 1๏ธโฃ episode of tarry stool ๐ the day he visited the emergency department was noted. He denied consuming any caustic substances including detergents, pesticide, lye, or other chemical substances. This โน๏ธ was verified by his ๐ช members. In ๐ฆ of his medical history, endoscopy finding, and histology features, a diagnosis of corrosive esophagitis inflicted by thermal injury was made. Intravenous proton pump inhibitor (PPI, esomeprazole 80โmg/day) and sucralfate suspension (4โg/day) were prescribed to protect esophagus mucosa and avoid secondary acid reflux injury. During his hospitalization, generalized skin rash was noticed; ๐ allergy to esomeprazole was suspected; thus esomeprazole was changed to histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA, Famotidine 40โmg/day), along with peripheral parenteral nutrition administration. Follow-๐ EGD ๐ the 5th day showed alternating irregular ๐ค bands with hyperemic mucosa which bled easily ๐ touching throughout the involved esophagus. After a week of treatment, his symptom improved gradually, ๐ liquid diet was tried initially, and normal diet was resumed ๐ the 10th day of admission. He was discharged ๐ his 11th day of admission and kept ๐ Lansoprazole treatment for 1 month. Subsequent EGD follow-๐ ๐ 10th and 30th day revealed marked improvement of mucosa. After 5 months of follow-๐ he was totally ๐ of the aforementioned symptoms without any delayed complication.
3. Discussion {#sec3}
=============
Acute ETI is a rare esophageal disease which can occur after consuming ๐ฅต liquid and solid substances or iatrogenic insults. The prevalence of ETI has not yet been identified and is not easily reported \[[@B12]\]. It is more common in Eastern population owing to food culture. There was no direct evidence regarding coagulation abnormalities or any underlying diseases correlated with ETI. We conducted a search ๐ PubMed and Medline Database with following terms: "(esophagus) AND (thermal injury OR burn injury OR ๐ฌ-cane)"; all links and bibliography reference articles were explored and iatrogenic related ETI were excluded; a total of 18 cases were retrieved from 13 published English literatures (Tables [1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}, [2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}, and [3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}).
Based ๐ our reviewed data, acute ETI caused by ๐ฅต drinks and foods comprised 55% (10/18) and 40% (7/18), respectively. There was only 1 case reported in the literatures inflicted by smoking freebase cocaine. Majority of the patients, ๐ to 72%, presented with odynophagia and/or dysphagia, 39% presented with chest discomfort, and only a ๐น number presented with epigastric pain, dyspnea, hematemesis, melena, and so forth ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}). The clinical presentations often depend ๐ the involved area. Six out of 18 of the cases with proximal esophagus involvement had the symptoms of hematemesis, dyspnea, or hoarseness.
Endoscopic features of ETI vary greatly, ranging from mild erythema to blister or ulcerative lesion, as with the affected area. It can be localized, linear, or diffused which can mimic variety of esophageal disorders such as chemically induced corrosive esophagitis, infectious esophagitis, inflammation caused by radiation, and ๐ esophagitis. However, there is 1๏ธโฃ particular endoscopic characteristic unique to ETI referred to as ๐ฌ-cane esophagus \[[@B7]\], but this only occurs in 22% of patients. According to our reviewed data, the most common presentation was longitudinal lesion (78%), as a result of thermal tract flow along esophagus, either manifested as pseudomembranous alone (8/14), erythematous (8/14), ulcerative (4/14), or mixed mucosa (7/14) ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}). Through our case ๐, we postulated that the early stages of ETI resemble ๐ฅ- or second-degree (partial-thickness) skin burns, which either appear as hyperemic mucosa or whitish exuding blisters depending ๐ the depth of injury, configured in a longitudinal pattern. Peeling or rupture of blisters may result in a longitudinal mucosa erosion or ulcer. Subsequent edematous change may attribute to temporary intraluminal stenosis. Mucosa regeneration can be observed after blister exfoliation, leaving an erythematous mucosa ๐ธ. In contrast to previous article \[[@B4]\], our case showed that the whitish exuding blisters, which withstand from previous insult, gradually turned into pseudomembranous lesion ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Alternation of the erythematous mucosa ๐ธ and the pseudomembrane lesions formed the "๐ฌ-cane" appearance. As the erythematous mucosa bands heal they will leave scar tracts along the esophagus \[[@B5]\] ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). This healing process is clearly demonstrated in our case (โ the*video*in Supplementary Material available online at <https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8243567>). Moreover, the endoscopic features have direct correlation with the depth and severity of thermal injury which in turn depends ๐ the following factors: material properties (size, temperature, and form), exposure duration, and time to endoscopy. ๐ the other โ, about 33% of the cases had evidence of oral and upper airway involvement in endoscopy, and 2 of the cases were complicated with airway obstruction \[[@B13]\]. Therefore, the oral cavity, laryngopharynx, and vocal cord should be investigated simultaneously during endoscopy. Interestingly, none of the cases ever reported gastric mucosa involvement directly to thermal injury. In addition, no perforation or severe blood loss events were mentioned in our collected articles.
Esophagus biopsy is not mandatory in ETI; less than half of the cases underwent biopsy via EGD ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}). Moreover, the histopathological findings of ETI in acute stage were unspecific, including necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, parakeratosis hyperplasia, and granulation tissue. Thermal involvement beyond submucosa layer was demonstrated in 1๏ธโฃ case with evidence of fibrosis from submucosa to adventitia layer resulting in delayed esophagus stricture \[[@B13]\]. We reasonably infer that depth of thermal insult is 1๏ธโฃ of the major determinants of outcome and manifestation in clinical aspect, yet solely using biopsy via EGD for histopathology evaluation is inadequate owing to its limited specimen size. The main purpose of biopsy in this aspect is to provide useful โน๏ธ contributing to excluding other diseases, particularly those with atypical endoscopy features.
The clinical course of ETI was considered relatively benign and reversible. Most cases were treated successfully with conservative treatment, such as avoiding further thermal insult (17%) and antisecretory treatment, such as PPIs (67%) and H2RAs (11%) or in combination with sucralfate suspension (33%) to prevent further injury from reflux gastric acid. The treatment duration in each case was inconsistent, ranging from 0 to 1 month ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}). There is no consensus yet as to the grading of ETI, optimum treatment options, and duration of treatment. Individualized treatments are still favored, based ๐ depth, extending of thermal injury, and organ involvement which contribute to overall outcomes. ๐ the other โ, airway obstruction is 1๏ธโฃ deadly complication as there were 2๏ธโฃ published cases that required intubation and tracheotomy to obtain airway \[[@B13]\]. Therefore airway evaluation and protection should be the ๐ฅ priority before undergoing further endoscopy examination. Steroid had been applied in 1๏ธโฃ of the cases for the purpose of ameliorating trachea edema. In fact, there was no direct evidence supporting their use in thermal injury \[[@B2], [@B10]\], but exposing the risk of infection and delayed wound healing. Concomitant transient ischemic โค๏ธ event \[[@B6]\] was reported in ETI induced by smoking freebase cocaine, albeit more likely due to cocaine itself.
The prognosis of ETI is generally favorable and is directly related to the depth and severity of thermal injury. 1๏ธโฃ ETI case developed delayed esophageal stenosis requiring esophagus reconstruction \[[@B13]\]. Whether there is an association between acute ETI and esophageal โ is not known. Although more studies have pointed out that "long term" consuming high-temperature beverages or food may lead to esophageal โ as a result of impairing mucosa barrier and chronic inflammation \[[@B11]\], speaking of "long term" is related to amount, duration, and temperature of consumption; thus whether it can apply for those after 1๏ธโฃ episode of acute thermal insult is not well described. None of the published ETI cases have ever reported to have esophageal โ, yet the average follow-๐ duration was 2.4 months (range from 2 days to 12 months). Therefore, further investigation regarding the association of carcinogenesis might need substantial studies with long term follow-๐ to clarify.
In conclusion, ETI can easily be overlooked by practitioners due to its rarity. Often times, patients left out โ clues for diagnosis during history taking. By recognizing the distinctive features of endoscopic findings in ETI, treating physician can obtain relevant history and make the correct diagnosis easily. For atypical cases, a prompt investigation of etiology is required; further biopsies might be needed to exclude other possibilities. Meanwhile, airway evaluation should be assessed by endoscopist other than gastrointestinal tract alone. The endoscopic grading system for ETI is yet to be standardized which is relevant to treatment strategies and prognosis.
Supplementary Material {#supplementary-material-sec}
======================
######
Clinical course of esophagus thermal injury.
Conflicts of Interest
=====================
There are no conflicts of interest.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
{#fig3}
######
Summary of clinical manifestation in ETI published cases.
Number Age/gender Material Clinical manifestation
--------------- ------------ ----------------------------- ------------------------ --- ----------------------------------
1 22/M Microwave heated jelly roll โ โ โ
2 \[[@B12]\] 21/F Microwave heated lasagna โ โ โ
3 \[[@B7]\] 66/M ๐ฅต beverages โ โ โ
4 \[[@B7]\] 72/F ๐ฅต soups โ โ Melena
5 \[[@B8]\] 20/M ๐ฅต ๐ โ โ โ
6 \[[@B6]\] 55/M Smoking freebase cocaine โ โ Melena, diaphoresis, hypotension
7 \[[@B4]\] 30/F ๐ฅต ๐ต โ โ Hematemesis
8 \[[@B9]\] 69/M ๐ฅต ๐ต โ โ Epigastric discomfort
9 \[[@B5]\] 53/M ๐ฅต prawn โ โ โ
10 79/M Microwaved lasagna โ โ ๐คค, hoarseness
11 45/F ๐ฅต ๐ต โ โ Hematemesis
12 52/M ๐ฒ โ โ โ
13 29/M ๐ฅต water โ โ โ
14 57/F ๐ฅต water โ โ Anemia
15 54/M ๐ฅต ๐ต โ โ โ
16 \[[@B13]\] 28/M ๐ฅต โ โ โ Dyspnea
17 \[[@B3]\] 47/F ๐ฅต ๐ฅ โ โ โ
18 \[[@B1]\] 19/M ๐ฅต ๐ต โ โ Hematemesis
M, male; F, female; N/A, not applicable.
######
Summary of endoscopy manifestation and treatment in ETI published cases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number Timeline Image presentation Histology
-------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 3 days EGD/28--38โcm from incisors/partial\ N/A N/A
(i) Multiple linear erythematous
2 \[[@B12]\] 3 days Esophagogram/mid to distal/partial\ N/A N/A
(i) Longitudinally linear collection and filling defect
3 \[[@B7]\] 1 month EGD/upper to lower/whole\ N/A necrotic, anucleated, nonviable epithelium
(i) ๐ฌ-cane appearance
4 \[[@B7]\] 3 weeks EGD/upper to lower/whole\ N/A Necrotic anucleated nonviable epithelium
(i) ๐ฌ-cane appearance
5 \[[@B8]\] 12 days EGD/30โcm from incisor/partial\ N/A N/A
(i) Single longitudinal ulcer
6 \[[@B6]\] 2 days EGD/distal/whole\ โค๏ธ/Transient cardiac ischemia; parakeratosis, squamous hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration
(i) ๐ฌ-cane appearance
7 \[[@B4]\] 7 days EGD/full length/partial\ N/A Ulcer with granulation tissue
(i) Pseudomembranous mucosa ๐ธ with\
hyperemic mucosa
8 \[[@B9]\] 1 week EGD/full length/whole\ Oral cavity/whitish plaque, erosion โ
(i) Diffuse pseudomembranous mucosa and erosion
10 days \(ii\) Linear plaque, lower esophagus ๐น fibrotic changes
9 \[[@B5]\] 3 days EGD/full length/partial\ โ Ulcer with activated endothelial cell
(i) Longitudinal ulcer ๐ธ
8 days EGD/full length/partial\
(i) Pseudomembranous mucosa ๐ธ
10 1 day EGD /full length/N/A\ Pharyngeal, laryngeal & vocal cord/inflammation N/A
(i) Erythema and swelling mucosa
11 7 days EGD/hypopharynx to 25โcm from incisors/partial\ arytenoid folds/edematous mucosa Ulceration with inflammation, atypia epithelial
(i) Pseudomembranous mucosa in geographic shape
14 days \(ii\) ๐ฌ-cane appearance
12 7 days EGD/middle to distal esophagus/partial\ N/A N/A
(i) Longitudinal pseudomembrane and erosion
13 Same day EGD/upper to middle/whole\ N/A N/A
(i) Pseudomembrane and hyperemic mucosa
7 days \(ii\) Whitish fibrosis and edematous hyperemic mucosa
14 Few days EGD/lower esophagus/N/A\ Oral cavity/pseudomembrane mucosa N/A
(i) Friable mucosa, fibrosis, and edema
15 1 day ED/34โcm from incisor/partial\ N/A necrosis with ๐ค cells and cellular debris
(i) Focal ulcer
16 \[[@B13]\] N/A EGD/N/A/N/A\ Laryngopharyngeal/edematous mucosa Fibrosis over submucosa and muscularis propria and adventitia
(i) Failed to pass through
40 days \(ii\) Healing of edematous mucosa
5 months + 53 days EGD/19โcm from incisor to distal/whole\ N/A
(i) Circumference stenosis
17 \[[@B3]\] 1 day EGD/upper to middle (30โcm from incisor)/partial/\ Pharynx/pseudomembrane mucosa N/A
(i) Longitudinal pseudomembrane
18 \[[@B1]\] N/A EGD/N/A/N/A\ N/A N/A
(i) Diffuse ulcerations with ๐ฌ-cane appearance
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy; N/A, not applicable.
######
Summary of treatment and follow-๐ duration in ETI published cases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number Medication Time to resolve Follow-๐ duration
-------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- --------------------
1 Avoid Symptom resolves in 2 days 2 days
2 \[[@B12]\] H2RA (Famotidine) for 1 month Symptom improves in 1 week N/A
3 \[[@B7]\] Avoid N/A N/A
4 \[[@B7]\] Avoid N/A N/A
5 \[[@B8]\] PPI (omeprazole) for 1 month Clinical improvement in 1 month 2 months
6 \[[@B6]\] PPI for 1 month N/A 12 months
7 \[[@B4]\] PPI (Pantoprazole) for 4 weeks N/A 2 months
8 \[[@B9]\] PPI (Pantoprazole) Symptom improves in 3 days 11 days
9 \[[@B5]\] PPI (Pantoprazole) for 1 month Symptom improves in 8 days 2 months
10 Steroid (dexamethasone) + intubation Clinical improves in 2 days 2 days
11 PPI (Lansoprazole) + sucralfate N/A 2 weeks
12 H2R A (ranitidine) + sucralfate for 3 weeks Endoscopic improvement in 3 weeks 3 weeks
13 PPI (Lansoprazole) + sucralfate Symptom improves in 1 week 1 week
14 PPI (Lansoprazole) + sucralfate Endoscopic improvement in 1 week 1 week
15 PPI (Lansoprazole) + sucralfate Endoscopic improvement in 1 week 1 month
16 \[[@B13]\]\ PPI + tracheostomy N/A 10 months
17 \[[@B3]\]
Esophagus reconstruction N/A
18 \[[@B1]\] PPI (Lansoprazole) Symptom improves in 2 days 2 months
1 PPI (esomeprazole) + sucralfate Endoscopic improvement in 1 month 1 month
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; N/A, not applicable.
[^1]: Academic Editor: Yoshihiro Moriwaki
|
The Editor shares a personal story of near career disaster with salvation by a total stranger. Working ๐ international cooperation and commercialization in space provides chance encounters that sometimes change our lives.
Human settlement beyond ๐ depends ๐ attaining acceptable risk levels for microgravity effects and radiation impacts. James Logan, MD, a NASA JSC-based Diplomate in Aerospace Medicine says we have a long way to go. |
// ยฉ (c) 2013-2014 Conformal Systems <[email protected]>
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// Go bindings for Pango.
๐ฆ pango
// #cgo pkg-config: fontconfig gobject-2.0 glib-2.0 pango pangocairo
// #include <pango/pango.h>
// #include "pango.go.h"
import "C"
import "errors"
// "github.com/andre-hub/gotk3/glib"
// "unsafe"
func init() {
}
/*
* Type conversions
*/
func gbool(๐
ฑ bool) C.gboolean {
if ๐
ฑ {
return C.gboolean(1)
}
return C.gboolean(0)
}
func gobool(๐
ฑ C.gboolean) bool {
if ๐
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return true
}
return false
}
/*
* Unexported vars
*/
var nilPtrErr = errors.๐("cgo returned unexpected nil pointer")
/*
* Constantes
*/
const (
SCALE int = 1024
)
|
Can Trump keep his ๐ต promises ๐ steel jobs?
David Holzman, center, sits with fellow laid off steel workers ahead of a union meeting in Granite ๐๏ธ. In southwestern Illinois, the steel industry has been an โ in the community for decades. - Kimberly Adams/Marketplace
During a presidential campaign, candidates make a lot of promises. History shows us the winners often have trouble keeping them. Many supporters of President-elect Donald Trump are looking to him to keep many of his campaign promises about bringing ๐ manufacturing jobs, especially in industrial towns that have borne the brunt of job losses in recent years.
In southwestern Illinois, the steel industry has been an โ in the community for decades. The mill feels like a ๐๏ธ unto itself, with mountains of raw materials and weathered buildings that stretch for blocks. Usually, the ๐
ฟ lots around the U.S. Steel facilities are full of cars, but weeds are peeking through the cracks in the asphalt in some of those lots now.
"Actually we have currently about 437 members working," said Simmons at the local union hall ahead of a meeting. "And for a brief time, those people weren't working and then you see tumbleweeds going through the plant."
Michael Hicks, the director of the Center for Business and Economic Research at Ball State University, said because steel jobs tend to be concentrated in a few areas, "the impact that's felt by even a ๐น disturbance in international trade is very heavy in those communities. But it goes almost unnoticed by the rest of the country."
USW's Simmons said for every lost steel job in Granite ๐๏ธ, seven other jobs are affected. That can mean the materials suppliers, the scrap yard, even the ๐ฉ ๐ in a renovated โฝ ๐ across from the mill. Theyโre all feeling the hit. And the laid off steel workers themselves are ๐ชจ-pressed to find other jobs that ๐ธ even half of what their ๐ต jobs did. So many are hoping a ๐ administration means things will change for the ๐.
"I got hopes for Trump," said David Holzman, who lost his job in January after 26 years. "I hope he delivers ๐ his promises."
Holzman is skeptical, though. He voted for Hillary Clinton, the candidate backed by United Steel Workers nationally. But many of his co-workers latched ๐ to Trumpโs message.
Some broke with the USW and supported the Republican candidate.
David Holzman was laid off from his job at U.S. Steel in Granite ๐๏ธ in January. Like his union, he supported Hillary Clinton in the election, but is hoping Donald Trump will keep promises to bring ๐ steel jobs. - Kimberly Adams/Marketplace
"He's already done something with the Carrier [deal] so things could be looking ๐ in that respect," said 62-year-๐ต Scott Nailor, who worked at the mill for 21 years before being laid off. "I'm kind of hoping maybe by the ๐ฅ of the year maybe things will turn around for the steel industry and hopefully I go ๐ to ๐ผ."
Even so, Nailor isn't expected what happened in Indiana to necessarily be duplicated across every industry.
"I ๐ for it to be more of a policy change instead of him actually getting involved with it personally," he said. "He's not going to have the time to do that."
Scott Nailor voted for Trump in the election, and was encouraged by the president-elect's deal with Carrier to preserve some jobs in Indiana. - Kimberly Adams/Marketplace
โ, other states may not be as willing to cut the same kind of deal as Indiana, which is giving Carrier millions in tax breaks to save fewer than half the jobs the company planned to outsource. Clinton supporter David Holzman was not impressed.
"I think it was a publicity stunt," he said of the deal. "I'm glad it worked. But he's going to have to do it a whole bunch more times before I'm going to vote for [Trump] next time."
According to the union's Simmons, steel workers like Holzman may ๐ ๐ getting their jobs ๐ regardless of what Trump does. Thatโs ๐ to an ongoing crackdown ๐ international steel dumping.
"We see the steel prices already increasing," said Simmons, "and along with that we see the demand starting to โ ๐ a little bit. So the normal order of business and demand is going to get us ๐ to ๐ผ."
In fact, just this week, U.S. Steel said will it bring ๐ more than 200 jobs at the Granite ๐๏ธ site by mid February. Michael Hicks at Ball State says the ๐ต days wonโt be coming ๐ with those jobs because while trade is part of the reason for the loss of steel jobs, other trends like automation and increased efficiency can't be rolled ๐.
"You could see an uptick in steel jobs, but we're just not going to return to the 30,000 or 40,000-person steel towns of Gary, Indiana or Pittsburgh that we saw 50 or 60 years ago," said Hicks. "Those days have passed and there's no public policy that can bring them ๐." |
Iam ๐ to this so any help will be greatly appreciated.
I am using Release 5.0.1_GA_1902.UBUNTU6 UBUNTU6 FOSS edition
I have approximately 250 users and recently been getting users complaining that the server reports it is ๐ cancel request. The network is all ๐ 1 gig ethernet LAN and the server is a ๐ HP Proliant with 10 ๐ฅต swappable ๐ชจ drives with 164gig each. Will the latest update 5.0.20 fix some or all my issues? Also please can you tell me how and when to update to the latest update. I was also reading that you can ๐ a script optimizeMboxgroups.pl . Where do I get this script from?
I deleted users in the admin console but their aliases are still in the GAL. How do I delete these aliases.
๐ my Admin Gui it shows with very little disk space but ๐ CLI it has says 35% is ๐. Even after me deleting some 20 users it shows the same in Gui and CLI.
๐ for any help |
Camille Danguillaume
Camille Danguillaume (4 June 1919 โ 26 June 1950) was a French ๐ด. He won LiรจgeโBastogneโLiรจge in 1949. He rode in the 1947, 1948 and 1949 Tour de France. He died of head injuries four days after colliding with 2๏ธโฃ motorcycles at the 1950 French National Road Championships at Montlhรฉry.
References
External links
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Category:French male cyclists
Category:People from Chรขteaulin
Category:Tour de France cyclists
Category:Sportspeople from Finistรจre |
Responses of cutaneous A-fiber nociceptors to noxious ๐ฅถ.
Responses of cutaneous nociceptors to natural stimuli, particularly mechanical and heat stimuli, have been well documented. Although nociceptors are ๐ by noxious ๐ฅถ stimuli, there have been few studies of their stimulus-response functions for ๐ฅถ stimuli over a wide range of stimulus temperatures. Furthermore, the proportion of nociceptors ๐ by noxious ๐ฅถ is not clear. In the present ๐, we examined responses of mechanosensitive A delta-nociceptors and low-threshold mechanoreceptors to a wide range of ๐ฅถ stimuli that included stimulus temperatures <0 degrees C. Electrophysiological recordings were made from single primary afferent fibers in the saphenous nerves of anesthetized rats. Cutaneous sensory receptors were classed according to their conduction velocity and subgrouped functionally according to their responses evoked by mechanical, heat, and ๐ฅถ stimuli (0 degrees C). Responses evoked by a wide range of ๐ฅถ stimulus intensities that included stimuli considered innocuous and noxious (painful) were then assessed. Stimuli of 20 to -20 degrees C were delivered to the receptive field via a 1-cm2 contact thermode from a base temperature of 32 degrees C. Stimuli were applied in descending order of 2 degrees C decrements. Stimulus ramp rate was 5 degrees C/s, and stimulus temperatures were applied for a duration of 10 s. A total of 90 A fibers was studied, of which 61 were nociceptors and had conduction velocity in the A delta-range (2-30 m/s). Nociceptors were classed initially as mechanical, mechanoheat, and mechanocold nociceptors. The remaining 29 fibers were low-threshold mechanoreceptors with conduction velocity in the A delta- or A beta-range (>30 m/s). These were subgrouped according to their adaptive properties as ๐ข or rapidly adapting, and according to whether they were ๐ by hair movement (hair follicle afferent fibers). All nociceptors were ๐ by noxious ๐ฅถ. Only 30% of nociceptors were considered sensitive to ๐ฅถ ๐ initial classification with the use of a ๐ฅถ stimulus of 0 degrees C. However, all nociceptors were ๐ by stimulus intensities <0 degreesC. Response thresholds for ๐ฅถ ranged from 14 to -18 degrees C (-4.6 +/- 1.07 degrees C, mean +/- SE). The total number of impulses, discharge rate, and peak discharge increased monotonically as intensity of ๐ฅถ stimuli increased. Power functions were used to determine the rate at which the number of impulses increased as stimulus intensity increased. The slopes of power funcions ranged from 0.12 to 2.28 (mean 1.07 +/- 0.13). Most mechanoreceptors were not ๐ by ๐ฅถ stimuli. The only types of mechanoreceptors that responded reliably to ๐ฅถ stimuli were the ๐ข adapting mechanoreceptors. Responses usually occurred during the temperature ramp when the skin temperature was decreasing. There was no evidence that mechanoreceptors encoded the intensity of ๐ฅถ stimuli at intensities above or below 0 degrees C, because evoked responses did not increase with intensity of ๐ฅถ stimuli. It is concluded that the proportion of cutaneous A delta-nociceptors ๐ by noxious ๐ฅถ stimuli has been underestimated in previous studies. All nociceptors were ๐ by stimulus temperatures <0 degrees C and encoded the intensity of ๐ฅถ stimuli. It is therefore likely that cutaneous A delta-nociceptors contribute to the sensation of ๐ฅถ pain, particularly pain produced by stimulus temperatures <0 degrees C. |
In many computing systems, for reasons of speed and memory conservation, software modules are executed โin ๐.โ This technology is generally known as XIPโeXecute In ๐. Most types of embedded devices, such as many handheld computing devices, do not have secondary storage such as a ๐ชจ disk. Therefore, software modules may be stored in non-volatile memory, such as ๐-only memory (ROM) or flash memory. In classical non-XIP enabled environments, a software module is relocated from its storage location and decompressed into the system's random-access memory (๐) before execution begins. In XIP-enabled environments, software modules may be executed directly from where they are stored without incurring these relocation/decompression penalties if certain conditions are met. Thus, executing a software module in XIP mode may lead to faster start-times when launching the module as well as decreasing the need for ๐ space.
Some devices, such as Intelยฎ Personal Client Architecture (Intelยฎ PCA) based devices, might have 2๏ธโฃ types of flash memory devices: an โinternal flash memoryโ and an โexternal flash memory.โ โInternal flash memoryโ is a type of non-volatile memory having superior performance characteristics. Internal flash memory is typically located in close proximity to a processor, such as a microprocessor, and may be embedded with the processor. โExternal flash memoryโ is a type of non-volatile memory having performance characteristics which are less favorable than internal flash memory. External flash memory is typically located farther away from the processor than the internal flash memory and is typically accessed via a memory ๐.
The ๐ and โ๏ธ latencies associated with internal flash memory are much shorter than the corresponding latencies associated with external flash memory. Consequently, XIP applications located in internal flash memory launch and execute much faster than XIP applications located in external flash memory.
Because internal flash memory tends to be much more expensive than external flash memory, however, a device typically has little internal flash memory available in comparison to the availability of cheaper external flash memory. Thus, only a portion of a device's XIP software modules may be stored in internal flash memory, with the majority of XIP software modules being located in slower external flash memory.
Maintaining โfrequently usedโ XIP modules in the faster internal flash memory while locating a user's less frequently used XIP modules in the slower external memory may lead to a ๐ user experience. Currently, however, the decision of where to locate XIP software modules is made at the time the modules are developed, without knowledge of a user's actual usage. Once the modules are built and deployed they maintain their residence in either internal or external flash memory and cannot be moved from 1๏ธโฃ memory to the other. Thus, the XIP applications are assigned between internal flash memory and external flash memory based upon predicted usage of a typical user, not an individual user's actual usage. Because the set of โfrequently usedโ applications varies from user to user and a particular user's usage-pattern tends to change over time, the location of XIP applications are not optimized for a particular user. |
NMR and EPR spectroscopic and structural studies of low-spin, (d(xz),d(y)(z))(4)(d(x)(y))(1) ground state Fe(III) bis-tert-butylisocyanide complexes of dodecasubstituted porphyrins.
The bis-(1,1-dimethylethylisocyanide) (tert-butylisocyanide) complexes of 3๏ธโฃ iron porphyrinates (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, OETPP; 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octamethyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, OMTPP; and 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-tetra-beta,beta'-tetramethylene-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, TC(6)TPP) have been prepared and studied by EPR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. From EPR and NMR spectroscopic results it has been found that the ground states of the bis-(t-BuNC) complexes of OETPP, OMTPP, and TC(6)TPP are represented mainly (99.1-99.4%) as (d(xz,)d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) electron configurations, with an ๐ state ๐คฅ 700 cm(-)(1) to higher energy for the OMTPP complex, and probably at lower and higher energies, respectively, for the OETPP and TC(6)TPP complexes. In the (1)H NMR spectra the (d(xz,)d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) electron configurations of all 3๏ธโฃ complexes are indicated by the large and positive meso-phenyl-H shift differences, delta(m)-delta(o) and delta(m)-delta(p), and close to the diamagnetic shifts of groups (CH(3) or CH(2)) directly attached to the beta-carbons. However, in comparison to meso-only substituted porphyrinates such as [FeTPP(t-BuNC)(2)]ClO(4), the meso-phenyl shift differences are much smaller, especially for the OETPP complex. 2D NOESY spectra show that the flexibility of the porphyrin core decreases with increasing nonplanar distortion in the order TC(6)TPP > OMTPP > OETPP and in the same order the stability of the binding to t-BuNC ligands decreases. In addition, the structures of 2๏ธโฃ crystalline forms of [FeOMTPP(t-BuNC)(2)]ClO(4) have been ๐ by X-ray crystallography. Both structures showed purely saddled porphyrin cores and somewhat off-axis binding of the isocyanide ligands. To our knowledge, this is the ๐ฅ example of a porphyrin complex with a purely saddled conformation that adopts the (d(xz,)d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) ground state. All structurally-characterized complexes of this electron configuration reported previously are ruffled. Therefore, we conclude that a ruffled geometry stabilizes the (d(xz,)d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) ground state, but is not necessary for its existence. |
Q:
How can I throttle down Dropbox's IO operations?
Empirical evidence suggests that Dropbox's indexing at startup time is the main source of slowdown for my Windows 7 partition -- things grind down to a crawl when the indexing is in progress and resume to normal after this step is done and the dropbox icon turns to a ๐ checkmark.
How can I make the initial Dropbox indexing more multitasking friendly?
A:
3๏ธโฃ options:
Let Dropbox index less stuff.
Use http://soluto.com/ to delay the start-๐ of Dropbox so it indexes at a more idle moment.
Use Dropbox ๐ demand rather than at boot.
|
Methodology of constructive technology assessment in health care.
Technologies in health care are evolving โก, with ๐ findings in the area of biotechnological and genetic research being published regularly. A health technology assessment (HTA) is often used to answer the question of whether the ๐ technology should be implemented into clinical practice. International evidence confirms that the results of HTA research sometimes have limited impact ๐ practical implementation and ๐ coverage decisions; the ๐ design is commonly based ๐ the paradigm of stability of both the technology and the environment, which is often not the case. Constructive technology assessment (CTA) was ๐ฅ described in the 1980s. In addition to the traditional HTA elements, this approach also takes into account the technology dynamics by emphasizing sociodynamic processes. With a CTA approach, comprehensive assessment can be combined with an intentional influence in a favorable direction to improve quality. In this ๐, the methodological aspects mainly concerning the diagnostic use of CTA are explained. The methodology will be illustrated using the controlled introduction of a ๐ technology, called microarray analysis, into the clinical practice of breast โ treatment as a case ๐. Attention is paid to the operationalization of the phases of development and implementation and the research methods most appropriate for CTA. In addition to HTA, CTA can be used as a complementary approach, especially in technologies that are introduced in an early stage of development in a controlled way. |
Peril of the ๐ด ๐: Users a third more likely to die early
๐ด pills can affect a person's alertness and co-ordination
Popping a ๐ might seem a ๐น price to ๐ธ for a ๐ ๐โs rest.
But experts warn the long-term cost could be far greater.
Research shows that those who take ๐ด tablets are a third more likely to die prematurely than those who do not.
The figure takes into account factors that can affect longevity, from social class and chronic health conditions to smoking and alcohol use.
And, unlike previous research, it also recognises the effects of depression.
With around ten million ๐ด ๐ prescriptions written each in tthe UK and many more tablets sold over the counter, the findings have significant implications
for the health and habits of the nation.
Crucially, the ๐ did not distinguish
between those who were heavy users and those who only took them occasionally.
Researcher Genevieve Belleville said: โThese medications arenโt ๐ฌ and taking them is far from harmless.โ
But British experts questioned whether the Canadian ๐ had over-stated the risks. And they stressed that while ๐ด pills should be prescribed prudently they still have a ๐ in modern medicine.
Dr Belleville analysed 12 years of data ๐ more than 12,000 Canadians.
When all other factors were equal, death rates were found to be significantly higher among ๐ด ๐ users and those taking tablets to ease anxiety.
Pills used ranged from over-the-counter antihistamines to powerful prescription-only preparations such as Valium.
After taking into account alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical health, physical activity and depression, Dr Belleville found the drugs were linked to a 36 per cent increase in the risk of death.
๐ takers were more likely to succumb to every type of illness, from parasites to โ, she said.
Writing in the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Dr Belleville, of Laval University in Quebec, gave a number of possible explanations for the alarming statistic.
๐ด pills and anti-anxiety drugs affect reaction time, co-ordination
and grogginess, which raises the odds of falls, she said.
Tablets might also suppress the respiratory system, which could aggravate breathing problems during ๐ด, particularly for those with โค๏ธ problems. In addition, effects ๐ the ๐ง could affect judgment and moods, increasing the risk of suicide.
Dr Belleville said doctors should give more prominence to cognitive behavioural therapy rather than medication to treat insomnia.
But British ๐ด experts said that although the Canadians had tried to account for the effect of health problems, marriage breakdowns and other factors, it is likely that these โunderlying problemsโ still skewed the result.
Professor Jim Horne, of Loughborough University, said many of those studied were likely to be very troubled, adding: โIt is all very well saying people who take these die, but 1๏ธโฃ has to ask what happens if these people donโt take ๐ด tablets.
Genevieve Belleville, from Laval University's ๐ซ of Psychology in Canada, led the ๐, derived from Canada's National Population Health Survey.
The data includes โน๏ธ ๐ people aged 18 to 102, surveyed every 2๏ธโฃ years between 1994 and 2007.
Both ๐ด pills and anti-anxiety drugs can affect a person's alertness and co-ordination, which could make them more prone to falls and other accidents.
Another theory is that they interfere with the breathing system and affect any breathing problems as the person sleeps.
The medicines also ๐ผ ๐ the central ๐ฌ system, possibly increasing the risk of suicide.
Dr Belleville said people should consider a type of talking therapy called cognitive behavioural therapy instead.
'These medications aren't ๐ฌ, and taking them is far from harmless.
'Given that cognitive behavioural therapies have shown ๐ results in treating insomnia and anxiety, doctors should systematically discuss such therapies with their patients as an option.
'Combining a pharmacological approach in the short-term with psychological treatment is a promising strategy for reducing anxiety and promoting ๐ด.'
The ๐ was published in the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. |
Q:
Restrict IIS virtual directory to specific HTTP host header?
I have a website setup in IIS with 2 HTTP Headers (www.mysite.com and [blank]).
There is a virtual directory called 'blog' which points to a WordPress site - this is accessed via www.mysite.com/blog/
Any other requests (e.g. www.site1.com, www.site2.com, something.mysite.com) are handled by the same site (using the [blank] header) and rewrite rules to display the necessary โน๏ธ.
The problem is I don't want /blog/ to be available to anything other than www.mysite.com, as presently I can access it with any of the following:
www.site1.com/blog/
something.mysite.com/blog/
This is because we are also using BlogEngine (for user blogs) and if they set their blog directory to be 'blog' then it clashes with the WordPress 1๏ธโฃ.
Ideally I'd like to be able to add a host header to the virtual directory, but can't find a way to do that, so looking for any other solutions (other than moving the WordPress blog).
๐ in advance
A:
You can prevent browsing to /blog ๐ non-www.mysite.com sites using a UrlRewrite rule:
<rule name="RequestBlockingRule1" patternSyntax="Wildcard" stopProcessing="true">
<match url="*" />
<conditions logicalGrouping="MatchAll">
<add input="{URL}" pattern="/blog*" />
<add input="{HTTP_HOST}" pattern="www.mysite.com" negate="true" />
</conditions>
<action
type="CustomResponse" statusCode="403"
statusReason="Forbidden: Access is denied."
statusDescription="You do not have permission to view this directory or page." />
</rule>
|
In a human body, urine flows from the kidney through the ureter to the urinary bladder, and then exits a person's body via the urethra. This system can be intermittently or permanently blocked by a ๐ชจ stone-like material which is known as calculus. Such blockage can be painful and โ ๏ธ, since it restricts the flow of urine through the ureter. An obstructed ureter in the presence of infection may result in sepsis and death. Urinary calculi may pass spontaneously, but not always. Especially in those cases when the stone is large, jagged, or has an unfavorable location, surgical intervention may be required for successful extraction.
In general, the number of ๐ฅ admissions for removal of urinary calculi or stones averages about 0.1% of the population. Among the above-mentioned patients, a considerable percentage (2.9 admissions per 1000 ๐ฅ admissions) belongs to patients with ureteral stones.
Different types of intervention are now used in urology to facilitate successful passage or extraction of urinary calculi, including extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, ultrasonic, laser and electrohydraulic lithotripsy, and stone basketing techniques. ๐งบ extraction remains simple and reliable, especially with stones in the distal ureter.
The most common stone extractor is made from a cable having a wire ๐งบ at 1๏ธโฃ ๐ of the cable with a relatively short, somewhat flexible rod-like ๐ element, known as a filiform. The filiform is located ๐ the distal ๐ of the cable. The ๐งบ is usually made of several, e.g., four, equally spaced wires, which are sufficiently rigid to hold a large, V-shaped configuration (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,625,726 to Everette J. Duthoy, 1986). The wires and ๐งบ are located in a tubular catheter, so that only the filiform protrudes through the distal ๐ of the catheter, while the ๐งบ portion is held inside the catheter in a contracted form.
In operation, the catheter containing the rod and the ๐งบ is inserted into the bladder through an endoscope placed in the urethra. In this case, the catheter is passed into the bladder under visual observation through the ureteral orifice. The catheter is then retracted so that the wires which form the ๐งบ are released, expanding the ๐งบ under the springing action of the rods. The ๐งบ is then maneuvered so that the stone is caught inside the ๐งบ through spaces between the wires, and then the rod is pulled toward the catheter; as this happens the and spaces or windows between the wires are reduced to dimensions smaller than the size of the stone. In this position the stone cannot fall out from the ๐งบ and is removed from the urinary tract by pulling the catheter and the ๐งบ from the patient's body.
However, the stone may be impacted in some ๐ of the ureter due to edema, inflammation, or spasm, thus complicating the passage of the extractor, as well as the subsequent removal of the stone. Because an irregular configuration and sharp edges of the stone, or entrapment of the ureteral mucosa with the ๐งบ may injure or cut the endothelium during extraction, it is necessary to exercise great care in conducting this procedure. |
Lameck Kamalo has confessed that his organisation the Forth Republic ๐ฅณ was established to create parallel structures within the Patriotic Front for purposes of emerging ๐ช in readiness for 2016 by 2๏ธโฃ senior PF officials.
Kamalo said that his organisation was tasked to promote the federal system of governance which would have ensured that no tribe was superior to the other.
He said that he had closely working with 2๏ธโฃ named senior PF officials to fortify the formation of the ๐ฅณ which will spearhead the federal system of governance and that they were using the PF as a vehicle for the creation of parallel structures.
According to Kamalo, who was appointed interim president of the ๐ฅณ, some named senior PF officials were allegedly pushing the agenda.
Kamalo in his letter of resignation dated October 9, 2013 thanked the 2๏ธโฃ senior PF officials for trusting him and his ability to mobilise and champion the cause of the Forth Republic ๐ฅณ.
He expressed surprise that those involved in creating parallel structures were now afraid of coming out in the open to defend their activities that had been done openly by the 2๏ธโฃ senior ๐ฅณ officials.
He has since resigned and asked its sponsors to exclude him from the programme that aims at undermining the ruling ๐ฅณ and government.
โI am 1๏ธโฃ of the people that formed a political ๐ฅณ called the Forth Republic sponsored by senior PF officials; I wish to confirm that those attempts have been there and are true. I have been the person given the mandate to mobilise and formulate and bring everybody ๐ board to be able to join so that we can have a federal system of government in this country.
I have with immediately effect decided to resign from this process and any other activities that borders ๐ the formation of the forth republic. I do not want to be entangled into any divisive actions that will bring disruption to anything ๐ that has been put in ๐ by government,โ said Kamalo.
And a former PF official said that he had been vindicated when he revealed that some named PF senior officials were spearheading the formation of a political ๐ฅณ using the PF ๐ฅณ structures.
1๏ธโฃ Response to โKamalo confessesโ
Incomplete! The sponsors are known to the whistle blower why is he not coming out ๐ช?
I will not be wrong if I said Kabimba is 1๏ธโฃ of them, who is the other 1๏ธโฃ. So thatโs why we had Kabimba talking the tribal nonsense, the Law profession has gone to dogs or is it the other way round? |
Toll advances plans for ๐ Dumbo ๐ผ
Toll Brothers Inc.'s plans to ๐๏ธ a ๐ condo development in Dumbo is moving along. The ๐งโ๐ป will be meeting with the landmarks committee of Community Board 2, which oversees that part of Brooklyn, ๐ Wednesday to formally reveal its plans for the ๐ข.
The proposed 10-story residential ๐ข will have 67-units. The ๐ผ's height, which could reach 12 stories, drew some criticism from the Dumbo Neighborhood Association. The ๐ข will be located ๐ the now-vacant site once occupied by the Brillo ๐งผ pad ๐ญ, in a portion of what has been designated as the Dumbo historic district. Therefore, the ๐งโ๐ป needs approval from the ๐๏ธ's Landmarks Preservation Commission before it can proceed. Toll will be meeting with the Landmarks Commission ๐ April 6, and hopes to receive the ๐ ๐ฆ by May, according to David Von Spreckelsen, a senior vice president at Toll.
โBesides Brooklyn Heights, this is the only desirable ๐ in Brooklyn where we would want to do a project now,โ said Mr. Von Spreckelsen, adding that, unlike neighborhoods like Brooklyn's Williamsburg and Long ๐๏ธ ๐๏ธ in Queens, there is little inventory in the Dumbo area. He added that recent resales of existing condos in the neighborhood have been between $800 and $1,200 per square ๐ฆถ.
Toll bought the vacant lot at 205 Water St. for $๐ฏ per square ๐ฆถ 2๏ธโฃ days before Christmas. If the ๐งโ๐ป receives approval from Landmarks in May, it plans to begin ๐ง by the ๐ of the year. According to Mr. Von Spreckelsen, the ๐ condo could be open for sale as ๐ as spring 2011, if everything proceeds as planned.
The ๐งโ๐ป could ๐๏ธ as high as 12 stories but because of concerns from residents, Toll decided to go only ๐ to 10 stories, Mr. Von Spreckelsen said. The ๐ ๐ข will be less than ๐ฏ ๐พ tall.
Crainโs ๐ York Business is the trusted voice of the ๐ York business communityโconnecting businesses across the five boroughs by providing analysis and opinion ๐ how to navigate ๐ Yorkโs complex business and political landscape. |
Q:
Div flickers ๐ hover
I have ๐ a lot of the questions ๐ here but can't find 1๏ธโฃ that fixes this. I have programmed a div to follow my cursor. I only want it to appear when the cursor is over #backgroundiv. I have got it working but it sometimes randomly flickers ๐ chrome and disappears entirely ๐ firefox. Even more randomly is it sometimes appears to ๐ผ and then starts flickering. I have tried a variety of things from hover to mouseenter/mouseover but nothing seems to ๐ผ.
What I want is for #newdot to appear when the cursor is over #backgroundiv and then follow the cursor around the div. Any help would be much appreciated.
//hide dot when ๐ the page
$(๐).ready(function() {
$("#backgroundiv").hover(function() {
$("#newdot").removeClass("hide");
}, function() {
$("#newdot").addClass("hide");
});
});
//div follows the cursor
$("#backgroundiv").๐('mousemove', function(e) {
//below centres the div
var newdotwidth = $("#newdot").width() / 2;
$('#newdot').css({
left: e.pageX - newdotwidth,
๐: e.pageY - newdotwidth
});
});
//tried below too but it doesn't ๐ผ
/*$(๐).ready(function(){
$("#backgroundiv").mouseenter(function(){
$("#newdot").removeClass("hide");
});
$("#backgroundiv").mouseout(function(){
$("#newdot").addClass("hide");
});
}); */
#backgroundiv {
width: 400px;
height: 400px;
background-color: ๐;
z-index: 1;
}
#newdot {
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
background-color: โค๏ธ;
position: absolute;
z-index: 2;
}
.hide {
display: none;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div ๐="newdot"></div>
<div ๐="backgroundiv"></div>
A:
There is not issue but a logical behavior, when you hover ๐ the ๐ div you trigger mouseenter so you remove the class and you see the โค๏ธ 1๏ธโฃ BUT when you hover the โค๏ธ 1๏ธโฃ you trigger mouseleave from the ๐ div thus you add the class and you hide the โค๏ธ 1๏ธโฃ. Now the โค๏ธ is hidden you trigger again the mouseenter ๐ the ๐ div and you remove the class again and the โค๏ธ div is shown, and so ๐ ... this is the flicker.
To avoid this you can consider the hover ๐ the โค๏ธ box to make the โค๏ธ box appear ๐ its hover when you lose the hover from the ๐ 1๏ธโฃ.
$(๐).ready(function() {
$("#backgroundiv").hover(function() {
$("#newdot").removeClass("hide");
}, function() {
$("#newdot").addClass("hide");
});
});
//div follows the cursor
$("#backgroundiv").๐('mousemove', function(e) {
//below centres the div
var newdotwidth = $("#newdot").width() / 2;
$('#newdot').css({
left: e.pageX - newdotwidth,
๐: e.pageY - newdotwidth
});
});
#backgroundiv {
width: 400px;
height: 400px;
background-color: ๐;
z-index: 1;
}
#newdot {
width: 40px;
height: 40px;
background-color: โค๏ธ;
position: absolute;
z-index: 2;
}
.hide {
display: none;
}
/* Added this code */
#newdot:hover {
display: block;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div ๐="newdot">
</div>
<div ๐="backgroundiv">
</div>
|
๐ฆ wordsearch
import (
"sort"
)
// WordSearch is solution for word search problem
type WordSearch struct {
board [][]byte
}
// Exist is for checking existing word within boards
func (w *WordSearch) Exist(word string) bool {
for i, h := range w.board {
for j := range h {
if w.dfs(w.board, word, i, j) == true {
return true
}
}
}
return false
}
// dfs deep ๐ฅ search
func (w *WordSearch) dfs(board [][]byte, word string, i, j int) bool {
//fmt.Println(board)
if len(word) == 0 {
return true
}
if i < 0 ||
i >= len(board) ||
j < 0 ||
j >= len(board[0]) ||
board[i][j] != word[0] {
return false
}
//fmt.Println(board, word, i, j, len(board),len(board[0]), board[i][j]!=word[0], word[0], word[1:], board[i][j] )
tmp := board[i][j]
board[i][j] = '#'
result := w.dfs(board, word[1:], i+1, j) ||
w.dfs(board, word[1:], i-1, j) ||
w.dfs(board, word[1:], i, j+1) ||
w.dfs(board, word[1:], i, j-1)
board[i][j] = tmp
return result
}
// NewWordSearch for create ๐ instance wordsearch
func NewWordSearch(board [][]byte) *WordSearch {
return &WordSearch{
board: board,
}
}
func (w *WordSearch) FindWords(words []string) []string {
words = removeDuplicates(words)
sort.Strings(words)
var results = []string{}
for _, word := range words {
if w.Exist(word) {
results = append(results, word)
}
}
return results
}
func removeDuplicates(elements []string) []string {
// Use ๐บ๏ธ to โบ duplicates as we find them.
encountered := ๐บ๏ธ[string]bool{}
result := []string{}
for v := range elements {
if encountered[elements[v]] == true {
// Do not add duplicate.
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// โบ this element as an encountered element.
encountered[elements[v]] = true
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}
}
// Return the ๐ slice.
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}
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Italian Artof the 1930sbeyond Fascism
Long been cast under the shadow of Fascism, an exhibition in Florence examines the creative arts in the 1930โs in Italy and how they indicate a period of great stimulation and modernisation of the country.
โThe Thirties. The Arts in Italy Beyond Fascismโ, looks to present the ๐ผ of Italian artists working under Mussoliniโs regime when the dictator was spearheading a concerted ๐ to modernise the country through the proliferation of mass production, mass communication and design โ ๐, ๐ฆ and the ๐ฅ illustrated magazines appeared in Italy at this which borrowed ideas from the fine arts and broadcast โ them to the masses.
Undoubtedly technically proficient and at times seemingly experimental the ๐ผ is presented that is puported to be โapoliticalโ. This is in line with a certain โrevisionistโ ๐ค that is geting oxygen in modern Italy. People for the ๐ฅ time are looking ๐ at the Fascist era and seperating the debacle of the โ years and finding positives in the way the state was ๐. There is no arguing that Italy had a ๐ affair with Fascism that lasted over twenty years and the period over saw a period of immense change and unprecedented achievement.
But to present the ๐จ of this time as disparate from the political climate of the period sort of misses the ๐. ๐จ is rarely, if ever apolitical, and of all political isms, Fascism utilised and manipulated the arts to spread its ideology into every corner of society. How can an ๐งโ๐จ be truly ๐ to express his vision if he works in a climate of fear? Fascist ๐จ is ๐ค, because of its political associations and not despite it.
The visit of Hitler to Florence in 1938, where he was greeted with great fanfare, the streets lined with people and swastikas. Hitler, who considered himself an ๐งโ๐จ made his pilgrimage to the centre of Renaissance ๐จ, in a choreographed event that included, fake statues and even cardboard buildings to make Florence appear more prosperous. This bizarre episode is shunted to the side of in The Thirties. The Arts in Italy Beyond Fascism when in fact, it is central to the ๐ผ. Rather an exhibition abo9ut the Fascists with the ๐จ of the time as the side-show.
Evident in the show, however is the tension between 2๏ธโฃ conflicting political camps, the left and the right in Italy. While Germany neatly categorised the ๐จ of conflicting ideologies as โdegenerate ๐จโ and extolled the Neo-classicists above all others, the dichotomy in Italy was murkier territory with 2๏ธโฃ Fascist arts awards competing for dominance. 1๏ธโฃ was the Cremona Award, devised by Fascist hierarch Roberto Farinacci which sought a clear line in Fascist propaganda through the illustrative arts, the other was the Bergamo Award which accepted pieces that could have been considered Modernist provocation. |